WITS Theatre of the little World.  Breve iter ad bonum per exempla, longum per praecepta. 
Printed by I. R. for N. L. & are to be sold at the Westdoore of Paul's. 1599   

To my most esteemed and approved loving friend, Master john Bodenham, R. A. wisheth all happiness.  
SIR, for many causes best known unto yourself, and ever of me to be acknowledged, it might be thought I were no longer worthy of your love, if I should not in some sort show myself thankful. Besides, this history or Theatre of the little World, SVOIURE, first challengeth your friendly patronage, by whose motion I undertook it, and for whose love I am willing to undergo the heavy burden of censure. I must confess that it might have been written with more maturity, & deliberation, but in respect of my promise I have made this haste, how happy I know not, yet good enough I hope, if you vouchsafe your kind approbation: which with your judgement I hold ominous, and as under which, Politeuphuia was so gracious. Very fitly is man compared to a tree, whose roots are his thoughts, whose branches and leaves his words (which are sufficiently set forth in choicest Sentences & Similitudes) the fruit whereof are his works, now showed in Examples. In these, as in a glass, is to be seen the twofold course of man's life, & such precedents, as either may be followed for virtuous, or eschewed as vicious. In many of them, I have been brief, the better to assure & consume memory, in others, somewhat prolix, because I would avoid obscurity. These all, howsoever they want the high charactered style and smooth phrase (which is the body of eloquence) together with my best endeavours, I offer to your love, that hath begot in me this labour, whose after studies shall be employed to nourish it, and continue my ever thankful mind for the same, resting always  
Yours most assured to command. Robert Allot.   

To the Reader.  
THE ancient Philosophers (courteous Reader) have written of two world's, the great and the lesser, the first is either universal, which Pliny and others have described, or particular, which is divided into Heaven, called Mundus Architypus, & Earth, which Strabo, Pomponius Mela, and Solinus, have set forth. The little world is man, (so called of Aristotle) for whom the greater world was made. I have therefore called these lucubrations or rather collections, The Theatre of the little world, for that in it thou mayst behold the inward and outward parts of man, lively figured in his actions and behaviour. And albeit the persons I allege have given place to nature, yet the same or the like accidents happen daily. This work gathered out of divers learned Authors, I may not call mine, lest it be said; Tu quidem á Nevio, vel sumplis●i multa si fateris, vel sinegas surripuisti. But howsoever this my labour shall be thought perfunctory & idle; because it is but a collection o● the flowers of antiquities and histories; ye● doth it comprehend those seven persons which have ever been thought most worth● subjects to be written of, as Kings, Knights Bishops, judges, Magistrates, Husband's i● their houses, & Religious men in the churches. The profit that ariseth by reading these epitomized histories is, to emulate tha● which thou likest in others, and to mak● right use of their examples. If I have no● observed the true method (which Plato calleth a fire sent from heaven) nor honoure● never-dying memory as it deserveth, pardon my default, and show thy gentle acceptance (which is Genius Librorum, the very life of books) prove all, & approve the best, which done, Tanquam Hercules in bivio, 〈◊〉 sequere aut vita.   

A Table of all the Authors Names contained in this Book.  


A.  
Augustinus  
Aurelius.  
Albumazar  
Agathias  
Appian  
Aelianus.  
Aristotle  
Ambrose  
Apoll. Thya.  
Au. Gellius.    


B.  
Biblia. Sacra.  
Bernard.  
Bruzo Hisp.  
Berosus  
Beza  
Budeus  
Brusoninus  
Balaeus.    


C.  
chrysostom.  
Cor. Tacitus  
Cor. Agrippa.  
Cicero.  
Cassianus  
Cassiodorus,  
Caelius Rhod.  
Carion.    


D.  
D. Areopagita  
Dion,  
Diodorus,  
Dodoneus  
Damascenus  
D. Laertius  
Dioschorides    


E.  
Eusebius  
Eutropius  
Euripides  
Erasmus  
Egesippus.    


F.  
Fulgosius  
Fulgentius  
Fenestella  
Florus  
Freizard.    


G.  
Gregory.  
Guido  
Guevara  
Guichardine  
Grymaldus    


H.  
Hieronimus  
Hesiodus  
Hermes  
Homer  
Herodotus  
Horace  
Herodianus.    


I.  
josephus  
Isocrates  
justinus  
Iraeneus.  
jambylicus  
Isodorus    


L.  
Lactantius  
Livius  
Lipsius.  
Lampridius  
Lucianus  
Lucanus  
Luther.  
Leo.    


M.  
Macrobius.  
Marcianus  
Marsilius  
Massaeus  
Marullus  
Marcellius.  
Mirandula  
Munster.    


N.  
Nicephorus  
Niphus.    


O.  
Orosius.  
Osorius  
Olaus Mag.  
ovid.  
O●pheus.    


P.  
P. Diaconus  
P. Martyr.  
Plato.  
Pliny.  
Plutarch  
Phil. Lonc.  
Procopius  
Porphyrius  
Polybius  
Polydorus  
Plautus.  
Philo judaeus.  
Patricius  
Pulio  
Pontanus  
Phil. Com.  
Polychron.  
Petrarch  
Pacunius  
Pausanias    


Q.  
Quintilian  
Q. Curtius.    


R.  
Ravisius.    


S.  
〈◊〉  
Sabellicus  
Sui●as.  
Soli●●s.  
Suetonius  
Seneca.  
Stobaeus  
Statius  
Salustius  
Strabo.  
Sparthianus    


T.  
theophra.  
Thucydides  
Treble. Pol.  
Tertullianus    


V.  
Vigetius  
Varro.  
vitrvuius  
Virgillius.  
Vincentius  
Vopiscus.  
Volateranus.  
Val. Max.  
Vrbanus.    


X.  
Xenophon    


Z.  
Zosimus.  
Zonarus.     

THE THEATER OF the little World.  

Of God. GOD is called in the holy Scriptures by these names; Elohim, Elohah, El, Eli, Elion, jehovah, jah, Adonai, Shaddai, Zebaoth, which signify his name, essence, power, & omnipotency.  
GOD is called jehovah, not only because he is, hath been, and shall be, but for that in him we live, move, and have our being. August.  
jesus in the Greek tongue is called Sother, in Latin Sanator or salvator, & every name of these signifieth in our language a Saviour, likewise Emanuel, which is to say, God with us; Alpha & Omega, the beginning and the ending.  
jesus is the proper name of Christ, and Christ his surname, jesus the name of his godhead and divinity, Christ the name of his office and dignity, from which we are denominated Christians, how vainly then do the jesuits call themselves from his proper name?  
God hath created man 4. several ways; the first, without man and woman, as Adam out of the earth; the second, of man without woman, as Eva of Adam's rib, the third, of man and woman, as we are now borne, the fourth and last, of a virgin without man, as Christ of the virgin Mary. Bernard.  
GOD within the Ark, made quiet the Lion with the Leopard, the Wolf with the Lamb, the Bear with the Cow, the Tiger with the Crocodile, the Horse with the Mare, the Dog with the Cat, the Fox with Hens, the Hounds with Hares, and so of all other beasts. Aurelius.  
Socrates, the schoolmaster of Plato, confessed one only God, and was condemned to drink poison, for teaching that the heathen Gods which they worshipped in his time, were but vanity. Aul. Gel.  
When Plato wrote of any serious matter, he began his Letters in the name of one only God, and when otherwise, in the name of many gods. Ep. ad Dyonis.  
Orpheus who did write of the plurality of gods in his time to Musaeus, made recantation, saying, There is but one God. Athenag.  
Cicero allegeth one sovereign god, Hermes Euripides, Sophocles, Epictetus, Hesiodus, & Ovid, attribute the creation of the world, and all things therein to one God.  
Antisthenes' was of opinion, that there were many popular gods, and but one true and natural God, which is the Creator of al.  
The Sabians worshipped God in 3. persons, naming the first Holy, the second Fidius, the third Semi-pater, and in their oaths they did commonly put Fidius in the midst, as under that name comprehending all the 3. persons, whereof came their great oath, Medius Fidius.  
The ancient Romans called their jupiter Optimus maximus, to show that his divinity is before his omnipotency.  
The Persians had two gods, the one good, Creator & author of all goodness, whom they called by the name of Truth, the other wicked, author of all evil, resembling him to Darkness and Ignorance. Agathius.  
The Tuscan wits are sharp and waspish, God keepeth them under a Prince, the Swissers be a people of a contrary disposition, peaceable and quiet, he therefore giveth them liberty, the Venetians to be of a mean betwixt both, therefore he permitteth to them a mixed or mean kind of government. Lipsius.  
Euclides being demanded many things touching God, answered: Other things I know not, but of this I am assured, that he hateth curious persons.  
The Athenians banished Protagoras their city and Country, because in one of his books he called in question the deity; and caused his books to be burned. Cicero.  
Upon the image of Senacharib in Egypt was written, Learn by me to fear God.  
Pherecides an Assyrian, for contemning God, and godliness, was so consumed with lice, that he fled for shame from the society of men, and died miserably.  
Lucian, having professed Christianity under the Emperor trajan, fell away afterwards, and became so profane and impious, that he mocked at Religion and divinity, whereupon he was surnamed Atheist, in the end he was torn in pieces with dogs. Suidas.  
The Emperor justinian, continuing obstinate in the heresy of Pelagius, the wrath of God fell upon him, and suddenly without any grudge or token of sickness, he was deprived of his senses, and became a fool, he was so strooken, that his life and folly ended in one day. P. Diaconus.  
julian the Apostate, at his death cast up his blood into the air, crying Vicisti Galilaee.  
Augustus' erected an Altar in the Capitol, with this inscription, The altar of the first begotten son of God. Niceph.  
The Emperor Tiberius, upon a Letter written to him from Pontius Pilate, reporting the miracles of jesus and his innocent death, with his glorious resurrection, preferred a bill to the Senate with his assent unto it, to have them proclaim jesus to be God, which they refused, but Tiberius abode still in his opinion. Egesippus.  
Alexander the son of Mammea, did in his chapel worship jesus, surnamed Christ, of whom he took his Poesy, (Do not to another, that which thou wouldst not have done unto thyself.) And therefore the Antiochians called him the Arch priest of Syria. Dion.  
Certain Pagans used outrage and offered great injury to a religious man, and in disdain asked him what profit he had by his Christ? Is not this, answered he, a singular profit, not to be moved with your bitter words, and to pardon the heavy wrongs you have done me? Cassianus.  
The Apostles forsook all, and followed Christ, that the mother Church might receive them naked, whom their mother flesh had brought naked into the world. Cyprian.  
The Christian soldiers under julian the Apostate burning incense, had almost forsaken Christ, but after, being better advised, they restored their gifts to him which he gave them to commit idolatry, and earnestly desired, that for their right hand which had made that fault, their whole body might suffer for Christ. Ph. Lonicerus.  
Marcellius Bishop of Rome, for ●eare of Dioclesian offered sacrifice to idols, & Heathen gods, but afterward lamented it. Idem.  
Origen constrained and drawn to the Altar by the cruel instruments of sathan, sacrificed to the gods of Alexandria, but after being desired to teach at jerusalem, reading the 16. verse of the 50. psalm, Unto the wicked said God, what hast thou to do, to declare mine ordinances, that thou shouldest take my commandment in thy mouth? he sat down and mourned.  
The Valentinians did hold, that there were thirty couple of Gods, the Heathen worshipped thirty thousand. August.  
Euphemera Tegeian, wrote the true History and genealogy of the Heathen Gods, showing that they were Kings, Princes, and great personages, and therefore he was called Atheist. Lactan.  
Varro, the best learned of all the Romans, made a beadrole of all the gods, for fear (as he saith) lest they should stray away, wherein he concludeth, that those do worship the true God, which adorn the only one, and acknowledge him to be the Governor of all the world.  
The Pyrrhonists, a kind of Philosophers called Sceptikes (that is to say, doubters) did rather suspend their judgement touching the Godhead, then call it in question.   

Of Heaven. Heaven is called of Aristotle, the most excellent book of nature, whose longitude is between both the Poles, latitude from East to the West, and altitude from the South to the North.  
THere are in Heaven three Hierarchies, Epiphania, Epiphonomia, Euphumia. Epiphania, containeth three orders, Seraphins, Cherubins, Thrones, the first of these excelleth in zealous love, the second in knowledge, the third in justice.  
Epiphonomia, containeth likewise three orders, Principalities, Powers, Dominations, the first teacheth men of lower estate to reverence their far betters; the next, chase away evil spirits, comforting them that fight in ghostly battle, the last inform men how to behave themselves in spiritual conflicts. Isidor.  
Euphumia, hath also under it three lower orders, Virtues, Archangels, Angels, Angels working miracles, showing miracles, & comforters.  
Saint Denis writeth of three Hierarchies, the first above heaven, of three persons, the second in heaven, of Angels, the third under heaven, of Prelates.  
The Sphere, taken generally, containeth all perfect round bodies, whether they be solid or not; whether contained under one only Superficies or more, and so may every Orb be called a Sphere: particularly taken, and in his proper signification, nothing is a Sphere but a perfect round body being solid, contained under one Superficies or face, in whose middle is a point, from which all lines that are drawn to the Superficies, are equal the one to the other.  
This is divided into two parts, Elemental, which containeth the four Elements, Fire, Air, Water, Earth, which are subject to alterations; ethereal, that compasseth the elemental substance in his hollowness▪ being by nature lightsome, unchangeable, & containeth ten Spheres.  
The first and highest, is called the first movable, containing all the other, and by his natural motion moveth from the East to the West, & so to the East again in 24. hours space, & carrieth by violence all the other Spheres.  
The next is the heaven Crystalline, which naturally but very slowly, moveth from the East towards the west, in many years passing but one degree. This motion hath caused the stars to alter their longitudes.  
The third is the Firmament of fixed stars, whose motion by nature is upon two little Circles, the one about the head of Aries, the other of Libra, which is called the motion of Trepidation.  
The other seven Spheres are of the seven Planets, of which Saturn is the highest, yet slowest in proper motion, cold, dry, and pale, who endeth his course in thirty years, he moveth from west toward East.  
jupiter is temperate, fair and bright, moving from West to East, whose course 〈◊〉 preformed in twelve years.  
Mars is hot and dry, of fiery colour making his revolution from West toward East in two years.  
Sol is a King among the Plants in the mid● of his throne, the golden eye of heaven, lightning the universal frame with his beams making one perfect revolution in three hundred sixty five days and six hours.  
Venus is cold, moist, and clear, her coarse is like unto Sol, never above eight & forty degrees from him, when she showeth in ou● Horizon she is called Lucifer, the day star and when she followeth him, she is called Hesperus, the evening star.  
Mercury is never above 29. degrees from the Sun▪ his course is like unto the same.  
The Moon lowest of the seven, running over the whole Zodiac in 27. days and eight hours, and somewhat more. All these seven make their revolution naturally from West to East, & yet by violence of the first movable, are carried from East to West.  
The Sphere of heaven goeth upon two Poles, the North and the South, which are never seen of us.  
The Centre of the Sphere is the middle point of the same, and the Axe of it is a right line, passing from one side of the same (by his Centre) to the contrary side, about which the roundness of heaven moveth, as a wheel about an axle-tree, but the line itself stands still.  
The ends of this line Axis, are called Cardines caeli, because they move about the hollowness of the Poles.  
The Hemisphere is half the Sphere, that is the part that is seen of us, & for default of our sight, it seemeth to us to touch the earth.  
In the body of the highest Sphere & first Movable, it is imagined that there are ten Circles, the six greater are the equinoctial, Zodiac, Horizon, Meridian, and two Colours, the lesser four, are the Tropic of Cancer, the Tropic of Capricorn, the Arctic, and Antarctic.  
The Equinoctial, called the Aequator, or girdle of heaven, divideth Heaven into two parts alike, the which be called Hemispheres, so called, either for that it is equally in the midst of heaven, or for that the Sun coming to his circle, makes both day & night equal.  
The Zodiac is a great circle, & taketh his name of the Greek word signifying a living creature, and of the Latins Signifer, for th●● it beareth the twelve signs.  
Horizon divideth the half of the Heaue● which we see, from the half which we 〈◊〉 not, in Latin it is called Finitor, & maketh principal points, East, West, North, Sout●  
The Meridian passeth from the Poles of 〈◊〉 world by our Vertical point, cutting the H●●rizon in the North and South points.  
Colours do declare the times called Aequ●●noctiall and Solstitial, that is, when the da● and night be equal in length, also when th● day and the night are at the longest, passin● by the sign Libra into Aries, & turn 〈◊〉 to their own point.  
The Tropic of Cancer is a circle, equall●● distant from the Equinoctial, lying between it and the North Pole, and touching the E●clipticke in the beginning of Cancer, it is calle● Tropic, signifying a returning, because th● Sun being brought to this point, falls in his noon height, and returneth again.  
The Tropic of Capricorn is betwixt the Aequator and the South Pole, & is described by the Sun in the shortest day of winter, 〈◊〉 which time the sun entereth into Capricorn▪  
The Arctic Circle is a less circle of the Sphere, described by the Northern Pole, of the Ecliptic▪ Proclus saith it is described by the foremost foot of Vrsa maior, & thereof taketh his name.  
The Antarctic is a like circle described by the South Pole of the Ecliptic, and is called Antarctic of a Greek word, which signifieth Opposition, because it is opposite to the other.  
The four greater circles are still the same through the whole world, and are said to be movable circles, for so much as in the motion of heaven, they be also moved, of the which the equinoctial and the Zodiac are movable perfectly: but the two Colours are unperfectly movable, and never show the whole circle in any crooked Sphere.  
The other 2. greater circles be called fixed, for that they never move by the motion of heaven, but they be changeable in every region, forsomuch as the Vertical of every Region is divers, by the which the Meridian of necessity must pass, and is the Pole also of the Horizon.  
By the twelve signs the Planets that be called Sidera errantia move not, for they ere, for they have most certain moving, but they be called errantia, because they hold their course against the course of the Firmament. Marcianus.  
Caput Draconis, and Cauda Draconis, the hea● of the Dragon, and the tail, are two star that are of the natures of Planets; this Dragon kept the garden of the Hesperides, an● for his continual watching was placed i● Heaven. ovid.  
Cepheus was sometimes King of Egypt, th● husband of Cassiopeia, and Father of Andr●●meda the love of Perseus, at whose birth th● Gods swore that none of his kind should taste of immortality, and therefore he 〈◊〉 stellified.  
Boötes or the Northern Wagoner, kee●peth the two Bears, the same circle is calle● Ar●ophilax, and is beautified with man● stars.  
Corona, or Ariadne's crown, made of ni●● silver stars, which was the garland that Venus gave unto her when she became Bacchu● love after that Theseus forsook her. ovid.  
Hercules, after his many great labours, 〈…〉 the consent of all the Gods, was taken v● into Heaven.  
Lyra, or the Harp of Orpheus, by who●● melodious touch he drew stones, birds and beasts after him; after his death was feigned to be a sign in Heaven.  
Cignus the Swan, under whose shape jupiter ravished Leda, was by him made a star.  
Cassiopeia, sometimes the pride of Egypt, for braving the Sea Nymphs Nereids with her beauty, was changed into a star, who in the motion of the heavens is drawn backwards.  
Perseus is next her, the son of Danae, whom jupiter begot of her in the shape of a golden shower, he overcame Medusa by the help of Minerva, and rescued Andromeda, but at his return, his grandsire Acriseius meeting him, was by Medusa's head turned to a stone, which Perseus much lamenting, was by the Gods taken up into heaven.  
Auriga or the Wagoner, the Poets feign to be Hippolytus, who stying his mother Phaedra's lust, was for his chastity by the Gods made a star.  
By him stands the great jupiters' Nurse, by w●om he was fostered, when he was conveyed by his mother Ops, from Saturn, who would have devoured him.  
Serpentarius the Serpent holder, having the picture of a man, is composed of twenti● four stars, holding a Serpent in his hand● and as it were striving therewith, he is feigned to be Esculapius the son of Apollo, who when Hippolytus was dead, restored him again to life, and after was called Vi●●bius. ovid.  
The Serpent Phoebus placed by his son for that by his means he restored ●lau●● king Minos' son from death to life.  
Sagitta the dart, is that strong steeled arro● with the which Hercules killed the Griffi●● that tired upon Prometheus' heart, when he● was chained to the top of Caucasus, for steerling fire from heaven.  
Aquila the Eagle, or the bird of jove, wh●● stole the fair Phrygian Ganymede, an● brought him to jupiter, who served him wit● N●●●ar and Ambrosia.  
The Dolphin is that Fish which when ●●rion was cast into the sea, first receive him kindly upon his back, and afterwards set him sa●e on shore in Italy, in recom●pence whereof, the Gods placed him in th● firmament.  
Equiculus, the little horse of Bacchus, 〈◊〉 whom he used to ride when his idle brain● was overburdened with too much win● a●ter whose death, his master desired the Gods that he might in requital of his service be made a star.  
Pegasus, the flying horse, engendered by the sun, of Medusa's blood, could be managed by 〈◊〉, until Bellerophon undertook him, who ●●ding up into the skies, fell down from him 〈◊〉 to the Seas, but the horse kept his way still 〈◊〉 heaven, where he resteth.  
Andromeda the wife of Perseus, (at whose ●●rth the Gods promised her immortality,) ●●ter her death had her place amongst the ●●arres.  
The Triangle signifieth the three squared form of the thrice happy land of Cicilia, the Country of Ceres, which she desired the Gods to be placed in heaven, for the love she ●●re to the Land.  
All these stars above mentioned, have their residence in the Arctic climes, keeping their continual motion with the Spheres.  
Aries is the golden Ram, that carried Phryxus and his sister over Hellespont from their cruel mother.  
Taurus the Bull that jupiter transformed him into, when he stole Europa the daughter of Agenor.  
Within his form are the seven stars: once Atlas' daughters called Atlantides, of ●●e which Electra the fairest, the same night that Troy was burned, pulled in her head, and would not see the flames, since which ●●me, there be but six of them seen, who are also named, Hyades, and Plyades.  
Gemini, Castor, and Pollux, were begot 〈◊〉 jupiter one Leda, when he transformed him●selfe into a Swan.  
Cancer the Crab, when Hercules was figh●ting with Hydra, bitten him by the heel, who● he espying killed, but juno for that she se●● her, made her a sign in heaven.  
Leo was the Nemean Lion, whom Hercul●● slew, and jove placed in heaven to grace hi● Son.  
Virgo the Poets feign to be justice, wh●● forsaking earth flew to heaven, enforced b● the wickedness of men.  
Libra are the balance of justice, whereto she weighed the unequal actions of men's dis●ordered lives.  
Scorpio was made a sign for kill Ori●● with his sting, who proudly boasted, that th● earth bred no monster, but he could subdue  
Sagitarius is Crocus, the son of Euth●●mia, that nursed the Muses, who sucked tha● milk the Muses left, whom at their reque●● jupiter made a sign.  
Capricornus was the disguised shape of Pa● the God of shepherds, half fish and half Goat, when the Giant Typhon warred against the Gods, which when the wars wer● ended, jupiter placed among the stars.  
Aquarius is Ganymedes of Troy, whom jupiter caused his Eagle to fetch to be his ●●ge.  
Pisces are those fishes, that when Venus and Cupid sporting themselves by Euphra●es, were compassed by the great Giant Typhoon, for fear of him took the River, and were sustained by them whom she changed to stars.  
These stars following, are of the Southern climate.  
The Whale is placed next to the signs, which should have devoured Andromeda.  
Orion was the son of Hyreus, who entertained jupiter, Neptune, and Mercury, as they travailed, who desired of them a Son, who after his death was thus metamorphized.  
Eridanus or Padus, the River wherein Phaethon was drowned, which for quenching of that flame, is among the stars.  
The Hare is at his feet with two fierce dogs pursuing it, this fearful beast Phaethon delighted in, when he lived.  
jasons ship in the which he brought to Colchos, the golden fleece was placed next to Orion.  
The Crow was so changed by Apollo, and the Cup likewise, with Hydra the Serpen● told him, kept him from the well, whethe● he was sent with the Cup for water.  
Centaurus called Chiron the Schoolmaster of Esculapius, Achilles, and Hercules, was b● the Gods stellified.  
The Wolf was placed next to him, an● an Altar, holding the Sacrifice in his hand● ready to offer, signifying his devotion.  
The wheel whereon Ixion was tortured for offering dalliance to juno.  
The Southern fish is called Venus' daugh●ter, so transformed in the Sea.   

