A Brief and true Relation of the Discovery of the North part of Virginia; being a most pleasant, fruitful and commodious soil: Made this present year 1602, by Captain Bartholomew Gosnold, Captain Bartholowmew Gilbert, and divers other gentlemen their associates, by the permission of the honourable knight, Sir WALTER RALEGH, etc. Written by M. john Brereton one of the voyage. Whereunto is annexed a Treatise, of M. Edward Hayes, containing important inducements for the planting in those parts, and finding a passage that way to the South sea, and China. With divers instructions of special moment newly added in this second impression.  
LONDINI, Impensis Geor Bishop. 1602.   

To the honourable, Sir WALTER RALEGH, Knight, Captain of her majesties Guards, Lord Warden of the Stanneries, Lieutenant of Cornwall, and Governor of the Isle of jersey.  
HOnourable sir,  
being earnestly requested by a dear friend, to put down in writing, some true relation of our late performed voyage to the North parts of Virginia; at length I resolved to satisfy his request, who also emboldened me to direct the same to your honourable consideration; to whom indeed of duty it pertaineth.  
May it please your Lordship therefore to understand, that upon the six and twentieth of March 1602, being Friday, we went from Falmouth, being in all, two & thirty persons, in a small bark of Dartmouth, called The Concord, holding a course for the North part of Virginia: and although by chance the wind favoured us not at first as we wished, but enforced us so far to the Southward, 
They fell with S. Marry, one of the Açores.  as we fell with S. Marry, one of the islands of the Açores (which was not much out of our way) but holding our course directly from thence, we made our journey shorter (than hitherto accustomed) by the better part of a thousand leagues, yet were we longer in our passage than we expected; which happened, for that our bark being weak, we were loath to press her with much sail; also, our sailors being few, and they none of the best, we bore (except in fair weather) but low sail; beside, our going upon an unknown coast, made us not overbolde to stand in with the shore, but in open weather; which caused us to be certain days in sounding, before we discovered the coast, the weather being by chance, somewhat foggy. But on Friday the fourteenth of May, 
They discovered land the 14. of May.  early in the morning, we made the land, being full of fair trees, the land somewhat low, certain hummocks or hills lying into the land, the shore full of white sand, but very stony or rocky. And standing fair alongst by the shore, about twelve of the clock the same day, 
Eight Indians come aboard of them.  we came to an anchor, where eight Indians, in a Baskeshallop with mast and sail, an iron grapple, and a kettle of Copper, came boldly aboard us, one of them appareled with a waistcoat and breeches of black serdge, made after our sea-fashion, hose and shoes on his feet; all the rest (saving one that had a pair of breeches of blue cloth) were naked. 
The description of them.  These people are of tall stature, broad and grim visage, of a black swart complexion, their kickshaws painted white; their weapons are bows and arrows. It seemed by some words and signs they made, that some Basks or of S, john de Luz, have fished or traded in this place, being in the latitude of 43. degrees. But riding here, in no very good harbour, and withal, doubting the weather, about three of the clock the same day in the afternoon we weighed, & standing Southerly off into sea the rest of that day and the night following, with a fresh gale of wind, in the morning we found ourselves embaied with a mighty headland; but coming to an anchor about nine of the clock the same day, within a league of the shore, we hoist out the one half of our shallop, and captain Bartholomew Gosnold, 
Their first landing.  myself, and three others, went ashore, being a white sandy and very bold shore; and marching all that afternoon with our muskets on our necks, on the highest hills which we saw (the weather very hot) at length we perceived this headland to be parcel of the main, and sundry Islands lying almost round about it: so returning (towards evening) to our shallop (for by that time, the other part was brought ashore and set together) we espied an Indian, 
Another Indian.  a young man, of proper stature, and of a pleasing countenance; and after some familiarity with him, we left him at the sea side, and returned to our ship; where, in five or six hours absence, we had pestered our ship so with Cod fish, 
Anexcellent Codfishing.  that we threw numbers of them overboard again: and surely, I am persuaded that in the months of March, April, and May, there is upon this coast, better fishing, and in as great plenty, as in Newfoundland: for the skulls of Mackerel, herrings, Cod, and other fish, that we daily saw as we went and came from the shore, were wonderful; and beside, the places where we took these Cod (and might in a few days have laden our ship) were but in seven fathom water, and within less than a league of the shore: where, in Newfoundland they fish in forty or fifty fathom water, and far off. From this place, we sailed round about this headland, 
A great headland.  almost all the points of the compass, the shore very bold: but as no coast is free from dangers, so I am persuaded, this is as free as any. The land somewhat low, full of goodly woods, but in some places plain. At length we were come amongst many fair Islands, 
Many fair Islands.  which we had partly discerned at our first landing; all lying within a league or two one of another, and the outermost not above six or seven leagues from the main: 
The first Island called Martha's vineyard.  but coming to an anchor under one of them, which was about three or four leagues from the main, captain Gosnold, myself, and some others, went ashore, and going round about it, we found it to be four English miles in compass, without house or inhabitant, saving a little old house made of boughs, covered with bark, an old piece of a wear of the Indians, to catch fish, and one or two places, where they had made fires. The chiefest trees of this Island, are beeches 
Beech's.  and Cedars; 
Cedars.  the outward parts all overgrown with low bushy trees, three or four foot in height, which bear some kind of fruits, as appeared by their blossoms; Strawberries, red and white, as sweet and much bigger than ours in England: Rasberies, Gooseberries, Hurtleberies, and such an incredible store of vines, 
vines in abundance.  aswell in the woody part of the Island, where they run upon every tree, as on the outward parts, that we could not go for treading upon them: also, many springs 
Springs.  of excellent sweet water, and a great standing lake 
A Lake.  of fresh water, near the sea side, an English mile in compass, which is maintained with the springs running exceeding pleasantly thorough the woody grounds which are very rocky. Here are also in this Island, great store of Dear, 
Dear.  which we saw, and other beasts, 
Other beasts.  as appeared by their tracks; as also divers fowls, as Cranes, 
Cranes.  Hernshawes, 
Hernshawes.  Bitters, 
Bitters.  Geese, 
Geese.  Mallards', 
Mallards'.  Teals 
Teals.  and other fowls, in great plenty; also, great store of Pease, which grow in certain plots all the Island over. On the North side of this Island we found many huge bones and ribs of Whales. This Island, as also all the rest of these Islands, are full of all sorts of stones fit for building; the sea sides all covered with stones, many of them glistering and shining like mineral stones, and very rocky: also, the rest of these Islands are replenished with these commodities, and upon some of them, inhabitants; as upon as Island to the Northward, and within two leagues of this; yet we found no towns, nor many of their houses, although we saw many Indians, which are tall big boned men, all naked, saving they cover their privy parts with a black tewed skin, much like a Black smith's apron, tied about their middle and between their legs behind: they gave us of their fish ready boiled, (which they carried in a basket made of twigs, not unlike our osier) whereof we did eat, and judged them to be fresh water fish: they gave us also of their Tobacco, 
Tobacco.  which they drink green, but dried into powder, very strong and pleasant, and much better than any I have tasted in England: the necks of their pipes are made of clay hard dried, (whereof in that Island is great store both red and white) the other part is a piece of hollow copper, very finely closed and semented together. We gave unto them certain trifles, as knives, points, and such like, which they much esteemed. From hence we went to another Island, 
Elizabeth's Island.  to the Northwest of this, and within a league or two of the main, which we found to be greater than before we imagined, being 16. English miles at the least in compass; for it containeth many pieces or necks of land, which differ nothing from several Islands, saving that certain banks of small breadth, do like bridges, join them to this Island. On the outsides of this Island are many plain places of grass, abundance of Strawberries & other berries before mentioned. In mid May we did sow in this Island (for a trial) in sundry places, Wheat, Barley, Oats, and Pease, 
Wheat, Barley, and Oats sowed, came up nine inches in fourteen days.  which in fourteen days were sprung up nine inches and more. The soil is fat and lusty, the upper crust of grey colour; but a foot or less in depth, of the colour of our hempe-lands in England; and being thus apt for these and the like grains; the sowing or setting (after the ground is cleansed) is no greater labour, than if you should set or sow in one of our best prepared gardens in England. This Island is full of high timbered Oaks, 
Oakes.  their leaves thrice so broad as ours; Ceders, 
Cedars.  strait and tall; beech, 
Beech.  Elm, 
Elm.  holly, 
Holly.  Walnut trees 
Walnut trees.  in abundance, the fruit as big as ours, as appeared by those we found under the trees, which had lain all the year ungathered; Haslenut trees, Cherry trees, 
Cherry trees.  the leaf, bark and bigness not differing from ours in England, but the stalk beareth the blossoms or fruit at the end thereof, like a cluster of Grapes, forty or fifty in a bunch; Sassafras trees 
Sassafras trees.  great plenty all the Island over, a tree of high price and profit; also divers other fruit trees, 
divers other trees.  some of them with strange barks, of an Orange colour, in feeling soft and smooth like Velvet: in the thickest parts of these woods, you may see a furlong or more round about. On the Northwest side of this Island, near to the sea side, is a standing Lake of fresh water, almost three English miles 
A lake three miles about.  in compass, in the midst whereof stands a plot of woody ground, an acre in quantity or not above: this Lake is full of small Tortoises, 
