Postscript.  
P●ge 53. line 3. read by that. p. 78. l. 35. for declension read Gender or declining. p. 87. l. 16. for ever read a●way. p. 115. l. 9 put i● so far as I know. p. 116 after the 11 line, put i● so in others for most part. p. 191, l. ●7. put out ●ound. p 202. l. 25 for of Grammatica, read at Grammatica. p. 2●0. l. 32 put out seco●dly. p. 251. l. 20. for most, read many. p. 274. l. 22. put out kind. 297. l. 35. for rest, read● rise.   

Faults escaped by the Printer.  
IN P●ge 20 line 3 the Alphabet should have been distinguished by three, thus; Abc. def.ghi. and so for the rest.  
Page Line False True. 20 25 thus this 30 24 long longest 30 36 a book books 31 22 m ay t. m c. t. 31 30 without or without 46 1 Third A third 56 9 of or 59 29 manui soelicis manui ●oelici 63 3 parsed plased 63 27 parsing poasing 72 23 more most 73 1 go truly go surely 79 3 speedily specially 102 12 Queen Que 18 Virtutem. virtutum 36 weapon weapon's 114 9 must will 137 2 àscio ascio 144 3 & 11 vincit vincet 179 31 fittest fithest 182 17 curiously cursorily 192 1 in manner in good manner 221 37 so great great 231 16 Nomenclaton Nomenclator 234 35 Th●ogius Theoguis 235 22 his this 236 19 be also also 241 13 who which 278 24 ●derint oderunt.  
Page 200. in the margin against line 18 for youngest, read highest.   

THE POSING OF THE PARTS.  
OR, A most plain and easy way of examining the Accidence and Grammar, by Questions and Answers, arising directly out of the words of the Rules.  
Whereby all Scholars may attain most speedily to the perfect learning, full understanding, and right use thereof; for their happy proceeding in the Latin tongue.  
Gathered purposely for the benefit of Schools, and for the use and delight of Masters and Scholars.  
The second Edition, corrected, and enlarged.  
In omni disciplina, infirma est artis praeceptio, sine summa assiovitate exercitationis.  
LONDON, Printed for THOMAS man.. 1615.   

TO THE Worshipful, his much respected friend, Mr. ABRAHAM IO●NSON, counsellor at the Law, of Lincoln's Inn.  
MAny have been the well-willers and furtherers of my labours, for our Grammarschoole: yet few there are to whom I owe more, then unto your worthy and loving fathers, M. johnson and M. Chade●ton; both for their direction and encouragement which they have given me therein. Having therefore bethought me to whom the Questions of Grammar (●hich ●re to make all difficulties in the Accidence and Grammar most plain and easy, and which contain the very ground of all) might most fitly appertain; I find none, after those unto whom I have dedicated my former School-labours, to whom these do more of duty belong then unto yourself: that I may in some part repay unto you, or at least unto yours, that debt which I owe unto themselves. And first for M. johnson your father: because he hath yielded unto me the greatest help (next unto my Honourable Lord) in laying the foundation of all my School travels; both in setting me more earnestly thereunto, by his grave advise, and also supporting me by his bounty, that I might be able the better to go through with the work. Moreover, for that (besides his singular endeavours for the furtherance and advancement of all good Learning, whereof both in University, City, and Cou●trey he hath given so good testimony) I have known none, who hath come near unto him, in his great care, that the best▪ speediest surest and most easy ways might be found out, for all Schools, according to our received Grammar, and most approved School Authors, and the same to be made universally known, that all even the meanest both Masters and Scholars may proceed with delight, and all good Learning may go happily forward. So for your father in law M. Chaderton: because he hath not only vouchsafed to peruse some part of my labours, and to afford me his judgement and censure therein, but hath also been pleased to afford some principal experiments, which himself hath observed. Who therefore can 〈◊〉 ●is●ike, that I thus dedicate unto you, this first Ground work of our grammar school, contained in these questions? Which being rightly laid, it is concluded by the joint consent of all the learned, that the whole building must needs go most happily forward. Yea, I dare be bold to affirm, that a scholar of any aptness, being made perfect in these questions (which he may learn together with his Accidence and Grammar; and that as soon, as he would learn the bare rules alone, if not much sooner) shall find such a furtherance to attain those six helps of Learning, which wise Socrates so much commands, as he shall go forward with all ease and cheerfulness ever after. That I may fully persuade all men of the truth hereof; I will first rehearse all the seven marks which Socrates giveth, of him who is fitted to make the most excellent scholar, as our most learned schoolmaster M. Askam hath set them down. His hopeful scholar must be 1. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is, as he expounds it, one apt of wit, and having all qualities of mind, and parts of body, meet to serve Learning. as, wit, will, tongue, voice, face, stature & comeliness. 2. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is, of good memory, which is called the mother of Learning. 3. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉▪ a lover of learning; which love will overcome the hardest learning in time: and without which, the scholar shall never attain unto much. 4. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, a lover of labour, one who still take pains at his book. 5. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, one that is glad to hear and learn of others. 6. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, one that is apt to move questions, desirous to search out any doubt, not ashamed nor afraid to ask, until he be fully satisfied. 7. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, one that loveth to be praised of his father, master, or others for his well doing. A child of this nature thus loving praise, will fervently love and earnestly desire Learning, gladly labour for it willingly learn of others, boldly ask any doubt. Now for th●se helps, though the two first be special benefits of nature, yet may they be much increased and preserved (chiefly the Memory) by this perfect understanding of all the grounds of Grammar; through this plain order, so directly in all things agreeing with their Accidence. But for the five last, there will never any means be found, whereby they will more speedily be wrought, and appear in children, than hereby; when they can answer so readily and perfectly to every Grammar question. For this (if they be well applied) will win them such love from their masters, and Parents, and also such praise and commendations, from all who examine them, or hear them posed with so much ease through the plainness of it, as will make them to strive who shall carry away most commendations; and so who shall take the most pains. And then the first Authors being seconded with the help of Grammatical translations, so used as is prescribed, not to make them truants, but to lead them surely by the hand▪ past the difficulty of all school Learning, and still afterward with other new supplies of Commentaries and the like, shall make the whole way so delight some, as they shall never wax weary in all their course but be ever made more earnest to climb up to the top of all good Learning. If it be objected that questions of Accidence and Grammar have been set forth by others, I answer that sundry have indeed taken very profitable and commendable pains herein: To all them I acknowledge our Schools much beholden; and myself especially. And yet aiming at the same general benefit and furtherance of Learning, which they do, I hope none of them can be offended, if out of all of them laid together, and not injuring any one of them, I have endeavoured to gather one more plain, easy, full, and more agreeing to our Accidence and Grammar in all things; and to make all their labours of much more use to Schools then ever heretofore. For besides that some points of principal use & arising directly out of the Book, are wanting in all them which here you shall find, they have moreover many hard and strange questions intermixed, not so necessary for the first enterers, and which do much trouble the younger sort. Many also of those questions in them, which are gathered directly, are placed out of the order of the Accidence, or else distinctions of the Chapters are not observed, or they are set down in too obscure terms, or overshort for children to conceive: that both masters and scholars do soon cast them out of hand, and that very few of them are known in our Grammar Schools. I have therefore laboured to draw these so, as they may serve most fitly and easily, for all schools, according to the course which must of necessity be taken, so long as our Accidence and Grammar remain; which cannot be altered, without very great inconveniences to Schools, and setting both masters aend scholars almost newly to beg●n, to be acquainted with their new rules, or at the least to bring much disturbance. I have also striven to make them so plain, that not o●ely the Teacher's, but even the young scholars themselves may appose one another by them, and understand each thing fully. For the necessary qu●stions, which I have adjoined, only for making the rest more clear, I have set an Asterisk upon them▪ to distinguish them from those which are contained directly in the book, to use or omit as the master will, and a hand p●inting at some places which are of most necessary use. For other questions (to th'end that our young scholars may not be troubled at all with them, nor hindered by them in learning their Accidence; and yet may in fit time be acquainted with all of them, which shall be most needful: that nothing may be wanting hereunto to make our scho●●a a sound Grammarian) I purpose (God willing) so much as (upon further advise) shall be thought fit, to set them briefly in the marg●●ts over against the rules to which they belong, as I have done some few already; or el●e in the end most shortly by themselves. Accept this beginning as a token of my thankfulness to those your grave father's, who have deserved so well of the Church of God, and of all good learning, that I wish to keep a perpetual memory of them; and withal, as a pledge of my thankful affection even unto yourself for your ancient love, and of my hearty desire, to add somewhat to yours by these and other my travails. Accept them as a witness of my unfeigned study, for that good, which ● trust shall hereby be conveyed unto Schools and all good learning, in making the first entrance so even, as that it may be run in with all loving emulation. By the welcome and kind entertainment of my first labours, I shall be more encouraged to go forward with the work during my life; until I may either put the last hand unto it, or that others after me may supply whatsoever is wanting in my poor endeavours, being but thus entered into. januarie 12. 1611.  
Yours in all thankful affection, JOHN BRINSLEY,   

To the judicious Reader.  
FIrst, cause the Scholar in learning his rules, to understand them well, according to these Questions or the like: after, to get his rules, and keep them perfectly by daily repeating: then, by posing, or reading over these, all will be made his own most easily and surely, to go forward in construction with all alacrity and s●eede. Farewell.   

The Author's Postscript.  
Loving Reader, correct (with thy pen) what still hath escaped. Future Editions (God willing) shall amend continually what is amiss, and supply what is wanting.   

THE POSING OF the Accidence.  
Q. WHat Book do you learn?  
A. The Accidence.  
Q. What book is that?  
A. A book which teacheth all the first grounds of the Latin tongue.  
* Q. Why is it called the 
* Some think it to be so called of Accedo, as a thing coming to, or whereby the learners do come to the Grammar, or enter first into the knowledge of the Latin tongue; but than it should be called the Accedence, e long; not Accidence, i short.  Accidence? Because it teacheth first & chiefly the Accidents; that is, the things belonging to the parts of speech.  
Q. Into how many parts is your Accidence divided?  
A. Into two. First, an Introduction of the eight parts of the Latin speech. Secondly▪ the Construction of the eight parts of speech.  
* Q. What mean you by an Introduction of the eight parts of speech?  
A. An entering, or leading-in the learner as by the hand, to know the eight parts of speech.  
* Q. What mean you by the Construction of the eight parts of speech?  
A. The construing or framing, & setting together of the eight parts of speech.  
Q. Where begins your first part, or the Introduction of the eight parts of speech?  
A. At In speech.  
Q. Where beginneth the second part?  
A. At For the due joining of words, etc.  
Q. What mean you by those words, 
* Speech is properly the uttering of our mind by w●rds, or the words whereby we utter our mind.  In speech?  
A. In every tongue or language; as namely, in the Latin speech or tongue, which we are to learn.  
Q. How many parts than are there of the Latin speech?  
A. 
* Some make but four parts of speech, Noun, Verb, adverb▪ Conjunction: because Pronouns, & Participles may be joined to 〈◊〉 Nouns; ●repositions & Interjections to the Adverbs.  Eight: Noun, Pronoune, Verb, Participle, Adverbe, Conjunction, Preposition, Interjection.  
Q. Are there no more parts of all your Latin speech but only eight?  
A. No: for every word whereof speech is made, is one of these eight parts.] It is either a Noun, or a Pronone, Verb, or one of the rest ●hough there be many thousand words, yet each is one of these.  
Q. How many of these parts are declined? how many undeclined?  
A. The four first are declined: the 4. last are undeclined.  
Q. Why are they said to be declined?  
A. Because 
* Or because their last letter or syllable may be changed into other letters or syllables.  they may be 
* That many Nouns and Verbs are undeclined is in regard of use, that they are not want to be declined▪ not in regard of the nature of the words.  declined: that is, they may be varied or changed, from their first ending, into diverse end:] as, Magister, magistri, magistro. Amo, amas, amat.  
Q. Why are the rest called undeclined?  
A. Because they cannot be so declined or changed: as, hodi●, ●ras, a●.  
* Q. How many of them are declined with case? how many without?  
A. Three with case, one without case.  

* That many Nouns and Verbs are undeclined is in regard of use, that they are not want to be declined▪ not in regard of the nature of the words.  Q Which three are declined with case?  
A. Noun, Pronoune, and Participle with case: Verb without case.  

Of a Noun.  
Q WHich is the first part of speech?  
A. A Noun.  
Q. What is a Noun?  
A. A Noun is the name of a 
* Ni●il▪ is a Noun, though it signify nothing: because it is not meant properly nothing at all, but a thing of no value, having the name of hilum▪ the black in the top of a Bean: as ne-lul, or ne hilum, not so much as the black in a Bean.  thing, that may be seen, felt, heard, or understood.  
Q. What mean you by that?  
A. It is a 
* In Grammar we have to consider words▪ not things.  word that signifieth the name by which we call any thing whatsoever may be seen, felt, heard, or understood.  
Q. Give me examples of it.  
A. A hand manus, a house domus, goodness bonitas.  
* Q. Is a hand a Noun?  
A. A hand itself is not a Noun: but the word signifying a hand, is a Noun.  
Q. How many sorts of Nouns have you?  
A. Two: a Noun Substantive, and a Noun Adjective.  
Q. What is a Noun Substantive?  
A. A Noun Substantive is that standeth by himself, and requireth not another word joined with it to show his signification.  
Q. What mean you by that?  
A. It is the name of a thing which may be fully understood of itself, without the help of any other word to show it by: as, a hand, a book.  
Q. How know you when a word may be fully understood of itself?  
A. If I may fitly put a, or the before it: or if I cannot fitly join this word thing unto it; as, a book, the house.  
* Q. What are then the notes or marks in English, to know a Noun Substantive by?  
A. A or the, or if I cannot fitly put this word thing after it.  
Q. With how many Articles is a Noun Substantive declined?  
A. With one: as, hic Magister, a Master; or with two at the most: as hic & haec Parens, a father or mother.  
Q. What is a Noun Adjective?  
A. Which cannot stand by itself in reason or signification, but requireth to be joined with another word.  
Q. What mean you, when you say, a Noun Adjective is that cannot stand by itself?  
A. I mean, it is the name of such a thing, as cannot be fully understood of itself, without the help of an other word to make it plain.  
Q. Show me an example how.  
A. Bonus good, is a Noun Adjective: for when any one speaks of good, I know he means something that is good; but I know not what thing it is that he calleth good, except he put some other word unto it: as a good boy; a good house; or the like.  

* Form & figure belong to all words: for every word is Primitive or Derivative. which is called the form: & Simple or Compound, which is called the figure. Primitive, which is of itself Derivative which is derived of another. Simple, is a word not made of more Compound is a word mingled of more.  Q. Have you any special mark to know a Noun Adjective by?  
A. Yes. If I may put this word thing to it, it is a Noun Adjective; as, a good thing, an evil thing.  
Q. What is a Noun Adjective declined with?  
A. Either with three terminations, or with three Articles.  
Q. How with three terminations?  
A. As, Bonus, bona, bonum.  
Q. How wi●h three Articles?  
A. As, leve●ight ●ight.  
Q. How many sorts of Noun Substantives are there?  
A. Two: Proper and Common.  
Q. Which is a Noun Substantive Proper?  
A. Such a Noun or name as is proper to the thing that it betokeneth, or signifieth: or which belongeth but to one thing properly, as Edvardus, Edward; & so each man's proper name.  
Q. What is a Noun Substantive Common?  
A. Every Noun which is common to more: or which is the common name of all things of that sort: as, homo▪ a man, is the common name to all men; so a house, a city, virtue.  
Q. How many things belong to a Noun?  
A. My book sets down five; 
* Form & figure belong to all words: for every word is Primitive or Derivative. which is called the form: & Simple or Compound, which is called the figure. Primitive, which is of itself. Derivative which is derived of another. Simple, is a word not made of more Compound is a word mingled of more.  Number, Case, Gender, Declension, and Comparison.   

Numbers of Nouns.  
Q. HOw many 
* Numbers belong to all parts of Speech which are declined.  Numbers are there in a Noun?  
A. Two: the Singular and the Plural.  
Q. What is the Singular Number?  
A. That which speaketh but of one thing: as, Lapis a stone; meaning but one stone.  
Q. Which is the Plural number?  
A. That which speaketh of more than one: a●, Lapides, stones.   

Cases of Nouns.  
* Q. WHat is a Case?  
A. Every several ending of a Noun in the declining of it] and so of all other parts of speech, which are declined like a Noun.  
Q. How many Cases are there?  
A. Six in either Number; that is, six in the Singular, & six in the Plural.  
Q. Rehearse the Cases.  
A. The Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Vocative, and Ablative.  
Q. How may these Cases be known asunder?  
A. 
* They may ●e known in Latin, f●r the most part, by the terminations of the Declensions.  The Nominative and Accusative by their places, the other by their signs.  
Q. Which is the place of the Nominative?  
A. It usually cometh before the Verb in due order of speech.  
Q To what question doth it answer?  
A. To the question who, or what: as, if I ask, Who teacheth; the answer is in the Nominative case: as, Magister docet, the Master teacheth.  
Q. What is the sign of the Genitive case?  
A. Of.  
Q. To what question doth it answer?  
A. To the question whose, or whereof:] as, if it be asked, Whose learning is it; The answer is in the Genitive case, Doctrina Magistri, the learning of the Master.  
Q. What is the sign of the Dative case?  
A. To, and sometime for.  
Q. To what question doth it answer?  
A. To the question, to whom, or to what: as, if it be asked, To whom do you give a book: the answer is in the Dative case, thus: Do librum Magistro, I give a book to the Master.  
Q. How know you the Accusative case?  
A. It followeth the Verb in due order of speech.  
Q. To what question doth it answer?  
A. To the question whom, or what: as, if the Scholar be asked, Whom do you love; he answereth in the Accusative case thus: Amo Magistrum, I love the Master.  
Q. How know you the Vocative case?  
A. By calling or speaking to: as, o Magister, O Master.  
Q. How know you the Ablative case?  
A. Either by Prepositions serving to the Ablative case, being joined with it, or else by signs.  
Q. Which are the signs of the Ablative case?  
A. In, with, through, for, from, by; and than, after the Comparative degree.   

Articles.  
Q. WHat followeth next after cases▪  
A. Articles.  
Q. What is an Article?  
A. The mark to know the Gender by in declining.  
Q. How many Articles are there?  
A. Three, Hic, haec, hoc.  
Q. Whence are these borrowed?  
A. Of the pronoun.  
Q. Decline them all together.  
A. Singulariter Nom. Hic, haec, hoc. Gen. Huius. Dat. Huic. etc. and so forth, as it is in the book.  
Q. Decline them severally, each Article by itself, and first the Masculine.  
A. Singul. Nom. Hic. Gen. Huius. Dat. Huic. Accus. Hunc. Voc. Caret. Abl. Hoc. Plu●. Nom. Hi. Gen. Horum. Dat. His. Accus. Hos. Voc. Caret. Abl. His.  
Q. Decline Haec.  
A. Singu. Haec, huius, huic, hanc, hac. Plur. Hae, harum, his, has, his.  
Q. Decline Hoc likewise.  
A. Sing. Hoc, huius, huic, hoc, hoc. Plur. Haec, horum, his, haec, his.  
* Q. Why are they set here before the Genders and Declensions?  
A. Because they serve to note out the Genders, and also to decline Nouns in every Gender.  
* Q. What signifieth Hic, haec, hoc.  
A. When it is used as a pronoun, it signifieth this: but when it is declined with a Noun, it is only an Article, like as it is taken here, and hath no signification at all.   

Genders of Nouns.  
* Q. WHat is a Gender?  
A. The difference of Nouns according to the sex.  
* Q. What mean you by that?  
A. It is the difference whereby a word is noted to signify the male, or female, or neither: that is, either he or she, or neither of them.  
Q. How many Genders have you?  
A. My book makes seven: the Masculine, the Feminine, the Neu●er, the Common of two, the Common of three, the Doubtful, and the Epicene.  
Q. Which is the Article of the Masculine Gender?  
A. Hic: as, hic vir a man.  
* Q. What doth it belong to?  
A. It belongeth properly to Masculines; that is, unto males or he's, and unto such words as have been used under the names of he's.  
Q. Which is the Article of the Feminine Gender?  
A. Haec: as, haec mulier a woman.  
* Q. What belongs it to?  
A. To Feminines; that is, to females or she's, or things going under the names of she's.  
Q. What is the Article of the Neuter Gender?  
A. Hoc; as, hoc saxum a stone.  
* Q. What belongs it to?  
A. It belongeth properly to words which signify neither he nor she.  
Q. What Article hath the Common of two?  
A. It is declined with hic and haec.  
* Q. What belongeth it to?  
A. It belongeth properly to words signifying both male and female; that is, both he and she.  
Q. What Articles hath the Common of three?  
A. Hic, haec, and hoc.  
* Q. What belongs it to?  
A. Only to Adjectives.  
Q. What Articles hath the Doubtful?  
A. Hic or haec, as we will: as, hic vel haec dies a day.  
* Q. What doth it belong to?  
A. To such living creatures most properly, in which the the kind is unknown; whether they be he or she.] As a snail, a snake, etc. and to some others. Also to some lifeless things, as a day, a channel, and the like.  
Q. What is the Epicene Gender declined with?  
A. Only with one Article, and under that one Article both kinds are signified] that is, both he and she. In names of fowls, fishes, and wild beasts: as, Hic passer, a sparrow, either the cock or the hen, haec aquilae an Eagle, both he and she: hoc hale● a herring, both milter and spauner.  
* Q. Is the Epicene Gender a Gender properly?  
A. No; it is not properly a Gender, nor hath any proper Article.  
* Q. You said, that your book did make seven Genders: are there not seven simply?  
A. No: there are but three simply. The Masculine, Feminine & Neuter: the other four are compounded or made of these three.   

The Declensions of Nouns.  
Q. WHat follow next after Genders?  
A. Declensions.  
* Q. What call you a Declension?  
A. A varying of a word into cases,] or the varying & changing of the first name of a word, into diverse other end, called cases.  
Q. How many Declensions of Nouns are there?  
A. 
a Sundry Greek words made Latin words; yet declined wholly or in part, after the Greek manner, cannot be referred to any of these five Declensions properly, as Tita●, Pan, Daphnis, & the like, being of the first Declension in Greek. So Feminines in o, having the Genitive in us, and the Accusative in o, as, Sapph, Manto, Clio, Dido, Echo, etc. which belong to the fourth Declension of the contracts ending in oh, as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Leto, Gen. Letoos, Letous, Accu. Letoa, Leto. So Anchises, Penelope, & others of other Declensions.  Five.  
Q. How will you know of what Declension a Noun is?  
A. By the termination of the Genitive case singular.  
* Q. What mean you by termination?  
A. The end of a word in the last letter or syllable.  
Q. How ends the Genitive case singular of the first Declension?  
A. In ae diphthong.  
Q. How the Dative?  
A. 
b The rest of the terminations, both in this and all other Declensions, may be posed thus by the Accidence.  In ae diphthong, etc.  
Q. What is your example of the first Declension?  
A. Musa.  
* Q. What serves this example for chiefly?  
A. This, and all other examples following in each Declension, serve to show their rules by, and also to decline or frame others like unto them.  
Q. Decline Musa, 
☜  and give the English with it in every case, 
Make your scholar perfect in this kind of declining of Nouns & conjugating Verbs, & you shall soon find the benefit of it above that which you will imagine.  according to the signs of the cases.  
A. Singul. Nom. haec musa a song.  Gen. 
huius musae of a song.  Dat. 
huic musae to a song.  Accus. 
hanc musam the song.  Vocat. 
o musa O song.  Ablat. 
ab hac musa from a song.  Plural. 
Nom. hae musae songs.  Gen. 
harum musarum of songs.  Dat. 
his musis to songs.  Accus. 
has musas the songs.  Vocat. 
o musae o songs.  Ablat. 
ab his musis from songs.  
Q. Why do you give a, for the sign of the Nominative case; and the, of the Accusative?  
A. Because these are the most usual signs of these cases, and may most fitly serve hereunto.  

☞  Q. Give me the signs by themselves to decline any word by.  
A. A, of, to, the, o, from or fro.  
Q. Decline Musa with the English first.  
A. A song, musa: of a song, musae: to a song, musae: the song, musam: o song, o musa: from a song, ab hac musa.  
Plur. Songs, musae: of songs, musarum: to songs, musis: the songs, musas: o songs, musae: from songs, ab his musis.  

☞  * Q. Why do you decline them so?  
A. Because giving English to the Latin, will teach me to construe & purse Latin speedily: and giving Latin to English, will help me as much for making Latin.  

a For other questions concerning the Declensions, because they are very many & overhard for children, I take it much better for the Teachers, to show them to their scholars out of the Latin rules (where most of them are set down at large) as their scholars shall have occasion to learn them, in their Authors, then either to trouble their memories, or margins with them.  Q. Do your Datives and Ablatives plural, end always in is, in this Declension?  
A. No: Filia and nata are excepted, which make the Dative and Ablative plural in is, or in abus. Also Dea, mula, aequa, liberta, which end in abus only; as, Deabus, mulabus: not this, mulis.   