Of Religion. From the beginning of the creation of th● world, Abel and Cain did religiously sacrifice● God, but Enoch was the first that set downs what manner he should be called upon.  
THE ancient Romans' through the in●stinct of nature only, did so reverenth think of Religion, that they sent their chi●●dren, and the most noble men of Rome the● Sons into Hetruria, to learn the mann●● of serving God. Livius.  
They had never any greater means to extend the borders of their Empire, and the glory of their famous Acts over all the earth, than Religion. Polybius.  
Among the Athenians no King was created, before he had taken orders, and was a Priest, they killed all those that envied their religion.  
Their chiefest oath was this, In defending religion, both alone and with others will I fight against my foes. Demosth.  
The Egyptians of Philosophers chose their Priests, and of Priests their Kings.  
The Lacedæmonians when they laid hands upon those that fled to the temple of Neptune for succour, Sparta was so shaken with earthquakes, that few of their houses escaped. Nat. Comes.  
The Phocians were condemned in a great sum of money, by the Amphyctiones, because they had tilled ground, which was consecrated to the Gods, which sum, when they refused to pay, they pronounced their Country, as confiscate to the Gods, whereupon arose a war, called the holy war, made by the rest of the Grecians against them, which in the end was their ruin. Diodorus.  
Epicurus first began to rise, against the religion of God. Lucretius.  
The Germans in the time of Tacitus, 〈◊〉 neither law nor religion, nor knowledge nor form of common wealth, whereas no● they give place to no nation for good in●struction in all things.  
The Chananites were the first that we●● ignorant of the true worshipping of God because their first Author and original Cham was cursed of his Father Noah. La●●tantius.  
The Hebrews worshipped the true Go● at the first, but when they increased in number, as the sands of the Sea, they went into divers Countries, and left there true religion, feigning new Gods and ceremonies▪ after their own inventions. Idem.  
The Romans' allowed the service of 〈◊〉 Gods, and to that end builded a temple to them all, called Pantheon, yet would they never receive the true God, to wit, jehovah the Lord GOD of the Hebrews. Eusebius.  
Ecebolius in Constantine's time a Christian, in julianus a Gentile, lay along in the Church Porch, crying, tread me under foot, for that I am unsavoury salt. Idem.  
Vitalis a Soldier, when Vrsicinus a Physician endured martyrdom for religion, seeing his courage to fail, boldly spoke to him, ●oe not Vrsicinus now cast away thyself, that hast cured so many, nor after so much blood of thine spilt, lose the merit which is prepared for thee. Antonius.  
The unchristianlike behaviour of Christians, have caused the Turks even to detest the true religion.  
The cruelty, blasphemy, and covetousness of the Spaniards, have altogether alienated the poor Indians from the religion, which they gave out to be true. Beuzo.  
The Princes of Italy support the jews, rank enemies to religion.  
Constantine was the first of the Roman Emperors, that forsaking errors and heresies, confessed and adored the majesty of the true God. Lactantius.  
jovianus refused to govern those that were not sound in faith; I (saith he) that am a Christian, cannot become your Emperor, that are the Disciples of julian a runagate from Christ. Eusebius.  
The liberality of Princes, and especially of Matilda a Duchess of Italy, who at her death made the Pope her heir, begot ambition in the Bishops of Rome, and ambition destroyed religion. Aeneas Silvius.  
Gratianus at his first entering, finding a places full of Arrians, & the laws of Valen●● his Uncle making for them, fearing some general tumult, if he should presently distress● so many, gave leave that every religion might have churches & Oratories with freedom, but being once joined with Theodotius, he commanded that all their heresies should be depressed; He sent the confession of his faith to Saint Ambrose. Eutropius.  
Lycurgus' reform the estate of the Lacedæmonians, Numa Pompilius of the Romans', Solon of the Athenians, and Deucalion of all the Grecians, generally by making them devout and affectionate toward the Gods in prayers, oaths, oracles, and prophecies, through the means of fear, and hope of the divine nature, which they imprinted in them.  
Alexander after he had sacked Tyrus, marched towards jerusalem, to destroy it, because the jews refused to aid him with victuals and munition, but when he saw the high Priest coming towards him attired in his holy garments, he so reverenced him, that he not only spared the City, but also gave gifts to the temple. josephus.  
cain's a Roman Emperor sent Petronius 〈◊〉 Syria with commandment, to bid bat●●●e to the jews; If they would not receive 〈◊〉 Image into their temple, which they 〈◊〉 to do sa●ing: They had rather die then 〈◊〉 from the laws of God. Idem.  
The King of calicut is chief of his religion and for this cause goeth before the other Ki●gs of India in dignity, and is called Samory, that is to say, God on earth.  
Canutus not full 32, years before the con●●●st, apparently proveth, that Princes kept their authority to command, for matters of religion, more than 1000 years after Christ.  
Charles the great, to Christian religion at ●ononie, Padua in Italy, and Paris in France erected Academies.  
Xerxes' through counsel of his Magis, commanded all the temples and churches throughout Greece to be burned, saying, ●ha● it was wicked & impious, that Gods should 〈◊〉 but up in Churches. Cor. Agrippa.  
In old time the Persians had no temples at 〈◊〉. Pausanias.  
Theodectes a Poet, mingled his Tragedies 〈◊〉 holy Scriptures, & therefore was struc●en with blindness, until he had recanted his ●●piety. josephus.  
A jew often baptised for money sake, came to Paulus the Novatian Bishop to that end, but the water twice vanishing out of the Fount, he said, O man, either thou dissemblest egregiously, or else thou art baptised unwillingly. Eusebius.   

Of Prayers & Thanksgiving. The Maker and Redeemer of the world, di● use great measure in all things, except in praying, wherein he was always long, which he showed most clearly in Gethsemany, where ho● much the more the agony did oppress him, 〈◊〉 much the more did he enlarge his prayers.  
THE Hebrews called the 100 and 1● Psalm, and the next six following the great Alleluya, which the Apostles said fo● grace at Easter and Pentecost.  
The first earthly man of the Hebrews, 〈◊〉 called Adam, as homo tanquam ex humo, th● other heavenly of the Chaldeans, Enoch which signifieth true man, or that man whic● hath undertaken, and hopeth to call vpo● God. Ambrose.  
jacobus minor, the son of joseph brothe● of Christ, was so like him, that in the betraying, for fear they should mistake, judas ●aue him a kiss; his knees with continual ●rayer, became as hard as a camels hoof.  
Bartholomew the Apostle, by his prayers, restored the distracted daughter of Polemi●s King of India, to her former senses. Ma●ullus.  
Arcadius was called of chrysostom, the ●ost Christian and godly Prince, who a little ●efore his death won estimation of holiness, ●ot without the admiration of a great multitude, saved from destruction by his prayers. Theodorus. P. Diaconus.  
God gave Narsetes victory, more through ●he zealous prayers that he used, than his ●orce and valour; he never went to Sea, nor ●egan any battle, nor determined of war, ●or mounted on horseback, but first he went ●o the temple and served God. Blondus.  
The Emperor Heraclius, after his wars ●ere ended, entered Constantinople, sitting ●n a Chariot without ornaments, and openly ●aue thanks to the Son of God for his ●reat victories. Orosius.  
Tiberius' that virtuous Emperor, being driven to a blessed necessity, as he walked in ●he midst of his Palace, he saw at his feet a ●arble stone, which was in form of the cross; and because he thought it religious to spurn it with his feet, he caused it to be taken up, and under that found another, and so a third of the same form, which when that was taken up, there was found two millions of Ducats, for the which he thanked God.  
Marcus Aurelius having felt the help of Christian prayers, ceased his persecution. Eusebius.  
Prayers are of the Poets feigned, to be the daughters of jupiter, because Kings & great men have a number of followers and suitors. Orpheus.  
Apollo being prayed unto to sing an Him●● to the great GOD, began with this verse, Which made the first man and called him Adam. justinus Martyr.  
The lessons of Pythagoras, Plato, and thei● Disciples, began and ended with prayers.  
The brahmin's among the Indians, & th● Magis among the Persians, never began any thing without praying unto God.  
Cleanthes in his jambicke verses, praye● God to vouchsafe to guide him by his cause, which guideth all things in order, the which cause he calleth destiny, and the cause of causes. Simplicius.  
Pray said Nestor to his children, for unless God help us, we shall all perish. Homer.  
The Romans' after many great victories, determined to make a very rich crown of ●old, and offer it to Apollo, but the common treasure being poor, the women defaced ●heir Ouches and jewels to make it with all, ●or which, they had granted three things to ●eare on their heads, garlands of flowers, to go in chariots, and openly to the feasts of ●he Gods.  
Theseus' asked of the Gods three things, good fortune, want of inward sorrow, & such glory as was neither false, counterfeit, nor ●ained: of three other bones which he prayed of Neptune, the third was, in his fury cur●ing his son Hippolytus, and wishing his violent death, which after it was granted, he repent him. Cicero.  
Demonides having crooked feet, lost both of his shoes, whereupon he desired God ●hat his shone might serve his feet that had ●ound them.  
When Alcibiades was condemned by the Athenians, they commanded the religious people of either sex to curse him, which one of them refused to do, saying, that they had entered religion not to make unjust, but just prayers. Thucydides.  
Sylla, Tiberius, Caligula, and Nero, neue● could but command and kill, on the other side, Augustus, Titus, and Traianus, could not but pray and pardon, in such manner that they overcame praying, as the other fight.  
The Lacedæmonians custom was, not to crave any thing of their Gods, but what was of importance and consequence, saying tha● all small matters were to be obtained by man● industry.  
Pliny in an oration he made in the praise of Trajan, commended the custom of the Ancients, to make invocation before the beginning of their work, and said, that there could be no assured nor wise beginning of any enterprise, without the especial aid and counsel of God.  
In Athence was a temple dedicated to Mercy, which the Athenians kept so well watched and locked, that without leave & licence of the Senate, none might enter therein; in this temple were only the Images of pitiful men, and none entered there to pray and do sacrifice, but those that were pitiful Macrobius.  
Isocrates prayed God to save and keep him from his friends, rather than his enemies, saying, of his enemies he could be wary, because I trust them not, so can I not of my friend's, because I have assured confidence 〈◊〉 them.  
Octavius prayed GOD that it might be side, that by him the common wealth of ●ome was preserved from all danger, and at ●is death to carry with him that hope, that 〈◊〉 might remain many ages in that estate ●e left it. Suetonius.  
A poor man craved an alms of the Emperor Maximilian, and told him, that they ●ame both of one Father, to wit, Adam, and ●o consequently were brethren, desiring brotherly to deal with him: to whom the Emperor gave a small piece of silver, whereat ●hen he saw the poor man discontented, he told him, that he ought to take it in good worth, saying that if every one of his brothers would give him as much, he should quickly be richer than himself.  
Anthony distressed by the King of Par●●ia, held up his hands to heaven, saying, if a●y disdain of GOD remained of his former fortunes, he desired it might fall upon ●im, so the Roman army might be freed, ●nd have the victory. Appian.  
Virginia the daughter of Virginius, for that her Father was a Plebeian, was forbidden to do sacrifice with other Roman matron in the temple of Chastity, wherefore she mad● a temple of her own house to the Goddess▪ for which, the Senate made her a Patrician Livius.  
Claudius' defiled the fair matron Obe●●na, as he found her praying in the temple 〈◊〉 Minerva, who condemned for sacrilege, escaped punishment by bribes.  
Brutus not satisfied in kill Caesar, mad● his prayers unto jupiter, and the host 〈◊〉 heaven, to plague Caesar and his posterity.  
When the Cretans were ungently entreated of the Romans', they did not pray 〈◊〉 their Gods to send them pestilence, war and famine, or sedition, but that they woul● suffer new customs, manners, and fashion to be brought amongst them.  
The prayer of old Cato, was that the cou●● of pleas might be set with linnes and 〈◊〉, to take the professors of the braw●●● study of law. Plutarch.  
Alexander caused his Horse Bucephalus be buried; Augustus his Parrot; and Heliogabalus his Sparrow▪ at whose obsequys he prayed and caused the body to be embalmed.   

Of Virtue. The Hebrews, by reason of the ten Commandments, boasted that they had the chiefest ●od, and the sum of all Virtue.  
MArcus Marcellus building a Temple which he called the Temple of Honour, 〈◊〉 so place & situate the same, as none could ●aue any entrance therein, except he came ●●rough the Temple of Virtue. Livius.  
The Romans did not only assign the chiefest places to men of virtue, but likewise publicly they gave them Spears, Horse-●appings, and Garlands. Tacitus.  
When the Roman Victors road in try●mph, a slave sat behind them striking them 〈◊〉 upon the neck, that they should remember themselves and not be proud, and ●hat every man should hope by virtue to ●ome to the like dignity. Plutarch.  
Fabius for his virtues was surnamed Maxi●●us, where before he was called Gurges.  
Alexander's virtues purchased him the surname of great. Plut.  
It is recorded of Fabius, that it was as hard ●o draw him from his honesty and virtues, as the sun from his course. Eutropius.  
Camillus, for a disgrace happening to him in Rome, was banished into Campania where his virtues and service in the wars o● that country succeeded so happily with him▪ that he returned to Rome not as an offender, but in great triumph.  
No Athenian excelled Alcibiades, either for virtue or vice. justinus.  
Socrates made him to weep, for that he showed him by lively reasons that he was 〈◊〉 less estimation than a base hind if he ha● not virtue, and that it behoved him to b● sorrowful.  
The Rhodians and the Lydians had a law that those sons which followed not they fathers in their virtues, but lived viciously should be disinherited, and their lands give to the most virtuous of that race, not admitting any impious heir whatsoever▪ Varro.  
For that Artaxerxes Mnemon was a virtuous Prince & delighted in peace, the succeeding kings of Persia were called by his name▪  
Basilius, Emperor of Constantinople, a● his death exhorted Leo his son to virtuous actions, and not to become slave to hy● own affections; by good life and study o● godliness to beautify his soul, showing him●●lfe the image and Lieutenant of the Knig 〈◊〉 heaven. Theophrastus.  
Demetrius, the scholar of Theophrastus, 〈◊〉 he had ten years governed the state of ●hence, having in memory of his virtues, ●●ree hundred and threescore statues erected 〈◊〉 Greece, yet were they all through envy ●oken down, which when he heard of, he 〈◊〉, Though they burn my pictures, yet cannot ●●ey burn the virtuous cause of them. Theoprastus.  
Alexander willed that the Grecians and Barbarians should no more be disguised by ●●eyr garments, but that the Grecian should be known by virtue, and the Barbarian by 〈◊〉; accounting all virtuous men Grecians, and all vicious Barbarians. Quint. Curious.  
Menander King of the Bactrians, was so ●ell beloved of his subjects for his virtues, 〈◊〉 after his death the principal cities con●●ded which of them should have the ho●or of his burial; for the appeasing of which ●ife, it was concluded that each of them 〈◊〉 remembrance of his worthiness) should ●ake a tomb.  
Harmocrates the last Tyrant in Sicilia, at the very instant of his death exhorted his son to live so uprightly, that his virtues might make him to be envied.  
Alexander praised greatly this virtue in the Philosopher Calisthenes, that for others he asked many things, & for himself nothing. Plutarch.  
Into the grave Senate of Areopage, no●e were received, except they had made some notable proof of their virtues. Sabellicus.  
A rare example of a Romans virtue was i● Mes●ala, who having Claudius in his custody, who before had proscribed him, restored him to his estate, and preserved him fr●● danger. Appianus.  
juno through her riches, Mercury through his eloquence, Venus through her beauty M●●s through his threats, and the rest of th● Gods having all conspired against jupiter, 〈◊〉 were not able to pull him out of heaven: 〈◊〉 which the Poets signified, that a virtuous man can by no means be turned aside from justice.  
Plato wrote 54. Books or Dialogues which did all intr●ate of virtue; in which that he might not be thought ungrateful toward his Master Socrates, who would never write any thing, he bringeth him in re●hearsing that which he heard him speak.  
Anacharsis led with the only love of ver●ue, left the kingdom of Scythia to his youn●er brother, & travailed into Grecia, where ●e learned philosophy of Solon.  
Pelopidas, general of the Thebans, is more ●raised for his notable virtue he showed, ●hen he was prisoner in the hands of Alex●nder the tyrannous K. of the Phereans, thē●or all his virtues gotten before. Thucid.  
The Emperor Rodolphus, otherwise of ●afe parentage, by his virtues mounted to 〈◊〉 Monarchy.  
Maximilian the Emperor, answered one ●hat desired his Letters patents to ennoble ●im, I am able to make thee rich, but virtue on●● must make thee noble.  
Alexander Severus never kept in his court 〈◊〉 ill disposed persons, or suffered any ●●ough never so near to him in blood, once ●ound faulty, to escape unpunished. Lactan.  
Marius' esteemed it a great point of virtue ●nd high courage, to be skilful in cozenage. Plutarch.  
Two of the most famous Cities in the ●orld were in two extremities, Rome the ●ead of vice, and Alexandria the end of all ●ertues. Aurelius.   

Of justice. Between the two zodiacal signs, Leo and Libra, is a virgin called Astraea or justice, the which in times past dwelled upon the earth, an● being abused and neglected of mortal men, 〈◊〉 took her flight to heaven.  
THe Egyptians who were the ancient Lawmakers, in their Cities caused judges to be painted without hands, and the Precedent or chief justice, with his eye● blindfolded, thereby signifying, that Iustic● ought neither to be briber, nor respecter o● persons. Pausanius.  
Beza feigneth justice and Mercy to be two Sisters standing by the throne of God.  
When the Hebrews asked a King of Samuel, they added this, to judge all nations.  
The Areopagites judged by night, and i● the dark. Quintil.  
Aristides, for his impartial dealing in 〈◊〉 matters, was surnamed the just.  
Mycerinus the son of Cleops, surpassed 〈◊〉 the Kings of Egypt for true justice. Herod●t.  
junius Brutus, a consul of Rome, condemned his two sons Titus & Tiberius to be●●eheaded, for that they conspired the re-enter ●f Tarqvinius race into Rome. Livius.  
Philip and Alexander his son, when any ●ame to complain, stopped one of their ●ares, which they reserved for the defendant. Plutarch.  
No man durst ever solicit Cato Censorius 〈◊〉 any dishonest cause. Cicero.  
The Emperor julian, though otherwise a ●yrant, condemned no man before his cause ●as heard. Euseb.  
Cambyses commanded Sisamnes skin ●or his injustice to be ●lead of, and covering ●he judgement seat therewith, appointed ●is son to judge in his place. Herodotus.  
Seleucus, Governor of ●ocris, his son ●eeing taken in adultery, whose punishment ●as loss of both his eyes, to satisfy justice, ●nd in some sort the people, who entreated ●im to remit the punishment, caused one of ●is sons, and another of his own to be ●ulled out. Valerius.  
A boy was condemned at Athens for that ●e used to catch young Quails and to pull ●ut their eyes▪ and so to let them fly again, ●im the Areopagites thought not worthy ●o live, fearing that if he were remitted for this offence, he would not stick in time to attempt greater cruelties. Quintil.  
Photion refused to help his son in la Charillus in judgement, being accused for bribery, saying withal, that he had made him his ally in all just & reasonable matters only.  
Philip was importuned by an old woman to hear her cause, to whom when the King made answer that he had no leisure, she replied, then be no King; which he well regarding, set all business aside to hear her complaint. Valerius.  
This King being once overtaken wit● sleep, and not well hearing the iustificatio● & defence of Machetas, he condemned him in a certain sum, whereupon Macheta● cried out, I appeal to Philip when he is thoroughly awake: which when he heard again he aquited him.  
Philip the first King of Macedon, was slain by Pausanias a mean gentleman, because he would not let him have justice ●gainst Antipater.  
When Aristides was to determine a controversy between two, one of them said, My adversary Aristides hath done the wrong. But he answered; My friend, declare only wherein he hath wronged thee for I am here to do thee right, and not my ●●lfe. Laertius.  
Antonius Venereus, Duke of Venice, cau●●d his son to die in prison because he had ravished a maid.  
Papinian a Pagan, although he was commanded by the Emperor Caracalla (whose ●eward and familiar he was) to defend an ●niust cause, would not do it. Marsilius.  
Cleon of Lacedaemon, minding to deal in public affairs, called all his friends together, and told them that he renounced and discharged himself of all friendship, because 〈◊〉 caused men sometimes to serve from justice. Plut.  
Aurelianus the Emperor, was so fearful of placing an unworthy man in the seat of judgement, that he never preferred any to the dignity of Senator, but with the consent of the whole Senate. Pau. Diaconus.  
Traianus alighted from his horse as he was going to wars, only to do justice to a poor woman. Eutropius.  
Mardus sat in judgement upon his Son Cartanes, and would have put him to death, but Artaxerxes seeing his justice, pardoned his son. Aelianus.  
Agesilaus requested by his Father to give sentence against equity, graciously denied him with this answer; You have taught me● o Father, from my youth to obey the laws, 〈◊〉 therefore I will now obey you therein, by judging nothing against the laws.  
At Athence, if any man committed wilful murder, judgement was prosecuted in a place called Martius Pagus, it against his will, the sessions was kept in Palladum, if the murderer were apprehended, and the deed doo●● chance medley, in Delphico.  
Domitius always punished the poor, & those that were of no power, but the rich and mighty he pardoned. Suetonius.  
Demetrius the besieger, having received many requests and supplications of his subjects, threw them all into the water as he● went over the bridge, whereupon his subjects conceived such hatred against him, that 〈◊〉 Army forsook him & yielded to Pyrrhus▪ who drove him out of his kingdom. Diodorus.  
The Roman Censors, disfranchised a citizen of Rome, because he breathed & yawned a little too loud in their presence. Vale●ius.  
Augustus Caesar, being desired by Tacitus to come to his house, to judge of an offence which one of his sons had committed, did 〈◊〉 Tacitus requested, but first he commaun●●d that every one should first set down his ●inde in writing, and then he gave his cen●re, fearing that if he had spoken first, they ●ould all have said as he said. Seneca.  
Ferdinando the fourth, adjudging two ●ights to death more through anger then ●●stice, one of them cried aloud, saying: O ●niust King, we cite thee to appear within 30. ●●yes before the tribunal seat of jesus Christ, 〈◊〉 receive judgement for thine injustice, upon 〈◊〉 last of which days he died. Paulus Di●conus.  
The name of law was unknown among the Greeks' in the time of Homer. josephus.  
Minos, Zoroastres, Trismegistus, Caron●as, Lycurgus, Solon, Draco, Numa, & o●her lawgivers, have ever fathered their ●awes upon some God, the better to have ●hem in authority, nature teaching them, that ●t appertained unto God alone, and that otherwise the laws would not be observed.  
The Princes of Persia & Media, gave counsel to Darius, that he should never change ●ny law after it was once made.  
Diodorus writ of certain people, among whom no man ought to speak of the change of a law, except he wore a halter, with which he was hanged if his opinion too● not place.  
The Citizens of Marseills, were much renowned for that they remained constant 〈◊〉 their laws & customs without changing▪  
Lycurgus, after he had brought the Lacedæmonians to receive his laws, he ma●● them all swear that they would alter no 〈◊〉 of them during his absence, and after that, 〈◊〉 never returned into his country again.  
Orpheus was cut in pieces by the wome● of Thrace, because he had changed the laws.  
The Emperor Galba was greatly praise because he would neither change auncie●● law, nor create new.  
Plutarch exhorted Trajan to take mo●● care in seeing his ancient laws well preserved then in making new, and above 〈◊〉 things, that his life should serve for a law.  
Solon requested that his laws might 〈◊〉 preserved for an hundred years space, to the end that they might never be changed.  
In Greece were certain Officers called Nom●thetes, who took great regard that no man should derogate from any good laws.  
The Almains were praised for changing their customs, which were found to be but 〈◊〉 before. Tacitus.  
When Varus was vanquished in German, they put out the eyes of all the Lawyers ●●ich they could find, and from some they ●●lled out their tongues also. Florus.  
Galeaze Duke of Milan, caused a Law●er to be hanged for delaying of a suit against a manifest and clear debt.  
Ferdinando the Emperor, sending a vice●●● into the Indies which had been newly discovered, forbade him to carry over any ●awes with him, to the end he should not ●●we there the seed of suits.  
Frenchmen in matters of trial and law, ●oe so simply behave themselves, that they ●●icke to their first judgement, & never appeal further. P. Aemilius.  
Horace maketh mention of a statue of Mar●●a, which none durst behold that undertook not a just cause.  
Astraea which maintained good laws, and ●y the equity of them gave quiet and con●entment to every one, is now flown to ●eauen, impatient of such iniquities. ovid.  
There was an ancient law in Rome, that no Bakers, Brewer's, Butchers, or such like mechanical trades might be Senators.  
M. Caelius was said to have a good right hand, but an evil left, because he could plea●● better against a man then for him. Plut.  
The Romans and the Lacedæmonians ha● a law, that no man should sup when he list nor with what he list.  
It was also a law among the Lacedæmonians, that he which had delivered three sor● to the common wealth, should be privileged from watching, both by day and night; he● which delivered five, should not be burdened with any public office, so highly esteemed they procreation of children.  
It was not lawful for the Spartans' to take from their enemies any thing, no not so much as the booty or spoil in war. Aelianus.  
Vlpitian the Lawyer, wrote the manne● how the Emperors should torment and punish the Christians. Lactant.  
Dracones laws were written with blood, and not ink. Demost.  
Draco set down equal punishment for 〈◊〉 manner of offence, being the first Athenian Lawgiver, whose decrees Solon abolished, save only those which were against murder.  
Aristotle maketh mention of a Country, where the inhabitants were to assure the safety of the wares, and to repay unto passengers that loss which they had sustained 〈◊〉 thieves and robbers. Aristo. de repub.  
●anlius Torquatus, caused his son's head be cut off, because he fought against his 〈◊〉 body to body, contrary to the Edicts 〈◊〉 out of his rank, although he came away ●ith victory. Livius.  
Vectius was presently slain, because he● 〈◊〉 not when the tribune of the people ●●ssed before him. Plut.  
Fabius Maximus his son (being one of 〈◊〉 Magistrates of Rome) seeing his Father far of coming towards him on horselike, and that the Sergeants in regard of ●●therly reverence, had not caused him to ●●ght, commanded him to set foot on the ●●ound, which the Father presently obeyed, 〈◊〉 embraced his son, making more accounted of him then if he had done otherwise. plutarch.   

