The Gentleman's Academy. OR, The Book of S. Alban: Containing three most exact and excellent Books: the first of Hawking, the second of all the proper terms of Hunting, and the last of armory: all compiled by juliana Barnes, in the year from the incarnation of Christ 1486. And now reduced into a better method, by G. M.  
LONDON Printed for Humphrey Lownes, and are to be sold at his shop in Paul's churchyard. 1595.   

¶ To the Gentlemen of England: and all the good fellowship of Huntsmen and Falconers.  
GEntlemen, this Book, intreting of Hawking, Hunting and armory; the original copy of the which was done at Saint Alban, about what time the excellent Art of Printing was first brought out of Germany, and practised here in England: which Book, because of the antiquity of the same, and the things therein contained, being so necessary and behoveful to the accomplishment of the Gentlemen of this flourishing Isle, and others which take delight in either of these noble sports, or in that heroical & excellent study of Armoury, I have revived and brought again to light the same which was almost altogether forgotten, and either few or none of the perfect copies thereof remaining, except in their hands, who well knowing the excellency of the work, & the rareness of the Book, smothered the same from the world, thereby to enrich themselves in private with the knowledge of these delights. Therefore I humbly crave pardon of the precise and judicial Reader, if sometimes I use the words of the ancient Author, in such plain and homely English, as that time afforded, not being so regardful, nor tying myself so strictly to deliver any thing in the proper and peculiar words and terms of art, which for the love I bear to antiquity, and to the honest simplicity of those former times, I observe as well beseeming the subject, & no whit disgraceful to the work, our tongue being not of such purity then, as at this day the Poets of our age have raised it to: of whom, & in whose behalf I will say thus much, that our Nation may only think herself beholding for the glory and exact compendiousness of our longuage. Thus submitting our Academy to your kind censures and friendly acceptance of the same, and requesting you to read with indifferency, and correct with judgement; I commit you to God.  
G. M.   

¶ The manner to speak of Hawks from an egg till they be able to be taken.  
TO speak of the first original beginning of Hawks, first they be eggs, after they be disclosed they are Hawks, & most commonly Goshawkes' be disclosed as soon as they chough, or kadow, and in some places more timely, according to the hot climate of the country, which the rather infuseth a timely breeding. And we ought to say, that Hawks do heir, and not breed in the woods or rocks: also that they draw, when they bear that wherewith they build their nests, and that in their love or courting humour they call and not kanke, and that in the action itself they tread: when they are disclosed and begin to feather in any ample manner, by a natural instinct and kind they will draw somewhat out of the nest, coveting to clamber upon the boughs, and then come to the nest again, and they be called Bowesses. After S. Margaret's day they will fly from tree to tree, and then they are termed Branchers, at which is the most convenientest time to take them, and seven nights before saint Margaret's day, & seven nights after is the best time for taking Sparrow hawks.  

How you shall take Hawks, with what instruments, and how you shall kid them.  
What gentleman or other whosoever will take Hawks he must have nets which are called urines, and they must be made of good small thread, which would be died either green or blue, for fear of the Hawks espying of the same, then must he have needle and thread for the inseeling of such Hawks as are taken, and in this manner they must be inseeled: take the needle & thread and put it thorough the upper eye lid of the one side, and so likewise of the other, and make it fast under the Hawks beak: so as she may not see at all, and then she is inseeled as she ought to be: some use to inseele Hawks by the neither eye lid, fastening it above the beak almost upon the head, but that is approved ill, for by all reason the upper eye lid closeth more justly than the neither, because that it is much larger: when you have seeled your Hawk, and brought her home, cast her on a perch, and let her stand there a night and a day, and on the next day towards evening, take a knife, and with great care see you cut the threads insunder which inseele her, and take them away softly for fear of breaking her eye lids, then begin in gentle manner to feed her, and use all the lenity and meekness you can unto her until she will sit quietly upon your fist, for by much striving you shall hurt her wings which were not a little dangerous: and then the same night after the feeding, watch her all night and all the next morrow from any sleep or rest, which will occasion her to be reclaimed with less difficulty: yet note, that the first meat which she shall eat be hot, and let her take enough thereof without troubling.   

When your Hawk may be drawn to reclaim, and the manner of her diet.  
If your hawk be hard penned, she may be drawn to be reclaimed, for the while she is tender penned, it is hurtful to reclaim her. And if she be a goshawk or a Tersell which shall be reclaimed, ever feed them with washed meat at the drawing and at the reclaiming, but look that it be hot, and in this manner wash it: take the meat and swill it up and down in the water, and then wring the water out and feed her therewith if she be a brancher, but if it be a jesse, then must you wash your meat much cleaner than for a brauncher, and wiping it with a linen cloth so feed her, and evermore the third day give her casting: if she be a Goshawk or Tersell in this sort, take new flannel cloth, and cut five pellets thereof of an inch long at the least, then take the flesh, and cut five morsels, and with your knife's point cut a hole in every morsel, and put therein the pellets of cloth, then lay them in a dish of fair water, and take your hawk, and give her a bit of warm meat so big as half her casting, then take one of them which lieth in the water and give it her, and so one after another, and then feed her for all night.   

How to feed your hawk and know her infirmities.  
A sparrow hawk would always be fed with unwashed meat, and her casting would be plumage: and have an especial care that the ground be clean under her perch, whereby in the morning you may the more readily find her casting when she hath cast, by which you shall know whether she be sound I or no, for some casting will be yellow, some green, some clammy, and some clear: and if it be yellow, than she engendereth the frounce which is a canker which riseth in the mouth or cheek, and if it be green it betokeneth the rye, the property of which evil is this, it will arise in the head and make it swell, her eyes will be heavy and dark, and but it have present remedy it will fall into the legs and make them impostume, and if it revert from the legs unto the head again, then is it mortal: if it be clammy and roping, then is it the apparent sign of a disease called the Cray, which causeth a hawk that she cannot mute: but if it be clear and bright, then is there great assurance of her soundness.   

When your Hawk shall bathe.  
Once in three days during the Summer let not your hawk fail to bathe, and once a week in the winter, if the weather be fair and convenient, and not else, and every time your hawk batheth give her a bit or two of hot meat unwashed, of what kind soever your hawk be.   

How to make your hawk flee with a courage in the morning.  
If you have a determination that your Hawk shall flee in the morning, then feed her the night before with hot meat, and wash the same meat in urine and wring out the water clean, and that shall add unto her a lust and courage to flee in the next morning to your contentment.   

How to make a Hawk flee well which is full gorged.  
If your hawk be full gorged, and yet notwithstanding you would feign have a flight, take three corns of wheat, and put them in a morsel of flesh and give it unto your hawk, and immediately she will cast all that is within her, which as soon as she hath cast, look you have a bit or two of some hot meat to give her, and then you may boldly flee her: this medicine also is excellent for a Hawk that is overgorged.   

The true Terms and Titles belonging to Hawks.  
The first true Term and Title a Falconer ought to learn, is to hold fast at all times, and especially when she batteth, or striveth to flee away. It is called batting, in that she batteth with herself without cause: the second is, rebate your hawk to your fist, and that is when she batteth the least moving that you can with your fist will rebate her back again upon your fist: the third is, feed your Hawk, and not give her meat: the fourth is, a Hawk smiteth or seweth her beak, not wipeth her beak: the fift, your hawk iouketh, and not sleepeth: the sixth, your hawk pruneth, and not piketh, and she pruneth not but when she beginneth at her legs, and fetcheth moisture like oil at her tail wherewith she imbalmeth her feet, & strikes the feathers of her wings thorough her beak: and it is called the Note then when she fetcheth the oil: and note, that in any wise a Hawk ought not to be troubled whilst she is in pruning of herself, for, when she pruneth she shows herself to be lusty and in courage, and when she hath done she will rouse herself mightily: sometimes your Hawk countenances as she piketh herself, and then she pruneth not▪ wherefore you must say, she reformeth her feathers: the seventh, your Hawk collieth, and not beaketh: the eight, she rouseth and not shaketh herself: the ninth, she straingeth, and not clitcheth or snatcheth: the tenth, she mantleth, and not stretcheth when as she putteth her legs from her one after another, and her wings follow after her legs, for than she doth mantle her, and when she hath mantled her, and crosseth both her wings together over her back, you shall say your Hawk warbleth her wings, which is a term most proper for that purpose: the eleventh, you shall say your Hawke-mutesseth, or muteth, and not skliseth: the twelfth, you shall say, cast your Hawk to the perch, and not set your Hawk upon the perch.   

Terms to commend sundry properties in a Hawk.  
First you shall say, this is a fair Hawk, an huge hawk, a long hawk, a short thick hawk, but not that she is a great Hawk: also you shall say, this hawk hath a large beak, or a short beak, but call it not a bill: an huge head, or a small head fair seasoned: you shall say your Hawk is full gorged, and not cropped, and your Hawk putteth over and endueth, and yet she doth both diversly, as thus: she putteth over when she removeth her meat from her gorge into her bowels, and thus you shall know it: when she putteth over she traverseth with her body, and chief with her neck as a crane doth, or an other bird: she endueth never as long as her bowels be full at her feeding, but as soon as she is fed and resteth, she endueth by little and little, and if her gorge be void, and the bowel any thing stiff, than you shall say she is emboweled and hath not fully endued, or, so long as you can feel any thing in her bowels it is dangerous to give her any meat. You shall say an Hawk hath a long wing, a fair long train with six bars out, and standeth upon the seventh, this hawk is enterpenned, that is to say, when the feathers of the wings be between the body and the thighs, this hawk hath an huge leg, or a flat leg, a round leg, or a fair ensered leg.   

To know the Mail of an hawk.  
Hawks have a white Mail, canvas mail or a red mail, and some call a red mail an iron mail, a white mail is easiest known, a canvas mail is between a white mail and an iron mail, and an iron mail is exceeding red. A goshawk or tercell in their soreage have not their nails named, but it is called their plumage, and after that cote it is called their mail, and if your hawk flee for reward you shall say, cast the Hawk thereto, and not let flee thereto.   

Nommed or seized.  
And if your hawk nomme a foul, and the foul break away from her, she hath discomfited many feathers of the foul, and is broken away, for in true Falconers language you shall say, your Hawk hath nommed or seized a foul, and not taken it.   

Why a Hawk is called a Rifler.  
It happeneth many times through eagerness or foolishness, that a hawk when she should nomme a foul, she seizeth but on the feathets only, whereby her flight is effectless, look how oft she so doth, so oft she rifleth, and for that cause such hawks are called Riflers.   

divers proper names to the feathers and other parts of an Hawk.  
The foremost bearing out feathers of a hawk are called the breast feathers, the feathers under the wings are called plumage, those under the beak are called the barb feathers, and those which are at the joint of the hawks knee, & stand hanging and sharp at the ends, those be called the pendant feathers, the feathers of the wings next the body are the flag or flags feathers, the long feathers of an hawks wing are the beam feathers, & those that some call the pinion feathers of an other foul, are in a hawk called the sercell feathers. Besides this, you shall understand if a hawk be in the mew that same sercell feather is always the last that she will cast, and till that be cast she is not absolutely mewed, yet it hath been sometimes seen that hawks have cast it first (as report maketh mention) but the other rule is most general: and when she hath cast her sercels in the mew, then, and not before it is time to feed her with washed meat, and to begin to inseam her: which word inseame in a hawk betokeneth grease, and but it be taken away by feeding with washed meat and otherwise as it shall be mentioned hereafter, she will gather a panel which may turn to her utter confusion: moreover, if she do flee therewith and take blood and cold it is present death, there are also certain feathers which close upon the sercelles and they are called the coverts or covert feathers, and so likewise are all the feathers termed which are next over the long beam feathers and the flag feathers upon the wings, the feathers upon the back are called the back feathers, the Hawks beak is the upper part which is nooked, the neither part of the beak is called the Hawks clap, the holes in the Hawks beak are called her nares, the yellow between the beak and the eyes is called the Sere: Hawks have long small black feathers l●ke hairs about the sere, which are properly called Crynits.   

Of the soreage of a Hawk.  
The first year of every Hawk whether she be called brancher or eyesse, that self-same first year is always called her soreage, and during that year she is called a Sore Hawk, for and if she do escape that year all impediments, with good feeding and orderly regarding, she is likely to endure long.   

How to reclaim a hawk.  
If you will reclaim your Hawk, you must part one meal into three meals, till such time that she will come to reclaim, which when she doth to your contentment, then increase her meals every day better and better: and have chief regard that ere she come to reclaim, by no means she soar, for albeit she be perfectly reclaimed, yet it may happen she will soar so high into the air, as you shall neither see her, nor find her: and as a general principle if your hawk fly at the partridge, look that you enseam her before she fly, whether she be brauncher, eyesse, or menod hawk.   

Why a Hawk is called an eyesse.  
An Hawk is called an eyesse of her eyes, for a hawk that is brought up under a Buzzard, Puttock or Kite, (as there be many) they always have watery eyes, for when they are disclosed and kept in form until they be full summed, you shall know them most assuredly by their watery eyes, neither will her look be so quick, lively, and sharp as a brancher is: and thus because the best knowledge is by the eyes, all such hawks as are extraordinarily brought up not under their own dams, are called Eyesses: Again, you may know an eyesse by the paleness of her seres of her legs, and the sere over her back, and also by the taints upon her tail or wings which taints come for lack of feeding when they be eyesses.   

What a Taint is.  
An ataint is a thing which goeth overthwart the feathers of the wings and of the tail, like as if it were eaten with the worms, and it beginneth first to breed at the body in the pen, in such sort that some pens will fret in sunder and fall away thorough the same taint, and then is the hawk disparaged for all that year ensuing.   

An outward sign to know when your hawk is enseamed.  
This rule is infallible and most certain, look how long your hawks feet be blackish and rough, so long she is full of grease and glut, but ever as she enseameth so her feet will wax yellow and smooth.   

How to demean yourself when your hawk is ready to flee.  
When you have enseamed your hawk and reclaimed her, and she is ready to flee to the partridge, take then a partridge in your bag, & go into the field, and there let your spaniels range for a covey of partridges, and when they are put up and begin to scatter, look that you have about you well eyed markers to some of them, then couple up your spaniels, which done, let some one of your company privily take the partridge out of your bag, and tie it by the leg in a pair of creance, than cast it up as high as he can, which as soon as the hawk shall perceive she will flee thereunto, if your hawk seize the partridge above give her a reward therefore, and go after that by leisure to the partridges which were marked, and do thus as I will teach you: If you have a chased spaniel which will be rebuked and is a good retriver, uncouple him and no more of the spaniels, then go to a single partridge of the covey so dispersed, and be as nigh as you can unto the rising thereof, and if your hawk desire cast her unto it, which if she take, then is she made for that year, and of the same partridge which she thus killeth reward her in manner as here followeth.   

How you shall reward your Hawk.  
Take a knife and cut the head and the neck from the body of the partridge, and strip the skin away from the neck, then give the same to the hawk and cover the body of the foul with a hat or other garment and lay the same head or neck thereupon, and if so be she will forsake the foul she plumeth upon and come to the reward, then secretly take away the partridge, and reward your hawk with the brain and the neck, but have heed she eat no bones, for they be exceeding evil to endure, and they will take from her lust and courage in fleeing, and in this manner reward her of as many as she shall kill, only have that discretion, that her rewards be not too great, for fear you make her full gorged, and then can she flee no more for that day.   

How your Hawk shall rejoice.  
When your Hawk hath to your contentment killed a foul, and is by you rewarded (as above said) let her not by any means flee again till she have rejoiced her, which is to say, till she have sewed, suided, or cleansed her beak, or else roused her, and when she hath done any of these or all: then may you boldly at your pleasure flee her again.   

How you shall do that you rebuke not your hawk when she kills.  
Learn one thing perfectly, and have great heed thereof, that is, when your hawk hath nommed or killed a partridge, stand a good way off and come not too nigh her, and be sure to keep back all your spanielles for fear of rebuking her, for many hawks cannot endure spaniels, and also many spaniels will tear the game from the hawks foot, which is an extreme mischief: and whilst your hawk plumeth, come softly towards her by little and little, but if you see she leave pluming, and fix her eyes upon you, then stand still and check her and whistle her till she plume again, and in this manner do till you come close unto her, then leisurely and without trouble fall down upon your knees, and privily whilst she plumeth put under your hand, and be sure of her guess, for, having that sure, you may rule all things else at your own pleasure, which if you overslip or forget, than the least fear will make her endeavour to carry away her game, or else forsaking it let it escape, which is but loss both to yourself and your hawk.   

An opinion of Ostrengers.  
Ostrengers hold opinion, that if you feed your Hawk continually with Pork, with jays, with Pies, or bear her abroad much in rainy weather, she will undoubtedly prove lousy.   

Of Ostrengers, Speruiters, and Falconers.  
Because that now I have spoken of Ostrengers, you shall understand, that they be called Ostrengers which are the keepers of Goshawkes' or Tercelles, and those which keep Sparrow hawks or muskets are called Speruiters, and those which keep any other kind of hawk being longwinged are termed Falconers.   

Of the guess, Lewnes, Tyrrits, Bewits, Creance, and how they are fastened.  
All hawks have or should have about their legs guess made of leather, and many times some of silk, which should be no longer than that the knots of them should appear in the midst of the left hand between the long finger and the least finger, because the lewnes should be fastened to them with a pair of tyrrits, which tyrrits, should rest upon the lewnes, and not upon the guesses for fear of fastening or hanging upon trees as she flies, and those same lewnes you shall fasten about your little finger slackly in compassing the same in four or five five-fold like to a bow string which was never used, and the tyrrets serve to keep her from winding when she bats. Lastly, those somewhat broad leathers to which her bells are put unto, and so buttoned about her legs, you shall call Bewits. The Creance is that line to which you fasten your hawk when you call her to reclaim of what sort soever it be.   

How a man shall take a Hawk from the Eyree.  
Whoso will take a hawk out of the eyree, it behoveth him to be very circumspect in bringing it up easily, and to keep it from cold or hurting of the bones, for they are first very tender and must have great rest, neither may they have stinking or filthy air, but as sweet and good as is possible, and evermore must you give them clean meat and hot, and a little, yet often, many times changing their meat, yet always so as it be hot, let the same meat be cut into little morsels, for they ought not to tyre on bones till they be of ability to flee. But when as they begin to pen, and plumeth, and spalcheth and picketh themselves, put them in a close warm place into which no fulmerds, weasels or other vermin can come, neither wind nor rain can annoy, and then she will soon some herself, yet evermore give her hot meat, for it is better for a man to feed his hawk while she is tender with hot meats, and so make her good with some cost, than to feed her with evil meat and make her nought with no cost, and as soon as she is sommed then let her bathe.   

When to put you Hawk in the mew.  
If you have a love or care of your hawk, keep her well, & put her not late in the mew: whosoever for covetousness of his hawks fleeing pleasure looseth the time of her mewing, he may after put her in the mew at adventure, and have her mew at insufficient leisure: the best time therefore to put a hawk into the mew, is in the beginning of Lent, for if she be then well kept, she will be mewed by the beginning of August.   

How to dispose and ordain your mew.  
Dispose your mew so as it be free from weasel or poulcat, or any other vermin, and that it be not annoyed either with wind or cold, or extreme heat, yet let one part of the mew stand so as the Sun may come in for the most part of the day, let also the situation be so appointed as your hawk may not be troubled with much noise nor tumult of men, neither let any person come unto her, but only he that feedeth her: provide to have in your mew a feeding stock for your hawk, and a long string tied thereunto to make her meat fast withal, for else she will carry it about the house, and soil it with dust, and many times hide it till it stink and be unwholesome, insomuch as it may occasion her death, and therefore when it is bound to the feeding stock, neither in the feeding, nor in the tiring, neither at her lighting down, nor at her rising up shall she do herself any hurt or prejudice, then when as she hath fed, take away whatsoever she shall leave, and at the next time give her fresh and sweet meat, for stolen and long kept meat engendereth many evil and mortal sicknesses, and look that you never go to your mew, but when as you do intend to give her meat, or bring her water wherein she may bathe, neither suffer any rain to wet her at any time for diverse causes: and for her bathing, that shall occasion her to mew well.   