Small Tortoises.  and exceedingly frequented with all sorts of fowls before rehearsed, which breed, some low on the banks, and others on low trees about this Lake in great abundance, whose young ones of all sorts we took and eat at our pleasure: but all these fowls are much bigger than ours in England. 
Abundance of fowls, much bigger than ours in England.  Also, in every Island, and almost in every part of every Island, are great store of Ground nuts, 
Ground nuts.  forty together on a string, some of them as big as hens eggs; they grow not two inches under ground: the which nuts we found to be as good as Potatoes. Also, divers sorts of shellfish, 
Shell fish.  as Scalops, Muscles, Cockles, Lobsters, Crabs, Oysters, and Wilks, exéeding good and very great. But not to cloy you with particular rehearsal of such things as God & Nature hath bestowed on these places, in comparison whereof, the most fertile part of all England is (of itself) but barren; we went in our light-horsman from this Island to the main, right against this Island some two leagues off, where coming ashore, we stood a while like men ravished at the beauty 
The exceeding beauty of the main land.  and delicacy of this sweet soil; for besides divers clear Lakes 
Great Lakes.  of fresh water (whereof we saw no end) Modowes 
Large meadows.  very large and full of green grass; even the most woody places (I speak only of such as I saw) do grow so distinct and apart, one tree from another, upon green grassy ground, somewhat higher than the Plains, as if Nature would show herself above her power, artificial. Hard by, we espied seven Indians, 
Seven Indians.  and coming up to them, at first they expressed some fear; but being emboldened by our courteous usage, and some trifles which we gave them, they followed us to a neck of land, which we imagined had been severed from the main; but finding it otherwise, we perceived a broad harbour or rivers 
A broad river.  mouth, which ran up into the main: and because the day was far spent, we were forced to return to the Island from whence we came, leaving the discovery of this harbour, 
A good harbour.  for a time of better leisure. Of the goodness of which harbour, as also of many others thereabouts, there is small doubt, considering that all the Islands, as also the main (where we were) is all rocky grounds and broken lands. Now the next day, we determined to fortify ourselves in a little plot of ground in the midst of the Lake above mentioned, 
The English house.  where we built an house, and covered it with sedge, which grew about this lake in great abundance; in building whereof, we spent three weeks and more: but the second day after our coming from the main, we espied 11 canoes or boats, with fifty Indians in them, 
Eleven canoes with fifty Indians in them.  coming toward us from this part of the main, where we, two days before landed; and being loath they should discover our fortification, we went out on the sea side to meet them; and coming somewhat near them, they all sat down upon the stones, call aloud to us (as we rightly guessed) to do the like, a little distance from them: having sat a while in this order, captain Gosnold willed me to go unto them, to see what countenance they would make; but as soon as I came up unto them, one of them, to whom I had given a knife two days before in the main, knew me, (whom I also very well remembered) and smiling upon me, spoke somewhat unto their lord or captain, 
Their captain.  which sat in the midst of them, who presently rose up and took a large Beaver skin from one that stood about him, and gave it unto me, which I requited for that time the best I could: but I, pointing towards captain Gosnold, made signs unto him, that he was our captain, and desirous to be his friend, and enter league with him, which (as I perceived) he understood, and made signs of joy: whereupon captain Gosnold with the rest of his company, being twenty in all, came up unto them; and after many signs of gratulations (captain Gosnold presenting their Lord with certain trifles which they wondered at, and highly esteemed) we became very great friends, and sent for meat aboard our shallop, and gave them such meats as we had then ready dressed, whereof they misliked nothing but our mustard, whereat they made many a sour face. While we were thus merry, one of them had conveyed a target of ours into one of their canoes, which we suffered, only to try whether they were in subjection to this Lord to whom we made signs (by showing him another of the same likeness, and pointing to the canow) what one of his company had done: who suddenly expressed some fear, and speaking angrily to one about him (as we perceived by his countenance) caused it presently to be brought back again. So the rest of the day we spent in trading with them for Furs, 
Several sorts of Furs.  which are Beavers, Luzernes, Marterns, Otters, Wild-cat skins, very large and deep Fur, black Foxes, Conie skins, of the colour of our Hares, but somewhat less, Dear skins, very large, Seal skins, and other beasts skins, to us unknown. They have also great store of Copper, 
Red Copper in abundance.  some very red; and some of a paler colour; none of them but have chains, earrings or collars of this metal: they head some of their arrows herewith much like our broad arrow heads, very workmanly made. Their chains 
Chains.  are many hollow pieces semented together, each piece of the bigness of one of our reeds, a finger in length, ten or twelve of them together on a string, which they wear about their necks: their collars 
Collars.  they wear about their bodies like bandelieres a handful broad, all hollow pieces, like the other, but somewhat shorter, four hundred pieces in a collar, very fine and evenly set together. Besides these, they have large drinking cups 
Drinking cups of Copper.  made like skulls, and other thin plates of copper, made much like our boar-spear blades, all which they so little esteem, as they offered their fairest collars or chains, for a knife or such like trifle, but we seemed little to regard it; yet I was desirous to understand where they had such store of this metal, and made signs to one of them (with whom I was very familiar) who taking a piece of Copper 
Mines of Copper.  in his hand, made a hole with his finger in the ground, and withal pointed to the main from whence they came. They strike fire in this manner; every one carrieth about him in a purse of tewd leather, a Mineral stone 
Mineral stones.  (which I take to be their Copper) and with a flat Emerie stone 
Emerie stones.  (wherewith glaziers cut glass, and Cutlers glaze blades) tied fast to the end of a little stick, gently he striketh upon the Mineral stone, and within a stroke or two, a spark falleth upon a piece of Touchwood (much like our Sponge in England) and with the least spark he maketh a fire presently. We had also of their Flax, 
Flax.  wherewith they make many strings and cords, but it is not so bright of colour as ours in England: I am persuaded they have great store growing upon the main, as also Mines and many other rich commodities, which we, wanting both time and means, could not possibly discover. Thus they continued with us three days, every night retiring themselves to the furthermost part of our Island two or three miles from our fort: but the fourth day they returned to the main, pointing five or six times to the Sun, and once to the main, which we understood, that within five or six days they would come from the main to us again: but being in their canoes a little from the shore, they made huge cries & shouts of joy unto us; and we with our trumpet and cornet, and casting up our caps into the air, made them the best farewell we could: 
Indians apt for service.  yet six or seven of them remained with us behind, bearing us company every day into the woods, and helped us to cut and carry our Sassafras, 
Sassafras.  and some of them lay aboard our ship. These people, as they are exceeding courteous, 
A goodly people, & of good conditions.  gentle of disposition, and well conditioned, excelling all others that we have seen; so for shape of body and lovely favour, I think they excel all the people of America; of stature much higher than we; of complexion or colour, much like a dark Olive; their kickshaws and hair black, which they wear long, tied up behind in knots, whereon they prick feathers of fowls, in fashion of a crownet: some of them are black thin bearded; they make beards of the hair of beasts: and one of them offered a beard of their making to one of our sailors, for his that grew on his face, which because it was of a red colour, they judged to be none of his own. They are quick eyed, and steadfast in their looks, fearless of others harms, as intending none themselves; some of the meaner sort given to filching, which the very name of savages (not weighing their ignorance in good or evil) may easily excuse: their garments are of Dear skins, and some of them wear Furs round and close about their necks. 
Their apparel.  They pronounce our language with great facility; for one of them one day sitting by me, upon occasion I spoke smiling to him these words: How now (sirrah) are you so saucy with my Tobacco? which words (without any further repetition) he suddenly spoke so plain and distinctly, as if he had been a long scholar in the language. Many other such trials we had, which are here needless to repeat. Their women 
Their women.  (such as we saw) which were but three in all, were but low of stature, their kickshaws, hair, apparel, and manner of wearing, like to the men, fat, and very well favoured, and much delighted in our company; the men are very dutiful towards them. And truly, the wholesomeness and temperature of this Climate, doth not only argue this people to be answerable to this description, but also of a perfect constitution of body, active, strong, healthful, and very witty, as the sundry toys of theirs cunningly wrought, may easily witness. For the agreeing of this Climate 
The goodness or the Climate.  with us (I speak of myself, & so I may justly do for the rest of our company) that we found our health & strength all the while we remained there, so to renew and increase, as notwithstanding our diet and lodging was none of the best, yet not one of our company (God be thanked) felt the least grudging or inclination to any disease or sickness, but were much fatter and in better health than when we went out of England. But after our bark had taken in so much Sassafras, Cedar, Furs, Skins, and other commodities, as were thought convenient; some of our company that had promised captain Gosnold to stay, having nothing but a saving voyage in their minds, made our company of inhabitants (which was small enough before) much smaller; so as captain Gosnold seeing his whole strength to consist but of twelve men, and they but meanly provided, determined to return 
Their return.  for England, leaving this Island (which he called Elizabeth's Island) which as many true sorrowful eyes, as were before desirous to see it. So the 18. of june, being Friday, we weighed, and with indifferent fair wind and weather came to anchor the 23 of july, being also Friday (in all, bore five weeks) before Exmouth.  
Your Lordships to command, John Brereton.   