Of Prudence. The Poets, to declare the excellency of this virtue, feign Wisdom to be a woman, and 〈◊〉 be borne of no mortal creature, but of Iupi●●r himself; whom Painters so set forth, that on ●hat side soever any one beholding it did stand, either before her, or behind her, he had a 〈◊〉 sight of her.  
GOD enabled Solomon to dispute of 〈◊〉 herbs and plants, even from the Cedars in Libanus, to the Pellitory root 〈◊〉 groweth out of the wall.  
The Oracle of Apollo pronounced th●● the Chaldeans and the Hebrews only 〈◊〉 wisdom parted between them.  
The Grecians boast, that all the wise me● were of Greece. Pausanius.  
Socrates being (according to the iudg●●ment of the Physiognomers) given to 〈◊〉 wickedness, by the study of wisdom reform himself, and became a good example of a godly man. Plato.  
The wisdom of Fabius & Marcellus 〈◊〉 so admired & honoured of the Romans, th●● the one was called the Buckler, the other 〈◊〉 Sword of the Roman Empire. Plut.  
Among the Romans was a College of 〈◊〉 men, called Augurs, by whose authority, 〈◊〉 state was sometimes governed. Varro.  
Homer in the whole discourse of his 〈◊〉, where Minerva always accompanie● V●●ses, giveth us to understand, that Prudence ought always to guide a man to a●●●●ine to the end of his enterprise.  
Men praised the prudence of Fabius, because he broke the point of fortune, and hindered the advancement of Hannibal by cunc●●ion, temporizing, & attending his advantage, which is a virtue named long sufferance. Cicero.  
Caesar the first Roman Emperor, by his prudence, prepared his way to so great a monarchy, by reconciling together Pompey 〈◊〉 Cassius, two of the greatest Roman 〈◊〉, by whose favour he obtained afterwards, the dignity of consulship. Plut.  
●olon, with the divine knowledge of wisedam, governed the Athenians, Lycurgus the lacedæmonians, and Parmenides the Eleati. ●ycis the Pythagorean, invented laws for ●aminondas, Plato for Dion, Aristotle for ●●exander, Anaxagoras for Pericles, Pytha●●ras for the Princes of Italy, and Agrippa 〈◊〉 the Emperor Octavius.  
antisthenes' bad many guests to the ban●●et of wisdom, and none would come, 〈◊〉 Diogenes, whereupon, being angry ●t none would taste of his learned cheer, 〈◊〉 excluded Diogenes, who the more he 〈◊〉 forbidden, the more he came, in the end antisthenes' beat him, thereby to drive him from his company, which he constantly 〈◊〉 during, Antisthenes entertained him for 〈◊〉 prudent perseverance. Laertius.  
M. Cato, when he saw that Pompey h● joined himself with Caesar, told him that did put Caesar's yoke upon his neck, wh●● than he perceived not, but shortly it wou●● weigh heavy upon him, and then should 〈◊〉 find himself taken.  
Themistocles, at what time he was 〈◊〉 Athence, and enforced to go into 〈◊〉, being entreated of the King to show 〈◊〉 estate of his Country, he wisely besought 〈◊〉 one year, to learn the Persian language and then he would tell him. Valerius.  
Pe●ilius enjoined upon pain of death, his Sovereign, to make an Ass to spea● knowing it a matter impossible, demand seven years space, hoping in that time, 〈◊〉 either the King, he, or the Ass would die.  
Simonides being at a banquet with Pau●nias, he took occasion to desire him to 〈◊〉 some precepts of wisdom, at which 〈◊〉 laughed, and said, Remember thou art a 〈◊〉 which then he not regarded, but afterwards in his misery, with great sorrow remembered Theophrastus.  
Cato, for the love that he bear unto wisdom, entertained Athenodorus, Ulysses, as ●omer saith, embraced Carylus, Pyrrhus esteemed Artemius, trajan desired Plutarch ●nd Scipio Panetius, who was learned, in all ●rts both good and evil. Plut.  
Euclides of Megara, desirous to hear the wisdom of Socrates, who read Philosophy 〈◊〉 Athens, between which two Cities, ●●ere was mortal enmity, so that no Citti●●n of the one durst be seen in the other, without great danger disguised himself like woman, and so heard Socrates.  
Agesilaus sustaining great losses by Epami●●ndas, commanded his Soldiers to ●ake head against him only, because that ●ne but wise and prudent men knew how 〈◊〉 conquer. Thucydides.  
●he Athenians being divided and banded ●o three contrary parts and factions, Solon ●ould not join himself with any one of ●●em, but kept him indifferent to all, seeking 〈◊〉 all means to reconcile them together, in 〈◊〉 end being chosen their pacifier, he reform their estate, and placed them in greater 〈◊〉 than before.  
whales, although numbered among the sea●●n wisemen of Greece, refused to interme●● in common wealth matters.  
Demades, a man very politic, and prac●tised in state, being asked what Tutor he ha● to instruct him in wisdom, answered, the tr●●bunall of the Athenians, meaning the Cou●● and experience to excel all the precepts 〈◊〉 Philosophy. Valerius.  
Antonius the meek, was a virtuous 〈◊〉 Emperor, and so well advised in all his doting, that he never repent him of an● thing he did. Eutropius.  
Romulus, the first King, & founder of th● City of Rome, chose 100 of the eldest & 〈◊〉 in the same Country, by whose wisdom he willed it should be governed. Patritius.  
julius Caesar gloried in his good fortune but yet the bringing of his great enterprise to pass, was by his wisdom and experien●● in warlike affairs. Suetonius.  
The Lacedæmonians made more acco●● of an exploit done by policy, then by ar● whose Captains when they had by the●● politic stratagems overcome any, sacri●●●ced to their Gods an Ox, if by force Cock. Thucydides.  
Alexander about to destroy the City 〈◊〉 Lampsacus, Anaxemines his master came to●wards him, intending to desire him to 〈◊〉 it, but the king imagining wherefore he cam● 〈◊〉 swear that he would not grant that ●hich Anaximines should request, who desired Alexander to destroy Lampsacus, which ●●quest by his oath he could not grant, and 〈◊〉 by this policy he saved his City. Valerius.  
The Italians unable to excuse the great ●●ults, treacheries, cowardice, and dissimulation of their Nation, go about to colour their villainies with the name of Italian prudence.  
One bought a draft of fish of certain fi●●ers in Milesia, whose hap was to take with●● their net a golden Tripos, which the fishermen refused to give their chapman, ●●ying, that they bargained for fish, the mat●er was brought before the Magistrates, who ●ere commanded by the Oracle, to give it to ●he wisest man; first it was given to Thales, he ●aue it to Bias, Bias to Pittacus, until it came ●o Socrates, who gave it to Apollo. Valerius.  
Tully cried out in his latter age, O utinam ●unquam sapuissen, would I had never known ●hat wisdom meant.  
Quintus Catulus did his Country as much good by his wisdom, as Cneius Pompeius by valour, for of small force is the war abroad, unless there be good advise at home. Cicero.  
Philip of Macedon, being in hostage three years together, learned prudence of Epaminondas, by which virtue he got into hi● hands, the monarchy of all Greece, and 〈◊〉 great part of Asia. Curtius.  
Caesar, when he took upon him, the government of the Gauls, waged war there 10. years, guided by unspeakable prudence, that was accompanied with diligence, so that by these, he subdued 300. Nations, took 800. Towns, and in many battles discomfited three millions of men. Eutropius.  
The Roman Kings kept Eagles in their camp, against thunder and lightning. Macrobius.  
The Emperor Tiberius, wore in his Hat● bay branch, to keep him from thunder & lightning. Idem.  
The Egyptian mariners, were wont in sto●●my and tempestuous weather, to hang vp●● sail, on the which was sewed the Phoca●● skin, which is a kind of fish, called the 〈◊〉 Cow. Plinius.  
Alexander Severus was a very wise Prince, which he attained unto, by the counsel and instruction of that learned Lawyer Vlpianus.  
The 7, Sages, or wisemen of Greece, were renowned throughout all the world, of whom the first was Thales Milesius, who invented 〈◊〉 card to sail by. Laertius.  
The second was Solon, who gave the first ●●wes to the Athenians, and judged no man ●●ppy before his death.  
The third was Chilo of Lacedaemon, who 〈◊〉 Ambassador into the Orient for the Athenians.  
The fourth was Pittacus, who was not only Philosopher, but also Captain of the Mildness.  
The fift was Cleobulus, that descended from 〈◊〉 ancient line of Hercules.  
The sixth was Periander, of whom the Historiographers doubted, whether his Philosophy or tyranny were greater.  
The seventh Bias, that was Prince of the ●yraneans, a learned Philosopher, and a va●●ant Soldier, who overcame the Meti●enses; this battle was the first that any philosopher of Greece fought.  
The Grecians had their Philosophers, the Persians their Magis, the Indians Gymnosophists, the Egyptians Priests, the Hebrews Prophets, the Assyrians Chaldeans, the La●●nes wisemen, the Frenchmen Druids, ●ll which in every of these Nations, and throughout all the world, were renowned for their wisdom and profound learning.   

Of Temperance. The property of this virtue consisteth in th● things which belong to the keeping of man's li●● in his body, and using the pleasures thereof m●●derately, being a mean in our seeing, bearing smelling, tasting, and feeling.  
MOses abstained from his ordinary re●fection, the space of 40. days, when upon mount Sinai, he was to receive the t●bles of the law from God. Exod.  
Minos, as it is feigned, when he was to re●ceaue laws from jupiter, fasted nine days Homer.  
Daniel and his companions, neglecting th● King's table, lived with pulse and water one●ly. Bib.  
Plato forsook Dionysius courtly feasting & betook himself to his philosophical diet.  
Saint john Baptist passed over the greatest part of his age in the wilderness, eating nothing but Locusts and wild honey.  
Bartholomew the Apostle, when Polemion King of India, sent him Camels richly loaden with gold and silver, for that he had dispossessed his daughter of an unclean spi●●t, refused them saying, that he came not to deceive rewards for his hire, but that he migh●●ew the way of salvation, to those that believe. ●arullus.  
Anacharsis the Scythian philosopher, counselled Kings and Princes, to write about their ●●ctures, Rule lust, temper the tongue, bridle the ●elly. Aelianus.  
Augustus was of a very spare diet, his ●anner was to sit down to meat, when his guest's had half dined, and would be the first ●hat rised. Plut.  
Pericles never supped, nor came at any banquet. Thucydides.  
Scipio for the space of fifty & four years, ●either bought nor sold any thing, he was so ●e●l contented with a little.  
Scipio in the flower of his age, at the taking of the City of Carthage, had a young Damsel to his prisoner, of rare and excellent beauty, and when he understood her birth, & that she was betrothed to Lucius of Spain, ●e sent for him, and restored her unto him, without abusing her any way, besides giving her a dowry. Plut.  
Alexander did the like with Darius' wife, who excelled all the dames of Asia for beauty: the like of Cyrus. Curtius. Herodotus.  
Phryna the harlot, lying with Xenocrat● upon a wager, to prove his continency, say● she lay not with a man, but with a blocke● Laertius.  
C. Gracchus, as long as he governed Sa●dinia, would never suffer a woman to come into his house, except it were to demand justice.  
Pyttacus being constrained to take vpo● him the charge of an Army, accepted it with great grief, saying, O how hard a matter is i● to be a good man? Laertius.  
Torquatus, and Fabritius, absented themselves from Rome, the one because he woul● not have the dictatorship, the other the consulship.  
Of all those which sought the overthrew of Rome, never any sober man went abou● the same but Caesar. Cato.  
Vespasian was of that temperance, that be would not drink nor eat, but once a day, and that very sparingly.  
Socrates, by his great abstinence, lived 〈◊〉 his life without sickness.  
M. Val. corvinus, lived free from sickness, an hundred years by his abstinence.  
Massinissa King of Numidia, never sat at his table, never sauced his meat, and was ●●ntent with that bread he allowed unto his soldiers.  
●yrus, when one of his minions moved him 〈◊〉 see Panthea, saying, that her beauty was 〈◊〉 worthy to be seen; that is the cause said ●●rus, why I will abstain from the sight of 〈◊〉. Xenophon.  
●edaretus having escaped the election of 〈◊〉 of those three hundred Senators, which governed the estate of Sparta, returned ioy●●●, saying, that it was an easy matter to find that City three hundred better, and more ●onest men than himself.  
●imaeus Duke of Savoy, willingly gave o●●r his Duchy, into his sons hands, and become an Hermit, and after that, being cho●●● Pope, he gave up the seat willingly to another. Guichardine.  
Amurath, the second of that name, after he 〈◊〉 obtained infinite victories, became a ●onke, of the straightest sect amongst them. Charles the fift, resigned his Empire into 〈◊〉 hands of the Prince's Electors, and withdrew himself into a monastrey. Guichard.  
Cato the younger, travailing over the de●●rts of Lybia, endured great thirst, & when Soldier offered him water, in his motion 〈◊〉 threw it upon the ground, in presence of them all, that his Army might know that h● would be in no better estate than they. V●lerius.  
Socrates, when soever he felt himself thirsty, would not drink before he had cast away the first pitcher of water, that he might acquaint his sensual appetite, to expect the convenient time of reason. Plato.  
The Germans in julius Caesar's time, a strong & warlike people, lived only of milk, cheese, and flesh, not knowing what wheat and wine were, nor what it was to labour the ground, or to sow. Varro.  
Livia commendeth the barrainnes and sterility of a Country, more than the fruitfulness saying, that men borne in a fat soil, are commonly doe-littles and cowards, but the barren Country bringeth forth temperate and sober persons; the Athenians were situated in a very unfruitful place.  
The feasts of Pythagoras, Socrates, Xenocrates, and the Sages of Greece, were the discourses of learned matters & philosophy.  
The Egyptians used in the midst of their banquets, to bring in the Anatomy of a dead body dried, that the horror of it might hold them within the bonds of temperance. Hero.  
In the old time Vines were planted and ●ressed, that wine might be drunk, rather in ●ime of sickness, then of health; in so much ●hat it was not sold in Taverns only, but also ●n Apothicaries shops.  
The Emperor Rodolphus, when drink was brought unto him in the war, against Octotarus King of Bohemia, at what time he was ●n a place, where his whole Army was troubled with thirst, would not receive it, but said, that his thirst was for all his Army, and not alone for himself.  
Pythagoras lived only of herbs, fruit, and water, he never drank wine, nor that great Orator Demosthenes.  
The Kings of Egypt were forbidden wine, which they never drank, except on certain days, and that in measure. Sabellicus.  
Alexander refused the Cooks and Paysterers, which Ada Q. of Caria, sent unto him, saying, that he had better than they, namely, For his dinner early rising, and walking a good while before day, & for his supper a little dinner, but the Persian delicacies soon changed this.  
C. Fabritius was found by the Samnite Ambassadors that came unto him, eating of Rape roots, which was all the far he had.  
Hannibal fed upon no other meat, than the meanest of his Soldiers did.  
The Priests of Egypt, the Sages of 〈◊〉 and Persia, and jupiters' Priests, serving 〈◊〉 Gods, did never eat any flesh, nor drink awny wine. Pausanias.  
Anacharsis a Seithian Philosopher, being demanded of his estate, how he fed, how he did lie, and how he was clothed, answered, I feed on hunger, I lie on the ground, and I am clothed like a Scythian. Laertius.  
Dyonisius made suit to Aristides, for his daughter in marriage, but he knowing him to be an intemperate Prince, soberly answered, that he had rather kill his daughter with his own hand, then give her in marriage unto Dionysius.  
Valerius Publicola, after he had been consul four times, died so poor, that he had not sufficient to defray the charge of his Funerals, but was buried of the common treasury. Valerius.  
The ●●ke of Menenius Agrippa, when by the counsel of Epimenides of Create, the Athenians were delivered from a plague, which their neighbours were infected with, they in regard of his love & advice, sent him rich rewards, which he refused. Plato.  
Apollonius Tyanaeus had divers rich gifts sent him by Vespasian, which he would not accept, saying, that they were for covetous minded men and for those that had need of them. Stobeus.  
The Romans' laughed Sylla to scorn, that being a man most intemperate, did not withstanding use to exhort, and compel others to sobriety, temperance, and frugality. Suetonius.  
Lisander contrary to him, allowed those vi●es in the Citizens, from the which himself refrained. Thucydides.  
Pericles, when his companion Sophocles and Praetor in Rome, commended the beau●y of a young woman, whom they met, said, It becometh a Praetor to have not only hands free from corruption, but also continent eyes, void of unchaste looks. Idem.  
Hortensius was much reproved, for that at a supper (prepared for the Augurs) he set before them a boiled Peacock. Suetonius.  
Cassius was deemed intemperate, because publicly he drank water, and could not for a short time endure the thirst thereof.  
Duronius was removed from the Senate, for that he being Tribune, repeated the law concerning the restraint of feasting. Patri●ius.  
When the Presents which King Pyrrhus, after his overthrow, were brought to Rome and showed about the streets, hoping thereby to win good will of the people, the●● was not one man seen to put out his hand towards them, so as the King found himself no less vanquished with continency, the● force of arms.  
Diogenes laughed those to scorn, that by sacrifice sought for help of the Gods, and notwithstanding led an intemperate life. Gellius.  
Cato by prescribing too spare & temperate diet, killed his wife and child.  
In the presence of Gorgo, the daughter of Cleomenes, but 9 years old, Aristagoras entreated Cleomenes, that the Lacedæmonians would send an Army into Asia, promising to give him 10. talents, which he refusing, offered him 50, the wench took her Father a side, and said, Father, if you get you not hence, this guest will corrupt you, whereat he departed, without hearkening to Aristagoras any more. Herodotus.  
The Lacedæmonians were very temperate in their diet, and had certain public places, called Phidities, where they fed, of which came, that when men would speak of a small pittance, they would like it to a meal of ●he Phiditie.  
The Esseans a certain jewish sect, who were holier and of better conversation than ●he pharisees, abstained from wine and women. josephus.  
The temperance and staidness of Titus Quintus, got more countries to the Romans than all the forces under him had done.  
It was felony for the Magistrates of Locris to drink wine without the licence of a Physician, and the Romans never drunk wine, before they were twenty years old. Diodo.  
In the time of Saturn, the world did neither eat flesh, nor drink wine, wherein they agree with our Divines, who put us out of doubt, that the use of flesh and wine, was unknown before the universal flood.   

Of Fortitude. The virtue of the mind adventureth nothing ●●●shly, neither in a good cause feareth death, be 〈◊〉 in appearance never so terrible: whose extremes are fear and foolish boldness.  
Four kinds of people the Romans found hard to overcome, the Myrmidons, the Gaditanes, the Saguntines, & the Numantines, the first were strong, the second valiant, the third fortunate, but the Numantine were strong, valiant, and fortunate. Trebe●●lius Pollio.  
Amongst all the Cities of the world, onel● Numantia did never acknowledge her better, or kiss the hand of any other for he● Lord.  
The Lacedæmonians never used to ask th● number of their enemies, but where the● were.  
judas Macchabeus being begirt with 2● thousand men, was counseled to fly, 〈◊〉 forbidden (quoth he) that the sun should see● fly, I had rather die then stain my glory by 〈◊〉 ignominious flight.  
The Numantines when they were besieged slew nine Consuls, whereupon, the Romans did capitulate with them that the● should be perpetual friends. Livius.  
Five thousand resolute Romans, ouerca●● thirty thousand of Methridates' souldio●● whom he had chosen throughout all 〈◊〉 kingdom. Appian.  
julius Caesar, entering the Temple of He●●cules in Gades, seeing the heroical gests 〈◊〉 Alexander set forth upon the walls, fell 〈◊〉 the like passion for Alexander, as he did 〈◊〉 achilles'. Plutarch.  
Q. Mutius adventured alone into the tents 〈◊〉 King Porsenna, either to kill the King, or 〈◊〉 be killed by him, for which he purchased 〈◊〉 surname of Scevola. Livius.  
Horatius Cocles resisted the whole Army the same king, until the citizens of Rome 〈◊〉 to take up the draw bridge, and then all armed leapt into the river Tiber, and escaped his enemies. Livius.  
Perdiccas' entered into the dangerous den a Lioness, and took away her whelps. ●●rtius.  
Starchaterus to increase his strength, fed ●● on bears flesh, and often used to drink ●●eir blood. Olaus.  
Alexander thought himself happy if he ●ight be named Achilles, Caesar if he might ●e called Alexander; Achilles sought no ●eater name than Theseus, Theseus' desired 〈◊〉 of Hercules.  
Although Scythia was barren yet was she out, though rude and barbarous, yet was 〈◊〉 very valiant, and hard to be subdued. ●iannus.  
Leonides at Thermopyla, having under 〈◊〉 charge but four thousand soldiers, valiantly encountered with the huge Army of Xerxes, and overcame it, to his immortal fame and Xerxes eternal infamy. Iustin●●▪  
Pyrrhus seeing the fortitude and valour● the Romans', said, If valour were lost, th● mould thereof might be found in a Romans heart; adding, that he would quickly conquer all the world if he were King 〈◊〉 Rome, or the Roman soldiers subject unto him.  
Solon made a law, that the children whos● parents had been valiantly slain in battle, should for the prowess of their parents, 〈◊〉 ever after maintained of the Common treasury. Thucydides.  
Lucius Dentatus was in sixscore battles and eighteen times came away conquere● He received in token of his valour, eighteen Lances, twenty Bards for horses▪ fourscore Bracelets, and 36. crowns, an● by his means nine emperors triumphe● in Rome.  
It was all the manner of the Lacedæmonians▪ to be greatly inflamed with the desire o● conquering. Plato.  
Eumenes, (though never so distressed) thought himself strong enough, as long a● he had his sword in his hand. Plut.  
Aristomenes the Messenian, being take● 〈◊〉 the Lacedæmonians and delivered fast ●●und to two soldiers, he drew near to ●●fire, burned his bonds in sunder, killed his sweeper's, and saved himself. Valerius.  
Lysimachus was commanded by Alex●●der that he should be devoured of a Lion, ●●at he valiantly fought with the beast, and stretching forth his arm, thrust it into his throat, taking hold of his tongue, and so strangled him, whereupon he was ever af●●r more esteemed of Alexander than he ●as before. Aelianus.  
Cassius answered a Chaldean ginger ●ho counseled him not to fight with the parthians until the Moon had passed Scor●●o, I fear not (quoth he) Scorpius, but I fear 〈◊〉 Archers: because the Romans were put 〈◊〉 ●light by Parthian Archers. Appian.  
Agis upon the point to give battle to the ●●ycaonians, when his soldiers said, that ●●eyr enemies were many; answered, The ●rince that will subdue many, must of necessity ●●ght with many. Tbucid.  
Leonides being informed by his soldiers ●●at the enemies against whom he was to ●●ght, were so many in number, that their arrows darkened the beams of the sun, ●o much the better (quoth he) for we shall then fight in the shade. Licosthenes.  
Alcibiades, when his Captains suddenly made an alarm with great cities that they were fallen into their enemy's hands, would say unto his soldiers, Be valiant and fear not, for we are not fallen into their hands, but they into ours. Thucidydes.  
Scaeva a jew, at the siege of jerusalem having long time defended his fellow soldiers, after much slaughter by him made, abode still fight, having his eyes stopped, his body wounded, and his shield struck thorough in sixscore places. josephus.  
julius Caesar, perceiving the nervians to have the better hand, caught a Target from out a soldiers hand that began to fly, and taking his place, did such feats of Arms, that all his Army recovered courage, & got the victory. Plutarch.  
Alexander swimmed over dangerous waters, scaled towns, and put himself foremost in perils and pains-taking. Pyrrhus, Hannibal, Sertorius and Caesar, are reported to have done the like.  
Eutycus being blind, was set without the array of the battle by Leonidas; but being ashamed to leave his companions, caused a slave to lead him to the place where they ●ought, & there valiantly behaving himself, ●e was slain. Valerius.  
Sylla the Dictator, having condemned to ●eath all the inhabitants of Perouza, & pardoning none but his host, he would needs ●ie, saying; that he scorned to hold his life of the murderer of his country. Appian.  
The Polonian Ambassadors answered A●exander when he threatened their country; We fear (said they) but one only thing, which is least the sky fall upon us.  
Pompey dreadless of a great storm when he was sent by the Senate into Italy, was the first that went a shyp-board, and commanded the sails to be spread, saying: It is necessary that I go, but not necessary that I live. Plutarch.  
Xerxes' great Navy that drank whole rivers dry, was rather a sign of his wealth then magnanimity. justinus.  
Bias holding wars with Iphiorates, and put to the worst, his soldiers cried out, saying: what shall we do? to whom he answered, Tell those that are alive, that I died fight, and I will report unto the dead, that you escaped flying. Laertius.  
The women of Lacena went soldier-like into the field with their husbands.  
Thomyris Queen of Scythia, overcame Cyrus, cut off his head, & cast it into a bowl of blood, saying; Satiate sanguine quem sitiisti. justinus.  
The women of Scythia, called Amazons, lived as conquerors over men, and were never conquered by men, until Alexander destroyed both them and their country.  
Semiramis, when news was brought her that her city Babylon was besieged, all unattyred and undressed, she took her armour, and by her wonderful valour repulsed her enemies. justinus.  
Zenobia, Queen of the Palmerians, after the death of her husband governed the Empire, and long held battle against the Emperor Aurelian, who said, That it was mo●e valour to conquer a woman so stout as Zenobia, then to vanquish a king so fearful as Xerxes.  
Penthesilea, Queen of the Amazons, and Hyppolita, the first encountered hand to hand Achilles; the other Theseus, whom he for her valour and courage afterward married. Homer.  
Artimesia Queen of Caria, after the death of her husband, showed such admirable fortitude against the Rhodians, that she burned their Navies, entered their Cities, and ●●used in them her Image to be set up for a monument of her chivalry.  
When Epaminondas besieged Sparta, & ●as gotten into the Town, Isadas a young ●an, all naked, his body anointed over ●ith oil, having a partisone, thrust himself ●●to the midst, beating down all his ene●ies before him, and himself escaped away unwounded. Loncerus.  
The Ephori at his return gave him a crown ●n honour of his prowess, but they amerced ●im at a thousand crowns for being so adventurous.   