The manner how to put a Hawk into the mew.  
First before you put your hawk into the mew, have an especial care, that if she have any sickness or infirmity in her, you cure her before you put her into the mew, for it is an infallible principle, a sick hawk shall never mew well, or if she do mew, yet shall she not endure any longer than whilst she is great and fat, for as her estate wastes, so her life consumes. Some men without any medicine will invent how to mew their hawks, some will put their hawks into the mew at high estate, some when they are very low, some when they be full, some when they are empty and lean, and some when they are miserably lean, but of all it is no great matter so she be sound: nevertheless, this is my opinion, both as I have seen and learned, whosoever putteth a goshawk, a tercell, or sparrowhawke into the mew, so high as she can possibly be no higher, she will hold her long in the point before she will mew any feather, and who so putteth his hawk in lean, she will be as long ere she be remounted, and whoso puts her into the mew too hungry, and too lean, if she have meat at will she will eat too greedily, and so through surfeit die ere she come to any mewing. But whoso will have his Hawk endure and mew kindly, my best counsel is, that she be neither too high nor too low, neither in great distress of hunger, but in such case or plight as she should be when she is at her best flying: this observed, observe after, that the first day she comes into the mew she eat not too much, until such time as her stomach be made staunch, which perceived you may then give her such meat as I shall set down here following.   

How to feed your hawk in the mew▪  
With what meat she hath been most commonly used to be fed, with the same feed her eight days continually, and in those eight days give her birds enough both morning and evening, and let her plume upon them well, and take casting of the plumage which will cleanse her and make her have an exceeding good appetite: also it will scour her bowels, which being scoured, you may after adventure to give her what meat you will, so it be clean and fresh: yet the best meat for to make a hawk mew soon without medicine is the flesh of a kid, of a young swan, or of a chicken, but above all, the flesh of a rat, goslings are good, or any such like, which are of themselves hot: if you take gobbets of great fresh eels, and principally that next the naurll, and dip it in the hot blood of a mutton, it will make a hawk mew soon, and all other things, it will make her white after her soreage: these meats before mentioned are the best to mew a hawk with, and to keep her in good state, but it must be your care that she have some every day, so that she rather leave some thing then want any thing, and every third day let her not fail to bathe if she be so disposed: and when she is almost firm, then give her hens flesh, fat pork, or dogs flesh, any of these three is good. An hawk is not full firm or ready to draw out of the mew till such time as her sercell be full grown, yet have I seen some men take them out of the mew when the sercell was but half appeared, but I am against it, and think it perilous, because they are not then hard penned: some men use when a hawk hath cast her sercell to begin and wash her meat, and feed her so in the mew with washed meat a month or six weeks before they draw her, but I am not of that opinion.   

To know when a Hawk tireth, feedeth, gorgeth, beaketh, rouseth, endueth, muteth, percheth, ioiketh, putteth over, pruneth, plumeth, warbleth, and mantleth.  
A hawk she tireth upon rumps, she feedeth upon all manner of flesh, she gorgeth when she filleth her gorge with meat, she beaketh when she seweth, which is to say, she wipeth her beak, she rouseth when she shaketh all her feathers and her body together, she endueth when her meat in her bowels falls to digestion, she muteth when she auoides her ordure, she percheth when she stands on any manner of bough or perch, she ioiketh when she sleepeth, she puts over when she avoids her meat out of her gorge into her bowels, she proineth when she fetcheth oil with her beak out of her tail & anoints her feet and her feathers, she plumeth when she pulls off the feathers from any foul, or from any other thing and casts them from her, she warbleth when she draweth both her wings over the midst of her back, and there they meet both, and softly shaketh them, and lets them fall again, and she mantleth when she stretcheth one of her wings along after her leg, and afterward the other wing, which most commonly she doth before she warbleth her.   

The true names of a Spar-hawke, as Ostrengers, and Speruiters have thought.  
There is a question whether a man shall call a sparehawke, a spere-hawke, or an aspere-hawke, to which Ostrengers and Speruiters answer she may be called by all the three names for three reasons▪ first, she may be called a spere-hawke, for of all the hawks that are she is most spear, that is, she is most tender to keep, for the least misdiet or disorder whatsoever kills her. Secondly, she may be called an asper-hawke, by reason of the sharpness of her courage, & her quick look, & also of her fleeing, for she is most aspere and sharp in all things which belong unto her more than any other hawk. Lastly, she may be called a sparehawke for two reasons, one is, she spareth goshawkes' and tercels both, such as be in their soreage until such time as they may be reclaimed and made ready to flee, as also all goshawkes' or tercels which are not fully mewed till such time as they may be clean ens●amed & ready to flee, for all the while they be unable the sparehawke occupieth the season of the year, and kills the partridge excellently well, which is from Saint Margaret's day till Lammas, and so forth in the year, she will also flee well at young pheasants, young heath cocks in the beginning of the year, and after Michaelmas when partridges through greatness pass their danger, I have then seen them made, some to fly the pie, some the teal upon rivers, some to fly the woodcock, and some for the black bird or the thrush: the flight at the woodcock is a cunning flight, and asketh great craft, therefore when you come to a wood or a quetch of bushes, cast your sparrowhawke into a tree, and beat the bushes, then if any woodcock arise she will assuredly have it▪ yet you must first make her thereunto, or to any other foul casting one first in a string out of the bushes whereby she may know her pastime, and she must sit aloft as when she is made for the partridge: again, (as before I have said) you may call her a sparrowhawke for this other reason, which is, if there were a ship laden full of hawks and nothing else, and if there were one sparrowhawke amongst them there should be no custom be paid because of her, and so for the most common name they are called sparrow hawks, as prove the reasons before mentioned.   

How a hawk flieth.  
An hawk flieth to the river diverse ways, and killeth the foul diversly, that is to say, she flieth to the view, to the beak, or to the toll, and all is but one, as you shall know hereafter, she flieth also to the qu●●●e, to the creep, and no other way, and she nymmeth the foul at the fere iuttie, or at the iuttie fere.   

To know what Huff, juttie ferry, Mount, random, Creep, Ennewed means.  
A Goshawk or a Tercell that shall flee to the view, to the toll, or to the beak, is taught in this manner▪ you must find a foul in the river or in a pit, and then set your hawk a good way off upon a moll hill, or on the ground, and creep softly towards the foul, and when you come almost where the foul lieth, look backward toward the hawk, and with your hand make sign for your hawk to come to you, and when she is a coming and cometh low by the ground almost at you, then smite your hawks paul, and cry huff, huff, huff, and make the foul to rise, which when she shall see, doubt not her forwardness in fleeing, but if she nyme or take the further side of the river or pit from you, than she slayeth the foul at fere iuttie: but if she kill it on that side that you are on yourself as many times it chanceth, than you shall say she killed the foul at the iutty ferry if your hawk nime the foul aloft, you shall say she took it at the mount, or at the sconce, but if the foul rise not but flee along close by the river and the hawk nyme it, than you shall say, she killed it at the random: when you have your Hawk on your fist, and creep softly to the river or to the pit, stealing softly to the brink thereof, and by that means slay a foul, than you shall say it was killed at the creep either at the fere iuttie, or iuttie ferry as is above mentioned, but if it chance, as it doth many times, and most often, that the foul for fear of your hawk rise and falls again into the river ere the hawk can seize upon her, and so lieth she and dare not rise, you shall say then your hawk hath endued the foul into the river, and so you shall say also if there be more fowls in the river than that the which your hawk nymeth, if they dare not arise for fear of your hawk.   

A thief.  
You shall understand, that a goshawk ought not to flee at any foul upon the river with bells at her feet in any wise, by which means a goshawk is called a thief.   

Querre.  
If you see store of mallards separate from the river and feeding in the field, if your hawk flee covertly under hedges, or close by the ground, by which means she nymeth one of them before they can rise, you shall say, that foul was killed at the Querre.   

Mark this term Draw.  
There be many Falconers which do misuse this term Draw, and say that their hawks will draw to the river, where that term Draw is properly assigned to that hawk which will kill a rook, a crow, or a raven sitting upon a land, wherefore it must be said, that such an hawk will draw well to a rook.   

How a man shall make a hawk to the Querre.  
Take a tame mallard and set him in a fair plain, & let him go whither he will, then take your hawk upon your fist and go to that plain, and being a good distance off hold up your hand, and see if your hawk can espy the mallard yea or no by her own courage, and if you find she have discerned the foul and desire to flee thereto, let her kill it and plume well thereon, and in this sort serve her three or four times, and doubt not but she is perfectly made to the Querre: I have known gentlemen, that whensoever and wheresoever they see any tame ducks, and if their hawks would desire to them, they would let them flee, which they found encouraged their Hawks to be well fleeing to the Querre an other time.   

A pretty deceit to take an hawk that is broken out of the mew, or any foul that sitteth in trees.  
Look where an hawk percheth for all night in what place soever it be, and softly and leisurely climb up to her with a sconce or lantern which hath but one light in it, and let that light be toward the hawk, so as she see not your face and in that manner you may come to her, and take her either by the legs or any other part, for she will not in any wise move from the light, and in this sort may you take any other fowl.   

Of Hawks bells.  
The bells which your hawk shall wear, look in any wise that they be not too heavy, whereby they overloade her, neither that one be heavier than an other, but both of like weight: look also, that they be well sounding and shrill, yet not both of one sound, but one at least a note under the other: also, that they be whole and not broken, and chief in the sounding place, for if they be cracked, there the sound will be dull and nought, of sparhawks bells there is choice enough, and the charge little, by reason that the store thereof is great: But for goshawks sometimes bells of Milan were supposed to be the best, and undoubtedly they be excellent, for that they are sounded with silver, and the price of them is thereafter, but there be now used bells out of the low Countries which are approved to be passing good, for they are principally sorted, they are well sounded, and sweet of ringing, with a pleasant shrillness, and excellently well lasting.   

To what Honour all Hawks do belong, and first to an Emperor.  
First, there is an Eagle, a Bawter, and a Melowne, the worst of these three will kill an hind calf, a fawn, a roe, a kid, an elk, a crane, a buzzard, a stork, a swan, a fox in the plain ground: and these are not enlured neither reclaimed, because they be so exceeding ponderous to the perch portative, and these three by their proper natures belong to an Emperor.   

What to a King.  
Unto a King belongeth at his pleasure tributaries a Gerfalcon, and a tercell of a Gerfalcon which is most commonly called a Gerkin.   

To a Prince.  
There is a Falcon gentle, and a Tercel gentle, and both of them belong every way to a Prince.   

To a Duke.  
There is a Falcon of the Rock, and that belongeth (in the opinions of all Falconers) to a Duke.   

To an Earl.  
There is one other falcon, and that hawk is called a falcon peregrine, which by the best judgments is bequeathed to an Earl.   

To a Baron.  
To a Baron and his degree belongeth a Hawk which is called a Bastard.   

To a Knight.  
There is a Sacre and also a sacred, and both the one and the other do belong unto a knight.   

To an Esquire.  
The Lanar and the Lanret, hawks of exceeding hardness do both belong to an Esquire.   

To a Lady.  
There is an Hawk called a Merlin, both jacke and Formale, and they belong unto a Lady.   

To a Youngman.  
To every Youngman is due the Hawk called the Hobby, and these be all the longwinged haugs or hawks of the Tower, and all these are by lure both called and also reclaimed.   

Of short winged Hawks.  
Of short winged hawks, which are hawks of another kind, there is first a goshawk the which is for a Yeoman.  
There is a tercell of a Goshawk which is for a poor man.  
There is a Sparre-hawke which is for a poor man.  
There is a Musket, which is (as old Authors have entitled them) for a holy water Clerk: and these be the short winged hawks, of an other kind from the former, for they flee to the Querre, and to fere iuttie and iuttie ferry.   
Thus endeth the process or discourse of Hawking, and now followeth the most excellentest approved receipts and medicines belonging to all manner of diseases and other impediments in Hawks whatsoever.   

How the Frounce cometh, and a medicine therefore.  
THe Frounnce cometh not by any thing sooner than by feeding your hawk with vile and naughty meat, as with pork, or else with cats flesh, which is the worst of all: the cure thereof is thus, take a silver spoon and put the small end in the fire till it be hot, then having your hawk held fast, open her beak and burn the sore, then anoint it with the marrow of a goose which hath lain so long till it stink and it will soon be whole, but if the frounce be waxed as great as a nut▪ then shall you find a worm therein, wherefore then you must cut it with a razor in this manner, let one hold the hawk and slit the sore, and you shall find there as if it were the maw of a pigeon, take it all out whole, and take a pair of shears and cut the hole of the sore, and make it as clean as you can with a linen cloth, wiping the blood clean away, then anoint the sore place with balm four days together, & afterward with populion till it be whole.  

How the rye cometh, and the cure thereof.  
The want of hot meat, and ignorance, not suffering your hawk to tyre much, is that which occasioneth the rye: the cure is, take daisy leaves and stamp them in a mortar and wring out the juice, then with a pen put it in the hawks nares once or twice when she is small gorged, and immediately thereupon give her tiring and she will be sound: or else take parsley roots and serve her with them in the same manner, and when she tireth hold rue in your hand with the tiring, and that will make her void the naughty humour, but it is dangerous to use it too often for fear the juice spirit into her eye and hurt her.   

How the Cray cometh, and the cure therefore.  
The Cray cometh by giving your hawk meat washed in hot water when you want hot meat: it cometh by means of threads in the flesh that the hawk is fed withal, for though you pick the flesh never so clean, yet you shall find threads therein: the cure is, take and chafe with your hands the fundament of your Hawk with lukewarm water a long time, & after that take the powder of saxifrage or else the powder of rue, and a quantity of May butter, and temper it well together till they be well mingled, then put it in a little box and close it fast, and as often as you feed your hawk a whole meal anoint her meat a little therewith, and that shall make her love the meat the better, because of the ointment, and it will keep her from the Cray, and from diverse other sicknesses which engender in a hawk. If you take the hot heart of a swine or of a pig and feed your Hawk therewith two days together it will cure her.  
Also, if you take pork and dip it in the hot milk of a cow and feed your hawk therewith, it will help the cry, and make her mute clean.  
Again, pork with the marrow of the bone of the buttock of a swine, being given both together shall make her mute well and clean.  
Also, if you use her now and then unto fresh butter, you shall find it passing good for the cry.  
Also, one meal, or two at the most, of the hot liver of a pig will make her mute well, but beware you give her not too great a gorge thereof, for it is a perilous meat.  
Also, take the white of an egg, and beat it well with a spoon till it be like water, then let the meat which shall be for your hawks supper lie in steep therein all the day before, and at night feed her therewith, and that which shall be for her dinner in the morning, let it lie all night and if the meat that is so steeped be pork, it is much better, for so it hath been approved.   

Medicines to enseam your Hawk.  
Take the root of rasue and do it in clean water, then lay the flesh therein to steep a great while, and after give it to your hawk to eat, and if she do eat thereof, doubt not but it will take away her grease, neither shall she much bate therefore.  
Also, take puliall and garlic, and stamp them well together, and wring out the juice into a dish, and then wet the flesh therein and feed your hawk there with, and within four days without all fail it▪ will cleanse and enseam your hawk, but be sure every day to make new juice, and always when you feed her, wet your meat therein. Also take the juice of parsley moris, otherwise called parsley roots, and the juice of hyssop and wash your flesh theeein, and your hawk shall be enseamed kindly without any great abate to your hawk.  
Some use to lay their flesh in water almost a day, and to give the same to the hawk at supper, and that which so lieth all night to give to her in the morning, and thus to feed her in the mue before she be drawn about a month or six weeks, and so to enseam here ere she come to the fist, which is very good, and when she hath cast her sercell then is the time to begin to feed her in that manner.   

A medicine to make a hawk cast which is troubled with casting in her body.  
Take the juice of Saladine, and wet a piece of flesh therein to the bigness of a nut, and give that piece to the hawk, and it will presently make her cast the old casting, and save the hawk.   

A medicine for a hawk that will soar.  
Wash the flesh that your hawk shall feed with in the juice of fennel, and it will take away that pride from her, and make her to leave her soaring, whether she be lean or fat, and many times a hawk will soar, only for want of bathing.   

A medicine for a hawk that is lousy.  
Take quicksilver and put it in a basin of brass, and put thereto saladine and ashes and mingle them well together till the quick silver be slain, and mix therewith the fat of bones, and anoint the hawk therewith, and hang it about her neck till it fall away, and that shall kill the louse. Also powder of orpment blown upon a hawk with a pen will kill the louse.  
Also take a piece of a rough blanket unshorn, and hold it to the fire till it be thorough warm, and then wrap the hawk therein, and hold her softly for hurting her in your hands, and all the louse will creep into the cloth.  
Also hold her in the sun in a fair day, and you shall see the lice creep out upon her feathers, then take a knife and wet the one side of the blade thereof with your mouth, and always as they appear lay the wet side of the knife upon them, and they will cleave thereto, and so you may kill them.   

A medicine for a hawk that will cast flesh.  
Put the flesh that your hawk shall eat in fair water, and feed her therewith three days, and she shall hold her flesh at the best.   

A medicine for an hawk that hath lost her courage.  
An hawk that hath lost her courage, a man may know if he will take good heed, for this is her manner, when she is cast to a fowl, she flieth a wayward, as if she knew not a fowl, or else she will pursue it a little way, and immediately give it over, then for such a hawk, this is a good and an approved medicine: take of oil of Spain, and temper it with clear wine and the yolk of an egg: which being done, put beef therein, and give to your hawk thereof five morsels and then set her in the sun, and at the evening feed her with an old hot dove, and if you do but feed her thus three or four times, you shall find that the hawk was never more lusty, or of better courage in her life, than she will be. Others make a powder of meckles, which stinketh, and puts the powder on the flesh of a peacock, and mingles the blood of the peacock with the powder, and so gives it to the hawk.   

A medicine that a hawk lie not in the mew for unlustines.  
Take fern roots which grow on an oak, and oak apples, and make a juice of them, and feed your hawk therewith three or four times, and she will leave her lying.   

A medicine for a hawk that hath the teyne.  
An hawk which hath the teyne is easily known if a man take heed, for this is her manner, she will pant more for one batting, than an other hawk will for three, and if she should but fly a little she would lose her breath, whether she be high or low, and always she is of heavy cheer, the cure whereof is thus, Take a quantity of the redness of ●assell with the powder of a rasne, and pepper, and somewhat of ginger, and make thereof with fresh grease three pellets, then hold the hawk to the fire, and when she feeleth the heat, make her to swallow those pellets by force, then knit fast her beak that she cast them not out, and in doing this thrice, she will be sound.  
Also take rasne and rhubarb, and grind them together, and make a juice thereof and wet your hawks meat therein, and give it her to eat, and it will cure her. Also take Alysaunders and the root of a primrose, and seethe them in butter, and give your hawk three morsels every day until she be whole.   

A medicine for a hawk that cast worms at her fundament, what worms soever they be.  
Take the lymaile of iron and mingle it with the flesh of pork, and give it your hawk to eat three days together and it will cure her.   

A medicine for the Aggrestine.  
When you see your hawk hurt her feet with her beak, and pulleth her train, than she hath the aggrestine, the cure is, take merde of a dove, and of a sheep, and of an allow, and strong vinegar, and do all softly, in a brass basin and mingle them well together, so as they may serve three days together, and give her the flesh of a coluer or stock dove with honey and the powder of pepper, and then set her in a dark place, and do so nine days, and when you see new feathers come in her tail let her bathe, for she is sound.   