A brief Note of such commodities as we saw in the country, notwithstanding our small time of stay.  

Trees.  
SAssafras trees, the roots whereof at 3. s. the pound are 336. l. the tun.  
Cedars tall and strait, in great abundance.  
Cypress trees.  
Oakes.  
Walnut trees great store.  
Elmes.  
Beech.  
Holly.  
Haslenut trees.  
Cherry trees.  
Cotten trees.  
Other fruit trees to us unknown.   
The finder of our Sassafras in these parts, was one Master Robert Meriton.  

Fowls.  
Eagle's.  
Hernshawes.  
Cranes.  
Bitters.  
Mallards'.  
Teals.  
Geese.  
Pengwins.  
Ospreis and Hawks.  
Crows.  
Ravens.  
Mews.  
Doves.  
Sea-pies.  
Blackbirds with carnation wings.   

Beasts.  
Dear in great store, very great and large.  
Bears.  
Luzernes.  
Black Foxes.  
beavers.  
Otters.  
wild-cats, very large and great.  
Dogs like Foxes, black and sharp nosed.  
Coneys.   

Fruits, Plants, and Herbs.  
Tobacco, excellent sweet and strong.  
Vines in more plenty than in France.  
Ground-nuts, good meat, & also medicinable.  
Strawberries.  
Raspeberries.  
Gooseberries.  
Hurtleberries.  
Pease growing naturally.  
Flax.  
Iris Florentina, whereof apothecary's make sweet balls.  
Sorrell, and many other herbs wherewith they made salads.   

Fishes.  
WHales.  
Tortoises, both on land and sea.  
seals.  
Cod.  
Mackerel.  
Breames.  
Herrings.  
Thornbacke.  
Hakes.  
Rockefish.  
Doggefish.  
Lobster's.  
Crabs.  
Muscles.  
Wilks.  
Cockles.  
Scallops.  
Oysters.   
Snake's four foot in length, and six inches about, which the Indians eat for dainty meat, the skins whereof they use for girdles.  
Colours to die with, red, white, and black.  

Metals and Stones.  
COpper in great abundance.  
Emerie stones for glaziers & Cutlers.  
Alabaster very white.  
Stones glistering and shining like Mineral stones.  
Stones of a blue mettalline colour, which we take to be Steel oar.  
Stones of all sorts for buildings.  
Clay, red & white, which may prove good Terra Sigillata.    

A brief Note of the sending another bark this present year 1602. by the honourable knight, Sir WALTE RALEGH, for the searching out of his Colony in Virginia.  
SAmuel Mace of Weimouth, a very sufficient Mariner, an honest sober man, who had been at Virginia twice before, was employed thither by Sir Walter Ralegh, to find those people which were left there in the year 1587. To whose succour he hath sent five several times at his own charges. The parties by him set forth, performed nothing; some of them following their own profit elsewhere; others returning with frivolous allegations. At this last time, to avoid all excuse, he bought a bark, and hired all the company for wages by the month: who departing from Weimouth in March last 1062, fell forty leagues to the Southwestward of Hatarask, in thirty four degrees or thereabout; and having there spent a month; when they came along the coast to seek the people, they did it not, pretending that the extremity of weather and loss of some principal ground-tackle, forced and feared them from searching the port of Hatarask, to which they were sent. From that place where they abode, they brought Sassafras, Radix Chinae or the China root, Benjamin, Cassia, lignea, & a rind of a tree more strong than any spice as yet known, with divers other commodities, which hereafter in a larger discourse may come to light.   

A Treatise, containing important inducements for the planting in these parts, and finding a passage that way to the South sea and China.  
THe voyage which we intent, is to plant Christian people and religion upon the Northwest countries of America, in places temperate 
Temperate Climates.  and well agreeing with our constitution, which though the same do lie between 40. and 44. degrees of latitude, under the Parallels of Italy and France, yet are not they so hot; by reason that the sun's heat is qualified in his course over the Ocean, before he arriveth upon the coasts of America, attracting much vapour from the sea: which mitigation of his heat, we take for a benefit to us that intent to inhabit there; because under the Climate of 40 degrees, the same would be too vehement else for our bodies to endure.  
These lands were never yet actually possessed by any Christian prince or people, 
Her majesties title.  yet often intended to be by the French nation, which long sithence had inhabited there, if domestical wars had not withheld them: notwithstanding the same are the rightful inheritance of her Majesty, being first discovered by our nation in the time of King Henry the seventh, under the conduct of john Cabot and his sons: by which title of first discovery, the kings of Portugal and Spain do hold and enjoy their ample and rich kingdoms in their Indies East and West; and also lately planted in part by the Colonies sent thither by the honourable knight, Sir Walter Ralegh.  
The course unto these countries, 
A commodious and safe course.  is thorough the Ocean, altogether free from all restraint by foreign princes to be made; whereunto other our accustomed trades are subject; apt for most winds that can blow, to be performed commonly in 30 or 35 days. The coast fair, with safe roads and harbours for ships: 
Rivers.  Many rivers.  
These lands be fair and pleasant, 
Fertile lands.  resembling France, intermeddled with mountains, valleys, meadows, woodlands, and champions. The soil is exceeding strong, by reason it was never manured; and will be therefore most fit to bear at first, Rape-séeds, Hemp, Flax, and whatsoever else requireth such strong soil. Rape-oiles, 
Rape oils.  and all sorts of oils, will be very commodious for England, which spendeth oils abundantly about Clothing and Leather-dressing. In like sort, Hemp and Flax are profitable, whether the same be sent into England, or wrought there by our people; woad also will grow there aswell or better then in Terçera.  
The savages wear fair colours in some of their attire, whereby we hope to find rich dies 
Dies.  and colours for painting.  
The trees are for the most part, Cedars, Pines, Spruce, Fir and Oaks to the Northward. Of these trees will be drawn Tar and Pitch, Rosen, Turpentine, and Soape-ashes: They will make masts for the greatest ships of the world: Excellent timbers of Cedar, and boards for curious building.  
The cliffs upon the coasts and mountains every where show great likelihood of Minerals. 
Minerals.  A very rich mine of Copper 
Copper.  is found, whereof I have seen proof; and the place described. Not far from which there is great hope also of a Silver mine. There be fair quarries of stone, of beautiful colours, for buildings.  
The ground bringeth forth, without industry, Pease, Roses, Grapes, 
Grapes.  Hemp, besides other plants, fruits, herbs and flowers, whose pleasant view and delectable smells, do demonstrate sufficiently the fertility and sweetness of that soil and air.  
Beasts 
Beasts.  of many kinds; some of the bigness of an Ox, whose hides make good buff: Dear, both red and of other sorts in abundance: lucerns, Marterns, Sables, beavers, Bears, Otters, Wolves, Foxes, and Squirrels, which to the Northward are black, and accounted very rich furs.  
Fowls 
Fowls.  both of the water and land, infinite store and variety; Hawks both short and long winged, Partridges in abundance, which are very great, and easily taken. Birds great and small, some like unto our Blackbirds, others like canary-birds: And many (as well birds as other creatures) strange and differing from ours of Europe.  
Fish, namely, Cod, which as we incline more unto the South, are more large and vendible for England and France, than the Newland fish. Whales and Seals in great abundances. Oils of them are rich commodities for England, whereof we now make Soap, besides many other uses. Item, Tunneys, Anchovies, Bonit's, Salmon, Lobsters, Oysters having Pearl, and infinite other sorts of fish, which are more plentiful upon those Northwest coasts of America, than in any parts of the known world. Salt is reported to be found there, which else may be made there, to serve sufficiently for all fishing.  
So as the commodities 
Commodities in general.  there to be raised both of the sea and land (after that we have planted our people skilful and industrious) will be, Fish, Whale and Seal oils, Soap ashes and Soap, Tar and Pitch, Rosen and Turpentine, Masts, Timber and boards of Cedars, Firres, and Pines, Hemp, Flax, Cables and Ropes, Saile-clothes, Grapes, and raisins and Wines, Corn, Rape-séeds & oils, Hides, Skins, Furs, Dies and Colours for painting, Pearl, Metals, and other Minerals.  
These commodities before rehearsed, 
Employment of our people, and repairing decayed ports.  albeit for the most part they be gross, yet are the same profitable for the State of England specially, aswell in regard of the use of such commodities, as for the employment also of our people and ships; the want whereof, doth decay our towns and ports of England, and causeth the realm to swarm full with poor and idle people.  
These commodities in like sort, 
The trade to Newfoundland shallbe removed to us.  are of great use and estimation in all the South and Western countries of Europe; namely, Italy, France and Spain: for the which all nations that have been accustomed to repair unto the Newfoundland for the commodity of fish and oils alone, will henceforward forsake the Newfoundland, and trade with us, when once we have planted people in those parts: by whose industry shall be provided for all comers, both fish and oils, and many commodities beside, of good importance & value.  
Then will the Spaniards and Portugals bring unto us in exchange of such commodities before mentioned, 
Spanish commodities.  Wines, Sweet oils, Fruits, Spices, Sugars, Silks, Gold and Silver, or whatsoever that Europe yieldeth, to supply our necessities, and to increase our delights.  
For which Spanish commodities and other sorts likewise, 
English commodities.  our merchants of England will bring unto us again, Cloth, cattle, for our store and breed, and every thing else that we shall need, or that England shall haply exchange for such commodities.  
By this intercourse, 
vent of our Cloth.  our habitations will be made a Staple of all vendible commodities of the world, and a means to vent a very great quantity of our English cloth into all the cold regions of America extended very far.  
This intercourse also will be soon drawn together by this reason: 
Intercourse will soon be had with other nations.  That near adjoining upon the same coasts of Newfoundland, is the greatest fishing of the world; whether do yearly repair about 400 sails of ships, for no other commodity than Fish and Whale-oiles. Then forasmuch as merchants are diligent inquisitors after gains, they will soon remove their trade from Newfoundland unto us near at hand, for so great increase of gain as they shall make by trading with us. 
In commodities in the Newland trade.  For whereas the voyage unto the Newfoundland is into a more cold and intemperate place, not to be traded nor frequented at all times, nor fortified for security of the ships and goods; oft spoiled by pirates or men of war; the charges great for salt; double manning and double victualling their ships, in regard that the labour is great and the time long, before their lading can be made ready: they carry outwards no commodities for freight; and after six months voyage, their return is made but of Fish and Oils.  
chose, 
Commodities by having trade with us.  by trading with us at our intended place, the course shallbe in a manner as short; into a more temperate and healthful climate; at all times of the year to be traded; harbours fortified to secure ships and goods; charges abridged of salt, victualling and manning ships double: because lading shall be provided unto their hands at a more easy rate than themselves could make it. They shall carry freight also outward, to make exchange with us; and so get profit both ways: and then every four months they may make a voyage and return, of both fish and oils, and many other commodities of good worth.  
These reasons advisedly weighed, 
Note.  shall make our enterprise appear easy, and the most profitable of the world, for our nation to undertake. The reasons we chiefly rely upon are these, namely.  