The second Declension.  
Q. HOw ends the Genitive case singular of the second Declension?  
A. In i  
Q. How the Dative?  
A. In o, etc.  
Q. Give me an example of the second Declension.  
A. Hic Magister, a Master.  
Q. Decline Magister as you decline Musa: that is, both Latin before the English, and English before the Latin.  
A. Sing. Nom. Hic Magister, a Master. Gen. Huius Magistri, of a master, etc.  
Q. Doth your Vocative case in the second Declension end always like the Nominative?  
A. No: but for most part.  
Q. How many exceptions have you of it?  
A. Three: first, of Nouns ending in us. Secondly, of proper names of men, ending in ïus. Thirdly, of some common Nouns, making their Vocative in e, or in us.  

b This is only to be understood of Nouns of the second Declension; for in the fourth, manus makes o manus: & of words of the Masculine or Feminine Gender only, not of the Neuter.  Q. When the Nominative endeth in us, how must the Vocative end?  
A. In e: as, Dominus, o Domine.  
Q. 
c Words ending in os, also, of the second Declension, make the Vocative likewise in e, like words in us, as, logos, o log●.  Do all words in 
d Panthus and Oedipus, having the Vocative in u, are not of the second Declension in Latin, but of the third, of contracts in Greek, like Basileus, o Basileu.  us, make the Vocative in e?  
A. Yea, all but two: Deus that makes o Deus, and Filius that makes o Fili.  
Q. If the word be a proper name of a man ending in ïus, how must the Vocative end?  
A. 
e Latmius for Latmi, in the Vocat. is an Atticisme, that is, after the Attic dialect, the Voca. like the Nomis.  In i: as, Georgius, o Georgi.  
Q. How many words have you which make the Vocative in ●, or in us?  
A. Six: agnus, lucus, vulgus, populus, chorus, flwius: for agnus, makes agne, vel agnus in the vocative case: so all the rest.  
Q. Are Nouns of the Neuter Gender declined like Nouns of the Masculine and Feminine?  
A. No: all Nouns of the Neuter Gender, of what Declension soever they be, have three like cases in either number.  
Q. What three cases are those?  
A. The Nominative, the Accusative, & the Vocative.  
Q. And how do these 3. cases end in the plural number?  
A. 
f This is meant only of Nouns which are regular, that is▪ declined after the common manner, not of irregulars or heteroclits, as words wanting the Plural number, or the like.  In a.  
Q. Give me an example of the Neuter Gender, and decline it both ways, as you did Musa.  
A. Sing. Nom. hoc regnum, a kingdom. Gen. huius regni, of a kingdom. So, a kingdom, regnum: of a kingdom, regni, etc.  
Q. Are no words excepted from being thus declined?  
A. Yes: 
g Ambo & duo, are found to be the same in all Genders, like as duo in Greek, as, ambo anguis, for ambos angueis, or angues. Plaut.  only ambo and duo of the first & second Declension; which make the Neuter Gender in o, as ambo, not amba: and the Dative and Ablative in bus; as, ambobus, ambabus, ambobus, not ambis.  
Q. 
h Here declining of Latin before may suffice: and so in Adjectives.  Decline Ambo. with the English.  
A. Plur. Ambo, both Masculines: ambae, both Feminines: ambo, both Neuters. So in the rest.   

The third Declension.  
Q. HOw ends the Genitive case singular of the third Declension?  
A. In is, etc.  
Q. Give me an example of the third Declension, declined as before both ways.  
A. Sing. Nom. hic lapis a stone.  
Gen. huius lapidis, of a stone, etc.  
So, Nom. hic et haec Parens, a father or mother.  
Gen. huius Parentis, of a father or mother, etc.  
Thus again English first.   

The fourth Declension.  
Q. HOw ends the Genitive case singular of the fourth Declension?  
A. In us.  
Q. Give an example.  
A. Sing. Nom. haec manus, a hand, etc.   

The fifth Declension.  
Q. 
a How this Genitive case is sometimes in e, sometimes in ij, see the Latin rules.  HOw ends the Genitive case singular of the fifth Declension?  
A. In ëi.  
Q. Give an example.  
A. Sing. Nom. hic meridies, a noone-time of the day, etc.  
Q. Of what Gender are Nouns of the fifth Declension?  
A. Of the Feminine Gender, except meridies and dies.  
Q. Show me how the Genitive case singular ends in each Declension together.  

* These are to be made perfect by continual posing each way.  A. Of the first in 
b Some words of the first Declension have the Genitive singular in as, as▪ Familias, auras, terras, etc. in imitation of words of the second Declension in Greek, which end in damn, that, ra▪ and a pure; viz. which have a vowel before a. This is called Graecismus, that is an imitation of the Greek. Other words have ai, for a: as, pictai, aulai, for pictae, aulae. This is called Archaismos: an imitation of the ancient kind of speaking. Hereof also see the Latin rules.  ae diphthong, as, Musae.  
The second in i: as, Magistri.  
The third in is: as, lapidis.  
The fourth in us: as, manus.  
The fifth in ëi, as, meridiei.  
Q. Show me how the Datives end, & so all the rest in order.  
A. The Dative case singular of the first, in ae diphthong: as, Musae.  
The second in o: as, Magistro.  
The third in i: as, Lapidi.  
The fourth in üi, as, Manui.  
The fifth in ëi, as, Meridi●i.  
The Accusative case singular  
Of the first in am: as, Musam.  
The second in 'em: as, Magistrum.  
The third in 'em, or in: as, Lapidem, ●iti●.  
The fourth in 'em: as, Manum.  
The fifth in 'em: as, Meridiem.  
The Vocative for the 
c In the first Declension, the Vocat. is like the Nom. except in Greek words in as, which make the Vocat. in a; and in es, which make the vocat. in a, or in e. That Pythias and Dorias, names of women, do make the vocat. in as, is after the Attic Dialect in Greek▪ making the Vocat. like the Nom. These words are also rather to be taken to be of the second Declension in Greek, then of the first; & their termination after the manner of the barbarous tongue, from which they were taken.  most part like the Nominative.  
The Ablative case singular  
Of the first in a: as, Musa.  
The second in o: as, Magistro.  

d The Ablat. of the third is oft in i, as, parti, colli, civi, fusti, etc. by reason of the usual change of e, into i, amongst the Ancients, like as here, and heri, etc.  The third in e or i: as, Lapide, tristi.  
The fourth in u: as, Manu.  
The fifth in e: as, Meridie.  
The Nominative case plural  
Of the first in ae diphthong: as, Musae.  
The second in i: as, Magistri.  
The third in es: as, Lapides.  
The fourth in us: as, Manus.  
The fifth in es: as, Meridies.  
The Genitive case plural  
Of the first in arum: as, Musarum.  
The second in orum: as, Magistrorum.  
The third in 'em, or ium: as, Lapidum, tristium.  
The fourth in üm: as, Manuum.  
The fifth in erum: as, Meridierum.  
The Dative case Plural  
Of the first in is: as, Musis.  
The second in is: as, Magistris.  
The third in bus: as, Lapidibus.  
The fourth in ibus, or ubus: as, manibus, arcubus.  
The fifth in ebus: as, Meridiebus.  
The Accusative case plural  
Of the first in as: as, Musas.  
The second in os: as, Magistros.  

e The Accu. case plural of the third, did indifferently and in es, or eyes, as, parteis, omneis, especially in those whose Gen. plural end in ium; and sometime eye, is contracted into is, as for angueis, anguis, for omneis, omnis.  The third in es: as, Lapides.  
The fourth in us: as, manus.  
The fifth in es: as, meridies.  
The Vocative plural is ever like the Nominative.  
The Ablative plural, is ever the same with the Dative.  

☞  Q. 
e scholars being made perfect in these terminations, will soon grow to readiness in giving any case of a Noun, and keeping them most surely.  Give me shortly the terminations alone, in every case together.  
A. Of the Genitive case singular, ae, ay, is, us, ei.  
Of the Dative, ae, o, i, üi, ëi.  
Of the Accusative, am, 'em, 'em, 'em, 'em.  
Of the Ablative, a, o, e, u, e.  
Nominative plural, ae, ay, es, us, es.  
Gen. 
f For Dardanidarum, is used Dardanidum, by the figure Syncope; so Anchisaidûm, Troijgenûm: like as virûm for virorum▪ in the second.  arum, orum, 'em or ïum, üum, erum.  
Datiu. is, is, bus, ibus or ubus, ebus.  
Accus. as, os, es, us, es.  
Vocative like the Nominative.  
Ablat. is, is, bus, ibus or ubus, ebus.  
* Q. Are there no special terminations of the Nominative cases in each Declension, to know the Declensions by?  
A. Not certain: 
g Other terminations are either of words coming from the Greek, or of other strange tongues: as am, in the first Declension, is a termination of the Hebrew; as, es, e, of the Greek.  yet these are the most usual in words which are merely Latin, and regular.  
The Nomis. case of the first, endeth in a. Of the second, in r, us, or m. Of the third, in l, n, o, r, s, x. Of the fourth, in us. Of the fifth, in es.   

The Declining of Adjectives.  
Q. NOw that we have done with Noun Substantives, what are we to come to next?  
A. To Nouns Adjectives.  
Q. How many sorts of adjectives are there?  
A. Two: adjectives declined with three terminations, & adjectives declined with three Articles.  
Q. What adjectives are of three terminations?  
A. Such as have in most cases three terminations] that is, three divers end, showing their Genders, as Bonus, bona, bonum.  
Q. * How know you their Genders by their terminations? 
☜   
A. The first word, as Bonus, is the masculine: the second, as Bona, is the Feminine: the third, as Bonum, is the Neuter.  
* Q. What if they have but one termination, that is, if they have but one word in any ●ase, as Abla. Bonis, what Gender is the word then?  
A. That word is of all Genders.  
Q. 
a Adjectives ending in us, er, or ur, are declined like bonus: except vetus, veteris, ending in us: and those in er, which may end also in is, as Camp●ster, & his fellows: with cicur, cicuris, in ur: and these following, which are declined like unus.  What is the example to decline words of three terminations by?  
A. Bonus, bona, bonum, good.  
Q. How decline you Bonus with the English with it?  
A. Bonus, a good masculine: bona, a good feminine: bonum, a good Neuter. Genit. Boni, of a good masculine: bona, of a good feminine: boni, of a good neuter. So in the rest.  
Q. Are all Adjectives of three terminations declined like bonus?  
A. All, except eight with their compounds: which make the Genitive case singular in ïus, and the Dative in i  
Q. What are those declined like?  
A. Like unus, a, 'em.  
Q. Hath unus the plural number?  
A. No: except when it is joined with a word lacking the singular number.  
Q. Which are those other words which are so declined like nuus, having the Genitive case singular in ïus, and the Dative in i?  
A. 
b These words are also among the ancient Writers declined like bonus in the Gene. & Dat. as, ulli, altars▪ for ullius, alterius.  Totus, solus, and also ullus, alius, alter, uter, & neuter.  
Q. Are these in all things declined like unus?  
A. Yes: sa●ing that the five last, that is, ullus, alius, alter, uter, and neuter, do want the Vocative case: & alius makes aliud, not alium, in the Neuter Gender.  
* Q. Of what Declension are Nouns of three terminations, as Bonus, bona, bonum?  
A. Of the first and second] for the first word, as Bonus, is declined like Magister or Dominus; the second, as bona, is declined like Musa; the third, as bonum, is declined like Regnum.  
Q. Which do you call Adjectives of three Articles?  
A. Such as we put Articles to, in every case to express their Genders: as, Nom. Hic, haec et hoc Foelix. Gene. huius foelicis, etc. Hic et haec tristis, & hoc triste.  
* Of what Declension are all Nouns of three Articles?  
A. Of the third Declension.  
* Q. What Genders are Adjectives of 3. Articles of?  
A. Of the Common of three.  
* Q. If they have but one termination is any case, as, Foelix, what Gender is that of?  
A. Of all three Genders.  
Q. If they have two terminations, as Tristis and Triste, what Gender are those words of?  
A. The first, as Tristis, is the Masculine & Feminine Gender: the second, as Triste, is the Neuter.  
* Q. What are all such Adjectives of three Articles declined like?  
A. If they have but one ending in the Nominative case, as, foelix, or audax, they are declined like foelix. If they have two, like tristis and triste, levis and leve, they are declined like tristis.   

Comparisons of Nouns Adjectives.  
Q. WHat else belongs to a Noun besides Number, Case, Gender, and Declension?  
A. Comparison.  
* Q. What is Comparison?  
A. The altering the signification of a word into more or less by degrees.  
Q. Doth Comparison belong to all Nouns?  
A. No: it belongs 
a Some Substantives are compared but only by abuse, not properly, as also some Pronouns. No words are compared properly but Adjectives & Adverbs coming of them. Participles when they are changed into Adjectives, and some Prepositions changed into Adverbs, may be compared thereupon.  properly to none but to Adjectives.  
Q. May all Adjectives be compared?  
A. No: none but only such, whose signification may increase or be diminished.  
* Q. What is it to increase or be diminished?  
A. To be made more or less: as, hard, harder, hardest. So back again; hardest, harder, hard.  
* Q. What mean you by a degree of Comparison?  
A. Every word that altereth the signification by more or less, is a degree.  
Q. How many degrees of Comparison are there?  
A. Three: the Positive, the Comparative, and the Superlative.  
Q. Which is the Positive degree?  
A. That which betokeneth a thing absolutely, without excess.  
Q. What mean you by a thing absolutely, without excess?  
A. Such a thing as 
a The Positive is improperly called a degree of Comparison.  signifieth neither more nor less; but is absolute of itself, without being compared, or without having respect to any other: as, Durus hard.  
Q. What call you the Comparative?  
A. The Comparative is that which somewhat exceedeth the Positive in signification.  
Q. What mean you by that?  
A. The Comparative is a word drawn from the Positive, wherein the signification of the Positive is somewhat increased, or made more:] as, Durior harder, or more hard; minor less, or more little.  
* Q. What is the sign of the Comparative degree?  
A. More: either being set down, or understood.  
Q. Of what is the Comparative degree form, & how?  
A. Of the first case of the Positive that endeth in i, by putting to or, for the Masculine & Feminine Gender; and us, for the Neuter.  
* Q. Show me how?  
A. Of Durus, dura, durum, the Genitive case is duri: which by putting to or, is made durior: and by putting to us, is made durius.] So the Comparative degree, is hic et haec durior, for the Masculine and Feminine, and hoc durius for the Neuter. So also of Tristi and Dulci.  
Q. What is the Superlative?  
A. The Superlative exceedeth his Positive in the highest degree] that is, it increaseth the signification of the Positive to the highest: so that one thing being compared with many, is said to be most of all this thing or that: as Durissimus, hardest, or most hard.  
Q. Whence is the Superlative form?  
A. Of the first case of the Positive that endeth in i, by putting to it the letter s, and the word simus: as, if I put to duri, s, and simus, it is made durissimus.  
* Q. How do you compare these three degrees?  
A. By declining all three degrees together, 
☜  in each Case and every Gender; I mean each Gender in every case together: as, Sing. Nom. 

Durus, durior, durissimu●.  
Dura, durior, durissima.  
Durum, durius, durissimum.   Genit. 

Duri, durioris, durissimi.  
Durae, durioris, durissimae.  
Duri, durioris, durissimi.    

This Table heedfully observed, will teach presently to form Comparisons, by declining all three degrees together.  Case. Article. Positive. Comparative. Superlative. Nom. Hic Durus▪ durior, durissimus. Haec Dura, durior, durissima. Hoc Durum▪ durius▪ durissimum. Genit. Huius Duri, durioris▪ durissimi. Huius Durae, durioris, durissimae. Huius Duri, durioris, durissimi. Dat. Huic Duro, duriori, durissimo. Huic Durae, duriori, durissimae. Huic Duro, duriori, durissimo. Accus. Hunc Durum, duriorem, durissimum. Hanc Duram, duriorem, durissimam. Hoc Durum, durius, durissimum. Nom. Hic Foelix, foelicior, foelicissimus. Haec Foelix, foelicior, foelicissima. Hoc Foelix, foelicius, foelicissimum. Genit. Huius Foelicis▪ foelicioris, foelicissimi. Huius Foelicis, foelicioris, foelicissimae. Huius Foelicis, foelicioris, foelicissimi. Nom. Hci Tristis, tristior, tristissimus. Haec Tristis, tristior, tristissima. Hoc Triste, tristius, tristi●simum. Genit. Huius Tristis, tristioris, tristissimi. Huius Tristis, tristioris, tristissimae. Huius Tristis, tristioris, tristissimi, etc.  
Q. Are there no exceptions from these general rules of comparing Nouns; that is, from this manner of comparing?  
A. Yes: there are four exceptions.  
Q. What is the first exception?  
A. Of Nouns which have no Comparative or Superlative degree, but borrow them of others.  
Q. How many such have you?  
A. 
b All other irregular comparisons may be much better showed the scholars out of the Latin rules, as they shall have use of them, then heese to trouble them, or the books with them.  My book names five: Bonus, malus, magnus, parvus, and multus.  
Q. Compare Bonus.  
A. 
b All other irregular comparisons may be much better showed the scholars out of the Latin rules, as they shall have use of them, then heese to trouble them, or the books with them.  Bonus, melior, 
c Paruissimus, multissimus, egregijsimus pijssimus, and the like, are old words, & out of use.  optimus: bona, melior, optima: bonum, melius, optimum. Gen. Boni, melioris, optimi: bonae, melioris, optimae: boni, melioris, optimi, etc. So Malus, peior, pessimus, and the rest as before.  
Q. What is your second exception?  
A. Of Positives ending in r.  
Q. If the Positive end in r, how must the Superlative be form?  
A. 
d ●hus must also celebret, salubris, acris, alacris, have the Superlatives, because they have the Non. also in r; as, celeber, salub●r, saluberrimus.  Of the Nominative case, by putting to rimus: as Pulcher, pulcherrimus.  
Q. Which is the third exception?  
A. Of six Adjectives ending in lis.  
Q. How do you make their Superlative?  
A. By changing lies into 
e These six are in prose most truly written with a single l, i● into limus: they are in verse with a double ll, for the verse sake.  limus, and not into lissimus.  
Q. Which are those six?  
A. Humilis humble, similis like, facilis easy, gracilis, slender, agilis nimble, docilis apt to learn: for, we say, Humilis, humilimus, and not humilissimus.  
Q. How do all other Nouns ending in lis, form the Superlative?  
A. They follow the general rule aforegoing.  
Q. What mean you by that?  
A. That they form the Superlative, by putting to s and simus, to the first case of the Positive ending in i; as utili, utilissimus: as before.  
Q. What is your last exception?  
A. Of such Adjectives as have a vowel coming before us: as, Pius, Assiduus, Idoneus.  
Q. How are these compared?  
A. By these two Adverbs, Magis more, & maximè most; pitting-to magis in steed of the Comparative degree, & maximè in steed of the Superlative:] so declining the three degrees together, as before in every Case and Gender in order: as Pius godly, magispius more godly, maximè pius most godly, etc.  
* Q. Why are these so compared?  
A. For avoiding the meeting together of vowels, which cannot be so well pronounced together: as we cannot say well, Pius, piior, etc.   

Of a pronoun.  
Q. WHich is the second part of speech?  
A. A Pronoune.  
Q. What is a Pronoune?  
A. 
b Pronouns supply the place of Nouns, and have for most part the nature of nouns.  A part of speech much like to a Noun, which is used in showing or rehearsing.  
* Q. Why is it called a Pronoune?  
A. Because it is put for a Noun.  
Q. Wherein are Pronouns used?  
A. In showing or rehearsing some thing which hath been uttered before, or may well be discerned.  
Q. How many Pronouns are there?  
A. 
c ●here are but 15. Pronouns properly, the rest are compounded of them, or added to them.  
d Sundry other Pronouns are found in old Writers, as, an am, for eam, 'em & in for eum, hibus for his, med, ted, mistress, 'tis, camps, quoi, ibus, etc. These & the like are to be known, and not used.  Fifteen: as, Ego, tu, sui, etc.  
Q. Have all Pronouns all the cases?  
A. No: only four of them have the Vocative case: all the rest want it. Also sui want● the Nominative case.  
Q. May not some other be added to them?  
A. Yes: three compound Pronouns, Egomet, tute, idem: and also 
(e) Qui is added to the Pronouns, because it is used in rehearsing something, and it is declined much like words of the second Declension of the Pronouns.  Qui, quae, quod.  
* Q. Whereof are these three compounded?  
A. Egomet, of ego and meet tute, of tu and te: idem of is and domum.  
* Q. How many kind of Pronouns have you generally?  
A. Two: Pronoune Substantives, & Pronoune Adjectives.  
* Q. How many Pronoune Substantives are there?  
A. Three: Ego, tu, sui, with their compounds; all the rest are Adjectives.  
Q. How doth your book divide the Pronouns?  
A. Into Primitives and Derivatives.  
Q. How many Pronoune Primitives are there?  
A. Eight: Ego, tu, sui, ille, ipse, iste, hic and is.  
Q. Why are they called Primitives?  
A. Because they are first words, and not derived of others.  
Q. What are these Primitives called beside?  
A. Demonstratives.  
Q. Why so?  
A. Because they commonly show a thing not spoken of before.  
Q. Are not some of them called Relatives?  
A. Yes.  
Q. Which are those?  
A. Hic, ille, iste, is, with idem and qui joined to them.  
Q. Why are these six called Relatives?  
A. Because they serve to rehearse a thing that was spoken of before.  
* Q. Can Hic, ille, iste, and is, be both Demonstratives & Relatives?  
A. Yes; in respect of the diverse uses to which they serve: that is, both to show and to rehearse.  
Q. Which of these is most specially called a Relative?  
A. Qui. 
Qui of some Grammarians is taken for a Noun.   
Q. How many Pronouns Derivatives are there?  
A. Seven: Meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester, nostras, vestras.  
Q. Why are they called Derivatives?  
A. Because they are derived of their Primitives, Mei, tui, sui, nostri, and vestri; the Genitive cases of Ego, tu, sui.  
* Q. Show me how.  
A. Meus comes of m●i, the Genitive case of Ego: tuus of tui, the Genitive case of tu: suus of sui: nostras of nostri, the Genitive case plural of ego: vestras of vestri, the Genitive case plural of tu.  
Q. How many sorts of Derivatives have you?  

These follow alter.  A. Two; Possessives, and Gentiles.  
Q. How many things belong to a Pronoune?  
A. My book names five: Number, Case, Gender, as are in a Noun, Declension and Person.  
* Q. How will you know the Genders in Pronoune Substantives; as, in Ego, tu, sui?  
A. Though these are not properly of any Gender, yet they are to be understood to be of that Gender, whereof the word or thing is, whereto they are referred, or whereof they are spoken.  
* Q. As how?  
A. If they be referred to a word of the Masculine Gender, they are of the Masculine; if to a word of the Feminine, they are of the Feminine: as, Ego understood of a man, or any thing of the Masculine Gender, it is the Masculine Gender; of a woman▪ or any thing of the Feminine Gender, it is a Feminine.  
Q. How will you know the Genders in Pronoune adjectives?  
A. Like as in the Noun adjectives.   

Declensions of Pronouns.  
Q. HOw many Declensions are there of a Pronoune?  
A. Four.  
* Q. How will you know what Declension every pronoun is?  
A. By the ending of the Genitive case singular, like as in Nouns.  
Q. Give me the terminations of the Genitive case singular of each Declension.  
A. Of the first in i: as, Ego, mei.  
The second in ïus, or jus: as, Ipse, ipsius: Qui, cujus.  
The third in ay, ae, ay▪ like Adjectives of three terminations; as, Mei, meae▪ mei.  
The fourth in âtis; as, Nostras, nostrâtis.  
Q. How many Pronouns are of the first Declension?  
A. Three: Ego, tu, sui.  
Q. Decline them Latin and English together.  
A. Ego I, mei of me, mihi to me, me to me, â me from me. Nos we, nostrûm vel nostri of us, nobis to us, nos us, à nobis, from us.  
So, English first. I ego, of me, etc. Tu thou, tui of thee, etc. Sui of himself, or of themselves. Sibi to himself, or to themselves, etc.  
Q. Then Sui is the same both in the singular and in the plural number.  
A. Yes: in all the cases which it hath; for it wanteth the Nominative and the Vocative case.  
Q. How many Pronouns are of the second Declension?  
A. Six: Ille, ipse, iste, hic, is, and qui.  
Q. What are they declined like?  
A. Much like to unus, una, unum. Gen. unius.  
Q. Do they all make their Genitive in ïus, like unus?  
A. No: these three, 
* Haec is oftentimes used for hae in old Writers.  Hic, is, and qui, make the Genitive in jus: as, huius, eius, cuius.  
Q. Are ille, ipse, iste, declined alike?  
A. Yea: they are declined like iste. saving that ipse maketh ipsum in the Neuter Gender of the Nominative and Accusative case singular, not ipsud.  
Q. But have not is and qui, a several declining?  
A. Yes: they differ somewhat.  
Q. Decline these, Latin and English together, and first iste.  
A. Iste that Masculine, ista that Feminine, istud that Neuter, or that thing. Genit. istius of that Masculine, Feminine, Neuter.  
So, Is he, ea she, id that thing. Qui which Masculine: quae which Feminine: quod which Neuter, etc.  
* Q. Why do you say in the Ablative case of Qui, Ablat. quo, qua quo vel qui.  
A. Because Qui, in the Ablative case is of all genders, and may be put for quo, qua, or quo.  
Q. How are Quis and Quid declined?  
A. 
a Note when Quis is compounded▪ it makes qua for quae, both in the Feminine singular, & Neuter plural: as ●●qua, nequa; not nequae: so aliq●is, numquis▪ Ecquis makes both ●●quae & ●●qua.  As qui, quae, quod: putting quis before qui, and quid after quod, thus;  
Nom. Quis vel qui, quae, quod vel quid. Gen. cuius, etc.  
So▪ Accus. Quem, quam, quod vel quid.  
Q. How decline you Quisquis?  
A. Sing. Nom. 

Quisquis,  
Quicquid.   etc.  
* Q. What difference is there between quod and quid?  
A. Quod requireth commonly a Substantive, or Antecedent with it. Quid is always a Substantive of the Neuter Gender.  
Q. What Pronouns are of the third declension?  
A. Five: Meus, tuus, suus, noster, and vester.  
* Q. What are these called?  
A. Possessives.  
Q. Why so?  
A. Because they signify possession, or owning; as, Meus mine: tuus thine: suus his: noster ours: vester yours.  
Q. How are these declined?  
A. Like Bonus: except that meus makes 
b Meus for m● in the Vocat. is by Antiptosis as Virg. Tro●ce ●ela manu sa●●uis m●us.  mi, in the Masculine Gender of the Vocative case singular; & that tuus, suus, vester, have no Vocative case at all.  
Q. How many Pronouns are of the fourth Declension?  
A. Two: nostras and vestras.  
Q. What are these called?  
A. Gentiles.  
Q. Why so.  
A. Because they properly betoken pertaining to some 
c Of Gens, a Nation.  Country or 
c Of Gens, a Nation.  Nation; to some sect or faction: as Nostras, one of our Country, or of our sect or side. Vestras, one of your country, sect, or side.  
Q. But your book adds Cuias: is it a Pronoune?  
A. No: it is a Noun.  
Q. Why is it declned here, being a Noun?  
A. Because it hath the same manner of declining with Nostras, and Vestras; 
Arpinas' of Arpinum▪ and Rauennas of Ravenna, are so declined.  like as all other Nouns that be Gentiles have: and because it comes of Cuius, the Genitive case of Qui, quae quod.  
Q. What signifies Cuias?  
A. Of what country, or what countryman.  
Q. What are these three declined like?  
A. They are in all things declined like Tristis: saving that in the Nominative and Vocative case singular, they make as for atis.  
Q. Show me how by example.  
A. Sing. Nom. H●c et haec Nostras et hoc Nostrate; for hic et haec nostratis, et hoc nostrate: the termination âtis being drawn into as.   