Of the Soul. The Soul is called Anima whilst it is in the ●ody and giveth life, men's while it mindeth, Animus having will, Ratio for that it judgeth rightfully, Spiritus while it breatheth, & Sensus whilst it feeleth.  
THe Soul hath five virtues, of the which the first is feeling, by this virtue the soul is moved, desiring those thing that belong to the body. Augustine.  
The second power is wit, by this the soul knoweth all things, sensible and corporal, when they are present.  
The third is Imagination, by which it be●holdeth the likeness of bodily things 〈◊〉 they be absent.  
The fourth is Reason, that judgeth between good and evil, truth and falsehood.  
The fift is Understanding, the which comprehendeth things not material, but intelligible, as God and Angels.  
The three first virtues are situate in the soul that is coupled to the body, and giveth life and inner wit to perfection of the body, and these be common both to men and beasts.  
The other two, Reason and Understanding, be in the soul in that it may be departed from the body, and abide being departed, as an Angel by two manner of respects, for it beholdeth the higher things, and thereupon is called Intellectus, and the lower, and for that cause is termed Ratio.  
In divers bodies the soul is threefold, Vegetable, that is, giveth life and no feeling, as in plants and roots, which the Philosophers liken to a triangle in Geometry, for as that hath three corners, so hath this soul three virtues, the first begetting, the second nourishing, the third growing.  
●ensible, that giveth life and feeling, & not 〈◊〉, which is in beasts; this soul is likened to a Quadrangle, for it is a line drawn 〈◊〉 one corner to another before it maketh 〈◊〉 Triangles, and the sensible soul maketh 〈◊〉 triangles of virtues; for wheresoev 〈◊〉 soul Sensible is, there is also the soul vegetable, but not é contra.  
The Reasonable soul giveth life, & feeling, ●nd reason, which is in men; this soul is ●●kened to a circle because of her perfection ●nd containing, for of all the figures of the ●ame length, the circle is most, & most containeth, and whosoever hath the soul Reasonable, hath also the Sensible, and Vegetable, sed non é contra. Aristotle.  
The soul being once made, shall endure evermore in body or out of body, and that shall never be said that it was made by the Image of GOD, if it were closed in the bonds of death. Augustine.  
Plato calleth the soul a being, which only moveth itself, Zeno termeth it a number which moveth itself, Pythagoras an harmony, Democritus a subtle and uncertain spirit, Aselepiades saith it is a manner of cord that setteth the five Senses a work, Porphyrius, Idea, Hypocrates, a subtle spirit spread through all the body, and Epic●●rus a kind of fire and air.  
Pythagoras' maintained Palingenesia, whic● is, that souls departed, return into other bodies; He said that he remembered tha● he was Euphorbius, at the sack of Troy. ovid.  
There was an ancient law under Saturn, that when good men departed out of this life, they be sent into the fortunate Isles, which Isles the Poet Pyndarus describeth, & the wicked are sent into the jail of vengeance, which he calleth Tartarus.  
Plutarch imitating Plato, bringeth in Thespesias raised from the dead, to discourse of the life to come, De sera numinis vindicta.  
The Thracians were surnamed the never-dying Geteses, who were of opinion, that after their departure out of this world, they went to Zamolrix or Gebelezie, that is in the Getish of Goatish tongue, to him that gave them health, salvation, and all kind of happiness.  
Cleombrotus a Philosopher, when he had read a Treatise of the immortality of the soul, presently slew himself, so did Cato of Utica. Plutarch.  
That which Virgil saith in his second Eglogue, concerning the drug or spice of As●ria called Amomum, and the going thereof ●uery where, is of some interpreted to be ●eant of the immortality of the soul, the doctrine whereof Pherecides brought thence ●●to Greece, that it should be understood throughout the world.  
The taking of Enoch into heaven of God, was done that the world might thereby ●nderstand and believe, that there is immortality after this life.  
The Indians burn themselves before they ●ome to extreme age, terming it the letting of men lose, and the freeing of the soul from the body, and the sooner they did it, the wiser they were esteemed. Porphyrius.  
Zeno said, that he had rather see an Indian burn himself cheerfully, then to hear all the Philosophers of the world discoursing the immortality of the soul.  
The people that dwell by the river Niger, otherwise called the people of Seneca in Africa, offer themselves with great willingness to be buried quick with their masters; whereupon Zeno said, that all the demonstrations of Logic and Mathematic, had not so much force to prove the immortality of the soul, as this only deed of theirs. Alexander asked a Gymnosophist, whe●ther there were more men alive then dead he said there were more alive, because no●● are dead. Plutarch.  
All the learning of the Sages & Scythians, was grounded upon the immortality of the soul.  
The Scholars of Hegesias hearing there Master discoursing of the immortality of souls departed out of this life, were so ravished with his words, that they willingly killed themselves. Plutarch.  
The souls of Saints in heaven, know nothing what is done upon the earth; for if they did, said August: my mother Monicha would be with me every night, to comfort me in my heaviness. de civit. Dei.  
Pliny the elder, denying the immortality of the soul, whilst he was over curious in searching out the cause of the burning Aetna, was burned therein. A just punishment for him, to end his life by smoke, who esteemed the soul no better than a vapour.  
Origen attributeth unto the souls departed, a place upon the earth, where they learn those things which they knew not while they lived; As the Papists frame a Purgatory, so he an Eruditory. P. Mart.  
Philoronimus a priest of Galatia, lived six queres in dead men's vaults and sepulchres, ●●at be might always remember, that he ●as dead to the world, and alive to Christ. ●●aclides.  
Pope ●eo commanded two Philosophers 〈◊〉 discourse of the soul, the one to prove ●e immortality, the other that it was morell; and when the Pope was to give judgement, he said to him that had maintained ●he immortality, Thou hast argued the truth, ●ut the reasons of the other savour of more pleasure and liberty. Luther.  
The souls of Tyrants are composed of arrogancy and cruelty. Plutarch.  
Of all the five Senses, the sight is most piercing and subtle, for the kind thereof is ●erie.  
Benedictus had such a power in his eye, even to his superiors, that with a look, he caused a furious and audacious King of the Goths to quake and tremble.  
Plautianus had such a terror in his countenance, that the lookers on him were daunted; for this cause when he went abroad, he had ●●teambulones to Marshal the way, and give warning of his coming, that they might not behold him. Herodianus.  
Comodus was of so perfect aim & sigh● that what soever he shot at, he killed, and 〈◊〉 Herodotus writeth, he slew a hundred wild beasts at a hundred shot.  
Amongst all living creatures, GOD hat● only given immoovable ears to men and Apes. Aristotle.  
Those that dwell by the river Nilus, are very deaf, by reason of the horrible noise & 〈◊〉 thereof. Ambrose.  
The Emperor Claudius, seeing the meat that was prepared for the Salian Priests, did forthwith leave all his serious affairs, and went to dinner with them. Suetonius.  
Griffons have so quick a smell, that they smell carrion over or beyond the Seas. Ambrose.  
Touching is a virtue in the sinews of all the body, being the sense wherein all the other imprint their passions. Avicen.  
There is an herb called Spartonica, o● S●ytica, which being tasted or held in the mouth, the Scythians thereby are able to endure hunger & cold twelve days together. Pliny.   

Of Clemency. This virtue by the Grecians is called Philan●ropia, which signifieth the law of mankind, her ●ranches are thankfulness, pity, and liberality.  
Titus' Son of the Emperor Vespasian, for his wonderful clemency, was called Deliciae humani generis. josephus.  
Antonius for his pity, was surnamed Pius, ●he (as never Emperor before him did) reigned without the effusion of any blood.  
trajan, when he was blamed by some of his friends, for his over much clemency, answered, I will be unto my Subjects, as I would my Subjects should be to me, for the gentleness of a Prince, never hurteth his estate. Suetonius.  
Philip King of Macedonia, would not punish Nicanor, although he openly spoke evil of him, saying, when he heard thereof; I suppose that he is a good man, it were better to search whether the fault be in us or no.  
Dion having overcome Dionysius, & restored his countries liberty, forgave Heraclides one of his most dangerous enemies. Plut.  
Antigonus hearing certain Soldiers railing upon him hard by his tent, who though that he was not so near, showed himself, saying, can you not go further to speak ill of me!  
Caesar, when he heard that Cato had slain himself at Utica, O Cato, (said he) I envy thee, this thy death, seeing thou hast envied me, the saving of thy life. Plutarch.  
Adrian bearing great envy to a worthy Roman, before he was Emperor, the same day he was elected, meeting his enemy in the street, said to him aloud, Euasisti, meaning, that he being now a Prince, might in no wise revenge an injury. P. Diaconus.  
Pythagoras was so pitiful, that he abstained from cruelty, even towards unreasonable creatures, that he would buy birds of the Fowlers, and let them fly again, & draft of fishes, to cast them again into the Sea. Loncerus.  
Augustus made one his Servant, that would have killed him.  
Domitian, when he was first chosen Emperor, did so abhor cruelty, that he would not suffer any beasts to be killed for sacrifice.  
The Snakes of Syria, the Serpents of Tyrinthia, and the Scorpions in Arcadia, are gentle, and sparing of their natural soil, though cruel in others. Plinius.  
Scipio, having taken Hasdruball captive, restored him again without ransom.  
Darius, understanding that his Subjects were sore taxed with Subsidies, blamed his Counsel, rebuked their Law, and in an oration unto his Subjects signified, that he was oath his estate should hinder theirs, which gentleness so won them, that they offered their lands and lives at his feet. Herodotus.  
The Emperor Aurelian, the gates of Tiae●a being shut against him, he sent word, that unless they yielded, he would not leave one flogge alive in the City, which they notwithstanding refused to do, but he overcoming them, was so pitiful, that he spa●ed them, commanding to kill all the flogs.  
Porus King of India, conquered of Alex●nder, and being commanded to ask what ●e would, fearing that pity was far from Alexander, desired clemency, which he granted. Brusonius.  
Alexander was so famous for clemency, that Darius wished, that he might overcome Alexander, to show him courtesy, or that A●exander, and none else, might conquer him. Plutarch.  
The Romans' were renowned, for the honourable funerals of Syphax king of Numidia, whom they took prisoner. Valerius.  
Prusias King of Bythinia, being banished by Nicomedes his own Son, came to the Romans, who entreated him every way according to his worthiness & estate. Diodorus.  
So did they with Ptolomey banished by his own brother, and restored him again to his kingdom.  
Marcellus, after his Soldiers had conquered Syracuse, not without great slaughter of many, mounted up an high tower of the Castle, and with tears lamented the ●●full fall of Syracuse. Valerius.  
Metellus besieging the great City Centobrica, in the Country of Celtiberia, when he saw their miserable condition, and their women coming out with their children to crave mercy, he withdrew his intended forces, removed his camp, and spared the City, to his eternal commendation.  
In Athence there was a temple dedicated to Mercy, into which none might enter, except he were beneficial & pitiful, and then also with licence from the Senate. Macrobius  
Arcagatus a notable Chirurgeon, was highly esteemed among the Romans', as long as he had pity upon his Patients, whose cure ●e had promised, but when he began to be unmerciful, he was not only despised of grave men, but in derision called Vulnerarius. Gel●ius.  
Rome was called the haven of succour, the ●nker of trust, the key of courtesy, whereunto ●ll helpless Princes fled.  
Pompey having conquered Tigranes' King of Armenia, and he kneeling at his feet, yielding his crown and sceptre, he took him in his arms, put his crown upon his head, and restored him again to his kingdom. Plutarch.  
julius Caesar was as willing to revenge the death of Pompey, as L. Paulus was courteous & favourable to his foe Perseus. Idem.  
Hannibal, although a deadly enemy to the Romans', yet in princely clemency he won more commendations by the burial of Aemilius Gracchus, & Marcellus, than he got fame by overcoming three thousand Romans'. Valerius.  
Polycrates the tyrant of Samos, was very gentle towards those women that were the wives of the dead Soldiers, restoring them to their liberty, and giving them wherewithal to maintain their after estate.  
Vespasian, after that Vitellius had killed his brother Sabius, and long persecuted his son, being at last subdued, he spared his daughter, and bestowed a great sum of money with her in marriage.  
Agesilaus, after he had overcome the Corinthians, did not so joy in his conquest, as he lamented the death of so many men. Plut.  
Augustus, when he had conquered Alexandria, the City which Alexander built, moved with pity in sight of the Citizens, expecting nothing but death, said, for the beauty of your City, and memory of Alexander, and the love I bear unto Pyrrhus your philosopher, and pity of all, I spare your City, and grant you life. Aelianus.  
Certain drunkards abused in wanton speech Pisistratus wife, and being sober the next morning, came to ask him forgiveness, he gently said, learn to be sober another time.  
Camillus rebelled against Alexander Severus, the Emperor of Rome, and for that, being condemned to die by the Senate, was pardoned by him. Eutropius.  
Fabius forgave Marius, the treasons he practised against him.  
Cicero said of julius Caesar, that he extolling dead Pompey, and erecting his statues, did set up his own.  
Alphonsus, by his clemency and gentleness, ●one Careta, so did Marcellus overcome Siracusa.  
Diogenes, Heraclitus, Apermanthus, & Ti●ion of Athens, were ungentle and uncivil persons, and for their strange manners, termed haters of men.  
Photion the Athenian, would in nothing fulfil the request of the people, and therefore he was hated worse than a Toad.  
The Spartans', for their obedience and humility were more honoured, then either Thebes renowned for her Gods, or Athence for her wisdom. Plut.  
Marius' being appointed by the people of Rome twice to triumph, divided the glory between himself, and his fellow Catullus. Appian.  
Dion, after he was made King of the Syracusans, would never change his accustomed fare and apparel, which he used as Student in the University. Plut.  
As Alexander was on his voyage, to conquer the Indians, Taxiles, one of the Kings desired him, that they might not war one against another, If thou (said he) art less than I, receive benefits, if greater, I will take them of thee: Alexander admiring his courteous speech, answered; At the least we must fight and contend for this: whether of us twain shall be most beneficial to his companion. Curtius.  
Traianus was so meek and courteous, that he was fellowlike to all men; during all his reign, there was but one only Senator condemned, who was adjudged to death against his will. Eutropius.  
The kingdom wherein the Emperor Augustus most delighted and joyed, was of the Mauritanes, and the reason was this, because all other kingdoms he got by the sword, and this kingdom by entreatance. Suetonius.  
Alexander did write to Publian his bitmaker, julius Caesar to Rufus his gardener, Augustus to Pamphilo his smith, Tiberius to Escaulus his miller, Tully to Myrlo his tailor, and Seneca to Gipho his rent-gatherer, P. Aemilius to his ploughman, C. Dentatus to his carpenter; such was their affability.  
Of Phaleris the tyrant is written, that never man did him service that he did not gratify, either writ him a letter that he did not answer.  
Herod by humbling himself before Augustus, saved & increased his kingdom.  
Pyrrhus could very well skill to humble himself towards great men, and this helped ●ery much to the conquest of his kingdom. Plutarch.  
Pyrrhus, after many victories, when his men of war called him Eagle, I am, quoth 〈◊〉, an Eagle by your means, being borne up by ●our knighthood and chivalry, as the Eagle is ●ast up by his feathers, giving the honour and ●itle to his Souldier●. Valerius.  
Xerxes' dismissed certain spies which ●ame from Athens, and pardoning them, showed them notwithstanding his Army and forces.  
Augustus, when he entered Rome in a triumph, one in a certain Comedy, said, O good Lord, and every man turned that word to Augustus, flattering, & clapping their hands for joy, but he gave a token, that he liked it not, and made prohibitions, that men should not use the name of Lord unto him.  
Caligula denied all men's requests. Suetonius.  
After that Pericles had the managing of the public affairs, he was never seen abroad in the streets, nor at any feasts.  
The Macedonians forsook Demetrius, because he was uneasy to be dealt with, & very hard to be spoken unto.  
Dion was blamed of Plato for his ineffability, and of all the Sicilians.  
Lucullus Soldiers would not follow him, because he was so ungentle to them.  
Nicias for his over great sternness was envied, although he was otherwise virtuous; so likewise was Coriolanus. Livius.   

Of Liberality & Hospitality. Liberality giveth with judgement, and is the mean between prodigality and avarice; hospitality is four fold, glorious, only to be well thought of, covetous, entertainment for ones money, courteous, that receiveth our friends, and religious, which cherisheth those that serve God.  
ALexander sent to Photion, Captain of the Athenians, an hundred talents of silver for a gift, and the names of four famous Cities, to choose and take which he would. Curtius.  
The people of Leveani had a law, that if any stranger entered into their soil before sun setting, and was not received into one man's house or other, being desirous to be lodged, they paid an appointed penalty for their inhumanity; this law was profitable to the ●ayfairing man, and allowable to jupiter, the ●uer of hospitality.  
The Persian Kings gave to their Ambassadors, to every one a Babylonian talon, which ●lxx. pounds of Athenian coin, besides Bracelets, jewels, a chain, and a Persian word, which they called Acinax. Curtius.  
All these were valued at a thousand Persian ●eeces of silver, besides all this, they gave a Median royal rob, which was called Doro●horica.  
Ptolomaeus, the son of Lagus, had a singular delight and pleasure, in making his friends rich, saying, Better it is to enrich other, ●hen a man to enrich himself.  
The Apolloniatae expel (according to the Lacedaemonian law) strangers out of their Country; contrary to the people of Epidamnus who prohibit none.  
Alexander preferred Abdolominus a man of no parentage, & base condition to a kingdom, because that his benefit should rather seem to have been bestowed freely, then deserved by nobility, and that his own greatness ●ight the more therein be seen. justinus.  
Plutus the God of riches, which at Sparta was kept blind, with Herod the Sophist, was said to have received his sight, because being very rich, he was very bountiful, and knew how to use his wealth to the use of the poor, which caused many to love and follow him. Caerius.  
Lucius Lucullus house was common of receipt for all the poor Greeks', that travailed from Athens, Sparta, and Thebes, yea, from all Greece to Rome.  
Pomponius Atticus, sent to Cicero being banished, two hundred thousand Sesterces, and unto Volumnius & Brutus as much.  
Phryne a Courtesan of Greece, after Alexander had subdued the City of Thebes, and made the walls thereof level with the ground, she offered to re-edify them upon this condition, that upon every gate of the City, this sentence should be set; This City Alexander the great threw down, and Phryne the Courtesan builded upon again.  
Atta●us King of Asia ready to die, bequeathed his kingdom by testament to the Romans', to bestow where they would, for that they were so liberal, sometime to him, when fortune favoured him not.  
Artaxerxes, made those Soldiers that came from Lacedemonia to aid him, which came a foot, to go home a horseback, they that came upon horses, he sent back in chariot's, & he that had a Village when he came to him, he gave a City at his departure.  
Alexander married upon his own charges, ●he most part of the Nobles of Macedonia, ●nto the Ladies of Persia.  
Aristides having all the state of Athens under his government, gave his wealth to the poor Citizens, reserving a small sum to bury him with all.  
Democritus Abderita, being very rich, as may be gathered by the feast which his Father made to Xerxes' army, which consisted of more than two thousand millions of men, gave all his patrimony to his Country, reserving a little portion for himself, that he might study Philosophy, & then went to Athence. Herodotus.  
Caesar at one time gave to Paulus Consul 9 hundred thousand crowns, for fear lest he should oppose himself against his enterprises, and to Curio the Tribune fifteen hundred thousand, that he should take his part.  
Cymon of Athens, gave a yearly pension to the poor, fed the hungry, and clothed the naked. Lactantius.  
The Romans' had a law, that no man should presume to make a public feast, except before he had provided for all th● poor of his quarters. Patritius.  
Epaminondas having notice of a rich man, that had no care of the poor, sent a needy fellow unto him, and commanded him under great penalty, to give him presently 600 crowns; the Citizen hearing this, came to him, and asked him the cause thereof, this man (said he) is honest and poor, and thou which baste greatly rob the common wealth a●t rich, compelling him to be liberal in spite of his teeth.  
Alexander by his liberality, made away for his noble platforms, whereby he became monarch of three parts of the world, destributing liberally all his domains amongst his followers.  
He caused proclamation to be made during his wars, that all they that were indebted upon any occasion whatsoever, should bring their conditions unto him, and he would discharge them, which he performed.  
He gave at one time to his Master Aristotle 800. talents, as a reward for his pains and expenses, he had been at, in describing the nature and property of living creatures. Plutarch.  
He sent to Anaxarchus 50. talents, but he ●efused them, saying, that he knew not what to do with so great a sum, what, said Alexander, hath he no friends to pleasure? seeing all King Darius wealth will not suffice me, to distribute among my friends.  
Perillus besought him to give some money towards the marriage of his daughter, whereupon he gave her 50. talents, but he said, that it was too much by half, but he replied, If ●alfe be enough for thee to take, yet it is not enough for me to give.  
He gave to a poor Egyptian, ask his ●almes, a rich and populous City, and when the other amazed, supposed that he had mocked him, take (quoth he) that which I give thee, for if thou art Bias that demandest, I am Alexander that giveth.  
Titus loved so liberality, that remembering one evening with himself, that he had given nothing the same day, said, O my friends, we have lost this day.  
Dyonisius the elder, entering into his sons lodging, and beholding their great store of rich jewels and gold, said unto him, My Son, I did not give thee these riches to use in this sort, but to impart them to thy friends.  
Pertinax who succeeded Commodus, surpassed all the Emperors that ever were, for exceeding liberality, he forbade that his nam● should be set upon any Castle within his dominion, saying, that his lands were not prope● to him only, but common to all the people o● Rome. Suetonius.  
Hannibal, after he was vanquished by Scipio, fled into Asia to King Antiochus, who took him into his protection, and right honourably entertained him. Appianus.  
The Germans are very courteous towards Aliens and Strangers, and it is an horrible act accounted amongst them, to molest those whom they ought to defend, from any which intended to hurt them. Caesar.  
The entertainment of the greater Scipio towards Massinissa, brought such profit to the Romans, as he of some writers, is called the third preserver of the City of Rome from destruction, and therefore is joined companion with the elder and younger Scipio.  
Lot, for his hospitality, escaped the fire oh Sodom and Gomorrha.  
Rahab, for her hospitality, was saved with all hers from death.  
Elias restored from death, the Son of her which had lodged him.  
Archelaus being requested by one of his Minions, to give him a Cup of gold, wherein ●e drank, delivered it to his page, and bid ●im give it to Euripides, saying; Thou art ●orthy to ask and to be denied, but Euripides worthy of gifts although he ask not.  
Marcus Antonius Emperor of Rome, af●er his great battles, in one day gave away hundred Lions together; he made sale of ●ll his plate and jewels, to augment his soldiers pay. Eutropius.  
The privileges belonging to hospitality, ●re so great, as the Romans' observed the ●ites thereof to their enemies, and would ●euer fight till such time as the prisoners to ●hom they were indebted for meat, were set ●t liberty.  
jupiter was called of Homer and Virgil, Hospitalis, the Harbourer.  
The Almains made so great account of those with whom they had eaten and drunk, that they imparted their houses unto them.  
The Lucan's had a law which condemned that man to be fined, which suffered a stranger to pass unlodged after the sun was down.  
Scipio being blamed for his great bounty, answered, That Treasurers & receivers were to make account of money, and Captains of feats of Arms.  
Valerius Publicola, for relieving the poor● with his goods, was called Publicola.  
Nerua Cocceius in the one year that he was Emperor, gave unto the poor fifteen hundred thousand crowns; for the doing whereof he sold his jewels and his plate.  
Tullus Hostilius King of the Romans, was so pitifully minded, that he gave a great part of his goods to the poor.  
Philemon and Baucis, for their entertaining of jupiter and Mercury into their cottage when the inhabitants of Phrygia denied them hospitality, had their wishes granted, that they might die both together. Ovid. lib. 8.  
There was a law made by King Cyrus, that what King soever of Persia did come unto Babylon, he should give a piece of gold unto every poor woman in the city, for the which cause, King Othus would never come thither.  
Pompey being sick in Pusoll, his Physicians told him, that his remedy was to eat of certain Zorzales that the Consul Lucullus did breed; but he answered; I will rather die then send to crave them, for the Gods have not created Pompey to ask, but to give. Plutarch.  
Pompey flying into Egypt for secure to ptolemy, then very young, was betrayed ●y Phocinus and Achillas. Plut.  
Othosilanus, to win the love of his men ●f War, made a feast unto them, & gave 〈◊〉 every warrior a piece of money, besides ●●ndry other rewards.  
Lycaon caused those stranger-guests that ●ame to him to be slain, for which cause jupiter turned him into a Wolf. ovid.  
Busiris did the like, and therefore he was ●illed of Hercules.  
Moneses' a noble Parthian, fled to Antho●ie from his cruel King, who comparing his misery to Themistocles, and his felicity to Xerxes, gave him three Cities, as Xerxes ●id to Themistocles, for his bread, drink, & ●eate, and as some writ, two more for his ●odging and apparel. Appian.  
Pomponius Atticus, when he saw Brutus' ●nd Cassius were driven and expelled out of Rome, he sent them 100000. Sextercies, as ● friend that aided them at their need when others had forsook them.  
Gillias a Sicilian of Agrigentum, clothed ●he poor, fed them, bestowed their daughters in marriage, lodged strangers, and gave ●ntertainement to five hundred men, whom the sea had cast upon that coast. Valerius.  
Buza a noble Lady of Povile, relieved ten thousand Romans which had escaped from the battle of Cannae. Idem.  
Hiero King of Sicily, gave unto the Romans in time of their need, thirty thousand quarters of Wheat, two hundred of Barley, and 250. pound weight of gold.  
Q. Flaminius, having conquered the Lacedæmonians, discharged them of all tallages, and impositions contrary to the manner of other conquerors, who are wont to lay burdens upon the backs of them whom they had conquered.  
Alexander was reputed the most bountiful and liberal of all Princes, who gave to none but to Philosophers, men of war, and Counsellors.  
One day a juggler (by his subtle sleight) threw a dry pease a great way through the eye of a needle, hoping to have some reward, but the King making no reckoning of him, commanded one to give him a bushel of those pease to practise his feats withal.  
Alexander gave his Treasurer charge, to give to Anaxarchus the Philosopher whatsoever he asked, and when he had asked a● hundred talents, the Treasurer astonished ●hereat, told Alexander, who answered, That Anaxarchus knew well enough, that he had a friend that both could & would bestow so much upon him.  
Caesar gave a great sum of money to e●er● soldier of the old bands.  
Bellisarius was beloved of his followers for his liberality, because he gave them horse & armour whensoever they had lost them, so it were not through their own negligence. P. Diaconus.  
Vitellius, contrary to Caligula, never denied any man his request.  
Scipio died poor, notwithstanding he had subdued two mighty Cities, Numance and Carthage, so bountiful was he all his life time.  
Lisander esteemed liberality to others, more than his own private welfare.  
Fabius Maximus, at his own charge redeemed many Roman prisoners that were taken captive by Hannibal.   