1 Those lands which we intent to inhabit, shall minister unto our people, the subject and matter of many notable commodities.  
2 England shall afford us people both men, women and children above 10000, which may very happily be spared from hence to work those commodities there.  
3 Newfoundland shall minister shipping to carry away all our commodities, and to bring others unto us again for our supply.   
Now two of these reasons are already effected unto our hands: 
An easy enterprise, and great reward.  that is to say: The place where we shall find rich commodities, and ships to vent them. It remaineth only for our parts, to carry and transport people with their provisions from England, where the misery and necessity of many cry out for such help and relief.  
This considered, 
The English nation most fit for discoveries.  no nation of Christendom is so fit for this action as England, by reason of our superfluous people (as I may term them) and of our long domestical peace. And after that we be once 200 men strong, victualled and fortified, we can not be removed by as many thousands.  
For besides that, we have seen both in France and the Low-countrieses, where 200 men well fortified and victualled, have kept out the forces both of the French & Spanish kings, even within their own kingdoms: it shall be also a matter of great difficulty, to transport an army over the Ocean with victuals and munition, and afterwards to abide long siege abroad, against us fortified within, where the very elements and famine shall fight for us, though we should lie still and defend only.  
The savages neither in this attempt shall hurt us, they being simple, 
The savages unable to defend or offend.  naked and unarmed, destitute of edge-tools or weapons; whereby they are unable either to defend themselves or to offend us: neither is it our intent to provoke, but to cherish and win them unto Christianity by fair means; yet not to trust them too far, but to provide against all accidents.  
Then to conclude, as we of all other nations are most fit for a discovery and planting in remote places; even so, under the heavens there is no place to be found so convenient for such a purpose; by reason of the temperature, commodities, apt site for trade, & repair thither already of so many ships, which in any other frequented country, can not be procured in a man's age, nor with expense of half a million.  
So as the only difficulty now, 
This action but set on foot, will go forward of itself.  is in our first preparation to transport some few people at the beginning; the charges whereof shall be defrayed by our first return, of fish and some commodities of Sassafras, Hides, Skins and Furs, which we shall also have by trading with the savages. The proof of which commodities shall encourage our merchants to venture largely in the next. The supply shall easily and continually be sent by ships, which yearly go from hence unto the Newfoundland and us; and the intercourse & exchange we shall have with all nations repairing thither, shall store us with abundance of all things for our necessities and delights. 
Oversight in choice of a new habitation.  Which reasons if they had been foreseen of them that planted in the South part of Virginia (which is a place destitute of good harbours, and far from all trade) no doubt but if they had settled nearer unto this frequented trade in the Newfoundland, they had by this time been a flourishing State, and plentiful in all things; who also might then have made way into the bowels of that large continent, where assuredly we shall discover very goodly and rich kingdoms and cities.  
It may also seem a matter of great consequence for the good and security of England; that out of these Northerly regions we shall be able to furnish this realm of all manner of provisions for our navies; namely, Pitch, Rosen, Cables, 
A matter of importance for England.  Ropes, Masts, and such like; which shall be made within those her Majesties own dominions, by her own subjects, and brought hither thorough the Ocean, free from restraint of any other prince; whereby the customs and charges bestowed by our merchants (to the enriching of foreign Estates) shall be lessened, and turned to the benefit of her Highness and her deputies in those parts: which also shall deliver our merchants from many troubles & molestations which they now unwillingly endure in our East trades; and shall make us the less to doubt the malice of those States whom now we may not offend, lest we should be intercepted of the same provisions, to the weakening of our navy, the most royal defence of this noble realm.  

Of a convenient passage and trade into the South Sea, under temperate regions part by rivers, and some part over land, in the continent of America.  
Neither upon the discoveries of jaques Noel, who having passed beyond the three Saults, where jaques Carrier left to discover, finding the river of S. Laurence passable on the other side or branch; and afterwards, understood of the inhabitants, that the same river did lead into a mighty lake, which at the entrance was fresh, but beyond, was bitter or salt; the end whereof was unknown.  
Omitting therefore these hopes, I will ground my opinion upon reason and nature, which will not fail.  
For this we know already, that great rivers have been discovered a thousand English miles into that continent of America; namely, that of S. Laurence or Canada. But not regarding miles more or less, most assuredly, that and other known rivers there do descend from the highest parts or mountains, or middle of that continent, into our North sea. And like as those mountains do cast from them, 
A large course of a river thorough a mighty continent, produceth a portable river.  streams into our North seas; even so the like they do into the South sea, which is on the back of that continent.  
For all mountains have their descents toward the seas about them, which are the lowest places and proper mansions of water: and waters (which are contained in the mountains, as it were in cisterns) descending naturally, do always resort unto the seas environing those lands: for example; From the Alps confining Germany, France, and Italy, the mighty river Danubie doth take his course East, and dischargeth into the Pontic sea: the Rhine, North, and falleth into the German sea: the Rhosne, West, and goeth into the Mediterran sea: the Po, South, is emptied into the Adriatic or gulf of Venice. other instances may be produced to like effect in afric; yea, at home amongst the mountains in England.  
Seeing then in nature this can not be denied, and by experience elsewhere is found to be so, I will show how a trade may be disposed more commodiously into the South sea thorough these temperate and habitable regions, than by the frozen Zones in the supposed passages of Northwest or North-east: where, if the very moment be omitted of the time to pass, then are we like to be frozen in the seas, or forced to Winter in extreme cold and darkness like unto hell: or in the midst of Summer, we shall be in peril to have our ships overwhelmed or crushed in pieces by hideous and fearful mountains of ice floating upon those seas.  
Therefore four Staple-places must be erected, when the most short and passable way is found: that is to say, two upon the North side, at the head and fall of the river; and two others on the South side, at the head and fall also of that other river.  
Provided, that ships may pass up those rivers unto the Staples, so far as the same be navigable into the land; and afterwards, that boats with flat bottoms may also pass so high and near the heads of the rivers unto the Staples, as possibly they can, even with less than two foot water, which can not then be far from the heads; as in the river of Chagre.  
That neck or space of land between the two heads of the said rivers, if it be 100 leagues (which is not like) the commodities from the North and from the South sea brought thither, may well be carried over the same upon horses, mules or beasts of that country apt to labour (as the elk or buffel) or by the aid of many savages accustomed to burdens; who shall stead us greatly in these affairs.  
It is moreover to be considered, that all these countries do yield (so far as is known) Cedars, Pines, Fir trees and Oaks, to build, mast, and yard ships; wherefore we may not doubt, but that ships may be builded on the South sea.  
Then as ships on the South side may go and return to and from Cathay, China, and other most rich regions of the East world in five months or thereabouts; even so the goods being carried over unto the North side, ships may come thither from England to fetch the same goods, and return by a voyage of four or five months usually.  
So as in every four months may be returned into England the greatest riches of Cathay, China, japan, and the rest which will be Spices, Drugs, Musk, Pearl, Stones, Gold, Silver, Silks, Clothes of gold, & all manner of precious things, which shall recompense the time and labour of their transportation and carriage, if it were as far and dangerous as the Moors trade is from Fess and Morocco (over the burning and movable sands, in which they perish many times, and suffer commonly great distresses) unto the river called Niger in Africa, and from thence, up the said river many hundred miles; afterwards over-land again, unto the river Nilus; and so unto Cairo in Egypt, from whence they return the way they came.  
Or if it were a voyage so far as our merchants have made into Persia, even to Ormus, by the way of the North, through Russia into the Caspian sea, and so forth, with payment of many tolles. But this passage over and thorough the continent of America, as the same shall be always under temperate and habitable climates, and a pleasant passage after it hath been a little frequented: even so it must fall out much shorter than it seemeth, by false description of that continent, which doth not extend so far into the West, as by later navigations is found and described in more exquisite charts'. Besides that, the sea extends itself into the land very far in many places on the South side; whereby our access unto the South ocean, shall be by so much the shorter.   
FINIS.   