Of the Persons in a pronoun.  
Q. WHat is the fifth thing belonging to a Pronoune?  
A. Person.  
* Q. What mean you by a Person?  
A. Any person or thing which speaketh of itself, or is spoken to, or spoken of.  
Q. How many persons be there?  
A. Three.  
Q. What is the first Person?  
A. A word whereby any person speaketh of himself alone or with others: as, Ego I, Nos we.  
Q. How many words are of this Person?  
A. Ego, and nos: and no more properly.  
Q. What is the second Person?  
A. Any person or thing which is spoken to, either alone, or with others: as Tu thou, Vos ye.  
Q. How many words are of this Person?  
A. Tu and Vos: and no more properly.  
Q. But your book saith, that every Vocative case is of the second Person.  
A. That is by a figure, called Evocation.  
Q. What is the reason of it?  
A. Because Tu or Vos are understood in every Vocative case; and so the Vocative case is made of the same Person with them.  
Q. As how, for example?  
A. When we say, o puer, o boy: we understand, o tu puer, o thou boy.  
Q. What is the third Person?  
A. That which is spoken of; as, Ille he, Illi they.  
Q. What words are of the third Person?  
A. All 
a Persons belong to Nouns Verbs & Participles, by reason of some Person of the pronoun joined to them expressed or understood, not properly.  Nouns, Pronouns and Participles; except Ego, nos, tu and vos.  
Q. But these three, ipse, idem and qui, are sometime of the first and second Person.  
A. That is likewise by the figure Evocation, when they are joined with words of the first or second Person, expressed or understood: as, with Ego, tu, nos, or vos. For than they are made of the same Person.  
Q. May not any Noun or Pronoune be of the first or second Person by the same figure?  
A. Yes.  
* Q. To what end serve these Persons in Pronouns?  
A. To express our mind fitly when we speak of any Person. 
For other questions see the Latin pronoun. ] More specially they serve for the forming of Verbs, wherein they are ever expressed or understood in every word, in each Mood and Tense, except the Infinitive.   

Of a Verb.  
Q. WHich is the third part of speech?  
A. A Verb.  
Q. What is a Verb?  
A. A part of speech declined with 
a This is meant of perfect Verbs. That ave, faxo, quaeso, etc. are not declined with Mood & Tense, it is in regard of use, not the nature of the words.  Mood & Tense, & betokeneth the doing, suffering, or being of any thing.  
Q. Show me how it betokeneth doing, suffering, or being.  
A. Thus: Doing, as, Amo, I do love: suffering, as, amor I am loved: being, as, sum I am.  
am Q. What is then the difference between a Noun and a Verb?  
A. A Noun signifieth the name of a thing: a Verb signifieth the manner of doing, suffering, or being of that thing.  
Q. How many kind of Verbs are there?  
A. Two: Personal, and Impersonal.  
Q. What mean you by Personal?  
A. A Verb that hath Persons.  
Q. What a Verb is that?  
A. Such a Verb as is varied by diverse Persons: as, I love, thou lovest, he loveth, we love, etc.  
Q. What is an Impersonal?  
A. That which is not varied by more Persons, but only is form in the third Person singular, with this sign it: as, Decet it becometh.  
Q. How many kind of Personals are there?  
A. Five: Active, Passive, Neuter, Deponent, and Common.  
* Q. How do these differ one from another?  
A. Three ways: First in termination or ending. Secondly, in signification. Thirdly in declining or forming.  
Q. How do they differ in Termination?  
A. Some end in o, some in or, some few in m.  
Q. What Verbs in o,?  
A. A Verb Active, and a Verb Neuter.  
Q. What Verbs end in or?  
A. Passives, Deponents, and Commons.  
* Q. What Verbs end in m?  
A. A few Neuters: as, sum, forem, inquam, possum: with other compounds of them.  
Q. How then ends a Verb Active?  
A. In o.  
Q. What doth it betoken or signify?  
A. To do: as, amo I love; or I do love.  
Q. What may a Verb Active be made?  
A. A Passive.  
Q. How?  
A. By putting to r: as, of Amo I love; put to r, is made Amor.  
Q. How ends a Verb Passive?  
A. In or.  
Q. What doth it betoken?  
A. It betokeneth passion or suffering, or something to be done: as Amor I am loved.  
Q. May not a Verb Passive be made an Active?  
A. Yes.  
Q. How?  
A. By putting away r; as, of Amor take away r, it is made Amo.  
Q How ends a Verb Neuter?  
A. In o, or m: as, Curro I run: Sum, I am.  
Q. Cannot a Verb Neuter take r, to make it a Passive, as actives do: as, of Curro by putting to r, to make curror?  
A. No: There is no such word as Curror.  
Q. How is a Verb Neuter Englished?  
A. Sometime Actively: that is like an Active; as, Curro I run: sometimes Passively, or like a Passive; as, Aegroto, I am sick.  
Q. How ends a Verb Deponent?  
A. In r, like a Verb Passive.  
Q. How doth it signify?  
A. Either like an Active: as, loquor, I do speak: or like a Verb Neuter signifying Actively, not Passively; as, glorior, I do boast.  
Q. How ends a Verb Common?  
A. In r, like a Passive.  
Q. How doth it signify?  
A. Both Actively and 
a Few Verbs Commons are now in use, viz. signifying Passively as well as Actively, except Criminor▪ Frustror, Osculor, & some other, although many Participles of the Preter tense of Verbs Deponents may be found signifying Passively, as Complexus, Meditatus, Interpretatus, Comitatus, etc.  Passively: that is, both as a Verb Active, and as a Verb Passive: and therefore it is called a Verb Common; as Osculor, I kiss, or am kissed.  
* Q. How many I know in any place whether a Verb Common do signify Actively, or Passively?  
A. By the construction. For if it be construed as a Verb Active, it signifieth Actively; as, Osculor te I kiss thee: but if it have the construction of a Verb Passive, it signifieth Passively: as, Osculor à te I am kissed of thee.  
Q. Whether can a Verb Deponent or a Verb Common loose r, to be made actives?  
A. No: Loquor cannot be made loquo, nor Osculor osculo.  
* Q. But some of these kinds of verbs are said to be Transitive, others Intransitive: how may I know which are Transitive, which Intransitive?  
A. Those are Transitive whose action or doing passeth into another thing, & have not a perfect sense in themselves: as, Amo Magistrum, I love the Master.  
* Q. What is the way to know them?  
A. If I may fitly ask the question whom or what, made by the Verb, to show the meaning of it. As, when you say Amorett I love; another may ask whom or what do you love; or else he understands not your meaning.  
Q. Which are Intransitive?  
A. Such as have an absolute or perfect sense in their own signification, without ask any question: as, Curro I run, Aegroto I am sick.  
* Of all the five kinds which are Transitives?  
A. actives, Deponent, and Commons signifying Actively, that is when they are construed like actives.  
Q. Which are Intransitives?  
A. Verbs Passives, Neuters and Cmmmons signifying Passively, that is, being construed as Passives.   

Moods.  
Q. YOu said a Verb was declined with Mood and Tense: what is a Mood?  

Or a Mood is the manner of speech used in signifying the doing suffering or being of any thing.  A. The manner of speech wherein the signification of a Verb is uttered: as, in declaring, commanding, wishing, or the like.  
Q. How many Moods are there?  
A. Six: the Indicative, Imperative, Optative, Potential, subjunctive and Infinitive.  
Q. What is the Indicative?  
A. That which only showeth a reason true or false: as, Amo, I love; or else asketh a question: as, Amas tu? dost thou love?  
What sign hath it?  
A. None.  
Q. How know you the Imperative?  
A. It biddeth or commandeth, as, Ama, love thou.  
* Q. What sign hath it?  
A. It may have the sign Let; except in the second Persons: where it is evidently known by bidding.  
Q. How know you the Optative?  
A. It wisheth or desireth.  
Q What signs hath it?  
A. These signs; Would God, I pray God, or God grant.  
Q. What hath it joined with it in Latin?  
A. An adverb of wishing: as, utinam Amem, God grant I love.  
Q. How know you the Potential Mood?  
A. It showeth an ability, will or duty to do any thing.  
Q. What signifies it?  
A. May, can, might, would, should, ought or could: as, Amem, I may or can love.  
Q. How differs it in Latin from the Optative and subjunctive, seeing that they have all one termination?  
A. Because it hath neither Adverb nor Conjunction joined with it.  
Q. How know you the Subjunctive Mood?  
A. It hath evermore some Conjunction joined with it: or some adverb having the nature of a Conjunction: as, That, if, when, whereas: as, Cum amarem, when I loved.  
Q. Why is it called the Subjunctive Mood?  
A. Because it dependeth upon some other Verb in the same sentence, either going before or coming after it; as, Cum amarem eram miser, when I loved I was a wretch. Amarem, I loved, depends of eram, I was.  
* Q. Is there no difference in Latin, between the Optative, Potential, and Subjunctive Moods?  
A. No: save in signification, & signs of the Moods.  
Q. What signifieth the Infinitive?  
A. To do, to suffer, or to be.  
Q. Whether hath it Number & Person, as other Moods have?  
A. No: it hath neither Number, nor Person, nor Nominative case.  
Q. What is the common sign to know it by?  
A. To: as Amare to love.  
Q. When two Verbs come together without any Nominative case between them, what Mood must the latter be?  
A. The Infinitive: as, Cupio discere, I desire to learn.   

Gerunds.  
Q. WHat are there moreover belonging to the Infinitive Mood?  
A. 
a All Verbs Personals which are perfect & regular have Gerunds and Supines, except only Passives: and such are excepted and noted to want their Supines. impersonals have none.  Gerunds and Supines.  
* Q. Why do they belong to the Infinitive Mood?  
A. Because their signification is infinite, like to the signification of the Infinitive Mood; not making any difference of Number or Person.  
Q. How many 
b Gerunds are named of Gerendo, because they signify the manner of doing something. Supines (as Melancthon thinketh) of Supinus, because they have no case before them.  Gerunds are there?  
A. Three: the first ending in di, the second in do, the third in dum.  
Q. What signification have they?  
A. Both the Active and Passive: as, Amandi of loving, or of being loved: Amando in loving, or in being loved: Amandum to love, or to be loved.  
Q. 
c Some decline these, Gen. Amandi, Accusat. Amandum, Abla. Amando, But I take it better to decline them only as they are declined in the Verb.  How will you decline these?  
A. They are declined in the Verb.   

Supines.  
Q. HOw many Supines be there?  
A. Two: one ending in 'em, called the first Supine: the other ending in u, which is called the later Supine.  
Q. Why is that in 'em called the first Supine?  
A. Because it hath 
a It hath the signification of a Verb Passive, when it comes of a Verb signifying Passively: or when it hath iri, the Infinitive Mood of itur joined with it.  for the most part, the signification of the Infinitive Mood of the Verb Active: as, Amatum to love.  
Q. Why is that in u called the later Supine?  
A. Because it hath for the most part the signification of the Infinitive Mood Passive: as, Amatu to be loved.   

Tenses.  
* Q. What is a Tense?  
A. 
b The Tense signifieth the time wherein any Person is said to do or suffer any thing.  The 
c A Noun may signify time, as a day, etc. but not the doing, suffering, or being of a thing in time, as a Verb doth.  difference of a Verb according to the times past, present, to come.  
Q. How many Tenses are there?  
A. 
d There are properly but three senses or times.  Five: The Present tense, the Preterimperfect tense, the Preterperfect tense, the Preterpluperfect tense, and the Future tense.  
* Q. How may these be known asunder? 
The time 

past,  
present,  
to come.   Our book divides the Pretertense or time past, into three▪ (viz.) Preterimperfect tense, not perfectly passed. Preterperfect tense, perfectly passed. Preterpluperfect tense more than perfectly passed.   
A. By the times which they speak of, and by signs.  
Q. What time doth the Present tense speak of?  
A. The time that is now present: as, Amo, I love.  
Q. What signs hath it?  
A. Do, do●st, or doth, in the Active voice: and am, are, art, is, or be, in the Passive.  
Q. What speaketh the Preterimperfect tense of?  
A. Of the time that is not perfectly passed, but as it were still present: as, Amabam I loved or did love.  
Q. What signs may it be known by?  
A. By these, did or didst, in the Active voice: and was, were, wert, in the Passive.  
Q. What time speaks the Preterperfect tense of?  
A. That which is perfectly passed, though lately: as Amavi, I have loved.  
Q. What signs hath it?  
A. Have, haste or hath in the Active: have been, hast been, or hath been, in the Passive.  
Q. What time speaks the Preterpluperfect tense of?  
A. Of that which is more than perfectly passed, or past a long while since.  
Q. What signs hath it?  
A. Had or hadst in the Active: had been, or hadst been, in the Passive.  
Q. What time speaks the Future tense of?  
A. Of the time to come.  
Q. What signs hath it?  
A. Shall or will in the Active: shall be, or will be, in the Passive.  
* Q. Give me all the usual signs of the Active together.  
A. 
b The principal signs of the Active, are, Do, did, have, had, shall or will.  Do or doth; did or didst; have, haste, or hath; had or hadst; shall or will.  
* Q. Give me the usual signs of the Passive.  
A. Am, be, is, are, art; was, were, wert; have been, had been, shall or will be.   

Persons.  
persons Q. WHat is a Person in a Verb?  
A. Every several word, in every Mood and Tense: except the Infinitive mood; which hath no Person.  
Q. Why are these called Persons?  
A. Because one of the three Persons of the pronoun, is understood in every one of them: as, Amo I love, is as much as, ego amo; amas thou lovest, as much as tu amas; amat he loveth, as much as ille amat: and so in the rest.  
Q. How many Persons are there in Verbs?  
A. In Verbs Personals▪ there are three in either Number; like as in the pronoun.  
* Q. Hath every Mood & Tense, three Persons in either Number?  
A. Yea, in perfect Verbs; except that the Imperative Mood wants the first Person of the singular Number; and the Infinitive hath no Persons at all, as was said.  
* Q. What differ your Persons in Verbs, from Persons in Nouns and Pronouns?  
A. The Persons in Nouns and Pronouns, signify who or what Person it is, that doth, or suffereth any thing. The Persons in Verbs signify, what it is, that such a Person doth or suffereth.  
suffereth Q. Show it by an example.  
A. Magister docet, the Master teacheth: Magister is the Person of the Noun doing something; docet, the Person of the Verb, signifying what he doth.   

conjugations.  
* Q. WHat is a Conjugation?  
A. 
a A Conjugation is a fit varying of verbs by their final terminations in both Numbers, and in every person, in each Mood and Tense.  The varying of a Verb, according to Moods, Tenses, and Persons.  
Q. How many conjugations have Verbs?  
A. Four.  
Q. How may they be known asunder?  
A. By their several vowels; which are their marks to know them by.  
Q. What is the vowel of the first Conjugation to know it by?  
A. 
* Do and certain compounds of it are excepted: as, circundo, pessundo, secundo, which make a short, as, damus, circundamus, as is in the Latin Prosodia.  A long, before re and ris: as, amâre, amâris.  
Q. What of the second?  
A. E long, before re and ris: as, docêre, docêris.  
Q. What of the third?  
A. E short, before re and ris: as, legere, legeris.  
Q. What of the fourth?  
A. I long, before re and ris: as, audîre, audîris.  
* Q. Where must you find this re and ris which you speak of?  
A. Re, in the Infinitive mood Active; which is the fourth word in declining the Verb in the Active voice: as, Amo, amas, amavi, amare: and ris, in the second Person Passive; that is, in the second word in declining a Verb Passive: as, Amor, amaris.   

Of declining and conjugating Verbs.  
Q. THat you may be skilful in all Verbs (which with the knowledge of the Nouns, 
☜  is accounted the most speedy help to attain the Latin tongue) what must you do?  
A. I must learn to be very perfect, in 
a Declining a Verb, is the rehearsing of the first & second Person of the Present tense, with the first Person of the Preterperfect tense of the Indicative Mood: the Present tense of the Infinitive mood: the Gerunds▪ Supines & Parciciples belonging to that Verb and voice.  declining and conjugating any Verb.  
Q. How many examples have you to decline, and conjugate all perfect Verbs by?  
A. Four; according to the number of the Conjugations.  
Q. In how many voices are these examples 
b Forming or conjugating a Verb, is the breaking or varying the first word of the Verb, into sundry other words coming of it, by Persons, Tenses, Moods.  form?  
A. In two: Active, and Passive. All Verbs in o, are form like Amorett, Doceo, Lego or Audio. All Verbs in or, like Amor, Doceor, Legor, Audior.  
* Q. Are Deponents and Commons declined like Passives?  
A. Yes: saving that they are to have Gerunds & Supines declined with them, because they want actives: and they have Participles, as they are set down in the Participle after.  
* Q. What is the chief benefit of this perfect readiness, in declining and conjugating?  
A. To be able, as in the Noun, to give either the English to the Latin; or Latin to the English of any Verb, in each Mood, Tense, and Person: and thereby to be able to proceed most speedily in construing, parsing, and making Latin.  
* Q. How will you do that?  
A. By being perfect in all the Persons, through each Mood and Tense, to be able to give both English to Latin, and Latin to English in them: and after to run the Terminations of every Tense and Person, in my mind; together with the signs of every Person in English.  
Q. But how will you do in the Imperative Mood, which hath no first Person singular?  
A. Give it in the second Person.  
Q. Show me an example hereof: and first of saying the Latin before.  
A. Amorett I love, amabam I loved or did love, amavi I have loved, amaveram I had loved, amabo I shall or will love.  
Imperative second Person, Ama amato love thou.  
Optative utinam Amem grant I love, etc.  
Q. Give me the English first.  
A. I love Amorett, I loved or did love amabam, etc. as in declining Nouns.  
Q. But let me hear how you run the Terminations: as, in Amo.  
A. O, as, at, amus, atis, ant. So in Amabam, bam, bas, bat, bamus, batis, ba●t.  
Q. Which are those English signs, which you must run in your mind, with these terminations?  
A. The Persons in English; I, thou, he, we, ye and they.  
Q. Then if you can give the first Person in any Tense, you can by this means give any Person of the same, by remembering, or running in your mind, the terminations & signs together.  
A. Yes.  
Q. How say you, I loved or did love?  
A. Amabam.  
Q. They loved or did love?  
A. Amabant.  
Q. If you be asked any Person which you cannot tell, what must you do to find it?  
A. Call to mind but the first Person of that Tense, and run the rest in my mind until I come to it.  
Q. How, for example?  
A. If I be asked, how I say, We had taught, I strait remember I had taught docueram: & so running in my mind, ram, ras, rat, ramus, ratis, rant; and withal, I, thou, he, we, ye, they; I find docueramus we had taught.  
* Q. Give me the first Persons of those Tenses, which come one of another: and first which come of the Present tense.  
A. Amorett, amabam, amabo, amem, amarem, amare.  
* Q. Give those which come of the Preterperfect tense.  
A. Amavi, amaveram, amaverim, amavero, amavissem, amavisse.  
Q. Rehearse them together as they stand in the book.  
A. Amorett, amabam, amavi, amaveram, amabo: Ama, amato; Amem, amarem, amaverim, amavissem, amavero, amare, amavisse.  
Q. Rehearse them Actively, and Passively together, as they stand in order.  
A. Amo amor, amabam amabar, amavi amatus sum vel fui, amaveram amatus eram vel fueram, amabo amabor.  
Imper. second Person, Ama amato, amare amator.  
Optat. Potential and subjunctive, Amem amer, amarem amarer, amaverim amatus sim vel fuerim, amavissen amatus essem vel fuissem, amavero amatus er● vel fuero.  
Infinitive, Amare amari; amavisse, amatum esse vel fuisse.  

* Illi polliciti sese facturum omnia. Est quod speremus deos bonis benefacturum.  Amaturum esse, amatum iri vel amandum essem.  
Amandi, amando, amandum; Amatum, amatu; amans, amatus, amaturus, amandus.  
* Q. Give the terminations of the first Persons of the Active voice alone.  

Make these terminations exceeding perfect: all the rest will be soon gotten & easily kept by oft repeating these over thus.  A. O, bam, i, ram, bo or am. Em or am, rem, rim, sem, ro.  
Q. Give the signs of the Tenses answering.  
A. Do, did, have, had, shall or will; as before.  
Q. Give the terminations of the Active and Passive together.  
A. O or, bam bar, i sum vel 

bo bor,  
am are.   fui, ram eram vel fueram 

Em er  
am are   rem rer, rim sim vel fuerim, sem essem vel fuissem, ro ero vel fuero.  
Infinite. e, i: se esse vel fuisse.  
* Q. Is there yet no further help for knowing the several Persons?  
A. Yes. The first Persons Active end in o, an, 'em, in, or i: the second in as, es, is or sti: the third in at, et, it: the first Plural in muss; the second in 'tis; the third in nt.  
Q. How end the first Persons Passive?  
A. The first Persons end commonly in or, are, er; the second in aris, eris, iris; the third in tur; the first Plural in mur; the second in mini; the third in ntur.  
In the Preterperfect tenses, Preterplup. and Future tenses Passive, the terminations are the same with the tenses in Sum, es, fui, of which they are borrowed: except the Future tense of the Indicative Mood.  
* Q. Which do you account the speediest way of all, to get and keep these Verbs?  
A. This oft repetition of these terminations in Latin, and of the English signs of the Moods, Tenses, and Persons: and also much examination of the Active and Passive together: as, ask, I love, Amo: I am loved, Amor: he loveth, amat: he is loved, amatur: they love, amant: they are loved, amantur, etc.   

Of Sum and other Verbs out of rule.  
Q. WHat rules have you for Verbs ending in m?  
A. There are no rules for them, they are irregular: that is, without rule.  
Q. Are none of them declined in your book?  
A. Yes: Sum and Possum.  
Q. How are others in m declined?  
A. They with most other lame Verbs, or which are irregular, 
(b) At Sed 〈◊〉 ut totum  are set down in the Latin Grammar by themselves: except volo, nolo, malo, edo, fio, fero, feror; which do follow after.  
Q. Is not a perfect readiness in this verb Sum, as necessary as in any other of the Verbs?  
A. Yes, and more also.  
Q. Why?  
A. Because it serveth for declining of all Verbs in or, and also for that it is of perpetual use.  
Q. How will you come to be perfect in this Verb Sum?  
A. By the same means as in Amorett, doceo, etc. and so in volo, nolo, malo, and the rest of those Verbs out of rule: chiefly in being perfect in giving all the first Persons, both English to Latin, and Latin to English.  
Q. Have you not some special observations concerning these two Verbs, Eo and queo?  
A. Yes.  
Q. Wherein do they differ from other Verbs?  
A. In the Preterimperf. and Future tense of the Indicative Mood, and in the Gerunds.  
Q. How do they make their Preterimperfect tense?  
A. 
* A●dibant leni●ant, scibar●, sae●tham, and the like, are by the figure Syncope.  Ibam and quibam; not iebam.  
Q. How do they make their Future tense?  
A. Ib● and quibo: not iam.  
Q. How do they make their Gerunds?  
A. 
b So they make the oblique cases of the Participle of the Present tense: as, of Ien●, the Genitive is euntis, so eunti, etc.  Eundi, eundo, eundum; not ieudi: so queundi, queundo, qu●undum.  
Q. How are they varied in all other Moods & Tenses?  
A. Like Verbs in o, of the fourth Conjugation.  
Q. What Tenses are form of the Preterperfect tense of the Indicative Mood?  
A. All other Preterperfect tenses, Preterpluperfect tenses, and Future tenses; except the Future tense of the Indicative Mood.  
Q. How are these form of the Preterperfect tense of the Indicative Mood.  
A. Those which end in ram, rim, or ro, be form of it, by changing i, into e short: & then putting to ram, rim, or ro: as, of Amavi, are made amaveram, amaverim, amavero. Those which end in sem, or see, be form of it only by putting to s and sem, or see: as of Amavi, amavissem, amavisse.   

Impersonals.  
Q. We have done with Verbs Personals: to come to Impersonals, how are they declined?  
A. They are not declined as Verbs Personals, but only form in the third Person singular through all Moods and Tenses: as, Delectat, delectabat, etc.  
Q. What signs have they to know them by?  
A. They have commonly before their English this sign it, and sometimes there.   