Of Patience. This virtue causeth a wise man to prepare himself to entertain all kind of fortunes therefore God hath so disposed things, that he will not suffer man to have a prescience of things to come.  
OF all men, one man named Anarchus Augustus, was most patiented in torments, and one woman named Laena, most patiented for silence. Pliny.  
Plutarch gave the Emperor Trajan counsel to be patiented towards furious folks, considering that time moderateth as many matters, as reason doth change.  
Socrates being counseled to revenge a wrong received, answered, What if a masty had bitten me, or an Ass had struck me, would you have me go to law with them?  
Ptolomey King of Egypt, demanded merrily of a Grammarian, who was the Father of Peleus, who answered, that he desired first to know who was the Father of Lagus; noting thereby his base parentage, whom when he was counseled to punish, said patiently, If it be unseemly for a King to be mocked, it is also as undecent for him to mock another.  
Valentinian was of a subtle wit, grave countenance, stout in his affairs, in adversities patiented, and a great enemy of the vicious, temperate in eating and drinking; and a friend to religious persons. P. Diac.  
After Sylla the Roman had resigned his dictatorship, and became a private man, a certain youngman greatly reviled him, & gave him evil language even before his own dwelling place, he now patiently bearing his speeches without any revengement, who before had caused many of his countrymen to die, for smaller offences towards him. Appian.  
When Nicodromos the physician had smitten Crates the Theban on the face, he ware a piece of paper on his forehead over the wound, where in he wrote, This did Nicodromos; He would of purpose scold with harlots, thereby to enure himself to bear all reproaches the more patiently. Dem. Phal.  
When the persecuted Christians complained against their adversaries to julian the Emperor, desiring justice; he answered them, It is your masters commandment, that you should bear all kind of injuries with patience.  
Mauritius the Emperor, beholding the death of his children with great patience, when he saw his wife put to death, cried out, O Lord thou art just, and thy judgements are right.  
Darius, what ill hap soever chanced unto him, he took it patiently, and was never troubled in mind for the same. Herodotus.  
Anaxagoras was much commended for so patiently bearing the death of his son, for when news was brought him that his son was dead, he said; I knew that I had begotten a mortal man. Laertius.  
Eretricus one of Zenos scholars, being asked of his father what he had learned, answered, he would tell him by and by; but he thereat angry, struck his son, who presently said unto him, This much have I learned, to bear patiently the words and blows which my father giveth me.  
Lycurgus' having lost one of his eyes by the misbehaviour of Alcander towards him, the Citizens brought Alcander unto him to be punished; but he contrary to their request, patiently dismissed him, and pardoned the offence. Thucydides.  
Eusebius when a wicked woman of the sect of Arrius had willingly thrown a stone at him, and therewithal had wounded him to death, he was so patiently minded, and so far from taking revenge, that he sworn all his friends that were about him at the very hour of his death, not to punish her for the same.  
Xenophon, Dion, and Antigonus, are fa●ous for their singular patience.  
The Gymnosophists of India were so patiented, that from sun rising till sun setting, they continued upon the hot sand without either meat or drink.  
The Lacedæmonians were most patiented in travail, wind, weather, and wars.  
Diogenes walking one day abroad in Athens, wherein there was many images of such ancient men as had best deserved of the Commonwealth, asked his alms of them all one after another; and being asked why he did so, I learn hereby (quoth he) to take denial patiently.  
The Hebrew Doctors figure the Ass as a perfect symbol of patience, fortitude, and clemency. Cor. Agrippa.  
Because the Ass patiently yieldeth his body to so many burdens, in reward thereof, he is never troubled with the lousy sickness. Idem.  
The Ass was so respected in the old Testament, that when God commanded every first borne to be slain for sacrifice, he only spared with men, Asses.  
Christ would have the patiented Ass a witness of his nativity. Idem.  
A certain Philosopher usurped the name not to the true use of virtue, but for ostentation sake, to whom one said, that he would not repute him a wise Philosopher, unless he did with patience endure contumelies and injuries, which he a while did suffer, but boasting said; Now dost thou see that I am a right Philosopher, but the other presently replied, I had understood so much if thou hadst held thy peace. Boetius.  
Tiberius' Caesar was commended of Suetonius for suffering in free cities free tongues.  
Philip of Macedon, asked the Ambassadors of Athens what pleasure he might do to them? to whom they answered, that it were the greatest pleasure to Athens, if he would hang himself; which the King patienly endured, saying; Your reproachful words do make King Philip better able to revenge your malice by wars, then move him to answer your unseeming speeches with words.  
Alexander Severus being by some of his friends informed that he was greatly maligned of his people, & blamed of the Senators for the slender regard he had of the City, he said: It belongeth to Princes to requite the good, and not remember the evil. Herodian.  
Harpalus was of exceeding patience, being bidden by Astyages to supper, where he had two sons of his ready dressed, and laid in a silver charger before him on the table to be eaten. justinus.   

Of Education. There be two ages (as Aristotle saith) wherinto the institution of youth is to be divided, namely, from the age of seven years until fourteen, and from fourteen to one & twenty: for they that divide the ages by seven, most commonly say amiss, but it is rather meet to follow the division of nature, because every Art and institution, will supply the want of nature.  
IN Persia, Lacedemonia, and sundry other Provinces, the Princes and the Nobility, had always a special regard to commit the education of their children to such men of learning, as might instruct them in matters of wisdom, whereby they might prove profitable to their country.  
Lycurgus, to prove that education could alter nature, brought up two whelps which had both one Dam, the one to hunt, the other to keep house, and afterward, to try the conclusion, he set down before them an Hare and a pot of pottage, the one fell t● the pottage, the other ran after the Hare Aelianus.  
Socrates and Themistocles were both by nature vicious, but by education virtuous, the one made a perfect man by Philosophy, the other by the example of Miltiades.  
M. Portius Cato, would needs be Schoolmaster to his own children, which institution did much avail them, not so much because he was Cato, as that he was their Father. Plutarch.  
julius Caesar, adopted his nephew Octavius, and brought him up himself.  
Amongst the Helvetians or Swissers, when one was condemned to death, order was taken that the execution thereof should be done by the Father, who was the cause of his evil education; that he might come to his death by the author of his life, and that the father might in some sort be punished for his negligence used towards his child.  
Traianus and Adrianus, at their own charges caused five thousand noble men's Children of Rome, to be brought up in learning, virtue, and feats of Arms, for the profi● of the Commonwealth. Eutropius.  
Eteocles, one of the most noble Euphorie of Lacedemonia, freely answered Antipater ask 50. pledges, that he would not give him children, lest if they were brought up far from their Fathers, they should change the ancient custom of living used in their own country, and become vicious, but of old men & women he would give him double the number, if he would be so pleased to accept of them.  
Leo the Emperor wished, that Schoolmasters might receive the pay of men at Arms.  
Alexander caused thirty thousand children of those nations he had conquered, to be brought up under professors of sundry Sciences; by whose policies, if he had lived, he had thought to have held all the whole world in awe. Plutarch.  
Hipperides an Orator of Greece, said to one who told him that he had sent a slave with his son to govern him, You have done very well, for in stead of one slave, at his return you shall receive two.  
The Citizens of Rome, did throw Scemides with her son Heliogabalus, alive into the river Tiber, to bear him company, for that she bore and brought up such a gulf of mischiefs. Suetrnius.  
Plato had his education among the priest of Egypt, where he learned such instructions▪ as made his philosophy so perfect, that whatsoever proceeded from the mouth of Plato, was accounted divine.  
The Lacedæmonians were wont to make choice of men of learning and wisdom for the education of their citizens, and them they called Public Tutors, for which respect they were holden virtuous men in action, valiant of courage, and excellent in martial discipline.  
The Philosophers in Greece, made certain plays for the instruction of young men, which discipline, eternal memory hath preserved till these our days.  
In julius Caesar there wanted no fortitude, for he overcame many, neither clemency, for he pardoned his enemies; neither liberality, for he gave away kingdoms, neither science, for he written many books, neither fortune, for he was Lord of all men, but he wanted good manners, which is the foundation of a quiet life. Suetonius.  
King Philip of Macedon, vowed his son unto Aristotle as soon as ever he was born, and afterward did put him happily into his hands, and he trained him up in philosophy.  
Comodus the Emperor, was a very virtuous child in the beginning, and had good education; but in the end he proved a most wicked Prince. Suetonius.  
Nero wanted no good instructions, & such a master he had, as never any had a better, yet among all the Emperors of Rome, not any one was worse than he. Tacitus.  
julian the Apostate, took away all benevolences and contributions to schools of ●earning, to the end the children might not be instructed in the liberal Arts, but brought up in ignorance.  
Caligula the fourth Emperor of Rome, was brought up with such cost and delicacy in his youth, that they doubted in Rome, whether Drusius Germanicus his Father, employed more for the Armies in wars, than Caligula his son spent in the cradle for his pleasures. Suetonius.  
The Mother of Alexander the twenty six Emperor of Rome, was so careful of her sons education, that she kept continually a guard of men to take heed, that no vicious man came unto him to corrupt him in evil. Herodian.   

Of Wit & Memory. A good wit hath three degrees, of hope, of practising, of perfection; the first is in children, the second in young men, in being perceived 3. ways, by desire to learn, by quick conceit, by a good memory; The third of perfection, is in the elder sort, when they quickly conceive, faithfully remember, and fruitfully put in practise those things which they have learned.  
ESdras the priest had the laws of the Hebrues at his finger's end.  
Al●ibiades, wheresoever he was, and in what country soever he sojourned, could easily frame himself according to the manners of the people. Plutarch.  
Such another was Marcus Antonius, for at Rome he would live like a Roman, and would seem a right Senator, in Egypt who more licentious?  
Severus the good Emperor, because of his stable wit and judgement, was called Severus Pertinax. Eutropius.  
Clemens the sixth was of so good a memory, that whatsoever he once learned, he never after forgot.  
Mithridates was of so great a memory, that he could call every one of his Soldiers by name. Appian.  
Anthony of Guevara, sometimes his memory would be so good, and wit so quick, and skill so excellent, that he could divide an hair, and sweep a grain, at other times, he wished not only 5. but 10. senses, which we call wits.  
The first lesson that Socrates taught his Scholars, was, Remember, learn to forget that which thou hast ill learned. Lirinensis.  
The Sophists of Greece could with their eloquence and copiousness of wit, make of a Mouse an Elephant, and a mountain of a molehill.  
The Scholars of Pythagoras learned his precepts by heart, using their wits & memories for books.  
Portius never forgot any thing that he once read before.  
Seneca could rehearse after one by hearing, two hundred verses.  
Aelius Adrianus, amongst a great army of Soldiers, if any one were missing, strait knew who it was. justinus.  
Scipio could call all his Soldiers by name. Plutarch.  
I. Caesar could read, talk, hear, and aun●swere at one time. Pliny.  
Carmedes, a Grecian, never heard any thing, but he could repeat it word by word, without writing.  
Pythagoras was willed of Mercury, to ask what he would, but immortality, and he should have it, of whom he obtained to keep in memory, all things that he had heard and seen. Laertius.  
Lucullus is recorded of Tully for his excellent memory.  
The Egyptians used characters and figures for their memory, which was called local memory. Baptista.  
Hortensius could pronounce out of hand with his tongue, what he wrote with his pen. Pliny.  
Cyneas being sent from King Pyrrhus to Rome, the second day in the Senate house, before all the people of Rome, he named all the Senators.  
Cyrus could call every Soldier in his camp by name. Xenophon.  
Cassius Severus, said, that although his books were burned, he carried all his learning in mind and memory.  
●ublius Crassus, at one instant, heard five sundry languages spoken, and answered each of them in the same tongue.  
julius Caesar at one time caused his Secretaries to write unto four several persons, of sundry matters, and would oftentimes indite a letter to one of his Secretaries, read in a book, and hear another speak, all at one time.  
Seneca rehearsed two thousand sundry names, having only heard them pronounced before, beginning at the last, and continuing to the first.  
One asked Domaratus, who was the honestest man in Sparta, He that resembleth thee least, said he.  
One asked an Egyptian, what he carried folded up, it is wrapped up, quoth he, because thou shouldest not know.  
Another asked, what God made before he made heaven, who answered, hell, for such inquisitive persons.  
Virgil for all that with his so divine a wit and judgement, took all hope from his posterity, for any to follow him at any time, yet would he follow Homer.  
Pythagoras very wittily, and after a subtle manner, found out the measure of Hercules body by his foot, measuring the space where every five years they kept their games a● Olympus. Pliny.  
The Egyptians marked the well memoried man, with the figure of an Hare or a Fox, for that the Hare heareth best, and the Fox is of greatest memory, and if any want memory, they compare him to a Crocodile. Baptista.  
Some are of opinion, that the sign Capricornus was Pan, whom jupiter for the dexterity of his wit so metamorphized.  
Aelius Adrianus the Emperor, would at one time write, hear, and talk with his friends. justinus.  
Homer in his description of Ulysses, makes him of little stature, but of an excellent wit, and of the contrary, he sets forth Ajax with body and members of great corpulency, but very simple in mind and judgement.  
Alexander Severus, and Charles the fifth, writ down those that did them service, and the rewards which he had given to many of them; and if in perusing his notes of remembrance, he saw any man that had done him service, and was not worthily recompensed, he caused him to come before him, and asked him why he had not sued for recompense. Ravisius.  
Messala was of so weak a memory, that he forgot his own name. Pliny.  
Calvisius forgot his friends names, with whom he daily kept company. Seneca.  
Curio a judge, was so forgetful, that he forgot the case which he should give judgement on. Cicero.  
Atticus was of so weak a memory, that he could not remember the four elements.  
Bamba, King of the Goths, by a drink given by Heringeus his successor, lost his memory.  
The Poets feign, that there is a river in hell called Lethe, of the which who soever drinketh, forgetteth all what he remembered before.  
The Thracians were so dull, that they could not count above four.  
Heraclitus Severus, was dumb before the Emperor.  
Cicero was astonished at the presence of the Senators, & Demosthenes at king Philip.  
Theophrastus' many times in the midst of his Oration, was at a stand.  
Hipparchion when he would have contended with Ruffinus, had not a word to say, from whence the proverb came, Hiparchio is dumb.  
Orbilius by extremity of age, forgot his Alphabet and letters.  
A certain Roman vaunted to Scipio, that he could call more men by their names than he, to whom he answered, you say true, for my study hath not been to know many, but to be known of all.  
Sallust was much commended for the dexterity of his wit, especially in writing of an History. Petrus Crinitus.  
The invention of the Art memorative, is fathered upon Simonides.  
Lasterna and Axiothea, were two Grecian women, very well learned, and amongst the Scholars of Plato much renowned; the one was of so perfect memory, and the other of so high understanding, that Plato oft-times being in the chair, and these two not come, he would not begin to read, saying, I will not read, for that there wanteth here understanding to conceive, and memory to retain. Hyzearchus.  
The fifth Queen of the Lydians was Myrrha, which of her body was so little, that they called her a Dwarf, but in quickness of wit so high, that they called her a Giant. Strabo.  
Archelaus the Philosopher, learning Geometry of Hipponicus, was so dull, and yet so well learned therein, that he would say that Geometry fell into his mouth as he gaped.  
Hermogenes, when he was but fifteen years old, was reported of to be an approo●ed Sophist, but afterwards he utterly lost the habit of this faculty, of whom Antiochus Sophista, said, Hermogenes is become in his old age a child, who in his childhood was an old man.  
The Emperor Adrianus was of a wonderful memory, in so much that he could recite the names of all his absent followers, beside, he was in labour so painful, that he in proper person visited all his provinces. Tacitus.  
Themistocles to one offering to teach him the Art of memory, desired him to teach him how to forget. Plut.  
Demosthenes was very hard to conceive, and yet none more famous than he among the Grecian Orators, upon the sudden he could not declaim, and being thereto entreated, would answer, non sum paratus. Laertius.  
Cicero should once have pleaded upon small warning, but by an occasion it was deferred until another day, which news his Servant Erotes brought him, at which he so rejoiced, that he made made Erotes of a bond man, a free Citizen of Rome. Plut.  
Cecillio was so foolish, that he attempted to tell the waves of the swelling Sea, as they boiled in the tumbling stream. Aelianus.  
Chorebus, and Melitiades, were famous for their follies, of the which, the latter came to secure the Princes, after Troy was destroyed. Homer,   

Of Diligence. Diligence hath reference, to the body, and the mind, in the mind, it is study, in the body, labour, and by so much the more the exercise of the mind is painful, as the virtues of the one excel the other.  
THE Egyptians, when they signified labour, figured an Ant running into the corn.  
Cleanthes in the night carried water, in the day, was one of Chrysippus' Auditors, who being an hundred years old, read Philosophy. Laertius.  
Sophocles, Plato, Isocrates, Hierome, continued their studious labours, to their second birth, ending their lives with their works. Volaterranus.  
Diodorus Siculus travailed the better part of Asia and Europe, lest he should err, as many before him had done, in the world's description.  
Nicaula, the Queen of Egypt and Aethiopia, to hear the wisdom of Solomon, came from the farthest part of Arabia to judaea.  
Publicola was blessed in his endeavours, got fame by his industry, won battles by his forwardness, and died fortunately through living laboriously. Plut.  
Philotis by labour overcame the Latins, and by his study and policy, got that victory which the Romans' detracted by their fear.  
The stuttering of Alcibiades, did not so much hurt him, as his industry in wars renowned him. Thucydides.  
If Demosthenes had seen any Citizen up before him, and at work, it did greatly grieve him; his continual labour and diligence in study, made him prove so rare an Orator.  
Marius so charged his Soldiers, and employed them in the ditches near unto the Rhine, that they were after termed the moils of Marius. Appian.  
Nicias a painter, was so earnest, and intentive to his profession, that he forgot to take food & sustenance to secure nature. Aelian.  
The Romans allowed every hour of the day, a several kind of exercise. Martialis.  
Caesar in the wars betwixt him and Pompey, used such diligence, that coming ou● of France, he made himself Master of all Italy in three score days, without any effusion of blood, and drove away his enemy. Plutarch.  
Caesar, although he was weak, and of tender complexion, subject to the falling-sickness, used not the infirmity of his body for a cloak to live idly, but took the labours of war for a medicine, fight against disease with continual labour & exercise, lying for the most part in the open air with his Soldiers. Idem.  
Claudius' enjoying an assured peace, caused the channel Fucinus to be made, that Rome might have the commodity of good waters, about which work 30● thousand were daily employed, for the space of twelve years.  
Adrianus seeing a general peace within his Empire, continually undertook new and strange journeys, one while into France, another into Germany, then into Asia, causing his men of war to march with him, least being idle they should forget their martial discipline. justinus.  
A wise Roman counseled the Senate not ●o have peace with Carthage, lest the Romans' being in safety should become idle, and grow too civil dissensions.  
Gelon King of Syracuse, led his people oftentimes into the fields, as well to labour the ground and to plant, as to fight, both that the earth might be better being well dressed, as also because he feared, lest his people should grow idle.  
The wise and ancient Kings of Egypt, employed their idle people, in digging of the earth, & building of those Pyramids, which are reckoned amongst the seven wonders of the world.  
M. Aurelius speaking of the diligence of the ancient Romans', writeth, that they all followed their labour so earnestly, that having necessary occasion one day to send a letter two or three days journey from the town, he could not find one idle body in all the City to do it.  
Too much diligence is hurtful, which Apelles reproved in Protogenes, who would never keep his hands from the table, not knowing when a thing was well.  
Alexander in the night time, used to hold a silver ball in his hand, when he went to bed, having a silver Basin upon the ground under his arm, that when he was a sleep, the falling of the ball might awake him, and put him in remembrance of his enemies. Brusonius  
julius Caesar divided the night into three parts, to Nature, to his own Country, about his own businesses.  
Philip King of Macedon, when his Soldiers slept, he always watched. Brusonius.  
He never slept, before his friend Antipater would watch.  
King Philip doubted more the diligence of Demosthenes, than he feared all the force of Athence.  
Demosthenes, that he might avoid all occasions of the cities pleasures, & with more liberty apply his studies, caused the hair of his head to be close shaved off, for three whole months together.  
Plautus' writ his Comedies in the day, and in the night grinded in a mill.  
Solon ordained that the high Court of Areopagus, should have authority and charge to inquire whereof every man lived, and to punish those whom they found idle and dissolute.  
julius Caesar obtained many victories by his diligence, in such wise, that he amazed the Carnuts that had revolted from him.  
trajan and Adrian were so diligent & skilful in war matters, that they knew the account of their Legions, and called the most part of their Soldiers by name. Eutropius.  
Epaminondas never gave himself respite from dealing in matters of state, saying, that ●e watched for his countrymen's sakes, to the intent that they might make good cheer at their ease, while he travailed for them.  
Scipio sent against Hannibal, marched at the sun set, riding all night toward Carthage, and by day he was there, and made a ditch & trench about it, & the same day prepared to give the assault. Appian.  
Crispus differing from others, & seeming to be more prone to pleasure, did notwithstanding apply himself to the handling of important matters, which he performed with most diligence under a show of idleness. Tacitus.  
Agrippa did wisely admonish him that intended to conserve his credit in Court, to observe two things, the one, that with his labours he should mollify the hardness of matters, the other, that he should leave the glory of achieving them to others. Diodorus.  
Caesar used such expedition in the last encounter with Pompey at Pharsalia, that he writ to the Senate, Veni, vidi, vici, I came, saw, and overcame. Plut.   

Of Constancy & Perseverance▪ In every good action advisedly begun, is required, constancy, and perseverance, which are called by Tully, the health of the mind, resisting all dolours that seeks to confound it, and containing in their power, the whole force and efficacy of wisdom.  
POmponius Atticus was much renowned for his constant behaviour towards Mithridates, whom he esteemed as one of his Princes about him. Appian.  
M. Regulus was not so commended, because he had been twice consul, and, once had gloriously triumphed, as for keeping his faith given to the Carthagenians, and suffered his eyelids to be cut off, and so to stand against the Sun until he died.  
Zeno being cruelly tormented of a King of Cyprus, to con●es what he urged, because he would not satisfy his mind, bitten off his tongue, and spit it in the tormentor's face.  
The constancy of Caius Marius was wonderful, who to recover his health, did not only give himself to be sawed in sunder, but stood so quietly while it was doing, as if not he, but another man had felt the pain.  
Although a thousand troubles encumbered the commonwealth, yet Socrates was of an unchangeable spirit and mind, and in all cases constant. Laertius.  
Alcibiades hearing the sentence of his condemnation to death pronounced, said; It is that leave the Athenians condemned to die, and not they me; for I go to seek the Gods, where I shall be immortal, but they shall remain still amongst men, who are all subject to death.  
Polycarpus dying, said to the proconsul: Why lingerest thou? use either beasts or fire to destroy me. Loncerus.  
Ignatius being condemned, said boldly; I am the wheat of God, & I shall be ground with the teeth of beasts, that I may be found fine manchet.  
Cyprian said a little before his end, I am iam gladio feriendus deo gratias, I thank God I shall straightway be smitten with the sword.  
S. Lawrance tormented upon a fiery Gridiron, said to the Emperor, Look o wretch, thou hast roasted one side, turn the other. Eusebius.  
Gordius, as he was led to the place of punishment, was exhorted by some to leave 〈◊〉 opinion, and to save his life, to whom he aun●swered, that the tongue ought to utter nothing that is injurious to the Creator thereof. P. Diacorius.  
Socrates had always one and the same countenance all his life time, he was never sadder, nor pleasanter for any thing that happened unto him. Plato.  
P. Rutilius being unjustly banished, never changed his behaviour, neither would put on any other Gown, then that he used to wear, although it was the custom of such as were banished to alter the same.  
Q. Metellus surnamed Numidicus, for conquering Numidia, being banished, went into Asia, where he frequented plays, and receiving letters from the Senate to call him home again, the news he bore with as great modesty as his exile with constancy, not departing from the Theatre before the sports were ended.  
One casting Diogenes in the teeth with his banishment from Pontus by the Synopians, answered; I have bounded them with the Country of Pontus.  
Aristides when Dionysius desired his daughter in marriage, he answered, that he had rather see her dead, than the wife of a Tyrant. And having slain her, he was again asked if he continued in that mind; I am (quoth he) sorry for the fact, but glad that I have so spoken.  
Cato, notwithstanding the affliction of his Country, in him was never seen any alteration, but had always one cheer, and one countenance, as well being repulsed, as when he was Praetor. Plutarch.  
It is recorded of Saint Anthony and Saint Hillary, that they suffered wonderful temptations in the desert, & yet did not forbear even there, to do great service to their Creator.  
Aulus Vitellius▪ a most victorious Emperor, of all others was so inconstant, that he would say and unsay with one breath, and was as wavering in all his actions, as a weathercock.  
Sextus Pompeius, for his wondered mutability was much defamed.  
The Commonwealth of the Sicyonians, endured longer than that of the Greeks', Egyptians, Lacedæmonians, or the Romans, and the reason thereof was, because that in seven hundred and forty years, they never made any new laws, or broke their old. Lact.  
The Egyptians rather choose to die the● to reveal any secrets, though they be never so much racked and tormented. Macrob.  
Aesop the bondman of Demosthenes, wa● often urged by torture to confess his Masters dealing with julian, but could never be brought to acknowledge any thing, until at the length, Demosthenes himself disclosed it. Fulgosius.  
Anasillus, Captain of the Athenians, was taken of the Lacedæmonians and put to the torture, because he should tell what he knew, and what the King Agesilaus his master did intend; to whom he answered; You Lacedæmonians, have liberty to dismember me, but I have none to reveal my lords secrets. Plutarch.  
octavius Consul of Rome when Marius was banished, at his repeal was warned by the Augurs to take heed of him and Cinna, but he, constantly determining not to leave the city while he was Consul, went to them in his robes, with the Rods and the Axes carried before him, and his friends bringing him a horse to flee, he refused so to do, but abode the stroke of Censorinus, who carried his head to Cinna. Appian.  
Labienus, who in Sulla's time had killed many that were proscribed, thinking that himself might well be reproved if he should not suffer death resolutely, went home to his house, sat down in his chair, and tarried the coming of those whom Anthony sent to take away his life. Appian.   