Inducements to the liking of the voyage intended towards Virginia in 40. and 42. degrees of latitude, written 1585. by M. Richard Hakluyt the elder, sometime student of the Middle Temple.  
THe glory of God by planting of religion among those infidels.  
2 The increase of the force of the Christians.  
3 The possibility of the enlarging of the dominions of the queens most excellent Majesty, and consequently of her honour, revenues, and of her power by this enterprise.  
4 An ample vent in time to come of the Woollen clothes of England, especially those of the coarsest sorts, to the maintenance of our poor, that else starve or become burdensome to the realm: and vent also of sundry our commodities upon the tract of that firm land, and possibly in other regions from the Northern side of that main.  
5 A great possibility of further discoveries of other regions from the North part of the same land by sea, and of unspeakable honour and benefit that may rise upon the same, by the trades to ensue in japan, China, and Cathay, etc.  
6 By return thence, this realm shall receive (by reason of the situation of the climate, and by reason of the excellent soil) Oade, Oil, Wines, Hops, Salt, and most or all the commodities that we receive from the best parts of Europe, and we shall receive the same better cheap, than now we receive them, as we may use the matter.  
7 Receiving the same thence, the navy, the human strength of this realm, our merchants and their goods shall not be subject to arrest of ancient enemies & doubtful friends, as of late years they have been.  
8 If our nation do not make any conquest there, but only use traffic and change of commodities, yet by mean the country is not very mighty, but divided into petty kingdoms, they shall not dare to offer us any great annoy, but such as we may easily revenge with sufficient chastisement to the unarmed people there.  
9 Whatsoever commodities we receive by the Stéelyard merchants, or by our own merchants from Eastland, be it Flax, Hemp, Pitch, Tar, Masts, Clapboord, Wainscot, or such like; the like good may we receive from the North and north-east part of that country near unto Cape Briton, in return for our course Woollen clothes, Flanels and Rugs fit for those colder regions.  
10 The passage to and fro, is thorough the main Ocean sea, so as we are not in danger of any enemy's coast.  
11 In the voyage, we are not to cross the burnt Zone, nor to pass thorough frozen seas encumbered with ice and fogs, but in temperate climate at all times of the year: and it requireth not, as the East Indie voyage doth, the taking in of water in divers places, by reason that it is to be sailed in five or six weeks: and by the shortness, the merchant may yearly make two returns (a factory once being erected there) a matter in trade of great moment.  
12 In this trade by the way in our pass to and fro, we have in tempests and other haps, all the ports of Ireland to our aid, and no near coast or any enemy.  
13 By this ordinary trade we may annoy the enemies to Ireland, and succour the queens majesties friends there, and in time we may from Virginia yield them whatsoever commodity they now receive from the Spaniard; and so the Spaniards shall want the ordinary victual that heretofore they received yearly from thence, and so they shall not continue trade, nor fall so aptly in practice against this government, as now by their trade thither they may.  
14 We shall, as it is thought, enjoy in this voyage, either some small Islands to settle on, or some one place or other on the firm land to fortify for the safety of our ships, our men, and our goods, the like whereof we have not in any foreign place of our traffic, in which respect we may be in degree of more safety, and more quiet.  
15 The great plenty of Buff hides, and of many other sundry kinds of hides there now presently to be had, the trade of Whale and Seal fishing, and of divers other fishings in the great rivers, great bays, and seas there, shall presently defray the charge in good part or in all of the first enterprise, and so we shall be in better case than our men were in Russia, where many years were spent, and great sums of money consumed, before gain was sound.  
16 The great broad rivers of that main that we are to enter into so many leagues navigable or portable into the main land, lying so long a tract with so excellent and so fertile a soil on both sides, do seem to promise all things that the life of man doth require, and whatsoever men may wish, that are to plant upon the same, or to traffic in the same.  
17 And whatsoever notable commodity the soil within or without doth yield in so long a tract that is to be carried out from thence to England, the same rivers so great and deep, do yield no small benefit for the sure, safe, easy and cheap carriage of the same to shipboard, be it of great bulk or of great weight.  
18 And in like sort whatsoever commodity of England the Inland people there shall need, the same rivers do work the like effect in benefit for the incariage of the same, aptly, easily, and cheaply.  
19 If we find the country populous, and desirous to expel us, and injuriously to offend us, that seek but just and lawful traffic, then by reason that we are lords of navigation, and they not so, we are the better able to defend ourselves by reason of those great rivers, & to annoy them in many places.  
20 Where there be many petty kings or lords planted on the rivers sides, and by all likelihood maintain the frontiers of their several territories by wars, we may by the aid of this river join with this king here, or with that king there, at our pleasure, and may so with a few men be revenged of any wrong offered by any of them; or may, if we will proceed with extremity, conquer, fortify, and plant in soils most sweet, most pleasant, most strong, and most fertile, and in the end bring them all in subjection and to civility.  
21 The known abundance of Fresh fish in the rivers, and the known plenty of Fish on the sea coast there, may assure us of sufficient victual in spite of the people, if we will use salt and industry.  
22 The known plenty and variety of Flesh, of divers kinds of beasts at land there, may seem to say to us, that we may cheaply victual our navies to England for our returns, which benefit every where is not found of merchants.  
23 The practice of the people of the East Indies, when the Portugals came thither first, was to cut from the Portugals their lading of Spice: and hereby they thought to overthrow their purposed trade. If these people shall practise the like, by not suffering us to have any commodity of theirs without conquest, (which requireth some time) yet may we maintain our first voyage thither, till our purpose come to effect, by the sea-fishing on the coasts there, and by dragging for pearls, which are said to be on those parts; and by return of those commodities, the charges in part shall be defrayed: which is a matter of consideration in enterprises of charge.  
24 If this realm shall abound too too much with youth, in the mines there of Gold, (as that of Chisca and Saguenay) of Silver, Copper, Iron, etc. may be an employment to the benefit of this realm; in tilling of the rich soil there for grain, and in planting of vines there for Wine; or dressing of those vines which grow there naturally in great abundance, Olives for Oil; Orange trees, Lemons, Figs and Almonds for fruit; woad, Saffron, and Madder for Dyer's; Hops for Brewers; Hemp, Flax; and in many such other things, by employment of the soil, our people void of sufficient trades, may be honestly employed, that else may become hurtful at home.  
25 The navigating of the seas in the voyage, and of the great rivers there, will breed many Mariners for service, and maintain much navigation.  
26 The number of raw Hides there of divers kinds of beasts, if we shall possess some Island there, or settle on the firm, may presently employ many of our idle people in divers several dress of the same, and so we may return them to the people that can not dress them so well; or into this realm, where the same are good merchandise; or to Flanders, etc. which present gain at the first, raiseth great encouragement presently to the enterprise.  
27 Since great waste Woods be there, of Oak, Cedar, Pine, Walnuts, and sundry other sorts, many of our waste people may be employed in making of Ships, Hoys, Busses and Boats; and to making of resin, Pitch and Tar, the trees natural for the same, being certainly known to be near Cape Briton and the Bay of Menan, and in many other places there about.  
28 If mines of white or grey marble, jet, or other rich stone be found there, our idle people may be employed in the mines of the same, and in preparing the same to shape, and so shaped, they may be carried into this realm as good ballast for our ships, and after serve for noble buildings.  
29 Sugarcanes may be planted aswell as they are now in the South of Spain, and besides the employment of our idle people, we may receive the commodity cheaper, and not enrich infidels or our doubtful friends, of whom now we receive that commodity.  
30 The daily great increase of wools in Spain, and the like in the West Indies, and the great employment of the same into Cloth in both places, may move us to endeavour, for vent of our Cloth, new discoveries of peopled regions, where hope of sale may arise; otherwise in short time many inconveniences may possibly ensue.  
31 This land that we purpose to direct our course to, lying in part in the 40 degree of latitude, being in like heat as Lisbon in Portugal doth, and in the more Southerly part as the most Southerly coast of Spain doth, may by our diligence yield unto us besides Wines and Oils and Sugars, Oranges, Lemons, Figs, Resings, Almonds, Pomegranates, Rice, Raw-silks such as come from Granada, and divers commodities for Dyer's, as Anile and Cochenillio, and sundry other colours and materials. Moreover, we shall not only receive many precious commodities beside from thence, but also shall in time find ample vent of the labour of our poor people at home, by sale of Hats, Bonnets, Knives, Fishhooks, Copper kettles, Beads, Looking-glasses, Bugles, & a thousand kinds of other wrought wares, that in short time may be brought in use among the people of that country, to the great relief of the multitude of our poor people, and to the wonderful enriching of this realm. And in time, such league & intercourse may arise between our Stapling seats there, and other ports of our Northern America, and of the Islands of the same, that incredible things, and by few as yet dreamt of, may speedily follow, tending to the impeachment of our mighty enemies, and to the common good of this noble government.  
The ends of this voyage are these: 

