A TREATISE, CONCERNING the causes of the magnificency and greatness of Cities, Divided into three books by Sig: Giovanni Botero, in the Italian tongue; now done into English By Robert Peterson, 〈◊〉 .   

To The right honourable, my very good Lord, Sir Thomas Egerton knight, Baron of Ellesmere, Lord high Chancellor of England, and one of his majesties most honourable Privy Council.  
MY very good Lord, when I had entertained some of my free hours of vacation from other businesses, with the reading of this Author in his own language; and that my liking led me into this further travail with him, to translate him into our own tongue: I thought I had yet done little for him, except I did also set him before the common eye of my country, that the pleasure and profit, which I reaped in this work, might by this communication thereof, redound to many. And, that I might do so worthy a writer all right, the matter consisting of Policy and State; I could not address myself & my translation of him, to one whose wisdom, and grave, both experience and judgement, might be more parallel to the substance of this work, or whose honourable favour to myself, might require of me more love and duty, than your good Lordship. To express this, I have been bold to commend these my labours to your honourable favour, beseeching you to make them happy in your protection of them, and with them, to receive my humble duty and service; which resteth ever  
Your Lordships to be commanded, Robert Peterson.   

A Table of all the Chapters contained in these three books, of the Causes of the greatness of Cities.  

In the first Book.  
What a City is, and what the greatness of a City is said to be. Fol. 1.  
Of Authority. 2.  
Of Force. 4.  
How the Romans increased the City of Rome, by wasting their neighbour Towns. 7.  
That some have gotten the Inhabitants of other Towns in to their own Cities. 8.  
Of Pleasure. 9  
Of profit. 11.  
Of the commodity of the Scite. 13.  
Of the fruitfulness of the Soil. 15.  
Of the commodity of Conduct. 17.   

In the second Book.  
The proper means the Romans used to appopulate their Cities. 30.  
Of Colonies. 33.  
Of Religion. 36.  
Of Schools and studies. 41.  
Of the place of justice. 45.  
Of Industry. 47.  
Of privileges. 53.  
Of having in her possession some Merchandise of moment. 55.  
Of Dominion and power. 60.  
Of the Residency of the Nobility. 62.  
Of the Residency of the Prince. 65.   

In the third Book.  
Whether it be expedient for a City, to have few or many Citizens. 87.  
What the reason is, that Cities once grown to a greatness, increase not onward according to that proportion. 89.  
Of the causes that do concern the magnificency & greatness of a City. 97.    

THE FIRST BOOK of johannes Boterus of the causes of the magnificency and greatness of Cities.  

CAP. I. What a City is, and what the greatness of a City is said to be.  
A City▪ is said to be an assembly of people, acongregation drawn together, to the end they may thereby the better live at their ease in wealth and plenty. And the greatness of a City, is said to be, not the largnes' o●… the ●…ite or the circuit of the walls; but the multitude and number of Inhabitants and their power, Now, men are drawn together, upon s●…ndry causes, and occasions thereunto them moving▪ ●…ome by authority▪ some by force, some by pleasure, and some by profit, that proceedeth of it.   

CAP. II. Of Authority.  
_●… Ain was the first Author of Cities; but, the Poets (whom Cicero therein followed) fable that in the old world, men scattered here and there, on the mountains, and the plains; led a life little different from brute beasts, without laws, without conformity of customs, and manner of civil conversation. And that afterward there rose up some, who, having with their wisdom and their eloquence, won a special Reputation and Authority above the rest, declared to the rude and barbarous multitude, how much & how great profit they were like to enjoy: if drawing themselves to one place, they would unite themselves into one body, by an interchangeable communication▪ & commerce of all things that would proceed thereof. And by this means they first founded Hamlets and Villages, and after Towns and Cities, and thereupon these Poets further feigned, that 〈◊〉 and Amphi●…n, drew after them, the beasts of the fields, the woods and stones: meaning under these fictions, to signify & show the grossness of the wits, and the roughness of the manners of the same people. But▪ besides these fables, we read of T●…eseus, that after he had taken upon him the government of the Athenians, it came into his mind, to unite into one City, all the people that dwelled in the country there about, dispersedly in many Villages abroad: Which he easily effected, by manifesting unto them, the great commodity & good that would ensue of it.  
The like thing is daily at this time put in practice in Brasill. Those people dwell dispersed here & there 
Brasill.  in caves & Cottages, (not to call them houses) made of boughs & leaves of the Palm. And for as much as this manner of life, to live so dispersedly, causeth these people to remain in that same savage mind of theirs, and roughness of manner and behaviour; and bringeth therewith much difficulty & hindrance to the preaching of the Gospel, to the conversion of the Infidels, & the instruction of those that travail painfully, to convert them, and to bring them to knowledge and civility: The portugals & jesuits have used extreme diligence and care, to reduce & draw them into some certain place together, more convenient for their purpose; where living in a civil conversation, they might more easily be instructed in the christian faith, and governed by the Magistrate & ministers of the King. So that to this purpose I might here remember those cities that have been built by the power, and inhabited by the authority of great Princes, or some famous common weals. For the Grecians and Phaenicians, were the authors of an infinite sight of Cities. And Alexander the great and other Kings, erected a number more besides, whereof bear witness the Alexandria, Tholomai●…s, Antiochiae, Lysimachiae, Philippopoles, Demetriade●…, Caesareae, Augustae, Sebastiae, Agrippinae, Manfredoniae, and in our time, Cosmopolis and the City of the Son.  
But none deserveth more praise in this kind, (after Alexan oer the great, who built more than three score and ten Cities,) then the King Seleucus, who besides many other▪ built three Cities called Apa●…iae, to the honour of his wife, & five called Laodiceae, in memory of his mother; and to the honour of himself five called Seleu●…tae: and in all more than thirty magnificent and goodly Cities.   

CAP. III. Of Force.  
THrough force and inevitable necessity people are gathered other while together into one place, when as some imminent pe●…ill, especially of wars or ruin and unreconerable waist and devastation, enforceth them to fly unto it, to put in safety their lives or their goods: and such safety is most found in mountains & craggy places, or small and little islands, or such other like, that are not easily to be approached or come unto.  
After the general deluge of the world in the time 
Noe.  of Noah, while men feared their might a fresh happen such another ruin again upon them, they sought to secure themselves, some by building their habitations upon the tops of high hills, & some by advancing huge Towers of incredible height and greatness, even up to the heavens▪ And without doubt, for this respect, the Cities seated upon the mountains, are for antiquity the most noble: And the Towers are of the most ancient form and kind of buildings that ever were used in this world But after the fear of a new deluge was past and gone, men began to draw themselves down, and to erect their habitations in the plains, until the Terror of Armies, and the swarm and fear of fierce and cruel people, enforced them a fresh to save themselves, on the steepness of the hills, or in the islands of the Seas, or in the marishes and bogs, or other such like places.  
When the Moors subdued Spain, & brought it into miserable servitude & bondage: Such as escaped with their lives, out of the lamentable slaughter, that was made of them: Some retired themselves up to the highest mountains of Biscay and of Arragon; and 
Biscay▪ Arragon.  some betaking them to their shipping, saved themselves in the Island of the seven Cities, so called, because seven Bishops seated themselves therein with their people.  
The cru●…ll Ruin that Tamberlan carried with 
Tamberlan.  him wheresoever he came, made the people of Persia, & the countries bordering thereupon, to abandon and forsake their ancient native countries, (like birds that are scattered▪) and to save their lives by flight: Some, upon the mount Taurus, some upon Antitaurus, and some fled into the little islands of the Caspian Se●…. And, as the people of Istria, at the coming of the Slavi retired to the Island Capraria, and th●…re built 
Giustinopoli. Gallia transpadana.  Giustinopoli: So the people of Gallia Transpadana at the entry of the Lombard's into Italy, saved themselves within the marshes, where they built the Town of Crema.  
But, forasmuch as to the natural strength of those places, neither great conveniency, either of Territory or Traffic, or good means to draw Trade or intercourse, lent (for the most part) any help unto them: there was never seen City there, of any great fame or memory. But if the places whereto men are driven of necessity to fly, have in them besides their safety, any commodity of importance: it will be an easy thing for them to increase, both with people, and with riches, and with buildings.  
In this manner, the Cities of Levant, and of Barbary, became populous and great through the multitude of jews, that Ferdinando the King of Spain, and Emanuel the King of Portugal, cast out of their Kingdoms, as in particular, Salonica & Rhodes. And in these our days in England many Cities have much increased within few years, both in people and in Trade, through the resort of the low country people to it: and especially London, whereunto many thousands of families have resorted themselves.  
About the year of the Lord. 1400. while the 
Saracenes.  Saracenes did put to fire & sword the genova's, & all the country there about; Pisa did mightily increase: For to the strength of the place, the country yielded also plenty of all good things, & commodity of traffic.  
At the coming of Attyla into Italy, the people of Lombardy being wonderfully afraid, through the horrible waist and ruin he brought with him: fled to save themselves, into the islands of the Adriatic Seas, and there built many Towns & Cities. And after that, in the wars that Pypin raised against them, forsaking the places that were not secure and safe enough, 
Rialto. Venice.  as Ex quilinum, Heraclea, Palestin, & Malamocco, they drew themselves near to Rialto, into one body, and so by that means grew Venice magnificent and great.   

CAP. four How the Romans increased the City of Rome, by wasting their neighbour's Towns.  
THe Romans, to make their own country in any sort great & famous, furnished themselves very carefully ever, with strength and power. For to make their neighbour people of necessity glad, and willing to draw themselves to Rome, and there to dwell: they overthrew their Towns even down to the ground. So did Tullus 
Alba. Cornicolo. Pometia. Veios.  Hostilius cast Alba down to the earth, a most strong City: Tarqvinius Pris●…us laid also plain Cornicolo, a City abounding in mighty wealth. Servius Tullus made Pometia desert: and in the time of liberty they utterly destroyed Veios, a City of such strength and power, that with much a do, after a siege of ten years, it was by cunning more than strength vanquished and overthrown.  
Now these people and such other, having no dwelling place to draw themselves unto, nor to live secure and safe, they were enforced to change their countries with Rome, which by this means wonderfully waxed great, both in people and in riches.   

CAP. V. That some have gotten the Inhabitants of other towns in to their own Cities.  
THe like means to the former, but somewhat more gentle, the Romans used to appopulate and make great their own City: And that was, to bring the people home, whom they had subdued, or the most of them to Rome. Romulus in this manner, drew into the City the Seninenses, the Antennates, and the Crustumini. But no country amplified more the City of Rome, than the Sabines. For in a sharp and mighty fight with them, after a long and hard conflict, he made a peace; And the condition 
Tatius King of the Sabines.  was, that Tatius the King of the Sabines, should come with all his people to dwell in Rome. Which condition Tatius did accept, and made choice of the Capitol, and of the mount Quirinalis for his Seat and Palace. The same course did An●…us Martiu●… take, who gave the hill 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to the Latins, when they were taken from their cities Politorio, Tellena, and Fic●…na.  
The great Tamberlan also, he amplified & enlarged 
Tamberlan. Sarmacanda. Ottoman.  mightily the great Sarmacanda, in bringing to it the richest and the wealthiest persons of the cities he had subdued. And the O●…tomans to make the city of Constantinople rich and great, they have brought to it many thousand families, especially artificers out of the cities they have subdued: As, Mahomet the second 
Mahomet. Selim.  from Trebisonda; Selim the first, from Cairo; and Soliman from Tauris.   

CAP. VI Of Pleasure.  
MEn are also drawn to live together in Society, through the delight and pleasure that either the Scite of the place, or the art of man doth minister and yield unto them. The Scite, by the freshness of the air, the pleasant view of the valleys, the pleasing shade of the woods, the commodity to hunt, and the abundance of good waters; Of all which good things, Antioch in Soria, is liberally endowed, and Damascus no less, & Bursia in Bithynia, Cordova and Seville in Spain, and many other good towns elsewhere. Unto art, belongeth the straight and fair streets of a city, the magnificent & gorgeous buildings therein, either for Art or matter, the theatres, Porches, Circles, Races for running horses, Fountains, Images, Pictures, and such other excellent and wonderful things, as delight and feed the eyes of the people with an admiration and wonder at them.  
The city of Thespis, was frequented for the excellent 
Thespis. Samos. Alexandria. Menisis.  workmanship sake of the Image of Cupid. Samos, for the marvelous greatness of the temple. Alexandria, for the tower of Pharo. Menisis, for the Pyramids, Rhodes, for the Colossus. And, how many shall 
Rhodes.  
Babylon.  we think, have gone to Babylon, to see the wonderrous wails that 〈◊〉 had made about it? The Romans many times willingly went for their recreation sake to 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉, Smyrna, Rhodes and 〈◊〉, even to take the benyfit of the air, and to behold the beauty of those same cities. To conclude, all that ever feedeth the eye, and delighteth the sense of man, and hath any exquitite and curious workmanship in it: all that ever is rare, strange, new, unwonted, extraordinary, admirable, magnificent, great, or singular by cunning, appertaineth to this head.  
And, amongst all the cities of Europe's Rome and 〈◊〉, are the most frequented, for the pleasures and delights they minister to all the beholders of them. 
Rome.  Rome, for the exceeding wonderful relics of her ancient greatness. And 〈◊〉, for the gloriousness of her present and magnificent 〈◊〉. Rome, filleth the eye with wonder and delight at the greatness of her 〈◊〉, the rareness of her ●…athes, and ●…enes of her o●…ossi; a●… also at the Art of her admirable works, both in Marble and in ●…rasse, wrought by excellent 〈◊〉; ●…t the hei●…th and ●…enes of her Obelis●…es, at the 〈◊〉 and variety of pillars; at the diversity and 〈◊〉 of strange marble, the exquisite & curious cutting of it; The●… or●…ery, Alabaster, Marble, White, Black, Grey, Yellow, and mixed, and serpentine; The great ruins, the hel-gates, and a number of other sorts and kinds besides which were too hard to recount, and impossible to distinguish. What shall I say of the triumphal arches, of the seven 'Zounds or circles? of the Temples? and what of a number of other wonders else? And what shall we imagine that City was, when she flourished and triumphed; if now, while shelyeth thus defaced, & is none other than a Sepulture of herself, she allureth us to see her, and feedeth us unsatiably with the ruins of herself.  
On the other side Venice, with the wonder of 
Venice.  her incomparable Situation (which seemeth the Act of nature, by giving laws to the waters, and setting a bridle on the Sea) ministereth unto us no less admiration and wonder at it. The greatness also of her inestimable Arsenal, the multitude of ships both of war, of traffic and of Passage: The incredible number of warlike instruments, ordinance and munition, and of all manner of preparations for the Seas: The height of the towers, the riches of the Churches, the magnificency of the ●…allaces, the beautifullnes of the Streets, the variety of Arts, the order of her government the beauty of the one and other sex, doth dazzle and amaze the eyes of the beholders of them.   

CAP. VII. Of Profit.  
THis Profit is of such power, to unite and tie men fast unto one place; as the other causes aforesaid, without this accompany them with all, are not sufficient to make any city great. Not Authority alone: For, if the place whereto men are drawn through the Authority of any, afford them no commodities, they will not abide nor tarry there.  
Neither yet necessity: For, such a congregation and collection of people increaseth, multiplieth, and las●…eth for many years. And, necessity is violent; And violence cannot produce any durable effect. So that it comes to pass, that not only cities do not increase, but also States & principalities gotten with mere strength and violence, cannot be long maintained. They are much like Land floods, that have no head nor spring, as Rivers have that minister perpetually plenty of waters to them; But casually, and in a moment rise and swell, and by and by assuage and fall again. So that, as they are to travailers fearful in their swellings, so do they fall again wthin a while to fast as travailers may soon pass away on soot again dry.  
Such were the conquests of the Tarters▪ that have so vast invaded 〈◊〉, and put it to the sword: Of Alexand●… the great, of Att●…la, of great 〈◊〉, of 〈◊〉 the eight and of 〈◊〉 the twelfth King of france. And the reason thereof is, that our nature is so great alover, & longeth after commodity so much, as that it is not possible to quiet & content her with that which is no more but necessary. For▪ as Plants, although they be set deep enough within the ground, cannot for all that, last and be long kept without the favour of the heavens, and the benefit of rain: Even so, the habitations of men, enforced at first by mere necessity, are not maintained long, if profit and commodity go not companions with it; much less than is pleasure and delight of any moment. For man is borne to labour, and most men attend their business: and the ideler sort are of no account nor reckoning, and their idleness is built and founded upon the labours and the industry of those that work. And pleasure cannot stand without profit and commodity, whereof she is as it were the very fruit.  
Now, suppose that profit is the very thing from whence, as from the principal cause, the greatness of cities groweth▪ (For the same profit is not simple and of one sort, but of divers forms and kinds.) It resteth therefore now, that we see what manner of commodity and profit is most fit, for the end whereof, we have disputed all this while. We say then, that to make a city great and famous, the commodity of the scite, the fertility of the soil, and easiness of conduct, helpeth sufficiently enough.   