Of Friendship. The Romans' perceiving the necessity of Friendship, shadowed the same in the shape of a young man, whose head was bared, and upon his breast was written Summer and Winter; who having his breast open, & putting his finger to his heart, had therein set, far and near, & on the skirts of his coat were drawn, Life and death.  
ARtorius a Roman, at the siege of jerusalem being in a place that was set on fire, looking from the top of the house, saw one of his friends by Titus, to whom he said, Friend Lucius, get on thy armour and come near, that I may leap down upon thee, and thou mayst receive me. Lucius stood for his friend, who light upon him with such force that they both died, which friendship, Titus caused to be noted to after ages. Vrbanus.  
Alcibiades being desirous to know whether he had so many friends as he thought, he called them all one after another into a dark place, & showed unto them the image of a dead body, saying that it was a man whom he had killed, and requesting them to help him to carry the same away, amongst them all he found none but Callias that would hearken unto him.  
Cyrus always placed his friends on his left side, as near his heart. Xenophon.  
The friendship of jonathan and David, could not be hindered by the wrath of the Father of the one, nor any io●e changed, although he knew that his friend should afterward reign over him, notwithstanding he were by inheritance to succeed next his father in the kingdom.  
There was but one Orestes, and yet Pylades called himself Orestes, and was condemned to die, under that name, only to save the life of his companion.  
Dion of Syracuse, was slain of Callicrates, whom he always highly favoured, & supposed to be the most assuredst friend he had living in the world.  
Volumnius hearing of the death of his friend Lucullus, came to Anthony, desiring him to send his soldiers to kill him upon the grave of his friend and bury him; which he denying, Volumnius went to his grave, and there killed himself, leaving a brief by him, wherein was written, Thou that knewest the faithful love between Volumnus and Lucullus, join our bodies being dead, as our minds were one being alive.  
Asmundus so dearly loved his friend Asotus, that after he was dead, he would needs be buried with him alive. Saxo.  
The Oracle of Apollo, pronounced the amity between Chariton and Menalippus, to be heavenly, divine, and celestial.  
Blossius humbly desired pardon of Lelius, because he took part with Gracchus, having no greater reason to excuse himself but his great love toward him, which he confessed to be such, that he thought himself bound in friendship to do whatsoever he would have him, yea, if it were to burn the Capitol. Cicero.  
Lucilius, when he saw that his friend Brutus was compassed about with enemies, he with a few soldiers ran among them, and said that he was Brutus, that his friend might scape away. Plut.  
Polytius gave Scipio counsel that he should never departed from the public place of authority, before he had got some new friend and well-willer.  
Photion, when a friend of his would have cast himself away, would not suffer him, saying, I was made thy friend to this purpose.  
Cicero writ to Atticus, that a friend was bound to wish but three things unto his friend, that he be healthy, that he be well accounted of, and that he be not needy.  
Archidamus, when he was chosen Arbitrator to decide a certain contention between two friends, brought them both into Diana's Temple, and made them swear upon the Altar, that they would observe what soever he determined; whereupon they yielded, I judge then (quoth he) that none of you depart this Temple before you be reconciled. Thus were they constrained to agree between themselves, & Archidamus freed from losing their friendships whom he dearly loved.  
The Egyptians showed signs of stronger friendship to their friends being dead, then when they were living.  
Scipio Affricanus, going against the Numantines, divided his Army into 500 companies, and made one band which he called Philonida, the band of friends.  
Mithridates, sought to drive Nicomedes forth of Bithynia, who was friend to the Romans', and gave the Romans so much to understand; to whom the Senate made answer, that if he warred upon Nicomedes, he should likewise fear the force of the Romans'. Appian.  
Cicero and Clodius, Tiberius and Affricanus, from mortal foes became faithful friends.  
Scipio greatly complained, that men were very skilful in numbering their Goats and Sheep, but few could reckon their friends.  
Alexander held Aristotle dear, Darius Herodotus, Augustus Piso, Pampeius Pla●tus, Titus Pliny, Trajan Plutarch, Antonius Apollonius, Theodotius Claudius, Severus Fabatus.  
Pericles being desired by a friend to aid him with false witness, answered, That he would friend him as high as the heavens; meaning, that men should aid their friends so far as justice & gods laws did permit. Thu.  
Plato seeing he could not bring the Commonwealth to happiness by virtue, reduced all laws to friendship, devising all things to be common, affirming that two only words, namely Mine & Thine, where the things that disturbed the society of man.  
Homer giveth Achilles a Patroclus, Virgil an Achates unto Aeneas, Alexander had his Hephestion, Darius his Zopirus, and Scipio his Laelius.  
Dion and julius Caesar, had rather die then distrust their friends. Plu.  
Augustus' wanting his old friends Maecenas and Agrippa, said, that if they had lived, he had not fallen into the troubles he was then in. Seneca.  
Scaurus and Catiline, the conspirators against Rome; and Brutus and Cassius, the murderers of Caesar, held great leagues and confederacy together; but in no sort they could be called friends, for there can be no true amity, where is no virtue.  
Among heavenly bodies, Mercury, jupiter, Sol, and Luna, are friends to Saturn, but Mars and Venus are his enemies.  
All the Planets saving Mars, are friends to jupiter, and all the rest of the Planets saving Venus, hate Mars. jupiter and Venus love Sol. Mars, Mercury, and Luna, are his enemies, and all the rest of the Planets love Venus, except Saturn.  
jupiter, Venus, and Saturn, are friends to Mercury, Sol, Luna, and Mars, are his enemies.  
There are inclinations of friendship, in vig●able & minerals, as the Loadstone hath to iron, the Emerald hath to riches and favours, the stone jaspis to childbirth, the stone Achates to eloquence, and Naptha ●ot only draweth fire unto it, but fire leapeth unto it where soever it is, the like doth the root Aproxes.  
Such friendship is between the male and female Date tree, that when a bough of the one shall touch a bough of the other, they fold themselves into a natural embracing, & never doth the female bring forth fruit without the male.  
Vines love the Elm tree & the Olive, the Myrtle likewise loveth the Olive & the Figtree; and if the Almond three grow alone, it will prove unfruitful.  
There is friendship between the Blackbird and the Thrush, between the Choffe and the Heron, between the Peacocks and the Doves. Isodorus.  
Cato the Censor, had a Ring whereon was engraven, Esto amicus unius, et inimicus nullius; Be friend to one, and enemy to none. Pliny.   

Of love. All the Arts and Sciences of the world, may in time be learned, except the Art of Love, the which neither Solomon had skill to write, nor Asclepias to paint, nor Ovid to teach, Helen to report, or Cleopatra learn, being a continual Schoolmaster in the heart; whose divine furies are Prophetical, mystical, poetical, amatorial; consecrated to Apollo, Bacchus, the Muses, and Venus.  
THe Poets mean nothing else by those towns of Adamant which they write of, but the love of Citizens, who by no force or policy can be overcome, so long as in heart they hold together.  
The Grecians, so long as they continued at peace among themselves, they were conquerors of all men, but after that civil dissension had once entered in amongst them, they fell daily more and more to such ruin, that in few years they became laughing-stocks to all the world. Plutarch.  
Balsaria, when Calphurinus Crassus was taken captive of the Messalines, and should have been offered for a sacrifice unto Saturn, she delivered Crassus from death, & made him conqueror.  
Caluce, after Troy was destroyed, when King Lycus her Father (sailing into Lybia) had appointed to kill Diomedes for sacrifice, to appease the Gods for wound & wea●●er, she delivered him from her Father, and saved his life.  
Scipio Affricanus, esteemed so much the Poet Ennius alive, that being dead, he caused his picture to be set before his eyes, as a memorial of his great love. Plutarch.  
Pomponius Atticus, thought himself happy, when either Cicero was in his sight, or his books in his bosom.  
Plato in his book entitled Conuivium, interlaceth Comical speeches of love; howbeit all the rest of the supper, there is nothing but discourses of Philosophy.  
Alexander loved highly Apelles, insomuch that after he had made him draw out a I●eman of his naked, whom he likewise loved dearly, understanding that he was enamoured on her, he bestowed her on him.  
Alexander would have his picture drawn by none but Apelles, nor cut by any in brass but only Lysippus, so greatly did he affect them. Curtius.  
Stagerita, the town where Aristotle w●● borne, being destroyed by Philip of Mac●●don, Alexander his son for the love he● bare to his Master Aristotle, re-edified th● same again.  
Valerius, servant to Panopion, hearing that certain soldiers came unto the City of Rheatina, of purpose to kill his master, he changed apparel with his master, and conveyed him away, suffering himself to be slain in his Master's bed, for the great love he bore him.  
The Persians, for the affection they bore to their horses, when they died buried them.  
Alexander made a tomb for Bucephalus.  
Severus the Emperor, for the love he bore to Pertinax, whom julianus slew, willed that men should ever after call him Pertinax. Eutrop.  
A Persian woman being asked why she had rather save the life of her brother then of her own son, Because (said she) I well may have more children, but never no more brothers, seeing my father and mother are dead.  
Eros, the servant of Antonius, having promised to kill his Master when he requested him, drawn his sword, and holding it as if he would have killed him, turned his masters head aside, and thrust the sword into his own body. Plutarch.  
Agesilaus was fined by the Ephories, because he had stolen away the hearts & won the love of all his citizens to himself.  
The Emperor Claudius did neither love nor hate, but as he was provoked and induced thereunto by others. Tacitus.  
Herius of Corinth, builded in the midst of the City a Temple to the Goddess Venus, within which were enclosed more than 500 of the fairest maids of Asia, whom their parents did there consecrate to the Goddess Venus, to the end they might be Lovers, and stales to draw lovers to them; holding her for most religious and holy, which was most amorous and dissolute.  
Samocratius, Nigidius, and Ovid, writ many volumes of the remedy of love; but it little profited themselves, for they all three died in persecution, not for the abuses they committed at Rome, but for the loves they practised at Capua.  
The cause of civil dissension between Themistocles & Aristides, was the love of Stesilia an harlot, whose beauty being vanished, their hatred was such, that they never could be reconciled, but continued enemies even to the death.  
The like hatred was between Cato and Caesar, about the love of the harlot Seruilia.  
The Kings of Assiria never answered any Ambassador themselves, but by messengers, they spending their time in courting their Concubines; and for their unkingly love to women, they were ever condemned of all men. Pausanius.  
Alexander, for the love he bore to the famous harlot Thais, caused that most renowned and rich city Persepolis to be burned.  
Publius Pilatus, was in love with the Images of Helena and Atalanta.  
Pygmalion doted on an ivory image that he had made with his own hands. ovid.  
Two young men of Athens, were in love with the picture of Fortune.  
Catiline, for the love of Orestilla, killed his own son, because she would not join in marriage with him while his son lived. Sallust.  
Estrasco a Roman, borne dumb, loved Verona a Latin, borne also dumb, who liking each other, came & visited each other, by the space of thirty years, without the witting of any person, than died the husband of the Lady Verona, & the wife of Estrasco, they married, & of them descended the noble lineage of the Scipios. Aurelius.  
The Poets feign, that in Leucadia there is a very high steep Rock, which is a notable remedy to assuage love; from this, first leapt Shafalus, for the love of Degonetes, whom he loved without measure.  
Timon Misanthropos, loved none but only Alcibiades, and him he loved and once kissed, because he saw in his face the destruction of Athens. Plutarch.  
Xerxes (all the wonderful works of jupiter both on sea and land set aside) in Lydia fell so far in love with a Plane tree which happened to his sight, that he tarried a whole day by it, and caused the boughs to be adorned with chains of gold, bracelets & spangles, yielding there to great reverence.  
Alcibiades was the Paramour of Socrates, & Dion of Plato, who both reaped profit by their loves.  
Alexander crowned the tomb of Achilles, and Hephestion that of Patroclus, signifying thereby, that he loved Alexander, as well as ever Patroclus loved Achilles.  
Pausanias' loved his wife so tenderly, that it cannot be described, the like affection did Apelles bear to Pancasta, Alexander's lemon.  
Adrian the Emperor, doted on the love of Antinous a fair young man, insomuch that he dedicated a Temple to him at Mantinaea, and a City at Nilus. Pausan.  
The Achaians honoured Fortune & Love both together, in Aegina, because none can attain to Love without Fortune. Niphus.  
Propertius, when he was in love, said he was not himself, but a shadow.  
Hephestion was called the lover of Alexander, Craterus of the King. Plut.  
When Cyrus went to overcome Babylon, the river Euphrates let him, & a Knight whom the King well loved, ventured into the water, and was drowned, than the king made a vow, that this great river should not come to any woman's knees which should wade over, and therefore he parted it in the broad fields into four hundred & threescore channels, and so took the city.  
Perdiccas, for the love he bore to Alexander, refused a great revenue in Macedonia, and followed him in his wars in Asia. Plutarch.  
Turinga had so many lovers, that she could not reckon them upon her finger's ends, but called for a bushel of pease to tell them by. Aurelius.  
Demetrius having strongly begirt the City of Rhodes, for the love he bore to Protogenes painted table, raised his siege.   

Of jealousy & Suspicion. This grief of the mind, as it is called jealousy, belongeth only to matters of love, and therefore hath to name Zelotypia, the love of beauty, whose branches are obtractation, emulation, ●nuie, and detraction.  
POlycrates Samius, dearly affected Anacreon the Poet, who likewise loved the Paramour of Polycrates, named Smerdias, but Polycrates kindled with the sparks of jealousy, supposing that the Poet loved Smerdias' exceedingly, shaved off his golden locks, thereby to make him misshaped, whose loss Anacreon lamented in a Poem. Aelianus.  
Phanius was so jealous of his wife, that he locked her up, thinking by that means to prevent all comers, but he was deceived, and what she could not compass being at liberty, she effected being penned up.  
Leucononia, the wife of Cyampus, was devoured of a dog, in stead of a wild beast, hiding herself in the woods to follow & mark her husband's walks.  
Argus' hundred eyes, could not keep Io from jupiter. ovid.  
Procris followed her husband Shafalus into thee woods, fearing that he had some other Love, who being hid in the bushes, and desirous to come nearer to him, he supposing some wild beast to be there, killed her. ovidius.  
Plutarch reporteth the like of Aemilius, who killed himself, when he saw it was his wife.  
The fish Canchar is jealous over her male, and striveth oft for him. Pliny.  
Aemilia, the wife of noble Scipio, who although she knew things evident by him, made much of his Paramour, as she made of her husband, and all for Scipio's sake.  
Abraham was jealous of his wife Sara.  
The Persians were so suspicious, that their wives had no liberty to go abroad, & when they went, it was in Wagons.  
The Thracians with such care and study kept their wives, that they would trust no man in their companies, but their Parents. Herodotus.  
An hundred threescore and ten Roman women poisoned their husbands, because they were jealous of them. Valerius.  
Galatius Maria, Duke of Milan, being at mass, was slain by a Citizen, for a jealousy he had conceived, that this Prince had entertained his wife. Guicchard.  
The wild Boar pursued of dogs, the Lioness bitten with hunger, the Tiger rob of her young ones, or the Viper, whose tail is trod upon, are not more cruel and fierce than a woman offended, but nothing sooner casteth her into a fury than jealousy. Ausonius.  
Ariadne buried alive Zeno Isauricus the Emperor, that she might be revenged of him for his jealousy.  
Bomilchar, a Prince of Libya, being suspected of his own Countrymen the Carthagians, that he had conspired with Agathocles, unto annoyance of the Subjects, was hanged in the City of Carthage, in the midst of the Market.  
Philip King of Macedonia, married the sister of Attalus, and had divorced and put away Olimpias, the mother of Alexander, upon suspicion. justinus.  
Between Cicero and Hortensius, was a learned jealousy about eloquence; between Cicero & Sallust was the like.  
Between Demosthenes and Aeschines also, as appeared by their orations, made against each other.  
The like jealous contention, was between Xenocles and Euripides, the first by his Oedipus, Lycaon, Bacche, Athamas Satirical, the last by his Alexander, his Palamede, his Troyans', his Sisyphus Satirical.  
Demetrius Pheraeus the tyrant, who rather trusted an iron branded slavish Thracian, than his wife Thebes, was by her slain, for a jealousy of spousebreach. Cicero.  
Of all people, the Parthians are most jealous of their wives, whereupon they going out of doors, do never show their faces or breasts, and those that be of great calling go in close veils, that they may not be seen.  
There is not in the world any Nation less jealous than the Germans, albeit their women be very fair. P. Pius.  
In his description of certain natural baths of Germany, whereat himself was present, he did much marvel at the familiarity of the Dutchwomen, who would in presence of their husbands, step naked into the baths among them. Idem.  
The Italians are as jealous as any of their women. Aeneas Silvius.  
Fuluius pursued by the Roman Soldiers, fled to a woman servant, whom first he kept, and after made free, and gave a dowry to marry her, notwithstanding, for jealousy of another woman whom he had married she betrayed him. Appian.  
Mithridates' having his Son in suspicion for coveting the kingdom, sent for him, and held him with chains of gold, commanding him to be killed. Idem.  
A Roman Senator named Attilus, fled from his Country, because he was contemned, and being in great favour with Mithridates, was taken as one that would betray him, and for that he was a Senator, the King would not torture him, but killed him. Idem.  
When Demetrius was returned to his kingdom, Cleopatra his wife killed him for jealousy of his other wife Rhadogine. Pliny  
Alexander did emulate in Lysimachus skilfulness in war, in Seleucus an invincible courage, ambition in Antigonus, in Attalus a divine majesty, and in Ptolomey, an happy success of all his enterprises.  
Marcellus was an imitator, and did emulate the manners of Caesar. Cicero.  
Aristotle emulated Plato, Cicero, Demosthenes, Virgil, Homer.  
Of all beasts the wild Ass, by the Greeks' called Onager, is the most jealous, for in an whole Herd of females, there is but one male, and he is so jealous, that he will not suffer any other to come among them, & when the female chanceth to have a male Colt, the fire with his teeth will bite off his genitories, as fearing he should cover his dam. Plinius. Solinus.   

Of Beauty. Beauty is only humane, consisting in goodly lineaments and colours well disposed, more pertest in women than men, and yet without favour ●●perfect in both, therefore the graces are called the handmaids of beauty.  
CLeopatra writ a book of the preservation of women's beauty.  
Seneca reporteth, that the looking-glass was first invented to this end, that man might use it as a mean to know himself better by.  
Appuleius earnestly persuaded his Auditors to look often into a glass, & to behold themselves therein, to this intent, that he which thought himself beautiful and fair, might be fair in conditions, and who so was foul and deformed, to amend that defect by fair and virtuous behaviour.  
Zeuxis made choice of the five daughters of Croton, of all these to make one figure most excellent in beauty.  
Alcibiades, the Scholar of Socrates, was the fairest and welfavoredst Boy in all Athens, whose soul he loved, which was Alcibiades better self.  
Stesichorus a Poet, lost his sight for writing against beauteous Helena, and recanting, had it restored to him again.  
Socrates and Aristotle notwithstanding their deep philosophy and knowledge, the one became a slave to fair Hermia, the other was bewitched with aspasia's beauty.  
Hercules laid down his club at jola's feet, and became a prisoner to her conquering beauty. ovid.  
Demosthenes that famous Orator, hearing the prodigal report of Lais beauty, came from Athens to Corinth, to compound with her for a night's lodging. Laertius.  
Poppeia, Nero's wife, had continually the milk of 5. hundred Asses, to bathe her in, thereby to preserve her beauty.  
When Helena was to be stoned to death, the executioners beholding her beauty, had no power to hurt her. Stecichorus.  
Rhodope an harlot, was the fairest among all the Egyptians, whose slipper an Eagle snatched up, and carried the same as far as Memphis, and there let it fall in the lap of Psamneticus, as he sat in judgement, upon which, he was presently enamoured of her person, and sent for her, whom he also married. Herodotus.  
Alcibiadon was an herb so called of Alcibiades, which he used to preserve his beauty.  
Virgil describing the state & constitution of the body of Euryalus, saith, that he was excellent in beauty, & in the greenness of his youth.  
The Princes of Troy made great question, whether they should deliver Helen or no to her husband, in which dispute (such was the incertainty of their affections) that they condemned her being absent, but when she came in presence, the commanding power of beauty controlled their power in doing justice.  
The good Consul Marcus Marcellus, seeing the noble City of Sarragoce burning, commanded to quench the fire, esteeming it great loss to burn things so fair & goodly.  
Titus having subdued the Country of judea, and taken the great City jerusalem, when he beheld with judgement the rich and ●aire temple of Solomon, the presence and majesty of the thing, carried him into that compassion, that commanded no spoil should be offered to it, till he were gone out of Asia, and returned to Rome. josephus.  
Venus gave Phaon a box of such a precious ointment, that being anointed therewith, he became most beautiful. ovid.  
Among the Grecians, Alcibiades was reported to have borne the price, for the most amiablest of countenance, and comeliness of parsonage.  
Among the Romans', Scipio and Demetrius Poliorcetes, were counted peerless.  
Homer in describing such as were fair of favour, and comely in proportion, compareth them to tall trees.  
Achanthus was so fair, that for envy he was metaphorphozed into a flower of his own name.  
Hylas for his beauty, was drawn into the water by the Nymphs. ovid.  
Diadumenus, Augustus' taster, was so beautiful, that in a general contention at Elis, who was the fairest, he bore the bell from them all. Niphus.  
Of all the Grecians that came to the siege of Troy, Nereus was the most beautiful.  
The Madianites, perceiving the children of Israel to be impregnable and invincible, so long as they sinned not, took of the beautifullest young women they had, and sent to their camp, to entice them to sin, which was the cause of their overthrow.  
Spurina a young Roman, of wonderful beauty, because he perceived many to be enamoured of him, he did in most pitiful sort mangle and cut his nostrils, so that he seemed not only deformed, but also odious to all men.  
The Grecian women were fairer than the women of Rome, but the Romans' had a better grace, and were more rich in apparel than they. Eutropius.  
Amongst the Romans' it was counted a great infamy, if any praised the beauty of a woman, for in praising her, he let them understand that he knew her, and knowing her, he courted her, and courting her, he opened his heart to her, and this doing, he plainly defamed her. Macrobius.   

Of Chastity. This virtue is generally taken for a chastisement of the troublesome perturbations of man, 〈◊〉 Varro witnesseth) but is more properly vnder●●ode of that power, which in no case will suffer 〈◊〉 body to be polluted or defiled, being an especial branch of temperance.  
NVma Pompilius, first instituted and erected a temple, for the Vestal virgins, ●ho made this law, that th●se which had betrayed their chastity, should be put into a Cave, in campo scelerato, with water, milk, and a burning taper, and there be buried quick. Livius.  
The women of Teutonica hearing that their husbands were slain of Marius, besought him that they might spend the remainder of their lives in the service of Vesta.  
Electra the daughter of Agamemnon, was called at the first Laodica, but after the death of her father, she was named Electra, for that she continued all her life a maid.  
Phaedon of Athence was slain at a banquet, by the 30. Tyrants, whose daughters to preserve their virginity, embracing each other cast themselves headlong into a well▪ Thucydides.  
S. Augustine would not dwell with his sister, because he might not be moved with the least spark of incontinency, and being asked the reason why, he answered, It is dangerous to see a woman, more dangerous to speak with her, but worst of all to touch her.  
Origen caused himself to be gelded, for that he would avoid the motions of the flesh. Ravisius.  
The Athenian Priests called Hierophontes, did usually drink● kind of poison, to assuage the insurrection of the flesh. Idem.  
S. Hierome being half broiled with the heat of the Sun in the desert, confessed that he could not refrain, from thinking upon the beautiful dames of Rome. Eusebius.  
Amabaeus, albeit he had to his wife a woman of rare beauty, yet he never knew her carnally; the like is recorded of Dionysius the Tragedian. Aelianus.  
Xenocrates, because he was not provoked to lust by the wantonness of Phryne, was said of her and others, to be an Image & no man. Valerius.  
Alexander sharply rebuked Cassander for kissing one in his presence, and was angry with Philoxenus, for seeming to invite him 〈◊〉 unhonest actions by letters.  
When Pompey had put Mithridates to ●ight, he would not touch his Concubines, ●ut sent them all home to their friends. Ap●ian.  
Dioclesian having taken the wife & daughters of the King of Persia prisoners, did as Alexander had done to the wife and daughters of Darius, which deed caused the Persians to render unto the Romans, all they had taken from them. Eutropius.  
Nero being monstrous incontinent himself, was of opinion, that there was not a chaste person in the world, but that men cloaked their vice with hypocrisy. Tacitus.  
The Lady Bona of Lombardie, fearing her chastity should be assailed in her husband's absence, followed him in the holy wars to Palestine, and rescued him from many dangers, to her eternal honour. Guicchard.  
Androchia and Alcida, two virtuous Theban virgins, hearing by the Oracle of Apollo, that their Country should be victor over the Orchimenians; if two of their chastest virgins died voluntarily, courageously killed themselves.  
Drias, the daughter of Faunus, did so little regard the company of men, that she was never seen abroad, wherefore it was not lawful for any men to be present at her sacrifice. Plut.  
The women of Chios were so continent, that amongst them at no time was found either an adultres or defiled virgin. Dion.  
Pelagia with her mother and sisters, drowned themselves, thereby to preserve their honour. Ambrose.  
Lucia a virgin of Syracuse, knowing that the tyrant was enamoured of her, and daily sought to dishonour her, pulled out her eyes, and sent them to him. Sabellicus.  
Chilo seeing Hypocrates do sacrifice, and vessels in Olympus to burn without fire, counseled him either to live chaste, or if he were married, to put away his wife. Herodotus.  
In the wars of M. Torquatus, against the Gallogrecians, the wife of Oriontes, being taken prisoner by a Centurion, who importunately assaulted her for love, caused him to be slain by her slaves after she was ransomed, and carried the lechers head as a token of her chastity, to her barbarous husband.  
Antiochus beholding a beauteous and religious woman, that was vowed to Diana, so-daily surprised with the love of her, for fear he might be unhonestly provoked, forsook the place.  
The Soldiers of Francis Sforza, brought to him a young virgin there prisoner, of incomparable beauty, whom he attempted with prayers, gifts, & threats, but prevailing in none of these, he sent her home ransomless, and gave her part of his spoils, for being so careful of her chastity. Guicchard.  
The Turtle male or female, after the death of her male, never brancheth more upon a green bough. Pliny.  
The Romans' used to crown such wives with the crown of chastity, who after the death of their husbands, lived in perpetual widowhood, whereunto the Stockdove and Turtle did invite them, these in regard of their continency nature hath adorned, with a circle or collar of feathers, which they wear about their necks, as reward for their chastity. Idem.  
Of 50, Spartaine virgins marvelously provoked by the Messanians, to yield themselves to be abused by them, not one was found that would condescend, but all rather chose to be slain.  
Nicetes the Martyr, pulled out his own tongue, because he would not consent to the wanton dalliance of a wicked harlot▪ Loncerus.   