A medicine for the cramp, and how it cometh.  
For the cramp in a hawks wings, take a white loaf of bread somewhat colder than it cometh out of the oven, and holding the hawk softly for fear of hurting her, cut the loaf almost through out, and display her wing easily and hold it between the two parts of the loaf, and let it be so held the space of half a quarter of an hour and she shall be eased. The cramp cometh to an hawk by taking of cold in her soreage, wherefore it is good to keep a hawk warm both when she is young and old: and this medicine is approved good at all times whether she be young or old.   

A medicine to make a hawk mew timely without hurt.  
There are in woods, or in hedges worms called adders, which be by nature red, and there are also snakes of the same nature, and they are very bitter, take two or three of them, and cut off their heads and the ends of their tails, then take a new earthen pot which was never used, and cutting them into small gebbets, put them therein, and in leisurely sort let them seethe a good while, and let the pot be close covered so as no air may come out, or go in: and let those pieces seeth till they be all turned to grease, than cast it out and do away the bones, and gather up the grease and put it in a clean vessel, and as oft as you feed your hawk, anoint her meat therewith, then let her eat as much as she will, and by means of that meat, she will mew at your pleasure.  
Also take wheat, and boil it in the broth that the Adders were sodden in, and when you see it begin to break, take it out and feed hens and chickens therewith, and with such hens and chickens feed your hawk.   

A medicine that a hawk fall none of her feathers.  
Take powder of canell, and the juice of frankcost, with the juice of paranie, and wet therein three or four pieces of flesh, and make your hawk to swallow them, and in using this often, it will prevail.  
Also take the skin of an Adder or a snake, and cut it into small pieces and temper it with hot blood, and make your hawk many times to feed thereon, and she will not mew.   

For the gout in the throat.  
When you see your hawk blow many times, and that it cometh not of batting, then may you be assured that she hath the gout in the throat: the cure whereof is, take the blood of a peacock and incense Mirabolana, and clove gilleflowers▪ canell and ginger, and take of all these a like, and mingle them with the peacocks blood, and seethe it till it be very thick, and thereof make morsels, and give your hawk thereof every day at midmorne, and at noon.   

For the gout in the head and reins.  
When you see your hawk cannot endue her meat, nor remount her estate, than it is like she hath the gout in the head, or reins: the cure whereof is, take momyan, otherwise called momy of the apothecary's. And the skin of an hare, and give it to your hawk to eat nine times with the flesh of a colt, and if she can hold that meat it will cure her.   

A medicine for the falera.  
When you see your hawks talents wax white, then is it a sign she hath the falera, the cure is, take a black snake and cut away the head and the tail, and take the middle and fry it in an earthen pot, then take the grease and save it, and anoint the flesh of a peacock therewith, and give it to the hawk for to eat eight days together, but if you have not a peacock, take a stock dove, and after the eight days end, give her a chicken, wash a little chief the tenderest part of the breast, and she will be whole.   

For the cramp in the thigh, leg, or foot of a hawk.  
When you see your hawk lay one foot upon another, then is it a sign she hath the cramp, the cure thereof is, draw her blood upon the foot which lieth upon the other foot, and upon the leg also, and it will extinguish the cramp.   

For the cough, or pose.  
For the cough, take powder of bays, and put it upon the flesh of a stockedove, & giving it to your hawk it will help her.   

For the podagree.  
When your Hawks feet are swollen she hath the podagree, the cure is, take fresh May butter and as much of oil olive, and of alum, and chafe them well together at the fire, and make thereof an ointment and anoint her feet four days together, and set her in the sun, and give her the flesh of a cat, and if you see it avail not, 〈◊〉 the cutting of a vine, and wrap it about the swelling, and let her sit upon a cold stone, and anoint her with butter till she be whole.   

For inward sickness unseen.  
A man may know by the cheer and unpleasantness of an hawk this infirmity, but yet it is strange to know things which a man can not see, in what sickness or what manner they be grieved, and chief when a man knoweth not whereof it cometh, the cure is, feed your hawk well upon a hen, and then make her to fast two days after to empty her bowels well, the third day take honey sodden, and fill her body full, and bind her beak that she cast it not out again, and then set her out in the sun, and when it draweth towards evening, feed her with some hot foul, for I have heard my masters say, if this help her not, than nothing will.   

For the passion which go shawkes' have fasting.  
Take the root of small rushes and make juice of them▪ and moistening your flesh therein, let your hawk eat it.   

For Hawks that are wounded.  
Take away the feathers from about the wound, and take the white of an egg and oil olive & mingle them together and anoint the wound therewith bathing it in white wine, but if you see any dead flesh arise then put into the sore Escome salt till it be eaten away, after take incense and wax, as much of the one as of the other and mix them together on the fire, and when you will anoint the sore, warm it, and then anoint the place with a pen till it be clean skinned, but if the dead flesh increase, lay venecreeke thereon, and it will cure it sound.   

For the Artetike.  
When you see your hawk fat about the breast, it is an undoubted sign she hath the artetike, wherefore let her blood in the original vein, and after give her a frog to eat, and it will help her.   

For a Hawk that is troubled in her bowels.  
When your hawk is troubled in her bowels, you shall know it by her eyes, for they will be dark, and she will look unpleasantly, and her muting will defile her fundament: the cure is, anoint her meat with the powder of camel and fern, let her eat it and no other.   

For the gout in general.  
Give your hawk three or four meals of a new slain urchine and it will instantly help her.   

For mites.  
bath your hawk in the juice of wormwood, and it will kill all her mites.   

To make a hawk flee craftily all the year.  
When you go to the field in the latter end of hawking, and desire that your hawk shall flee craftily, use her in this sort, let her kill a foul, and let her plume it as much as she will, and when she hath plumed enough, go to her so as you fright her not, and reward her on the foul, and after that you may cast her on a perch, and by that encouragement she will use her craft all the year.   

For the stone.  
Anoint her fundament with oil & with a hollow straw put in the powder of alum: also take an herb which is called Castis lardder, and anoint the inside of her mouth, and it will help her. Also take small flames roots and polypody, and the nerves of spinach and grind them well, and seethe it in butter, and strain it through a cloth, then make three pellets as big as a nut, and put them in your hawks mouth in the morning, and look that she be void, and then let her fast till the evening, then feed her by little and little till she be whole.   

A medicine for vermin.  
bath your hawk in the juice of fennel roots, and it will kill vermin of what sort soever.   

For the rheum.  
When you see your hawk shut her eyes and shake her head, then hath she the rheum in her head, therefore give her the lard of a goat the first day, and the second give her epatike with the flesh of a chicken, and it will help her.   

A medicine to keep hawks moist that are dry.  
Take the juice of horehound, and wet your hawks meat therein, and feed her therewith once or twice, and then she will be moist enough inwardly.   

For sickness in the entrails of Hawks.  
A hawk whose entrails are ill is more than ordinarily sick, for if she hold not her meat, but cast it, it is a token of foul glut or surfeit of feathers taken in her youth, and appears when she cometh to much fleeing she will have much desire to rest, and will sleep when she putteth over her meat, and the flesh which she hath in her gorge if she cast it, will look as if it were sodden, she will many times assay to put over her meat, but cannot: wherefore, if she cast it, she may be helped, if not, she dieth: the cure is, take the raw yolks of eggs, and when they be well beaten, put thereto Spanish salt and honey, and wet therein the flesh which your hawk must eat for three days, but if she refuse to eat it, then holding her, enforce her to swallow three or four morsels every day: or else use this, take honey at the changing of the moon, and a keen nettle, and thereof make fine powder, and when it is well ground, take the breast bone of a hen, and an other of a stockedove, and hack them with a knife. then do away the skin, and lay thereon the powder, and all hot with the powder feed her, do thus thrice, and it is enough.   

For swelling.  
If your hawk have a fellow swollen on her that a man may heal it, and keep the hawk from death, do thus, take the root of comfory and sugar, of each a like quantity, and seeth it in fresh grease, with a third part of honey, and then draw it through a cloth, and lay it to your hawk and it will help her.   

For blains in hawks mouths called frounches.  
The frounce is a dangerous disease in hawks, and bringeth her to death withholding her strength, and men say it comes of cold, which doth hawks great hurt, making phlegm fall out of the head, her eyes will swell and look dead, and if she do want speedy help, nothing will kill sooner: take therefore of fennel, marial, and kersis, of each a like quantity, then seeth them, and strain them through a cloth, and now and then wash the hawks head therewith, and chief the roof of her mouth, and it will forthwith help her.   

For a hawk that hath the agrum.  
When your hawk hath her mouth and cheeks blubbed, than she hath the agrum, therefore take a silver needle and heat it in the fire, and burn her nares throughout, then anoint her with oil olive till she be whole.   

How to make a hawk great and fat.  
Take a quantity of pork, honey, butter, and clarified grease, and seathe them all together, and anoint flesh therein and feed your hawk therewith and it will fat her, or else take the wings of an eved and feed her and keep her from travel, and it will fat your hawk though you use nothing else.   

For botches in the jaw of a Hawk.  
Cut the botches with a knife, that the matter may have issue, and then mix them and fill the hole with the powder of arneme●t Ibrent, then on that powder do a little lard which is raised and it will heal it.   

For a hawk that will not reclaim.  
Take fresh butter and put thereto sugar, and put it in a clean cloth, and reclaim her to that, and keep it in a box in your bag.   

For a hawk that is refrained.  
When you see your hawk neezing, and casting matter through her nostrils or her nares, then doubtless she is refrained: the cure is, take grains of shaffelgree, and of pepper, and grind it well, and temper it with strong vinegar, and then put it into her nares and into the roof of her mouth, then give her hot meat to eat and she will be sound.   

A medicine for hawks that have pains in their croups.  
You shall take fair Morsum, and the powder of gelefre, and mingle them together, and give them to your hawk to eat, and if she hold it past the second day she will be sound.   

For the stone in the fundament.  
When your hawk cannot mute then she hath the sickness called the stone, for cure whereof take the heart of a swine, and swine's grease, and mixing it with the heart let her eat it.   

A medicine for the dry frounce.  
For this sickness take the root of polypody which groweth upon oaks and seeth it a great while, then take it from the fire and let it stand until it be lukewarm, then wash your flesh therein, and feed your hawk three times and she will be perfectly sound.   

A medicine for the worms called Anguellis:  
Take pressure made of a lamb which was yeaned untimely, and make thereof three morsels, and put it in a gut of a stockedove and feed her therewith, and look the hawk be void when you give her this medicine.  
Also take juice of Dragons and put full the gut of a pigeon, then cut it and part it so as a hawk may swallow it, which done, close up her beak for fear of casting it up again: also, give her the dowsets of a buck, as hot as they can be cut out, and make powder of the pizle, and cast it upon the flesh of a cat, and feed her therewith and it is a present remedy.   
FINIS.   

A TREATISE of Hunting.  
LONDON Printed by Valentine Sims for Humphrey Lownes, and are to be sold at his shop in Paul's churchyard. 1595.   

As before in the book of Hawking, is truly noted and set down the skill appertaining unto a Falconer or Ostringer: so in the same manner, in this Book is duly and precisely taught the Terms belonging to that noble sport of Hunting or Venery.  

Beasts of Venery.  
THere be only four beasts of Venery: the Hart, the Hare, the wild Roe, and the Wolf: and these and none other by the ancient laws of Sir Tristram you may only call Beasts of Venery.   

Beasts of the Chase.  
There be five beasts which we call beasts of chase: the Book, the Do, the Fox, the Marten, and the Roe: all other of what kind soever, term them Rascal.  
And first because of all other beasts, of Venery be the most worthy, the Hart, and (as we may term him) is the most noble and taketh the first place, we will speak of the terms belonging to him: 

At the first year you shall call him a calf.  
The second year a brocket.  
The third year a spayad.  
The fourth year a stag.  
The fift year a great stag.  
The sixth year you shall call him a Hart.     

To know the head of a Hart.  
Thou shalt call the head of a Hart Auntelere, rial, and Surriall, and when you may know him by the top, you shall call him forked a Hart of ten: and when he beareth three in the top, you shall call him a Hart of twelve, and when he beareth four, you shall call him summed a Hart of sixteen: and from four forward you shall call him summed of so many as he carrieth, how many soever they be.  
Of Hart, Hind, Buck, and Do, you shall ever say, a heard: of Roes you shall ever term a bevie: of wild Swine a sounder: of Wolves a rout.  
Either of red dear or fallow you shall call upon the view twenty a little or small heard: forty you shall call a middle heard: and four score you shall ever call a great heard, be they male dear, Hinds, or Does.  
Upon the view of a hart, if he be a goodly dear, you shall never call him fair, but a great Hart: and so likewise a great Hind, a great Buck: but only of a Do, you shall term her a fair do: ever have a great care of this as you will be counted a perfect Woodman.   

A bevie of Roes.  
Six Roes or under is ever called by huntsmen, a small Bevie, betwixt six and ten is a middle Bevie: twelve is a great Bevie: And still the greater the number is, the greater is the Bevie.   

A sounder of Swine.  
Twelve or some lesser number be called a Sounder of wild Swine: sixteen is a middle Sounder: but twenty may very well be termed a great Sounder.   

Of the Roe hunting, breaking, and dressing.  
When you shall hunt the Roe, you shall say, He crosses and tresones before the hounds, or if you say, he doubles, it is not much amiss, although by the laws of sir Tristram it is hardly permitted, you shall not say, This is a great Roebuck, but a fair Buck, and a fair do. Dressing of the Ro is called the Herdlenge of a Roe by the terms of Venery which you shall perform in this sort: you shall lay the head between the two farther legs: then take the two hinder legs, and crossing them put them on the two contrary farther legs, fastening them by the loosening of the former joints, only taking out the bowels with the blood, and cutting off the feet wherewith you shall reward your hounds, dividing each foot into four pieces with your falchion or woodknife, and putting them amongst the bowels and blood: And this of the Roe is termed a Reward.   

Of the age and undoing of the Boar.  
Now to speak of the Boar, the first year he is called a pig of the Sounder, the second year he is called a hog, the third year a hog steer, the fourth a Boar, for then, if not before he departeth from the Sounder, and then he is termed a Singler. When you have the Boar, you shall undo him, first, not taking off the skin, and in dressing him orderly divide the flesh into two and thirty breads, as we term it in Venery: if he be slain by the strength of the hounds, you shall give them the bowels in the place upon the ground where the Boar was slain: and this is likewise called a Reward.   

Of the Hare.  
The Hare is the King of all the beasts of Venery, and in hunting maketh best sport, breedeth the most delight of any other, and is a beast most strange by nature, for he often changeth his kind, and is both male and female. And this is a strange thing in the female, and only peculiar to this beast of all other: after she hath taken the Buck and cometh to kindle she bringeth forth two leverets rough and in perfit shape, and retaineth two other in her still, which she bringeth forth before the two first be well able to relieve, and she is knotted for her third leveret, and all this at one time: we term the place where she sitteth, her form, the places through the which she goeth to relief, her muset, and when we find where she hath gone, we call it the pricking of the Hare: her deceits and shifts before the hounds we term, her doubling: we term her feeding her relief. The Hare beareth suet and grease, she fimasheth, crottises, and rounges, although amongst the Huntsmen of these latter times these terms be worn out of use, only we say, she crotises: when the Hare is gone to her form, we say ever she is gone to her seat: and we say the hare sitteth, where speaking of other beasts we say, they lie, & the reason is, because she ever hucketh upon her legs, as though nature had taught her to have her feet ever in a readiness, of all the other beasts being most watchful. And she naturally desireth to run up the hill, because her legs be shorter before than behind: and her suet and grease which she beareth lieth over the leine between the chine and the tail.   

The terms of a Huntsman to the kennel according to the French, from which they were at first only derived.  
When the Huntsman cometh to the kennel in the morning to couple up his hounds, and shall jubet once or twice to awake the dogs: opening the kennel door, the Huntsman useth some gentle rating lest in their hasty coming forth they should hurt one an other: to which the French man useth this word Arere, Arere, and we, sost ho ho ho ho once or twice redoubling the same, coupling them as they came out of the kennel. And being come into the field, and having uncoupled, the Frenchman useth, horse de couple avant avant onse or twice with soho three times together: we use to jubet once or twice to the dogs crying, a trail a trail, there dogs there, and the rather to make the dogs in trailing to hold close together striking upon some Brake cry soho. And if the hounds have had rest, and being overlusty, do begin to fling away, the French men use to cry, swefames swef, redoubling the same, with Arere ames ho: now we to the same purpose use to say, sost ho, here again ho, doubling the same, sometimes calling them back again with a jubet or hollow: pointing with your hunting staff upon the ground, saying soho.  
And if some one of the hounds light upon a pure scent, so that by the manner of his eager spending you perceive it is very good, yet shall the same hounds crying, there, now there: and to put the rest of the cry in to him, you shall cry, ho avant avant, list a Talbot, list list there. To which the Frenchman useth, Oyes a Talbot le vailant oyes oyes, troue le coward in the same manner with little difference. And if you find by your hounds where a Hare hath been at relief, if it be in the time of green corn, and if your hounds spend upon the troile merrily, and make a goodly cry, then shall the Huntsman blow three motes with his horn, which he may sundry times use with discretion: when he seethe the hounds have made away: A double, and make on towards the seat: now if it be within some field or pasture where the Hare hath been at relief, let the Huntsman cast a ring with his hounds to find where she hath gone out, which if the hounds light upon, he shall cry, There boys there, that tat tat, ho hicke, hicke, hicke avant, list to him list, and if they chance by their brainsicknesse to overshoot it, he shall call to his hounds, ho again ho, doubling the same twice. And if undertaking it again, and making it good, he shall cheer his hounds: there, to him there, that's he, that tat tat, blowing a mote. And note, that this word soho is generally used at the view of any beast of Chase or Venery: but indeed the word is properly saho, and not soho, but for the better pronunciation and fullness of the same we say, soho, not saho. Now the hounds running in full chase, the Frenchman useth to say, ho ho, or swef alieu douce alieu, and we imitating them say, There boys, there avant there, to him there, which terms are in deed derived from their language: now we find the old and ancient Huntsmen had divers terms upon the view of the pricking of the Hare, which although I find not very needful, yet for the love I bear unto Antiquity, I will not omit: as when the Hare hath gone over some grassy place where her pricks cannot be seen, but only by straying the grass, or by breaking some lose mould, we say she sorths or resorths: but these terms I will leave to the indifferent opinion of the skilful Huntsman.  
Now the reason why they say, the Hare fumaies and crottes or crottiseth is this, we say the Hare fumaies, because he beareth suet, and crottiseth, because he beareth grease, and because she croucheth on the houghes when she letteth it go: so that we say all beasts that bear tallow, and stand upright remain as they go, all that crouch or stoop do.   

The hounds reward.  
When your hounds by force have killed the hare you shall reward them with the shoulders and the side, with the head, and with all the entrails saving the gall: which being dealt them, is called the hallow of all good Huntsmen, but the loins is most excellent meat in mine opinion, being finely dressed is the most dainty venison that England hath: And to tell what manner of beasts relief, this is a thing worthy to be noted of all good Huntsmen, that the heart from the Annunciation of our Lady till Saint Peter tide, is said to relief as well as the Hare.   

Of flaying and stripping of beasts.  
When beasts are slain which shall be flaied and which stripped according to their natures and kinds, know ye, that all that bear suet and rounge, according to the old English, or chaw, shall be said to be flayed, only the Hare excepted, which shall be said to be stripped or cased, which terms shall be used to all beasts of relief.   

Now of the Roebuck.  
The first year he is a kid sucking on the dam: the second year he is called a girl: the third year a hemule: the fourth year a Roebuck of the first head: the fift year a Roebuck. He useth to cast his horns at Saint Andrews tide, and his nature is to hide them in some moor or some marsh, that they are very seldom found: at Saint james tide he ever goeth to the Roe, which when he doth, we say, he goeth in his turn: and if you kill a Roebuck which is high in grease, you shall dress the venison as of a Hart or a Hind: we use to say a Hart bellows, a Buck groans, a Roebuck kelles, which they use in the time of their rut, and we use to say the Fox and the Wolf do bark and howl.   