Of a Participle.  
Q. WHat is your fourth part of speech, which is declined?  
A. A Participle?  
Q. What is a Participle?  
A. A part of speech derived a● a Verb, taking part of a Noun, etc.  
Q. Of what is a Participle derived?  
A. Of a Verb●, from whence it hath the beginning.  
Q. Why is it called a Participle?  
A. Of taking part. Because it hath nothing of itself, but what it takes from others.  
Q. What parts of speech doth it take part of?  
A. Part of a Noun; part of a Verb; and part of both a Noun and a Verb together.  
Q. What doth i● take of a Noun only, or severally?  
A. Gender, Case and Declension.  
Q. What of a Verb alone?  
A. Tense and signification.  
Q. What doth it take of both of them together?  
A. Number and figure.  
* Q. How is a Participle declined?  
A. With Number, Case and Gender; as a Noun Adjective.  
Q. 
b There are two of the Active voice; as, the Participle of the Present and the Fut. in rus. two of the Passive; that is, the Participle of the Pretertense, and Future in ●us.  How many kinds of Participles are there?  
A. Four: one of the Present tense, another of the Preter tense, one of the Future in rus, an other of the Future in dus.  
Q. How can you know them?  
A. Partly, by their end; partly, by their signification.  
Q. How ends the Latin of the Participle of the Present tense?  
A. In ans, or ens: as, amans, docens.  
Q. How ends it in English?  
A. In ing: as, loving.  
Q. Is every word ending in ing, a Participle of the Present tense?  
No: unless the Latin end also in ans, or ens, having the other properties of a Participle.  
Q. What time doth it signify?  
A. The time present.  
Q. What is the Latin of the Participle of the present tense form of?  
A. Of the 
c For forming ●articiples of Verbs 〈…〉.  Preterimperf. tense of the Indicative Mood, by changing the last syllable into ns: as, of Amabam, bam turned in ns, is made amans: so, of Auxiliabar, auxilians.  
Q. What doth a Participle of the Future in rus, signify or betoken?  
A To do; like the Infinitive Mood, of the Active voice: as, Amaturus to love, or about to love.  
Q. What time doth it signify?  
A. The time to come, but Actively.  
Q. How endeth it in Latin?  
A. In rus: as, amaturus.  
Q. What is it form of?  
A. 
d These Participles 〈…〉 are form irregularly. Stockwood.  Of the later Supine by putting to rus: as, of Doctu, docturus.  
Q. How ends the English of the Participle of the Pretertense?  
A. In d, t, or n: as, loved, taught, slain.  
Q. How ends his Latin?  
A. In tus, sus, xus: as, amatus loved, visus seen, nexus knit.  
Q. Do all of them end either in tus, sus, or xus, in Latin?  
A. Yea all; except Mortuus dead, which endeth in üus.  
* Q. What time doth a Participle of the Preter tense signify?  
A. The time past.  
Q. What is it form of?  
A. Of the later Supine by putting to s: as, of Lectu, lectus.  
Q. What signifieth a Participle of the future in dus?  
A. To suffer; like the Infinitive Mood of the Passive voice: as, Amandus to be loved.  
* Q. What time doth it signify?  
A. The time to come Passively.  
Q. Of what is it form?  
A. Of the Gen. Case of the Participle of the Present tense.  
Q. How?  
A. By changing 'tis, into dus: as, of Amantis, turn 'tis into dus, and it is made Amandus.  
Q. But hath it not sometimes the signification of the Active voice; and of the Participle of the Present tense?  
A. Yes: as, Legendus reading. As in this sentence; Legendis veteribus proficis; In reading old authors thou dost profit.  
Q. Is it then properly a Participle of the Future in dus, when it signifieth Actively?  
A. No. It is rather an Adjective Gerundive.  
Q. Hath every kind of Verb all the four Participles?  
A. No.  
Q. How many Participles have Verbs actives & 
* Dolendus and carendus, are out of rule. Erratus, excursus percursus, are taken to come of Verbs Impersonals of the Passive voice: so regnatus, triumphatus, or abusively.  Neuters, which have the Supines?  
A. Two: one of the Present tense, and another of the Future in rus.  
Q. But what if these lack the Supines?  
A. Then they want the Future in rus.  
Q. Why so?  
A. Because it is derived of the later Supine. As, of Disco is only discens; without a Participle of the Future in rus.  
Q What Participles have Verbs Passives, whose actives have the Supines?  
A. Two: a Participle of the Preter tense, & of the Future in dus: as, of Amor, cometh amatus, amandus.  
Q. But what if the actives want the Supines?  
A. They want then the Participle of the Preter tense.  
Q. Why so?  
A. Because the Participle of the Preter tense should be form of the later Supine which is wanting. As, of Timeor is only timendus.  
Q. What Participles hath a Verb Deponent?  
A. Three: one of the Present tense; another of the Pretertense, and one of the future in rus: as, of Auxilior, cometh auxilians, auxiliatus, auxiliaturus.  
Q. Can it never have a Participle of the Future in dus?  
A. Yes; if it govern an Accusative case, as being a Verb Transitive: as, Loquor ver●um; Loquor, may form loquendus.  
Q. How many Participles hath a Verb Common?  
A. All the four Participles: as, of Largior, cometh largiens, largiturus, largitus, largiendus.  
Q. How are the Participles of the Present tense declined?  
A. Like Nouns Adjectives of three Articles: as, Nom. Hic, haec & hoc Amans; like Foelix.  
Q. How are Participles of other tenses declined?  
Like Nouns Adjectives of three divers end: as, Nom. Amatus, amata, amatum; like Bonus, a, 'em: so all the rest.   

Of an adverb.  
Q. WHich is your fifth part of speech; and the first of those which are undeclined?  
A. An adverb.  
Q. What is an adverb?  
A. A part of speech joined to the Verbs, to declare their signification.  
Q. Why is it called an adverb?  
A. Because it is usually joined to Verbs, in speaking.  
Q. May it not be joined unto other parts of speech also?  
A. Yes: to such words as are in the place of Verbs, and some other; as, sometimes to Nouns, sometimes to adverbs.  
Q Whereto is an adverb joined to the Verbs?  
A. To declare their signification; that is, to make their signification more plain and full.  
* How?  
A. By some circumstance of time, place, number, order, or the like, according to the the several kinds of Adverbs; As, when I taught, where, how oft, in what order: and the like hereunto.  
Q. Rehearse the sorts of your Adverbs.  
A. Adverbs are of Time, Place, Number Order: and so as they stand in the book.  
Q. Give me your Adverbs, Englishing them in order.  
A. Adverbs of time: as, hody to day, cras to morrow, herì yesterday: perendie they day after to morrow, olim in time past, aliquando sometimes, nuper of late, quando when.  
Of Place: as, ubi where, ibi there, hic here, istic there, illic there, intus within, foris without.  
Of Number: as, Semel once, bis twice, ter thrice, quater four times, iterum again.  
Of Order: as, Indè from thence: deinde afterwards: denique to conclude: postremò last of all.  
Of Ask or Doubting: as, Cur wherefore, quare wherefore, unde from whence, quorsum to what end, num whether, numquid whether.  
Of Calling: as, Heus ho, o ho: ehodum ho sirrah.  
Of Affirming: as, Certè surely, nae verily, profectò truly, sanè truly or doubtless, scilicet doubtless or truly, 
Scilicet q. scire licet.  licet be it so, esto be it so.  
Of Denying: as, Non not, haud not, minimè no, or in no wise, neutiquam not, or in no wise, nequaquam no, or in no wise.  
Of Swearing: as, v er. Pol in good-sooth, 

v er. Pol by Pollux. Aedepol by the Temple of Pollux.  
Medius fidius, as Fidus the son of jupiter, and God of faithfulness, love me; like Me Hercule, as Hercules shall help me.  
Sodes q. si audes.   aedepol in good-sooth, Hurcle truly, Medius-fidius in faith or truth.  
Of Exhorting: as, Eia go to, or well, age go to, agite go ye to, agedum well, go to yet.  
Of Flattering: as Sodes if thou darest, or on good fellowship, amabo of all love.  
Of Forbidding: as, Ne no, not.  
Of Wishing: as, utinam I would to God, si O that, o si O if, o oh that.  
Of Gathering together: as, Simul together, unà together, pariter together, non modò not only, non solùm not only.  
Of Parting: as, Seorsim asunder, or one from another: sigillatin● every one asunder or peculiarly, vicatim street by street, or village by village.  
Of Choosing: as, Potius rather, imò yea rather.  
Of a thing not finished: as, Penè almost, ferè almost, prope nigh, or near, or almost, vix scarcely, modò almost.  
Of Showing: as, En behold, ecce behold.  
Of Doubting: as, Forsan peradventure, forsitan peradventure, fortassis it may be, fortasse it may be peradventure.  
Of Chance: as, Fortè by chance, fortuitò by chance, or at adventure.  
Of Likeness: as, Sic so, sicut like as, quasi as, ceu as, tanquam even as, velut as.  
Of Quality: as, Benè well, malè evilly, doctè learnedly, fortiter valiantly.  
Of Quantity: as, Multum much, parum little, minimum the least of all, paululum very little, plurimum the most of all or very much.  
Of Comparison: as, Tam so or aswell, quam as, magis more, minus less, maximè especially.  
Q. Are not some Adverbs compared?  
A. Yes; certain are: as, Doctè learnedly, doctiùs more learnedly, doctissime most learnedly. Fortiter valiantly, fortiùs more valiantly, fortissimè most valiantly. Prope near, propiùs nearer, proximè the nearest of all.  

Adverbs coming of Nouns which are compared irregularly, do follow their manner of comparing: as, of Bonus, Melior, optimus, is Benè, meliùs, op●imè.  * Q. Do these form the Comparative, and the Superlative degree of their Positive, as Adjectives do?  
A. No: they have no Comparative nor Superlative degree, of themselves; neither do form any Comparison properly.  
* Q. How then have they these degrees?  
A. They do borrow them of Nouns Adjectives of the Comparative and Superlative degree.  
* Q. How do their Comparative & Superlative degrees end?  
A. Their Comparatives end in us; like the Neuter Gender of the Adjective of the Comparative degree.  
Q. How end their Superlatives?  
A. They end for most part in e, like the Masculine Gender of the Vocative case of their Adjective of the Superlative degree. Of which they seem to be form: as Doctè, doctiùs, doctissimè.  
Q. 
b 
Neuter Adjectives ●re oft put for Adverbs as, recens pro recenter, toruum for t●ruè.  
This is when they are taken Aduerbially, signifying as Adverbs.   Do not some Superlatives end in 'em?  
A. Yes: some few which have the termination of the Neuter Gender, of the Vocative case, whereof they come: as, Plurimùm, potissimùm.  
Q. Are not Prepositions sometimes made adverbs?  
A. Yes: when they are set alone without a case.  
* Q. How may we know Adverbs?  
A. Easily. Many of them are set down in the Accidence. The rest may be known partly by their English, partly by their Latin; chiefly by their English and Latin together.  
* Q. How by their English?  
A. Most of them, besides these in the book, are Adverbs of Quality, & do commonly end in lie, in English: as, wisely, learnedly.  
Q. How by their Latin?  
A. They end commonly in è, or us, and are marked over the head with a grave accent, to distinguish them from Nouns: as, Doctè, doctiùs, doctissimè. Or else they end in er: as, Prudenter, wisely.  
* Q. How by their English and Latin together?  
A. Thus: as, Doctè learnedly, doctiùs more learnedly, doctissmè most learnedly. Fortiter valiantly, fortiùs more valiantly, fortissimè most valiantly.  
Q. But have you not some ending in oh, like Ablative cases?  
A. Yes: as, Tantò by so much: & some also in in: as, furtìm theevishly, coming of the verb furor. But these have their accents to know them by, like as those in 'em, and the rest.   

Of a Conjunction.  
Q. WHich is your second part of speech undeclined?  
A. A Conjunction.  
Q. What is a Conjunction?  
A. A part of speech that joineth words & sentences together.  
* Q. What is then the use of Conjunctions?  
A. To join words and sentences.  
Q. How many kinds have you of them?  
A. Twelve: Copulatives, Disjunctives, Discretives, Causals, Conditionals, Exceptives, Interrogatives, Illatives, adversatives, Redditives, Electives, Diminutives.  
Q. Give me your Conjunctions, Latin and English together.  
A. 
b These are called Copulatives, because they serve to couple parts of sentences absolutely. Disiunctives, by which parts of sentences are so severed, as if one only could be true. Discretives, by which the parts are lightly severed. Causals, which sh●w a cause of a thing going before. Conditionals, by which the part following is knit, upon condition of that going before. Exceptives, do except against something going before, or from something following. Interrogatives ask a question. Illatives, bring in some conclusion or show something. adversatives show some diversity of things. Redditives, answer to the adversatives. For the order of the Conjunctions how they are to be placed, and other questions, see the Latin Conjunction.  Copulatives: as, Et and, que and, quoquè also, ac and, atque and, ●oc neither, neque neither.  
Disjunctives: as, Aut either, ve or, or either, vel either, sen either, sine either.  
Discretives: as, Said but, quidem but truly, autem but, verò but, at but, hast but.  
Casuals: as, Name for, namque for, enim for, etenim for, quia because, ut that, quòd that, quum sith that, quoniam because, and quando (set for quoniam) sith that, or because.  
Conditionals: as, Si if, sin but if, modò so that, dumb so that, dummodo so that.  
Exceptives: as, N● except, nisi except, quin but, alioquin except that, or otherwise, praeter quam except that.  
Interrogatives: as, Ne whether, an whether, utrùm whether, necnè whether or no, annè whether or no, nonnè is it not so.  
Illatives: as, Ergo therefore, ideo therefore, igitur therefore, quare wherefore, it aque therefore, proin therefore.  
adversatives: as, Et si although, quanquam although, quam●is although, licèt although or albeit, esto be it so.  
Redditives to the same: as, Tamen notwithstanding, attamen yet notwithstanding.  
Electives: as, quam how, ac as, atque as, or then.  
Diminutives: as, Saltem at least, vel yea, or at the leastwise.   

Of a Preposition.  
Q. WHich is your third part of speech undeclined?  
A. A Preposition.  
Q. What is a Preposition?  
A. A part of speech most commonly set before other parts of speech, either in Apposition, or in Composition.  
Q. Why do you say, most commonly set before other parts?  
A. Because some Prepositions are orderly set after their cases; the rest also may be set after, sometimes.  
Q. What mean you by Apposition, when you say a Preposition is set before in Apposition?  
A. When a Preposition is only set before an other word, yet is not made one with it, but remaineth a perfect word of itself: as, Ad patrem.  
Q. What mean you by Composition, when you say a Preposition is set before in Composition?  
A. When it is made a part of the word which it is set before: as, indoctus unlearned.  
Q. To what use do Prepositions serve specially?  
A. To govern cases: or to serve to cases, as our book hath it.  
* Q. What cases do they serve to?  
A. To three. Some to an Accusative, some to an Ablative; some both to an Accusative and an Ablative.  
Q. How many Prepositions serve to the 
a Procul is sometimes a Preposition, and joined both to the Accusative & to the Ablative cases. Cooper.  Accusative case?  
A. Two and thirty: namely, Add to, apud at, aunt before, etc.  
Q. How many serve to the Ablative case?  
A. These fifteen. 
b Portat prae sibi, h. e. praeportat sibi, or prae, h. e. praesidium sive commeatum, sibi. Lamb. in Plau. Venio advorsum tempori, h. e. advorsum Menechmum tempori, h. e. opportunè. Stockw.  A, ab, abs, from or fro, etc.  
Q. How many serve to both cases?  
A. Only these four; In, sub, super, and subter.  
Q. What Prepositions are set after their cases?  
A. These three: versus, penes, and tenus, are ordinarily set after; also come and usque, sometimes: as, mecum, ad occidentem usque.  
* Q. May not the rest of the Prepositions be so set after their cases also?  
A. Yes: by the figure Anastrophe: as, Italiam contra.  
Q. Can no Preposition serve to a Genitive case?  
A. Yes; Tenus.  
Q. When is that?  
A. When the casual word joined with Tenus is the Plural number, than it must be put in the Genitive case, and be set before tenus: as, Aurium tenus, up to the ears; genuum tenus, up to the knees.  
Q. If Prepositions be set alone without any case; whether are they then Prepositions?  
A. No: they are then changed into Adverbs: and so if they do form the degrees of Comparison.  
Q. May those four which serve to both cases, have either an Accusative case or an Ablative, as we will?  
A. No: except Subter, which we may use at our pleasure.  
* Q. How know you then when to join them to the Accusative case; when to the Ablative?  
A. By their signification: for when they are put for other Prepositions serving to the Accus. case, they will commonly have an Accusative case: so for Prepositions serving to the Ablative, an Ablative.  
Q. When doth in, serve to the Accusative case?  
A. When it hath the sign to, joined with the English: as, in urbem, into the City. Or, when it is put for Erga towards, contra against, or add unto. Otherwise, it serves to an Ablative.  
* Q. When doth Sub govern an Accusative case?  
A. When it is put for Admetus, per, or ante; that is, when it signifieth unto, by, about or before. Otherwise, it governs an Ablative.  
* Q. When doth Super govern an Accusative?  
A. When it is put for ultra beyond. Else it will have an Ablative.  
* Q. Have you no more Prepositions but these?  
A. Yes: 
b These have commonly these significations or the like, which by use in reading may easily be observed; Am about, di from, etc. dis asunder, re back or again: see asunder: con together. se q. scorsim. con. q. cum.  These six; Am, di, dis, re, se, con.  
Q. Do these serve to any cases?  
A. No: they serve only to make Compound words; so that they are never found alone, but only in Composition, compounded with other words.  
Q. Are not Prepositions compared?  
A. No: except some of them when they are changed into Adverbs as, Prope, propiùs, proximè.   

Of an Interjection.  
Q. WHat i● your last part of speech?  
A. An Interjection.  
Q. What is an Interjection?  
A. A part of speech, which signifieth some sudden affection, or passion of the mind, in an imperfect voice.  
Q. How many kinds of Interjections have you?  
A. So many as there are sudden passions or motions of the mind:] as of mirth, sorrow, dread and the like: as they are in my book.  
Q. Give me the English of your Interjections; as you did of Adverbs and Conjunctions.  
A. They are imperfect voices: and so have no proper English words: yet we may English them thus, after our custom of speech.  
Some be of mirth: as Evax hay, vah hey-da.  
Sorrow: as, Heu alas, hei ah alas.  
Dread: as, Atat oh, or out-alas.  
marveling: as, Papè o wonderful!  
Disdaining: as, Him oh or what, vah ah.  
Shunning: as, Apage get thee gone, or fie away.  
Praising: as, Euge o well done!  
Scorning: as, Hui ho, alas.  
Exclamation: as, Proh Deum atque hominum fidem. Oh the faith of Gods and men.  
Cursing: as, Vae woe, malum in a mischief.  
Laughing: as, Ha, ha, he; ha, ha.  
Calling: as, Eh●, oh, ïo, ho sirrah.  
Silence: as, Au auh.  
Q. But are all Interjections such imperfect voices?  
A. Yea, all which are properly Interjections: as, Evax, vah, etc.  
* Q. What say you then of malum, signifying in a mischief, is it not a perfect voice?  
A. Malum is not properly an Interjection, but a Noun: and is only then taken for an Interjection, when it is put to express such a sudden passion.  
* Q. May not other perfect words also, be made Interjections?  
A. Yes: any part of speech may; but especially Nouns and Verbs, whensoever they are used to express these sudden motions of the mind:] as, Infandum a thing not to be spoken of, Amabo of all good fellowship, Peri● alas, are made Interjections and undeclined.  
Q. May one word then be of many parts of speech?  
A. Yes: being taken in a diverse signification; or in a diverse respect and consideration.  
* Q. As how, for example?  
A. As: Come when, is an adverb of Time; Cum seeing that, is a Conjunction Causal; Come with, a Preposition. And come taken for this word cum, or for itself, is a Noun Substantive and undeclined.  
* Q. It seemeth hereby that a word of any part of speech may be a Noun Substantive.  
A. 
a Such words are Substantives not properly, but technicos, that is, artificially, or materially, as some Grammarians do speak.  Yes: when it is taken for the word itself, or as for a word of Art.] As, Habeo this word habeo. Or when it is put in place of a Noun Substantive: as, Bonum manè good morrow. Manè is here declined, Hoc manè inuar●abile.   

The Concord's of the Latin speech.  
Q. We have done with the Introduction of the Eight parts of speech, or the handling of the eight parts severally, which is the first part of your Accidence: now we are to come to the rules of Construction of the Eight parts of speech, called the English rules. What mean you by Construction?  
A. 
b That construction is to be accounted lawful, which the most approved of the ancient Writers have used both in writing and speaking.  The due joining, or right ordering & framing together of words in speech.] Or the right joining of the parts of speech together in speaking according to the natural manner; or according to the reason & rule of Grammar.  
Q. How many things are to be considered, for the right joining of words in Construction?  
A. Two: 

1. The Concord's of words.  
2. The governing of words.    
* Q. What mean you by Concord's?  
A. The agreements of words together, in some special Accidents or qualities: as in one Number, Person, Case or Gender.  
Q. How many Concord's have you?  
A. Three: The firs● between the Nominative case, and the Verb.  
The second, between the Substantive and the adjective.  
The third, between the Antecedent and the Relative.  
* Q. Why must these six so agree together?  
A. Because three of these are weak, and cannot be placed orderly in speech, except they be guided and holden up by the three stronger.  
* Q. Which are those three weak once?  
A. The three later: that is, the Verb, the Adjective and the Relative.  
Q. What must the Verb have to agree with?  
A. His Nominative case.  
Q. What the Adjective?  
A. His Substantive.  
Q. What must the Relative have?  
A. His Antecedent.   

The first Concord.  
Q. WHat is then your first Concord?  
A. Between the Nominative case & the Verb.  
Q. When an English is given to be made in Latin, what must you do first?  
A. Look out the principal Verb?  
Q. What if you have more Verbs than one in a sentence, which of them is the principal Verb?  
A. The first of them.  
Q. Are there no exceptions?  
A. Yes; three: first if the Verb be of the Infinitive Mood, it cannot be the principal Verb. Secondly, if it have before it a Relative: as, that, whom, which. Thirdly, if it have before it a Conjunction: as, ut that, cum when, si if, and such others.  
* Q. Why can none of these be the principal Verb?  
A. Because all these do ever depend upon some other Verb, going before them in natural and due order of speech.  
* Q. Must not the same course be taken, when a Latin is to be construed, or turned into English?  
A. Yes: the very same▪ I must likewise first seek out the principal Verb, and mark it carefully.  
* Q. Why so?  
A. Because that will point out the right Nominative case, which is that which ag●e●th with it, both in Number & Person, and also in reason; and so it doth very much direct the construing of all the sentence.  
Q. When you have found out the principal Verb, what must you do then?  
A. Seek out his Nominative case.  
Q. How?  
A. By putting the English, who or what, with the English of the Verb; and then the word in the same sentence, which answereth to the question, shall be the Nominative case to the Verb.  
Q. Give me an example how.  
A. Venit ne rex? Doth the King come? If you ask here, who cometh, the answer is, the King; so the word King, is the Nominative case to the Verb.  
Q. Must we always thus seek out the Nominative case?  
A. Yes, in Verbs Personals: except the Verb be an Impersonal, which will have no Nominative case.  
Q. And where must your Nominative case be set, in making or construing Latin?  
A. Before the Verb.  
Q. Are there no exceptions?  
A. Yes: three. First, when a question is asked. Secondly, when the Verb is of the Imperative Mood. Thirdly, when this sign it, or there, cometh before the English of the Verb.  
Q. Where must the Nominative case be placed, if any of these happen?  
A. Most usually after the Verb, or after the sign of the Verb: as, Amas tu lovest thou? or dost thou love?  
Q. And what case must your casual word be, which cometh next after the Verb, & answereth to the question, whom or what, made by the Verb?  
A. It must commonly be the Accusative case.  
Q. Why do you say commonly? Is there any exception?  
A. Yes: if the Verb do properly govern another case after him to be construed withal] for than it must be such case, as the Verb governs properly.  
Q. Give an example.  
A. Si cupis placere magistro, utere diligentia, etc. here placere the Verb governs properly magistro a Dative case; and utere governs diligentia an Ablative case, not an Accusative.  
Q. What doth a Verb Personal agree with?  
A. With his Nominative case.  
Q. In how many things?  
A. In two; in Number and Person.  
Q. What mean you by that?  
A. The same Number and Person that the Nominitive case is, the same must the Verb be.  
Q. Give me an example.  
A. Praeceptor legit, vos verò negligitis.  
Q. In which words lieth the special example, and force of the rule, to apply them to the rule?  
A. In Praeceptor legit, vos negligitis.  
Q. How are these to be applied?  
A. Thus; Legit the Verb is the singular Number, & third Person, agreeing with Praeceptor his Nominative case, which is the Singular Number, and third Person. And negligitis is the Plural Number, and second Person, because it agreeth with vos his Nominative case, which is also the Plural Nunber, and second Person.  
Q. Must the Verb be always the same Number and Person, that the Nominative case is?  
A. No: For there are three exceptions, in the three rules following.  
Q. Which is the first exception?  
A. Many Nominative cases Singular, having a Conjunction Copulative, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that rule?  
A. When there are more Nominatives cases coming together, with a Conjunction Copulative coming between them; though all the Nominatives cases be of the Singular Number, yet the Verb must be the Plural Number.  
Q. But what if the Nominat. cases be of 
* I● and ij may be of all Persons as well as idem; by the ●igure Invocation, having Ego or nos, Tu or vos, understood; as, Agimus ij, ij poteramus esse pares, etc. for Nos ij agimus, etc.  divers Persons, with which of them must the Verb agree in Person? may it agree with any of them?  
A. No: It must agree with the Nominative case of the most worthy Person.  
Q. Which is the Nominative case of the worthiest Person:  
A. The Nominative case of the first Person, is more worthy then of the second; and the second more worthy than the third.  
Q. Which is your second exception?  
A. When a Verb cometh between two Nominative cases of divers Numbers, the Verb may indifferently accord with either of them, so that they be both of one Person.  
Q. What mean you by that, when you say, it may indifferently accord with either of them?  
A. It may agree either with that Nominative case, which goeth before the Verb, or with that which cometh after the Verb; so that both the Nominative cases be of one Person.  
Q. Which is the third exception?  
A. here note also that sometime the Infinitive Mood of a Verb, etc.  
Q. What mean you by that rule?  
A. That not only a Casual word is the Nominative case to the Verb; but sometime an Infinitive Mood, sometimes a whole clause going before, and sometime a member of a sentence may be the Nominative case to the Verb.  
* Q. What mean you by a Casual word?  
A. Such a word as may be declined with Cases.  
Q. How can an Infinitive mood, or a whole sentence be the Nominative case to the Verb? Can any word be a Nominative case to the Verb, but only a Noun Substantive?  
A. Yes: a Noun Substantive, or whatsoever is put in the place of a Noun Substantive; as these are.  
Q. How will you decline these, when they are put in place of a Noun Substantive?  
A. Like Substantives of the Neuter Gender undeclined: as, Hoc nihil invartabile: so, Hoc diluculò surgere invariabile.  
* Q. May not a Relative be the Nominative case to the Verb?  
A. Yes: but that is only by reason of the Substantive or Antecedent understood with it, or in whose place it is put.  
* Q. And may not an Adjective also be the Nominative case to the Verb?  
A. Yes: but than it must be an Adjective in the Neuter Gender, put alone without a Substantive, standing for a Substantive.  
* Q. What Number and Person must the Verb be, when a whole sentence, or a piece of a sentence, are the Nominative case to the Verb?  
A. If the Verb be referred, or have respect but to one thing, it shall be the Singular Number, and third Person: but if to more, it shall be the Plural Number and third Person.  
* Q. What if it be a Noun of Multitude of the Singular Number? I mean, a Noun signifying more than one?  
A. It may sometimes have a Verb of the Plural Number.  
* Q. How many things may be the Nominative case to the Verb?  
A. Six: first, a Casual word, which is either a Substantive, or a Relative; or an Adjective standing for a Substantive. Secondly, a whole reason or sentence. Thirdly, a clause or piece of a sentence. Fourthly, an Infinitive Mood. Fiftly, an adverb with a Genitive case. Lastly, any one word or more put for themselves, or whatsoever is put in stead of the Nominative case.  
Q. What if your Verb be of the Infinitive mood, must it have a Nominative case before it?  
A. No: It must have an Accusative case before it, in stead of a Nominative.   