CAP. VIII. Of the commodity of the Scite.  
I Call that a commodious Scite, that serves in such sort as many people have thereof need for their traffic, and transportation of their goods, whereof they have more plenty than they need; or for receiving of things whereof they have scarcity: so that this scite standing thus between both, partaketh with both, and groweth rich with the extremes. I say partaketh with the extremes, because it cannot otherwise increase the greatness of a city: ●…or as much as it must either remain desert, or else not serve but for a simple passage.  
Derbentum, a Town seated in the Ports of the 
Derben un.  Caspian Seas, is a very necessary place▪ to go from Persia into ●…artary, or from ●…artary into Persia: yet notwithstanding it never grew great, nor no famous city, and in these our days there is no reckoning made of it: and the reason is, for that it partaketh not of these extremes, but serveth for passage only, and receiveth those that ttavaile too and fro, not as merchants, and men of commerce and traffic, but as passengers and travailers; and to speak in a word, it is seated sure in a very necessary place, as the case standeth, but not profitably unto itself.  
For the self▪ same cause, in the streyts of the Alpes, which for the most part do compass Italy, although the Frenchmen, Swyzers, Dutch men, & Italians continually do pass by them: there never yet was found a mean city; much less any great and stately one.  
The like may be said of many other good cities 
Sues.  and places. For Sues is a very necessary place for them that came out of the Indies by the red Sea, to C●…yrus. The islands of Saint james, and the Palm and Terzeras, are necessary for the Portugals, and Spaniards to sail to the 〈◊〉, Brasill, and to the new World: yet neither is there, nor never will be in those same places, city of good importance. As neither also is there in the islands, between Denmark, and Suetia, nor yet between Mare Germanicum, and Mare Balticum. And Flushing, although it be situated in a passage of incredible necessity, for the commerce and traffic that is between the Flemings, Englishmen, and other Nations: yet never grew it great, but still remains a very little town. But contrariwise Geneva is a great city, and so is Venice, because they partake of the extremes, and serve only for passages, but much more for Store houses, Cellarage, and Beware houses of merchandise, most plentifully brought unto them: And so is likewise Lysborne, An●…werpe, and some other. It sufficeth not enough therefore to the making of a city magnificent and great, that the scite thereof be necessary; but it must withal be commodious to other countries that are borderers or near unto it.   

CAP. IX. Of the fruitfulness of the Soil.  
THe second cause of the greatness of a city, is the fruitfulness of the country. For, the Sustenance of the life of man, consisting on Food and Cloa●…hing, and both of them gotten out of those things the Earth doth produce; the fruitfulness of the country cannot but be a mighty help unto it. And, if it fall out to be so great, as it not only well sufficeth to maintain the Inhabitants thereof, but also to supply the wants of their bordering neighbours: It serveth our purpose so much the better. And, forasmuch as all Soils produce not all things; How much more rich and more able a country shallbe to produce divers and sundry things of profit and commodity: So much the more sufficient and fit it will be found to raise a great city. For, by that means it shall have the less need of others, (which enforceth people other while to leave their habitations,) and be able to afford the more to others (which draweth our neighbours the sooner to our country.)  
But, the fruitfulness of the Land, sufficeth not simply of itself alone to raise a city unto greatness: For many Provinces there are, and they very rich, that have never a good city in them. As for Example, Premont is one: And there is not a country through 
Premont.  out all Italy, that hath more plenty of Corn, cattle, Wine, and of excellent fruits of all sorts, than it hath. And it hath maintained for many years, the Armies and forces both of Spain and France. And in England (London excepted,) although the country do abound 
England. London.  in plenty of all good things: yet is there not a city in it that deserves to be called great. As also in France (Paris excepted) which notwithstanding, 
France. Paris.  is not seated in the fruitfullest country of that great kingdom. For, in pleasantness, it giveth place to Turen; in abundance of all things, to Xanton and Poitiers; In variety of Fruits, to Languedoc; incommodiousness of the Seas, to Normandy; In store of wine, to Burgundy; in abundance of Corn, to Campagna; In either of both, to the country of orleans; in cattle, to Britain and the territory of Burges.  
By all which it doth appear, that to the advancing of a city unto greatness, it sufficeth not simply of itself alone, that the territory be fruitful. And the reason thereof is plain; For, where a country doth plentifully abound with all manner of good things, the Inhabitants finding all those things at home that are fit, necessary, and profitable for their use; neither care, nor have cause to go any where else to seek them, but take the benefit and use of them with ease where they grow. For, every man loves to procure his commodity with the most ease he may: and when they find them with ease at home, to what end should they travail to fetch them elsewhere? And this reason proves the more strong, where the people affect and long least after vain and idle delights and pleasures.  
It sufficeth not therefore to the gathering of a Society of people together, to have abundance of wealth and substance alone; But there must be besides that, some other form & matter to unite and hold them in one place together. And that is, the easiness and commodiousness of conduct, the carrying out and bringing in I mean of commodities of wares too and fro.   

CAP. X. Of the Commodity of Conduct.  
THis commodity is lent unto us, partly of the land, and partly of the water.  
Of the Land, if it be plain. For, by that means, it conduceth easily the merchandise and goods of all sorts and kinds, upon Carts, Horses, Mules, & other beasts of burden. And men make their journeys the more commodious you foot, on Horse, in Chariot, and in other such like sort and manner.  
The portugals do write, that in some large and spacious plains of China, they use Coaches with 
Coaches with fails  fails: Which some assayed not many years since in Spain.  
Of the water: this commodity is lent us, if it be navigable. And without comparison, the commodity is much better, and more worth far▪ which the water doth assord us, than which the earth doth give us both for ease and speediness▪ for as much as in less time, and with less charge and labour (without proportion in it) greater carriages are brought from countries most remote, by water, than by land.  
Now, your navigabl water is either of the Sea, 
 or of the river, or of the lake, which are natural helps and means: or of Channels or of Pools as that of Mi●… 〈◊〉, which was 45●…▪ miles about, made by art▪ and man's industry and labour.  
It seems in very truth, that God created the water, not only for a necessary Element to the perfection of nature▪ But more than so, for a most ready means to conduct and bring goods from one country to another. For his divine majesty, willing that men should mutually embrace each other, as members of one body▪ divided in such sort his blessings as to no nation did he give all things, to the end that others having need of us, and contrariwise 
 we having need of others, there might growa * Community, and from a Community Love, and from Love an unity between us.  
And to work this community the easier, he produced the water. Which of nature is such a substance, that through the grossness thereof, it is apt to bear great burdens: And through the liquidnes, holpen with the winds, or the oars, fit to carry them to what place they list. So that by such a good mean, the West is joined with the East, and the South with the North. And a man might say, that what so grows in one place, grows in all places, by the easy means provided to come by them.  
Now without doubt, the Sea, for her infinite greatness and grossness of the water, is much more profitable than the Lakes, or the Rivers. But, the Sea serves you to little purpose, if you have not a large and safe Port to ride into: I say large, either for the greatness, or for the depth in the entry thereat, the midst and the extremes. And I say safe, either from all, or from many winds, or at least from the most blustering and most tempestuous.  
It is held, that, amongst all winds, the Northern is most tolerable, and that the Seas that are troubled on the Greekish coast, cease their rage and wax quiet assoon as the wind is laid, But the Southern winds trouble them, and beat them so sore (whereof the Gulf of Venice is an undoubted witnes that even after the wind is laid, they swell and rage a great while after.  
Now the Port shallbe safe, either by nature, as that of Messina and Marsiles; or else by art, the Imitato●… of nature, as that of Genova and of Palermo.  
Lakes are, as it were little Seas. So that also they 
Lakes.  for the proportion of the place, and other respects besides, gave a great help to appopulate towns and cities; As it is found in Nova Hispania, where as 
Nova His pania. Mexico.  is the Lake of Mexico, which extendeth nine hundred miles in compass, and containeth 50. fair and goodly towns in it: Amongst the which there is the Town Themistitan, the Metropolitan seat of 
Themistitan.  that great and large Kingdom.  
The Rivers also import much; and most of all they 
Rivers.  that run the longest course, especially through the richest and most merchantable Regions, such as is Po in Italy, Scaldis in Flanders, Ligeris & Sona in France, Danubius and the Rhine in Germany. And as Lakes are certain several remembrances of the bosoms of the Gulfs of the Seas, form and made by nature: Even so Channels, whereinto the water 
Channel.  of the Lake or the River runneth, are certain Imitations, and as it were shadows of the same Rivers made by skill and cunning.  
The ancient Kings of Egypt made a ditch that from 
Nilus. Heroum. Marerubrum.  Nilus ran to the city Heroum: & they assayed to draw a Channel from the Red Sea to Mare Mediterraneun, to knit our Seas with the Indian Seas, and so to make the easier transportation too and fro of all kinds of merchandise, and by that means withal to enrich their own Kingdom. And it is a thing well known, how oft it hath been attempted to break up Isthmus, to unite the Sea jonium with Mare Aegeum. A 
Cayrus. Aleppo. Gant & Bruges.  Soldier of Cayro drew a Channel from Eufrates to the city of Aleppo. In Flanders you may see both at Gant and at Bruges, and in other places else besides, many Channels made by art, and with an inestimable expense and charge; but yet of much more profit for the ease they bring to merchandizing, and to the traffic of other nations. And in Lombardy many cities have wisely procured this ease unto them: But none more than Milan, that with one Channel (worthy of 
Milan.  the romans glory) draweth the waters to it of 
Thesinum. Lago maggiore.  Thesinum and of the Lake called Lago Maggiore, and by such means enricheth itself with infinite store of merchandizes, and with an other Channel also benefiteth much by the River Adda: through the opportunity and means it hath thereby to bring in the fruits and the goods of their exceeding plentiful country, home unto their houses: And they should make it much the better, if they would cleanse and scour the Channel of Pavia and jurea.  
Now in Channels and in Rivers, for their better ease of conduct and of traffic, besides the length of their courses we have before spoken; the depth, 
Depth. Pleasantness. Thickness. Largeness.  the pleasantness, the thickness of the water, and the largnes thereof is of much moment to them. The depth, because deep waters bear and sustain the greater burdens, and the navigation is the more safe without peril. The Pleasantness, because it makes the navigation easy up and down which way soever, you bend your course. Wherein it seems to some, they have been much mistaken that had the ordering of the Channel that comes from Thesinum, to Milan. Forasmuch as by the great fall of the water, and the great advantage given to the water, it hath so strong a currant, and is so violent, that with infinite toil, and labour and loss of time, they have much a do to sail upward. But as touching Rivers, nature hath showed herself very kind to Gallia Celtica 
Gallia. Belgica. Celtica.  and Belgica: for as much as in Gallia Celtica, the rivers for the most part, are most calm and still, and therefore they sail up and down with incredible facility, because many of them come forth, as it were in the plains & even grounds: By the means where of their course is not violent, and they run not between the mountains, nor yet a short and little way, but many hundred miles through goodly and even plains. Where, for their recreation and their pleasure, otherwhile men take their course one way, another while another, now go on forwards, and then turn back again: and so, by this winding and turning too and fro, they help divers cities and provinces with water and victuals, or other such things as they need. But there is not a country in Europe, better furnished and provided of Rivers, than that part of Gallia Belgica, that commonly we call Flanders. The Meuse, the Schelde, the Mosella, Tevora, 
Flanders.  Ruer and Rhine, divided into three great Arms or branches, run pleasantly and gallantly forthright and overthwart the Province, & mightily enrich it by the commodity of navigation & traffic of infinite treasure, which certainly wants in Italy. For, Italy being long and straight, and parted in the midst with the Apennine Hills: the Rivers of Italy, through the shortness of their cou●…se, cannot neither much increase, nor yet abate the violence of their Streams.  
The Rivers of Lombardy, come all as it were, either 
Rivers of Lombardy.  out of the Alpes, as Thesinum, Adda, Lambro, servo, & A●…liga: or out of the Apennine hills, as Tarro, Lenza, Panarus, & Rhine, and but a short way neither, wherein they rather deserve to be called land floods, than Rivers: For, they soon find out the Po▪ which takes his course between the Apennine hills, & the Alpes. So that he only resteth navigable. For washing this Province over by all his whole length, he hath time to grow great, and enrich himself with the help of many Rivers, and to moderate his natural swiftness by the long way he maketh. But this take withal, that forasmuch as the said Rivers, through the shortness of their course, enter and meet together with a mighty rage and violence, they wax great otherwhile, and swell and run with such a raging course, as they make the strongest Cities afraid of them, much more the Country thereabout. But the Rivers of Romagna, and of other parts of Italy, 
Rivers of Romagna.  falling like raging Land-flouds, partly on this side, and partly on that side of the Apennine hills, soon find out the Adriatic, or the Tyrrhenian, or the Ionian Seas. So that the most of them have no time to slake their rage, nor none of them have so much time to grow great, as might make them navigable. For that little that is navigable in Arn●…, or in Tiber, it is not worth the speaking.  
The thickness of the water, is also a very good help in this case. For, it cannot be denied, that the water of one River, beareth great and weighty burdens much better, than the water of some other. And in particular, when the Obelisk (set up in the time of Sextus the fifth) which is to be seen at this day in Saint Peter's street, was brought to Rome; It is well known by good experience, the water of Tiber was of more strength and of more force and 
Tiber. Nilus.  firmness, than the water of Nilus.  
And Seina a mean river in France, beareth ships of such bulk, and carrieth burdens so gr●… the that sees it not, will not believe it. And the●…e is not a river in the world, that for proportion, is able to bear the like burden. So that, although it exceed not a mediocrity, and be but a small river; yet notwithstanding, it suplieth wonderfully all the necessities and wants of Paris, a city that in people and in abundance of all things exreedeth far all other cities whatsoever within the scope of Christendom.  
Here a man might ask me how it comes to pass, 
Questio.  that one water should bear more burden than another?  
Some will, that this proceedeth from the nature of the earth that thickneth the water and maketh it stiff, and by consequence firm and solid. This reason hath no other opposition but Nilus, the water 
Nilus.  whereof is so earthy and so muddy, that the Scripture calleth it the Troubled river. And it is not to be drunk before it be purged and settled well in the Cistern. And it doth not only water & mellow all Egypt over with its liquidnes, but more than that maketh it fertile, and mucketh as it were the ground with its satnes. And yet it is not of the fittest nor the strongest to sustain and bear ships, boats, or barks of any good burden, whereupon I should think, that for such effect and purpose, we should not so much prefer the muddiness of the water, as the sliminess thereof: for that doth glue it, as it were together, and thicken it the better, and maketh it more fit, and more apt to bear good burden.  
But some man might ask me here again▪ from whence cometh this quality, this diversity (I mean) of waters? I must answer, it comes of 2. causes. First, from the very breaking or bursting of it out, and passage along through 
Resolutio.  rich, rank, & fat Countries. For, rivers participating of the nature of the grounds that make them their beds & banks, become thereby themselves also fat and slimy, & of quality much like to oil. The next cause, proceedeth from the swiftness & the shortness of the course. Forasmuch as the length of a voyage, & the rage of the Rivers maketh thin, & subtileth the substance, and breaks & cuts in sunder the slimines of the water: (which happeneth in Nilus) For, running in a manner as it doth, 2000 miles by a direct line, (for by an oblique & crooked line, it would be a great deal more) and falling from places exceeding steep and headlong, where (through the vehemency & violent force of the course, & by the inestimable rage of the fall, it breaketh & dissolveth all into a very small and fine rain as it were) it waxeth so fine and subtle, and so tireth his waters, that they lose all their slimy properties, which resteth all at the Rivers of Almaigne and of France. For, they grow and walk through most rich and pleasant Countries, and they be not ordinarily swift nor violent. Now, that this is the true reason thereof: the water of Senna shall make a true proof of it: for if you wash your hands with it, it scoureth like soap, and cleanseth you of all manner of spots.  
But let us now pass to the wideness: and that is necessary to begin withal in Rivers, and in Channels of which we speak of, that they should be wide and large, that Ships may commodiouslly wind and turn here and there at their will and pleasure, and give way each to other. But the wideness of a River without depth, serves not for our purpose: for it dissipateth and disperseth the water in such sort, that it maketh it unfit for navigation, which happeneth to the river of Plate, which through over much wideness, is for the most part low, and of uneven bottom, and full of rocks and little islands. And for the self same cause, the rivers of Spain, are not greatly navigable; for they have large bellies, but they spread wide, and uneven they are, and uncertain. And thus much sufficeth to have said of Rivers.  
Now, forasmuch as the commodities and profits are such and so great which the water bringeth to advance the greatness of a City: of consequent those cities must be the fa●…rest and the richest that have the most store of navigable Rivers. And even such are those cities that are seated upon good Havens of the Seas, rivers, or lakes, that are commodious, apt and fit for sundry navigations  
It may seem to some, that with the easiness of conduct, the foundation is now found out, and full complement and perfection of the greatness of a city. But it is not so, for it behoves besides that, that there be some matter of profit, that may draw the people, and cause them to repair to one place more than to another. For where there is no commodity of conduct, the multitude of people cannot be great, which the Hills and Mountains teacheth us; on which we may well see many Castles and little towns, but no store of people, that we might thereby call them great. And the reason is, because of the craggidnesse and steepness of their scites, such things as are necessary and commodious for a civil life, cannot be brought unto them without an infinite 
Fiesole.  toil and labour. And Fiesole became desert, and 
Florence.  Florence frequented upon none other cause, than that Fiesole standeth on too steep, and too high a place almost unaccessible: & Florence in a very plain, easy to have access unto it. And in Rome we see the people 
Rome.  have forsaken the Aventine and other hills there, & drawn themselves altogether down to the plain and places nearest unto Tiber, for the commodity which the plain and the water affordeth to the conduct of goods and traffic.  
But where conduct and carriage is easy, you see not for all that, a notable and famous city by and by. For without question, the port of Messina is far 
Messina.  much better▪ than the port of Naples, that notwithstanding Naples, if you behold the people, exceedeth 
Naples.  more than two Messinas. The port of Carthagena 
Carthagena.  exceeds in all respects, the port of Genova: and yet Genova for multitude of people, for wealth, and 
Genova.  for all manner of good things besides, mightily exceedeth Carthagena. What Port is more fair, more safe, or more spacious, than the Channel of Catharo? 
Catharo.  And yet is there not any memorable City in that place.  
What shall I say of Rivers? In Perù, there is the River 
Perù. Maragnone a river in Perù.  Maragnone, which (it is said) doth run (a marvelous thing to report) six thousand miles in length, and is in breadth, at the mouth thereof, three score miles and more. You have the River of Plate there 
The river of Plate.  by▪ which though it give place to Maragnone for the length of his stream and course: it beareth yet more water a great deal. And, at the mouth of it, they say it is one hundred & fifty miles wide. In new France, there is the River of Canada, wide at the mouth 
River of Canada.  thirty five miles, and 200 fathom deep. In Africa, there are also very great Rivers, Senaga, Gambea, and Coanza, which last, is a river late found out in the Kingdom of Angola, which is thought to be 
Angola foce.  wide at the mouth 35 miles: And yet amongst these, there is not a famous city to be found. Nay further, on the river of Coanza, the barbarous people there, 
River of Coanza.  live in dens, and hide themselves in caves covered with boughs, in the company & fellowship, as it were, of crabs and lobsters, which through use and custom grow wondrous familiar and secure with them.  
In Asia, although Menan, which in their language 
Rivers. Menan. Meicon. Indus. Obuius.  signifieth the mother of rivers, and Meicon, which is navigable for more than two thousand miles, and likewise Indus, and other royal rivers be sufficiently inhabited: yet for all that Obuius, which is the greatest there amongst them. (For, where it falleth into the Scythian Ocean, it is 80. miles broad: which makes some men think the Mare Caspium disburdeneth itself that way into the Ocean) hath not any famous city in it.  
After this, another question also riseth; how it comes, if the commodious means of conduct do at full accomplish the greatness of a city; How, I say it comes to pass, where upon the Shore of one self river, the conduct is even easy, and a like; that one City yet, is greater than an other? Without doubt, it sufficeth not alone that the transportation of goods too and fro, be easy and commodious: but there must be else besides that, some peculiar virtue attractive, that may draw men, and allure men more to one place than to another, whereof we shall in the next book speak more at large.    