Of Faith & Promises. By this the society of men is only maintained, upon this, the authority, power, and safety of Princes dependeth; a virtue without which not only the parts of justice, but also all other virtues are imperfect.  
NO Nation under the sun was comparable to the Romans', for keeping of promise. Contrary the Carthagenians were called Faedifragis, truce-breakers.  
Ptolomey King of Egypt, having by experience tried the fidelity of the Romans', in his deathbed committed his heir being then a child, to their tuition.  
Amongst the Scythians, if any were perjured, he was by the law adjudged to die. Pausanias.  
The Phrygians use no oaths at all, & compel none to swear. Stobaeus.  
The joining of hands amongst the Persians, was the fairest sign of giving & keeping faith inviolate.  
The Romans in old time dedicated a temple to Faith, the better to cause the people to keep and reverence it. Pausanias.  
When Antiochus would have usurped Egypt upon Ptolomey Epiphanes, whose protection the Romans' had already taken upon them, they sent unto him Popilius, who made a circle about the same Antiochus, and forced him before he departed, to promise, that he would enterprise nothing against their said pupil. Dion.  
An honourable person being called into the Senate at Athence to depose, touching some matters, the Senators would not have him to take the accustomed oath, knowing him to be a virtuous & honest man. Cicero in an Oration pro Balbo.  
The Emperor Frederick, said to certain of his Minions that were importunate to get into their hands the ancient demean of the Empire, That he rather would be accounted of small liberality, then perjured. Phil. Comi.  
Melius Suffetius, a dictator of Albany, was drawn in pieces with four horses, for that he had broken his faith, and the City of Alba was razed clean down. Livius.  
Caracalla the Emperor, having pursued the king of Persia, contrary to his promise, was himself afterward slain.  
Ladislaus King of Hungary, made a most honourable truce with Amurath, during which, he was persuaded by Carninall julian Ambassador from Pope Eugenes, to break it, which was the cause that he with the chief of his Army and the Cardinal, were slain outright. Guychardine.  
Pope Adrian took a solemn oath to observe the peace concluded with the Emperor Frederick, and afterwards breaking it, as he drank was choked with a fly. P. Com.  
Michael Paleologue, being chosen Emperor of the Greeks', promised & swore, that he would render up the Empire into the hands of john Lascaris when he should come to age; but notwithstanding, he held it still; he died miserably, and to his posterity ensued an infinite number of mischiefs, & was occasion of the first beginning of the Turkish monarchy.  
Christiern, King of Denmark, having broken his faith given to his subjects, was deprived his Realm, and afterwards lived miserably, although he received many succours from the Emperor Charles the fift.  
Charles, Duke of Burgundy, having violated his faith promised to the Swissers, and before that to the King of S. Poll, was vanquished, and all ill hap accompanied him ever after. Guychar.  
Andronicus Conuens, clean contrary to his faith given to the infants of Emanuel & to them of Nice, usurped the Empire, but he was soon after hanged up by the feet, & hewed in pieces for his perjury.  
Alexander having vowed to kill the first that should come forth of the town, put an Ass to death in stead of him that led her. Q. Cur.  
Hannibal being but fifteen years of age, was sworn by his father that he should continually prove an enemy to the Romans'. Appian.  
Cassandra, for breaking her promise with Apollo, had this punishment, that prophesied she never so truly, she should not be believed. Virgil.  
The first temple Romulus built at Rome, was dedicated to faithfulness. Pausa.  
Paulus iovius, Bembus, Sabellicus, and Pandolphus, accuse the Frenchmen for not keeping their faith according to their promise with the Venetians.  
The Petelines in Calabria, and the Saguntines in Spain, chose rather to die a miserable death, then to break the faith they had once plighted. Livius.  
The praise which Sylla gave Cinna, made him commit perjury.  
The Indians use to cut off the lips and the hands of perjured persons, to show the offence they had committed against God and their neighbours.  
The Oracle of Delphos made answer, that all things should prosper well, if they forbade all oaths.  
The Scythians use to swear by the wind and their sword, because the wind giveth breath to live by, & the sword killeth.  
It was in no case permitted to the Priests of jupiter to swear, for that an oath often endeth in cursing and perjury.  
Among the oaths of judges, one was that they should take no present. Demost.  
Socrates' used to swear by a dog, Pythagoras by the number of four, the manichees by the light.  
The Nazarites vow was, never to cut their hair, nor drink wine, nor pray for the dead.  
King David's poesy was, Vove et red.  
H. The fourth Emperor of Almain, vowed to live an Hirmit ten years, and called himself Godstall, that is, Gods calling. Polycr.  
Stampitius, a holy Father of the Church, vowed unto God a thousand times, that he would become a better man, but he never performed that which he vowed, then said he, Hereafter I will make no such vow, for I have now learned by experience, that I am not able to perform it, but commend myself unto God's mercy. Mag. Sent.  
One promised to marry the daughter of Lisander, but her father dead, & his state not found so good as he was supposed, the young man revolted; then the Magistrates called Ephori, understanding thereof, by a common consent punished the young man as offender.  
Antigonus the King, held Zeno in great reverence, and one day being drunk, he met Zeno, and bid him command him any service and he would do it, and bound it with an oath, to whom Zeno said, Abi et euome, go and vomit.  
Polymnestor, in whom King Priamus reposed his confidence, committed his Son Polidorus unto him, whom he falsely slew, notwithstanding his solemn vow, to have a most tender care over him. Virgil.  
The people of Sarmatha, were most false in words, deceitful in deeds, and treacherous one to another.  
The wives of the Scythians, while their husbands were at wars, broke their vows, and married their slaves, whom at their return they killed. Valer.  
Forsworn Crocalus, King of Sicilia, killed King Minos, under colour of friendship, and pretence of talking with him.  
Cleomenes, broke promise with the Argives, with whom he took truce for certain days, and notwithstanding castily betrayed them in the night, slew them sleeping, and imprisoned them contrary to his former promise.  
The Argives loved so well their hair, that being convicted by the Lacedæmonians, they shaved their heads, bewailing their misfortune, and vowed, never to let their hairs grow, until they had recovered their losses.  
Lisander, admirable among the Lacedæmonians, never made any reckoning of justice but when it was profitable, accounting only profit to be honest, & saying, That it was requisite children should be deceived with the play of Cockall, and men beguiled with oaths.  
The Emperor justinian, for breaking his faith with the Barbarians, and violating peace with the Bulgarians, his own subjects rebelled, and Leontius usurped the kingdom, first cutting of his nostrils, and then sending him into banishment.   

Of Silence & Secrecy. Nature hath placed the tongue between the bead and the heart, having above it the instrument of all the Senses, the eyes, the ears, and nose, obedient unto reason, to the end it utter nothing before counsel taken of the inward faculties of the soul, which are Understanding & Reason, seated in the brain.  
PYthagoras the Philosopher, commanded all the Scholars he received into his school, to be silent five years, & to learn of others so long before themselves did utter any thing.  
Harpocrates, was the superintendant, and the corrector of man's speech, & was drawn with a ring fastened upon his lips.  
Augerona was feigned to be the Goddess of Silence, drawn with her finger upon her mouth, and a table upon her breast, whereon was written, Hear, See, & say nothing. showing in what reverence they ought to hold secrecy.  
The Egyptians did ever cut out his tongue, that had disclosed any secret, or revealed any practice to the enemy. Diodo.  
In the time of the Emperor Augustus, one Fuluius, for having disclosed a matter of counsel to his wife, they were both put to death.  
The Persians ordained most severe punishment, for those that could not keep counsel. Q. Cur.  
Homer blamed Thersiles for too much speaking, and praised Menelaus, because he spoke little.  
Photion was said to speak better than Demosthenes, because when he spoke, in few words he comprehended much matter.  
Zeno was reported a great prater, in that his ears were founded upon his tongue.  
Pericles, before he mounted into his seat, would always request of God, that not any word might pass his mouth, but only such as pertained to the matter whereof he was presently to speak.  
It was the property of Laelius, to talk often, and much at a time.  
The Pie in this respect is said to be consecrated to Bacchus, because that drunkenness is subject to much babbling. ovid.  
Valerius a Poet, was executed at Rome, for disclosing of secrets.  
It is a custom among the Popes at Rome whensoever they admit any Cardinal, to stop his mouth for certain days, that he may first learn of his seniors, and then they open it again.  
Amasis' King of Egypt, sent unto Pittacus, one of the seven wisemen of Greece that was come to see him, a Mutton, willing him to send back that piece, which he accounted as best, and that which he adjudged to be worst, whereupon he sent unto him the tongue. Herodotus.  
Cranes, when they pass over Cicilie, upon the mount Taurus, do fill their bills full of Flints, for fear of making any noise, lest they should serve as a pray to the Eagles that are there. Pliny.  
The Quails in France, after harvest, use to do the like.  
Aristotle counseled Calisthenes to speak but little, which he not regarding, was commanded to be put to death by Alexander.  
The overbolde speech of Clitus to Alexander, caused his death. Plut.  
The Lacedæmonians were always much commended for their briefness.  
Seleucus' surnamed the Conqueror, having lost a battle, fled by many crooked paths and by ways, and happened at last upon the cottage of a poor peasant, who relieved him according to his ability; in the end, understanding it was the King, and not able to suppress his joy, nor disguise with the King who desired to be unknown, when he had brought him into the highway, said, Farewell my Lord Seleucus. For which, the King made a sign to one of his followers to kill him. Plut.  
Papilius cut out his own tongue, & fling it in the Tyrant's face, because he would not discover a conspiracy. Pliny.  
Anthony the Emperor, being one day at the house of Ouilius a Senator, demanded of him, how it was possible for him to have so many pillars of Porphorie, to whom he answered; When you enter into another man's house, you must learn to be both deaf & dumb. Which the Emperor took in good part. Plut.  
Leontius the Emperor, after he had put justinian his Sovereign to flight, caused two of his talebearers to be burned.  
Papyrius was much commended and rewarded of the Senate, because he feigned a contrary tale unto his Mother when she demanded of him what affairs were handled in the Senate house. Valerius.  
Demetrius the Philosopher, was want to say, that Birds in the woods had liberty to fly where they list, and Grasshoppers in the field to sing when they would, but in the City we must neither do nor speak.  
Isocrates, lest he should happen to be ashamed of the speech of any of his scholars unlearnedly uttered, never received any into his school but only those that paid double, first to learn silence, and then to learn to speak; and to speak nothing but what they knew certain.  
Alexander perceiving by Hephestion that he had read a Letter which his mother had sent him, closed up his lips with his signet, to the end he should be secret.  
Pompey suffered one of his fingers to be burned, rather than he would disclose what was done in the Senate.  
Cleanthes being disired by one to instruct his son in some short and wise sentence, said, Sige, that is, be silent.  
Ulysses in his youth refrained from speech, until he had learned how to speak wel● Homer.  
Metellus was so close, in the wars of Mecedonia, that he said, If he knew his own coat to be privy to his own determination, he would burn it.  
Ixion, is feigned to be tormented in hell, for telling tales of juno. ovid.  
Antigonus the son of Demetrius, was charged to kill Methridates, and not to tell him; he dreamt that he sowed gold in Pontus, and Methridates reaped it, which in duty to his father he kept not, but disclosed with his tongue, but in love to Methridates he sought him out, & writ upon the ground with his spear, Ely Methridates.  
Demosthenes asked Aristodemus a Comedian, what he had for pronouncing such a speech, he answered, A talon, but said he; I had more to hold my peace.  
Philip writ unto them of Laconia, that If he entered, he would overthrow them topsy-turvy; to whom they writ back only this word, If.  
Aristotle answered a great pleader of causes who at every sentence he rehearsed, asked him, If that were not a strange thing? said, This is a greater marvel, that any man can abide to hear thy babbling.  
The city of Athens was taken & destroyed by Sylla, who by his spies was admonished of the prattling of certain old men in a Barber's shop, where they talked of a certain place that was weakest, and worst defended. Plutarch.  
The overmuch talk of Flavius, was the only cause that Rome was no sooner delivered from the tyranny of Nero.  
Antigonus being demanded of his own son at what hour the Camp should dislodge, said; Art thou afraid that thou alone shalt not hear the trumpet?  
Lisander answered a Megarian who thrust himself forward to speak aloud for the liberty of Grecia, That speech my friend, had need of a great City. So may it be said to those that freely reprehend others, that their own manners had need to be reform.  
Lysimachus the King, asked Philippides what part of his goods he would willingly have imparted unto him? Which you please (quoth he) so it be no part of your secrets.  
Dion of Alexandria, revenged himself on his foes more by silence then by words, insomuch, that one perceiving by his injury he could not cause him to speak, that he might have more scope to rail, hanged himself. Brusonius.  
Lycurgus did promise that nine persons should feast together in reverence of the nine Muses, but upon this condition, that if they did talk at the table, they should have no wine to drink, and if they used silence, they might be allowed wine. Macrob.   

Country or Commonwealth. This general nurse and mother of mankind, commandeth of us a duty beyond that which we own to our natural parents, & of more love and piety, whose safety ought to be preferred before all affection, riches, and life; sith in her preservation, all our riches, lands, liberties, and lives are secured.  
ARistotle being at Athens, was very careful for his country, the which when Alexander had overrun and razed, by letters be moved him to build it up again. Val. Max.  
Dion of Syracuse, was so loving to his Country, that he never rested until he had thoroughly freed it from the tyranny of Dyosius. Plutarch.  
Damarathus a Lacedaemonian, though banished his Country, and living at Athens, yet thought it his duty to forewarn his Countrymen of the expedition which their enemies the Athenians speedily intended against them. Val. Max.  
The Senate of Rome saluted Augustus by the name of Pater Patriae. Sever.  
Caelia, being amongst many other virgins one of the hostages of King Porsena, stole away by night from her Keeper, & mounted upon a horse, swam the river, whose virtue raised King porsena's siege, and delivered her Country from further fear. Val.  
Paulus Aemilius, warring against Pyrrhus' King of the Epyrots, when the Oracle pronounced, that the Romans' should be victors, if any one amongst them would throw himself into a gulf, Val. Torquatus voluntarily offered himself. Plut.  
Q. Curtius did the like in Rome, being armed, and mounted on horseback.  
Scipio Affricanus caused to be written upon his grave, Unkind Country, receive thou not my bones. Plut.  
Leaena hearing that her son in battle died valiantly, never mourned, but lifted up her hands to heaven, and thanked God that she brought such a son into the world, which in respect of virtue, for the defence of his Country gave his life.  
So dear was the love of his country to Ulysses, that he preferred his native soil Ithaca, before immortality. Homer.  
Coriolanus, bear unkind arms against his Country. Plut.  
Nascia was most worthily renowned for the defence of his Country. Appian.  
Q. M. Scaevola, feared not to go to King porsena's Camp, intending to slay him that troubled his Country, but killing the Secretary in stead of the King, he was brought to the fire, and so valiantly endured the burning of his hand, that the King amazed thereat, & fearing some other stratagem, dismissed him, who for the loss of his right hand, was surnamed Scaevola. Livius.  
The Romans erected Images of all such as renowned their Country.  
Codrus understanding by the Oracle, that except he were slain, his Countrymen the Athenians, should never have the victory over their enemies, went disguised into the battle in the coat of a common soldier, & thrusting himself into the foremost front, was slain. justin.  
Aglauros cast himself headlong from the walls of Athens, understanding, that if any one would voluntarily kill himself for his Country, they should be conquerors.  
Theopa, Eubula, & Praxithea, for the preservation of Athens, were offered unto Minerva; to these was a temple erected called Leocorium, which is the temple of the people's daughters. Pausan.  
Leonides, the Lacedaemonian, and thirty men more of high resolution, yielded their bodies to the bitter passion of dreadful death at Pylas, which was pronounced upon them by prophecy, for the preservation of all Graecia. Ravisius.  
All the riches in the world could not withdraw Epaminondas, from any the least duty of his Country. Aelianus.  
Socrates went to Amphipolis & Potidaea, two great Cities in Delos, to fight for his Country.  
Plato, from a famous Philosopher of Athens, became a renowned Soldier at the siege of Corinth. Laertius.  
Caluin, in the year 1556. when Perin had conspired against the estate of Geneva, ran into the midst of their naked swords, to appease the tumult. Beza.  
Antonius the Roman Orator, uncovered the arms and shoulders of Aquilius, when he was adjudged to death, showing the scars of the wounds, which he had received in defence of his Country, at which sight the judges were so affected, that they reversed their verdict, and pardoned him. Valerius.  
Cato of Utica, answered one of his friends, who was come to give him thanks, for defending him in judgement against a false accusation, that he was to thank the common wealth, for whose love only he did speak, & counseled all things.  
M. Otho, left behind him a wonderful example, of the love he bore to his Country, for the benefit whereof he died willingly.  
Camillus, being a banished man, rescued Rome, and put the Frenchmen to flight, for the which, he was called the second Romulus. Plutarch.  
Themistocles being banished his Country, and in service with King Artaxerxes, poisoned himself with the blood of a Bull, in presence of all the Persians, lest he should be compelled to fight against his Country. Thucydides.  
When Pisistratus had brought the City of Athens under his obedience, Solon seeing that all his labour for defence of the common liberty, was in vain, came and laid down his sword and target before the Senate doors, saying, O my Country, I have by word and deed defended thee whilst I could.  
Vetruria dissuaded her Son Martius besieging Rome, only by reducing to his memory, the love he ought to have to his Country. Livius.  
Sertorius desired Pompeius and Metellus, to procure his revocation, saying, He desired rather to be called an obscure Citizen of Rome, then else where an Emperor.  
Pompeius loved the commonweal, but Cicero preserved it so, that unless Cicero had preserved the estate, Pompeius should have wanted place where to triumph. Plutarch.  
julius Caesar and Cicero, being mortal enemies, Caesar in the Senate, said unto him, I cannot deny this, o Cicero, but that in those things that touch thyself, thou art careless & remiss, but in matters that concern the commonwealth, very importune. Suetonius.  
Timagenes seeing the City of Thebes, besieged for his sake, chose rather to yield himself to the Greeks', who were desirous of him, then to abide the burning, spoiling, and sacking of his Country.  
Aratus the Sicyonian, when his City was 50. years withholden by tyrants, being departed from Argos to Sicyon, with a privy stolen entry got possession of the City, overcame the tyrant Nicocles, restored home again 600. banished men, and set the common weal at liberty. Cicero.  
Aulus Fuluius, a Senator of Rome, because his Son (other wise of great hope) was confederate with Catiline, in the conspiracy, killed him, saying, I begot thee not for Catiline, to go against thy Country, but for thy Country against Catiline. Valerius. Max.  
Gracchus, Son of that Gracchus, that had been twice Consul, whose mother was Cornelia, daughter to Scipio, that conquered Africa, meaning well to his Country, but managing it undiscreetly, was slain in the Capitol, by Cornelius, Scipio, Nasica, and his followers. Appian.   

Of Pleasure. How so ever by the Latins, Pleasure is interpreted in the worse sense, by the name of Voluptas, the Greeks' are indifferent, terming it Hedone, whose derivation is from sweetness or pleasantness; it is accompanied with delectation, recreation, oblectation, insultation, ill will, etc.  
THE Scythians were so given to all kind of pleasure, that in beastliness they exceeded brute beasts. Pausanias.  
Sardanapalus was so subject to pleasure, that he consumed all his time therein, whose poesy was, Ede, bibe, lude, post mortem nulla voluptas.  
The Kings & Princes of Asia, were much given to pleasure.  
The life of Dionysius, when he was in his best health, was lost by sudden joy. Fulgosius.  
M. Aurelius banished five wisemen his Court, for clapping their heels, and hands, and laughing outrageously.  
Heliogabalus writ certain wanton books, and called them by the name of his wife Semyramida.  
Tharua the Roman Consul, died through sudden joy, while he was reading the letters of the Senate, wherein they had ordained a common supplication & thanksgiving to be solemnly made. Plut.  
Sophocles died with immoderate rejoicing, for that his Tragedies went so generally applauded. Plinius.  
Diagoras the Rhodian, and Chilon hearing that their children had won the prize at the games of Olympus, felt such a motion in them of the spleen, that they were stifled with joy.  
Ep●curus, who placed his felicity in corporal pleasures, died miserably in a vessel of hot water.  
Xerxes' propounded rewards to those, that invented new kind of pleasures. justin.  
Socrates marveled that Aesop made not a fable, wherein he might have feigned, that God, since he could never couple pleasure and sorrow together, might have knit them with an extremity, so that the beginning of one, should have been the end of the other. Plato in Phaedro.  
The Romans' and the Athenians, to get the good will and love of the people, builded theatres, showing divers devices of pastimes, as Comedies, Tragedies, and dancing of Antiques.  
The Greeks' had 4. great games appointed, the first upon mount Olympus in Arcadia, which Hercules invented to honour jupiter, which was so famous, that as the Romans' used to account the time by their Consuls, so did the Greeks' by these games, which was appointed every fift year.  
The second games were called Pythij, and invented of Apollo, in memory that he killed the Serpent Python; here they exercised running, leaping, wrestling, riding, and swimming.  
The third, were called Isthmia, invented of Theseus, in the honour of Neptune of Isthmos, a place in Arcadia, where he was worshipped.  
The fourth, Nemea, which they make in remembrance of Hercules, for that he killed a great fierce Lion in the Forest of Nemea.  
In the first play, the garland of victory was of Olive, in the second, of Oak, in the third, of Pine, in the fourth, the garland was of Poplar tree. Pyndarus.  
The Troyans' in King Latinus Court, used for their recreation, the playing at the ball. Virgil.  
The Corinthians thought it the greatest felicity in the world, to spend days & nights in plays, and esteemed more happiness to win a game, than a Roman Captain to get a triumph.  
Xerxes' invented the Chess-play, to warn a tyrant to avoid his tyranny, and by his play to let him understand, how dangerous the estate of a Prince is, that doth not use his Subjects well.  
Another play was used in Greece, either upon the dice, or else closely in hand called, Even and odd.  
The Romans' had four games, the first, Lupercalia, brought out of Arcadia by evander, & sacrificed unto Pan upon mount Palantine; the young men of Rome ran naked one unto another, and he that was most swift of foot escaped stripes, but he that was overtaken by the way, was sure to speed.  
The second, Circenses ludi in a place appointed by Rome, environed about with huge & strong walls, here was running of horses, fight on horseback, wrestlers, & lepers.  
The third, Saturnalia, which janus did invent in memory of Saturnus his fellow; this play was celebrated with much mirth, pleasure, and pastime: It was always in the month of September, when every man saluted his friends with rewards, at that time all things were common. Macrobius.  
The fourth, Gladiatoria, where the youth of Rome came to behave themselves among their enemies, at the long spear, the long sword, the staff, in that play naked without armour, they came to fight against their enemies.  
Claudius' Caesar Emperor, writ a book of the Art of dicing & gaming, which he & his successor Augustus greatly studied. Agrip●a.  
Caesar being warned to beware of Anthony and Dolabella, being fat, merry, and liberal speakers, said, that such were not be feared, but those rather which were sad, & of an heavy complexion, as Brutus & Cassius. Plutarch.  
Alexander, when many Philosophers had disputed in his presence, wherein consisteth the good hap of this life he made answer. Believe me friends, that in all this world, there is not equal delight or like pleasure, as to have wherewith to be liberal, and not wherefore to chastise. Plut.  
When Darius had overcome the Lydians, he ordained that they should use perfumes, and do nothing but dance, leap, and haunt Taverns, to the intent that by that means becoming altogether effeminate, they might not have the courage torebell afterward.  
Pyrrhus seeing the Tarentines to be too full of delicacy, forbade all assemblies to feasts, to mummeries, and such like, & brought them back to the exercise of arms, showing himself severe to those that were enrolled in his muster-book, and bound to go to the wars.  
Cineas told Fabritius, how a Philosopher counseled men to refer all their doings to pleasure, who prayed God to give such wisdom to Romulus and the Samnites.  
Demetrius having given himself to all pleasures, the Macedonians drove him out, saying, That they were weary of bearing arms, and fight for his pleasures.  
Lewes the 11. permitted all Comedians and Stage-players, to speak freely, and to reprehend such vices as were manifest. Ph. Com.   