The second Concord.  
Q. WHat is your second Concord between?  
A. Between the Substantive and the Adjective.  
Q. When you have an Adjective, how will you find out his Substantive?  
A. As I found out the Nominative case:] that is, by putting the English who or what to the English of the Adjective; and the word or words answering to the question, shall be the Substantive to it.  
Q. In how many things doth the Adjective agree with his Substantive?  
A. In three: in Case, Gender and Number.  
Q. Why doth your book say, The Adjective whether it be a Noun, Pronoune or Participle?  
A. Because all Pronouns are Adjectives by nature; except Ego, tu, sui: and so are all Participles; and therefore agree with Substantives as well as the Noun Adjectives do.  
Q. Is your Adjective always the same Case, Gender and Number, that the Substantive is?  
A. No, not always: fos there are three such exceptions as in the first Concord, though my book name but one.  
Q. What is the first exception?  
A. Many Substantives Singular, having a Conjunction Copulative coming between them, will have an Adjective Plural; which Adjective shall agree with the Substantive of the most worthy Gender.  
Q. Which is the Substantive of the most worthy Gender?  
A. The Substantive of the Masculine Gender, is more worth than the Substantive of the Feminine; and the Substantive of the Feminine, more worthy then of the Neuter.  
Q. Is this always true?  
A. Yea: except in things without life; I mean such as are not apt to have life: as we shall see after.  
Q. What Gender is most worthy in these?  
A. The Neuter: as, Arcus et calami sunt bona.  
* Q. Which is the second exception?  
A. When an Adjective cometh between two Substantives of divers Genders, it may 
* Nunquam aequè ac modò p●●pertas mihi visum est onus et miserum & grave. Terent. paupertas visu● onus.  indifferently accord with either of them.  
* Q. Which is the third exception?  
A. That the Substantive is not always a Casual word: but a whole sentence, a piece of a sentence, an Infinitive Mood, an adverb with a Genitive case, or any word put for itself, may be the Substantive to the Adjective.  
* Q. Why so?  
A. Because all these things which may be the Nominative case to the Verb, may be likewise the Substantive to the Adjective, and the Antecedent to the Relative.  
* Q. What Case, Gender & Number, shall the Adjective be, when any of these are his Substantive?  
A. Such as that which standeth for his Substantive, is accounted to be.  
* Q. What if the Adjective have respect but to one thing alone (as to one sentence, or one piece of a sentence) what Gender and number must it be?  
A. The Neuter Gender and Singular Number.  
* Q. What if it have respect to more things than one?  
A. It must be the Neuter Gender and Plural Number.   

The third Concord.  
Q. WHat is the third Concord?  
A. Between the Antecedent and the Relative.  
Q. When you have a Relative, what must you do to find out his Antecedent?  
A. Put the question who, or what, to the English of the Relative; and the word that answereth to the question is the Antecedent to it.  
Q. What mean you by the Antecedent?  
A. The Antecedent is commonly such a word, as goeth in the sentence before the Relative, and is rehearsed again of the Relative.  
Q. In how many things doth the Relative agree with his Antecedent?  
A. In three: in Gender, Number and Person.  
* Q. Is one Substantive or Casual word the Antecedent always to the Relative?  
A. No: all the same things may be the Antecedent to the Relative, which may be the Nominative case to the Verb, or the Substantive to the Adjective.  
Q. When any of these, except a Casual word, are the Antecedent, what Gender and Number must the Relative be?  
A. If the Relative be referred but to one thing, it must be the Neuter Gender, and Singular Number: but if it be referred to two things or more, it must be the Neuter Gender and Plural Number.  
Q. When the English word that, may be turned into which, what part of speech is it?  
A. A Relative.  
Q. If it cannot be so turned, what part of speech is it then?  
A. A Conjunction; which in Latin is called quòd, or ut, signifying that.  
Q. Must it always needs be so made in Latin by quòd, or ut, signifying that?  
A. No: we may oft-times elegantly leave out both quod, and ut, by turning the Nominative case into the Accusative, and the Verb into the Infinitive mood.  
Q. If many Antecedents of the Singular Number come together with a Conjunction Copulative coming between them; what Number must the Relative be?  
A. The Plural.  
Q. But with which of the Antecedents must the Relative agree in Gender?  
A. With the Antecedent of the most worthy Gender.  
Q. Which call you the most worthy Gender, in things not apt to have life?  
A. The Neuter.  
Q. But what if the Antecedents be of the Masculine or Feminine Gender, and none of them of the Neuter; may yet the Relative be the Neuter?  
A. Yes: as, Arcus & calami quae fregisti, quae the Relative is the Neuter Gender; though Arcus & calami the Antecedents be the Masculine.   

The Case of the Relative.  
Q. HOw many chief rules are there to know what Case the Relative must be of?  
A. Two: When there cometh no Nominative case between the Relative and etc. And, when there cometh a Nominative case, etc.  
Q. When in making or construing Latin, there cometh no Nominative case between the Relative & the Verb, what case must your Relative be?  
A. The Nominative case to the Verb; as it were a Noun Substantive.  
Q. But when there comes a Nominative case between the Relative and the Verb; what Case must the Relative be then?  
A. Such Case as the Verb will have after him: that is, such Case as any Noun Substantive should be, being governed of the same Verb.  
Q. May not the Relative be the Substantive to the Adjective, as well as it may be the Nominative case to the Verb?  
A. Yes.  
Q. Are there no other words which have their Cases, as the Relative hath?  
A. Yes: Nouns Interrogatives and Indefinites: as, Quis, uter, qualis, quantus, quotus, etc.  
Q. Do Relatives, Interrogatives and Indefinites, follow the words whereof they are governed, like as Substantives, and other parts of speech do?  
A. No: these all come before the Verb; that is, they are set before the Verb, or other words, whereof they are governed.  
* Q. Doth a Substantive never stand before the word whereof it is governed?  
A. Yes: when a word is joined with it which goeth before by nature; as, a Relative, or an Interrogative, or Indefinite: As, Quem librum legis; librum goeth before legis whereof it is governed, like as quem doth.  
Q. Why so?  
A. Because of the Relative which goeth with it.  
Q. But is the Relative always governed of the Verb, which he cometh before?  
A. It is governed of whatsoever a Noun Substantive may be governed: as, sometimes of an Infinitive Mood coming after the Verb. Sometimes of a Participle. Sometimes of a Gerund. And so of other words, according to my book; and in all things like unto the Substantive.  
* Q. But how can you know of what word the Relative is governed?  
A. By putting in stead of the Relative the same Case of Hic, haec, hoc; and so construing the sentence.  
* Q. Why so?  
A. Because then the word which is put for the Relative, will in construing follow the word which the Relative is governed of, as other parts of speech do.  
* Q. Show how in this sentence; Quae nunc non est narrandi locus.  
A. Put haec in stead of quae, and then it will follow thus in construing: Nunc non est locus narrandi haec: so quae is governed of narrandi.  
Q. But if a Relative come between two Substantives of diverse Genders, with which of them shall it agree?  
A. With either of them indifferently, as we will; yea, though they be of diverse Numbers also.   

Constructions of Nouns Substantives.  
Q We have done with Construction in the agreement of words: now we are to come to construction in governing of words. Where begin your rules for governing words?  
A. At, When two Substantives come together, etc.  
Q. In what order do these rules stand in your book?  
A. In the order of the eight parts of speech.  
Q. Show how.  
A. First, the Rules for construction of Nouns Substantives. Secondly, of Nouns Adjectives. Thirdly, of Pronouns. Fourthly, of verbs Personals. Fiftly, of Gerunds. Sixtly, of Supi●es. seventhly, of all such words as signify Time, Space, between Place. Names of places. eightly, of verbs Impersonals. Ninthly, of Participles. Tenthly, of Adverbs. The eleventh, of Conjunctions. The twelfth, Prepositions. The thirteenth, Interjections.  
Q. In what order are the rules placed for all these?  
A. According to the order of the cases. First, rules for the Nominative case, if the word do govern a Nominative case. Secondly, for the Genitive. Thirdly, for the Dative. Fourthly, for the Accusative. Fiftly, for the Ablative.  
* Q. Why do you not mention any rules for the Vocative?  
A. Because the Vocative is governed of no other part of speech, except an Interjection. And also it may easily be known; because whensoever we call or speak to any Person or thing, we do it in the Vocative case.  
* Q. How then will you find out the rule for any word in a sentence to know why it is put in the Genitive, Dative, or any other case?  
A. First, I must construe the sentence.  
* Q. What mean you by construe?  
A. To construe, is to place every word in a sentence, according to the natural order of speech; and to give every word his proper signification in English.  
* Q. Why must you construe thus first?  
A. Because every case is commonly governed of the principal word which goeth next before it, in this right and natural order of construing.  
Q. How will you then seek out the rule for the case, when you have construed?  
A. First, I must consider what case my word is, and of what word it is governed. Secondly, what part of speech the word is, whereof it is governed, and of what signification. Thirdly, I must turn to the rules for such a case, after such a part of speech.  
* Q. Show me how: for example, if it be a Genitive case after a Substantive, how do you find it?  
A. I must turn to the rules of the Genitive case after the Substantive: and marking the signification of the word, I shall find the rule in one of those.  
* Q. Show me this by an example in this little sentence, Virtutis comes invidia. What must you do here first?  
First I construe it, thus; invidia envy [est is] comes a companion virtutis of virtue.  
* Q. What case is Comes here, and why?  
A. Comes is the Nominative case, governed of the Verb est, going next before it in construing, by the first rule of the Nominative case after the Verb; that is, Sum, forem, fio.  
* Q. What case is virtutis, and why?  
A. The Genitive case, governed of the Substantive Comes, going next before it in construing, by the first rule of the Genitive case, after the Substantive; When two Substantives, etc.  
* Q. Seeing you must construe right before you can tell your rule; 
For this Rule see it more at large in the Grammar school.  what order must you observe in construing of a sentence?  
A. First I must read distinctly to a full point, marking all the points and proper names if there be any, with the meaning of the matter as much as I can.  
* Q. How can you know which are proper names?  
A. They are all such words as are written with great letters; except the first word of every sentence, which is ever written with a great letter.  
* Q. What word then must you take first?  
A. A Vocative case if there be one, or whatsoever is in steed of it; and the words which hang on it to make it plain.  
* Q. What next?  
A. I must seek out the principal Verb, and his Nominative case; and take first the Nominative case, or whatsoever is in steed of it; and that which hangeth of it, serving to make it plain.  
* Q. What next?  
A. The principal Verb, and whatsoever words depend on it, serving to make it plain; as, an Infinitive Mood, or an adverb.  
* Q. What then?  
A. Such case as the Verb properly governs: which is commonly an Accusative case.  
* Q. What must you take next?  
A. All the Cases in order; first a genitive, secondly a Dative, lastly the Ablative.  
* Q. Give me the sum of this Rule briefly. 
☜   
A. First, 
Every Scholar should be able to re●eat this Rule.  I must read my sentence plainly to a full point, marking all the points and proper names. Secondly, I must take first a Vocative case, if there be one, or whatsoever is in stead of it, and that which depends of it. Thirdly, I must seek out the principal Verb, and his Nominative case; and take first the Nominative case, and that which hangeth on it. Then the Verb with the Infinitive mood, or adverb. Next the Accusative case, or such case as the Verb properly governs. Lastly, all the other cases in order: as, first the Genitive, secondly the Dative, after the Ablative.  
* Q. What if there be not all these kinds of words in a sentence?  
* A. Then I must take so many of them as are in the sentence, and in this order.  
Q. Is this order ever to be kept?  
A. 
b More shortly: It is oft altered by Interrogatives, Relatives, Partitives, certain Adverbs & Conjunctions. See Goclenius his Analysis. p. 9  It is often altered by words of exciting or stirring up: as, by Interjections, Adverbs of wishing▪ calling, showing, denying, exhorting, etc. Secondly, by some Conjunctions. Thirdly, by Interrogatives, Indefinites, Partitives, Relatives: as, by Quis or qui, uter, qualis, quantus, quotus, etc. Lastly, by such words as have in them the force of relation or dependence.  
Q. What words are those?  
A. Such as have some other words depending upon them in the later part of the sentence; or are referred to something going before. As, Cum, deinde, deinceps, quemadmodum, sic, sicut, sicuti; dum, donec, primum, quando, quia, quoniam, li●èt, post quam, quam, quanquam, et si, quamuis, and the like.  
* Q. Why is the order changed by these?  
A. Because these commonly go before in a sentence, beginning the sentence.  
* Q But are there not some special things to be observed in construing?  

Special things to be observed in construing.  A. Yes, these: first to mark well the principal Verb, because it pointeth out the right Nominative case, and usually directs all the sentence. Secondly, that commonly the Nominative case be set before the Verb; the Accusative after the Verb; the Infinitive Mood after another Mood; the Substantive and Adjective be construed together, except the Adjective do govern some other word, or have some word joined unto it, to which it passeth the signification; that the Preposition be joined with his case.  
Q. Well; to return again to the Rules in order: What cases do Substantives govern?  
A. A Genitive commonly; some an Ablative.  
Q. How many rules are there of these?  
A. ●iue.  
Q. Name the beginnings of each rule in order.  
A. When two Substantives come together betokening, etc. 2. When the English of the word Res, is put with an Adjective, etc. 3. An Adjective in the Neuter Gender. 4. Words of any quality or property to the praise, etc. 5. Opus and usus, when they be Latin for need.  
Q. When two Substantives come together betokening diverse things, what case shall the later be?  
A. The Genitive.  
Q. Give an example.  
A. Facundia Ciceronis.  
Q. Which is your Genitive case, and why?  
A. Ciceronis is my Genitive case, governed of facundia; because it is the later of two Substantives.  
Q. Is there no exception from this rule?  
A. 
* ●he first of the two Substantives is o●t understood by a figure called Eclipse: as, Non videmus manticae quod in te●go est, for id m●nti●ae, as in the Latin rules.  Yes: if the Substantives belong both to one thing.  
Q. What if they belong both to one thing?  
A. Then they shall be put both in one case.  
Q. When you have the English of the word R●s, that is, thing, put with the Adjective, what may you do then?  
A. Put away the word Res; and put the Adjective in the Neuter Gender, like a Substantive.  
Q. If an Adjective in the Neuter Gender, be put alone without a Substantive; what doth it stand for?  
A. For a Substantive; and so is said to be put Substantively, or for a Substantive.  
Q. What case will it have when it is so put.  
A. A Genitive, as if it were a Substantive.  
Q. What case must Nouns be put in, that signify the praise or dispraise of any thing, and come after a Noun Substantive, or a Verb Substantive: as, after Sum, forem, or fio, & c?  

a Verbals in ●o were wont to have the same cases with the verbs which they come of, as to say, Nihil in ea re captio est, for nihil in ea re ceperis. Quid tibi nos tactio est, for quid nos tangis. Lamb. on Plautus.  A. In the Ablative, or in the Genitive.  
Q. 
b Puero opus est cibum. Plaut. Lectionis opus est. Fab.  Opus and usus, when they signify need, what case must they have?  
A. An Ablative.   

Constructions of adjectives.  

The Genitive Case after the Adjective.  
Q. HOw many general rules are there belonging to that Chapter of the Genitive after the Adjective?  
A. Five: Adjectives that signify desire, Nouns Partitives, etc.  
Q. What case will Adjectives have which signify desire, knowledge, remembrance, ignorance or forgetting, and the like?  
A. A Genitive.  
Q. Nouns Partitives with Interrogatives, and certain Nouns of Number, as these set down in the book, and the like; what case do they require?  
A. A Genitive.  
Q. When you have a question asked, as by any of these Interrogatives, in what case must you answer?  
A. In the same case wherein the Question is asked.  
Q. And in what tense of a Verb must you answer?  
A. In the same tense.  
Q. How many exceptions have you from this rule?  
A. Three: First, if a question be asked by Cuius, cuia, cuium: Secondly, if it be asked by such a word, as may govern diverse cases: Thirdly, if I must answer by any of these Pronoune Possessives; Meus, tuus, suus, noster, voster.  
Q. Nouns of the Comparative and Superlative degree, being put as Nouns Partitives (that is, having after them the English of or among) what case do they require?  
A. A Genitive.  
Q. Nouns of the Comparative degree, with this sign then or by after them, what case will they have?  
A. 
* Quam nemo omnium elegantius explicavit à Cicerone, for Cicerone, or quam Cicero.  An Ablative.   

The Dative case after the Adjective.  
Q. 
a These art set down more shortly for the more speedy examining; as being most plain of themselves.  WHat Adjectives govern a Dative Case?  
A. Adjectives that betoken profit or disprofit; likeness, unlikeness; pleasure, submitting, or belonging to any thing.  
Q. What other Adjectives?  
A. Of the Passive signification in bilis; and Nouns Participials in dus.   

The Accusative Case after the Adjectives.  
Q. WHat adjectives govern an Accusative case?  
A. Such as betoken the length, breadth or thickness of any thing, will have an Accusative Case of such Nouns as signify the measure of the length, breadth or thickness.  
Q. Do they ever govern an Accusative case?  
A. No: sometimes an Ablative; and sometimes a Genitive.   

The Ablative Case after the adjective.  
Q. WHat Adjectives govern an Ablative Case?  
A. Adjectives signifying fullness, emptiness, plenty or wanting.  
Q. Do these always govern an 
(a) Hispania in omni ●rugum genere foecunda. I●st. Foecundum in frauds hominum genus. Sil.  Ablative?  
A. No: sometime a Genitive.  
Q. What other Adjectives govern an Ablative case?  
A. 
(b) Quid dignus siem. Pla●.  Dignus, indignus, Praeditus, captus, contentus, and such like.  
Q. What may the Adjectives, dignus, indignus, and contentus, have in stead of their Ablative case?  
A. An Infinitive mood.    

Constructions of Pronouns.  
Q. WHat Cases do Pronouns govern?  
A. None at all.  
Q. What then doth that rule of the Pronouns (These Genitive cases of the Primitives) teach?  
A. It teacheth when to use Mei, tui, sui, nostri, and vestri, the Genitive cases of the pronoun Primitives, signifying of me, of thee, etc. and when to use Meus, tuus, suus, noster and vester, the pronoun Possessives, signifying mine, thine, etc.  
Q. When must Mei, tui, sui, the Genitive cases of the Primitives, be used?  
A. When suffering or the passion is signified.  
Q. When is that?  
A. When a Person is meant to suffer something, or to have something done unto it, but not to do any thing: as, Amor the love mei of me; not meaning the love which I have, but the love wherewith others love me, or which others have of me.  
Q. When must meus, tuus, suus, be used?  
A. When doing or 
* Quisnam à me pepulit tam gra●iter fores? à me pro mea●.  possession is signified.  
Q. When is that?  
A. When a person is meant to do or possess something: as, ars tua, thy Art or skill; that is, that Art which thou hast.  
Q. Where are Nostrum and vestrum used?  
A. After Distributives, Partitives, Comparatives, and Superlatives.   

Construction of the Verb; and first with the Nominative case.  
Q WHat Verbs have a Nominative case after them?  
A. Sum, forem, fio, existo, and certain Verbs Passives of calling: as, Dicor, v●cor, salutor, appellor, habeor, existimor, videor, and such like.  
Q. Will these ever have a Nominative case after them?  
A. No: but when they have a Nominative case before them.  
Q. Why so?  
A. Because they have such Case after them, as they have before them.  
Q. What if they have an Accusative case before them, as Infinitive Moods have commonly?  
A. Then they must have an Accusative case after them; 
* Quod si civi Romano licet esse Gaditanum h. e. civem esse Gaditanum: or Gaditanum for Gaditano, by Antiptosis; so in many others.  and so having a Dative before them, they have a Dative after them.  
Q. What others Verbs have such Cases after them, as they have before them?  
A. Verbs of Gesture.  
Q. Which call you Verbs of Gesture?  
A. Verbs of bodily moving, going, resting, or doing.  
Q. What is your general rule, when the word going before the Verb, and the word coming after the Verb, belong both to one thing?  
A. That they be put both in one Case; By this rule, And generally when the word that goeth, etc.   

The Genitive case after the Verb.  
Q. WHat Verbs require a Genitive case after them?  
A. The Verb Sum, when it betokeneth possession, owing, or otherwise appertaining to a thing as a token, property, duty or guise.  
Q. Is there no exception?  
A. Yes: Meus, tuus, suus noster, vester, must be the Nominative case, agreeing with the Substantive going before, because they be Adjectives.  
Q. What other Verbs require a Genitive case?  
A. Verbs that betoken to esteem or regard.  
Q. What Genitive case?  
A. A Genitive case signifying the value.  
Q. What other Verbs besides require a Genitive case?  
A. 
a So all the Verbs taken in the same signification of accusing or condemning etc. as, Terdo, appello, pos●ulo, arcesso, insimulo, desero, arguo, incuso, castigo, increpo, urgeo, plecto, alligo, obligo, astringo, teneor, cito, indigo, convinco, redarguo, noto, insamo, prehendo, deprehendo, purgo, commonefacio, interrogo, contemno, anquiro, doceo; as, docco de iniurijs.  Verbs of accusing, condemning, warning, purging, quitting or assoiling.  
Q. What Genitive case will they have?  
A. A Genitive case of the crime, or of the cause, or of the thing that one is accused, condemned or warned of.  
Q. May they have no Case else?  
A. Yes: an Ablative case; and that most commonly without a Preposition.  
Q. What other Verbs yet require a Genitive case?  
A 
(b) Satago de vi. Aul. Gel.  Satago, misereor, 
(c) Indoleo:  miseresco.  
Q. What Case do Reminiscor, obliviscor, recordor and memini require?  
A. A Genitive; and sometime an Accusative.   

The Dative case after the Verb.  
Q. WHat Verbs require a Dative case?  
A. All sorts of Verbs which are put acquisitively?  
Q. What is that, to be put acquisitively?  
A. To be put after the manner of getting something to them.  
Q. What tokens have such Verbs after them?  
A. These tokens, to or fro.  
Q. What Verbs do especially belong to the rule which have thus a Dative case?  
A. 
* Sundry of these Verbs have sometimes other cases; as, Nun●io ad te. Plaut. Credere duarum rerum, and omnium rerum credere. Plaut. Ignosco, cond●no te.  Verbs which betoken, First, to profit or disprofit. Secondly, to compare. Thirdly, to give or to restore. Fourthly, to promise or to pay. Fiftly, to command or show. Sixtly, to trust. seventhly, to obey or to be against. eight, to threaten or to be angry with. Ninthly, Sum with his compounds except possum, when they have to or for after them. Tenthly, Verbs compounded with Satis, benè and male. eleventhly, Verbs compounded with these Prepositions, Prae, ad, con, sub, ante, post, ob, in, and inter; except praeco, praevinco, praecedo, praecurro, praevertor, which will have an Accusative case.  
Q. What Case will Sum have, when it is put for habeo to have?  
A. A Dative.  
Q. When Sum hath after him a Nominative case, and a Dative; what Case may the Nominative be turned into?  
A. Into the Dative: so that Sum may in (such manner of speaking) have a double Dative case.  
Q. Can only Sum have a double Dative case?  
A. Not only Sum, but also many other Verbs may have a double Dative case, in such manner of speaking.  
Q. Whereof?  
A. One Dative case of the Person, another of the thing.   

The Accusative case after the Verb.  
Q. WHat Verbs require an Accusative case?  
A. Verbs Transitives.  
* Q. What Verbs are those?  
A. All actives, Commons, and Deponents, whose action or doing passeth into some other thing to express it by, 
Transiti●a, quorum actio transit in rem aliam.  and have no perfect sense in themselves.  
Q. Whereof may they have an Accusative case?  
A. Of the doer, or sufferer.  
Q. May not Verbs Neuters have an Accusative case?  
A. Yes: of their own signification.  
Q. Are there not some Verbs which will have two Accusative cases?  
A. Yes: Verbs of 
(a) Interr●go, posco, postulo, flagito, exigo.  ask, teaching and 
(b) Celo.  arraying.  
Q. Whereof?  
A. 
c One of the Accus. cases may be turned into the Abla. with a Preposition or without, as in the Latin rule.  One Accusative case of the sufferer, another of the thing.   