OF THE CAUSES OF the greatness and magnificency of Cities. THE SECOND BOOK.  
Hitherto have we spoken of aptness of the scite, of the fruitfulness of the soil, & of the commodious transportation of commodities, too and fro, for the help and increase of our City. Let us now see what those things are, that may allure the people (who are of nature indifferent to be here or there) to the choice of one place before another, to make their habitations in; and what causeth commerce and traffic. And let us first declare the proper means, the romans took, and then afterward, the means that generally were common to them and others.  

CAP. I. The proper means of the Romans.  
THe first means the Romans used, was the opening of the Sanctuary and giving liberty & freedom to all that would, to come unto them which Romulus did, to the end (his neighbours at that time evil entreated by Tyrants▪ and the country swarming full with discontented persons) Rome might by that means, be the sooner peopled through the benefit of their safety they were sure to find there, neither was he therein deceived a whit; for thither flocked with their goods a number of people that were either thrust out of their habitations, or unsafe and unsure of their lives in their countries. But when they found afterward a want of women necessary for propagation; Romulus 
Romulus.  proclaimed certain great and solemn feasts, at which he stole and held away by force, the greatest part of the youngest women that did resort to see them: so that it is no marvel, if out of so fierce and stout a people, there rose so fierce and stout an issue.  
The very same reason in a manner in these our days, hath increased so much the city of Geneva: forasmuch 
Geneva.  as it hath offered entertainment to all comers out of France and Italy, that have either forsaken, or been exiled their countries for religion sake. And the same Country of Germany (they call Francorum Vallem) by the sufferance of Cassimire one of 
Cassimire.  the Count Palatins of Rhine, later erected by the Belgians, that were for Religion thrust out of their countries▪ hath doneth like.  
Cosmus the great Duke of Tus●…an, to appopulate 
Cosmus.  the Port Ferato, gave protection to such as would fly theth●…r and confined a number, that for their offences had worthily deserved punishment. Which course the great Duke Franciscus his Son observed afterward for the peopling of Pisa and Livorno. But as we have afore said, it is neither strength nor necessity, that have power to make a city frequented, or to raise it unto greatness. For a people enforced, and violently driven to rest in one place: is like unto seed sown in the Sands, wherein it never taketh root to grow unto ripeness.  
But let us return unto our sanctuary. It cannot be denied▪ but that a moderate liberty and a lawful place of safety, very greatly helpeth to draw a multitude of people to a resting place. And, hereof it comes, that free Cities are (in comparison of other places) more famous & more replenished with people, than Cities subject unto Princes & to monarchies.  
The second means wherewith Rome increased was, that they made the towns that well deserved of them, (which they after called Municipia) to be partakers 
Municipium. is every City or town having the liberty that Rome had.  of their Franchises and of their offices. For, these honours, to be Citizens of Rome, and to enjoy the great privileges annexed to their enfranchisement, drew into the City all such, as through adherency, through favour, or through service done unto the common weal, might have any hope to bear office or rule therein: and such as looked not so high, resorted yet thither, to serve their kinsman's turns or their friends with their voices, to advance them to some good office. And, thus Rome was frequented and enriched with concourse of an infinite sight of people, both noble and rich, that in particular or in common were honoured with the enfranchisement and freedom of Rome.  
The third means, was the continual entertainment the romans gave to curiosity. And, that was the great number of admirable things they did in Rome: The triumphs of the victorious Captains; the wonderful buildings; the battles on the water; the fights of sword players; the hunting of wild beasts; the public shows and sights; the plays of Apollo: the Seculars & others, which were performed with unspeakable pomp and preparation, and many other such like things that drew the curious people unto Rome. And for as much as these alluring sights, were as it were perpetual: Rome was also as it were perpetually full of strangers and foreign people.   

CAP. II. Of Colonies.  
WHat shall we say of Colonies? were they a good help to the greatness of Rome, or no? That they were a great help to the increase of the power, it cannot be doubted: But, that they multiplied also the number of the Inhabitants, it is a thing somewhat doubtful. How beit for mine own opinion, I should think they were a great help & means unto it. For, if any man think, by taking the people out, & sending them to Colonies else where, that the City thereby comes rather to diminish then increase: happily for all that, the contrary may hap. For, as plants cannot prosper so well, nor multiply so fast in a nursery, where they are set and planted near together, as where they are transplanted into an open ground: even so men make no such fruitful propagation of children, where they are enclosed and shut up within the walls of the City, they are bred and borne in; as they do abroad in divers other parts, where they are sent unto. For, sometimes the Plague, or other contagious sickness or disease consumeth them; sometimes Famine enforceth them to change their habitations; sometimes foreign Wars takes out of the world the stoutest men amongst them; sometimes civil wars make the quietest sort forsake their dwellings; And, from many, poverty and misery taketh away the mind, the means, and the spirit to wed, or think on progation.  
Now, they that might have died in Rome, with the aforesaid evils, & without children; being removed to other places, escape the foresaid perils; And, being bestowed in Colonies, & provided for both of house & ground to it; betake themselves to wives and children, & to propagate & breed them up, and so increase infinitely, & of ten, become an hundred.  
But, what is this to the purpose (may some man say?) Let us suppose that they that are sent into Colonies, would not increase their Country, if they tarried at home? How should they then increase it, when they are sent thence abroad to other places? well vno●…gh. First, because Colonies with their mother, out of which they issued, make, as it were, but one body. Then next, because the love of our original Country, which every man affecteth, and the dependency thereof (which many ways help) and the desire and hope to aspire to dignity and honour, which evermore draw unto it the worthiest & most noble minds. By which means the Country grows to be more populous and rich.  
Who can deny, but that the 30. Colonies, that issued as it were out of one stock, from Alba Longa, 
Alba longa,  and so many desides as Rome hath sent out; brought not much magnificency and greatness, both to the one and the other? And, that the portugals issued out of Lysbone, to possess and inhabit the islands of Astori, Capo Verde, Medera, and others; have not amplified and increased Lys bone a great deal more, than if they had never removed thence to those same islands?  
How beit, true it is, if Colonies must increase their mother; It is very necessary than they beeneere neighbours: otherwise, through long distance of place, love waxeth cold, and all commerce is cut off clean. And, therefore the Romans for the space of 600. years, sent not a Colony out of Italy, and 
This chatter here mentioned, is written at large in the end of this bo●…ke.  the first were Carthage and Narbona; as is at large before declared, in my sixth Book Di Ragion di stato, in the ●…hapter of Colonies.  
And these be the means, wherewith the Romans either through their singular dexterity, or excellent wits have drawn strange Nations unto their City. Let us now speak of the means that other Nations also, aswell as they, have used in this case; where it shall not be from the purpose, that we begin at Religion first, as at the thing, that aught to be the head and spring of all our works and actions.   

CAP. III. Of Religion.  
REligion, and the worship of God, is a thing so necessary & of such importance; as without all doubt, it not only draweth a number of people with it, but also causeth much commerce together. And, the Cities that in this kind excel and flourish in authority and reputation above others: have also the better means to increase their power & glory.  
Jerusalem (as Pliny writeth) was the chiefest & most flourishing City of all the East, and principally for religion, whereof she was the Metropolitan, as also of the kingdom. The high priests, the prelate's & the Levites, kept there their residence; there offered they their beasts: there celebrated they their Sacrifices, & rendered unto God their prayers & petitions; thither repaired thrice a year, all the people 
2. Millions and a half of people in Jerusalem which was but 4. miles about.  almost of Israel. Insomuch as josephus reckoneth, that at the time that Titus Vespasian laid his siege unto it, there were in the City two millions & a half of people: a number in truth very strange, that I may not say incredible, in respect the City was not much above 4 miles about. But, it is written by a man that might have perfect knowledge of it, and had no cause to lie.  
jeroboam, when he was chosen King of Israel, advisedly considering his subjects could not live without exercise of religion & use of sacrifice, and that, if they should repair to Jerusalem to celebrate and make their sacrifice, his people would soon unite themselves with the Tribe of juda, and the house of David: casting religion off, he set up strait Idolatry. For, he caused to be made two calves of gold, &, sending them to the uttermost parts of his kingdom, turning to his people, he said unto them: Nolite ultra ascendere in Hierosolimam: Ecce dij tui Israel qui te eduxerunt de terra Aegypti.  
Religion is of such force & might to amplify Cities, to amplify Dominions, and of such a virtue attractive: that jeroboam, to give no place to his competitor, in this part of allurement & entertainment of the company, impiously brought in Idolatry in place of true religion. And this man was the first, that, for desire to reign, did openly tread down the law, and all due worship unto God, and thereof gave a lewd example to posterity: A notable note in truth, not so much of folly, as of extreme impiety.  
Some that arrogat too much wisdom to themselves in matters of state and government, spare not to say and teach, that, to hold the subjects in due obedience to their Prince, man's wit & policy prevaileth more, then divine or godly counsel: A speech & an invention in very truth, rather of a miscreant & caterpillar of a common weal, than of a lover and a favourer of the majesty of a state. For, such are the Ruins of Kings, the plague of Kingdoms; the scandal of Christianity; the sworn enemies of the church, nay rather of God, against whom, to the Imitation of the ancient Giants, they build up a new Tower unto Babel; which shall breed and bring unto them, in the end, confusion and utter Ruin. Qui habitat in coelis irridebit eos, & dominus sub●…annabit eos. Hear ye Princes, what the prophet Isay saith of the councillors of King Pharaoh. Sapientes consiliarij Pharaonis, dederunt consilium insipiens: Deceperunt Aegyptum, angulum populorum eius. Dominus miscuit in medio eius spiritum vertiginis, & errare fecerunt Aegyptum in omni opere suo, sicut errat ebrius vomens.  
If this place would suffer it, I could easily show, that the greatest part, of the loss of States and ruins of christian Princes, have proceeded of this accursed variance in religion. Through the which we are disarmed and deprived of the protection and favour of almighty God; And, have thrust into the hands of the Turks and 
* Irreligious people.  〈◊〉, the weapons and the scourges of Gods divine justice against us. But it sufficeth here to advise Princes, that tread down the laws of God by that preposterous & wicked kind of government; that they learn of jeroboam, & fear the issue of him, whose acts they imitate: that they may hereafter the better beware by other men's harms. For, in revenge of his impiety, God raised up against Nadab his son▪ the King Baassa, who slew him and all his race. Non dimisit ne unam qui●…em animam de semine eius, donec deleret came. But let us return where we left.  
Of what strength and power, to make a place populous, Religion proves to be, and to have the opinion of some famous relic, or notable argument and token of God's divine assistance, or some authority in the administration and government of ecclesiastical causes: Loretto in Italy, Saint Michael in France; Guadalup, Monferrato & Compostella in Spain, do all of thmendeclare and manifest it plain; and many places more besides, though solitary and desert, though sharp and rocky: unto the which, for no respect but for devotion sake and piety, people daily do resort infinitely in flocks from the farthest parts that are.  
And no marvel, if you look into it thoroughly. For, there is not any thing in this world of more efficacy and force to allure and draw to it the hearts of men, than God, which is the Summum bonum. He is carefully desired and sought for continually of all creatures whatsoever, with soul or without. For, all regard him as their last end: Light things, seek their Summum bonum above; heavy things, beneath, within this centre of the earth; the heavens, in their 
* Orbiculary period.  Revolutions; the Herbs, in their flowers; the Trees in their fruits: Beasts, in the preservation of their kind; and man, in seeking his tranquillity of mind and everlasting joy.  
But, forasmuch as God is of so high a nature, as the sense of man cannot attain it▪ so sh●…ning bright, as the eye of man's understanding cannot conceive it every man directly turns him to that place, where he leaves some print of his power, or declares some sign of his assistance; which ordinarily have been and are seen in the mountains, or the deserts.  
Is not then Rome indebted much for her magnificency 
Rome.  and greatness, to the blood of the Martyrs? to the relics of Saints? to the holy consecrated places? and to the supreme authority in beneficial and spiritual causes? Would she not become a very wilderness, if the opinion of the holiness of the places▪ drawn not the innumerable sight of people from the uttermost parts of the Earth? Would she not become a desert, if the Apostolical seat, and the power of the keys, caused not an inestimable multitude of people daily to repair unto it, for some business or other?  
Milan, a most populous and famous City, shall ever be a witness what praise and glory, and how much increase it hath gotten, by the singular piety and religious life of that great Cardinal Borromeus. Princes resorted, even from the uttermost ends of the South, to visit him; Bishops made access from all parts, to consult with him for his opinion in any controversies that sprang amongst them; The Clergy likewise hearkened unto his counsels; And the religious people of all nations, held Milan for their country, and the house of that godly man for their Port, his liberality for their refuge, and his godly life, for a most fair and clear glass of ecclesiastical discipline for all men to look into, and to take example by.  
I should happily be too long, if I should declare unto you with what singular praise and commendation, he celebrated every year his Synods, and with what magnificency he visited every year his Provinces, how many churches he either built new, or being old, set in good order; how many he adorned and beautified: How many monasteries of men and women he erected; how many well ordered Colleges of young men, & Seminaries of priests he instituted; how many sorts of Academies he set up and founded, to the inestimable good of the people; How many kinds of entertainments and promotions he bestowed upon arts, and on artificers; And, I should never end, if I should recount the manner and the means wherewith, by amplifying Gods service and advancing of religion, he increased also the City, and doubled the concourse of people unto Milan.   