1. To plant Christian religion.  
2. To traffic.  
3. To conquer.   Or, to do all three.  
TO plant Christian religion without conquest, will be hard. Traffic easily followeth conquest: conquest is not easy. Traffic without conquest seemeth possible, and not uneasy. What is to be done, is the question.  
If the people be content to live naked, and to content themselves with few things of mere necessity, than traffic is not. So then in vain seemeth our voyage, unless this nature may be altered, as by conquest and other good means it may be, but not on a sudden. The like whereof appeared in the East Indies, upon the Portugals seating there.  
If the people in the Inland be clothed, and desire to live in the abundance of all such things as Europe doth, and have at home all the same in plenty, yet we can not have traffic with them, by mean they want not any thing that we can yield them.  
Admit that they have desire to your commodities, and as yet have neither Gold, Silver, Copper, Iron, nor sufficient quantity of other present commodity to maintain the yearly trade: What is then to be done?  
The soil and climate first is to be considered, 
Means to breed a speedy trade.  and you are with Argus eyes to see what commodity by industry of man you are able to make it to yield, that England doth want or doth desire: as for the purpose, if you can make it to yield good Wine, or good Oil, as it is like you may by the climate, (where wild vines of sundry sorts do naturally grow already in great abundance) than your trade may be maintained. But admit the soil were in our disposition (as yet it is not) in what time may this be brought about?  
For Wine this is to be affirmed, that first the soil lying in 36 or 37 degrees in the temperature of South Spain, in setting your Uine-plants this year, you may have Wine within three years. And it may be that the wild vines growing there already, by orderly pruning and dressing at your first arrival, may come to profit in shorter time.  
And planting your Olive trees this year, you may have Oil within three years.  
And if the sea shores be flat, and fit for receipt of salt water, and for Salt making, without any annoy of near freshes, than the trade of Salt only may maintain a yearly navigation (as our men now trade to the isle of Maio, and the Hollanders to Terra Firma near the West end of the isle of Margarita.)  
But how the natural people of the country may be made skilful to plant vines, and to know the use, or to set Olive trees, and to know the making of Oil, and withal to use both the trades, that is a matter of small consideration: but to conquer a country or province in climate & soil of Italy, Spain, or the Islands from whence we receive our Wines & Oils, and to man it, to plant it, and to keep it, and to continue the making of Wines and Oils able to serve England, were a matter of great importance both in respect of the saving at home of our great treasure now yearly going away, and in respect of the annoyance thereby growing to our enemies. The like consideration would be had, touching a place for the making of Salt, of temperature like those of France, not too too cold, as the Salts of the Northern regions be; nor too too fiery, as those be that be made more Southerly than France. In regard whereof, many circumstances are to be considered; and principally, by what mean the people of those parties may be drawn by all courtesy into love with our nation; that we become not hateful unto them, as the Spaniard is in Italy and in the West Indies, and elsewhere, by their manner of usage: for a gentle course without cruelty and tyranny best answereth the profession of a Christian, 
A gentle course best to be held.  best planteth Christian religion; maketh our seating most void of blood, most profitable in trade of merchandise, most firm and stable, and least subject to remove by practice of enemies. But that we may in seating there, not be subject wholly to the malice of enemies, and may be more able to preserve our bodies, ships, and goods in more safety, and to be known to be more able to scourge the people there, civil or savage, than willing to offer any violence. And for the more quiet exercise of our manurance of the soils where we shall seat, and of our manual occupations, it is to be wished that some ancient captains of mild disposition and great judgement be sent thither with men most skilful in the art of fortification; and that direction be taken that the mouths of great rivers, and the Islands in the same (as things of great moment) be taken, manned, and fortified; and that havens be cut out for safety of the Navy, that we may be lords of the gates and entries, to go out and come in at pleasure, and to lie in safety, and be able to command and to control all within, and to force all foreign navigation to lie out in open rode subject to all weathers, to be dispersed by tempests and flaws, if the force within be not able to give them the encounter abroad.  
THe Red Muscadel grape, that bishop Grindall procured out of Germany; the great White Muscadel; the Yellow grape: the cuts of these were wont yearly to be set at Fulham; and after one years rooting to be given by the bishop, and to be sold by his gardener. These presently provided, and placed in earth, and many of these so rooted, with store of cuts unrooted beside, placed in tub of earth shipped at the next voyage, to be planted in Virginia, may begin Uineyards, and bring Wines out of hand.  
2 Provision great of wild Olive trees may be made out of this city so then to be carried, to increase great store of stocks to graff the best Olive on: and Virginia standing in the same degree that The Shroffe the Olive place doth in Spain, we may win that merchandise, grassing the wild.  
3 Sugarcanes, if you can not procure them from the Spanish Islands, yet may you by our Barbary merchants procure them.  
4 There is an herb in Persia, whereof Anile is made, and it is also in Barbary: to procure that by seed or root, were of importance for a trade of merchandise for our clothing country.  
5 woad by the seeds you may have; for you may have hundreds of bushels in England, as it is multiplied: and having soil and labour in Virginia cheap, and the Oad in great value, lying in small room, it will be a trade of great gain to this clothing realm: and the thing can not be destroyed by savages. The roots of this you may have in plenty and number coming in the trade: so this may grow in trade within a year ready for the merchant.  
6 Fig trees of many good kinds may be had hence in barrel, if now presently they be provided; and they in that climate will yield noble fruit, and feed your people presently, and will be brought in frails home as merchandise, or in barrel, as Resings also may be.  
7 Sawed boards of Sassafras and Cedar, to be turned into small boxes for ladies and gentlewomen, would become a present trade.  
8 To the infinite natural increase of Hogs, to add a device how the same may be fed by roots, acorns, etc. without spoiling your corn, would be of great effect to feed the multitude continually employed in labour: and the same cheaply bred and salted, and barreled there and brought home, will be well sold for a good merchandise; and the barrels after, will serve for our home Herring-fishing; and so you sell you woods and the labour of your cooper.  
9 Receiving the savage women and their children of both sexes by courtesy into your protection, and employing the English women and the others in making of Linen, you shall raise a wonderful trade of benefit, both to carry into England and also into the Islands, and into the main of the West Indies, victual and labour being so cheap there.  
10 The trade of making cables and cordage there, will be of great importance, in respect of a cheap maintenance of the Navy that shall pass to and fro; and in respect of such Navy as may in those parties be used for the venting of the commodities of England to be brought thither. And Powldavies, etc. made for sails of the poor savages, yield to the Navy a great help, and a great gain in the traffic.  
But if seeking revenge on every injury of the savages we seek blood & raise war, our vines, our Olives, our Fig trees, our Sugarcanes, our Oranges and Lemons, Corn, cattle, etc. will be destroyed, and trade of merchandise in all things overthrown; and so the English nation there planted and to be planted, shallbe rooted out with sword and hunger.  