The Ablative case after the Verb.  
Q. WHat Verbs will have an Ablative case?  
A. All Verbs require an Ablative case of the instrument, put with this sign with before it; or of the cause, or of the manner of doing.  
Q. What mean you by that?  
A. All Verbs will have an Ablative case of the word that signifieth the instrument wherewith any thing is done, having this sign with put before it; or of the word which signifieth the cause why any thing is done; or of the manner of doing of it.  
Q. What case must the word which signifieth the price which any thing cost, be put into, after Verbs?  
A. Into the 
(a) Vili, paulo, etc. are oft put without Substantives, and the Substan. pretio or the like understood: so multo, pauco, caro, immenso.  Ablative.  
Q. Must it be always in the Ablative?  
A. Yes: 
b Some Substantives of the price are also put in the Genitive case governed of the word pretio understood, or the like word: as centussis, decussis.  except in these Genitives, when they are put alone without Substantives: as Tanti, quanti, pluris, minoris, tantivis, tantidem, quantinis, quantilibet, quanticunque.  
* Q. What if these words be put with Substantives? what Cases must they be?  
A. The Ablative; according to the Rule.  
Q. What other words are used after Verbs, of price, in stead of their Casual words?  
A. These adverbs, Cariùs more dear, viliùs more cheap, meliùs better, peiùs worse.  
Q. What other Verbs require an Ablative case properly?  
A. Verbs of 
c So Sca●eo, d●ficio, nitor, frando, abdico, as, cumulo, orbo, viduo, augeo, fas●idio, don●, interdico, dico, as, opulento, as.  plenty, scarceness, filling, emptying, loading or unloading.  
Q. What other?  
A. Vtor, 
(d) Fungor, fruor, potior, egeo, careo, etc. have sometimes other cases; some an Accusative, some a Genit.  fungor, potior, fruor, laetor, gaudeo, dignor, muto, munero, communico, afficio, prosequor, impertio, impertior.  
Q. What Case will Verbs have, which signify 
e So disco, dimitto, amitto, summoveo, abigo, amoveo, redimo, relego, prohibeo pro defendo, vindico, depello, refraeno, retraho reprimo, arceo, reveco, declino.  receiving, distance or taking away?  
A. An Ablative case, with one of these Prepositions; A, ab, è, ex, or de.  
Q. But may not this Ablative case be turned into a Dative?  
A. Yes; after Verbs of taking away.  
Q. What Case will Verbs of comparing or exceeding have?  
A. An Ablative case.  
Q. What Ablative case?  
A. Of the word that signifieth the measure of exceeding.  
Q. If a Noun or a pronoun Substantive, be joined with a Participle, either expressed or understood, and have no other word whereof it may be governed; what case shall it be put into?  
A. The Ablative case absolute.  
Q. What mean you by absolute?  
A. Without other government.  
Q. By what words may this Ablative case be resolved?  
A. By any of these words, Dum, cum, quando, si, quanquam, postquam.   

Constructions of Verbs Passives.  
Q. WHat Case will a Verb Passive have after him?  
A. An Ablative case with a Preposition, and sometime a Dative of the Doer.  
Q. What mean you by a Dative of the Doer?  
A. Of the Person which is meant to do any thing.  
Q. What if the sentence be made by the Verb Active, in steed of the Passive?  
A. Then the Dative or Ablative must be turned into the Nominative, before the Verb.   

Gerunds.  
Q. WHat Case will Gerunds and Supines have?  
A. The same Case as the Verbs which they come of.   

The Gerund in di.  
Q. WHen the English of the Infinitive mood Active, or of the Participle of the Present tense, cometh after any of these Noun Substantives, Studium, causa, etc. what may it be fitly made by?  
A. By the Gerund in di.  
Q. What may the same Gerund in di be used after also?  
A. After certain adjectives.   

The Gerund in do.  
Q. WHen you have the English of the Participle of the Present tense, with this sign 
* So with any of these signs In, with, through for, from, or by.  of or with, coming after a Noun adjective; what must it be made by?  
A. The Gerund in do.  
Q. What else must be made by the Gerund in do?  
A The English of the Participle of the Present tense coming after a Substantive, with this sign in or by, before him.  
Q. How is the Gerund in do used?  
A. Either without a Preposition, or with one of these Prepositions; a, ab, è, de, ex, cum, in.   

The Gerund in dum.  
Q. IF you have an English of the Infinitive mood, coming after a reason, & showing a cause of that reason; what must it be put in?  
A. It must be put in the Gerund in dum.  
Q. What is the Gerund in dumb used after?  
A. After one of these Prepositions; Admetus, ob, propter, inter, ante. 
Gerunds may be turned into adjectives Gerundives. The Gerund in di into the Genit. case. The Gerund in do into the Ablative. The Gerund in dumb into the Accusative.   
Q. If you have this English must or aught, in a sentence, where it seemeth that the Latin should be made by the Verb Oportet, signifying It must or It behoveth; what may it be fitly put into?  
A. The Gerund in dumb, with this Verb est, being set Impersonally, joined unto it.  
Q. What Case then must that word be, which seemeth in the English to be the Nominative case?  
A. The Dative.   

Supines.  
Q. WHat signification hath the first Supine?  
A. The Active, signifying to do.  
Q. What is it put after?  
A. Verbs and Participles, which betoken moving to a place.  
Q. What signification hath the later Supine?  
A. The signification of a Verb Passive.  
Q. What doth it follow?  
A. Nouns Adjectives.  
Q. What may this Supine be turned into?  
A. Into the Infinitive mood Passive; that we may say indifferently, Facile factu, or facile fieri, easy to be done.   

The Time.  
Q. WHat Case must Nouns be, which betoken part of time?  
A. Most commonly the Ablative; sometime the Accusative.  
* How can you know this?  
A. By ask the question when.  
Q. But what Case must Nouns be, which betoken continual term of time, without any ceasing or intermission?  
A. Commonly the Accusative; sometime the Ablative.  
Q. How can you know when Nouns signify continual term of time?  
A. By ask this question, How long.   

Space of Place.  
Q. WHat Cases are Nouns put in, which signify space, between place and place?  
A. Commonly in the Accusative; sometime in the Ablative.   

A Place.  
Q. Nouns Appellatives, or names of great places (that is, names of Countries) if they follow a Verb signifying in a place, to a place, from a place, or by a place, whether must they be put with a Preposition, or without?  
A. With a Preposition.  
Q. In a place or at a place, if the place be a proper name of a less place, as of a City or Town, of the first or second Declension, and Singular Number; what Case must it be put in?  
A. In the Genitive.  
Q. What common Nouns, or names of places, signifying in or at a place, are in the same manner put in the Genitive case?  
A. These four: Humi, domi, militiae, belli.  
* Q. What Adjectives may be joined with these Genitives, Humi, domi, etc.  
A. Only meae, tuae, suae, nostrae, vestrae, alienae.  
* Q. If any other Adjectives be joined unto them, what case must they be put in?  
A. In the Ablative.  
Q. But if the place, in or at which any thing is done, be a proper name, of the third Declension, or Plural Number; in what case must it be put?  
A. In the Dative, or Ablative case.  
Q. Is there no common Noun so put?  
A. Yes; Rus: as, we say, Ruri or rure, at or in the country.  
Q. If your word be a proper name of some less place, as of a city or town, & signify to a place; in what case must it be put?  
A. In the Accusative case, without a Preposition.  
Q. What other Nouns are so put?  
A. Domus, and rus.  
Q. From a place or by a place, in lesser places; in what case must it be?  
A. In the Ablative case, without a Preposition.  
Q. Are no other common Nouns so put?  
A. Yes: only Domus and rus; all other Nouns may have Prepositions.   

Impersonals.  
Q. whether have Verbs Impersonals any Nominative before them, as Personals have?  
A. No.  
Q. What is their sign to know them by?  
A. It, or there.  
Q. But what if they have neither of these signs before them?  
A. Then the word that seemeth in the English to be the Nominative case, shall be such case as the Verb Impersonal will have after him.  
Q. What cases will verbs Impersonals have after them?  
A. Some a Genitive; some a Dative; some an Accusative; some both an Accusative and a Genitive.  
Q. How many Impersonals require a Genitive case?  

Interest. q. in re est. Refert q. refert. Hoc dominus ac pater interest; Interest is here a Personal, signifying doth d●●ter: as if, Dominus interest hoc, ac pater interest hoc, by Zeugma.  A. Three: Interest, refert, and est, being put for interest.  
Q. Will these have a Genitive case of all words?  
A. Yea: except mea, tua, sua, nostra, vestra, and cuia, the Ablative cases of the Pronouns Possessives: for these must be put in the Ablative case.  
Q. What Impersonals require a Dative case?  

a So certum est, consert, competit, conducit, displicet, dolet, evenit, nocet, obest, praestat, stat, restat, benefit, malefit, satisfy, sup▪ rest.  A. Libet, licet▪ patet, liquet, constat placet, expedit, prodest, sufficit, vacat, accidit, convenit, contingit; with other like, set down in the Latin Syntax.  
Q. How many will have an Accusative case only?  
A. Four: Delectat, 
* Decet vo●is is a Grecisme. because we say, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  decet, twat, oport●t.  
Q. How many will have an Accusative case with a Genitive?  
A. Six: Poenitet, taedet, miseret, miserescit, piget and pudet.  
Q. Verbs Impersonals of the Passive voice, 
b This is beside the ca●e of the Doer. So a●l Verbs Pas●iu●s have the same c●se of the thing with the Active.  if they be form of Verbs Neuters, what case do they govern?  
A. Such case as the Verbs Neuters whereof they come.  
Q. What cases of the person have all Verbs Impersonals of the Passive voice, properly?  
A. The same cases as other Verbs Passives have: that is, an Ablative with a Preposition, or sometimes a Dative of the Doer.  
Q. Is this case always set down with it?  
A. No: many times it is understood.  
Q. When a deed is signified to be done of many, the verb being a verb Neuter; what may be done elegantly?  
A. The Verb Neuter, may be fitly changed into the Impersonal in tur.  
Q. May not Impersonals be turned into Personals?  
A. Yes, sundry of them may sometimes; as, Vterum dolet, arbustaiwant.   

Construction of Participles.  
Q. WHat cases do Participles govern?  
A. Such case as the Verbs that they come of.  
Q. What may Participles be changed into?  
A. Into Nouns.  
Q. How many ways?  
A. Four.  
Q. Which is the first?  
A. When the voice of a Participle is construed with an other case then the Verb that it cometh of.  
Q. Which is the second way?  
A. When the Participle is compounded with a Preposition, with which the Verb that it cometh of cannot be compounded.  
Q. Which is the third?  
A. When it formeth all the degrees of Comparison.  
Q. Which is the fourth?  
A. When it hath no respect, nor express difference of time.  
Q. When Participles are thus changed into Nouns, what are they called?  
A. Nouns Participials.  
Q. What cases do Participles govern, when they are so changed into Nouns?  
A. A Genitive.  
Q. Do all Nouns Participials require a Genitive case?  
A. Exosus, perosus, pertaesus, are excepted, and specially to be marked.  
Q. Why?  
A. Because though they seem to be Participles of the Passive voice: yet they commonly have the Active signification, and do govern an Accusative case.  
* Q. Have they not always so?  

These Participles, Natus, prognatus, satus, cretus, creatus, ortus, editus, have properly an Ablative case.  A. No: Exosus, and perosus do sometimes signify Passively, and have then a Dative case: as, Exosus Deo, odious to God, or hated of God.   

Construction of Adverbs.  
Q. WHat Cases do Adverbs govern?  
A. Some a Genitive, some a Dative, some an Accusative.  
Q. What Adverbs require a Genitive?  
A. 
a Instar also may either be used as an adverb with a Genitive case, or else as a Noun undeclined, with ad expressed or understood: as, instar montis, ad instar castrorum.  Adverbs of Quantity, time and place.  
Q. What Adverbs govern a Dative case?  
A. Certain Adverbs derived of Nouns Adjectives, which require a Dative case: as, 
(b) Venit advorsum mihi.  Obuiam derived of obuius, similiter of similis.  
Q. Have you not some Dative cases of Nouns Substantives, which are used Aduerbially; that is, made Adverbs?  
A. Yes; Tempori, luci, vesperi.  
Q. What Adverbs require an Accusative case?  
A. Certain which come of 
c Clanculum patres. Plaut. Clanculum à clam, governing an Ablat. & sometime an Accusative: as, clam vi●um. Plau.  Prepositions serving to the Accusative Case: as, propius of prope.  
Q. How many ways may Prepositions be changed into Adverbs?  
A. Two: First, when they are set alone without their case: Secondly, when they do form all the degrees of comparison.   

Construction of Conjunctions.  
Q. WHat cases do Conjunctions govern?  
A. They govern non●; but couple like cases.  
Q. What mean you by that?  
A. They join together words in the same case.  
Q. What Conjunctions do couple like cases?  
A. All Copulatives, Disjunctives, and these four, quam, nisi, praeterquam, an.  
Q. May they not sometimes couple diverse cases?  
A. Yes: in regard of a diverse construction.  
Q. Do Conjunctions Copulatives & Disjunctives couple nothing else but cases?  
A. Yes: they commonly join together like Moods & Tenses.  
Q. May they not join together diverse Tenses?  
A. Yes: sometimes.   

Construction of Prepositions.  
Q. IS the Preposition in, always set down with hi● case?  
A. No: it is sometimes understood; and yet the word put in the Ablative case, as well as if the Preposition were set down.  
Q. Are not sundry other Prepositions oft understood also, as well as in?  
A. Yes.  
Q. What cases do Verbs require, which are compounded with Prepositions?  
A. They sometimes require the case of the Prepositions which they are compounded with; that is, 
Abdicavit se praetura. Cic. Appulit terram.  the same case which their Preposition requires.   

Constructions of Interjections.  
Q. WHat Cases do Interjections require?  
A. Some a Nominative, some a Dative, some an Accusative, some a Vocative.  
Q. What Interjections require a Nominative case?  
A. O.  
Q. What a Dative?  
A. He●, and Ve●.  
Q. What an 
(a) Hem astutias. Ter. Hem tibi voluptatem.  Accusative?  
A. 
(b) Heu & proh may sometime have a Nominative case.  Heu and proh.  
Q. What a Vocative?  
A. Proh.  
* Q. Are not Interjections sometimes put absolutely, without case?  
A. Yes: often.    

THE POSING OF THE Rules, called Propria quae Maribus.  

General rules of proper Names, and first of proper Masculines.  
Q. HOW can you know what Gender a Noun is of?  
A. I have certain rules at Propria quae maribus, which teach me the Genders of Nouns.  
Q. How can you know by these rules?  
A. First, I must look according to the order of my Accidence, whether it be a Substantive or an Adjective: If it be a Substantive, I have my rule between Propria quae maribus, and Adiectiva unam, etc.  
Q. If it be a Substantive, what must you look for next?  
A. Whether it be a Proper name, or a Common called an Appellative.  
Q. If it be a proper name, what must you look for then?  
A. Whether it belong to the male kind or female; that is, to the he, or she.  
Q. If it be a proper name belonging to the male kind, what Gender is it?  
A. The Masculine.  
Q. Where is your rule?  
A. Propria quae maribus tribuuntur, etc.  
Q What is the meaning of that Rule?  
A. All proper names belonging to the male kind, [or which were wont to go under the names of he's] are the Masculine Gender.  
Q. How many kinds of proper Masculines have you belonging to that Rule?  
A. Five: Names of heathenish Gods, men, 
* Styx, Cocytus, Lethe, are Greek words, and names of standing ponds or fens, not rivers, and so are of the feminine Gender.  
* Albul● pota Deo; aqua is understood by Synthesis. So tepidum ●ader; flumen is understood: or else it is the Neuter, because it is a barbarous word undeclined.  floods, months, winds.   

Proper Feminines.  
Q. IF it be a proper name, belonging to the female kind, or she's; what Gender must it be?  
A. The Feminine.  
Q. Where is your Rule?  
A. Propria foemineum.  
Q. What is the meaning of that rule?  
A. All proper names belonging to the female kind, [or going under the names of she's] are the feminine Gender.  
Q. How many kinds of proper Feminines have you belonging to that rule?  
A. Five: Names of Goddesses, women, cities, countries, islands.  
Q. Are all names of Cities the Feminine Gender?  
A. Yea, all; except two of the Masculine: as, 
a Abydos is a Greek word, and thought to be the name of a straight or narrow sea: or i● a town it is to be referred to Mascula Sulmo, Agragas.  Sulmo & Agragas. Three of the Neuter: as, Argos, Tybur, Praeneste: And one both Masculine and Neuter; as, Anxur.  
Q. Where is your rule for those which are excepted?  
A. Excipienda tamen quaedam.   

General rules of Appellatives.  
Q But if your Noun be none of these proper names, but some Appellative or common name: how must you find the Rule?  
A. It is then either the name of a tree, or of some bird, beast, or fish, or some other more common name; all which have their special rules.  
Q. Where is the rule for names of trees?  
A. Appellativa arborum erunt, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that rule?  
A. All names of trees are of the feminine Gender: except spinus and olcaster of the Masculine; and Siler, suber, thus, robur and acer of the Neuter Gender.   

Epicens.  
Q. WHere is the Rule for birds, beasts and fishes?  
A. Sunt etiam v●luerum.  
Q. What is the meaning?  
A. The names of birds, beasts, and fishes, are the Epicene Gender.  
Q. What is the common exception from all Nouns?  
A. Omne quod exit in 'em.  
Q. What is the meaning of that?  
A. That all Nouns Substantives proper or common, ending in 'em, are the 
a So Londinum, Ebora●um, Brundisium are Neuters.  Neuter Gender: so is every Substantive undeclined.  
* Q. Are all Substantives ending in 'em, the Neut. Gender?  
A. All, but names of men & 
(b) Glycerium, Philotium Phanium, being proper names of wome● and made Latin words, are the femin Gender though they com● of Greek Appellatives which are the Nour.  women: according to that rule of Despauterias; Umh neutrum pones, hominum si propria tolles.  
Q. But how shall the Gender be known in Epicens, and so in all other Appellatives?  
A. By the Genitive case.  
Q. By what rules?  
A. Dicta Epicoena quibus, etc. And, Nam genus hîc semper dignoscitur ex Genitivo.  
Q. How by the Genitive case?  
A. By considering whether it increase or no; and if it increase, whether it increase sharp or flat; or as we may term it more easily, long, or short.  
Q. When is a Noun said to increase?  
A. When it hath more syllables in the Genitive case, then in the Nominative: as, virtus virtutis.  
Q. How many special rules have you to know the Gender; by the increasing, or not increasing of the Genitive case?  
A. Three.  
Q. Which be they?  
A. The first is, Nomen non crescens Genitivo.  
Q. The Second: Nomen crescentis penultima si Genitivi syllaba acuta sonnet, etc.  
The Third: Nomen crescentis penultima si Genitivi sit gravis, etc.   

The first special Rule.  
Q. WHat is the meaning of your first special Rule? Nomen non crescens?  
A. Every Noun Substantive common, not 
(a) Aulā●, aurani, and the like do not increase properly, but by changing and resolving the diphthong a into any after the old manner  increasing in the Genitive case 
b This not increasing is meant of the Genit. singular only, not Plural.  singular, is the feminine Gender; except those excepted in the rules following.  
Q. How many sorts have you excepted?  
A. Some of the Masculine Gender, some of the Neuter, some of the Doubtful, some of the Common of two.  
Q. How many Rules have you of Masculines excepted, not increasing?  
A. Four: 1. Mascula nomina in a, etc. 2. Mascula Graecorun, etc. 3. Masculaitem verres. 4. Mascula in er seu venture.  
Q. What mean you by Mascula nomina in a dicuntur, & c?  
A. Many names of offices of men ending in a, are the Masculine Gender; as, Hic Scriba, ae, a scribe or a scrivener.  
Q. What is the meaning of the second Rule? Mascula Graecorum, & c?  
A. All Nouns of the 
c Some few are excepted: as Charta, Margarita, Cataracta, Catapulta, which are of the feminine. Stockwood.  first declension in Greek being made Latin Nouns, and ending in as, es, or a, are the Masculine Gender: as, H●c Saetrapas, ae, hic Athletes, ae, or athleta, ae, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of the third Rule? Masculaite● verres?  
A. These words are also the Masculine Gender; verres, natalis, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of Mascula in oer, seu venture, & c?  
A. Nouns Substantives ending in er, os, or us, no● increasing in the Genitive case, are the Masculine Gender: as, hic venter ventris, hic logos gi', hic annus i.  
Q. Is there no exception from that rule?  
A. Yes: Foemine● Generis sunt matter, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that rule?  
A. That these words ending in er, os & 
(d) Anus for an old woman is sometimes found to make anuis in the Genitive case singular, as if it were of the third declension, after the old manner.  us, are the feminine Gender, excepted from Masculain er, etc. as Haec matter matris, etc. so ficus of the fourth declension put for a fig. And words ending in us, coming of Greek words in os: as, papyrus, etc. with sundry other of the same kind, us coming of feminines in Greek.  
Q. Where is your rule of Neuters not increasing?  
A. Neutrum nomen in e, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that rule?  
A. Every Noun ending in e, having is in the Genitive case; and every Noun ending in on, or in 'em, 
(e) jusiurandum doth not increase properly, that is in the last word and last syllable; but only in the first wherewith it is compounded  not increasing; also hippomanes, cacoëthes, virus, pelagus, are the Neuter Gender: Vulgus is the Masculine and Neuter.  
Q. Where is your rule for Doubtfuls not increasing?  
A. Incerti generis sunt talpa, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that rule?  
A. These words are of the doubtful Gender; ta●pa, dama, etc. so ficus for a disease, making fici in the Genitive ease, etc.  
Q. Where is your rule for Commons not increasing?  
A. Compositum à verbo dans a, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that rule?  
A. Every compound Noun ending in a, being derived of a Verb, and not increasing, is the Common of two Genders: as, Graiugena, being derived of the Verb Gigno, etc. so are senex, auriga, and the rest of that rule.   

The second special Rule.  
Q. WHat is your second special Rule?  
A. Nomen crescentis penultima si Genitivi syllaba acuta sonnet, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that rule?  
A. Every Noun Substantive common, increasing sharp or long in the Genitive case, is the feminine Gender; except those excepted in the rules following.  
Q. What mean you by that, To increase sharp or long?  
A. To have the last syllable, but one, of the Genitive case increasing, to be lifted up in pronouncing, or to be pronounced long: 
So does dotis: coscotis: res rei: spes spei. Dote sero in Plaut. seemeth to be false printed; fero for fèra or ferè.  as, Virtus virtütis.  
Q. How many chief exceptions have you from this Rule?  
A. Four: some words of the Masculine, some of the Neuter, some of the Doubtful, some of the Common, are excepted?  
Q. How many rules have you of acute, or long Masculines excepted?  
A. Three: 1. Mascula dicuntur monosyllaba, etc. 2. Mascula sunt etiam polysyllaba in n. 3. Mascula, in er, or, & os.  
Q. What is the meaning of the first rule, Mascula dicuntur, & c?  
A. These Nouns of one syllable increasing acute or long, are the Masculine Gender▪ as, Sal, sol, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of Mascula sunt etiam polysyllaba in n, & c?  
A. All Nouns ending in n, being of more syllables than one, and increasing long in the Genitive case, are the Masculine Gender: as, Hic Acarnan, ânis. So all such words ending in oh, signifying a body, or bodily thing: as, Leo, curculio. So also senio, ternio, sermo, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of the third rule, Mascula in er, or, & os, & c?  
A. All Nouns ending in er, or, and os, increasing sharp or long, are the Masculine Gender; as, crater, conditor, heros, ois So all other words in that rule, and many ending in de●●, ●s, 


So of As  
Sextans. of As  
Quadrants. of As  
Triens. of As  
Quincunx vucia. As.  
Septunx vucia. As.  
Deunx vucia. As.  
Dextans. vucia. As.    bidens, with words compounded of As, as●i●: as Dodrans, semis, semissis, etc.  
Q. Have you no exception from these two last rules?  
A. Yes: there are four word● except, which are of the feminine Gender (as, Siren, mulier, sor●r, vx●r) by Sunt muliebre genus siren, etc.  
Q. Where is your rule for Neuters increasing sharp or long?  
A. Su●t Neutralia & haec monosyllaba, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that rule?  
A. These words of one syllable increasing sharp or long, are the Neuter Gender: as, Mel, fel. Also all words of more syllables ending in all, or in are, increasing long: as Capital, âlis, laquear, etc. Only Hal●c is of the Neuter and Feminine Gender: as, Haec vel hoc halec.  
Q. Where is your rule for long Doubtfuls?  
A. Sunt dubia haec, python, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of it?  
A. These words increasing sharp are the Doubtful Gender: as, Python, scrobs, etc. So stirps for a stump of a tree, and calx for a heel. Also dies a day; except that dies is only the Masculine Gender, in the Plural Number.  
Q. Where is the rule of sharp or long Commons?  
A. Sunt common patens, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that rule?  
A. These words increasing sharp, are the Common of two Genders: as, Parens, author, etc. And so the compounds of frons, as bifrons; with cust●s and the rest of the rule.   

The third and last special Rule.  
Q. Give me your third special Rule.  
A. Nomen crescentis penultima si Genitivi sit gravis, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that Rule?  
A. Every Noun Substantive Common, increasing flat or short in the Genitive case, is the Masculine Gender.  
Q. What mean you by that, To increase flat?  
A. To have the last syllable, but one, pressed down flat in the pronouncing: as, S●nguis▪ ●anguinis.  
Q. How many exceptions have you from this Rule▪  
A. Four: some Feminines are excepted, some Neuters, some Doubtfuls, some Commons.  
Q. How many rules have you of Feminines increasing short?  
Two: Foeminei Generis sit hyperdissyllabon in do; And Graecula in as, vel in is, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of the first rule, Foeminei generis si● hyperdis●yllab●n, & c?  
A. Every Noun of more syllables than two, ending in 
(a) Cupido for a greedy desire is sometimes used in the Masculine Gender; as, Au●i coe●us cupido: so when there is allusion to Cupid.  〈◊〉, and making dinis in the Genitive case (as, Dulcedo, dulcedinis) and in go, making giniss (as, compago, compaginis) if they increase short, are the Feminine Gender: so are virgo, grando, and the rest of that rule.  
Q. What is the meaning of the second rule, Graecula in as, v●l in is, etc.  
A. That Latin words ending in as, or in is, if they be made of Greek words, & increasing short in the Genitive case, are the feminine Gender: as, Lampas lampadis, iaspis iaspidis. So pecus, udis, forfex, cis, supellex ilis, 
(b) Mulier may better be referred to this rule, because it commonly increaseth sho●t; & may be joined to the end of the rule thus; Et malier, namque hac melius 〈…〉 locatur  and the rest of that rule.  
Q. Where is your rule of short Neuters?  
A. Est neutral● genus, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that rule?  
A. All Nouns ending in a, signifying a thing without life, if they increase short are the Neuter Gender.] So all such Nouns ending in n, as omen, in are, as iubar, in ur, as iecur, in us, as onus, in put, as occiput: Except pecten and furfur; which are the Masculine. And so all the rest of that rule are the Neuter Gender: as Cadaver, verber, 
(c) Iter makes iti●●ri●, in the Genitive of an old word itiner Spinther a attach or clasp, may be referred hither, being of the Neuter.  iter, etc. and pecus, making pecoris.  
Q. Give the rule of short Doubtfuls.  
A. Sunt dubij generis cardo, margo, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of it?  
A. These words increasing short are the Doubtful Gender: as, cardo, margo, etc.  
Q. Give the rule of short Commons.  
A. Communis generis sunt ista, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning?  
A. These words are the Common of two, increasing short● as, 
(d) Homo and nemo are sometimes found in the feminine Gender: as, Scioneminem peperisse hic. Quia homo nata erat. Cicero. Nec vox hominem sonat: o Deacertè. Virg.  vigil vigilis, etc.   