CAP. four Of Schools and Studies.  
THe commodity of learned Schools, is of no small moment to draw people, especially young men to a City, of whose greatness we are in speech. For, inasmuch as there be two means for men of wit and courage to rise by to some degree of honour and reputation in the world, the one by arms▪ the other by book: the first is sought for in the field, with the spear & the sword; and the last, in the Academy, with pen and book.  
And, forasmuch as men long for honour, or for profit: And of liberal arts and sciences, some bring certain wealth to men, and some promotions and preferments to honourable functions: It is a thing of no small importance; that in a City there be provided an Academy or such a school, as young men, desirous to attain to virtue and learning, may thereby have occasion to repair, rather thither, than to any other place. And that willbe effected soon, if besides the commodity of the school and good teachers, they may enjoy▪ convenient immunities & privileges: I say convenient, for that I would not have impunity afforded unto faults, nor licence given to fall to vice and wickedness, but honest liberty allowed to them, that they may the more commodiously and cheerfully attend their studies.  
For, to say truth, study is a matter of great labour and travail, both of the mind & body. And thereupon, our forefathers in times past, called the Goddess of Arts & Sciences Minerva, because the toyl●… of speculation, weakeneth the strength, and cuts the sinews: For, an afflicted body afflicteth many times the mind, whereof groweth melancholy and sadness. And therefore it stands with good reason, that all convenient privilege and liberty be granted unto scholars, that may maintain them in contented & cheerful minds: but no dissoluteness▪ allowed in any wise unto them▪ whereof the Academies in Italy are grown too full. For, the pen is there turned into a poynado; and the penner, into a flask and tutch-box for a gun: the disputations, in to bloody brawlings; the Schools, into lists; and the Scholars, into cutters and to hackster's: Honesty is there flouted at and scorned: and bashfulness & modesty, accounted a discredit and a shame. 〈◊〉 that a young man that were like enough to lead the modest and sober life of a good student, shall have much to do, if he scape to be undone. But, let us leave complaints: And yet I must needs say thus much first, no Academy can flourish aright, without quarrels, cards and dice be banished quite, & clean cast out.  
Francis the first, king of France, because the scholars of the university of Paris (which in his time were almost an infinite sight) should have commodity and means to take the air, and to recreate themselves with honest exercises; he assigned them a great meadow near the City, and the River; where without let or trouble to them, they might disport and solace themselves at their will and pleasure. There they fell to wrestling, there they played at the barriers, at the ball and the foot ball; there did they cast the sled, and leap and run, with such cheerfulness and pastime, as it delighted the beholders thereof, no less than themselves. And so ceaseth by this means, the clatter and the noise of weapons and of Armour, and also play at cards and dice.  
For the same reasons, it is necessary that the City wherein you will found an Academy, be of an wholesome air, and of a pleasant and delightful●…●…cituatiō; where there may be both rivers, fountains, springs, and woods. For, these things▪ of themselves without any other help, are apt to delight & cheer up the spirits and minds of Students. Such were in times past, Athens and Rhodes, where all good arts and learning flourished most above all other.  
Galeazzo Viscount (besides these invitings and allurements,) being earnestly desirous to illustrate and appopulate Pavia, was the first that forbade his subjects, under a great pain, to go any where else to study: which course, some Princes else of Italy, have since his time followed.  
But these are means full of distrust and trouble. The honourable and notable means to retain subjects in their country, and to draw strangers also home to it, is to procure them means of honest recreation, to provide them plenty of victual to maintain to them their priui●…edges, to give them occasion to rise to degrees of honour by their learned exercises, to make account of good wi●…ts▪ and to reward them well: but above all, to store them with plenty of doctors and learned men of great fame and reputation.  
The great Pompey was not ashamed to enter into the Schools. For, after he had conquered all the East, he went to the Schools at Rhodes to hear the professors there dispute.  
But, for a far greater reason, Sigismond king of Polonia gave a straight commandment, that none of his subiect●… should wander abroad out of his kingdom to study any where else. (And the 
* King of Spain.  Catholic king commanded the like not many years since.) And it was to this end▪ that his Subjects should not be infected with the 
* New Doctrine. Sects.  Heresies that began in the time of king Sigismond, and are at the height in these our days throughout all the Provinces of the North.   

CAP. V. Of the place of justice.  
Our lives, our honour, and our substance, are all in the hands of the judge. For, love and charity failing in all places; the violence & covetousness of wicked men doth daily the more increase: from whom, if the judges do not defend us, our business what soever we do, will ill go forward. For this cause, Cities that have royal audience, Senators, Parliaments or other sorts and kinds of Courts of justice, must needs be much frequented; aswell for concourse of people that have cause of Suit unto it, as also for the execution of justice. For, it cannot be ministered without the help of many precedents▪ I mean, Senators, Advocates, Proctors, Solicitors, Notaries and such like. Nay more than that (which it grieves me to think on) Expedition of justice cannot be had in these our days, without ready money. For nothing in the world doth make men run so fast as currant money. For, the Adamant is not of such force to draw Iron unto it, as gold is to turn the eyes & the minds of men, this way, & that way and which way they list. And the reason is plain, because gold, even through the very virtue thereof, containeth in it all greatness, all commodities, and all earthly good whatsoever: To be short, he that hath money, hath, you may say, all worldly things that are to be had.  
In these days, through the plenty of money, which the administration of justice doth carry with it, the Metropolitan Cities, if they may not have the whole administration of Civil and Criminal causes: they will yet reserve at least unto them, the chiefest causes, and all appeals. Which is well done for matter of State (whereof the judicial authority is a principal member; by the means whereof, they are the patrons and protectors of the life and goods of the Subject:) But there must be a regard to the profit that we have pointed at.  
This goes currant in all places, especially where in judicial causes they do proceed, according to the common use and course of the laws of the Romans: For, that course and form is longer, and requireth more Ministers than the other.  
In England and Scotland, but especially in Turkey, where a short course is taken in trial of causes, even as it were, at the first sitting of the judge: It profiteth little, to increase the greatness of a City, to hold pleas there. Forasmuch as difficult and hard causes, are in an after none, as it were, decided there and ended, if sufficient witness be produced at the hearing of the cause. These adiornaments and many Terms, are there cut off: And Instruments, Process, Officers and Mediators, have there no place. Within a few blows given, they come to the half Sword. So that the time, the expense, and the number of persons, are far less and much fewer, than the civil Laws do require.  
I speak not these things, to the end I would have causes prolonged, and suits made eternal. For, they are to long already without more a do: And in doing justice; delay (which receiveth no excuse, by colour or pretence of wariness and care to commit no error) is very plain Injustice. And therefore in our City we speak of here, it shallbe very necessary and expedient, to have in it a principal seat of justice and course of suits and pleas depending in it.   

CAP. VI Of Industry.  
FOrasmuch as I have already sufficiently said my mind concerning Industry and Art, in mine 8. book of the Reason of state, wherein I have at large discoursed concerning the propagation of States: I will therefore for brevity sake, refer the gentle reader unto that same chapter▪  
Because the Chapter above mentioned, is pertinent to the purpose; and happily the reader hereof may long as much to understand it, as be desirous to read this book: I have thought good, aswell for the coherence of the matter, as for the satisfaction of the reader, to insert it here in this place▪  

Of Industry. CAP. III. LIB. VIII.  
THere is not a thing of more importance to increase a state, and to make it both populous of Inhabitants, and rich of all good things; than the industry of men, and the multitude of Arts; of which, some are necessary; some commodious for a civil life; other some for a Pomp and ornament; and other some for delicacy, wantonness, and entertainment of idle persons; by the means whereof doth follow, con●…ourse both of money, and of people, that labour and work, or trade that is wrought, or minister and supply matter to labourers and workmen; or buy, or sell, or transport from one place to another, the artificious and cunning parts of the wit and hand of man.  
Selim, the first, Emperor of the Turks, to appopulate and ennoble Constantinople, procured some thousand of excellent Artificers to send unto it, first from the king's City of Tauris, and after from the great Cayrus. The Polonians were also of that same mind. For, when they elected Henry Duke of Angio for their King; amongst other things which they required of him, one was, that he should bring with him into Polonia, an hundred families of good Artificers.  
And, for as much as Art doth contend and strive with 
Question.  nature, a man may here well ask me, which of these two do most import to increase a place with multitude of people; 
Resolution.  the fruitfulness of the Land, or the Industry of man? The Industry of man without all doubt. First, for that such things as are wrought by the cunning hand of man, are of much more, and of far greater price and estimation, than such things as nature doth produce. For as much as nature giveth the matter and the subject, but the Art and Cunning of man, giveth an unspeakable variety of forms and fashions.  
Wool, is but a simple fruit and rude of nature: but, 
Wool.  what a sight of good things, and what variety and sundry forms and fashions, doth Art make thereof? How many and how great commodities, doth the industry of the Clothier draw out of it, who doth get it carded, picked, spun, warped, woven, died, fulled, thickt, fashioned, and form after a thousand ways. And do not the transportation of it from place to place increase a great profit too?  
Silk, is also a simple fruit of nature: But, what variety 
Silk.  of most gallant & beautiful clothes doth Art frame thereof? It makes the very excrement of a base and baggage worm, highly esteemed with Princes, and greatly apprizde of Queens; to be short, it makes every man to brave him and bedeck him in it.  
A number of more people far, do live upon their industry and labour, then upon their rents or revenues. Whereof, many Cities in Italy can bear good witness: but principally Venice, Florence, Genova, and Milan, of whose magnificency & greatness I will not speak here: And yet with the Art and skill to dress Silk and wool, two third parts in a manner, of the Inhabitants amongst them, do live upon it.  
But, to pass out of the Cities unto the provinces: They that have made ●…n exact account of the strength of France, say, the fruits of that kingdom amount to 15. millions of Crowns a year. And they themselves affirm, that France hath in it more than 15. millions of Souls. But, admit it have no more than 15. By that reckoning, there should be one Crown a piece for every paul. All the rest than must needs proceed of Industry. But who is so void of reason, that he sees not this in all things?  
The revenue gotten out of the Iron Mynes, is not the greatest. But of the profit that is drawn out of the work, and upon the trade and traffic thereof, a number of people live and are maintained; such I mean, as dig it out of the Mine, scour it, melt it, forge it, cast it, sell it by whole sale, or by retail; Such as make engines thereof for War; Armour for defence and offence; And an innumerable kind of Iron works and tools besides, for husbandry, for building, and for all manner of Arts, for daily use and business, and for Innumerable necessities of life, that have no less need of Iron, then of bread: In somuch as he that should compare the revenues the owners reap of their Iron Mynes, with the profit the Artificers draw out of the workmanship thereof, and the merchants with their Industry (and hereof the Princes are mightily enriched also, by the custom that grows upon it) shall find, that Industry and Art exceedeth Nature far.  
Compare Marble with the Images, with the Colossuses, with the Pillars, the carving, and the infinite and curious workmanship, the Artificers do set upon it: Compare Timber with the Galleys, Galliownes, Ships, and other vessels of infinite sorts and kinds, both for war, burden, and for pleasure: together with the carved Images, furnitures of house and other things without count, that are built and made thereof, with the plane, the chisel, the carving tool, and turners wheel: Compare colours with the Pictures, & the price of them, with the worth of the colours: And you shall soon perceive how much more the workmanship is worth than the matter: And what a number of people are maintained more upon the means of Art, than upon the immediate benefit of Nature. Zeuxes the excellent painter, gave his best works away for nought, because he valued them above any price that could be set upon them.  
At a word, such a wealth there is in Art and Industry, that neither the mines of Silver, nor the mines of gold in Nova Hispania nor in Peru, can be compared with it. And the custom of the merchandise of Milan, brings more money to the king of Spain's coffers, than the Mines of Zagateca and of Salisco.  
Italy is a province, in which (as I have before declared) there is not a my to speak of, neither of gold nor silver: No more there is in France. And yet both the one and the other, through the help and means of Art and Industry, abound exceedingly in money, wealth and Treasure.  
Flaunders also hath no veins of metal; And yet, before the troubles there, while it stood in peace and quietness; for, and in respect of the number and the sundry and the admirable works there wrought with inestimable Art and Cunning; It gave not a jot of ground to the mines of Hungary, nor yet of Transiluania. There was not a Country throughout all Europe, neither more rich, nor more inhabited than it: no not one part of Europe, nor of the world, that had so many good Cities, so great and so well frequented of foreigners and strangers. So that, not without good cause, by reason of the incomparable treasure the Emperor Charles drew out of it, some called those countries, the Emperors Indies.  
Nature bringeth forth her forms in Materia prima: And man's Art and cunning, worketh upon the natural compound, a thousand kinds of artificial forms. For, nature is to the workman, the same, that Materia prima is to the natural agent. A Prince therefore that will make his City populous, must draw to it all sorts & kinds of Art & cunning. Which he shall bring to pass, if he bring out of other country's excellent artificers, & give than entertainment & convenient seat to dwell upon: if he reckon of good wits, and est●…eme of singular and rare inventions and workmanship: if other while also he do reward perfection and excellen●…y in things of Art and cunning.  
But above all things, it is very necessary the Prince suffer not rude & unwrought things to be carried out of his dominion, Viz: neither Wool, nor Silk, nor Timber, nor metal, nor any other such like thing. For, with such matter, the artificers will also go away. And, upon the trade of unwrought stuff or matter, live a greater number, than upon the simple matter itself alone. And the Prince's revenue comes to be much greater, by the exstraction of the worker, than by the stuff or matter: As for example by the Velvets, then by the Silks; by the Rash, them by the wools; by the Linen, then by the Flax; by the Cordage, than by the Hemp.  
The Kings of England, and of France, aware of these things, not many years since made a law against the carrying out of wools out of their dominions. And the King of Spain did afterward the like. But these laws could not be observed so strictly by and by. For, these provinces abounding with an infinite deal of fine Wool, they had not so many workmen, as could over come it all. And although the Princes afore said happily made this law for their own particular good, because the profit and the custom that riseth of the clothes, is far greater than that, which riseth of the wool alone: yet notwithstanding, this law was good for the benefit of the whole country; inasmuch as a number of people more, do live upon the wrought clothes, then upon the rude and unwrought Wool, out of which, grows the riches and the greatness of the King. For, the multitude of people, is it, that makes the Earth fruitful, and it, that with the hand and with Art, giveth a thousand forms to the natural stuff or matter.   
And thus far the 3. chapter of the 8. book of Boterus, of the reason of State.   

CAP. VII. Of Privileges.  
THe people are in these our days so grievously oppressed and taxed by their Princes, who are driven to it, partly of covetousness and partly of necessity that they greedily embrace the least hope that may be of privilege and freedone whensoever it is offered. Whereof the Martes, Fairs and Markets bear good witness, which are frequented with a mighty concourse of trades men, merchants and people of all sorts, not for any respect else, but that they are there free and frank from customs and exactions.  
In our days, the Princely City of Naples, through the exemptions and freedoms granted to the Inhabitants, is most notably increased, both in buildings and in people: And it would have increased a great deal more, if through the greases and suits of the Barons there, whose lands were unfurnished of people, or for some other peculiar reason; the King of Spain had not severely forbidden to enlarge it with further buildings.  
The Cities in Flaunders, are the most merchantable and the most frequented Cities for commerce and traffic, that are in all Europe. If you require the cause: surely, the exemptions from custom is the chiefest cause of it. For, the merchandise that is brought in, and carried out (and it is infinite that is brought in, and carried out) paid but a very small custom.  
All such as have erected new Cities in times past; to draw concourse of people to it; have granted of necessity, large Immunities and privileges, at least, to the first Inhabitants thereof. The like have they done, that have restored Cities emptied with the plague, consumed with the wars, or afflicted otherwise with some other scourge of God.  
The plague mentioned by Boccas, that languished all Italy near 3. years together, was so fierce; that from March to july, it took out of the world about an hundred thousand souls within Florence. It slew also such a number within Venice, as in a manner it became a desert. So that the Senate, to have it reinhabited, caused proclamation to be made, that all such as would come thither with their families, and dwell there two years together, should have the freedom of the City. The same common weal of Venice, hath been also more than once delivered out of extreme necessity of victuals, by promising privilege and freedom to such as brought them corn.   