The season of all sorts of Venery.  
The time of grease beginneth at Midsummer day, and lasteth till Holy rood day.  
The season of the Fox from the Nativity till the Annunciation of our Lady.  
The season of the Robucke lasteth from Easter till Michaelmas.  
The season of the Roe beginneth at Michaelmas, and lasteth till Candlemas.  
At Michaelmas beginneth the hunting of the Hare, and lasteth till Midsummer.  
The season of the Wolf is as the Fox.  
The season of the Boar is from the Nativity to the Purification of our Lady.  
Now in the hunting of the hart being a princely and royal chase, it giveth an exceeding grace unto a Huntsman, to use the terms fit and proper unto the same, which I here set down as received from Antiquity. First, when we see where the Hart hath gone, we use to say here, he breaketh: and when the Hart entereth a river or pool which we call the soil, we say, he descendeth, and when we find where he hath leapt into the river we say, he proffereth, because we are uncertain whether he goeth out at some other place, or returneth the same way again, and if he turn again the same way, he reproffereth, and when we find where he hath come out of the other side of the river, we call it the soil, and being come out of the water which fills his footsteps we call it defouling.   

How you shall undo a Hart.  
After his fall, and that the Huntsmen be come in together, and have blown the death of the heart, you shall lay him upright upon his horns, which we call suing of the heart, then let the best man in the company, or some parsonage of account take the assay before the assembly: then first cut off the cods: then begin at the jaws, and slit him down to the assay, and directly to the place of the cods: which being done, begin first to slit the left leg before, and next the left leg behind, which you must not forget in any hand before you go to the right side, which you must perform next in the same manner: the which being done, begin at the cheek on the left side, from which directly take off the skin down to the breast, and so down to the assay, and to the place of the cod: then begin at the other side and do the same in like manner, but cut not the tail of the beast away in any hand, but cut off the skin, and let it remain to the haunches: then spreading the skin abroad, let the body be laid open upon the same, and begin first to make the erbere, then cut off the shoulders, opening the belly and take out the suet which is most excellent and needful for Surgeons. Then putting in thy hand under the breast bone take out therber, & turning out the paunch take away the rate filling it with the blood and suet, having a needle and a thread ready to sow it up with, then searching into the small guts take out the maw: And next, the liver, laying them upon the skin, next after these the bladder: then going to the umbles, first loosen the avanters which lean to the neck, and taking the throat and wesant, loosen the fillets charily which falls to the umbles, and must be gathered and stripped upon the wesant with the same with the naves, and suet, and the flesh along the midriff, then take the midriff from both the sides, and so like a Huntsman make up the umbles with all these together, only keep the lights upon the skin and bid the querry: This being done, slit the skin wherein the heart is enfolded, and take away the hairs which grow about the same, in keruing the heart you shall find a bone therein, which hath the virtue to cure the malady and grief of man's heart: then cutting away the lose skertes and fill them with blood to save the melting of the grease: then cut away the neck from both the sides, and take the head away from the neck, taking out the tongue and the brain, laying them with the lights, the small guts and the blood upon the skin to reward the hounds, which is called the querry. The left shoulder of the heart is his fee which dresseth him, the right is the Foresters fee.   

Of the terms of the umbles of a dear.  
That part of the umbles which cleave unto the throat-bole is called the Aduancers, and the hinder-most part of the umbles be called the Forchers, the other called the crooks of the umbles: now in the heart the chief part and substance is called the Gargilon, and the other part be called crooks and Rundelles.   

To undo the wild Boar.  
You shall make two and thirty breads of the Boar, the first and principal is the head, the next to that is the choler which is the best of the swine: then two shields and the two shoulders, and divide each side of the swine into three parts, the pestles, and the gambones accounting as two: then the two fillets, the legs and the feet divided into eight parts, dividing the chine in four sundry pieces: then put the grease of the Boor into his bladder, and preserve the same as a thing passing medicinable.   

Of the vauntlay, the lay, and relay, with forloining terms used in Venery.  
This is properly called a Vauntlay in hunting, when the hounds are in chase of a Hart, and that you either doubt their speed, or find them far cast behind, you do uncouple fresh hounds, and hallowing them in to the dear, force him to more speed than before, which may be a means to cast off the other hounds which be behind. An allay is this, when the Hart is in full chase, thou lying near to some covert, do so shake off some fresh hounds into the cry, to supply and make it the stronger, if some overhaled dogs should happen to sink in the latter end of the chase. A relay is, when you shall uncouple some fresh hounds and cheer them, when as the rest of the dogs be already gone away with the Hart, and almost out of the hearing of the cry, and this is called a relay. Forloyning is when thou findest any chase within some covert, and some mewet or light cunning hounds fall in with the same, being stolen out of the covert, this is called forloyning, when they drive the chase so fast on before as the Huntsmen can not lay the rest of the cry in with the same.   

Of the descreving of a Buck.  
The first year he is a fawn sucking upon his dam, the second year a pricket, the third year sorrel, the fourth a sore, the fift a buck of the first head, the sixth year a great buck.   

Of the horns of a Buck.  
The horns of such a fallow dear must be summed or ever he be a Buck, he must have two palmed branches, and four and twenty espelers, which when he hath, you may well term him a very great Buck.  
And this we see, that oft in hunting of the Hart or the Buck: the hounds towards the fall of the chase hold together and come strongly, the reason is this, and for three causes which makes the hounds continue, and encourageth them much: the first is, that when the Hart or buck beginneth to be imbosted, he casteth out of his mouth a froth which is wonderful sweet to the hounds, which he leaveth upon the herbs and bushes: the second is, when he sweateth, the sweat cometh down from his body to his cleiss, which the hounds finding know well he sinketh: the third is, that by reason of his laziness and toil, the scent is very strong and hot, and easily entereth the noses of the dogs which marvelously encourageth them to his death.    

Certain proper terms belonging to all chase.  

A heard of Harts.  
A heard of all manner of Deer.  
A bevie of Roes.  
A sounder of Swine.  
A rout of Wolves.  
A trip or heard of Goats.  
You shall say, an heart harboureth.  
A Buck lodgeth.  
A Roe bedeth.  
A Hare seated or formed.  
A Conie sitteth.  
A Fox kenelleth.  
An Ot●er kenelleth.  
A litter of Cubbes.  
A nest of Rabbits.  
You shall say, the Deer is broken.  
The Fox is cased.  
The Hare is cased.  
We say, dislodge the Buck.  
Start the Hare.  
Unkennel the Fox.  
Rouse the Hart.  
Bolt the Conie.    

THE BOOK of armory.  
LONDON Printed by Valentine Sims for Humphrey Lownes, and are to be sold at his shop in Paul's churchyard. 1595.   

The Book of armory The Preface.  
HEre in this book following is expressed the genealogy of coate-armors and how a perfect Gentleman shall be known from an imperfect clown, both how bondage began in angels, and after succeeded in mankind, as ensueth in the stories of the children of Adam and Noah, with the division which Noah made of the world in three parts, to his three sons, also of the three colours in arms figured by the nine orders of angels, and in the colours is made mention which is royal, & which worthy, & of royalties which is noble, which is excellent. In this discourse shall not be omitted, the virtues of Chivalry, nor any other notable or famous thing, fit for the pleasures of renowned persons, as the Work, not my report shall witness: therefore who so liketh, let him read, and leave to read when he leaves to like, the grey hairs this works aged trophies, shall promise grave matter, no light delight, therefore for his age do him reverence, and for thy profit love: In whose conclusion shall follow the blazing of all manner of arms in Latin, French, and English.   

Jncipit Liber Armorum.  
BEing worthy to bear the honour of Arms, by royal, noble, or gentle blood, from the highest to the lowest degree, come hither, and be instructed by me to dissever gentleness from ungentleness, light from darkness: and in that all gentleness which is excellency, cometh from the great good of heaven, I will therefore with heaven begin, where were in the beginning nine orders of Angels, and now are resident but nine in the knowledge of coat armours, crowned full high with precious stones, whereas Lucifer with millions of angels fell out of heaven into hell, and other places, where they are held in a continual bondage, yet all created in heaven, and of gentle nature. A bondman, peasant, or churl will say, that all are issued of Adam, therefore all alike for excellency: so Lucifer may say with his company, all we are come from heaven, therefore all heavenly: but the wise know to the contrary. Adam, the beginning of mankind, was as a stock unspread, or unflorished, in whose branches is discovered rotten and green boughs.  

The difference twixt Churls and Gentlemen: Noah's division of the world.  
There was never gentleman, nor churl ordained, but he had father and mother: Adam and Eve, had neither father nor mother, and therefore in the sons of Adam and Eve, first issued out both gentleman and churl. By the sons of Adam and Eve, to wit, Seth, Abel and Cain, was the royal blood divided from the rude & barbarous, a brother to murder his brother contrary to the law, what could be more ungentlemanly or vile, in that therefore became Cain and all his offspring churls, both by the curse of God, and his own father? Seth was made a Gentleman through his father and mother's blessing, from whose loins issued Noah a gentleman by kind and lineage. Noah had three sons truly begotten, two by the mother, named Cham and Sem, and the third by the father called japhet, even in these three after the world's inundation, was both gentleness and vileness discerned, in Cham was gross barbarism found towards his own father in discovering his privities, and deriding from whence he proceeded. japhet the youngest Gentlemanlike reproved his brother, which was to him reputed a virtue, where I'm for his abortive vileness became a churl both through the curse of God and his father Noah. When Noah awoke, he said to Cham his son know'st not thou how it is become of Cain the son of Adam, and of his churlelike blood, that for them all the world is drowned save eight persons, and wilt thou now begin barbarism again, whereby the world in after ages shall be brought to consummation? well upon thee it shall be, and so I pray the Great one it may fall out, for to thee I give my curse, and withal the north part of the world, to draw thine habitation unto, for there shall it be where sorrow care, cold, and as a mischievous and unrespected churl thou shalt live, which part of the earth shall be termed Europe, which is the country of churls▪ japhet come hither my son, on thee will I rain my blessing, dear instead of Seth: Adam's son, I make thee a gentleman, and thy renown shall stretch through the west part of the world, and to the end of the Occident, where wealth and grace shall flourish, there shall be thine habitation, and thy dominion shall be called Asia, which is the country of gentlemen. And Sem my son, I make thee a gentleman also, to multiply the blood of Abel slain so undeservedly, to thee I give the Orient, that part of the world which shall be called Africa, which is the country of temperateness: and thus divided Noah the world and his blessings. From the offspring of gentlemanly japhet came Abraham, Moses, Aaron and the Prophets, and also the king of the right line of Mary, of whom that only absolute gentleman jesus was borne, perfit God and perfit man, according to his manhood king of the land of juda and the jews, and gentleman by his mother Mary princess of coat armour.   

How long coat armours began before Christ's incarnation.  
japhet was the first that ever made target, and therein he made a Ball in token of all the world, and afterward two thousand eighteen years before the incarnation of Christ, coat armour was made, namely at the siege of Troy, where the first beginning of the law of arms was seen, as is proved in the Book called Gesta Troianorum, and that law was begun before any law in the world▪ but the law of Nature, and before the ten commandments of God. And this law of Arms was grounded upon the nine orders of Angels in heaven, crowned with nine several precious stones, differing in colours and virtues, nine several ways, from which are taken the nine colours in Arms, as shall follow.   

Of the first stone called Topasion, signifying gold in arms.  
This stone Topasion is a semi stone and is called gold in arms, the virtue thereof is, that gentleman which shall leave this stone in his arms, shall be a sure messenger to his king in the day of battle because this stone was reserved in the angels crown which was a true messenger and firm in the heavenly battle against Lucifer.   

Of the second stone.  
The second stone is called Smaragdus, and is called vert (that is, green) in arms the virtue thereof is, the gentleman which bears it in his coat armour shall be valiant, stout, and courageous in his king's battle, the which stone was reserved in the archangel's crown, which was most puissant in the conflict with Lucifer.   

Of the third stone.  
The third stone is called an Ametise, and it is Bruske in arms, the virtue thereof is he which beareth it in his coat-armour shall be fortunate to conquest in his king's battle, which stone was reserved to the virtuous crown, which was fortunate and virtuous in the heavenly combat against Lucifer.   

Of the fourth stone.  
The fourth stone is called a Margaret, a cloudy stone, & is called in arms plumby, the virtue thereof is, whoso leaves it in his coat-armour, he shall have great government in his king's conquests, the which stone is reserved in the potestates crown, which were the commanders in the heavenly battle against Lucifer.   

Of the fift stone.  
The fift stones is called a joys, and in arms sanguine or synamer, the virtue thereof is, the gentleman which bears it in his coat armour shall be mighty of power in his king's battle, the which stone was reserved in Dominations crown that were only powerful in the king of heavens battle against Lucifer.   

The sixth stone.  
The sixth stone is called a ruby, and is in arms gules, the virtue thereof is, the gentleman which beareth it in his coat armour, shall be hot and full of vigour in his king's battle, the which stone was reserved in the principallest crown, who were fiery hot in heavenly battle against Lucifer.   

Of the seventh stone.  
The seventh stone is called a Saphyr, & in arms Azure, the virtue whereof is, the gentleman which in his coat armour beareth that stone, shall be wise and virtuous in all his actions in the battle of his king, which stone was reserved to the crown of the thrones which were wise and virtuous in the heavenly battle against Lucifer.   

Of the eight stone.  
The eight stone is a diamond a black stone, and called sable in arms, the virtue thereof is, the gentleman which beareth it in his coat armour shall be durable and unfainting in his king's battle, which stone was kept in the Cherubin's crown, which never fainted, or shrunk in the war against Lucifer.   

Of the ninth stone.  
The ninth stone is called a carbuncle, a shining stone, and in arms is called silver, or argent, the virtue thereof is, what gentleman soever bears it in his coat armour, shall be doughty, glorious, and shining in his king's battle: which stone was reserved to the Seraphins crown who were full of might, glory, and brightness in the king's battle of heaven against Lucifer.   

Of the nine colours which is worthy, which royal.  
Of these nine sundry colours due to coat armours, there are five worthy, and four royal, the five worthy are these, Gold (otherwise called Or) Vert, Brusk, Plumby, and Sanguine, and the four royal are these, Gules, Azure, Sable, and Silver. But now according to the blasers of arms there are but six colours of the which two are metal, and four colours, gold and silver for metal, vert, gules, azure, and sable, for colours, and no other used.   

Of the nine stones, which noble, which of dignity.  
Of the nine precious stones before spoken of, five of them are noble, and four of dignity, the five noble stones are these, the Topasion, Smaragdus, Amatis, Margaret, and Aloys, the four of dignity are the Ruby, Sapphire, Diamond, and Carbunckle.   

Of the orders of Angels.  
Of the nine orders of Angels, there are five jerarchy, thronely, the five jerarchy, are Angel, Archangels, Virtues, Potestats, and Dominations the four thronely be these, Principals, Thrones, Cherubins and Seraphins.   

Of the dignities of regalty.  
There are nine dignities of regalty, five noble, & four excellent, the five noble are these, gentleman, squire, knight, baron, and Lord: and the four excellent are, Earl, marquess, Duke, and Prince.   

Of the nine virtues of precious stones.  
There are nine virtues of precious stones, five general, and four special, the five general are these, a sure messenger, valiant and stout, fortunate to conquest, great in government, and mighty in power, the four special are, hot in courage, wise & virtuous, durable, and unfainting, and doughty, and glorious.   

Of the four virtues of chivalry.  
Chivalry hath four virtues, the first, just in his actions, cleanness of his person, pity to the poor, gracious in prison, reverent and faithful to his God: the second is, that he be wise in battle, prudent in his fight, having his wit always in a readiness: the third is, that he be not slow in his wars, regard that his quarrel be true, thank God ever for his victory, and to have measure in his sustenance: the fourth, to be strong and steadfast in his government, to hope of victory, not to fly the field, nor shame his coat armour, also that he be not boasting proud of his manhood, look that he be courteous, lowly, and gentle, and without ribawldry in his language.   

Of the nine articles of gentry.  
There are nine articles of gentry, of which five are amorous and four sovereign, the five amorous are these, lordly of countenance, sweet in speech, wise in answer, perfect in government and cheerful to faithfulness: the four sovereign are these few, oaths are no swearing, patiented in affliction, knowledge of his own birth and to fear to offend his sovereign.   

Of nine vices contrary to gentlemen.  
There are nine vices contrary to gentlemen, of which, five are indeterminable, and four determinable, the five indeterminable are these, to be full of sloth in war, to brag of his prowess, to be cowardly to his enemy, to be lecherous in body, and to be always drinking and ever drunk. The four determinable are, to revoke his own challenge, to kill his prisoner with his own hands, to run away from his colours in the field, and lastly to tell his sovereign untruths or lies.   

Of the nine inestimable rejoinings in arms.  
These are the nine inestimable rejoinings in arms, first is, for a gentleman to be made a knight in the field at battle, the second is, livelihood of him to receive after manhood, the third is, chivalry to do before his sovereign, the fourth embassage to be put unto him for wisdom, the fift is prowess of knighthood done before aliens in honour of renown, these in arms as called the five authentic, now follow the four ending stremitalles personal, the first, a poor knight to be married to the blood royal, the second is, to have thanks of his sovereign perpetual, the third is, to keep his coat armour unshamed in trial, and the fourth is to keep all the points of his knighthood, as Gesta ●royanorum declareth.   

Of the two orders, wedlock and knighthood, and how knighthood was made before coat armour was ordained.  
The two first orders that ever were ordained, was first wedlock, and then knighthood, & knighthood was before any coat armour, for Olibion was the first and primere knight that ever was, whose father Asteriall came by the right line of japhet, who seeing the people multiply without any governor, and that the cursed race of Cham warred against them, Olibion being the strongest and most manful in those times, the people cried on him to be their master and governor, there were in those days one thousand multiplied of the line of japhet, whereupon Asteriall made for his sons head a garland of nine several precious stones, for a sign that he was the governor of a thousand men: and to this day the name of a knight in latin signifieth the governor of a thousand men, than Olibion kneeled to Asteriall his father and required his blessing, who took Olibions' sword which was japhets, Fawchion made by Tubal before the flood, and smote flatling nine times on the right shoulder of Olibion in token of the nine virtues of the foresaid precious stones▪ and gave him his blessing with a charge to keep the nine virtues of charity which hereafrer follow.   

The articles which knights should keep, to wit, five temporal, and four ghostly.  
Charity hath nine virtues, five temporal, and four ghostly, the five temporal virtues are these: the first, he shall not turn his back to his enemy for to fly: the second, he shall truly keep his promise to his friend, and also to his foe: the third, he shall be bountiful in hospitality and those about him: the fourth, he shall maintain and uphold all maiden's rites: and the fift, that he defend widows from oppression: the four ghostly are these, the first, he shall honour his father & mother: the second, he shall not wrong the poor: the third, he shall be merciful: the fourth, he shall maintain the statutes of the great God of heaven. This done, Asteriall gave Olibion a target of Olive tree, with three corners triangular, two above his face, and one down to the earth: in token that Olibion was the chief of all the blood of the three sons of Noah, by the olive three he meant victory to win by the point of his target to the ground-ward the cursed brother Cham, by the corners of his target above, the further signified Sem, that next him the true gentleman japhet, of whom God and man issued by the right line.   

Of the several manners of Knighthood.  
There is two manner of knighthoods, one with the sword, the other with the bath▪ but the bath is worthiest, because of four royalties, one is when a young Prince is made knight, or to be crowned king: the second is, when a King or an Emperor is crowned: the third is when a Queen or an Empress is crowned, the fourth when a King or an Emperor talk with Ambassadors of foreign Countries.   