The general Rule of Adjectives.  
Q. WHere begins your rule for Adjectives?  
A. Adiectiva unam, etc.  
Q. How many rules are there of them?  
A. Five. 1. For all Adjectives of one termination like foelix. 2. for all of two terminations like Tristis. 3. for all of three terminations like bonus. 4. for adjectives declined but with two Articles like Substantives. 5. for adjectives of proper declining.  
Q. Give your rule for all adjectives of one termination like Foelix.  
A. Adiectiva unam duntaxat, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that Rule?  
A. In adjectives having but only one word or termination in the Nominative case, that one word is of all three Genders: as, Nom. Hic, haec & hoc foelix.  
Q. Give your rule for all adjectives of two termination● like Tristis.  
A. Sub gemina si voce, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that Rule?  
A. If adjectives have two words or terminations in the Nominative case, as omnis and omne; the first word as omnis, is the Common of two Genders, or the Masculine & the Feminine, the second as omne is the Neuter: as, hic & haec omnis & hoc omne.  
Q. What is your rule for all adjectives of three terminations, like bonus, a, 'em?  
A. At si tres variant voces, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that rule?  
A. If adjectives have three words or terminations in the Nominative case, as Sacer, sacra, sacrum; the first as Sacer is the Masculine, the second as sacra is the Feminine, the third as sacrum is the Neuter.  
Q. Where is your rule for those adjectives, which are declined like Substantives, with two Articles only?  
A. At sunt, quae flexu, etc.  
Q. Give me the meaning of that rule.  
A. These adjectives are almost Substantives by declining, yet adjectives by nature and use: as, Hic et haec pauper, Gen. huius pauperis: so puber, and the rest.  
Q. But may not some of these be found in the Neuter Gender?  
A. Yes: 
* Dives opus, sospes depositum, pauperis tugurij, ubere solo, etc.  sometimes; but more seldom.  
Q. Give your rule for those which have a special kind of declining.  
A. Haec proprium quendam, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that rule?  
A. These words have a special declining differing somewhat from all examples in the Accidence.  
Q. Show me how.  
A. Thus: Hic campester, haec campestris, hoc campestre: or hic & haec campestris, & hoc campestre. Gen. huius campestris. In the rest of the cases they are declined like tristis.  
Q. What is the meaning of the last rule, Su●t quae deficiunt, & c?  
A. That there are certain other adjectives which are Defectives: which shall be spoken of in an other place, with some others.  
Q. Where is that?  
A. In the Heteroclits.    

POSING OF THE Rules of the Heteroclits, called commonly, Quae Genus.  
Q. HAVE you not some other Nouns, of an other kind of declining then these?  
A. Yes: we have sundry, in the rules which we call Quae Genus.  
Q. What are those Nouns termed properly?  
A. Heteroclits.  
Q. What mean you by Heteroclits?  
A. Nouns of an other manner of declining; that is, Nouns declined otherwise then the ordinary manner.  
Q. How many general kinds are there of them?  
A. Three: Variantia genus, defectiva, redundantia: that is, such as change their Gender or Declining: Secondly, such as want some Case or Number. Thirdly, such as have overmuch in declining.  
Q. Where are these set down together?  
A. In the two first verses of Quae genus.  
Q. Show me how.  
A. First these words, Quae genus aut flexum variant, do note those that vary. Secondly, these words quaecunque novato ritu deficiunt, do signify the defectives. Thirdly, these words, superántue, do signify those which redound or have too much.  

Heteroclits' varying their Gender.  
Q. WHere begin your Rules for those which vary their Gender and declining?  
A. Haec genus ac partim, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of the rule?  
A. These words change their Gender and declining.  
Q. How many sorts have you of these?  
A. Six; set down in three general rules.  
Q. Name the sorts.  
A. First, some of the Feminine Gender in the Singular Number, and the Neuter in the Plural. Secondly, Neuters in the Singular Number, Masculines and Neuters in the Plural. Thirdly, Neuters Singular, Masculines only in the Plural. Fourthly, Neuters Singular, Feminines Plural. Fiftly, Masculines Singular, Neuters Plural. Sixtly, Masculines Singular, Masculines and Neuters Plural.  
Q. Where is your rule for Feminines Singular, Neuters Plural?  
A. 
a Hoc Pergamon is a Greek word, Pergamum is found in Plautus in the Neuter. Stockw.  Pergamus infoelix, etc. Singula foemineis, neutris pluralia gaudent.  
Q. What is the meaning of that rule?  
A. These two words Pergamus and supellex are the Feminine Gender in the Singular Number, the Neuter in the Plural: as, Haec Pergamus, pergami; In the Plural, Haec pergama, horum pergamorum: so haec supellex: Plur. haec supellectilia.  
Q. Give your rules for Neuters Singular, Masculines & Neuters Plural.  
A. Dat prior his numerus, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that rule?  
A. These four words, Rastrum, fraenum, filum, and Capistrum, are of the Neuter Gender in the Singular Number, Masculine and Neuter in the Plural: as, hoc Rastrum. Plural. high rastri vel haec rastra, etc.  
Q. Where is the rule for Neuters singular, which are Masculines only in the Plural?  
A. Sed audi: Mascula duntaxit coelos, etc.  
Q. Give the meaning of that rule.  
A. Coelum and Argos are the Neuter Gender, in the singular Number, and the Masculine only in the Plural: as, Hoc coelum, Plural. high coeli tantùm: so hoc Argos, Plural. high Argi.  
Q. Where is the rule for Neuters singular, Feminines Plural?  
A. Nundinum & hinc Epulum, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning?  
A. That these three, Nundinum, epulum, balneum, are Neuters in the singular Number, and Feminines only in the Plural.  
Q. Are none of these the Neuter Gender, in the Plural Number?  
A. The Poet Juvenal hath Balnea in the Plural Number.  
Q. Give me the rule for Masculines singular, Neuters Plural.  
A. Haec maribus dantur, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that?  
A. These eight words are Masculines singular, Neuters Plural: to wit, Maenalus, Dyndimus, Ismarus, Tartarus, Taygetus, Taenarus, Massicus, Gargarus.  
Q. Where is the rule of Masculines singular, Masculines and Neuters Plural.  
A. At numerus genus his dabit, etc.  
Q. Give the meaning.  
A. These four words, Sibilus, iocus, locus, Avernus, are of the Masculine Gender in the Singular Number, Masculine and Neuter in the Plural.   

Defectives.  
Q. WHere begin your rules for the Heteroclits, called Defectives?  
A. Quae sequitur manca, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that rule?  
A. All these sorts of Nouns following, are lame [or defective] in Number, or in Case.  
Q. Rehearse the several sorts of Defectives, as they are set down in your Book, before the rules or in the margins.  
A. Aptots, Monoptots, Diptots, Triptots, Nouns wanting the Vocative case: Propers wanting the Plural Number: Neuters singular wanting certain cases in the Plural: Appellatives Masculines wanting the Plural: Feminines wanting the Plural: Neuters wanting the Plural: Masculines wanting the Singular, Feminines wanting the Singular, Neuters wanting the Singular.   

Aptots.  
Q. WHich are those which you call Aptots?  
A. Such as have no several case, but are alike in all cases.  
Q. Where is the rule of them?  
A. Quae nullum variant casum, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that rule?  
A. These words have no case, & are therefore called Aptots: As, 
a Frit, the light corn in the top of the ear; Get, the herb Nigella Romana; Tax, a yerk or sound of a lash, or of a whip, are also Aptots.  Fas, nil, nihil, instar: so, many ending in u, and in i. In u, as Cornu, genu; In i, as Gummi, frugi: So also Tempe, tot, quot; and all numbers, from three to a hundred.  
Q. Have these no number?  
A. Yes; Fas, nil, nihil, instar, cornu, genu, gummi, are of the Singular Number undeclined. 
b Pon●o is used both in the Singular and Plural  Frugi, both Singular and Plural undeclined. 
c Tempe is the Neuter Gender, & Plural number of the first Declension of the Contracts in Greek, as Teichea, Teiche; so it makes ● long in the rule Sic Tempe, tot quot, etc. as Thessala Tem●e.  Tempe of the Plural undeclined. Tot, quot, & all numbers from three to a hundred (as 
d Ambo and duo are found to be of all Genders and Cases undeclined, as duo in Greek.  Quatuor, quinque, etc.) are the Plural number undeclined.  
Q. Are none of these declined in either Number?  
A. Yes; Cornu and Genu, with others ending in u, are declined wholly in the Plural Number.  
Q. How decline you Fas, & the rest of the Singular number?  
A. Sing. Hoc Fas invariabile.  
Q. How decline you words in u, as Cornu?  
A. Hoc cornu invariabile in Singulari; Plural. Haec cornua, horum cornuum, his cornibus, etc.  
Q. Decline Tempe.  
A. Singul. and Plural. Tempe invariabile.  
Q. How decline you Tot, & those of the Plu. Number?  
A. Plur. Tota invariabile: or, Hi, hae & haec Tot invari: so Hi, hae, & haec quatuor invar. etc. 
This is the usual manner.    

Monoptots.  
Q. WHich call you Monoptots?  
A. Such words as are found only in one oblique case.  
Q. What mean you by an oblique case?  
A. Any besides the Nominative and the Vocative.  
Q. Give your rule for Monoptots.  
A. Est que Monoptoton, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of it?  
A. These words 
a Noctu is found of the feminine Gender for nocte.  Noctu, natu, jussu, iniussu, astu, promptu, permissu, are of the Ablative case Singular. Astus is read also in the Plural Number. Inficias is found only in the Accusative case Plural.  
Q. Decline Noctu.  
A. Ablat. Noctu; so the rest.  
Q. Decline Inficias.  
A. Accus. has inficias.   

Diptots.  
Q. WHat words do you call Diptots?  
A. Such as have but two cases.  
Q. Give the Rule.  
A. Sunt Diptota quibus, etc.  
Q. Give the meaning of the Rule.  
A. These words have but only two cases in the singular number, for'rs fort, spontis sponte, plus pluris, iugeris iugere, verberis verbere, tantundem tantidem, impetis impete, vicem vice. These have two in the Plural number, repetundarum repetundis, suppetiae suppetias.  
Q. Have none of those words of the Singular number, all the cases of the Plural number?  
A. Yes: these four, verberis, vicem, plus and iugere.  
Q. Give the rule for them.  
A. Verberis, atque vicem, sic plus, etc.   

Triptots.  
Q. WHat words do you call Triptots?  
A. Such as have but three cases in the Singular number.  
Q. Give the Rule.  
A. Tres quibus inflectis, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that rule?  
A. These two words, 
a 
Terence hath preci in the Dative. Nihil est preci loci relictum.  
Vis is seldom read in the Dative.   precis and opis, have but three in the singular number: as, precis, precem, prece; opis, opem, open: frugis and ditionis want only the Nominative, and Vocative; and vis commonly wanteth the Dative: but they all have the Plural number whole.  
Q. Give your Rule for those which want the Vocative case.  
A. Quae referunt, ut qui, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that Rule?  
A. All Relatives, Interrogatives, Distributives, Indefinits, and all Pronouns, besides tu, meus, noster and nostras, do lack the Vocative case.  
Q. Give your Rules of Proper Names, wanting the Plural Number.  
A. Propria cunctanotes quibus, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that Rule?  
A. This shortly: All proper names, names of grain [or corn] weights, herbs, moist things, metals, do naturally and commonly want the Plural number.  
Q. But may not proper names sometimes have the Plural number?  
A. Yes: but not properly, that is, not when they are taken for proper names; but when they are taken for Appellatives or common Nouns: Or when there are more of the same name.  
Q. Show me how by example.  
A. As, when Catones are taken for wise men, such as Cato was; Deccis put for valiant men, such as Decius was; Maecenates put for worthy Noble men, such as Maecenas was; then they are in the Plural number. Or as, sundry called Decius.  
Q. Give the rule for this exception.  
A. Est ubi pluralem retinent, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that?  
A. These sometimes have the Plural Number, sometimes they want it.  
Q. Give your rule of Neuters singular, wanting certain cases in the Plural.  
A. 
* Hordea. This rule is set for an exception from Propria cunctanotes.  Ordea, farra, forum, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that rule?  
A. These Neuters, Hordeum, far, forum, mel, mulsum, defrutum, thus, have only three cases: that is, the Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative, in the Plural Number.  
Q. Decline Hordeum.  
A. Sing. Nom. hoc hordeum, Gen. huius hordei. Plur. Nom. haec hordea, Accus. hordea, Voc. hordea.  
Q. Give your rule of Appellatives Masculines wanting the Plural Number.  
A. Hesperus & vesper, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of it?  
A. These Masculines, Hesperus, vesper, pontus, limus, fimus, penus, sanguis, aether, & nemo (which is of the common of two Genders) do want the Plural Number.  
* Q. Hath Nemo all the cases in the Singular Number?  
A. It is seldom read in the Genitive, or Vocative: according to that rule of Despauterius; Nemo caret Genito, quinto, numeróque secundo: Nemo wants the Genitive, and Vocative Singular, and the Plural Number.  
Q. Give your Rule of Feminines, wanting the Plural Number.  
A. Singula Foeminei generis, etc.  
Q. Give the meaning of that rule.  
A. These Feminines do commonly want the Plural Number; Pubes, salus, talio, indoles, tussis, pix, humus, lues, suis, fuga, quies, cholera, fames, bilis, senecta, juventus. But Soboles & labes have the Nominative, Accusative and Vocative in the Plural Number: and so have all Nouns of the fifth Declension; except res, species, fancies, acies, and dies, which have all the Plural Number.  
Q. Are there no other Feminines wanting the Plural Number?  
A. Yes: names of virtues and vices do commonly want the Plural Number: as, Stultitia, invidia, sapientia, desidia, and many other words like.  
Q. Give your Rule of Neuters wanting the Plural.  
A. Nec licet his Neutris, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of it?  
A. These Neuters want the Plural Number, Delicium, senium, laethum, coenum, salum, barathrum, virus, vitrum, viscum, penum, iustitium, nihilum, ver, lac, gluten, halec, gelu, solium, iubar.  
Q. Give me your Rules of Masculines wanting the Singular Number?  
A. Mascula sunt tautùm, etc.  
Q. Give the meaning of it.  
A. These Masculines do want the Singular Number; Manes, maiores, cancelli, liberi, ants, menses, being taken for an issue of blood, lemures, fasti, minores, natales, penates; with certain proper names of places, of the Plural Number: as, Gabijs, Locri and the like.  
Q. Give your rule for Feminines wanting the Singular Number.  
A. Haec sunt foeminei generis, etc.  
Q. Give the meaning of it.  
A. These Feminine● want the Singular Number. Exuviae, phalerae, and so the rest. So plaga signifying nets, with valuae, divitiae, nuptiae, lactes, and names of Cities which are of the Feminine Gender, and Plural Number: as, Thebes, Athenae, and the like.  
Q. Give your Rule for Neuters wanting the Singular.  
A. Rarius haec primo, etc.  
Q. Give the meaning of the Rule.  
A. These Neuters want the Singular Number; Moenia, tesqua, praecordia, lustra, arma, mapalia, bellaria, munia, castra, justa, sponsalia, r●stra, crepundia, cunabula, exta, effata, also the feasts of the heathenish Gods: as, Bacchanalia and the like.   

Heteroclits, called Redundantia.  
Q. Give your Rules for those words which redound, or which have more in declining then Nouns have commonly.  
A. Haec quasi luxuriant, etc.  
Q. How many rules have you of them?  
A. Five▪ First, of such words as are of divers terminations, declining and Genders. Secondly, such as have two Accusative cases. Thirdly, such as have diverse terminations, and some of them diverse declinings in the same sense and Gender. Fourthly, such as are of the fourth and second declension. Fiftly, adjectives of divers terminations and declining.  
Q. Where is your rule for those which are of divers Terminations, Declining and Gender?  
A. Haec quasi luxuriant, etc.  
Q. Give the meaning of that rule.  
A. These Substantives have divers Terminations, Decliclining and Genders: as, hic tonitrus hoc tonitru, hic clypeus hoc ●lypeum, hic baculus hoc baculum, hic sensus hoc sensum, hic tignus hoc tignum; hoc tapetum ti, hoc tapete tis, and hic tapes êtis; hic punctus hoc punctum, hoc sinapi invariabile hac sinapis, hic sinus hoc sinum, hae●menda hoc mendum, hic viscus hoc viscum, hoc cornu invariabile hoc cornum and hic cornus, hic eventus hoc eventum, 
* As Rete & retis, perduellus & perduellis, pecus udis, and pecus oris▪ and pecu, invariabile: Fames, is and ei, artus, u●, and artu, invariab. and artua, ●um, in the Plural. Problema and problematum, dogma, schema, thema: Schema, atis, and schema, ae● so pascha, atis, and pascha, ae; juger, and iugerum, i, and juger, is, and iugeris, is. So Labium & l●bia, aews and aenum, nasus and nasum, collus and collum, uterus and uterum. Hic guttur and hoc guttur: Ulysses, is, and Vlysseus, Vlyssei; by Synare●is ulyssei, & by contraction Vlyssi, of Vlysseus of the third Declension of the contracts in Greek; like Basileus. So are Achilli, Oronti, Achati, when they are used in the Genitive case as they are oft; as is manifest by the adjectives agreeing with them in the Genit.  and many other like unto them.  
Q. Give your rule for those which have two Accusative cases.  
A. Sed tibi praeterea, etc.  
Q. Give the meaning of that rule.  
A. Certain Greek words, when they are made Latin words, have two Accusative cases; one of the Latin, an other of the Greek: as, Hic panther êris. Accus. hunc pantherem vel panthera; so crater, is, Accus. hunc craterem vel cratera; cassis idis, Accus. hanc cassidem vel cassida; aether, aetherem vel aethera.  
Q. May not other Substantives be made of the Greek Accusative case?  
A. Yes: as of panthera may be made hac panthera pantherae.  
Q. Where is your rule for those which have divers terminations in the Nominative case, in the same sense and Gender?  
A. Vertitur his rectus, sensus etc.  
Q. Give the meaning of the rule.  
A. These words have divers Nominative cases, & some of them sundry declinings, keeping the same sense and Gender: as, 
(a) puerus, eri, puer, eri: nubes and nubis.  Hic Gibbus by, and gibber eris, hic cucumis vel cucumber cucumeris, haec stipis stipis, and haec stips is, hic vel haec cinis cineris, and ciner cineris, hic vomis vel vomer vomeris, haec scobis vel scobsis, hic vel haec pulvis vel puluer eris, hic & haec puber vel pubes eris. 
Haec pubesis,   
Q. What other words have you belonging to this Rule?  
A. Words ending in or, and in os: as, Hic honour and honos ôris; hoc ador and ados' adôris: so haec apes and apis is, haec plebs and plebis, is.  
Q. Are there not other Nouns also belonging to this Rule?  
A. Yes: many coming of Greek words: as, hic Delphin nis, and delphinus i, hic elephas tis and elephantus ti, hic congrus vel conger i, hic Meleagrus vel Meleager i, hic Teucrus and Teucer i: so, many other like.  
Q. Give your rule for those that change their Declension.  
A. Haec simul & quarti, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that rule? 
Tumultus, ornatus, gemitus, senatus, are found also of the second Declension. So anus, us, and anus, anuis.   
A. These Nouns are of the second and fourth Declension: as, laurus, quercus, pinus, ficus, colus, penus, cornus (when it signifieth a Doggetree) lacus and domus.  
Q. Decline Laurus.  
A. Haec laurus, Gen. lauri vel laurus, etc. so the rest.  
Q. Where is your Rule for adjectives of divers declinings and end?  
A. Et quae luxuriant sunt, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that rule?  
A. There are certain adjectives which have two manner of end and declinings; and especially those which come of these words▪ arma, jugum, neruus, somnus, clinus, animus, limus, fraenum, cera, bacillum.  
How do these end?  
A. Both in us, and in is: as, inermus, and inermis, coming of arma.  
Q. How are these declined?  
A. Ending in us, they are declined like bonus; in is, like tristis: as, inermus, a, 'em; and hic & haec inermis & hoc inerme.    

THE POSING OF THE Rules of the Verbs, called As in praesenti.  
Q. WHat are the Rules of Verbs for?  
A. For the Preterperfect tenses and Supines of Verbs.  
Q. In what order are those rules of the Verbs placed?  
A. First for the common Preterperfect tenses of simple Verbs ending in o. Secondly, for the Preterperfect tenses of compound Verbs. Thirdly, for the Supines of simple Verbs. Fourthly, for the Supines of compound Verbs. Fiftly, For the Preterperfect tenses of Verbs in or. Sixtly, for Verbs having two Preterperfect tenses. seventhly, for the preterperfect tenses of Verbs Neuter Passives. eight, for Verbs borrowing their Preterperfect tense. Ninthly, for Verbs wanting their Preterperfect tense. Tenthly, for Verbs lacking their Supines.  
Q. For the Preterperfect tenses of simple Verbs ending in oh, what order is kept?  
A. According to the order of the four conjugations. First, for Verbs of the first Conjugation like Amo. Secondly, for Verbs of the second Conjugation like Doceo. Thirdly, for Verbs of the Third Conjugation, like Lego. Fourthly, for Verbs of the fourth Conjugation, like Audio.  

Of the common Preterperfect tense of simple Verbs of the first Conjugation.  
Q. Give your Rule for all simple Verbs ending in oh, of the first Conjugation like Amo.  
A. As in praesenti perf●ctu●, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that Rule?  
A. That Verbs of the first Conjugation, having as in the Present tense, as, Amo amas, will have avi in the Preterperfect tense like amani: as, Nonas, navi; except 
(a) Lano & so the rest excepted may seem to have been sometimes of the third Conjugation. They make the Preterper. tense very seldom in avi, though sometime some of them are found so: as, necavi. Plaut.  lavo, lavas, which makes lavi, not lavaui; so iuuo iwi, and nexo, seco, neco, mico, plico, frico, domo, tono, sono, crepo, veto, cubo, which make üi: as, nexo as, üi. Also do das, which makes dedi, and sto, stas, steti.   

The second Conjugation.  
Q. WHere is your Rule for Verbs of the second Conjugation like Doceo?  
A. Es in praesenti perfectum, etc.  
Q. Give the meaning of that rule.  
A. Verbs of the second Conjugation, having es in the Present tense like doceo, doces, will have üi in the Preterperfect tense like docui: as, Nigr●o nigres nigrui.  
Q. Have you no exceptions from this rule?  
A. Yes: my book seems to make six.  
Q. What is the first?  
A. jubeo excipe iussi, etc.  
Q. Give the meaning of it?  
A. These Verbs are first excepted; jubeo which makes iussi, not iubui; sorbeo having sorbui and sorpsi, ●●ulceomulsi, luceo luxi, sedeo sedi, video vidi, prandeo pra●di, 
(b) Stridere, feruere, cavere, are sometimes read as if of the third Conjugation. Frigeo hath also friguit in the Preterperfect tense, and so refriguit.  strideo stridi.  
Q. What is the second exception?  
A. Quatuor his infrà, etc.  
Q. Give the meaning of that rule.  
A. That the first syllable of the preterperfect tense is doubled in these four Verbs: Pendeo, making pependi, mord●● m●mordi, spondeo spospondi, tondeo totondi. 
Memordi and spospondi are out of use.   
Q. What is the third exception?  
A. L velr ante geo si stet, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that Rule?  
A. If l or r be set before geo, geo must be turned into si, in the Preterperfect tense: as, urgeo ursi, mulgeo mulsi and mulxi. These ending in geo, make xi: as, Frigeo frixi, lugeo luxi, augeo auxi.  
Q. What is the fourth exception?  
A. Dat fleo fles, flevi, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of it?  
A. These Verbs in lo make vi, in the Preterperfect: as, Fleo flevi, Leo levi, and the compounds of Leo: as, deleo delevi, so pleo plevi, and neo nevi.  
Q. What is the fifth exception?  
A. A maneo mansi, etc.  
Q. Give the meaning.  
A. Maneo makes mansi; so torqueo torsi, and haereo haese.  
Q. What is the last exception?  
A. Veo fit vi, etc.  
Q. Give the meaning of it.  
A. Verbs ending in Veo make vi: as, ferueo ferui; except niveo and conniveo coming of it, which make both nivi & nixi. To which may be joined cieo making civi, & vieo vievi.   