CAP. VIII. Of having in her possession some merchandise of moment.  
IT will also greatly help to draw people to our City, if she have some good store of vendible merchandise always in her possession. Which happily may be, where, through the goodness of the soil, either all of it doth grow, or a great part, or that at least, which is more excellent than other: All, as the 
Cloves. Incense. Balsam. Pepper. Cinnamon. Salt. Sugar. Wool.  Cloves in the Moluccas: the Frankincense and sweet smelling gums in Sabea: the Balsam in Palestin: Or where a good part of it doth grow▪ as Pepper doth in Calicut, and Cinnamon in Zeilan: or where it is most excellent, as Salt is in Cyprus: Sugars at Madera; and Wool in some Cities of Spain and England. There is also to be added unto this, the excellency of Art and workmanship; which, through the quality of the water, or the skill & cunning of the Inhabitants, or some hidden mystery of theirs, or other such like cause; chanceth to be in one place more excellent than another: As the Armour in Damascus and in Scyras; 
Armour. Tapestry. Velvet. Cloth of gold ad silver. Ch●…a.  Tapestry in Arras; Rash in Florence; Velvets in Genoa; Cloth of Gold and Silver in Milan; and Scarlet in Venice.  
And to this purpose I cannot pass it over, but I must declare unto you, that in China, all Arts in a manner, flourish in the highest decree of excellency that may be, for many reasons, but amongst the rest, chiefly for this, because the children are bound to follow their father's mystery and trade. So that, forasmuch as they are borne, as it were, with a resolute mind to follow their father's Art, & the fathers hide not from them any thing, but teach them & instruct them with all affection, assiduity, diligence and care: workmanship is by this means there grown to that fullness of excellency and perfection that may be possibly desired. As it may be seen in these few works that are brought out of China, to the Philipinas, from the Philipinas, to Mexico, & from Mexico, to Siuile. But let us return to our purpose.  
There are also some other Cities, masters of some commodities; not because the goods do grow in their country, or be wrought by their inhabitants; but because they have the command either of the country, or of the Sea that is near them: the command of the Country, as Siuil, unto which infinite wealth and riches are brought from Nova Hispania & Perù: the command of the Sea, as Lisbon, which by this means draweth to it the Pepper of Cocin, and the ●…inamom of Zeilan, and other riches of the Indies, which cannot be brought by Sea, but by them, or under their leave and licence.  
After the same sort in a manner, Venice, about a four score and ten years agone, was Lady of the Spyceries'. For, before the portugals possessed the Indies, these things being brought by the Red Sea to Suez, and from thence upon Camels backs to Cayrus, and after that by Nilus, into Alexandria; there were they bought up by the Venetians, who sent thither their great Argosyes, and with incredible profit to them, carried them in a manner, into all the parts of Europe.  
But all this commerce and trade, is now quite turned to Lisbon; unto which place, by a new way, the Spiceries, (taken as it were, out of the hands of the Moors and the Turks) be yearly brought by the portugals, & then sold to the Spaniards, Frenchmen, Englishmen, and to all the Northern parts. This commerce and trade is of such Importance, as it alone is enough to enrich all Portugal, & to make it plentiful of all things.  
There are some other Cities also, Lords as it were, of much merchandise and Traffic, by means of their commodious Situation to many Nations, to whom they serve of warehouse Room and store houses; such are Malacca and Ormuze in the East; Alexandria, Constantinople, Messina, and Genoa in the Mediterranean Sea, Andwerpe, Amsterdam, Dansk, and the narve in the Northern Seas; and Frankford and Norimberg in Germany. In which Cities, many and great merchants exercise their traffic and make their aware houses; unto the which the nations thereunto adjoining use to resort to make their provisions of such things as they need, because they have commodious means for transportation of it. And this consisteth in the largeness and the safeness of the Ports; in the opportunity and fytnesse of the Gulfs and Creeks of the Seas; in the navigable Rivers that come into the Cities, or run by or near them; in the Lakes and the Channels: As also where the ways be plain and safe. 
King of Cusco.   
And here to the purpose, because I speak of ways, I cannot pass over those two ways, which the Kings of Cusco (called in their language, Inghe,) in long process of time cut out throughout their dominion, about 2000▪ miles in length, so pleasant, so commodious, so plain, and so level; as they give no place to the magnificent works of the Romans. For, there shall you see steep and high hills, laid even with the plain; and deep valleys filled up; and horrible huge stones cut in pieces: There shall you see the trees, that are planted here and there, in excellent good order even by a line, yield both with their shade, a comfort; and with the charm of the birds, that there abound in great plenty, a marvelous delight and pleasure to the travailers that pass those ways. Neither are there wanting on those ways, many good Inns for lodging & for entertainment, plentiful of all necessary things; Nor Palaces and goodly buildings, that in eminent and open places, as it were to meet you, present you with a pleasant and beautiful show of their excellency and rareness; nor pleasant Towne●…, nor sweet countries, nor a thousand other delights and pleasures to feed both the eye with variety, and the mind with admiration at the infinite effects, partly wrought by nature, and partly by the handy work of man. But, to return to our purpose.  
It is a good matter and a great help to a Prince, to know the natural Scite of his country, and with judgement to have an understanding how to amend it by art and industry. As for example, to defend his Ports with Rampires and with Bulwarks; to make the Lading and unlading of Merchandise both quick and easy; to scour the Seas of Pirates and of Rovers; to make the Rivers navigable; to build storehouses apt and large enough to contain great quantity of wares; and to defend and maintain the ways, aswell on the plains, as on the mountains and hilly places.  
In this point, the Kings of China have deserved all praise that may be. For, they have with an incredible expense and charge, paved with stone all the high ways of that most famous Kingdom; and have made stone bridges over mighty great Rivers; And cut in sunder hills and mountains of inestimable height and craggedness; They have also strewed the plains and bottoms with very fair stone: So that a man may there pass either on horse or a foot, aswell in the Winter as in the Summer time, and merchandise may be easily carried too and fro there, by load, either on Cartes, or on Horse, Mules or Camels.  
And in this point no doubt, some Princes in Italy are much to blame; in whose countries in the winter time, horses are bemired in sloughs up to the belly, and carts are stabled and set fast in the tough dirt and mire. So that cariadges by cart or horse, are thereby very cumbersome: And a journey that might be well dispatched in a day, can hardly be performed in three or four. And the ways are as bad in many parts of France, as in the country of Poitiers, Santongia, Beaussia, and in Burgundy. But this is no place to censure so famous Previnces. And therefore let us proceed.   

CAP. IX. Of Dominion and power.  
THe greatest means to make a City populous and great; is to have a supreme Authority & power: For, that draweth dependency with it, And dependency, concourse, & concourse greatness: In the Cities that have jurisdiction & power over others; aswell the public wealth, as the wealth of private men, is drawn by divers Arts & means unto them. Thither do repair the Ambassadors of Princes, & the agents of Dukes and common weals▪ there are the greatest causes heard, aswell criminal as civil, and all appeals are brought to trial there. There are the suits and causes, aswell of men of quality, as of the common weal and common persons debated, and decided. Therevenues of the State are there laid up, and there spent out again when there is need. The richest Citizens of other countries, seek to alley themselves, and to get an habitation there.  
Out of all which causes here recited, there must needs follow an abundance of wealth and riches; a most strong and forcible bait to allure and draw forth the merchants, the artificers, and the people of all sorts that live upon their labour and their service, to run amain from the furthest coasts, unto it. After this sort, a City soon increaseth both in magnificency of building, in multitude of people, and abundance of wealth, and also groweth to the proportion of a principality.  
The truth whereof, these Cities all of them declare it plain, that either have had or have any notable jurisdiction in them, Pisa, Sienna, Genoa, Luke, Florence, and Bressia: Whose countries do extend an hundred miles in length, and forty in breadth, and not only contain the most fruitful and fertile plains, but also many rich and goodly valleys, many towns and castles, that have above a thousand 
Draudius, sexce●…ta milia.  houses in them, and do feed very near three hun-and forty thousand persons: Many free and imperial Cities in Germany are like to these; Norimberg, Lubeck, and Augusta. And such was Ga●…nt in Flanders, that, when the Standard was advanced and spread, sent out at once an hundred thousand men of war.  
I speak not here of Sparta, Carthage, Athens, Rome, nor Venice; whose greatness grew as fast as their power: even so far; that, to pass the rest, Carthage, in the height of her pride and glory, was 24 miles about; 
Carthage 24 miles about. Rome 50. miles about besides the Suburbs.  and Rome was 50 besides the Suburbs, which were in a manner so infinite and great, as, on the one side, they extended even to Hostia, and on the other side in a manner to Ottricoli●…; and round about they occupied and possessed a mighty deal of the country. But, let us proceed. For, to this chapter, belongeth all that shallbe said hereafter, of the residence of Princes.   

CAP. X. Of the Residency of the Nobility.  
Amongst other causes why the Cities of Italy are ordinarily greater than the Cities of France, or other parts of Europe; it is not of small importance this, that the gentlemen in Italy do dwell in Cities; and in France, in their castles, which are for the most part palaces, compassed and surrounded with moats full of water, and fenced with walls and towers sufficient to sustain a sudden assault.  
And although the noble men of Italy, do also themselves magnificently dwell in the villages, as you may see, about the countries of Florence, Venice, and Genoa, which are full of buildings, both for the worthiness of the matter, and the excellency of the workmanship, fit to be an ornament and an honour rather to a Kingdom, than to a City: yet not withstanding, these buildings generally, are more sumptuous and more common in France, than they are in Italy. For, the Italion divideth his expense and endeavours, part in the City, part in the country, but the greater part he bestows in the City. But, the Frenchman employs all that he may, wholly in the country, regarding the City little or nothing at all. For, an Inn serves his turn when he needs. How beit, experience teacheth the residence of noblemen in Cities, makes them to be more glorious & more populous; not only by cause they bring their people & their families unto it, but also more, because a noble man dispendeth much more largely, through the access of friends unto him, and through the emulation of others in a City where he is abiding, and visited continually by honourable personages, than he spendeth in the country, where he liveth amongst the bruit beasts of the field, and converseth with plain country people, and goes appareled amongst them in plain and simple garments. Gorgeous and gallant buildings necessarily must also follow, and sundry arts of all sorts and kinds must needs increase to excellency and full perfection in Cities, where noblemen do make their residence.  
For this cause, the Inga of Perù, that is, the king of Perù, meaning to ennoble and make great his royal City of Cusco: would not only that his Cacichi and 
Cusco, a princely City in Perù. Cacicha, viceroy, or Lieutenant.  his Barons should inhabit there; but he did also command that every one of them should erect and build a Palace therein, for their dwelling; which when they had performed, each striving with the other, who should erect the fairest; that City in short time grew with most princely buildings, to be magnificent and great. Some Dukes of Lombardy, have in our days attempted such a thing.  
Tygranes' King of Armenia, when he set up the 
Armenia. Tygranocerta,  great Tygranocerta, enforced a great number of gentlemen and honourable persons, with others of great wealth and substance, to remove themselves thither withal their goods whatsoever, sending forth a solemn proclamation withal, that what goods so ever were not brought thither, and could be found of theirs else where, should be confiscate clean.  
And this is the cause, that Venice in short time, increased 
Venice.  so notably in her beginning. For, they that fled out of the countries there adjoining, into the islands, where Venice is miraculously seated, as it were; were noble personages and rich, and thither did they carry with them, all their wealth and substance; with the which, giving themselves, through the opportunity of that Gulf, to navigation and to traffic; they became within a while, owners and masters of the City, and of the islands thereunto adjoining; and with their wealth and riches, they easily ennobled the country with magnificent and gorgeous buildings, and with inestimable Treasure; And, in the end, brought it to that greatness and power, in which we do both see it, and admire it at this present.   