Of nine sorts of gentlemen.  
First, there is a gentleman of ancestry and blood.  
A gentleman of blood.  
A gentleman of coat-armour, and those are three, one of the king's badge, another of lordship, and the third of killing a Pagan.  
A gentleman untriall: a gentleman Ipocrafet: a gentleman spiritual and temporal: There is also a gentleman spiritual and temporal, and all these are better set down hereafter.   

The divers manners of gentlemen.  
There are four manner of gentlemen, to wit, one of ancestry which must needs be of blood, and three of coat-armour, and not of blood: as one a gentleman of coat-armour of the King's badge, which is of arms given him by an Herald: an other is, to whom the King giveth a Lordship, to a Yeoman by his letters patents, and to his heirs for ever, whereby he may bear the coat-armour of the same Lordship: the Hind is, if a Yeoman kill a gentleman, Pagan, or Sarazen, whereby he may of right wear his coat-armour: and some hold opinion, that if one christian do kill an other, and if it be in lawful battle, they may wear each others coat-armour, yet it is not so good as where the Christian kills the Pagan. And again if the King make any yeoman knight, that same knight is a gentleman of blood by the royalty of the king and knighthood.   

Of a gentleman spiritual.  
A churls son being made a Priest is a gentleman spiritual to God but not of blood: but if a gentleman's son be made a priest, he is both a gentleman spiritual and temporal: Christ was a gentleman by his mother's side, and bare coat-armour by auncestry: the four Evangelists are testimonies of his works in the Gospel, together with the Apostles, they were jews and issued from Gentlemen by the right line of that famous Conqueror judas Machabeus, but that through the ruin of times their kindreds fell to poverty after the destruction of judas Machabeus, whereby they fell to labour, and were esteemed for no gentlemen: and the four doctors of the holy church, saint Jerome, saint Augustine, Ambrose and Gregory were Gentlemen of blood, and of coat armour.   

Of the nine divisions of coat-armours.  
There are nine divisions of coate-armours, five perfect, four unperfit: the five perfit are these, Terminall, Colaterall, Abstract, Fixall, and Bastard: and of these five I will speak more largely, with their differences.   

Difference Imbordring.  
Terminall is called in Arms all the brethren of the right line either by father or mother, may bear the right heirs coat-armour, with a difference called Imbordring.   

Difference jemews.  
Colaterall is called in Arms, the sons of the brethren of the right heir bearing the coate-armors of their fathers with a difference jemewes'.   

Difference Mollet.  
Fixall in Arms is called the third degree by the right line from the right heir by line male, they may bear their father's coat-armour with a difference Mollet.   

Difference Countertrevis.  
The bastard of Fixall shall bear his father's coat armour Countertrevis, that is to say, whatsoever he beareth in his field, he shall bear in the same several colours, and no more.   

Of the four coat-armors imperfect.  
Four coate-armours there are imperfect, and are borne without any difference, the first coat-armor is if a Lordship (as before said) be given under patent by the King, if he died without heirs his coat-armour dieth with him: the second is, when the King giveth a coat-armour, if he die without heir his coat dieth also, and if either of these coate-armours have issue, the fift degree of them bearing line by male, are Gentlemen of blood by law of arms: the third being the coate-armor of a Pagan, if the christian die without heir his coat-armour dieth, but if he have issue also, the fift degree in like sort after him are gentlemen of blood▪ the fourth coat armour, of the chief blood if he die without any issue, than the whole coat-armour is lost, and becometh a coat-armour of the unperfit. All the bastards of all the coate-armours, shall bear a fesse, or (as some call it) a baston of one of the four dignities of colours, except the bastards of the fixialles, the bastard of the brethren of the chief blood, where the inheritance is divided to every brother alike, these bastards shall add more badgie unto his arms, and take away a badgie of arms.   

Who shall give coat armours.  
Not one of the nine orders of royalty, but only the sovereign King shall give coat-armour, for it is impropriat to him by law of Arms: and yet the King shall not make a knight without coate-armor before: and every knight chief general in the field may make a coat-armour knight.   

Where a Knight may only be made.  
In five several places may a knight be made, as in musters in the land war, in marching under banners, in lists of the bathe, and at the sepulchre.   

A laced coat-armour is on the mother's side.  
A laced coat-armour is called the coat of a gentlewoman married to a man having no coat-armor, her son may wear her coat with a difference of Arms during his life by the courtesy of the law of Arms, but his son shall bear no coat-armour, except that the gentlewoman be heir, or the next of blood to the coat-armour, or else do derive her birth from the blood royal, and then shall her heir bear her coat-armour.   

How Churls are made gentlemen, and called Vntriall, and Ipocrifat.  
churls are made two sorts of gentlemen which are neither of blood, nor coat-armour, one is called in arms a gentleman untriall, which is to say, made up amongst religious men, as Priors, abbots, or Bishops, the other is called in Arms a gentleman apocrifat, that is to say, made up, and so entitled by the livery of a gentleman or man of honour.   

Of the six differences in Arms.  
There be six differences in Arms, two for excellent, four for the Nobles, Label, and imborduring, for excellent, jemews, Mollets, flower de luce, and Quintfoiles for nobles.   

Of nine Quadrats in blazing Arms.  
In blazing of Arms are nine quadrates, five quadrates finiall, and four royal, the five finiall are Gereri, Gerundi, Fretly, Geratly, and Endently, Gereri is called in Arms when coate-armours have nine quarters divers colours: Gerundi is called in arms when the coat is of nine several colours, and a fusitarget within the coat of what colour soever it be. Fretly is called in Arms when the coat is counterseised. Geratly is called in Arms when the coat-armour is powdered: but the blazer shall not say, he beareth ermine, silver powdered with ermine, but he shall say, he beareth ermine, or else in some Arms he must say demi ermine, which is to say, whitly ermine. And now for that in the fifth quadrate finiall, it is determined touching the signs of arms: before I proceed unto it I will show what manner of signs a man may wear, for a gentleman may not wear signs of Arms but of staining colours, that is to say, his coat-armour ynyat or else gerat▪ Gerating hath nine badges of coate-armours, first with crosslets, and of them there are four sorts, namely, cross fixily, cross paty, cross crosslets, and cross flory: the second badge is flower de luce: the third is crosslets: the fourth is primrose: the fift is quinfoiles: the sixth is diaclis: the seventh is chaplets, the eight is mollets, and the ninth is crescents, which is half moons, and these are the powders of coat-armours.  
The fift quadrate is called Endently of three several ways, which is Bebally, Lentally and fiesly: Bebally is called in arms when a coat-armour is indented of two several colours in the length of the coat-armour: Lentally is called in arms when the coat-armour is indented with two several colours in the breadth of the coat: fiesly is called in arms three manner of ways, fessy badge, fessy target, fessy general: fessy badge is when signs of arms are dissevered from the chief of the coat-armour to the right spleier in the field▪ fessy target is when a scutcheon is made in the midst of the coat-armor: fessy general is called in arms when the coat-armour is indented with two several colours, from the last point of the coat-armour to the spleyer, the chief is called in arms the midst of the coat of the right side: Quadrate in arms is called when the field is set with some token of arms: a quadrate finiall is called in arms when the field is discoloured with signs of arms, having no beast in the field: a quadrate royal is when the field occupieth the sign of a beast, or any other sign set within the coat-armour to the number of five: the first quadrate is a token of arms only set: the second quadrate royal is bearing in his coat three things called the signs of arms, that is to say, three flower de luces, three fiscialls, three roses, three chaplets, three leopard's, three lions: and so the fourth quadrate royal is to bear a beast rampant, bebally, lentally, and fessely.   

What coats restriall be, and where the Blazer shall begin to blaze.  
There are three coats called restriall in arms, one is when a coat is barry of divers colours to the point, and what colour the point is, of that colour is the field, and there the blazer shall begin: the second coat restriall is, when a coat is paly, of divers colours to the point, than what colour the point is, the same is the field, and there shall the Blazer begin: the the third coat restriall is called in arms when a coat is sentry of divers colours to the point, and what the point is, that is the field, and so the Blazer shall blaze from that colour to the next colour on the left side of the coat and blaze the colour sentry.   

Of diverse words of Art in Arms.  
A senter in arms is called staker of tents:  
Fixiall in arms, is called milne picks:  
Mangis in arms are called a sleeve: gorgiss be called in arms water budgets: Elynelles be called in arms four quadrates' trucholles: Oglis in arms are called gunnestones: tortlettes are called in arms wastel: Diaclies are called in arms scopperilles: Myrris are called in arms mirrors or glasses: Feons are called in arms broade-arrowe heads: Trunks are called in arms any beasts heads, or necks: Demi in arms is called half of any thing: Countertrevis is called in arms, when half the beast is of one colour, and the other half of an other. Every coat that beareth a cross to the point, the point is the field, as Saint George beareth gules four anglettes of silver, but against this rule there are some heralds repugnant, as shall be showed in the book ensuing▪ These three terms, of, and, with, shall not be rehearsed in arms but cure any of them.   

Of the diverse bearings of fields.  
There be diverse bearings of fields: as one is bearing whole field, and that is called in arms Claurie. The second is bearing two fields, and it is called in arms countlie. The third is bearing two fields in four quarters, and it is called in arms quarterly.   

Of three coat armours grittie.  
There are in arms three coats grittie, one called checkie, that is, when the field is checked with sundry colours: the second is called windy, that is, when as the field is made like waves of one or of diverse colours. The third is called very, when the field is made like goblets of sundry colours.   

In arms are two pinions, also what claurie, counterlie, and quarterly is.  
There are in arms two pinions one is when the field is a saultire, or Saint Andrew's cross which may be claurie counterlie, or quarterly: claurie is called plain of one colour, counterlie is when colours quarterly be two colours set in two quarters.  
The second pinion is called cheffrounce, that is, a couple of sparis, and, that may be claurie, counterlie, quarterlie, gerery, or byallie.  
Gerery is when three cheffrounce be together or more.  
Byall is when a bar is between two cheffrounce.  
Here endeth the most special things of the book of the genealogy of coat armours, the true insearcher, to display gentlemen from churls, and now shall follow, the exact book of blazing of all manner of arms whatsoever, both in latin, french, and english.   
Explicit prima pars.   

The title of Barons grown in England by descent to the daughters and heirs thereof.  
FIrst the ancient and laudable custom of this Realm agreeable to the Realm of France and Spain, and their Dominions where women are capable of the Feodales, and that the husbands in right of their wives passeth their Feodall dignities, styles and titles.  
That custom is a sufficient and the chiefest rule to determine this question, is proved by the common principle, Consuetudo in unaquaque regione estomnium dignitatum & iurisdictionum origo firma et principium. And by Baldwine Consuetudini standum est disponendi de nobilitate, et consuetudines loci faciunt quem nobilem qui alias non esset nobilis.  

To prove the antiquity and continuance of that custom in this Realm, appeareth by an Abstract of many examples in every king's reign, choosing (of many) one person, having the dignity of a Baron by the right of his wife, as followeth in every King's government since the conquest.  
William Conqueror: john Talbot a Norman came into England with William the Conqueror, and married Maud daughter and heir of Richard Lord Talbot of Longhope in England, in whose right the said john was Lord Talbot of Longhope, of whom the Earl of Shrewsbury is descended.  
William Rufus: Eustace fitz john the son of Monoculus Lord of Knaresburgh married Beatrice daughter and heir of Yuan Lord Vescy, in whose right the said Eustace was Lord Vescie, of whom the Earl of Cumberland is descended, and writeth himself Lord Vescy.  
Henry the first: joceline son to the Duke of Brabant married Agnes daughter and heir to William Lord Percy, in whose right he was lord Percy, of whom the Lords of Northumberland are descended.  
King Stephen: Morice fitz Harding married Alice daughter and heir to Robert Lord Barkeley, of Whom is descended the Lord Barkeley.  
Henry the second: john Molton knight married Maud daughter and heir of William Meschines Lord Egremond, in whose right he was Lord Egremond, whose heir general was married to the L. Fitzwater, of whom is descended the Earl of Sussex, and writeth himself Lord Egremond.  
Richard the first: Adam de Port lord of Basin married Isabella daughter and heir of Robert Lord Haya of Haluna, of whom descended the lord Saint john of Basin ancestor to the marquis of Winchester.  
King john: john de Placetis married the daughter and heir of Walleram Earl of Warwick, in whose right he was Earl of Warwick, which john died without issue, after whose death the said countess of Warwick was married to Master Mandret baron of Haushap, who also was Earl of Warwick in her right, of whom are descended the Earls of Huntingdon, warwicke, Leycester, and others.  
Henry the third: Henry hasting knight, married jone daughter and heir of Master Cantilyp Lord of Aburgavenie, in whose right he was Lord of Aburgavenie.  
Edware the first▪ Roger Lord Clyfford married Isabella daughter and heir of Robert Dipount Lord of Westmerlande, in whose right he was Lord of Westmoreland.  
Edward the second: Sir john Charlton knight married avis daughter & heir of Owen ap Griffith Lord powys, in whose right he was Lord Powys.  
Edward the third: john Fitz Allen son to Richard Earl of Arundel married Mary daughter and heir of john Lord Matravers in whose right he was Lord Matravers.  
Richard the second: Sir Warrin Gerard knight, married Isabel daughter and heir of john Lord Lile in whose right he was Lord Lisle.  
Henry the fift: Sir William Lovel knight married Elinor daughter and heir of john Lord Morloy, in whose right he was Lord Morley.  
Henry the fift: john Tuchet married jone daughter and heir of Nicholas Lord Awdley, in whose right he was Lord Awdley.  
Henry the sixth: William Bourchier married Margaret daughter and heir of Richard lord Barnes, in whose right he was Lord Barnes.  
Edward the fourth: john Grey Knight, married Elizabeth the daughter and heir of john Talbot, Viscount lisle, in whose right he was Viscount lisle.  
Henry the seventh: George Lord Stanley married jone the daughter and heir of john Lord Strange, in whose right he was Lord Strange.   

The names also of divers persons (taken out of an infinite number) within other realms which in right of their wives have enjoyed all manner of noble and princely titles.  
Otheline earl of Burgoin was in right of his wife Earl of Artoys.  
Philip the Long, in right of jane daughter to the said Otheline was Earl of Burgoine.  
King Henry the second of England, was in right of Elinor his mother, Duke of Guyenne, and Earl of Poictow.  
Endo Duke of Burgoine was in the right of jane his wife daughter and heir to Philip the Long, & jane his wife Earl of Burgoine.  
Philip the son of Eudo was in the right of jane his wife Earl of Artois and Boulogne.  
William Godfrey, in the right of his wife was Earl of toulouse.  
Philip le Grand Earl of Flanders was in the right of Elizabeth his wife Earl of Vermandois.  
Bauldwine Earl of Henault in the right of Margaret his wife sister and heir to Earl Philippe was Earl of Flanders.  
Fernand son of Sanctiz King of Portugal, in the right of jane his wife was Earl of Flanders.  
Thomas of Savoy second husband to the said jane, was in her right (although he had no issue by her) Earl of Flaunders.  
Maximilian Archduke of Austria (before he was elected emperor) was in right of Mary his wife, the heir general of Charles duke of Burgoine and Isabella of Bourbon duke of Burgoine, of Zotnih, of Brabant, of Limbourgh, Earl of Flaunders, Artoys, Burgoyne, Henault, Holland, Zealand, Lord of Salignis, and Malignis.  
Philip of Burgoine by Bona his wife was earl of Ewe.  
Godfrey Duke of Bullen, in the right of Mawde his wife was head Lord of jeturia, marquess of Antona, Pisa and Luques.  
Hugh son to Henry the first King of France, was in the right of his wife Earl of Vermandois: and Ralph his son was by his mother Earl after him.  
Peter Earl of Alencon, in the right of Maud his wife was earl of Bloys.  
Hugh Earl of Saint Paul, by the right of Marry his wife was Earl of Blois, and john his son earl of the same after him.  
Hambert surnamed Blandemaine Earl of Britain, and so was Geffrey Plantagenet in the right of Constance his wife.  
Guy earl of Spain, was in right of his wife earl of Nevers: and so Adolfe Duke of Cleve Earl of Nevers by his wife.  
Charles the second of France, was in right of Susan his wife Duke of Burbonnois, of Awergne, earl of Cleriust, visast of Charlot and Marrot, lord of Beumolois chair and chamberlain of France.  
Emanuel Philibert now duke of Savoy in right of his wife Spannage is duke of Berry.  
The Prince of Orange by his wife while she lived was earl of Buer: and their son now Earl by his mother.   

Now, after these examples both at home and abroad followeth the particular proof by matter of record, viz. that the aforesaid custom hath ever taken place in the Baronies of Willoughby and Eresby, etc.  
ANd that sir Richard Welles son of the Lord Welles was Lord Willoughby in the right of jone his wife daughter and heir of Robert lord Willoughby.  
And also sir Richard Hastings knight in the right of jone his wife daughter and heir of the said Richard Welles and jone, was both Lord Welles and L. Willoughby reputed, called, and written immediately after the death of Richard Welles lord Wells and Willoughby before any parliament called or summoned, as appeared in their Court rolls and other evidences.  
And if the said sir Richard Hastings had been called thereto by Writ, he could not after the form of the writ be summoned, but by denomination of one of the baronies, who using both the titles of the Baronies, than he must of necessity be reputed to hold the other in right of his wife.  
And if sir Ri. Welles and Rich. Hastings had been created, then should the dignity have descended to the heirs of Wells & Hastings, and not reverted to the house of Willoughby, neither could Christopher Willoughby the grandfather, neither William lord Willoughby father of the duchess nf Suffolk have used as they did (and may be proved by evidence, & matter of record) the style of L. Willoughby before they were called by Writ to parliament.  
Furthermore, after the death of William L. Willoughby, the said duchess as his sole daughter and heir enjoyed the title & style of Lady Willoughby, descended to her from her father, at which time sir Christopher Willoughby knight, younger son of lord Christopher, and brother to the lord William Willoughby claimed the dignity as heir male and the claim being heard, the title was adjudged to the lady Katherine now duchess.    

¶ Here beginneth the Blazing of Arms.  
I Have showed to you in the former Book how Gentlemen began, and how arms were first ordained, and how many colours there be in coate-armours, and the difference of coate-armours, with many other things which here are needless, to be rehearsed. And now I intend to proceed to coats carried in Arms, and the blazing of all arms: But by the way, should I stand upon all sundry devices borne in Arms, as the Peacock, the Pie, the Dragon, the Lion, the Dolphin, with leaves and flowers, I should rather cumber and tyre the Reader with frivolous circumstance, than any way instruct him in that which I undertake: Therefore I shall shortly and truly teach you to blaze all Arms: if you give diligent intention to the rules that I do prescribe which shall not be many, but passing effectual: And because the Cross is the most worthy coat or mark which is carried in Arms, I will begin with the Cross, in which the renowned and valiant Prince king Arthur had such great trust, so that he left his arms which he bore of the three dragons, and another coat he bore of three crowns and took to his arms, a Cross of silver in a field of vert, and on the right side an Image of the virgin Mary with her Son in her arms, and under that sign of the cross he achieved many great & wonderful conquests: of which our Chronicles at this day make mention: also I have read this sign of the cross to be sent from God to that blessed man Mercury, as Vincentius saith in his Speculo historiali of the marvelous and strange death of julian the apostata emperor lib. 15. saith, that an Angel brought to the aforesaid Mercury, all armour necessary, with a shield of azure, and a cross flovery with four Roses of gold in this manner as is here set down:  blazon or coat of arms and I never heard that ever any Arms came from heaven, but in them was the sign of the Cross, except only the Arms of France, which Arms were sent by an Angel from heaven, three flowers in manner of swords in a shield of azure, which Arms were given to the King of France in sign of everlasting trouble, that he and his successors should ever be punished with wars and civil broils.  blazon or coat of arms  

Of Arms in which are carried the sign of the Cross.  
Now I turn again to the sign of the Cross and ask a question, how many Crosses be borne in arms? To which question, under any certain number I dare not answer, for Crosses innumerable are now borne daily: but descending to every Cross which I have seen before, and here mean to set down, the plain cross shall be first described, of which cross more doubts be made than of many other Crosses. Forasmuch as wise men in blazing of Arms hold for a certain rule that you must begin to blaze at the lowest point of the shield. If the point be of one colour: and so that colour that is in the point of the shield is the field of the arms.  
But in that rule to remove away all doubts ye must very diligently observe, that that same rule is true with a little addition, that is to wit, that in Arms to be blazed, it is always to begin at the point of the shield, if the point be of one colour, then that is true: if the colour of the point be more copious or greater in those Arms, and then without doubt you shall begin there, or else not. And when the colours be equal parted, either in length or overthwart, then evermore you shall begin to blaze those Arms in the right side, and in that case you shall have no respect to the point.   blazon or coat of arms 
And in the same manner all Arms, having a plain Cross, are to be blazed: Therefore they that say S. George bears the field of gules with four quarters of silver do err, for by those reasons a plain Cross should never be found in arms, nor well nigh any difference in arms.   