The third Conjugation.  
Q. WHere begin your rules for Verbs of the thi●d Conjugation like Lego?  
A. Tertia praeteritum formabit, etc.  
Q. Have these any common ending of the Preterperfect tense, as the Verbs of the first and second Conjugation have?  
A. No: but so many several terminations as they have of their Present tense, so many kinds of Preterperfect tenses have they.  
Q. What is then the meaning of that rule, Tertia prateritum, etc.  
A. That Verbs of the third Conjugation form their Preterperfect tense, according to the termination of the Present tense: as in the rules following.  
Q. How can you know the right Preterperfect tense and rule by those Rules?  
A. I must mark how the Verb ends, whether in bo, co, do, or any of the rest; according to the order of the letters, and as they stand in my book: and so shall I find my rule.  
Q. If your Verb end in bo in the Present tense, how doth it make the Preterperfect tense?  
A. By changing bo into by: as Lambo lambi; except scribo which makes scripsi, nubo nupsi, and cumbo cubüi.  
Give the rule.  
A. Bo fit by, ut Lambo by, etc.  
Q. Tell me shortly the meaning of every of those rules in order.  
1. What is 〈◊〉 turned into?  
A. Co is turned into ci: as vinco vici; except parco, which makes both 
(a) Parcivi is out of use; so sciscidi & scindidi of scindo.  peperci and parsi, dico dixi, and duco duxi.  
Q. What is do made in the Preterperfect tense?  
A. Di: as, mando mandi. But findo makes fidi, fundo fudi, tundo tutudi, pendo pependi, tendo tetendi, pedo pepedi; so cado cecidi, and caedo to beat cecîdi.  
Cedo to give place makes cessi; so all these Verbs, vado, rado, laedo, ludo, divido, trudo, claudo, plaudo, rodo, make their Preterperfect tense in si, not in di: as, vado vasi, etc.  
Q. What is go made in the Preterperfect tense?  
A. Go is made xi, as, iu●go iunxi: except r be set before go; for than it is turned into si, 
Tergeo & s●geo are found for tergo and sugo.  as, spargo sparsi. But these Verbs ending in go make gi': as, lego legi, ago egi, tango tetigi, pungo punxi and pupugi; pango when it signifieth to make a covenant, will have pepegi; but when it signifieth to join it will have pegi, and when it signifieth to sing it will have pauxi.  
Q. What is ho made?  
A. Ho is made xi: as, traho traxi, and veho vexi.  
Q. What is Lo made?  
A. Lo is made üis: as, colo, colüi: but psallo with p, and sallo without p, do both make li, not üi: 〈◊〉 psallo, psalli. 
Excello excellui. Percello in Terence makes perculsit; unless it be printed false, or percussit of percutio.  Also vello makes velli and vulsi, fallo fefelli; cell●, signifying to break, ceculi, and pello pepuli.  
Q. What is more made?  
A. üi: as vomo vomui. But emo makes emi. And como promo, demo, sumo, premo make si: as como compsi, etc.  
Q. What is no made in the Preterperfect tense?  
A. Vi: as, Sino sivi; except temno which makes tempsi, sterno stravi, sperno sprevi, lino which makes levi & sometimes lini and livi, cerno making crevi: gigno makes genui, 
Posivi for posui, and occanui for occinui are out of use.  pono posui, cano cecini.  
Q. What is po made?  
A. Psi: as, Scalpo scalpsi; except rumpo which makes rupi, strepo strepui, and crepo crepui.  
Q. What is quo turned into?  
A. Qui: as, Linquo liqui; except coquo, that makes coxi.  
Q. What is ro made?  
A. Vi: as, Sero, to plant or to sow, sevi; but in other significations it makes serüi: verro makes verri and versi, vro ussi, gero gessi, quaero quesivi, tero trini, curro cucurri.  
What is so made?  
A. Vi: as, Accerso accersivi; so arcesso, incesso, lacesso: but capesso makes capessi and capessivi, facesso facessi, viso visi, and pinso pinsüi.  
Q. What is sco made?  
A. Vi: as, Pasco pavi: but posco makes poposci, disco didici, quinisco quexi.  
Q. What is to made?  
A. Ti: as, Verto verti: but sisto, signifying to make to stand, will have stui: so sterto hath stertui, meto messui. Words ending in ecto will have exi: as, Flecto flexi: but pecto makes pexui and pexi, and necto nexui and nexi. Mitto makes misi: peto hath petij and petivi.  
Q. What is Vo made?  
A. Vi: as, Voluo volui: but vivo makes vixi, nexo hath nexui, and texo texui. Q. What is cio made?  
A. Ci: as, Faecio feci, i●cio ieci: but the old word l●cio makes lexi, and specio spexi.  
Q. What is d●o made?  
A. Di: as, F●dio f●di.  
Q. What is gio made?  
A. Gi': as, Fugio fugi.  
Q. What is pio made?  
A. Pi: as, capio cepi: but cupio makes cupi●●, rapio makes rapüi, sapi● sapüi and sapivi.  
Q. What is rio made?  
A. Ri: as, Pario peperi.  
Q. What is tio made?  
A. Tio is made ssi with a double ss: as, Quatio quassi.  
Q. What is üo made?  
A. üi: as, statuo statui: but pluo makes pluvi, and plüi: struo makes struxi, and fluo fluxi.   

The fourth Conjugation.  
Q. WHere is your Rule for words of the fourth Conjugation, like Audio?  
A. Quarta that is ivi, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that Rule?  
A. All Verbs of the fourth Conjugation make their Preterperfect tenses in ivi: as, scio, scis, scivi. Except venio, which makes veni: so cambio, raucio, farcio, sartio, sepio, sentio, fulci●, haurio; which make si: sauxio makes sauxi, and vincio vinxi; salto hath salüi, and amicio amicüi.  
Q. Do these never make their Preterperfect tense in ivi?  
A. Yes: sometimes, though more seldom: by the rule Parciù, utemur, cambiu●, etc.   

Of the Preterperfect tenses of Compound Verbs.  
Q. WHere is your Rule for the Preterperfect tens●● of Compound Verbs?  
A. Praetoritum dat idem, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that rule?  
A. That the Compound Verb hath the same Preterperfect tense with his simple Verb. As, D●ceo docüi, edoce● edocüi.  
Q. Are there no exceptions from this rule?  
A. Yes: diverse.  
Q. Which is the first exception?  
A. Sed syllaba semper, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that exception?  
A. That the first syllable of the Preterperfect tense, which is doubled in some simple Verbs, is not doubled in their compounds: except only in these three, praecurro, excurro, repungo; and in the Compounds of do, disco, sto, and posco.  
Q. Show how for example.  
A. Curro makes cucurri; but the Compounds of it, as occurro makes but occurri, not occucurri: so all other compounds; except praecurro, which makes praecuc●rri: and so excurro, repungo, etc.  
Q. Which is your second exception?  
A. Of the Compounds of plico, oleo, pungo, do and s●o, as they are noted in the margin of my book, and have every one their several rules.  
Q. What is your rule for the Compounds of plico?  
A. A plico compositum, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that rule?  
A. Plico being compounded with sub, or with a Noun, will have avi, in the Preterperfect tense: as, Supplico as, supplicavi: so multiplico, compounded of multum and plico, will have multiplicavi: but all the rest of the compounds of plico have both üi and avi: as, applico, applicui, vel applicavi: so complico, replico, explico.  
Q. Give your rule for the Compounds of ●l●o.  
A. Quamuis vult oleo, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that rule?  
A. Although the simple Verb oleo makes olüi in the Preterperfect tense, yet all his Compounds make olevi: as, Exoleo exol●vi; except redoleo and suboleo, which make ol●i: as, redoleo, redolüi, etc.  
Q. Where is your rule for the compounds of pungo?  
A. Composita à pungo, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that rule?  
A. All the compounds of pu●go make punxi; except repungo, which makes repunxi and repupugi.  
Q. Give your rule for the compounds of do.  
A. Natum à do quando, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that rule?  
A. 
a Though many compounds of Do are of the third Conjugation, yet the simple is now ever of the first.  The compounds of do, being of the third Conjugation, do make didi, not d●di: as Addo, addis, addidi; so 
b Credo, ex cretum et do.  credo, edo, dedo, and all the rest of them: except abscondo, which makes abscondi.  
Q. What do the compounds of sto make?  
A. Stiti, not steti: by the rule, Natum à sto stas, stiti habebit.   

Compounds changing the first Vowel into e, every where.  
Q. WHat other exceptions have you, wherein the compound Verbs do differ from the simple?  
A. Three general exceptions.  
Q. Which are those?  
A. The first, of such Verbs as when they are compounded do change the first vowel every where into e. The second, of such as change the first vowel into i every where. The third, of such as change the first vowel into i every where but in the Preterperfect tense.  
Q. Give the rule of those which change the first vowel into e.  
A. Verba haec simplicia, etc.  
Q. Give the meaning of that rule.  
A. These simple Verbs, if they be compounded, do change the first Vowel every where into e: as, Damno being compounded with con makes condemno, not condamno; so of lact●, obiecto: and thus in all the rest.  
Q. Have you no special observation of any of those Verbs of that rule, which so change the first Vowel into e?  
A. Yes: of some compounds of pario and pasco.  
Q. What is your observation of the Compounds of pario?  
A. That two of them, that is comperio and reperio, make their Preterperfect tense in ri: as, comperio comperi, and so reperio reperi: but all the rest of the compounds of pario make üi: as, aperio aperüi, and operio operüi.  
Q. Is there nothing else to be observed in the Compounds of pario?  
A. Yes: that (except in the Preterperfect tense) they are declined like Verbs of the fourth Conjugation, although the simple Verb be of the third Conjugation: as, aperire, operire, reperire.  
Q. What is the observation of the compounds of pasco?  
A. That only two of them, compesco and dispesco, do change the first Vowel into e, and make their Preterperfect tense in üi: as, compesco is, compescui, & dispesco dispescui: but all the rest of the compounds of pasco, do keep still the vowel and Preterperfect tense of the simple Verb: as, epasco, epascis, epavi, etc.   

Compounds changing the first Vowel into i, every where.  
Q. Give your Rule of those which change the first Vowel into i, every where.  
A. Haec babeo, lateo, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that rule?  
A. That these Verbs habeo, lateo, sal●o, etc. if they be compounded, do change the first vowel into i; as, of habeo is made inhibeo, and of rapio, eripio, erip●i: and so in the rest.  
Q. Have you no special observation of the compounds of cano?  
A. Yes: that they make their Preterperfect tense in üi; though cano itself make cecini: as, concino, concinüi.  
Q. Give the rule.  
A. A cano natum praeteritum per üi, etc.  
Q. Have you no other special rules which are joined to this rule; Hac habeo, lateo, salio, & c?  
A. Yes: the compounds of placeo, pango, maneo, scalpo, calco, salto, claudo, quatio, lavo.  
Q. What is your rule for the compounds of placeo?  
A. A placeo, sic displiceo, etc.  
Q. Give the meaning of that rule.  
A. That all the compounds of placeo, do change the first vowel into i: as, displiceo; except complaceo, and perplaceo, which are like the simple.  
Q. Give your rule for the compounds of pango.  
A. Composita à pango retinent a quatuor ista, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of it?  
A. That these four compounds of pango, signifying to join: that is, depango, oppango, circumpango and repango, do keep 
depango depegi, and depanxi: so repango. : all the rest of the compounds of pango are changed into i (as, impingo, impegi) by the rule Haec habeo, lateo, etc.  
Q. Give your rule for the compounds of maneo.  
A. A maneo mansi, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of it?  
A. That these four compounds of maneo, praemineo, emineo, promineo and immineo, do change the first vowel into i, and also make minüi in the Preterperfect tense: as, praemineo praeminui; but all the rest of them are in all things declined like maneo: as, permaneo, permansi.  
Q. Where is your rule for the compounds of scalpo, calco, salto?  
A. Composita à scalpo, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning?  
A. That the compounds of scalpo, calco, salto, do change a into u; as, for excalpo we say exculpo: so for incalco, inculco, for resalto, resulto.  
Q. Give the rule for the compounds of claudo, quatio lavo.  
A. Composita à claudo, etc.  
Q. Give the meaning?  
A. The compounds of claudo, quatio, lavo, do cast away a: as, of claudo we do not say occlaudo but occludo: so of quatio, not perquatio, but percu●io: of lavo woe say prolu●, not prolavo.   

Compounds changing the first vowel into i, every where but in the Preterperfect tense.  
Q. WHere is your Rule for compounds changing the first vowel into i, every where but in the Preterperfect tense?  
A. Haec si componas, etc.  
Q. Give the meaning of it.  
A. That these Verbs ago, emo, sedeo, rego, frango, capio, iacio, lacio, specio, premo, when they are compounded, do change the first Vowel every where into i, Except in the Preterperfect tense: as, of Frango we say refringo refregi; of capio, incipio, incepi, not incipi.  
Q. Have you no exceptions?  
A. Yes: I have exceptions for some of the compounds of ago, rego, facio, lego.  
Q. What is the first exception?  
A. That perago and satago, are declined like the simple Verb ago, keeping a still.  
Q. Give the rule.  
A. Sed pauca notentur: Namque suum simplex, etc.  
Q. What is the second exception?  
A. Vtque ab ago, dego, dat degi, etc.  
Q. Give the meaning.  
A. That these two compounds of ago, dego, and cogo, & pargo and surgo compounds of rego, do cast away the middle syllable of the Present tense.  
Q. Show me how.  
A. As we do not say deago, but dego: so for coago we say cogo, pergo for perago; and surgo, for surrego.  
Q. What is the exception for the compounds of Facio?  
A. Nil variat facio, nisi, etc.  
Q. Give the meaning of it.  
A. The compounds of Facio, do not change the first Vowel into i, but in those which are compounded with Prepositions; as, inficio: the rest, as 
b Olfacio of olere facio: and calfacio of calere facio, or calidum facio.  olfacio, and calfacio, keep a still.  
Q. What is the exception for the compounds of lego?  
A. A lego nata, re, se, etc.  
Q. Give the meaning.  
A. That lego being compounded with re, se, per, prae, sub, or trans, doth keep e still; as, relego not religo: the rest of the compounds of lego, do change the first vowel into i: as, intelligo, not intellego.  
Q. How do the compounds of lego make their Preterperfect tense?  
A. Three of them, intelligo, diligo, negligo, make their Preterperfect tense in lexi; all the rest have legi in the Preterperfect tense.   

Of the Supines of Simple Verbs.  
Q. HHow will you know the Supine of a simple Verb?  
A. By the ending of the Preterperfect tense.  
Q. Why so?  
A. Because the Supine is form of the Preterper. tense.  
Q. Give your Rule.  
A. Nunc ex praterito, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that Rule?  
A. That we must learn to form the Supine, of the Preterperfect tense.  
Q. If the Preterperfect tense end in by, how must the Supine end?  
A. In tum: as, Bibi bibitum.  
Q. Give the Rule.  
A. By sibi tum format, etc.  
Q. What is ci made?  
A. Ci is made ctum; as, vici victum, ici ictum, feci factum, ieci iactum.  
Q. What is di made?  
A. Sum: by the rule, Di fit sum, etc.  
Q. Give the meaning of that rule.  
A. Di, in the Preterperfect tense, is made sum in the Supines: as, vidi visum. And some of them do make it with a double ss: as, pandi passum, sedi sessum, scidi scissum, fidi fissum, fodi fossum, not fosum.  
Q. What special observation have you in that Rule?  
A. Hîc etiam advertas, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of it?  
A. That the first syllable which is doubled in the Preterperfect tense, is not doubled in the Supines: as, Totondi makes tonsum, not totonsum: so, cecîdi caesum, and cecidi casum, tetendi is made tensum and tentum, tutudi tunsum, pepêdi peditum, dedi datum.  
Q. What is gi' made?  
A. Gi' is made tum: as, legi lectum: pegi and pepigi make pactum, fregi fractum, tetigi tactum, egi actum, pupugi punctum, fugi fugitum.  
Q. What is li made?  
A. Li is made sum: as, salli, signifying to season with salt, makes salsum, pepuli pulsum, ceculi culsum, fefelli falsum, velli vulsum, tuli makes latum.  
Q. What are these terminations, mi, ni, pi, qui, made?  
A. Tum: as, emi emptum, veni ventum, cecini cantum; cepi coming of capio makes captum, and coepi▪ of coepio, coeptum, rupi ruptum, liqui lictum.  
Q. What is ri made?  
A. Ri is made sum: as, verri versum; except peperi, which makes partum.  
Q. What is si made?  
A. Si is made sum: as, visi visum; but misi makes missum with a double ss. These which follow make tum: as, fulsi fultum, hausi haustum, sarsi sartum, farsi fartum, ussi ustum, gessi gestum, torsi makes both tortum and torsum, indulsi hath indultum and indulsum.  
Q. What is psi made?  
A. Psi is made tum: as, Scripsi scriptum: but campsi makes campsum.  
Q. What is ti made?  
A. Ti is made tum: as, steti coming of sto, and stiti coming of sisto, do both of them make statum: except verti, which makes versum.  
Q. What is vi made?  
A. Vi is made tum: as Flavi statum; except pavi, which makes pastum: so lavi hath lotum lautum and lavatum, potavi potum and potatum, cavi makes cautum, sevi coming of sero makes satum, livi litum, solui solutum, volui volutum, singultivi singultum, venivi to be sold makes venum, sepelivi sepultum.  
Q. What is üi made?  
A. üi is made itum: as, domui domitum: but if the Preterperfect üi come of a Verb ending in üo, it is made utum in the Supines, and not itum: as exüi coming of exuo makes exutum; except rüi of ruo, which makes ruitum, not rutum: Secui makes sectum, necui nectum, fricui frictum, miscui mistum, amicui amictum, torrui tostum, docui doctum, tenui tentum, consului consultum, alui makes altum and alitum, salui saltum, colui cultum, occului occultum, pinsui pistum, rapui raptum, servi sertum, and texui textum.  
Q. What is the meaning of that rule, Haec sed üi mutant in sum, & c?  
A. These Verbs turn üis into sum: as, censui makes censum, cellui celsum, messui messum: but nexüi makes nexum, and pexüi pexum. Patui makes passum, carvi cassum and caritum.  
Q. What is xi made?  
A. Xi is made ctum: as, vinxi vinctum. But five Verbs ending in xi, cast away n: as, Finxi makes fictum, not finctum: so minxi mictum, pinxi pictum strinxi strictum, & rinxi rictum. Also these four Verbs ending in xi, make xum, not ctum, fl●xi flexum, plexi plexum, fixi fixum, fluxi fluxum.   

Of the Supines of Compound Verbs.  
Q. WHere is your Rule for Supines of Compound Verbs?  
A. Compositum ut simplex formatur, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that Rule?  
A. That Compound Verbs form their Supines, as the simple Verbs whereof they are compounded: as Docui makes doctum; so edocui edoctum.  
Q. Is there no exception?  
A. Yes: Quamuis non eadem stet, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of it?  
A. That there are some compound Supines, which have not the same syllable, which the simple have.  
Q. Which are those?  
A. The compounds of tunsum make tusum, of ruitum rutum, of saltum sultum, and of satum situm. So captum, factum, iactum, raptum, cantum, partum, sparsum, carptum, fartum, do change a, into e: as of captum inceptum, of factum infectum▪ etc.  
Q. Have you no other observations of the Supines of compound Verbs?  
A. Yes: of Edo and nosco.  
Q. What for Edo?  
A. That the compounds of Edo do not make estum, as the simple Verb edo doth: but esum alone: as, exedo makes exesum: only comedo makes comesum and comestum, by the rule, Verbum Edo compositum, etc.  
Q. What is your observation for the compounds of Nosco?  
A. A Nosco tantùm duo, etc.  
Q. Give the meaning of it.  
A. That only these two compounds of Nosco, cognosco & agnosco, have cognitum and agnitum. All the rest of the compounds of nosco make notum: as, pernosco pernotum; none of them make noscitum.   

Preterperfect tenses of Verbs in or.  
Q. WHere is your Rule for Verbs in or?  
A. Verba in or admittunt, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that rule?  
A. That all Verbs Passives, whose actives have the Supines, do make their Preterperfect tense, of the latter Supine of the Active voice, by changing u into ui, and putting to sum velfui: as of Lectu is made lectus sum vel fui.  
Q. Is there no exception from that rule?  
A. Yes: At horum nunc est Deponens, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of it?  
A. 
a In Verbs Deponents & Commons which form the Preterper. tense after the ordinary manner as Passives do▪ we must feign later Supines to form them of.  That Deponents & Commons are to be marked; because they have no later Supine of the Active, whereof to be form: and especially those are to be noted which seem to differ from the common kind of declining.  
Q. Repeat those which are observed in your book.  
A. Labour makes lapsus, patior makes passus, and the compounds of patior: as, compatior compassus, perpetior perpessus: fateor which makes fassus, and the compounds of it: as, confiteor confessus, diffiteor diffessus: gradior making gressus, with the compounds of it: as, digredior digressus. So fatiscor fessus, metior mensus, utor usus, ordior signifying to weave making orditus, ordior, to begin orsus, nitor nisus vel nixus sum, ulciscor ultus, irascoriratus, reorratus, obliviscor oblitus, fru●r fructus vel fruitus, misereor misertus, tuor and tueor both make tuitus, although they have both tutum & tuitum in their Supines. Loquor makes locutus, sequor secutus, experior expertus, paciscor pactus, nanciscor nactus, apiscor aptus, adipiscor adeptus, queror questus, proficiscor profectus, expergiscor experrectus, comminiscor commentus, nascor natus, 
(b) Merior, eris, tuus sum, mori. Orior, oriris vel oreris ortus sum oriri.  morior mortuus, orior ortus.   

Of Verbs having a double Preterperfect tense.  
Q. WHere is your Rule for Verbs which have two Preterperfect tenses?  
A. Praeteritum activae, etc.  
Q. Give me the meaning of that rule.  
A. These Verbs Neuters have a Preterperfect tense, both of the Active and Passive voice: as, Coeno coenavi and coenatus sum, iuro iuravi and iuratus sum; poto potavi and potus, titubo titubavi and titubatus, careo carvi and cassus, prandeo prandi and pransus, pateo patui and passus, placeo placui and placitus, suesco suevi and suetus, veneo to be sold venivi and venditus sum, nubo to be married nupsi and nupta sum, mereor meritus sum and merui, libet makes libuit and libitum est vel fuit, licet makes licuit and licitum est velfuit, taedet taeduit and pertaesum est vel fuit, pudet puduit & puditum est vel fuit, piget piguit and pigitum est vel fuit.   

Of the Preterperfect tense of Verbs Neuters Passives.  
Q. Have you not some Verbs which are called Neuter Passives?  
A. Yes.  
Q. What Verbs are those?  
A. Verbs Neuters having for most part the Passive signification, and the Preterperfect tense of the Passive.  
Q. What is your rule for them?  
A. Neutropassivum sic praeteritum, etc.  
Q. Give the meaning of that rule.  
A. These Neuter Passives have a Preterperfect tense, as if of the Passive voice: as, Ga●de● gavisus sum, fido fisus sum, audeo ausus sum, fio factus sum, soleo solitus sum, moereo moestus sum. Although the Grammarian Phocas count moestus a Noun.   

Of Verbs borrowing a Preterperfect tense.  
Q. WHere is your Rule for those which borrow their Preterperfect tense?  
A. Quaedam praeteritum verba, etc.  
Q. Give me the meaning of that Rule.  
A. These Verbs have no Preterperfect tense of their own, but borrow a Preterperfect tense of others: as, 1. Verbs Inceptives ending in sco, being put for the Primitive Verbs, whereof they are derived, do borrow their Preterperfect tense of them.  
Q What mean you by Inceptives ending in sco, put for their Primitives?  
A. Verbs which end in sco, signifying to begin to do a thing, or to wax more: as, Tepesco, to begin to be warm or to wax warm, being put for tepeo to be warm, hath tepui in the Preterperfect tense: and so fervesco put for ferveo will have ferui.  
Q. Name the other Verbs which borrow the Preterperfect tense.  
A. Cerno hath vid● of video, quatio makes concussi of concutio, ferio hath percussi of percutio, meio hath minxi of mingo, si●o hath sedi of sedo, tollo hath sustuli of suffero, sum hath fui of fuo, fero tuli of tulo, sisto signifying to stand will have steti of sto, furo hath insanivi of insanio: so vescor makes pastui sum of pascor, medeor will have medicatus coming of medicor, liquor liquefactus of liquefio, reminiscor makes recordatus, of recordor.   

Of Verbs wanting their Preterperfect tenses.  
Q. WHere is your Rule for Verbs wanting their Preterperfect tenses?  
A. Praeteritum fugiunt vergo, ambigo, etc.  
Q. Give the meaning of that Rule.  
A. These Verbs want their Preterperfect tense. First, these six; vergo, ambigo, glisco, fatisco, polleo, nideo. Secondly, such Verbs Inceptives ending in sco, which are not put for their Primitives, but for themselves, or which have no Primitive Verbs: as, Puerasco I begin my boy's age; which is derived of Puer, not of any Verb. Thirdly, such Verbs Passives, whose actives want the Supines, whereof the Preterperfect tense should be form: as, metuor, timeor. Fourthly, all Meditatives besides parturio, which makes parturivi, and esurio esurivi.  
Q. What Verbs do you call Meditatives?  
A. All Verbs signifying a meditation or a desire to do a thing, or to be about to do something: as, Scripturio, I am about to write, esurio, I hunger or have a desire to eat.   

Of Verbs wanting their Supines.  
Q. Give your Rule for Verbs wanting their Supines.  
A. Haec rarò aut nunquam, etc.  
Q. What is the meaning of that Rule?  
A. All these Verbs do commonly want their Supines; Lambo, mico, rudo, scabo, parco, dispesco, posco, 
Of Parco are found parsum and par●itum; but out of use.  disco compesco, quinisco, dego, ango, sugo, lingo, mingo, satago, psallo, volo, nolo, malo, tremo, strideo, strido, flaveo, liveo, auco, paveo, conniveo, ferueo. So the compounds of nuo: as, renuo: the compounds of cado, 
Excello and pracello compounds of cello do want the Supines. The compounds of linguo have the Supines: as, relictum; though it be seldom read in the simple.  as, incido: except occido which makes occasum, and recido which makes recasum.  
Also these Verbs want their Supines; respuo, linquo, lu●, metuo, cluo, frigeo, caluo, sterto, timeo, lucco and arceo: but the compounds of arceo do make ercitum. So the compounds of gruo want their Supines: as, ingruo.  
Finally, all Neuters of the second Conjugation, which have ●i in the Preterperfect tense, do want their Supines: except oleo, doleo, placeo, taceo, pareo, careo, ●oceo, pateo, lateo, valeo, and caleo; which have their Supines.   
FINIS.