CAP. XI. Of the Residency of the Prince.  
FOr the very self same causes we have a little before declared, in the chapter of dominion and power; it doth infinitely avail, to the magnifying and making Cities great and populous, the Residency of the Prince therein; according to the greatness of whose Empire, she doth increase. For, where the Prince is resident, there also the Parliaments are held; and the supreme place of justice is there kept; all matters of importance have recourse to that place; all Princes and all persons of account, Ambassadors of Princes and of common weals, and all Agents of Cities that are subject, make their repair thither; all such as aspire and thirst after offices and honours run thither amain with emulation and disdain at others; thither are the revenues brought that appertain unto the state; & there are they disposed out again. By all which means, Cities must needs increase a pace it may easily be conceived by the examples in a manner, of all the Cities of Importance and of name.  
The ancientest kingdom, was that of Egypt, whose 
Egypt the ancientest Kingdom. Thebes. Memphis.  Princes kept their Court partly in Thebes, and partly in Memphis. By means whereof those two Cities grew to a mighty greatness, and to beautiful and sumptuous buildings; Forasmuch as Thebes (which Homer calls poetically the City of a hundred gates) 
Thebes 17. miles about.  was in circuit (as Diodorus writeth) 17. miles about, and was beautified with proud & stately buildings, both public and private, and also full of people. And Memphis was but little less.  
In after ages, other kings succeeding (which were called Ptolemy) they kept their court in Aelxandria, 
Alexandria.  which did by that means mightily increase in buildings, in people, in reverent reputation taken of it, and in inestimable wealth and riches; and the other two Cities afforesaid, that by the ruin of that kingdom, falling first under the Caldaeians, and afterward under the Persians, were exceedingly decayed, are now utterly defaced  
The Soldans after that forsaking Alexandria, drew themselves to Cayrus, which, even for this very cause 
Cayrus.  became (within a little time to speak of) a City so populous, as it hath gotten, not without good cause, the name of the great Cayrus. But the Soldans, because they thought themselves not to be secure, in respect of the innumerable multitude, if so great a people should perchance rise up in arms against them; divided it with large and many dicthes filled full of water, so that it might appear not to be one City alone, but many little towns united and joined together. At this day it is divided into ●…. 
Draudius.  towns, a little mile distant one from another, whose names are these: Bulacco, old Cayrus, and new Cayrus. It is said there are 16. thousand, or (as Ariosto writeth) 18. thousand great streets in it, that are every 
The greatness of Cayrus.  night shut up with iron gates. It may be 8 miles about, within which compass, for that these people dwell not so at large, nor so commodiously for ease as we do, but for the most part within the ground, stowed up as it were, and crowded and thrust together; there is such an infinite multitude of them, as they cannot be numbered.  
The plague in a manner, never leaveth them; but every seventh year they feel it most exceedingly. And, if it dispatch not out of the way above 3. hundred thousand, they count it but a flea▪ bit. In the time of the Soldans, that City was accounted to stand to health, when as there died not in it above a thousand persons in a day. And let this suffice that I have said of Cayrus, which is of so great a fame in the world at this day.  In Assiria, the Kings made their residence in Ninive: 
Ninive 60. miles about.  whose circuit was 480. furlongs about, which comes to three score miles: And in length it was, (as Diodorus writeth) one hundred and fifty furlongs. The Suburbs thereof no doubt, must needs besides that, be very large. For the Scripture affirmeth that Ninive was great; three days journey to pass it over. Diodorus writeth, there was never 
Draudius.  any City after that, set up of so great a circuit and of so huge a greatness. For, the height of the walls was a hundred foot, the breadth able to contain 3. carts a breast together; Towers in the walls a thousand and five hundred, in height an hundred foot as Vives saith. 
The residence of the Kings of Caldaeia, was in Babylon. 
Babylon was 480▪ furlongs in circuit.  This City was in compass four hundred and fourscore furlongs; so writes Herodotus: her walls were wide fifty cubits; high two hundred & more. Aristotile maketh it much greater. For, he writes that it was said in his time, that when Babylon was taken, it was three days ear one part took knowledge of the conquest. The people thereof were such a number, as they durst offer battle unto Cyrus, the greatest and the mightiest King for power that ever was of Persia. Semiramis did build it; but Nabucodonoser did mightily increase it. When it was ruinated afterward at the coming in of the Scythians and other people in those countries, it was re-edified by 
Califfe.  one Bugiafar Emperor of the Saracines, who spent upon it, 18. Millions of Gold. Giovius writeth that even at this day it is greater than Rome, if you respect the compass of the ancient walls. But there are not only woods to hunt in, and fields for tilladge, but also orchards and large gardens in it.  
The Kings of Media, made their residence in Ecbatana: 
Media. Ecbatana. Persepolis.  the Kings of Persia in Persepolis; of whose greatness there is no other Argument then conjecture. In our time, the Kings of Persia have made 
Tauris in Persia 16. miles in compass.  their residence in Tauris. And, as their Empire is not so great as it hath been, so also neither is their City of the greatest. It is in compass for all that, about sixteen miles; yea some say more. It is also very long, and hath many gardens in it; but it is without any wall, a thing common, in a manner, to all the Cities in Perfia.  
In Tartary, and in the oriental Asia, through 
Tartary.  the power of those great Princes, are far greater Cities, then in any parts else in the world. The Tartars hauea●… this day two great empires, whereof the one is of the Mogorian Tartars, the other of the Cataians'. The Mogorian Tartars, have in our time 
Mogora▪ Cataia.  incredibly enlarged their dominion. For Mahamud their prince, not contented with his ancient confines; sudued not many years since, in a manner all that ever lieth between Ganges & Indus. The chief City of Mogora, is Sarmarcanda, which was incredibly enriched 
Sarmarcanda enriched by Tamberlane.  by the great Tamberlane, with the spoils of all Asia; where, like an horrible tempest, or deadly raging flood, he threw down to the ground the most ancient & worthiest Cities, and carried from thence their wealth & riches; And, to speak of none other, he only took from Damascus eight thousand Camels laden with rich spoils, & choicest movable goods. 
8000. Camels laden with spoil. 60. M. Draudius.  This City hath been of such greatness & power, that in some ancient reports we read, it made out forty thousand Horse; But, at this day, it is not of such magnificency & greatness, through the dominion of the Empire. For, as after the death of the great Tamberlane, it was suddenly divided into many parts, by his sons: So is it likewise in our time divided amongst the sons of Mahamud, who hath last of all subdued Cambaia.  
And, forasmuch as I have made mention of Cambaia, I must tell you there are in that kingdom, two 
The Kingdom of Cambaia. Citor.  memorable Cities; the one is Cambaia, the other is called Citor. Cambaia, is of such greatness, that it hath gotten the name of a province. Some write that it doth contain one hundred and fifty thousand houses; to the which allow as commonly the manner is, to every house five persons, and it will then come to little less than eight hundred thousand inhabitants. But, some make it to be much less. Howbeit, in any sort howsoever, it is a most famous City, the chiefest of a most rich kingdom, and the Seat of a most mighty King, that brought to the enterprise against Mahamud King of the Mogorians, five hundred thousand footmen; and a hundred and fifty thousand horsemen, whereof thirty thousand were armed after the manner of our men of arms.  
Citor is 12. miles about, and is a City so magnificent 
Citor, a City 12. miles about,  of buildings, so beautiful for goodly streets, and so full of delights and pleasures, that few other Cities do come near it; and it is for that cause called by the people that inhabit there, the shadow of the heavens. It hath been in our time, the City of residency of the Queen Crementina, who by cause she rebelled from the said King of Cambaia, was with main force deprived thereof in the year 1536.  
The Emperor of the Cataian Tartars (commonly called the great Chame) deriveth himself from 
The great Cham.  the great Chiny, who was the first, that 300. years agone, came out of Scythia Asiatica with a valiant expedition and power of arms, and made the name of the Tartars famous. For, he subdued China, and made a great part of India tributary unto him; he wasted Persia, and made Asia to tremble. The successors of this great Prince, made their residence in 
Chiambalù 28. miles in compass, besides the suburbs.  the City of Chiambalù, a City, no less magnificent, then great. For, it is said, it is in compass twenty eight miles, besides the suburbs; and▪ that it is of such traffyque and commerce, as besides other sorts of Merchandise, there are every year brought in to it, very near a thousand Carts all loaden with Silk, that come from China. Whereupon a man may guess, both the greatness of the trades, the wealth of the Merchandise, the variety of the Artificers & Arts, the multitude of people, the Pomp, the magnificency, the pleasure, and the bravery of the inhabitants thereof  
But let us now come to China. There is not in 
The kingdom of China.  all the world a Kingdom, (I speak of united and entire Kingdoms) that is either greater, or more populous, or more rich, or more abounding in all good things, or, that hath more ages lasted and endured, than that famous and renowned Kingdom of China. Hereof it grows, that the Cities wherein their Kings have made their residence, have ever been the greatest that have been in the world. And those are Suntien, Anchin and Panchin. 
Three great Cities in China.   
Suntien (by so much as I can learn out of the undoubted testimonies of other men) is the most ancient, and the chiefest and the Principallest of a certain Province, which is called Quinsai, by which name they commonly call the same City. It is Seated as it were in the extremest parts almost of the East, in a mighty great Lake, that is drawn out of the four Princely Rivers, that fall there in to it, whereof the greatest is called Polisanga. The Lake is full of little islands 
Polisanga.  which, for the gallantness of the Scite, the freshness of the air, & sweetness of the gardens; are very delightful without measure. His banks are ●…apestred with verdure, mantled trees, watered with clear running brooks, and many springs, and adorned with magnificent and stately Palaces. This Lake, in his greatest breadth is four leagues wide at the mouth, but in some places not above two. The City is from the mouth of the river, twenty 
Suntien a City in Circuit 100 miles about.  eight miles or there about. In circuit it is an hundred miles about, with large passages both by water and by land; The streets thereof, are all of them, paved gallantly with Stone, and beautified with very fair benches or seats to sit upon. The Channels of most account are happily fifteen, with bridges over them, ●…o s●…ately to behold, that Ships under all their sails pass under them. The greatest of these Channels, cutteth through the midst, as it were, of the City, and is a mile wide, a little more or less, with four score bridges upon it: A Sight, no question that doth exceed all other.  
I should be to long, if I should here declare all that might be said of the greatness of the walks and galleries, of the magnificent and Stately buildings, of the beauty of the Streets, of the innumerable multitude of Inhabitants, of the infinite concourse of Merchandise, of the inestimable number of Ships and vessels, some in laid with Ebony, and some with ivory and chequered some with Gold, and some with Silver, of the incomparable riches that come in thither, and are carried out continually; to be short, of the delights and pleasures whereof this City doth so exceedingly abound, as it deserves to be called proud Suntien, and yet the other two Cities, Panchin and An●…hin, are never a whitlesse than this is.  
But, forasmuch as we have made mention of China, I think it not a miss in this place to remember the greatness of some other of her Cities, according to the relations we receive in these days. Cantan 
Cantan.  then (which is the most known, though not the greatest) the Portugals that have had much commerce thither these many years, confess it is greater than Lisbon, which yet is the greatest City that is in Europe, except Constantinople and Paris. Sanchieo, 
Sanchieo.  is said to be three times greater than Siuile. So that ●…ith Siuile is six miles in compass; Sanchieo must needs be eighteen miles about▪ They also say, Vechieo exceeds them both in greatness. Chinchieo, 
Vechieo. Chinchieo.  although it be of the meaner sort, the fathers of the order of Saint Augustine, who saw it, do judge that City to contain three▪ score and ten thousand houses.  
These things I here deliver, aught to be not thought by any man to be incredible. For, (beside that, that Marcus Polus in his relations affirmeth far greater things) these things I speak, are in these days approved to be most true by the intelligences we do receive continually both of secular and religious persons, as also by all the nation of the Portugals. So as he that will deny it, shall show himself a fool. But for the satisfaction of the reader, I will not spare to search out the very reasons, how it comes to pass that China is so populous and full of such admirable Cities▪  
Let us then suppose, that, either by the goodness of the Heavens, or by the secret Influence of the stars to us unknown, or for some other reasons else what soever they be; that part of the world that is oriental unto us, hath more virtue, I know not what, in the producing of things, than the west. Hereof it proceedeth, that a number of excellent things, grow in these happy countries, of which others are utterly destitute and void: As Cinnamon, 
The Indian Nut is called Cocus & is full of milk, and said to be restora●…e.  Nutme●…ges, Cloves, Pepper, camphor, Saunders, Incense, ●… Aloes, the Indian Nuts, and such other like. Moreover, the things that are common unto both, to the East, I say, and the West; they are generally much more perfect in the East, than the West; as for proof thereof, the Pearls of the West, in comparison of the East, are as it were, lead to silver. And likewise the Bezàar that is brought f●…om the Indies, is a great deal better far, than the Bezàar that comes from Peru.  
Now, Chyna comes the nearest to the East of any part of the world. And therefore doth she enjoy all those perfections that are attributed to the East. And first, the Air (which, of all things importeth the life of man so much as nothing more) is very temperate; whereunto the nearness of the Sea, addeth a great help, which embraceth as it were, with arms cast abroad, a great part thereof▪ and looks it in the face with a cheerful aspect, and with a thousand creeks and gulfs penetrateth far, within the very Province.  
Next that: The country is for the most part plain, and of nature very apt to produce not only things necessary for the use and sustenance of the life of man; but also all sorts of dainty things for man's delight and pleasure. The Hills and Mountains are perpetually arrayed with trees of all sorts, some wild, and some fruitful: The plains manured, tilled and sown with rise, barley, wheat, pease and beans: The Gardens, besides our common sorts of fruits, do yield most sweet Melons, most delicate plumbs, most excellent Figs, Pomecitrons, and Oranges of divers forms and excellent taste.  
They have also an herb, out of which they press a delicate juice, which serves them for drink in stead of wine. It also preserves their health, and frees them from all those evils, that the immoderate use of wine doth breed unto us.  
They also abound in cattle, in sheep, in fowl, in dear, in wool, in rich Skins, Cotton, Linen, and in infinite store of Silk. There are Mines of Gold and Silver, and of excellent iron. There are most precious pearls. There is abundance of Sugar, Honey, rhubarb, Camphire, red Lead, Woad, Musk, and Aloes; and the Porcelan earth is known no where but there.  
More than this: The Rivers and the waters of all sorts, run gallantly through all those countries, with an unspeakable profit and commodity for navigation and for tillage. And, the waters are as plentiful of fish, as the land is of fruits. For, the Rivers and the Seas yield thereof an infinite abundance.  
Unto this so great a fertility and yield both of the land & water, there is joined an incredible cultùre of both these elements. And that proceedeth out of two causes, whereof the one dependeth upon the inestimable multitude of the inhabitants (for it is thought that China doth contain more than threescore Millions of Souls,) and the other consisteth in the extreme diligence and pains that is taken, aswell of private persons in the tillage of their grounds, and well husbanding their farms; as also of Magistrates, that suffer not a man to lead an idle life at home. So that there is not a little scratt of ground that is not husbandly and very well manured.  
Now, for their Mechanical Arts, should I commit them here to Silence? When as there is not a country in the world, where they do more flourish both for variety and for excellency of skill and workmanship? Which proceedeth also out of two causes, whereof the one I have commended before, in that idleness is every where forbidden there, and every man compelled to work; no man suffered to be idle, no not the blind, nor the lame, nor the maimed, if they be not altogether impotent and weak. And the women also, by a law of Vitei King 
Vitei.  of China, are bound to exercise their father's trades and Arts, and how noble or how great soever they be, they must at least attend their distaff and their needell. The other cause is, that the sons must of necessity follow their father's mysteries. So that hereupon it comes, that Artificers are infinite; and that children, aswell boys as girls, even in their infancy, can skill to work, and that Arts are brought unto most excellent and high perfection.  
They suffer not any thing to go to loss. With the dung of the bus●…es and oxen, and other cattle, they use to feed fish; and of the bones of dogs and other beasts, they make many and divers carved and engraven works, as we do make of ivory. Of rags and clouts, they make paper; To be short, such is the plenty and variety of the fruits of the earth, and of man's industry and labour, as they have no need of foreign help to bring them any thing: For, they give away a great quantity of their own, to foreign countries. And, (to speak of no things else) the quantity of Silk that is carried out of China, is almost not credible. A thousand quintals of silk are yearly carried thence for the Portugall's Indies; for the Philippinas they lad out fifteen ships. There are carried out to Giapan an inestimable sum; and unto C●…taia as great a quantity as you may guess by that we have before declared; is yearly carried thence to Chiambalù. And they sell their works and 
Chiambalù.  their labours (by reason of the infinite store that is made) so cheap and at so easy price, as the Merchants of Nova Hispania that trade unto the Philippinas to make their martes (unto which place the Chinese themselves do traffic) do wonder at it much. By means whereof, the traffic with the Philippinas, falls out to be rather hurtful then profitable unto the King of Spain. For, the benefit of the cheapness of things, is it, that makes the people of Mexico (who heretofore have used to fetch their commodities from Spain) to fetch them at the Philippinas. But the King of Spain, for the desire he hath to win unto familiarity and love, and by that means to draw to our christian faith and to the bosom of the catholic church, those people that are wrapped in the horrible darkness of idolatry; esteemeth not a whit of his loss, so he may gain their souls to God.  
By these things I have declared, it appeareth plain, that China hath the means, partly by the benefit of Nature, and partly by the industry and Art of man, to sustain an infinite sight of people. And that for that cause, it is credible enough, that it becometh so populous a country as hath been said. And I affirm this much more unto it, that it is necessary it should be so, for two reasons; the one, for that it is not lawful for the King of China to make war to get new countries, but only to defend his own, and thereupon it must ensue, that he enjoyeth in a manner, a perpetual peace. And what is there more to be desired or wished, than peace? What thing can be more profitable than peace? My other reason is, for that it is not lawful for any of the Chinese to go out of their country, without leave or licence of the Magistrates. So that, the number of persons continually increasing, and abiding still at home; it is of necessity, that the number of people do become inestimable, and of consequence, the Cities exceeding great, the towns infinite, and that China itself should rather in a manner, be but one body and but one City.  
To say the truth, we Italians do flatter ourselves too much, and do admire too partially those things that do concern ourselves; especially when we will prefer Italy, and her Cities beyond all the rest in the world. The shape and figure of Italy, is long and strait, divided withal in the midst with the Apennine Hills. And the pancitie and rareness of Navigable Rivers, doth not bear it, that there can be very great and populous Cities in it. I will not spare to say, that her rivers are but little brooks in comparison of Ganges, Menan, Meacon, and the rest: And that the Tyrrhenian and the Adriatic Seas are but gullets in respect of the Ocean. And of consequence our trade and traffic is but poor, in respect of the Marts and fairs of Cantan, Malacca, Calicut, Ormuze, Lisbon, Seville, and other Cities that bound upon the Ocean.  
Let us add to these aforesaid, that the difference and enmity between the Mahometans and us, depriveth us in a manner of the commerce of afric, and of the most part of the trade of the Levant. Again, the chiefest parts of Italy; that is, the Kingdom of Naples, and the Dukedom of Milan, are subject to the King of Spain. The other States are mean, and mean also the chiefest of their Cities: But, it is time we now return from whence we have digressed long.  
The residence of Princes is so powerful and so mighty, as it alone is sufficient enough to set up and form a City at a trice. In Aethiop (Francis Aluarez 
Aethiop.  writeth) there is not a town (although the country be very large) that containeth above a thousand and six hundred houses, and that of this greatness there are but few. For all that, the King (called by them the great Nego, and falsely by us the 
The great Nego.  Prete john) who hath no settled residence; representeth with his only court, a mighty great City; forasmuch as wheresoever he be, he shadoweth with an innumerable sight of tents and pavilions, many miles of the country.  
In Asia, the Cities of account, have been all of 
Asia.  them, the Seats of Princes; Damascus, Antioch, Angori, Trebysonda, Bursia, & Jerusalem. But let us pass over into Europe. The translating of the imperial Seat, diminished the glory of Rome, and made Constantinople great, which is maintained in her greatness and Majesty with the residence of the great Turk.  
This City, standeth in the fairest, the best, and 
Constantinople.  most commodious Scite that is in the world. It is Seated in Europe; but Asia is not from it above four hundred paces. It commandeth two Seas, the Euxin and Propontis. The Euxin Sea, compasseth 
Mare Euxinum. Propontis.  two thousand and seven hundred miles. The Propontis stretcheth more than two hundred miles, even till it join with the Archipelagus.  
The weather cannot be so fowl, nor so stormy, 
Archipelagus.  nor so blustering, as it can hinder in a manner, the ships from coming with their goods to that same magnificent and gallant City in either of those two Seas. Is this City had a royal and a Navigable River; it would lack nothing. It is thirteen 
Constantinople 1●…. miles about.  miles about; and this circuit containeth about a seven hundred thousand persons. But, the plague makes a mighty slaughter every third year amongst them. But to say truth, seldom or never is that 
Plague every third year in Constantinople.  City free of the plague. And hereupon is offered a good matter worthy to be considered, how it comes to pass, that, that same scourge, toucheth it so notably every third year like a Tertian Ague 
Plague every seventh year in Cayrus.  (as in Cayrus, it cometh every seventh) especially because that City is seated in a most healthful place. But I will put off this speculation, to another time, or leave it to be discussed, by wits more exercised therein than mine.  
There are within Constantinople seven Hills; near the Sea side towards the East, there is the Seraglio of the great Turk, whose walls are in compass three miles; There is an Arsenal consisting of more than one hundred and thirty Arches to lay their ships in. To conclude, the City is for the beauty of the Scite, for the opportunity of the Ports, for the commodity of the Sea, for the multitude of the Inhabitants, for the greatness of the traffic, for the residence of the great Turk, so conspicuous and so gallant; as without doubt, amongst the Cities of Europe, the chiefest place is due to it. For the very Court alone of that Prince, maintaineth of horsemen and of footmen, not less than thirty thousand very well appointed.  
In Africa, Algiers. lately become the Metropolitan of a great State, is now by that means 
Tremise.  grown very populous. Tremise, when it flourished, 
Tunis.  contained a sixteen thousand households. Tunis, nine thousand; Morocco, an hundred thousand; 
Morocco.  Fess, which is at this day the seat of the mighty 
Fess.  King of Africa, containeth threescore and five thousand.  
Amongst the Kingdoms of Christendom (I speak of the united, and of one body) the greatest, the richest and most populous is France. For, it 
France.  containeth twenty seven thousand parishes, including Paris in them. And the country hath above fifteen Millions of people in it. It is also so fertile, through the benefit of Nature, so rich, through the industry of the people, as it envieth not any other country. The residence of the Kings of so mighty a Kingdom, hath for a long time hitherto been kept at Paris. By the means whereof, Paris is become 
Paris 12. miles in compass.  the greatest City of Christendom. It is in compass twelve miles, and containeth therein about four hundred and fifty thousand persons, and feedeth them with such plenty of victuals, and with such abundance 
Paris containeth 450 M. persons.  of all delicate and dainty things, as he that hath not seen it, cannot by any means imagine it.  
The kingdoms of England, of Naples, of Portugal, 
England. Naples etc.  and of Bo●…mia; The Earldom of Flaunders, and the Dukedom of Milan, are States, in a manner, a like of greatness and of power. So that the Cities, wherein the Princes of those same kingdoms have at any time made their residence, have been in a manner 
London.  also a like, as London, Naples, Lisbon, Prage, Milan, and Gaunt, which have each of them a sunder, more or less an hundred and threescore thousand persons in them. But, Lisbon is in deed somewhat larger 
Lisbon.  than the rest, by means of the commerce and traffic of Aethiop, India, and Brasil; as likewise London 
London.  is, by means of the wars and troubles in the low countries. And Naples is within these thirty years 
Naples.  grown as great again as it was.  
In Spain, there is not a City of any such greatness, 
Spain.  partly because it hath been till now of late, divided into divers little kingdoms; and partly, because through want of navigable Rivers, it cannot bring so great a quantity of food and victual into one place, as might maintain therein an extraordinary number of people. The Cities of most magnificency, and of greatest reputation, are those, where the ancient Kings and Princes held their Seats; as Barcelon, Saragosa, Valenza, Cardova, Toledo, Burges, Leon, all honourable Cities and populous enough, but yet such as pass not the second rank of the Cities of Italy.  
Over and besides the rest, there is Granada, where 
Granada.  a long time the Moors have Reigned, and adorned the same with many rich and goodly buildings. It is situated, part upon the Hills, and part upon the plain. The hilly part, consisteth of three Hills divided each from other. It aboundeth of water of all sorts, with the which, is watered a great part of her pleasant and goodly country, which is by the means thereof, so well inhabited and manured, as none can be more.  
Siuil is increased mightily since the discovery of 
Siuilia 6. miles about.  the new world. For, thither come the fleets that bring unto them yearly so much treasure as cannot be esteemed. It is in compass about six miles; It containeth four score thousand persons and above. It is situated on the left shore of the River Betis, which otherwise some call Guadalchilir. It is beautified with fair and goodly churches, and with magnificent and gorgeous Palaces & buildings. The country there about it, is as fertile, as it is pleasant.  
Vagliadolid is not a City; but for all that, it may compare with the noblest Cities in Spain; And that, 
Uagliadoid.  by reason of the residence the King of Spain hath long time made there in it: As Madrid is at this day much increased and continually increaseth by the 
Madrid.  Court that King Philip keepeth there: Which is of such efficacy and power, as although the country be neither plentiful nor pleasant, it doth yet draw such a number of people to it, as it hath made that place, of a village, one of the most populous places now of Spain.  
Cracovium and Vilna are, the most popuous Cities of Polonia. The reason is, because Cracovium was 
Polonia. Cracovium. Vilna.  the seat of the Duke of Polonia, and Vilna the seat of the great Duke of Lituania.  
In the Empire of the Muscovites, there are three great and famous Cities; Valadomere, the great Novoguardia, and Muscovia; which have gotten their reputation, because they have been all three of them the seats of great Dukes, and Princes of great dominions. The most renowned of them at this day is Muscovia, through the residence the Duke holdeth there. It is in length five miles, but not so wide. There is unto it a very great castle that serves for a 
Moscovia.  Court and Palace to that same Prince; and it is so populous, that some have reckoned it amongst the four Cities of the first and chiefest ranks of Europe; 
Moscovia, Constantinople, Paris & Lisbon the chiefest Cities in Europe. Scicilia. Siracusa.  which, to their judgements are, Moscovia itself, Constantinople, Paris, and Lisbon.  
In Scicilia, in ancient times passed, the greatest City there, was Siracusa, which as Cicero doth write, consisted of four parts divided a sunder, which might be said to be four Cities. And, the cause of her greatness was, the residence of the Kings, or of the Tyrants (as they were termed in times past) call them as you will. But, when the commerce with the Africanes did fail them afterward, through the deluge of the Infidels; and that the royal seat was removed to Palermo; Palermo did then increase apace her glory, and Siracusa did loose as fast her lustre.  
Palermo is a City, equal to the Cities of the second 
Palermo.  rank of Italy; beautified with rich temples and magnificent Palaces, with divers relics and goodly buildings made by the Saracines. But, two things chiefly made of late, are worthiest to be noted. The one, is the street made throughout the whole City, which, for streyghtnes, breadth, length, and beautifulness of buildings is such, as I know not in what City of Italy a man should find the like. The other is the Peer, edified with an inestimable expense and charge; by the benefit whereof, the City hath a very large and spacious Port a work in truth worthy of the Romans magnanimity.  
But, what mean I to wander through other parts of the world, to show how much it doth import the greatness of a City, the residence and abode of a Prince therein? Rome, whose Majesty exceeded all the world, would she not be more like a desert, than a City, if the Pope held not his residence therein? if the Pope, with the greatness of his court, and with the concourse of Ambassadors, of Prelates, and of Princes did not ennoble it and make it great? If with an infinite number of people, that serve both him and his ministers, he did not replenish and fill the City? If with magnificent buildings, Conduits, Fountains and streets, it were not gloriously adorned? If amongst so many rich and stately works, belonging aswell to God's glory, as the service of the common weal, he spent not there a great part of the revenues of the church? And, in a word, if with all these means, he did not draw and entertain withal, such a number of Merchants, trades men, Shopkeepers, Artificers, workmen, and such a multitude of people, for labour and for service?    