Of a Cross of an equal length in every part.  
A plain cross is found in arms differing from the first: and it is of an equal length on every part, as it appeareth here:  blazon or coat of arms and these arms be harder than the other to blaze, for the ends of this cross touch not the hems or utter part of the shield in no part, in which you shall say, that he that beareth these arms, in Latin Ille portat de asuro cum una cruce plana aurea aequalis longitudinis ex omni part: in French, Il port d'azure un cross plain d'un long per tont: in English he beareth azure with a plain cross or of equal length on every part. And this is the difference in blazing, that the ends of this cross are in equal length, which cannot be said in the plain cross before where the foot is the longest part if it be well made. And this difference shall appear better in a coat-armour than it doth in a shield, And this is the evident difference between the crosses aforesaid.   

Of a plain cross strait.  
There is an other cross equaller strait in the midst then in the ends, as in this coat with open corners, and not touching the border and utmost part of the shield in any part, and it is called a cross patent.  blazon or coat of arms And you shall blaze it in this manner in Latin, Ille portat unam crucem argentatam patentem in campo nigro: in French, Il port de sable un cross pate d'argent, in English, he doth bear sable a cross paty of silver.   

Of a cross patent fixible.  
This cross patent is made sharp in the foot of the same: and it is called a cross patent fixible, because it may be fixed in the earth, in the which cross three parts are open in the corners and broader than in the midst: and the foot thus pointed to be fastened in the earth:  blazon or coat of arms thus to be blazed, in latin, Portat de rubeo cum una cruce fugitiva de albo: in French, Il port de gules un cross patee fichie argent, in English, He beareth gules a Cross paty fixible of silver: And there be many crosses which may be made fixible, as it shall be showed to you in divers examples hereafter following.   

Of a plain Cross cordid.  
Amongst other Crosses one is found called a corded cross, as is showed in this coat ensuing, which is called a corded cross, for it is made of cords, the which I lately saw carried by a noble man, whose ancestor indeed was of mechanical trade, and a Roper by his occupation, as he himself reported unto me: the which Arms I do blaze thus in latin, Ille portat gules cum una cruc● plana cordata de argento, in French, Il port de gules un cros plain cordee d'argent, in English, He doth bear gules a Cross plain corded of silver.  blazon or coat of arms   

Of a Cross plain perforated.  
There is an other cross which differeth marvelously from the cross of Saint George. And here it is to be noted, that the opinion of such is to be reprehended, which do affirm, that this coat is chequered, for Arms may not be chequered, but at the least in the number of four, but more usual in a greater number, as hereafter shall be showed.  blazon or coat of arms Therefore this coat is to be blazed thus, in Latin, Ille portat unam crucem argenteam perforatam in campo nigro, and in French, Il port de sable un cros d'argent partee, in English, he beareth sable a cross perforated of silver.   

Of a besanted Cross.  
We have another cross carried in Arms which is called a besanted cross, for it is made of all besants: as for besant in this coat:  blazon or coat of arms And the colour of example shall not be expressed in blazing, for it is needless to say, a besant of gold, for except they be of gold they be not besants: Therefore such a coat is thus to be blazed in Latin, Ille portat unam crucem talentatam in campo rubeo: in French, Il port de gules un cross besantee▪ in English he beareth gules a cross besanted.   

A cross floury fixible.  
Now followeth an other cross floury which is so called, because it hath flowers on the point of every of the crosses, and this cross flowery is sometime borne in arms, fixible as in this coat, and then we properly call it a cross floury fixible, for in three of his ends he is flourishing, and in the foot pichable or fixible.  blazon or coat of arms Therefore we truly blaze it, in Latin, Portat unam crucem auream floridam in campo a sur●o, in French, Il port d'azure un cross floritee d'or, in English, he beareth azure a cross flowery of gold.   

Of a cross floury patent in arms.  
Now followeth a cross which is called a cross floury patent: and it is so called, because it hath the ends open, and in the midst of every end appears a thread in manner of a flower, as is showed in this coat:  blazon or coat of arms therefore it shall be said, that he which beareth these Arms beareth in this wise, in Latin, Portat unam crucem floridam patentem in campo asureo, in French, Il port d'azure un patee floritee d'or, in English, he bears azure with a cross patent floverie of gold.   

Of a cross wavie or undie.  
Moreover you shall understand that there is another plain cross which is called wavy or undy, for it is made in the manner of water troubled with the wind, as is showed in this coat here set forth:  blazon or coat of arms Therefore he which beareth this coat shall be said to bear it thus, in Latin Portat unam crucem planam undosam de argento in campo rubeo, in French, Il port de gules un cross plain undee d'argent, in English, he beareth gules a plain watery cross of silver: or a plain cross undy of silver.   

Of the cross invecked.  
In arms also there are found crosses of colours invecked or indented, as here in this coat appears, and it is called a cross invecked, because it hath two colours one put or linked within another:  blazon or coat of arms and of him that beareth these Arms it shall be said he beareth thus, in Latin, Portat unam crucem planam invectam de coloribus albis & nigris in campo rubeo, in French, Il port de gules un cros plain verre d'argent et sable, in English, he bears gules a cross of silver and sable invecked.   

Of the cross croslet.  
Now followeth an other cross which is called a cross crosset or croslet, & he is called crosset because at every end he is crossed as appears by this coat:  blazon or coat of arms but this cross is not borne so oft in arms by himself as other crosses nevertheless many times it is borne in diminutives, that is to say, in little crosses crosset, and then the arms are powdered with little crosses cruciated and of him which beareth these arms you shall say, he beareth thus, in Latin, Portat unam crucem cruciatam de argento in campo asureo, in French, Il port d'azure un cross crocee d'argent, and in English, he bears azure a cross crosset of silver: and when such crosses diminutives are borne without any certain number, they are called in French Crossets.   

A Cross masculet.  
There is an other cross which is called a Cross masculet, as is showed in this coat which here I set down, which is made of masculies, of which I will speak more at large when I speak of mascules and lozenges:  blazon or coat of arms and thus I blaze this coat, first in latin, Portat unam crucem masculatam de argento in campo asureo, and in French, Il port d'azure un cross masculee d'argent, in English, he beareth azure a cross masculet of silver.   

Of a cross masculet and perforated.  
And this cross masculet is sometime borne perforated in the mascules, as is showed in this coat,  blazon or coat of arms and is thus to be blazed, first in Latin in this wise, Portat unam crucem perforatam de rubeo in scuto argenteo. in French, Il port d'argent un cros de gules masculee persee, in English, he beareth silver with a cross of gules masculet peersed.   

Of the Miller's Cross or mill Nut.  
There is a cross which is called the Miller's cross, for it is made in the proportion of a certain instrument of iron which bears the millstone, by which the stone in his course is born equally that he fall not, nor decline to the right side, nor to the left: and hath been given to judges to bear in their arms, signifying thereby, that as that instrument supporteth the mill stone equally that it fall not unto one part more than to another, so these judges are bound to give equally every one his right.  blazon or coat of arms And thus it shall be blazed in Latin, Portat crucem molendinariam argenteam in campo rubeo, in french Il port gules un crois molein d'argent, in English, he beareth gules a Miller's cross of silver.   

Of a cross returned.  
There is a cross which is called a cross turned, because the ends of this cross on every side turn back with a kind of bending like to the horn of a Ram:  blazon or coat of arms he that beareth these arms is said to bear them thus, in Latin, Portat crucem unam auream reversam in scute asureo, in French, Il port d'azure un cross recercilee d'or in English, he beareth azure with a cross reversed of gold   

Of a cross forked.  
There be some which bear in their Arms a certain forked cross, and it is called forked, because the ends of it are cloven and forked.  blazon or coat of arms Therefore he which beareth this coat shall be said to bear this, first in latin, portat unam crucem furcotam de auro in campo Asureo, In French, il port d'azure un cross d'or, in English: he beareth Azure with a Cross forked of gold.   

Of a cross engrailed or engraded.  
Also there be some which in their coat armours carry a cross engrailed or engraded, it is called engrailed, because it is indented all over, as well over the length, as over the breadth,  blazon or coat of arms but in the blazing of Arms we do say, this cross is engrailed, not indented, and thus we blaze such a coat in latin, portat unam crucem ingradatam de albo in campo Rubeo, in french, Il port de Gules un crois ingrailee d'argent: in English, he bears gules a cross engrailed of silver.   

Of a ragged or truncated cross.  
There is an other cross borne which is called a cross truncated or Ragged cross because it is in manner of two lopped trees.  blazon or coat of arms Therefore it is said: He which beareth this arms beareth thus, in Latin, portat unam crucem truncatanum, de argento in campo rubeo, in French, Il port de gules un crois recompee d'argent, in english, he beareth Gules with A cross truncated of silver.   

Of a knotty cross.  
There is an other cross borne in Arms which is called a knotty cross, because on every end of the same cross it hath certain knots in form of this coat which here I set down:  blazon or coat of arms which is thus blazed, in latin, portat unam crucem auream nodulatam in scuto Asureo: in french, Il port d'azure un crois Botone d'or: he beareth azure with a cross knotty of gold.  
And this cross is found sometimes fixible, as I have showed in other coats before.   

Of a cross flowery knotted.  
There is another cross which is called a flowery knotted cross, as is this coat which here I set down having both flowers and knots on every end of each cross.  blazon or coat of arms And of him which beareth this coat, it is said he beareth thus: in latin, portat crucem▪ nodulatam, floridam, auream in campo de asuro, in French, Il port d'azure un crois floritee botone d'or, in English, he beareth azure a cross floury knotty of gold.   

Of a cross double parted.  
There is also found in diverse coat armours a double partited cross, and it is so called double parted, for if it be divided or parted after the long way, or the broad way, yet it is still a double cross as we see here, and of this cross many doubts have risen, and questions grown of this armory, yet by General opinion at length allowed.  blazon or coat of arms Therefore he which beareth these arms is said to bear thus in latin, in campo nigro, in french, il port sable un cross double petty d'argent, in English: he beareth sable, a cross double partited of Silver.   

Of a cross double parted flourished.  
This cross double parted is varied sometimes and then it is a cross double parted flourished as here:  blazon or coat of arms nevertheless it is called a cross flowery, improperly as some do hold, for it faileth in the midst of the flower, as you shall see in the next arms following which certain midst by no manner of wise may be in the cross double partited, therefore he which beareth these arms, is said to bear them thus: in latin: portat crucem duplam partitam auream in campo Rubeo, il port de Gules un crois double party flouretee d'or: he beareth a gules a Cross double partited floury of gold.   

Of a cross tripartited flourished.  
As before I have showed you the Coat double florised for there faileth in the midst of the cross, by which the cross flourished is made perfect, but as in this coat amidst put thereto it shall be rightly called a cross tripartited, flourished, and so it is rightly blazed, for divide it by the length or breadth, it is every way three fold in the midst of the cross, and open in the points:  blazon or coat of arms and therefore he which beareth these arms, beareth thus first in latin: portat crucem tripartitam de argento in campo de asuro: in french, Il port d'azure un crois trefois partee floritee d'argent: in English he beareth azure with a cross tripartited floury of silver.   

Of the mill nut or miller's cross shadowed or umbrated.  
There hath been made a doubt of this umbrated cross, and it is called a shadowed or umbrated cross, because the shadow is evermore of black, of what colour soever the field be of, and the body of the shadow is of the same colour of the field:  blazon or coat of arms Therefore he which beareth these arms, is said to bear in latin, portat crucem umbratam in campo aureo in french, Il port d'azure un crois molein umbree: he beareth gold with a miller's cross umbrated or shadowed.   

Of a cross floury Patent umbrated.  
Now this coat I here set down for the umbration of a certain cross, and this cross is called, a cross floury umbrated, as here appeareth,  blazon or coat of arms but indeed it is no Cross, but a shadow of such a cross, & the reason is, for the body of the same cross is of the colour of the field and so the colour in the field showeth by all the body of the said shadow: and he that beareth these arms, is said to bear in latin, portat crucem floridam patentem umbratam in campo rubeo, in French, Il port de Gules un crois patee floritee umbree, in english he beareth Gules, a cross patent floury umbrated.   

Of a cross floury patent umbrated and perforated.  
And also this cross which here I set down is carried in coat armours which blazing rightly, they say it is floury patent umbrated and perforated.  blazon or coat of arms And it shall be said, that he which beareth this coat, in latin, portat crucem floridam patentem umbra am perforatam cum rubeo in campo aureo, in French, Il port d'or un cross patee floritee umbree partee de Gules: English, he bears gold, a cross patent, floury shadowed, and pierced with Gules.  
Therefore they which will undertake to blaze, must beware of these arms umbrated, of which many rules be showed before: for there be many families in England to this day which bear shadows (diversly in their coat armours) of the Lion, the Antelope, and other beasts Therefore lest the ignorant or unskilful should by this mistake the rule mentioned before of colours transmuted, he which beareth such a Lion in his coat, shallbe said to bear: in latin, Portat voum leonem umbratum in campo aureo: in french, Il port d'or un leon umbree, in English, he beareth of gold a Lion umbrated: and there be some skilful in armory which are of opinion, that such as do carry these umbrated Arms, had their ancestors carrying the same whole, and without shadow at all, but their possessions and patrimonies descending to other men, their nephews and kinsmen, only having the honour without the land, bore the Arms umbrated, leaving all other differences, disguising their coats in such sort, thinking it better to bear the arms umbrated then wholly, until fortune should again raise them to the estate of their progenitors: bearing it rather as some device or Empreze, than a coat in arms.   

Of the hemmed or bordered cross.  
There hath risen some question, amongst heralds of the difference betwixt this cross fimbrated or bordered as here appeareth, and the foresaid cross umbrated, because they are so much like, and at the first sight seem to be all one.  blazon or coat of arms But if a man behold them well he shall find great difference, for the border of this cross is varied as well from the colour of the Cross, as from the colour of the field. And therefore it shall be said of him which bears these arms in latin, portat crucem nigram perforatam floridam patentem fimbriatam sive borduratam cum argento in campo Rubeo: in french, Il port de Gules un crois floritee patee percee de sable bordure d'argent: in English, he beareth gules with a cross floury patent pierced of sable bordered with silver.   

Of the Ermine cross.  
There is an ermine cross, of which there happened a disputation at London between a Herald of Britain and one of our nation, betwixt whom it was proved and determined, that this Cross in arms could be of no other colour than it is here set down:  blazon or coat of arms and he which bears these Arms shall be said to bear them thus, in Latin, Portat crucem erminalem, in the French. Il port un crois erminee: in English, He doth bear a cross ermines, without other circumstance in blazing of the same, because they must be only black and white, which is their proper colour.    

Now that we have spoken sufficiently of Crosses (as before) it followeth that we entreat of diverse Arms quartered as hereafter shall be showed.  
ANd to speak of arms quartered, there be some Arms quartered plain, some engraded, some irrazed, some invecked, some indented, of the which we will speak as they fall in their places: and first of arms quartered plain.  
Arms may be quartered three manner of ways, the first manner is open, when two diverse Arms are borne quarterly, as may be seen here in the Arms of France and England,  blazon or coat of arms of which it may be said, Portat arma regis Franciae et Angliae quarterata, in French, Il port les armes de Francie e d'Angleterre quartelees, in English, He beareth the arms of France and England quarterly: And it shall not be offensive to any man, that France is put before England in blazing, for we have a general rule, that whensoever in arms two colours or more be in the point of the shield, than you shall not begin at the point to blaze them, but in the right side or part of those arms, though it be not the most worthiest coat, but because of the place you shall begin to blaze there.  

Of Arms quarterly borne.  
Now to speak of arms quarterly borne, when four sundry arms or coats be quartered, as here is showed,  blazon or coat of arms it shall be said, in Latin, portat quatuor arma diversa quarterata, in french, Il port quater arms diverses quarterlees, in English, he beareth four coats diversly quartered. And if it be asked how these Arms must be blazed: The Blazer must begin in the highest part of the right side, first blazing the Arms in the right side, and then to the left: And you must note, that these be plain Arms quartered.  
There is an other manner of bearing Arms quartered when as two Arms quartered be borne quarterly: and it is borne most in Arms of Queens: even so bare that most Noble Queen of England Queen Anne wife to that royal Prince king Richard the second which bore the Arms of England and France, and of the Emperor of Almain quarterly in sixteen parts, that is to say, in the right side of the shield: in the first quarter she bore the arms of France, three flower deluces of gold in a field of azure: in the second quarter three lions of gold in a field of gules: in the third quarter, a splayed Eagle with two necks: and in the fourth, a black lion ramping in a field of silver: and so changeably she bore these Arms in sixteen quarters, which is seldom seen in any Arms.   

Of Arms quartered and engrailed.  
Now to speak of Arms quartered and engrailed, that is to say, when any Arms in his quarter is engrailed, as it appeareth in this coat here set down,  blazon or coat of arms and it shall be said of him which beareth these Arms thus, in Latin, Portat de ●uro et rubio arma quarterata et ingradata, in French, Il port d'or et gules quartilee engralee, in English, He beareth gold and gules quarterly engrailed: and they are called Arms engrailed, because they be of two colours, yet thus run one into an other, as you see in this coat.   

Of Arms quartered and irrazed.  
Of these Arms quartered and razed, as by this coat appeareth, they be so called razed, because the colours be irrazed, as one colour in blazing were taken away from another.  blazon or coat of arms And it shall be said of him which doth bear these arms thus: in Latin, Portat arma quarterata irrasa de albo et nigro, in French, Il port d'argent et sable quarterlee irrasee, in English, he beareth silver and sable quarterly irrazed.   

Of arms quartered and invecked.  
There be arms quarterly invecked, or as some say, they be arms quartered of colours enuecked, as here appeareth, for in them are two colours quarterly put the one into the other, and so one colour invecked within an other:  blazon or coat of arms therefore it is said of him that bears these arms, in Latin, portat quarteratum de asurio et auro invectis, in French, port quartrelie verre d'azure & d'or, in English, He beareth quarterly invecked azure and gold.   

Of Arms quartered indented.  
There be divers Arms which be quartered indented the two colours one indented into the other, as is showed you in this shield:  blazon or coat of arms and thus you shall blaze such Arms, Portat arma quarterata indentata de rubio et auro, in French, Il port quartilee indentee de gules & d'or: in English, he beareth quarterly indented gules and gold.    

Of Arms parted after the longest way.  
I Intent now to speak of Arms divided after the longest way, which is in sundry manners and sorts: the first partition is of two colours in arms after the longest way in plain manner.  
The second, a parting of Arms of two colours ingraded.  
The third, a parting of Arms of two colours irrased.  
The fourth, a parting of Arms of two colours invecked.  
The fift, a parting of Arms of two colours indented.  
The sixth, a parting of Arms of two colours clouded or ●ubulated.  
The seventh, a parting of Arms of two colours wavie or undie.  
And although there be yet more than here we set down, yet we will only show these coats at this time.   blazon or coat of arms 

Of arms the longest way engrailed.  
Of the second sort of Arms engrailed as is said before of arms parted in colours plain, of which, and the rest of this sort, I will not stand long, only setting down the Coats with their blazons whereby the manner may easily be discerned, having had the terms explained to you before by example in the quartered coats before going.  blazon or coat of arms And it shall be said of him which beareth these arms he beareth thus, in Latin, portat arma partita secundum longum ingradata de argento et nigro▪ in French▪ Il port d'argent ingrailee et sable partee du long, in English, he beareth silver and sable engrailed parted after the long way.   