Sorts of men which are to be passed in this voyage.  
1 MEn skilful in all Mineral causes.  
2 Men skilful in all kind of drugs.  
3 fishermans, to consider of the sea fishings there on the coasts, to be reduced to trade hereafter: and others for the fresh water fishings.  
4 Salt-makers, to view the coast, and to make trial how rich the sea-water there is, to advise for the trade.  
5 Husbandmen, to view the soil, to resolve for tillage in all sorts.  
6 Uineyard-men bred, to see how the soil may serve for the planting of vines.  
7 Men bred in the Shroffe in South Spain, for discerning how Olive trees may be planted there.  
8 Others, for planting of Orange trees, Fig trees, Limon trees, and Almond trees; for judging how the soil may serve for the same.  
9 Gardeners, to prove the several soils of the Islands, and of our settling places, to see how the same may serve for all herbs and roots for our victualling; since by rough seas sometimes we may want fish, and since we may want flesh to victual us, by the malice of the natural people there: and gardeners for planting of our common trees of fruit, as Pears, Apples, Plumines, Peaches, Meddlers, Apricoes, Quinces for conserves, etc.  
10 Lime-makers, to make lime for buildings.  
11 Masons, Carpenters, etc. for buildings there.  
12 Brickmakers and Tile-makers.  
13 Men cunning in the art of fortification, that may choose out places strong by nature to be fortified, and that can plot out and direct workmen.  
14 Choice Spade-men, to trench cunningly, and to raise bulwarks and rampires of earth for defence and offence.  
15 Spade-makers, that may, out of the Woods there, make spades like those of Devonshire, and of other sorts, and shovels from time to time for common use.  
16 Smiths, to forge the irons of the shovels and spades, and to make black bills and other weapons, and to mend many things.  
17 Men that use to break Ash trees for pike-staves, to be employed in the Woods there.  
18 Others, that finish up the same so rough hewed, such as in London are to be had.  
19 Cooper's, to make cask of all sorts.  
20 Forgers of pikes heads and of arrow heads, with forges, with Spanish iron, and with all manner of tools to be carried with them.  
21 fletcher's, to renew arrows, since archery prevaileth much against unarmed people: and gunpowder may soon perish, by setting on fire.  
22 Bowyers also, to make bows there for need.  
23 Makers of oars, since for service upon those rivers it is to great purpose, for the boats and barges they are to pass and enter with.  
24 Shipwrights, to make barges and boats, and bigger vessels, if need be, to run along the coast, and to pierce the great Bays and Inlets.  
25 Turner's, to turn targets of Elm and tough wood, for use against the darts and arrows of savages.  
26 Such also as have knowledge to make targets of horn.  
27 Such also as can make armour of hides upon moulds, such as were wont to be made in this realm about an hundred years since, and were called Scotish jacks: such armour is light and defensive enough against the force of savages.  
28 Tanners, to tan hides of Buffs, Oxen, etc. in the Isles where you shall plant.  
29 White Tawyers of all other skins there.  
30 Men skilful in burning of Soap ashes, and in making of Pitch, and Tar, and resin, to be fetched out of Prussia and Poland, which are thence to be had for small wages, being there in manner of slaves.  
The several sorts of trees, as Pines, Firres, Spruses, Birch and others, are to be bored with great augers a foot or half a yard above the ground, as they use in Vesely towards Languedoc and near Bayona in Gascoigne: and so you shall easily and quickly see what Gums, resin, Turpentine, Tar, or liquor is in them, which will quickly distill out clearly without any filthy mixture, and will show what commodity may be made of them: their goodness and greatness for masts is also to be considered.  
31 A skilful painter is also to be carried with you, which the Spaniards used commonly in all their discoveries to bring the descriptions of all beasts, birds, fishes, trees, towns, etc.    

A brief note of the corn, fowls, fruits and beasts of the Inland of Florida on the backside of Virginia, taken out of the 44 chapter of the discovery of the said country, begun by Fernando de Soto governor of Cuba, in the year of our Lord 1539.  
THe bread which they eat in all the land of Florida, is of Maiz, which is like to course Millet. And in all the Islands and West Indies from the Antiles forward there is this Maiz.  
Likewise in Florida there be many walnuts, Plums, 
Their fruits.  Mulberries, & Grapes. They sow their Maiz, and gather it, every man his own crop. The fruits are common to all men, because they grow abundantly in the fields without planting or dressing. In the mountains there grow Chestnuts; they are somewhat smaller than the Chestnuts of Spain, which are called Collarínnas. From Rio grand toward the West, the Walnuts are differing from the other; for they are softer and round like bullets. And from Rio grand toward Puerto deal Spirito Santo Eastward, for the most part they are harder. And the Trees and Nuts are like in fashion unto those of Spain. There is in all the country a fruit which groweth upon an herb or plant like to the herb called Dogs-tongue, which the Indians do sow. The fruit is like unto the Peres Rial: it is of a very good relish, 
These may be the Tunas.  and of a pleasant taste. Another herb groweth in the fields, which beareth a fruit near the ground like to a Strawberry, very pleasant in taste. The Plums are of two sorts, red and grey, in fashion and bigness of Walnuts, and have three or four stones in them. These are better than any in Spain, and they make better Prunes of them. The want of dressing is perceived only in the Grapes: which although they be great, yet they have a great kernel. All the rest of the fruits are very perfect, and less hurtful than those of Spain.  
There are in Florida many Bears, 
The beasts of Florida.  Lions, Stags, Roe-bucks, Wild-cats, and Coneys.  
There be many Wild-hennes as big as Peacocks, small Partridges like those of Africa, Cranes, Ducks, Rolas, Blackbirds, and Sparrows. There be certain Black birds bigger than Sparrows and lesser than stars.  
There be Sore-hauks, Falcons, Gosse-hauks, and all fowls of prey that are in Spain.  
The Indians are well proportioned. Those of the plain countries are taller of stature, and better proportioned than those of the mountains. Those of the Inland are better furnished with corn and wealth of the country, than those of the sea coast. The country on the sea coast toward the gulf of Mexico is barren and poor, and the people more warlike. The coast beareth from Puerto deal Spirito Santo unto Apalache, and from Apalache to Rio de Palmas almost from East to West; from Rio de Palmas unto Nova Hispania it runneth from North to South. It is a gentle coast, but it hath many shoals and banks or shelves of sand.   

A Note of such commodities as are found in Florida next adjoining unto the South part of Virginia, taken out of the description of the said country, written by Mounsieur Rene Laudonniere, who inhabited there two Summers and one winter.  
THe country of Florida is flat, and divided with divers rivers, 
The trees of Florida.  and therefore moist, and is sandy towards the seashore.  
There groweth in those parts great quantity of pine trees, which have no kernels in the apples that they bear.  
Their woods are full of Oaks, Walnut trees, black Cherry trees, Mulberry trees, Lentiskes which yield Mastic, and Chestnut trees, which are more wild than those of France.  
There is great store of Cedars, Cypresses, bay, Palm trees, 
Good Grapes  Grapes: There is there a kind of Medlars, the fruit whereof is better than that of France, and bigger. There are also Plum trees, which bear very fair fruit, but such as is not very good.  
There are Raspesses, and a little berry which we call among us Blues, which are very good to eat.  
There grow in that country a kind of Roots, which they call in their language Hazes, whereof in necessity they make bread.  
There is also the tree called Esquine, (which I take to be the Sassafras) which is very good against the pocks and other contagious diseases.  
The Beasts best known in this country are Stags, Roes, 
The Beasts of Florida.  Dear, Goats, Leopards, Ounces, Lucernes, divers sorts of Wolves, wild Dogs, Hares, Coneys, and a certain kind of beast that differeth little from the Lion of Africa.  
The Fowls are Turkey Cocks, 
The Fowls of Florida.  Partridges, Perrots, Pigeons, Ringdoves, Turtles, Black birds, Crows, Tarcels, Falcons, leonard's, Herons, Cranes, Storks, wild Geese, Mallards', Cormorants, Herneshawes, white, red, black, and grey, and an infinite sort of all wildfowl.  
There is such abundance of Crocodiles, that oftentimes in swimming, men are assailed by them: Of serpents there are many sorts.  
There is found among the Savages good quantity of Gold and Silver, 
Gold and Silver.  which is gotten out of the ships that are lost upon the coast: Nevertheless they say; that in the mountains of Apalatcy, there are mines of Copper, which I think to be Gold.  
There is also in this country, 
Store of dies and colours.  great store of Grains and Herbs, whereof might be made excellent good dies and paintings of all kind of colours.  
They sow their Maiz or Corn twice a year, to wit, in March and in june: and all in one and the same soil: The said Maiz from the time that it is sowed, unto the time that it is gathered, is but three months in the ground. They have also fair pompions and very good Beans: They have certain kinds of oil, 
Oil in Florida,  wherewith they use to anoint themselves.   

A brief extract of the merchantable commodities found in the South part of Virginia, ann. 1585. and 1586. Gathered out of the learned work of master Thomas Herriot, which was there remaining the space of eleven months.  
Silk of Grass, or Grasse-silke, the like whereof groweth in Persia, whereof I have seen good Grograine made.  
Worme-silke.  
Flax and Hemp.  
Aslom.  
Wapeih a kind of earth so called by the natural inhabitants, very like to Terra Sigillata, and by some of our Physicians found more effectual.  
Pitch, Tar, resin, and Turpentine: there are those kinds of trees that yield them abundantly and in great store.  
Sassafras, called by the inhabitants Wynauk: of whose sovereign and manifold virtues, read Monardes the Physician of Siuile, in his book entitled in English: The joyful news from the West Indies.  
Cedar.  
vines of two sorts.  
Oil: there are two sorts of Walnuts, both holding oil. Furthermore, there are three several kinds of Berries, in the form of Oak Acorns, which also by the experience and use of the inhabitants, we find to yield very good and sweet Oil. There are also Bears, which are commonly very fat, and in some places there are many, their fatness because it is so liquid, may well be termed Oil, and hath many special uses.  
Furs.  
Ottars, martens, and Lucernes.  
Dear skins.  
Civet Cats.  
Iron.  
Copper. The foresaid Copper, we also found by trial to hold Silver.  
Pearl. One of our company, a man of skill in such matters, had gathered together from the Savages, above five thousand.  
Sweet Gums of divers kinds, and many other Apothecary drugs.  
Dies of divers kinds.  
There is Shoemake, well known and used in England for black; the seed of an herb called Wasebur, little small roots called Chappacor, and the bark of a tree called by the inhabitants, Tangomockonomindge, which Dies are for divers sorts of red.  