OF THE CAUSES OF the greatness and magnificency of Cities. THE THIRD BOOK.  

CAP. I. Whether it be expedient for a City, to have few or many Citizens.  
THe ancient Founders of Cities, considering that laws and Civil discipline could not be easily conserved and kept, where a mighty multitude of people swarmed. (For, multitudes do breed and bring confusion) they limited the number of Citizens, beyond which, they supposed the form and order of government they sought to hold within their Cities, could not be else maintained? Such were Lycurgus, Solon, and Aristotle. But, the Romans, supposing power (without which, a City cannot be long maintained) consisteth for the most part in the multitude of people, endeavoured all the ways and means they might, to make their country great, and to replenish the same with store of people, as we have before, and more at full declared in our books della ragion distato.  
If the world would be governed by reason, and all men would content themselves with that, which justly doth belong unto them: Happily the judgement of the ancient law makers were worthy to be embraced. But, experience shows, through the corruption of human nature, that force prevails above reason, & arms above laws; & teacheth us besides, the opinion of the Romans must be preferred before the Grecians; Inasmuch as we see the Athenians and the Lacedæmonians (not to speak of other common weals of the Grecians) came to present ruin, upon a very small discomfiture & loss of a thousand 
Draudius' 17. thousand.  & seven hundredth Citizens or little more. where, on the other side, the Romans triumphed in the end though many times they lost an infinite number of their people in their attempts & enterprises. For it is clear, more Romans perished in the wars they had against Pyrrhus, the Carthaginensians, Numantians, Viriatus, Sertorius, and others, than fell without comparison of all their enemies. And yet for all that, they rested always conquerors by means of their unexhausted multitude▪ with the which, supplying their loss from time to time, they overcame their enemies as much, though they were strong and fierce, as with their fortitude and strength. In these former books, I have sufficiently declared the ways and means whereby a City may increase to that magnificency and greatness that is to be desired. So that I have no further to speak thereunto, but only to propound one thing more that I have thought upon, not, for the necessity so much of the matter, as that, because I think it will be an ornament unto the work, and give a very good light unto it. And therefore let us now consider.   

CAP. II. What the reason is, that Cities once grown to a greatness, increase not onward according to that proportion.  
LEt no man think, the ways and means aforesaid, or any other that may be any way devised, can work or effect it that a City may go on in increase, without ceasing. And therefore it is in truth a thing worth the consideration, how it comes to pass, that Cities grown to a point of greatness and power, pass no further; but either stand at that stay, or else return back again. Let us take for our example Rome.  
Rome at her beginning, when she was founded and built by Romulus (as Dionysius Halicarnasse●…s writeth) was able to make out 3300. fit men for the wars. Romulus reigned thirty seven years, with in the compass of which time, the City was increased even to 47000. persons fit to bear arms. About 150. years after the death of Romulus, in the time of Servius Tullius, there were numbered in Rome 80. thousand persons fit for arms. The number in the end, by little and little grew to 450. thousand.  
My question therefore is, how it comes to pass, that from three thousand and three hundred men of war, the people of Rome grew to 450. thousand; and from 450. thousand, they went no further: And in like manner, sith it is 400. years, since Milan and Venice made as many people as they do at this day; How it doth also come to pass, that the multiplication goes not onward accordingly.  
Some answer, the cause hereof, is, the plagues, the wars, the dearthes' and other such like causes. But this gives no satisfaction. For, plagues have ever been: And, wars have been more common and more bloody in former times, than now. For, in those days they came to hand strokes by and by, and to a main pictht battle in the field, where there were within three or four hours more people slain, than are in these days in many years. For, war is now drawn out of the field to the walls, and the mattock and the spade, are now more used than the sword. The world besides, was never without alteration and change of plenty and of dearth, of health, and of plagues. Whereof I shall not need to bring examples, because the histories are full.  
Now, if Cities with all these accidents and chances begun at first with few people, increase to a great number of inhabitants; How comes it that proportionably, they do not increase accordingly?  
Some others say, it is, because God the governor of all things, doth so dispose, no man doth doubt of that. But, forasmuch as the infinite wisdom of God, in the administration and the government of nature, worketh secondary causes: My question is, with what means that eternal providence maketh little, to multiply; and much, to stand at a stay, and go no further.  
Now, to answer this propounded question; I say, the self same question may be also made of all mankind: Forasmuch as within the compass of three thousand years, it multiplied in such sort from one man and one woman, as the provinces of the whole continent, and the islands of the Seas, were full of people: Whence it doth proceed, that from those three thousand years to this day, this multiplication hath not exceeded further.  
Now, that I may the better resolve this doubt; I purpose so to answer it; As, mine answer, may not only serve for the Cities, but also for the universal theatre of the world.  
I say then, that the augmentation of Cities, proceedeth partly out of the virtue generative of men, and partly out of the virtue nutritive of the Cities. The virtue generative, is without doubt to this day, the very same, or at least, such as it was before three thousand yeaeres were passed. Forasmuch as men are at this day as apt for generation, as they were in the times of David or of Moses. So that if there were no other impediment or let therein, the propagation of man kind, would increase without end, and the augmentation of Cities would be without term. And, if it do not increase in infinite; I must needs say, it proceedeth of the defect of nutriment and sustenance sufficient for it.  
Now, nutriment and victuals are gotten, either out of the Territories belonging to the City, or out of foreign countries. To have a City great & populous; It is necessary that victuals may be brought from far unto it. And that victuals may be brought from remote & foreign parts unto it; It behooves that her virtue attractive be of such power & strength▪ as it be able to overcome the hardness & the sharpness of the regions, the height of the mountains, the descent of the valleys, the swiftness of the Rivers, the rage of the Seas, the dangers of the Pirates, the uncerteinty of the winds, the greatness of the charge, the evil passage of the ways, the envy of the bordering neighbours, the hatred of enemies, the emulation of competitors, the length of the time that is required for transportation, the dearthes' & necessities of the places from whence they must be brought, the natural dissension of nations, the contrariety of sects & opinions in religion, and other such like things, all which increase as he people increase and the affairs of the City. To conclude, that it grow to be so mighty and so great, as it can overcome all the diligence and all the industry that man can use whatsoever. For, how shall Merchants be peeswaded they can bring corn, for exaple, out of the Indies or Cataia to Rone, or the Romans expect to have it thence? But, admit that either of them could so persuade themselves; who can yet assure them, the seasons willbe always good for corn, that the people stand to peace & quietness, that the passages be open, and the ways be safe? Or what form, or what course can be taken to bring provision to Rome, by so long a way by land, in such sort and manner as the conductors thereof may be able to endure the travail and to wield the charge thereof? Now, any one of these impediments or lets, without adding more, to overthwart and cross it more; is enough to dissipate and scatter quite a sunder the people of a City destitute of help and subject to so many accidents and chances. Even one dearth one famine, one violence of war, one interruption or stay of trade and traffic; one common loss to the Merchants, or other such like accident, will make (as the winter doth the Swallows) the people to seek an other country.  
The ordinary greatness of a City, consisteth in these terms, with which it can hardly be contented. For, the greatness that dependeth upon remote causes or hard means cannot long endure. For every man will seek his commodity and ease, where he may find it best. We must also add to these things aforesaid, that great ●…ities are more subject unto dearthes' then the little For, they need more sustenance and victuals. The plague also, afflicteth them more sorely and more often, with greater loss of people. And to speak in a word, great Cities are subject to all the difficulties and hardness we have before declared, because they need a great deal more.  
So that, although men were as apt to generation in the height and pride of the Romans greatness, as in the first beginning thereof: Yet for all that, the people increased not proportionably. For, the virtue nutritive of that City, had no power to go further. So that in success of time, the Inhabitants finding much want, and less means to supply their lack of victual, either forbore to marry, or, if they did marry, their children oppressed with penury, their parents affording them no relief, fled their country, and sought abroad for better fortune. To the which inconvenience, the Romans willing to provide a remedy; they made choice of a number of poor Citizens, and sent them into Colonies; where, like trees transplanted, they might have more room to better themselves both in condition and commodity, and by that means increase and multiply the faster.  
By the self same reason, man kind grown to a certain complete number, hath grown no further. And it is three thousand years agone and more, that the world was replenished as full with people, as it is at this present. For, the fruits of the earth, and the plenty of victual, doth not suffice to feed a greater number. In Mesopotamia, man kind did first begin to propagate. From thence by success of time, it increased and spread apace daily both far and near. And having replenished the firm land, they transported themselves into the islands of the Sea; & so from our countries, they have at length arrived by little and little, to the countries we call the new world. And what is there under the Sun, that doth make man, with more horrible effusion of blood to fight for, and with more cruelty, than the earth, food, and commodity of habitation? The Suevians accounted it an honour and a glory to them, to bring their confines by many hundred miles into a waist and wilderness. In the new world, in the I'll of Saint Dominick and the borders thereabout, the people chase and hunt men, as we do dear and hares. The like do many of the people of Brasill, especially they, whom we call Aymurij: Who tear in pieces and devour young boys and young girls alive, and open the bellies of the women great with child; And take the creatures out, and in the presence and sight of the fathers themselves, eat them roasted upon the coals; a most horrible thing to hear, much more to see it.  
The people of Ghynea for the most part, live so poor and needy, as they daily sell their own children for very vile price to the Moors, who carry them into Barbary, and to the Portugals, who send them to their islands, or sell them to the Castiglians for the new world. The people of Perù do the like, who for little more than nothing, give their children to them will have them: which proceedeth of misery, and of the impotency they have to bring them up, and to maintain them. The Tartarians, and the Arabians, live upon stealth and rapine. The Nasomonj, and the Cafrjs; the most savage and barbarous people of all Aethiop, live upon the spoils of others Shipwrecks, as the portugals have many times felt.  
It is also a thing known to all men, how oft the French, the dutch, the Goths, the Huns, the Auarjs, the Tartars, and divers other nations, unable, through their infinite multitude of people to live in their owns countries, have left their confines, and possessed themselves with other men's countries, to the utter ruin and destruction of the inhabitants therein. Hence it came to pass, that within few Ages, all the Provinces of Europe and of Asia, became possessed in a manner, of strange people, fled and run out of their countries and habitations, either for the mighty multitude of people their country could not sustain; or for desire they had to lead a more commodious and easy life else where, in greater plenty of good things.  
The multitude again of thieves and murderers, whence doth it I pray you, for the most part grow, but of necessity and want? differences, Suits, and quarrels, whence do they proceed, but out of the straightness and the scantness of confines? boundaries, ditches, hedges, and enclosures, which men make about their Farms and Manors: watchmen of the viniardes and of ripe fruits, Gates, Locks, Bolltes, and Mastiffs kept about the house; what do they argue else▪ but that the world is hard, apd either ministereth not sufficient to our necessities, or satisfieth not our greedy covetous desires? And what shall I rememberarmes, of so many kinds, and of so cruel sorts? what shall I speak of continual wars both on Sea and Land, that bringeth all things unto utter ruin? what of forts on passages? what of Garrysons, Bulwarks and Munition?  
Neither doth this Lake of mischiefs contain all. For, I must add to these, the barrenness of Soils, the Scarcity and dearthes' of victual, the evil influence of the air, the contagious and dangerous diseazes, the Plagues, the Earthquakes, the Inundations both of Seas and Rivers, and such other accidents which destroy and overthrow, now a City, now a kingdom, now a people, now some other thing, and are the let and stay, that the number of men cannot increase and grow immoderately.   

CAP. III. Of the Causes that do concern the Magnificency and greatness of a City.  
IT now only resteth, having brought our City to that dignity & greatness, which the condition of the Scite and other circumstances afford unto it: that we labour to conserve, to maintain and uphold the dignity and greatness of the same. And, to speak all at a word; these helps may very well serve to do it: that is justice, Peace, and Plenty. For, justice assureth every man his own. Peace causeth tillage, trade and Arts to flourish. And, Plenty of food and victual, sustaineth the life of man with ease and much contentment to him. And, the people embrace nothing more gladly, than plenty of corn. To conclude, all those things that cause the greatness of a City, are also fit to conserve the same. For, the causes, aswell of the production of things, as also of the conservation of them, are ever all one and the same, whatsoever they be.   

JOHANNES BOTERUS IN HIS sixth BOOK deal ragione di stato.  
CAP. four Of Colonies.  
THe Romans, to keep their enemies under, and to hold the stout and warlike people down; In the beginning of their Empire, they founded and set up Colonies in their confines: where, placing a good number of their own Citizens, or of the Latins their fellows and companions (on whom they bestowed the lands and goods they got and took from their enemies by war) they did the better secure themselves from sudden assaults.  
Here a question may very well be made, which is the greater safety of the twain, the Colony or the Fortress? But without doubt, the Colony is the better. For, that includeth a Fortress, but not è contra.  
The Romans, (expert men in government of States) used Colonies a great deal more, and took more good by Colonies, than they did by Fortresses. But in our time, Forts are a great deal more in use, than Colonies. For, they are more easily prepared, and happily of more present good. For, Colonies require much dexterity and wisdom in the establishing and setting them in order. And, the benefit and good that proceedeth of them (for they cannot grow to maturity and perfection without some time) is not had by and by. Howbeit, Colonies are much much more safe; and almost a perpetual profit is ever in them; As Septa and Tanger can witness the truth hereof; Towns of much importance to the portugals in the Coast of Mauritania; which, reduced to the form of Colonies, have valiantly fought against the power and force of Seriffo, and the Barbarians.  
Calais witnesseth as much, an English Colony, brought thither by Edward the third. An. Dom. 1347. And it was the last Town that country lost in the firm land.  
It is no wisdom yet, to set up Colonies far off, in places too remote from your state and government. For, in that case, it being no easy thing for you to succour them; they must either become a pray to their enemies, or else govern themselves as the occasion and time doth offer, without respect had of their original beginning, or of whom they depend. A number of the Colonies, of the Grecians and Phoenicians, which they had planted upon all the regions almost of the Mediterranean Seas, have done the like. But, the Romans considering this inconvenience, established more judicially, more Colonies in Italy, then in all the rest of their Empire else besides. And out of Italy they carried none, till after the sixth hundred year that Rome was built: And the first were Carthage in afric, and Narbona in France.  
In the laws of the Gracchians, Paterculus found fault that they had made Colonies out of Italy. Which the ancient Romans did avoid; finding how much more powerful Carthage was become, than Tyrus; Marsiles, than Phocèa; Siracusa, than Corinth; Byzantium, than Miletum; Vt Colonos Romanos ad censendum ex provineijs in Italiam revocarent. That they might recall into Italy out of their Provinces, there to be taxed, those Romans, who were translated into their Colonies.  
I will not leave unspoken what Tacitus writeth of the disorders grown in the planting of Colonies. The Cities of Taranto and of Anzo greatly wanting of inhabitants, Nero sent thither the old trained soldiers; who for all that, yielded small help to the solitariness of those forsaken places. For, the most part of them returned into the Provinces, where they had ended the time of their warfare. For, not being used to the laws of just matrimony, nor to the charge of education of children, they left their houses without posterity.  
This mischief grew, because the entire legions with Tribunes, with Centurions, and with Soldiers, each in his order, were not sent, as in ancient times past was wont to be, to the end that common weals might be founded and maintained with concord and with charity; But men, that kn●…w not one another, onsisting of divers companies, without a head, & without mutual affection, drawn upon the sudden into one place together, made rather up a number, than a Colony.  
Forasmuch as mention is made in this Treatise, of divers Towns & Cities not described therein at full, which happily the reader would long to hear for the rareness and novelties of them: Having perused another book of the author hereof entitled: Relationes Vniversales: wherein I found some of those Towns and Cities dispersedly in divers places of that book, described more at large: I have for the readers better satisfaction and delight, chosen out some such as I found to my liking, which here present themselves as followeth.  