Of arms parted irrased.  
The third sort of arms parted of two sundry colours and irrased, as before of quartered Arms irrased:  blazon or coat of arms and he which beareth these arms thus, in Latin, Portat arma partita secundum longum irrasa de argento et rubio, in French, Il port patee du long d'argent et du gules racee, in English, He beareth silver and gules parted on length irrased.   

Of Arms invecked.  
The fourth sort of Arms parted or borne the long way in two sundry colours be invecked, as is showed in this coat,  blazon or coat of arms which shall show you how much they differ from the coat before irrased, wherefore it is said of him which beareth these arms, Portat arma partita secundum longum de coloribus albo & rubio invectis, in French, Il port partee verre du loin d'argent et de gules, in English, He beareth arms party invecked in length silver and gold.   

Of Arms the long way indented.  
The fift manner of bearing Arms in this sort is called party indented, as is showed to you in this coat, in like manner before, as in the quartered Arms indented:  blazon or coat of arms And it shall be said of him which beareth these arms, portat arma partita secundum longum de argento et nigro indentata, in french Il port partee indentee du loin d'argent et sable, in English, He beareth party indented on length of silver and sable.   

Of Arms parted, cloudy, or nebulated.  
The sixth part of these Arms borne, parted the long way be clouded or nebulated, as is showed to you in this scutcheon, called so, nebulated, because the colours are mixed in manner of clouds:  blazon or coat of arms Therefore he which doth bear these Arms shall be said to bear this, Portat arma partita secundum longum de argento asureo in nebulata, Il port partee du loin d'argent et d'azure innuble, in English, He beareth party at length of silver and azure innebulated.   

Of arms parted wavie.  
Moreover, besides these Arms aforesaid, yet there are arms borne divided the long way, which are parted wavy or undy, the colours bounding one upon an other like to water troubled with wind,  blazon or coat of arms which Arms shall be thus blazed: portat arma partita secundum longum de argento et rubio, in French, Il port partee du loin d'argent & gules undee, in English, He beareth parted of silver and gules undie.    

Now to speak of Arms divided overthwart.  
HEre now it followeth to speak of arms divided overthwart, the which partition is done in many and sundry manners, that is to say, plain, ingrailed, irrased, invecked, indented, nebulated, and undated, as in the arms before quartered, and parted:  blazon or coat of arms and first I will begin with the plain arms of this sort, which I show in this Scutcheon, & shall be blazed in this sort, Portat arma partita ex transuerso plana de auro et asureo, in the French, Il port partee transuersee d'or et d'azure: He beareth gold and azure parted overthwart: now you must know, that here is no doubt of the first rule that is, that a man should begin at the point of the shield, for here is as much colour of gold as of azure.  

Of Arms irrased overthwart.  
Now will I speak of an other manner of partition of colours in Arms, as shall appear by this scutcheon of arms overthwart irrased▪  blazon or coat of arms and it shall be said of him that bears this arms, in Latin, portat arma partita ex transuerso, irrasa de auro et rubeo, in French, Il port partee transuersee irrasee d'or et gules, in English, He beareth arms parted overthwart, irrased of gold and gules.   

Of Arms parted overthwart indented.  
Of arms indented and parted overthwart I do mean to speak, and they be called indented, by reason of the intermizture of the colours in such manner of indentings:  blazon or coat of arms and such arms are blazed in this manner, Portat arma partita ex transuerso indentata de auro et asureo, in French, Il port partiee de travers d'or & d'azure endentee, in English He beareth gold and azure parted overthwart and indented.  
And now to speak more of Arms parted overthwart, it shall be needless being sufficiently declared before in the rules of Arms quartered and parted, holding this maxim, inutilis est repetitio unius ad eiusdem: And I do believe it shall be hard to find many more Arms parted at length or overthwart than be here rehearsed, nevertheless, if any be found, the same rules shall be observed in them as are before rehearsed.   

Of Arms borne in a chief.  
Now some men there be, who would have these Arms which here I have set down in this scutcheon to be termed parted arms:  blazon or coat of arms but in this they err very much, for that there is no equal partition of colours, nor any likeness in dividing the same, for in Arms parted, it is always required, that the colours should be equal in quantity, which altogether faileth in this, because three parts of the shield be of one colour: therefore this coat shallbe blazed in this wise, Portat de argento et caput scuti de asureo cum duabus maculis perforatis de auro, in French, Il port d'argent un chief d'azure et deux mulletties' parties d'or, in English, He beareth silver a chief of azure and two mullets perforated of gold.  
And moreover, you shall understand, that no Arms can rightly be called parted Arms: But if they be of two colours, once parted, and no more: for in these Arms paled, or party paled, as in this scutcheon here set down appears, although they be of two colours:  blazon or coat of arms yet for that these Arms be diversly divided in the form of pales, they be called paled arms, which coat is truly thus blazed, Portat arma palata de auro et asureo, in French, Il port palee d'or et azure, in English, He bears pale gold and azure.   

Of Arms paly undated.  
Arms paly undated be often borne when as the pales thus mix themselves with other colours, wherewith they be borne, with a kind of swelling like unto waves, as is showed here in this scutcheon,  blazon or coat of arms which Arms are rightly blazed thus, Portat arma palata undata vel undosa de ruby et argento▪ in French ill port palee undee de gules et argent, he beareth paly undated of gules and silver.   

Of arms paled, irrased, or crooked.  
And you shall understand, that these paled arms be borne diversly, and in diverse manners, as is showed in this Book, yet shall you hardly find them in a stranger sort than in this scutcheon which here I set down, when the two colours paly are mixed in this razed and crooked manner:  blazon or coat of arms Therefore it shall be said of him which doth bear this coat, Portat arma palata tortuosa de nigro et argento, Il port pale daunsete de sable et d'argent: He beareth pale crooked sable and silver.   

Of arms plain barred.  
As before hath already been spoken of paled arms, now I intent to speak of Arms barred: and you shall understand, that Arms in this sort may be barred in sundry manner of wise. But first I do intend to speak of Arms plain barred: in the blazing of the which, it is altogether unnecessary to say, he beareth Arms plain barred. But only in blazing an other coat, to show how that differeth from plain barred arms, for some be blazed with a lion, greyhound, or other beast, and some be powdered with cross crossets, mullets, crescents, small birds or other differences.  blazon or coat of arms But blazing the plain Baron, you shall say thus, portat arma barrata de argento et nigro, in french, Il port bar d'argent & sable: in English he beareth barry silver and sable.   

Of barred arms undated.  
As in the coats of arms before declared and spoken of, quartered, parted, and paled, so have you likewise arms barred undated, as here is showed to you in this scutcheon:  blazon or coat of arms the colours meeting together in the manner of waves, which coat you shall blaze thus: portat arma barrata undata nigro et albo: in french, Il port barri verree de sable & argent: in English, he bears barri undated of sable and silver.   

Of barred arms invecked.  
Barred arms invecked are borne of diverse gentlemen with colours invecked: how they be borne barry wise, I show you how in this scutcheon: and he which beareth these colours in this wise shall be said to bear thus:  blazon or coat of arms Portat arma barrata de coloribus rubio et albo invectis, in french, Il port barri verre de gules & d'argent, he beareth barri invecked of Gules and silver, and I begin with gules because that colour is the first in the right corner.   

Of arms barry crooked or sharp.  
There be some which bear arms crookedlie barred as appeareth in this scutcheon, and you shall make the like difference in this, as in the eolours borne in arms, paled after the same manner,  blazon or coat of arms and he which beareth these arms shall be said to bear in this sort: Portat arma barrata tortuosa de nigro et auro: in French, Il port barri d'auncete du sable & d'or: he beareth barry crooked sable and gold.   

Of arms bendi barred.  
Now to speak of arms bendie barred so called, because the two colours be joined together bendy wise, as is showed to you by example in this scutcheon,  blazon or coat of arms and therefore it shall be said of him which beareth these arms. In latin, Portat arma bendaria de rubeo et auro. Il port barri bendee de gules & d'or: he beareth barri bended of gules and gold.  
And you must be ware and have an especial care in blazing arms paled barred or bendy, otherwise you may easily mistake, and be deceived in the same, for that coat is rightly paled in, which the pales of both colours be equal in number, and if so be they be not equal as I prescribe, you cannot in blazing term them paled: & I find in divers coats two pales of one colour, & three of another, as in this scutcheon which here I set down, where as the gules seemeth to be only the field,  blazon or coat of arms therefore the gentleman which beareth these arms shall be said to bear this: Portat duos palos aureos in campo reubio: I'll port de gules, e deux pales d'or, he beareth gules two pales of gold.  
And you shall commonly and usually find in arms a bar betwixt two little bars or barrets as we term them in armory both the lines or little bars, being of the same colour of the great bar betwixt them:  blazon or coat of arms as you perceive by this scutcheon which coat shall be thus blazed: portat unam Barram et duas Barrulas de albo in campo de Reubio: in french, Il port de gules un barree & deux barrelettee d'argent: in English he beareth gules, one bar betwixt two little barrets of silver.   

Of arms barred with barrets flowery.  
And those bars or small lines be sometimes flourished, as here in this scutcheon you may see, and so called flourished, for that they be made in the manner of flower deluces,  blazon or coat of arms which coat shall be blazed in this manner, portat unam barram et duas barrulas floridas albas in scuti de asurio: il port d'azure un barree et deux barrilettes floritees d'argent: he beareth azure, a bar betwixt two barrelets of silver.   

Of bends borne in arms.  
And now coming to speak of bends borne in arms, you must understand that it is called a bend which beginneth at the right corner of the shield and descendeth to the left, as here I show in this scutcheon which is a note sufficient to show the difference between a bend, & a fisure or little staff of which it shall be spoken of hereafter.  blazon or coat of arms And of him which beareth these arms it shall be said thus: portat unam bendam de Reubeo in campo de aureo: in french, Il port d'or, un bend de gules: he beareth gold a bend of gules.  
And as I showed you before of certain little bars borne in arms, in the like manner are certain little bends borne in arms, and they be called bendils or bendilets:  blazon or coat of arms and where a bend is charged in arms with two such bendils, as here I show you in this scutcheon, you shall thus blaze the coat: portat unam bendam et duas bendulas de auro in campo de asuro: Il port d'azure unbend & deux bendilets d'or, he beareth azure, a bend between two bendilets of gold. And these bends be sometimes flourished as is showed before in the coat of bars and sometimes the bendilets be found enchained, & sometimes powdered with mullets, & sometimes with other differences which were needless to be showed here.   

Of arms paly bended.  
And certainly the best manner of bearing of sundry arms in one shield, is in these bends especially for him that hath a patrimony left him by his father, and other lands descending to him by his mother, to which lands of his mother arms are appropriate of old time, and that the Arms with land fall to her by descent, then may a man being heir if he will, bear the arms of his father in his shield, and in such a bend bear his mother's arms, in such form as appears in this,  blazon or coat of arms and it shall be said of him which bears these arms, in latin thus, Portat arma palata de argento et reubio cum una benda de nigro, Il port palee d'argent & de gules & un bend du sable: he beareth palee of silver and gules, with a bend of sable.  
And sometimes we find these bends charged with three mascules or mullets of gold.   

Of arms bendy fusilled.  
Moreover there be found in arms other certain bends much differing from these as here I will show you in this scutcheon, of a bend fuselled of the manner of which fusels I will speak on hereafter.  blazon or coat of arms And it shall be said of him which doth bear these Arms, Portat unam bendam fusillatam in campo de asurio: il port un bendee fusillee d'or, he beareth azure, a bend fusilled of gold.   

Of borders in arms.  
There are divers and sundry borders found in arms, of which some be plain, some engrailed, some talented, some plain powthered, some checked, some gobonetted, some invecked, of which every one shall be spoken of in order.  blazon or coat of arms But first I will speak of plain borders as appeareth in this scutcheon, and it is termed a plain bordure where it is of one colour alone. And thus it shall be said of him which beareth this coat, portat tres rosas rubras in campo argenteo cum una bordura de reubeo, Il port d'argent trois Rosis de gules & un bordure de gules: he beareth silver, three roses of gules and a border of gules.   

Of arms bordered engrailed.  
Arms with a border engrailed are usually borne as I shall show you in this scutcheon which here I set down, and it shall be needless for me to show you what ingrayling in arms is, having sufficiently declared the same in other coats already blazed.  blazon or coat of arms But now coming to speak of arms with a bordure engrailed, I will blaze this coat which here I set down, portat arma de auro fimbriata sive bordurata de nigro ingradata, cum tribus maculis perforatis de nigro: in french: Il port d'or trois mullettes perforatees de sable un bordure engraylee de sable: he beareth gold three mullets perforated of sable and a bordure engrailed of sable.   

Of arms bordered, tallanted, or besanted.  
There are also borne in Arms a Bordure besanted or tallented, as in this scutcheon, which here I set down:  blazon or coat of arms but it shall be needless in blazing to express the colour of the talents or lessantes, because they be ever of gold: therefore it shall be said of him which beareth this coat, Portat unum signum capitale de rubio in campo albo borduratum cum rubio talentatium, Il port d'argent un cheueron de gules bordure de gules talentee, in English, He beareth silver a cheveron of gules bordered with gules talented.   

Of arms bordered having two cheverons.  
And oftentimes we find in arms, that bordures are borne powdered in diverse manners, sometimes with mullets, sometimes with crossets, otherwhiles with besants, and divers other changes.  blazon or coat of arms And then it is called a border powdered with that which is in the border, and these signs, as mullets, roses, and other are not comprehended within any number in blazing exceeding the number of nine. And thus it shall be said of him which beareth these arms, Portat scutum de Rubio cum duobus signis capitalibus de Albo & una bordura puluerisata cum talentis: Il port de gules deux cheuerons d'argent & un bordure de gules powdree talentee, he beareth Gules two cheverons of silver and a border powdered with Besants.   

Of a border chequered.  
We have yet another bordure in arms which is called a border chequered: and so called, because it is checkerwise in two colours, as here appears in this scutcheon,  blazon or coat of arms and it shall be said of him which bears these arms in this manner: Portat unam crucem rubinam planam in campo argenteo cum una bordura scaccata de nigro et argento: Il port d'argent un crois plain de gules borduree checkee du sable & d'argent, he beareth silver, a plain cross of gules, a border checkie with silver and sable.   

Of borders gobonated.  
Moreover and beside the arms which I have spoken of with borders, there is a border gobonated as in this scutcheon next following: and it is called gobinated for it is made of two colours in quadrats or quadrately of black and white, and whosoever beareth these arms, shall be said to bear thus: Portat de argento et duas bendas de nigro cum una bordura de albo et nigro gobinata: Il port d'argent: deux bendees de sable, & un bordure de sable & d'argent: he beareth silver, two bends of sable with a bordure gobinated of silver and sable:  blazon or coat of arms and this same bordure bore that noble prince the Duke of Gloucester, brother to that famous warrior, King Henry the fifth, the which royal Duke bore in his coat the whole arms of France and England quarterly with a bordure gobinated of silver & sable, as in this scutcheon set down.   

Of bordures invecked.   blazon or coat of arms  blazon or coat of arms 
And this opinion before rehearsed in the blazing hath pleased many, the which in no manner of wise can be true, for if these arms (as it is said before) were countercoined, than the lowest corner or coin of the Arms, that is, the lowest point of the shield should not be of one colour as it is of azure.  
But besides these proofs before rehearsed, it is certain, that in all arms countercoyned, all the coins of what colour soever they be, meet together by their points in the midst of the shield, as in the next scutcheon it shall be showed: Therefore (in mine opinion) except greater authority can be showed to the contrary: but they shall thus be blazed, Portavit arma barrata, et caput scuti palatum et angilatum de asurio et auro, cum scuto simplici de argento, Il port barree un cheiff palee cunectee d'azure et d'or et un estu simple d'argent: in English, He beareth barrie and a chief paly angulated of azure and gold with a simple shield of silver.   

Of arms countercoined.  
There be divers families which bear Arms countercoined, as here in this scutcheon appeareth,  blazon or coat of arms and these arms be called countercoined, because the coins meet all together in one point in the midst of the shield, for every border triangular is properly more of length, then of breadth wherefore the opinion of such as said that the arms before spoken of belonging to the Earl of March, were paly barry, and countercoyned are to be reproved, because the colours accord not, as of necessity they should accord, if the aforesaid opinion were true. Therefore it shall be said thus of him which beareth these arms: Portat arma contraconata de asureo et albo: Il port Girone d'azure & argent▪ he beareth countercoynd of azure and silver.   

Of arms pyled.  
For as much as we have spoken of arms in which the colours meet together in the midst of the shield now it followeth of certain arms in which three piles meet together in one point,  blazon or coat of arms as in this scutcheon which shall be thus blazed: portat tres pilas nigras, in campo aureo: Il port d'or trois piles de sable, he beareth gold three piles of silver.   

Of balls in arms.  
Nevertheless you must note the difference in the blazing of these arms before, and those that come after, when you blaze them in the latin tongue, for sometimes this word pila in latin is taken for a piece of timber to be put under the pillar of a bridge as in the scutcheon before, and sometimes this word pila is taken for a ball such as we play with, than it is called pila manualis, as in this scutcheon,  blazon or coat of arms otherwhiles a foot ball which is in latin pila pedalis, therefore it shall be said of him which beareth these arms in latin, Portat tres pilas argenteas in campo reubio, Il port de gules trois peletees d'argent: he beareth gules three balls of silver.  
And you must note this, that such balls have all colours, but the colour of gold, for if they be of gold, you shall term them besants.   

Of tortels in arms.  
There be also tortelles that be little cakes which be greater than balls, as in this scutcheon appeareth,  blazon or coat of arms which tortelles be ever of a greater compass than the balls in the Arms before set down: and he which beareth these tortels shall be said to bear this, in latin, Portat tres tortellas rubias in campo aureo, Il port d'or et trois torteulx de gules, in English, He heareth gold three tortelles of gules. And you must note this, that Balls, Besants, and Tortelles in Arms are always whole round figures, and not perforated.   

Of Fountains and Welles borne in arms.  
There be certain other round figures borne in arms, of white mixed sometime with azure, sometime with sable undated, or after the manner of waves, which marks or figures be called fountains or wells: and therefore carry the colour of that which they represent, like water troubled with the wind:  blazon or coat of arms And of him which beareth these arms thus it shall be said, Portat tres fontes in campo viridi, Il port di vert et trois fountains: he beareth vert three fountains.   

Of Rings borne in Arms.  
Now after these round figures above rehearsed, there be other which be perforated as rings or anlets, as is showed unto you in this scutcheon:  blazon or coat of arms And of him which beareth these arms, it shall be said thus: Portat tres anulos aures in campo nigro: in French, Il port du sable et trois anulettes d'or, in English, He beareth sable and three rings of gold.   

Of Tracts in Arms.  
Having spoken before of bordures in arms, now it followeth to entreat of Tracts or lines: and first of a simple tract, as in this scutcheon here set down,  blazon or coat of arms and it is called a tract or line because it drowneth not the colour of the shield, but that the same appeareth as well within the charge as without, as it were representing the bordure of a shield, Portat unum tractum simplicem planam auream in campo asurio, in French, Il port d'azure un tracee plain d'or, He beareth azure a plain tract of gold.   