Commodities in Virgina, known to yield victuals.  
PAgatowr or Mays, which is their principal corn.  
Okindgier, called by us Beans.  
Wickonzour, called by us Pease.  
Macocquer, called by us, Pompions, Melons, & Gourds.  
An herb which in Dutch is called Melden, being a kind of Orage, etc.  
An herb in form of a Marigold, six foot in height, taken to be Planta Solis.  
Vppowoc, or Tobacco, of great estimation among the Savages.  

roots.  
OPenauck, a kind of Roots of round form, as big as Walnuts, some far greater. Monardes calleth them Beads, or Pater nostri of Sancta Helena, and master Brereton Ground Nuts.  
Okeepenank, are Roots of round shape found in dry grounds, the inhabitants use to boil and eat many of them.  
Tsinaw, a kind of Root much like unto that which in England is called the China Root, brought from the East Indies.  
Coscushaw, a Root taken to be that which the Spaniards in the West Indies, do call Cassavy.  
Habascon, a Root of hot taste, almost of the form and bigness of a Parsney.  
leeks differing little from ours in England.   

Fruits.  
CHestnuts there are in divers places great store, used divers ways for food.  
Walnuts there are two kinds, and of them infinite store in many places, where are very great woods for many miles together, the third part of the trees are Walnut trees, they use them for meat, and make a milk of them of very pleasant taste, and wholesome.  
Meddlers, a kind of very good fruit, they are as red as cherries, and very lushous sweet.  
Mutaquesunnauk, 
These plants are called Tunas also, whereof there be three sorts: that which beareth no fruit bringeth forth the Cochenile.  a kind of pleasant fruit, almost of the shape and bigness of English Pears, but they are of a perfect red colour, as well within as without, they grow on a plant whose leaves are very thick and full of prickles, as sharp as needles: some, which have been in Nova Hispania, where they have seen that kind of red Die of exceeding great price, which is called Cochenile, to grow, do describe his plant right like unto this of Mutaquesunnauk: howbeit the Cochenile is not the fruit, but a grain found on the leaves of the plant, and stricken off upon sheets, and dried in the sun.  
Grapes there are of two sorts, which I mentioned in the merchantable commodities.  
Strawberries there are, as good and as great as in any English garden.  

such as we have in England.  
Mulberries,  
Apple-crabbes,  
Hurts, or Hurtleberies,   
Sacquenummener a kind of berries almost like unto Capers but somewhat greater, which grow together in clusters upon a plant or herb that is found in shollow waters, being boiled eight or nine hours according to their kind, are very good meat and wholesome, otherwise if they be eaten, they will make a man for the time frantic or extremely sick.  
A reed which beareth a seed almost like unto our Rye or Wheat and being boiled is good meat.  
In our travels in some places, we found wild Pease like unto ours in England, but that they were less, which are also good meat.  
A kind of Berry like unto an acorn, of five sorts, growing on several kinds of trees: the one sort is called Sagatemener, the second, Osamener, the third Pummuckoner. the inhabitants use to dry them upon hurdles like Malt in England. when they use them, they first water them till they be soft, and then being sod, they make loves of bread of them. of these three kinds also the inhabitants do use to make sweet oil.  
The fourth sort is called Sapummener, which being boiled or perched be like unto roasted Chestnuts; of this sort they make bread also.  
The fifth sort is called Mangummenauk, the very acorn of their kind of Oak; being dried as the rest, and after watered, they boil them, and their servants, and sometimes the chief themselves eat them with their fish and flesh.   

Beasts.  
Dear, up into the country very great, and in some places, great store.  
Coneys, of a grey colour like unto hares: they make mantles of the fur or slew of their skins.  
Saquenuckot and Maquowoc, two kinds of small beasts greater than Coneys, which are very good meat.  
Squirrels, which are of a grey colour, we have taken and eaten.  
Bears, which are of black colour. They are good meat. And being hunted they climb up into trees and are killed by the savages with their arrows, and sometimes by us with our Calivers.  
The Lion is sometimes killed by the savages and eaten. Wolves or Wolvish dogs.  
I have the names of eight and twenty sorts of beasts dispersed in the main, of which their are only twelve kinds by us as yet discovered.   

Fowl  
TUrkie cocks and Turkey hens, Stock-doves, and Partridges, Cranes, hernes, and in Winter great store of Swans, and Geese.  
There are also Parrots, Falcons, and Marlin hawks.  
Of all sorts of fowls I have the names in the country language of fowrescore and six.   

Fish.  
Sturgeons, Herrings, Porpoises, Trout, Rays, Old-wives, Mullets, Plaice, and very many other sorts of very excellent fish.  
Seacrabs, Oysters, great, small, round, long: Muscles, Scalops, Periwinkles, and Crevices.  
Seekanauk, a kind of crusty shellfish, which is good meat, about a foot in breadth, having a crusty tail, many legs like a Crab, and her eyes in her back. They are found in shallows of water, and sometimes on the shore.  
Tortoises both of land and sea kind; they are very good meats and their eggs also:     

Certain brief testimonies touching sundry rich mines of Gold, Silver, and Copper, in part found and in part constantly heard of, in North Florida, and the Inland of the Main of Virginia, and other countries there unto on the North part near adjoining, gathered out of the works, all (one excepted) extant in print, of such as were personal travelers in those countries  
IN the second relation of jaques Cartier the 12 chapter he reporteth that he understood by Donnacona the king of the country, 
I take these to be the people toward Cibola, clad in mantles of cotton.  and others, that to the south-west of Canada there are people clad with cloth, as the French were, very honest, and many inhabited towns, and that they have great store of Gold and red Copper, etc.  
In the discovery of the Inland of Florida far to the North begun by Fernando de Soto, governor of Cuba in the year 1539. (and to be seen in print in the hands of Master Richard Hackluyt) The Indians in many places far distant the one from the other gave them often and certain advertisement, that beyond the mountains Northward there were mines of Gold at a place called by them Chisca, and some showed the manner which the Indians used in refining the same. This place in mine opinion cannot be far from the great river that falleth into the south-west part of the Bay of Chesepioc.  
The Indians informed Mounsieur Rene Laudonniere in Florida, that there were mines of red metal, which they call in their language Sieroa Pira, in the muuntaines of Apalatcy, which upon trial made thereof by the French was found perfect Gold, as appeareth Pagina 352. In the third volume of the English voyages, and in the same relation there is very often mention of Silver and excellent perfect and fair pearls found by the french in those parts.  
In the late discovery of New Mexico made by Antonio de Espeio on the back side of Virginia extant in Spanish and English in the third volume of the English voyages paginis 303. etc. there is mention of rich Silver mines (and sometimes of Gold in abundance) eleven or twelve times found as they traveled Northward, by men very skilful in mineral matters, which went in the voyage for that purpose. The large description and chart of which voyage containing great numbers of towns and divers great rivers discovered in that action made in Mexico by Francisco Xamuscado 1585. being intercepted afterward by the English at sea, we have in London to be showed to such as shall have occasion to make use of the same.  
The constant report of many of the savages to the worshipful Master Ralph Lane then governor of the English colony in Virginia of the rich mine of Wassador or Gold at a place by them named Channis Temoatam, twenty days journey overland from the Mangoaks, set down by himself at large in the first part of his relation of the said country of Virginia, extant in the third volume of the English voyages pagina 258. is much to be regarded and considered by these that intent to prosecute this new enterprise of planting near unto those parts.  
I could give large information of the rich copper mine in the East side of the Bay of Menan within 30 or 40. leagues to the south-west of Cape Breton, whereof I myself have seen above an hundred pieces of the copper, and have showed some part thereof to divers knights of quality, as also of Salt as good as that of Buruage in France, found near that Bay, and could make proof of the testimony of the savages touching a Silver mine in another Bay within two or three leagues to the west of the aforesaid Bay of Menan: But I reserve a further relation hereof to a more convenient time and place.  
If it please any man to read the summary of Gonsaluo de Ouiedo extant in part in the English decades, of the voyage of Sebastian Cabote along this coast of Virginia and Norumbega: And the short relation of john de Verarsana, which ranged the said coast long after him in the year 1524. which is also to be seen in the third volume of the English voyages pagine 298. he shall find often mention of rich Minerals and store of excellent copper, which so long ago they saw among the savages, they being the first known Christians that ever saw those coasts. So that it were more than wilful madness to doubt of rich mines to be in the aforesaid countries.  
FINIS.