Cuzco.  
THere followeth in 17. degrees Southward, the City of Cuzco; in a situation environed with mountains. It hath a Castle built of Stone, so great and so huge; that it seemeth rather the work of Giants, than of ordinary men: especially forasmuch as those people had neither Beasts to draw them to the place, or use of Iron tools to work withal. This City was the Seat of the Inga, or King of Perù, and the Metropolitan of the Empire. There was not in it any thing else, that, either for greatness or for policy deserved the name of a City. It had great streets, but narrow, and houses made of Stone joined together with marvelous care and diligence. But the ordinary dwellings were built of timber, and covered with thatch. There was in Cuzco the rich temple of the Sun. There was also divers other Palaces of the King of Gold and Silver without end. There was a large and spacious market place, out of which were drawn four ways, to four Ports of the Empire. The Kings of Perù, to appopulate & ennoble this City, ordained that every King or Prince should build his Palace, and send his children thither to inhabit there. And, to show the largnes of the Empire, and the sundry nations that were subject thereunto; commanded that every one should apparel themselves, according to the attire and fashion of their own native country, and that they should also carry some certain note thereof upon their heads: An invention that bore a brave and gallant show. This City was re-edified after a new form in the year 1534. by Francisco Bizzaco. It containeth 50▪ thousand inhabitants, and within the compass of ten leagues about it, two hundred thousand. It hath a territory full of pleasant, rich, and goodly valleys: I mean these Andaguayla, Xaguisana, Bilcas, and Succay. This last, is of such a notable good air, so pleasant, so temperate, and of such a gallant and delightful scite, as it would not be slightly passed over here. It is all bestrewed over thick, as it were, with sumptuous country houses of the Spaniards, and full of great and well peopled towns of Cuzca●…es. Our country fruits prosper aswell there, as they do in Spain.   

Ormùz.  
Ormùz, imbraseth a part of Arabia Felix, and the best islands of the Persian Sea, with that part of the coast of Persia which is watered with the Rivers Tubo, Tissnido, and Drutto. The chiefest part of the Kingdom, is the Island of Ormùz, which is situated in the mouth of the haven, distant from Arabia, thirty, and from Persia, nine miles. It hath two Ports, divided with a long ridge of land running into the Sea like a tongue, the one in the East, the other on the West. It hath a hill, that on the one side is of brimstone, and on the other side of salt. It hath no other water than of three wells. And it is barren almost of every thing else, & for all that, it aboundeth with all manner of delicacies and dainties, aswell as it doth of all necessaries else besides, through the goodness and opportunity of the Scite. Forasmuch as great wealth and riches are brought thither out of Arabia, Persia, and out of Cambaia, and out of the Indies. Inasmuch as the Moors say, that if the world were a Ring, Ormùz should be their Inell. The Merchants of all nations use to trade thither. The natural people there, are partly Arabians, and partly Persians, (the Arabians of a yellowish colour, & the Persians' of a white) of a good aspect and much given to Music, to neatness and to cleanliness, to the knowledge of Histories and other such like pleasant studies. The King (which is a Mahometan) draweth out of the customs of the City of Ormùz 140. thousand Serafis; 
Serafo, is ●… coy●…e in India worth 4. shillings Sterl. and of Spanish m●…ny a piece of 8. which is 4. shillings.  out of Arabia twenty eight thousand; out of Mogosta a country in Persia, seventeen thousand. Babaren yielded unto him 40. thousand. His revenues would be doubled, if exemptions had not been granted to the Kings of Persia, and to other States, and the portugals for the goods they enter in their names. He payeth to the King of Portugal, who holdeth a very strong Fortress there, twenty thousand Seraffes every year.   

Tauris.  
THere follows alongst the Sea, which some call Mar maggiore, Media. The chiefest City whereof is Tauris, some would that Tauris should be Echatana, the Seat of the ancient Kings of Media. This City is Situated at the root of a hill, seven days journey from the Mare Caspium, or little more. It hath an wholesome air, but windy and cold; And the soil aboundeth with all things. It is sixteen miles about; but some do make it more. It containeth about two hundred thousand souls. But it hath no building of importance. For many inhabit within the earth, and their houses are of mud, according to the manner of the East. They lack no springs, Brooks nor gardens. Is was sometime that Seat of the Kings of Persia. But, Tammas transferred it to Cusbin. it was first destroyed by Selim, and afterward by Soliman. (For, it hath no walls) and after that taken by Osman the general of Amorat King of the Turks, who hath there erected a very strong Castle.   

Derbentum.  
Derbent: is seated under the command of a Hill; And with two walls, that do extend even down to the Sea; It imbraseth the suburbs & the Haven. One wall is distant from another, 300. paces. It hath two Iron gates with perpetual watch & ward. Arasse & Ciro, two notable & famous Rivers, do make this country fruitful. It was sometimes under the King of Persia: But it hath been destroyed by the Turks in the last wars.   

Aleppo.  
Comagena: is that part of Syria, that followeth the course of Euphrates, even to the confines of Armenia. The chiefest City thereof, is the rich City of Aleppo. This City (which holds the third place amongst the Cities of the Turkish Empire) lieth upon the River Singa, & hath a Channel under ground, which produceth divers fountains public & private. It containeth four hills; upon the one of which, is raised a goodly castle▪ and it hath great suburbs. It hath no building there of importance, except the Temples and the storehouses for Merchants of foreign countries, all of hard quarry stone, arched and vaulted, with fountains in the midst of the courts. It aboundeth of corn, and of the best wines, and of herbs and ●… fruits; which are notwithstanding exceeding dear, by reason of the quantity that is thereof there spent and eaten. For traffic, he that hath not seen it, will never believe it. For, the Soap only that is made in that country, brings in 200. thousand crowns a year. But, the Art of Silk, is an infinite work. There hath been brought from Venice, Merchandise for 350. thousand crowns. This great manner of traffic is mightily holpen by the neighborhoode of our Seas, and of Euphrates. For, from us, it is not above five reasonable days journey; And from Euphrates also less. The multitude of the people may be comprehended by this, that in the year 1555. between the City and the Suburbs, there died more than an hundred and twenty thousand persons in three months.   

Fessa.  
Fess: is the fairest, the greatest, the most populous, and the richest City of all Barbary; consisting all of it, except the midst, which is plain, in Hills and mountains, with a River that crosseth it clean through, and serveth it wonderful commodiously. It consisteth of three parts, the one, on the East side of the River; And that containeth four thousand households, and is called Beleyda; The other on the west side, and hath 70. thousand houses, and is called the old Fess; The third is new Fess, consisting of eight thousand neighbours. It hath 700. Mosques. The principal is Carve, which is a mile and a half in compass, and hath ●… and thirty gates unto it. The Merchants have there a Court enclosed with a wall, with twelve gates and fifteen streets. There is also a College, amongst many other, whose buildings cost the King Abuhenon 400. thousand crowns. There are to be seen in the Cities, more than six hundred springs of water, & it is 360. miles upon the River.  
FINIS.     

A Brief Table, directing the Reader of this Book, to the principal things in the same.  

A  
Abundance of Corn, cattle, Wine, and Fruits in Piedmont, more than in other places of Italy, Fol. 16.  
Academy of Paris well provided for, for the solace and recreation of the Scholars. Fol. 43.  
Academies of Italy, full of dissoluteness and great disorder. Fol. (42. & 43.  
Academies of Athens and Rhodes, flourished most. Fol. 44.  
Academies would be seated in a good Air and pleasant Situation. Fol. 43.  
Alexandria, by what means it increased. Fol. 66.  
afric, how many people it doth yield. Fol. 81.  
Anchin, a City in China. Fol. 71.  
Antwerp, a great City, and by what means. Fol. 15.   

B  
Babylon, her greatness. Fol. 67.  
Balsam, the best from Palestine. Fol. 55.  
Bezaar, from whence the best cometh. Fol. 74.  
Brescia, the description thereof. Fol. 61.   

C  
Cayrus, why it is called great. Fol. 66.  
Cayrus, every seventh year visited with a mighty plague. Fol. 67.  
Cantan, a great City in Chyna. Fol. 73.  
Cain, built the first City. Fol. 2.  
Channels made for transportation of goods & Merchandise. Fol. 20.  
Channels in Flaunders. Fol. 20  
Channel in Milan. Fol. 21.  
castles and Towers on Hills and Mountains, little peopled. Fol. 27.  
China and the praise thereof. Fol. 71.  
China, how many people it doth contain, and the multitude thereof. Fol. 76. & 78.  
China, the description thereof and of her great riches. Fol. 74. 75.  
Chiambalù, the description thereof. Fol. 70.  
City, said great, not for the Scite and compass of the walls, but for the multitude of the inhabitants thereof. Fol. 1.  
Cities how necessary they were to be erected. Fol. 2.  
Cities built by many Princes, and by whom. Fol. 3. & 4.  
Cities inhabited and built by the authority and power of great Princes. Fol. 3.  
Cities seated on Hills and Mountains, for antiquity most noble. Fol. 8.  
Cities, which are said fair for Scite, and which for Art. Fol. 9  
Cities by what manes they become great. Fol. 13.  
Cities that serve for passage only, few of them prove great. Fol. 14.  
Cities grow great by granting freedoms and immunities unto them. Fol. 30.  
Cities that are free, more eminent, and better stored with people, than City's subject unto Monarchies. Fol. 3●….  
Cities made great by imparting their freedoms and their offices, to others. Fol. 32.  
Cities made great by erecting goodly monuments & buildings in them. Fol. 33.  
Cities made great by the help of near Colonies about them. Fol. 35.  
Cities made great by erecting universities in them. Fol. 42.  
Cities made great by the residence of the Nobility in them. Fol. 63.  
Cities made great by the residence of the Prince in them. Fol. 65.  
Cities seated on the Ocean, are the best for Merchandise. Fol. 79.  
City's exceeding great, are more subject to Plagues and dearth, than the lesser Cities are. Fol. 81. & 93.  
Commodious conduct of ware, is not enough to make a City great, but there must be some other virtue attractive unto it. Fol. 29.  
Cities once grown to a certain number, increase not further on, and the cause why. Fol: 92. 94.  
Cities are maintained by justice, peace and plenty. Fol: 97.  
Cities that have delight and pleasures in them, draw forrey●…ert to come unto them. Fol: 9 10. 11.  
Cities which are of greatest reputation in Spain. Fol: 83.  
Crema and her beginning. Fol: 7.  
Children in Chyna, bound to learn their father's art and occupation. Fol: 56.  
Cloaves had from the Moluccas. Fol: 55.  
Constantinople, the principallest City in Europe. Fol: 80. 81.  
Constantinople and the description thereof. Fol: 80.  
Constantinople every third year visited with the plague. Fol: 81.   

D  
Dominion maketh a City great, and by what means. Fol: 60.  
Dominion gotten by mere strength and force, holdeth not long. Fol: 12.   

E  
AEthiop hath no great Cities. Fol: 79.  
Europe and her great Cities. Fol: 82.   

F  
France, the Nobility and gent. there, do mostly inhabit the country, and not the Cities. Fol: 62.  
France, plentiful of all necessary things. Fol: 17.  
France, and the greatness thereof, with the number of people it doth contain. Fol: 82.   

G  
Gaunt, how many people it doth contain. Fol: 82.  
Genova, serveth for passage, and yet a great City. Fol: 15.  
God, how he is desired of all creatures. Fol: 39   

H  
Jerusalem, the greatest City of the East. Fol: 36.  
Honour, is attained by Arms and by learning. Fol: 41. 42.   

I  
Immunity, increaseth a City. Fol: 42.  
Immunity, the means to cause people to come together. Fol: 42.  
Incense from Sabea. Fol: 55.  
Idolatry, by whom and for what cause it was set up. Fol: 37.  
Industry of man of more import than the fruitfulness of the land. Fol: 48. 49.  
Italy, the description thereof. Fol: 79.  
justice ministered with expedition in Rome, England, Scotland, and Turkey. Fol: 46.  
The Tribunal seat of justice, is the most principal member of a State. Fol: 46.  
The s●…at of justice, makes great repair to Cities, and makes Cities great. Fol: 45. 46.   

L  
Lisbon, a great City. Fol: 15. 82.  
Lisbon, how many people it doth contain. Fol: 82.  
London increased by the resort of the Hollanders. Fol: 6. 83.  
London how many people it doth contain. Fol: 82.  
Lakes are in a manner little Seas, avail much to people a City. Fol: 19   

M  
Media, the Kings thereof made their residence in Echatana. Fol: 68  
Memphis and the greatness thereof. Fol: 66.  
Milan advanced by the religious life of the Cardinal Boro●…meo. Fol: 40.  
Moscovia, three famous Cities in that Empire. Fol: 84.  
Money makes men trudge from place to place. Fol: 45.  
Multitude breedeth confusion. Fol: 87.  
Merchandise helpeth greatly to th'increase of a City. Fol: 55.   

N  
Naples, how many people it doth contain. Fol: 82.  
Necessity enforceth men to draw themselves together. Fol: 4.  
Nilus' the river and his effects. Fol: 24. 25.  
Niniveh, and the greatness thereof. Fol: 67.   

P  
Palermo, and the description thereof. Fol: 85.  
Panchin, a mighty great City in China. Fol: 72.  
Paris exceedeth all the Cities of Christendom in people and plenty of all things. Fol: 24. 44.  
Pepper, a good part thereof doth grow in Calicut. Fol: 55.  
Pearls, where the best are had. Fol: 74.  
Persia, the Kings thereof made their residence in Persepolis. Fol: 68  
Pysa grew great upon the sacking of Genova. Fol: 6.  
Plague mentioned in Boccace, most fierce and cruel. Fol: 54.  
Poloma and her Cities. Fol: 84.  
Ports of the Sea, which are good. Fol: 19  
Power consisteth in the multitude of people: Fol: 87. 88  
Prage how many people it doth contain. Fol: 82.   

R  
Reputation of a religious zeal and fear of God, maketh a City great. Fol: 36.  
Residency of the Nobility causeth the increase of a City. Fol: 62.  
Residency of the Prince, magnifieth a City. Fol: 65.  
Residency of the Pope causeth the greatness of Rome. Fol: 86.  
Rhodes grew great through the multitude of jews that repaired thither. Fol: 6.  
Rome and the praise thereof. Fol: 10.  
Rome great by the ruin of her neighbour Cities. Fol: 7.  
Rome great by means of her relics, and the Pope's residency therein. Fol: 40.  
Rivers how much they import for carriage of goods. Fol: 20.  
rivers some better than some for transportation. Fol: 23.  
Rivers of name. Fol: 28.  
Rivers in Spain not greatly navigable. Fol: 26▪  
Romans, how they came fierce. Fol: 31.  
Rivers in Italy, but few that are navigable. Fol: 79.   

S  
Salonicha grew great by the multitude of jews that fled thither out of Spain and Portugal. Fol: 6.  
Sarmacanda and the greatness of it. Fol: 69.  
Sena a river, and the properties thereof. Fol: 24.  
Situation, what manner of one is fit to make a City great. Fol: 13.  
Spain containeth no very great Cities. Fol: 83.  
Suntien, a City in China, which is in circuit an 100 miles about. Fol: 72.  
Cinnamon, a good part thereof doth grow in Zeilan. Fol: 55.   

T  
Tartary, and the Empire thereof. Fol: 68  
Tauris a City in Persia 16. miles about. Fol: 68  
Tamberlane, the mighty spoil and pray ●…e made upon Damascus. Fol: 69.  
Thebes and the greatness thereof. Fol: 65. 66.  
Towers the most ancient manner and form of building that we have. Fol: 4. 5.  
Trades & occupations brought into a City, make it great. Fol: 48. 52.   

V  
Venice by what means it grew great. Fol: 7. 64.  
Venice and her praise. Fol: 11.  
Venice serves for passage, and yet a great and mighty City. Fol: 15.  
Usages and manners most barbarous, and horrible of the new world and other countries. Fol: 95.   

W  
Water created of God not only for an Element, but also for a means of transportation of goods out of one country into another. Fol: 18.  
Water more commodious than the land. Fol: 18.  
Water, one sort more apt to bear burdens then an other. Fol: 23.  
Ways: 2. most famous, made and cut out of about 2000 miles in length, by the King of Cusco.  
Ways very bad through out Italy. Fol: 60.  
Wool most excellent in England, and in Spain. Fol: 55.   
FINIS.