Of a tract ingrailed on both sides.  
A tract or line is sometimes engrailed on both sides, as here in this figure appeareth,  blazon or coat of arms and it shall be said of him which beareth these Arms in this wise: Portat unum tractum ex utraque part ingradatum de auro in campo rubeo, in French, il port de gules un tracee engraile de chestim cost d'or, in English, He doth bear gules with a tract ingrailed on both sides of gold.   

Of a tract double and flourished.  
This tract is sometimes borne double and flourished, as in the arms of the King of Scotland, and as here in this scutcheon appeareth:  blazon or coat of arms which arms be blazed in this manner, in Latin, Portat duplicem tractatum cum floribus gladioli contrapositis uno leone rapaci de reubio in campo aureo, in the French, Il port d'or un double tracee flouretee country et un lion rampant de gules, in English, He beareth a double trace flourished contrary, and a lion ramping of gules.   

Of Tracts triplatite and quadriplatite.  
Also you shall find more diversity of these tracts before rehearsed, for there are some families which bear these tracts triplatite, as in this figure:  blazon or coat of arms and of him which beareth this coat in this sort you shall say thus: Portat tractum tripl●tatum de albo in campo aureo, in french, il port d'or un tracee triplee d'argent, He beareth gold a trace triplatite of silver.   

Of a tract simple of two colours invecked.  
There be other families which bear a tract simple with two colours invecked, as here I have set down in this scutcheon,  blazon or coat of arms and the possessor thereof shall be said to bear in this wise: Portat unum tractum simplicem de coloribus asureo & argenteo invectis in scuto aureo: in French, Il port d'or un trace simple verre d'azure et d'argent, in English, He beareth gold a tract simple invecked of azure and silver.   

Of fisures or staves.  
Having spoken of Bends and their differences, now we will speak of fisures or staves: the which do ever begin at the left corner of the shield beneath, contrary to bends, which begin at the right and are drawn to the left:  blazon or coat of arms And you shall understand, that these fisures be borne as many and sundry ways, as bends be: There be fisures plain, engrailed, invecked, and fusillated, as I have said before in the place of Bends: And these staves Bastards are wont to bear, or should bear them: but most commonly we do call it a fisure, because that it doth cleave the Arms in two parts, signifying thereby, that the bastard is divided from the inheritance of his father. And such a Bastard is forbidden for to bear the whole Arms of his father, because of the reverence of blood: Therefore if he will bear them, he must bear them with this difference, thereby to show his bastardy, from the natural and lawful heir of his father: and when you have any such fisure in Arms ingrailed, invecked, or fusillated, you shall blaze the same as is already taught you in the Chapter of Bends going before. And the bastard the which beareth these Arms shall be said to bear them in this manner: in Latin, Portat unam fisuram sive bacculum aureum in campo asurio, in French, Il port d'azure un fees d'or, in English, He beareth azure a fisure or staff of gold.   

Of Arms borne with a head or a chief.  
And you must know, that it is called a head or chief in Arms, when as the highest part of the shield is of one colour or diverse, and that it do not extend unto the midst of the shield, as it is showed you in this scutcheon.  blazon or coat of arms And this chief is often borne in arms, by reason that oftentimes men have lands descended unto them by their mothers, and that he as heir to her may bear the Arms belonging to his mother, the which oftentimes they do carry in this sort: But if he be a man well descended, and hath inheritance by his father, then may he bear his father's coat in such a chief, and his mothers in the lower part of the shield. And in this manner it shall be said of him which beareth this coat, Portat unum signum capitale de nigro in campo aureo cum uno capite rubio et tribus talentis in eodem, in French, Il port d'or un cheueron de sable et un chief de gules et trois besantes in le mesmes: in English, he beareth gold a cheveron of sable with a chief of gules and two besants therein.  
And there are some noble families which bear in a shield of gold (as is said before) a cheveron of sable, or some other colour, and three red roses or white, or some other devices or marks, as crosses, crescents, birds, flowers, in a chief some of sable some of other colour with mullets or such like, and there shall every one be blazed in his order, as the field and colours require, as if some man happily shall bear thus: he beareth sable, a cheveron of gold, three roses of gules in a chief of azure: or three mullets of vert perforated, and thus of all other differences.   

Of arms paly with a quarter or canton of another colour.  
Now there be some families which do bear in their arms one quarter or canton of an other differing from the colour or colours of the shield, as here you may perceive in this scutcheon:  blazon or coat of arms which, whosoever beareth shall be said to bear in this manner: in Latin, Portat arma palata de asureo et auro cum una quartera ermetica, in French, Il port palee d'azure et d'or un quater d'ermine, in English, He beareth paly azure and gold with one quarter ermine.  
And you must ever be respective to the colour of that pale which should ascend to the right corner of the shield, if that quarter were not there, and in that colour you must ever begin to blaze those Arms as if that canton were not.   

Of Arms chequered.  
Now to speak of arms chequered, as in this scutcheon I show you, and they be termed checks when they be made of two colours in the manner of a check board,  blazon or coat of arms and these arms are borne with many differences, with chief, quarters, cheverons, and bends, as shall be showed you hereafter, but first these arms are blazed thus, in Latin, Portat arma scakata de asurio et auro, in french Il port skakke d'azure et d'or, in English, he beareth check of azure and gold.   

Or cheverons borne in Arms.  
Now to speak of cheverons borne in Arms, which in Latin are called, Signa capitalia vel ligna, and indeed they be a couple of sparres joined together, as in this scutcheon here set down you may perceive,  blazon or coat of arms which signs, as it should seem were first borne of Carpenters or Architects, and the reason is, because a house is never made perfect until that the sparres be laid: and sometimes two be borne, sometimes three, and sometimes four, as it is known: and of him which beareth these Arms it shall be said thus, in Latin: Portat de rubio et dua signa capitalia de auro cum tribus talentis, in the French, Il port de gules et deux cheurons d'or et trois talentes: in English, he beareth gules two cheverons of gold with three besants.   

Of a cheveron engrailed.  
Also this cheveron is sometimes borne ingrailed, as here in this scutcheon is set down:  blazon or coat of arms which then shall thus be blazed, in Latin, Portat unum signum capitale ingradatum de albo in campo asurio, in French, Il port d'azure un cheveron d'argent engraylee, in English, He beareth azure a cheveron of silver engrailed.   

Of cheverons transmuted.  
Moreover in these marks or signs of cheverons there be found borne transmuted and of diverse colours, as in this scutcheon which here I set down it appeareth:  blazon or coat of arms and the cheverons borne in this sort shall thus be blazed, in Latin, Portat arma quarterata de nigro et argento cum uno signo capitali de dictis coloribus transmutatis, Il port quartilee de sable et d'argent un chevron changee loin de laltre: in English, He beareth quarterly fable and silver with a cheveron of the said colours transmuted.   

Of cheverons transmuted or counterchanged the long way.  
There be also cheverons borne in Arms transmuted after the long way, as it may most plainly appear in this scutcheon,  blazon or coat of arms & shall be blazed thus: in latin, Portat arma partita secundum longum de coloribus aureo et rubeo cum uno signo cupitali de dictis coloribus transmutatis, in French, Il port partee du loin d'or et de gules un cheveron changee lun de laultre, in English, He beareth party after the long way two colours gold and gules with a chevron of the said colours transmuted.  
Now to speak of this coat which here in this scutcheon I set down,  blazon or coat of arms I have known some doubt arise about the same among such as pretended to have great skill in armory, some holding one opinion, some an other about blazing of the same: nevertheless, I do not think it a thing whereof there should grow so great a question: and thus I blaze this coat, in Latin, Portat duas partes capit●s scuti de reubio & caeteram partem de albo admodum signi capitalis et tres rosas de coloribus transmutatis, in French, Il port les deux partees du chief de gules et le troiseme d'argent parties in manner de cheuron et trois roses l'un de laltre, in English, He beareth two parts of the head of the shield gules, and the third part silver in the manner of a cheveron, and three roses of the same colours transmuted.   

Of fusils borne in arms.  
There hath sundry noble families borne fusils in their arms: amongst the number of which my L of Gloucester that noble prince uncle to king Henry the sixth was one, who bore in his arms three fusils of gules in the manner of a bar in a field of silver: which arms this Duke bare, by reason of certain lands belonging to the mount:  blazon or coat of arms And here in this same scutcheon I have set down the like coat in form although not in their colours: the which shall be blazed after this manner, in Latin: Portat de reubio et tres fusillos de argento, in the French, Il port de gules et trois fusills d'argent, in English, He doth bear gules three fusilles of silver: and otherwhiles these three or four fusilles be borne in manner of a pale.  
And this is to be noted, that if these fusilles do exceed the number of nine, you shall say evermore, the Arms be powdered with fusilles: and so generally if any such marks or signs be borne above the number of nine, you shall say, the coat is powdered with the same.   

Of one fusil borne in Arms.  
Sometimes one fusil is borne in Arms, as here in this figure it appeareth:  blazon or coat of arms yet have I heard some Heralds' doubtful thereof: Nevertheless I know the armoury is good, and such a coat is truly thus blazed: in Latin, Portat de rubio cum uno fusillo de auro, in French, Il port de gules un fusil d'or, in English, he beareth gules a fusil gold.   

Of a fusil of diverse colours.  
Also these fusilles are sometimes borne of divers colours, as here in the scutcheon set down appeareth:  blazon or coat of arms but yet it is more doubtful how these Arms should be blazed than the other: but you shall blaze them thus, in Latin, Portat arma partita ex transuerso de albo et nigro cum uno fusillo ex eisdem coloribus transmutatis, in French, Il port party de travers d'argent et sable et un fusil de mesmes colours lun de laultre: in English, He beareth arms parted barry of silver and sable with a fusil of the very same colours transmuted.   

Of fusilles in the manner of a bend.  
And you shall find, that such fusilles are often times borne in the manner of a bend, as you shall perceive in this scutcheon:  blazon or coat of arms which arms are thus to be blazed, in Latin, Portat unam bendam fusillatam de auro in campo rubio, in French, Il port de gules un bend fusil d'or: in English, He beareth gules a bend fusilled of gold.   

Of a bar fusilled.  
Also you shall find in arms in the manner of a bar fusilled, as in this scutcheon it doth appear:  blazon or coat of arms and it shall be said of him which beareth such Arms, in Latin, Portat de reubio cum una Barra fusillata de argento, in French, Il port de gules une bar fusillee d'argent: in English, He beareth gules a bar fusilled of silver.  
Some have held opinion that such Arms began of Weavers, because this fusil or spindle is proper to their trade.   

The difference betwixt fusils, mascules and lozenges.  
And you must understand, that the differences betwixt fusilles and mascules are these: first the fusils be evermore longer and smaller than mascules, the mascules be ever broader, and not so long as the fusilles be, as you may perceive by the mascules in this scuchion,  blazon or coat of arms which I blaze in this manner, in Latin, Portat de reubio et sex masculas de auro, in French, Il port de gules et sex mascules d'or, in English, He beareth gules six mascules of gold, and very often you shall find these mascules perforated.  
Also there are Arms borne masculet, as in this figure following is showed you: and you shall understand that those arms be called masculet, in the which the aforesaid Mascules begin most plenteously in the right angle of the shield, and are ended toward the left part, which indeed are paled, and are divided into three pales, if they be rightly done:  blazon or coat of arms and of him that bears these arms shallbe said, Portat arma masculata de argento et asurio, Il port d'argent et d'azure masculee: he bears silver and azure masculet.   

Of lozenges, and how they be made.  
Now to know the true and perfit difference between Mascules and Lozenges, you must take this for a general information and instruction, that the lozenge evermore standeth upright, so that one of his points is ever directly towards the top of the shield, and his other point towards the bottom or lowest part of the same, and that both the points of the sides of the lozenge stand directly towards the sides of the shield: and standing rightly in the shield they do stand in the form and manner of bends, as you most plainly perceive in this scutcheon which here I have set down:  blazon or coat of arms And furthermore you must observe, that neither fusilles nor lozenges be ever found perforated.   

Of a Saltary borne in Arms.  
There is also a sign or mark borne in Arms which is called a Saltarie, and it is made in the manner of Saint Andrew's Cross, as most plainly it appeareth in this scutcheon here set down.  blazon or coat of arms And this Saltarie was a thing used in old times in parks, which was of great compass and largeness to take Dear or wild beasts in, which being once forced into the same, they could not get out again. Wherefore in old times these marks were given unto rich covetous men or great farmers, that in what manner soever they came by their wealth, could never be forced to part from the same: Which coat is to be blazed in this wise, in Latin, Portat de asureo et unum saltatorium de auro, in French, Il port d'azure un saltiere d'or, in English, He beareth azure a saltarie of gold.   

Of a sautory engrailed.  
Now you must understand that these sautories be otherwhiles ingrailed, as here in this scutcheon,  blazon or coat of arms and then they be called sauteries ingrailed: which arms are ever blazed: portat unum saltatorium ingradatum de auro in campo asurio, in French, Il port d'azure un saltiere d'or engrailee: He bears azure a saltary of gold ingrailed.  
Sometimes there are many sauteries engrailed in one shield, sometimes two, otherwhiles three, as in this scutcheon appeareth,  blazon or coat of arms and of him that bears these Arms thus it shall be said: Portat unam barram planam et tria saltatoria ingradata de auro in campo rubio, in French, Il port de gules un bar plain et trois saltiers' engrailees d'or: in French he beareth gules, one bar plain, and three sauteries engrailed of gold.   

Of Crowns in arms in manner of a pale.  
And it is diligently to be noted, that speaking of such crowns in Arms, we must ever have a regard how they be borne:  blazon or coat of arms for sometimes they be borne in the manner of a pale, as you may see in this scutcheon which is thus blazed, in latin, Portat tres coronas de auro palatas in campo asurio, in French, Il port d'azure trois corones palees, in English, he doth bear azure three crowns of gold paled.   

Of crowns borne barred.  
These three crowns be sometimes borne barred, as appeareth in this scutcheon,  blazon or coat of arms and you shall blaze it thus: Portat tres coronas aureas in campo asureo, in French, Il port d'azure e trois corones bars d'or: in English, he bears azure three crowns of gold barred.   

Of three Crowns borne in the corners of the shield.  
Now to speak of these three Crowns borne in the corners of the shield, as in the scutcheon here set down you must note, that this is the most worthy form and manner of bearing such Arms, and the most ancient:  blazon or coat of arms therefore you shall say of him that beareth these crowns in this wise, in Latin, Portat de asureo tres coronas aureas, in French, Il port d'azure trois corones d'or, in English, He beareth azure three crowns of gold.    

¶ Of Fishes borne in Arms.  
NOw to speak of fishes borne in Arms, you must understand, that in times passed there was one Peter de Rupibus Bish. of Winchester, which did bear in his Arms three roches after his own name:  blazon or coat of arms In which arms it is doubted whether it be enough to say in blazing of them, that he bore three fishes alone, as in this scutcheon: which (in mine opinion) I think not, for the rule going before: but it shall be said thus of the Arms of the said Peter de Rupibus, in Latin, Portavit tres pisces argenteos natantes in campo nigro, in French, Il port de sable et trois roches natantes d'argent: in English, He beareth sable three roches of silver swimming.  
And now to speak of the Arms of Galfride Lucy, which here appeareth in the scutcheon, and carrieth three pikes or Lucy's,  blazon or coat of arms it shall be said thus, in Latin, portavit tres lucios aureos in campo reubio, Il port de gules et trois luces d'or: in English, he beareth gules three lucies of gold, which blazing is sufficient without any more ado, because these fishes are borne in the most worthy manner.  
And in like manner to blaze the arms of this gentleman, which beareth two barbels turning their backs together, as here appeareth in this scutcheon:  blazon or coat of arms Portat duos barbellos aureos adinuicem terga vertentes, in scuto azorio puluerisato cum crucibus cruciatis figitivis de auro, Il port d'azure powdree des crois croiceles fiches e deux barbeulx dors an dors d'or, in English, He bears azure powdered with crosses crosslets fixed, and two barbels of gold back to back.  

Of Frets borne in arms.  
A certain noble man, the lord Awdeley of England bore in his arms a frect, which frects in like manner are borne of divers gentlemen of great houses in all colours, as in red, in black, in gold, otherwhiles single, otherwhiles double, and sometimes triple, and sometimes over all the shield:  blazon or coat of arms and you shall find great difference betwixt arms bended, & these frets wherefore it is to be noted, that in bended arms the colours equally are divided: but in these frets the field ever abides whole, as in these arms of the L. Awdley: Portat arma frectata de auro in campo reubeo, in French, Il port de gules un frect d'or, He beareth gules a frect of gold.   

Of beasts salient or ramping borne in Arms.  
diverse families bear beasts ramping or salient in their arms, of which as yet I have made no mention:  blazon or coat of arms Therefore to speak of a Lion or other beast borne in such manner as here in this scutcheon is showed, I will thus blaze this coat, in Latin, Portat de reubio unum leonem de argento, in french, Il port de gules un lion salient d'argent: he beareth a lion ramping of silver: and he is properly called a lion rampant or ramping, forasmuch as his right foot ascends to the right corner of the shield: and this rule is observed in all beasts, having four feet, as lions, leopards, bears, dogs, and such like.   

Of Bars and labels borne in Arms.   blazon or coat of arms  blazon or coat of arms  blazon or coat of arms  blazon or coat of arms  blazon or coat of arms  blazon or coat of arms  blazon or coat of arms 
And like as the children of the second brother, bearing three labels, have their differences by their signs and borders, so the children of the third brother, bearing four labels, bear the same arms their father did, and so many labels, and they have also their differences by their signs and borders, as before is rehearsed, and divers other, as a lion ramping, one part black, and another part red.  
For, of all the marks and signs which be found in Arms, as flowers, leaves, and other devices, it were too long and tedious to speak of, they be so innumerable: but for such rules as generally hold in Armoury, observing these which here I have set down, I doubt not but you shall find them sufficient to blaze the hardest coat. Therefore take you heed to these rules: and although they touch not every particular in Armoury, yet shall you find them to profit much, and show you a near way to some perfection in this knowledge.  
And now lastly I will proceed to this question, that is, Whether the Arms by the grant of a Prince, or other great Lord be of more dignity, than those Arms which a man taketh by his own authority, when it is lawful for him to take him Arms at his pleasure. By which question you shall well know that we have Arms four manner of ways.  
The first of the which is the Arms which we have by descent from our fathers or mothers, or our predecessors: the which manner of bearing of Arms is most usual, and most famous, upon the which I intent not to stand long, being so well approved.  
The second manner we have Arms by, is by our merits, as plainly appeareth by the addition of the Arms of France to the Arms of England, won by that victorious prince Edward the eldest son of King Edward the third than king of England, after the taking of King john of France in the battle of Poicters, which Arms are rightly and lawfully borne▪ and in the same manner may a private soldier take some great Lord in battle, the same soldier may carry the Arms of his prisoner▪ and his heir shall in his fathers right carry the same Arms.  
The third manner is, when we have Arms by the grant of a Prince or some other great Lord: and it is to be understood, that these Arms which we have by the grant of the Prince receive no question why a man doth bear such a coat, for the Prince will not that such a question be asked, why he gave to any man such Arms? Because whatsoever pleaseth the Prince, hath the strength of the law, so it be not to overthrow the law: except any man bore those Arms before, because that that which is a man's own by a right title, may not be taken from him, nor may the Prince do it without doing wrong.  
The fourth manner is, when we bear Arms which we take by our own proper authority, as we see in these days, how many men by their grace, labour, favour, or deserving, are made gentlemen, some by their wisdom, some by valour, some by their strength, some by art, some by virtue: and of these men, many by their own authority have taken Arms to be borne by them and their heirs, whose names I think it needless to repeat: nevertheless I think those Arms so taken may be lawfully borne: but yet they are not of so great dignity and authority as those Arms which be granted by the authority of a Prince or great Lord. And it is the opinion of many, that a Herald of Arms may give Arms: But I say, if any Arms be given by a Herald, that those Arms be of no more authority than those Arms taken by a man's own authority.   
FINIS.