Of Apparel. Nature cannot be surpassed by Art, who many times disdaining that she is provoked, by how much more the greater force she is pressed and covered, by so much the more she riseth up and showeth herself; the natural deformity of the body, can neither he altered with sumptuous attire, colours, nor odours, but make it either more evident to be seen, or more doubtful to be suspected.  
ALexander having overcome the Persians, despised his own Country fashions, and used altogether the apparel of the Persians, by the which he alienated his subjects hearts, for thus the Persians triumphed over him, not he over them. Fulgentius.  
The Romans used three manner of gowns, Pretextatae, Palmatae, Candidatae; The first, gentlemen's children of 14. years old did wear; the second, conquerors for their noble deeds, the third, Lords, masters, and Rulers of the law.  
Aristotle delighted to go brave, & in gorgeous apparel, with chains and rings, and took therein great felicity.  
Demosthenes and Hortensius, two famous Orators, went so neat in their clothing, and with such wanton gestures, that Lucius Torquatus would often call Hortensius, Dionisia's Son, for that she had great pleasure in dancing, and moving her body.  
Augustus Caesar, would wear no other garments, than such as his wife & daughters made, and those very modest.  
Agesilaus King of Lacedemonia, never had but one kind of garment for Winter and Summer.  
Diogenes beholding a stranger come from Lacedemonia, more curiously decked on a festival day, than he was wont, said unto him, What? doth not an honest man think that every day is festival unto him?  
Darius, the year before he fought with Alexander, altered his sword, or Acynax which he wore by his side, being a Persian blade, into the fashion of a Macedonian, which the Soothsayers interpreted, that they into whose fashion Darius had altered the form of his blade, should become Rulers of Persia.  
Dioclesian garnished his apparel and shoes with precious stones, where before his reign the habit imperial consisted but in a purple cloak. Eutropius.  
Sysinius going to visit Arsacius the Bishop, one of his familiars asked him, why he wore white attire, and where he found it written, that a Priest should wear white? Tell me first, quoth he, where it is written, that he should wear black? But he could not tell. Then Sisinius said, thou canst not prove for black, but I can for white; Let thy garments be white. Sal. Our Saviour in the Gospel wore white; Moses and Elias appeared in white. Eusebius.  
Diogenes returning from Sparta to Athence, was by the way asked from whence he came, and whether he went, who answered, he came from men, & was going to women, noting thereby the effeminacy of the Athenians, who were for that vice by the Lacedæmonians & other Grecians had in derision.  
The Senators of Rome used a garment set full of studs or tufts of gold, and on their hose they wore like unto a moon, which were the cognizants and badges of most honour. Fenestella.  
Plutarch allegeth four causes, why the Romans' wore such hose.  
The first, because they thought that the souls of great men, should by light of the moon, be guided the next way unto heaven.  
The 2, was that the sign of the moon, did show they were descended from the Arcadians, who came into Italy with evander, for the Arcadians did imagine themselves more ancient than the moon.  
The third, because in prosperity they should remember the inconstancy and mutability of fortune.  
The fourth, for that the sign of the moon doth stir up men's minds to modesty and obedience, moving them to pray unto God for wisdom, whereby both to command and obey; even as the moon doth take he brightness from the sun, being a more noble and excellent light, so ought men to seek for wisdom from heaven.  
The women of Athens much delighted in gorgeousness of apparel, and trimming themselves. Aristophanes.  
Among the Romans, no man might wear purple, but only Senators, Magistrates, Priests, and young men of noble families. Fenestella.  
Adrian the Emperor, ordained that no man should bring any strange fashions into Rome. Eutropius.  
Scylus King of Scythia, because he wore apparel after the Greek fashion, was deposed for so doing, and his head smitten off, and his brother Octumasides chosen King in his place.  
The women of Lacedemonia wore their apparel short beneath, that one might see their knees, and some part of their thighs, which was ordained, to make them the stronger and more warlike.  
The Athenians had their Gyneconomes, the Romans' their Censors, the Venetians their officers authorized, to restrain & moderate the excess in apparel, jewels and embroidery of women.  
The Niece of Q. Martius, being great with child, the day that peace was made between him & Rome, lacing herself too hard in her attire, to seem more proper and comely, she was long before her time delivered of child, which with the mother presently died. Porphirius.  
Q. Hortensius, every time when he made himself ready, had a glass before him, and as much time had he to straighten his gown plates, as a woman to trim the hairs of her head; One day being Consul, going abroad in a narrow street, he met with the other Consul, where through the straightness of the passage his plaits were undone, wherefore he complained to the Senate of his fellow, saying, that he had done him great injury, and was worthy to lose his life for unloosing his gown. Macrobius.  
The Lacedæmonians go all a like appareled, as well the meanest as the best. Thucydides  
Heliogabalus scorned to wear his apparel after the manner of the other Emperors, saying, that their garments were made of greasy wool. Eutropius.  
Lisander would not receive the apparel and jewels, which Dionysius the tyrant sen● unto his daughter, saying, that those presents more dishonoured then honoured his daughters; the like is written of Sophocles.  
julius Caesar would have his Soldiers so brave, that he suffered them to wear their armour enchased with gold & silver, as well for the beauty thereof, as also that they might be more stout in battle, for fear of losing it; bragging that his Soldiers could fight valiantly, though they were presumed. Suetonius Tranquillus.   

Of Music & Dancing. Aristotle would have youth to exercise themselves in Music, and to be employed in those harmonies which stir up to commendable operations and moral virtues, tempering desires, greediness, and sorrows, for so much as numbers and melodies consist in certain proportions and concord's of the voice; it is the excellent gift of God, and as Art of numbers & measures serveth to Divinity, so doth the Art of Music.  
David made four Masters to oversee the Hymns and Songs, one in the middle, the right side, the left side, the last, to oversee the Cymbals.  
Alexander, with the Lydian tunes, was moved to pleasure and banquetings, and with the Doric sounds, to armour & war.  
Plato and Aristotle, would have a man that is well brought up to be a Musician.  
Lycurgus, notwithstanding his sharp laws, allowed of music.  
The Lacedæmonians and the Cretans, (though otherwise warlike) used Harps, and other soft instruments.  
Among the first instructions that Chiron taught Achilles in his youth, Music was one. Homer.  
Marsias being rude and unskilful in music, contended with Apollo, but being overcome, was deservedly punished. ovid.  
Thamyras would needs try masteries with the Muses themselves, in playing on the Harp, but being vanquished, was for his bold attempt bereft of both his eyes, and in derision called Barula; from him blind Harpers are denominated.  
Themistocles was thought unlearned, and the less esteemed of, because he was no musician. Cicero.  
The Greeks' judged none to be learned, unless he were seen in music.  
The most part of the world did learn music, except in Egypt, where it was forbidden, lest the tender and soft minds of their youth, should be enticed to too much pleasure. Diodorus.  
Aliates King of Lydia, in his wars against the Milesians, had Musicians, pipers & Fiddlers, in stead of Trumpeters, to move them to wars. Herodo.  
The Parthians caused their bells to be rung when they went into the field. Plutarch.  
The Lacedæmonians might not endure in their music more than in other matters, any new invention.  
Therpander, (in those days a famous musician) for that he invented to add another string to a certain instrument then used, was banished his Country, and his instrument broken.  
Ambrose Bishop of Milan, when that he with other holy men, watched even in the Church, lest they should have been betrayed to the Arrians, brought in singing to avoid tediousness, and to drive away the time. August.  
This Athanasius forbade, to avoid vanities. S. Augustine was indifferent, and it repent him, because he had sometimes fallen, by giving more attentive heed unto the measures and chords of music, than the words which were under them spoken; for that measure & singing, were brought in for words sake, and not words for music.  
In the East parts, the holy assemblies, even from the beginning, used singing. P. Mart.  
Architas invented a certain musical instrument, to stay the running wits of children. Pausa.  
The Grecians learned to dance of Castor and Pollux, and used to dispatch their business dancing.  
The Syrians, before they met their enemies used to sing and dance. Plut.  
The Roman Priests called Salij, used to dance in honour of Mars.  
Diodorus a cunning Musician, being sent for by the harlot Lamia, refused to go, yet Demetrius having his Armour on, the badge of a warrior, and his Diadem, the cognizance of a King, was not ashamed to go to her house. Aelianus.  
The Philosophers called Peripatetics, condemned music in women, saying, that between it and chastity there could be small agreement. Niphus.  
Euripides is commended for reprehending such as use the Harp at feasts, for saith he, Music ought rather to be sent for when men are angry or mourn, then when they are feasting and making merry, thereby to make them give more liberty to pleasure then before.  
A Musician by the only virtue of the Dorian tune, preserved the chastity of Clytaemnestra, the wife of Agamemnon, from the assaults of Aegisthus, who to be revenged, slew the Musician.  
Dionysius commanded, that all his servants should dance in purple robes, which Plato would not do, saying; I will not put on a woman's garments. But Aristippus did, and when he began to dance, said, In drunken feats the sober offend not. Laert.  
Diogenes reproved Musicians, because they took great care that their instruments should agree, and neglected their manners.  
Neanthus handled the Harp of Orpheus, whereon expecting the trees to dance, he did by his confused jangling thereon, cause the dogs to bark at him.  
Epaminondas, to avoid the shame of ignorance in music, learned to play upon divers instruments. Cicero.  
Nero, the same night which was the last of his life, (among the complaints which instant death, fear and sorrow did minister,) this only thing he most bewailed, that so famous a Musician as himself, should perish from the world. Tacitus.  
A boy in Athence taking into his hand the instrument of an excellent Musician, who was hired to teach him, and putting it to his mouth and straining his breath whereby his cheeks began to swell, perceiving thereby the deformity of his countenance, presently broke the pipe, and disdainfully fling it away. Petrarch.  
Socrates when he was old, gave his mind to music and dancing. Appian.  
Scipio ordinarily used to move his triumphant and martial body, after the time and measure of musical instruments, not wanton mincing with his feet, but after a manly sort, which he said, should no ways disparaged him, if his enemies did behold him.  
Bacchus' instructed the people of East India to honour the heavens, and the seven Planets, by divers kinds of dances. Diodorus.  
Ganymede, Hebe, & the nine Muses, greatly pleased jupiter with their dancing. Orpheus.  
King David, to show his cheerful heart for the return of the Ark of God, danced before it.  
The dancing of Herod's daughter, was the cause of john Baptists death.  
Progne in a dance, did find opportunity to murder her son Itis. ovid.  
The Ethiopians used songs of divers tunes, and dancing before they went to battle. Pausanias.  
Timotheus the noble Musician, demanded always a greater reward of them whom other taught, then of them that never learned any thing before. Quintil.  
Gelo a Tyrant of Sicily, when by horrible oppression of his people he had brought himself into a general hatred, prohibited, that no man or woman should speak to each other, (for fear of conspiracies) but in stead of words, they should use in their necessary affairs, countenances, tokens, and movings with their feet, hands, and eyes, which for necessity first used, at the last grew to a perfect and delectable dancing; but he was slain of them for his cruelty.  
Homer, among the great benefits that god giveth to man, reciteth dancing.  
One danced before Demetrius the Tyrant, and in his gestures and motions, showed the adultery of Mars and Venus, and their discovery by Phoebus, with Vulcan's entrapping them; where-with, contrary to his sullen disposition, he forced him to laugh and cry out, saying; O man, I do not only see but also hear what thou dost, and it seemeth to me that thou speakest with thy hands.  
The same danced before Nero, in the presence of a strange King, which understood no other language but his own country, who by his dancing, made the king to understand what was said; and at his departure, Nero bid him ask what he would, and he should have it. Sir, said he, lend me this young man, that by his motions I may understand the language of my confines and neighbours.  
The majesty of Princes in old time, was showed in the dance named Eumelia, & belonged to Tragedies, dissolute countenances in that which was called Cordax, and pertained to Comedies, wherein men of base behaviour only danced.  
The form of fight in Armour, was expressed in a dance called, Enophe.  
Hormus was a kind of Dance wherein danced both men and maids, the man expressing in his motion and countenance, strength and courage apt for the wars, the maid, modesty and shamefastness, which represented a pleasant conjunction, of fortitude and temperance. Lampridius.  
Augustus, in the presence of many men, played on an instrument; A poor man standing by with other, and beholding the Emperor, said with a loud voice to his fellow, Scest thou not how this voluptuous Leachor, tempereth all the world with his little finger? Which words he wisely noted, and during his life, he ever after refrained his hands from any such lightness in open assemblies.  
Alexander when he had vanquished Ilium where Troy stood, being demanded if he would see the Harp of Paris who ravished Helen, gently smiling, he answered, I had rather see the harp of Achilles, whereunto he did sing, not the illecebrous sports of love, but the valiant acts of noble Princes.  
Lisander softened the walls of Athens, and burned their ships by sound of Flutes.  
S. Augustine rather liked the maid or wife that soweth upon the Saboth day, than he that danced. August.  
The Archbishop of Magdeburgh broke his neck in dancing. Mar. Hist.  
The Tyrrhenes first found the Trumpet, which they afterward used in battle to fear their enemies, and encourage their friends, likewise at solemn feasts, that they might thereby assemble the people together, and to proclaim the coming of the jubilee in the beginning of the new Moon, crying, joy and rest to all men. Isodore.  
Buccina was a kind of Trumpet made of horn, of wood, or brass, which the wild paynim used to assemble themselves together. The Hebrews used Trumpets of horn, in remembrance of the deliverance of Isaac, what time an horned weather was offered and sacrificed in his stead.  
Tibia was an instrument of sorrow and lamentation which men did use in office, and sepultures of dead men; being like unto a Shawm or Flute.  
Lyra hath the name for diversity of sounds, and was first invented by Mercury.  
The Harp is called Cythera, first found by Apollo, which Virgil writeth to have seven strings, that is, seven sounds, & seven differences of voices.  
The psaltery, hath the name of Psallendo, for the consonant answereth to the note thereof in singing. The Hebrews called the psaltery Decachordon, an instrument having ten strings, according to the number of the ten Commandments.  
Cymbals are instruments of music compassed like an hoop, and on the upper compass, under a certain hollowness hangeth half bells, five or seven in number.  
Sistrum, hath the name of a Lady that first found the same, who was Isis' Queen of Egypt; Among the Amazons the host of women is called to battle with this instrument. It is like a horn, used in battle in stead of a Trumpet.  
The Bell is also reckoned among the Instruments of music, who whilst he profiteth others in sounding, he is himself consumed and wasted by often smiting. This was invented by the Parthians.   

Of Women. Although Pandora had wisdom from Pallas, eloquence from Mercury, beauty from Venus, parsonage from juno, and from every other God some gift, (whereupon she is so called) yet in the nature of a woman, she brought the whole world to confusion.  
ALthough Eve transgressed before the man, yet is the original of sinning, ascribed to Adam, because the succession is accounted in men, and not in women.  
Thucydides was of opinion, that those women were most honest, of whose commendation and dispraise there is least speech used.  
Harmonia, daughter to Hiero the Syracusan, would willingly have died in the defence of her Country.  
Epicharia, a libertine of Rome, being made privy to a conspiracy intended against Nero, was so constant in secrecy, that being rend with most cruel torments, yet never would she bewray any of the parties. Tacitus.  
Laeena bit her tongue in sunder, & spette it in the face of Hippias the Tyrant, in whose honour, the Athenian, dedicated before the Castle gate a Lioness of brass without a tongue, to betoken the steady virtue of silence in her. Pliny.  
Araetia taught her Son Aristippus philosophy.  
Mithridates' wife and sisters, showed a far less fear of death, than Mithridates himself. Appian.  
The wife of Asdrubal of Carthage, overcome by Scipio, showed a greater resolution to die, than Asdrubal himself.  
Aspasia and Diotima, with sacrifice drove of a plague ten years, which should have happened in Athens.  
Aspasia loved and taught the eloquent Pericles of Athence.  
Nichostrata, mother to evander, showed the Latins their Letters.  
The Sabine women, were no less help to increase Rome, than the Trojans at the first beginning.  
The conspiracy of Catiline, for which Cicero is so praised, was first disclosed by a woman. Sallust.  
Philip the son of Demetrius, laying siege to the city of Scio, proclaimed that what bondman soever would forsake the City, and come to him, they should have liberty & their masters wives; the women hearing this, came to the walls weaponed, & fought so fiercely that they repulsed Philip. A deed the men could not do.  
The Erythians made war upon the Sciots, who not able to hold out, compounded to departed their City without armour, which when the women heard of, they would not suffer, but counseled them to carry their shield and spear, and leave their clothes, & answer their enemies, that this was their array, which they followed, avoiding the s●ame of the other.  
The Spartan women delighted to see their children die valiantly in defence of their country.  
The women of Sagunt in the destruction of their Country, took weapons in hand against Haniballs soldiers.  
When the Army of the Germans was vanquished by Marius, their women not obtaining to live free in Rome, in service with the Vestals, killed themselves and their childs.  
Portia the wife of Brutus, and daughter of Cato, when she heard that they both were dead, being carefully watched of her servants, took the fire from the hearth & swallowed the coals. Appian.  
The women of India are so courageous and bold, that they dare leap into the fire with the dead bodies of their husbands.  
Alexandra, wife to Alexander, was Bishop in jury nine years.  
Antiochus' King of Syria, had a servant called Arteon, so like him of face and person, that when King Antiochus died, the Queen Laodicea his wife dissembled the matter, until she of her own decree, had made another King in Syria.  
Zenobia Queen of the Palmerins, being very well learned in the Greek, Latin, and Egyptian tongues, taught them to her two sons, and wrote an Epitome of the Eastern Histories.  
chrysostom made a sermon against all women, because Eudoxia the Emperor Arcadius wife, had bolstered Epiphanius against him; he mocked at her picture, for which cause, she endeavoured to banish him again, whereof he understanding, made a notable Sermon with this beginning, Herodias rageth a fresh, stomaketh a new, danceth again, seeketh as yet the head of john Baptist. Euseb.  
In the war that Conradus a German Emperor had with the Ca●ulies, he took the Castle and Town of Weimsburge; then the Emperor commanded to take all the Gentlemen, but the Gentlewomen should be let go with as much goods as they could carry, but they forsaking their goods, carried away their children, which the Emperor hearing of, commended their virtue, and gave them likewise leave to take their goods.  
The Romans had a law, that what soever a woman with child longed for, she should have it, the cause was, for that Fuluius, Torquatus wife, longed to see a wild man that passed by her door, whom the Knights of Mauritania had taken in hunting, in the deserts of Egypt, and not seeing him, she died. Aurelius.  
When the Romans upon a certain wager, did send from the wars to Rome, to understand what every man's wife did at home, amongst them all, the most praised, was the chaste Lucretia; for that she only was found weaving, and all the rest idle. Livius.  
Assiria complaineth of the scandal of Semiramis, Armenia for Pincia, Greece for Helena, Rome for Agrippina.  
In the society of the Druids of France, were very many learned women, of whom the Roman Emperor Aurelian did ask counsel. Vopiscus.  
The greatest part of Asia was conquered & governed, more by the women Amazons, then with any barbarous people. P. Diaco.  
Porus king of India, for want of men, and too many women, was overcome of Alexander. Curtius.  
Hannibal was always Lord of Italy, until he suffered women to go to the wars with him, and when he fell in love with Tamyra at Capua, he immediately turned his back to Rome.  
Sylla, in the wars against Mithridates and Marius, & in the wars of the Cimbres, had over his enemies so many victories, because in his Camp he suffered no women.  
Livia Fulvia, told her husband, that unless she might lie out of his house one night, he should never have any quietness with her. Aurelius.  
Rotorra compounded with a Pirate on the sea, that no woman for 2. years should serve his hundred soldiers but she alone. Idem.  
Semiramis, when she had (through her importancy) obtained of her husband Ninus, the government of the kingdom for five days, & that his nobles should for that time obey her, she caused her husband to be presently apprehended and cast in prison; who impatient of this disgrace, dashed out his own brains.  
Amongst the Amazons were two principal Queens chosen from them all, that both at home and abroad their affairs might be well marshaled; Lampedo governed at home, Marpesia fought their battles.  
Clytaemnestra, the wife of Agamemnon, to revenge an injury received from her husband, committed adultery with Aegisthus, and afterward consented to his death. Eurip.  
Fulvia, the widow of M. Marcellus, seeing her husband buried in the field of Mars, for grief scratched her face, tore her hair, and fell down into a sound, whom the Senators took up, but Cn. Flavius said, Let her go, for she will do all the penance of widows; but presently, whilst the bones of her husband were a burning, she agreed to be married to another, and more, to one of the Senators which had lifted her up.  
Septimius wife corrupted in love by one of Anthony's friends, was desirous of his harlot to become his wife, causing him to speak to Anthony for her, and forthwith was Sept●mius condemned, whom she betrayed to the Soldiers, & in one day he was killed, and she married. Appian.  
Salassus, fearing the displeasure of Anthony, got him to the top of his house, from whence when he saw his wife bringing the Soldiers to murder him, threw himself headlong into the streets. Appian.  
The ancient Britain's, did not only make women their Rulers in peace, but their Leaders in war. Tacitus.  
The Germans preferred them before men themselves, and were of opinion, that some sacred and provident thing remained in them, for which cause, they did neither reject their counsels, nor set light by their answers, and many of them were reputed amongst them for Prophetesses, and as their superstition increased, they held them as Goddesses. Idem.  
Zenobia writ a Chronicle of all the wars fought in Alexandria, and made a collection of all the notable wars fought in the East parts.  
So long as Mesa, the Grandmother of Severus lived with him, his estate was sure, but following too much the fancies of his mother Mammea, he overthrew himself.  
Semiramis ruled worthily, & fought more valiantly than ever Xerxes durst, with all his huge hosts.  
The mother of Severus did bear such sway with him, that he banished his Empress from the Court and his bed, unto the uttermost Coasts of Africa.  
The widow Empress of Valens, when the Goths had strongly besieged Constantinople, where she was, fought with so great courage against them, that she enforced them to raise their siege. Cassiodorus.  
Penelope, was renowned for her chastity.  
Alcesta, the wife of Admetus, chose to die, to prolong her husband's life. Euripides.  
The Essenians were open enemies to women.  
Minerva was borne without a mother, as some writ, so feigned, for that women have no wisdom.  
In the Spartan commonweal, they had certain officers named Gynecomones, who had in charge to punish the insolency of women, and to suppress their arrogancy and pride; The Roman Censors had the like authority.   

Of Marriage. This contract of marriage, called, the contract of God, (as by him first instituted in paradise) is called the bond of mutual love and reciprocal affection between man and wife, over whom he ought to rule, not as the Lord over his Servant, but as our Lord & Saviour doth over the Church, whose indissoluble knot who so seek to dissunder, combat with the Majesty of God, damning themselves through a secret alliance which they make with sathan.  
CHrist honoured a marriage with his presence, and a miracle.  
Pompey coming among the Massagetes, who used once a week to accompany their wives, demanded the cause thereof, who answered, Because we would not hear chidings in the day time, nor their complaints in the night.  
Venda, Queen of Russia, drowned herself, thereby to prevent them that made war for her, to have her in marriage, seeing they could not win her by gentleness. Olaus.  
M. Aurelius gave this counsel, that a wise husband, & one that mindeth to live peaceably with his wife, aught above all things to observe this rule; to admonish her often, to reprehend her seldom, but never to lay hands upon her.  
The Romans' passed all other Nations, in pomp, ceremonies, and comeliness of marriage.  
Cato, a sworn enemy to women, never struck his wife.  
Xantippe, Socrates wife, reviling and chiding him, in the end being carried headlong into wrath, overthrew table and all; whereupon Euthydemus, whom he had invited to supper, rose up to departed; but Socrates not showing himself angry with his wife, stayed him, saying, What, do you not remember when we were at dinner with you, a Hen leapt upon the table, and we said nothing, nor were angry?  
Cato deprived a Senator of Rome from his place, because he kissed his wife in presence of his daughter. Plut.  
Ruth, desiring to be covered with Booz cloak, requested that he would acknowledge her for his lawful wife. P. Martyr.  
Amongst the Greeks, the children that married without their Parents consent, were publicly whipped, and the Lacedæmonians did not whip, but disinherit them. Laertius.  
The Thebans, not only ordained they should be disinherited, but also cursed of their Parents openly; Let no man esteem it light to be cursed of their Parents, for in old time the Hebrews children made more account of their Father's blessing, then of their Grandfather's inheritance.  
The wife of Thucydides the Historiographer, when she was asked how she could endure her husband's stinking breath, answered, As no other but my husband hath come near me, so I thought all other men's breath had been of the same savour. Plut.  
Dionysius married two wives in one day, with whom he slept and took his pleasure by turns, the one followed him in his warlike affairs, the other entertained him in peace. Plut.  
Paulina a woman in Rome, had been married to 22. husbands, who afterwards marrying one that had 20. wives, died in his life time; whereupon the Romans crowned him with Laurel, in token of victory, and caused him to carry a branch of Palm in his hand, at his wives funeral. Hierome.  
The Hebrews had such a reverence to married folks, that he which had married a wife the same year, should not be forced to go on warfare. Orosius.  
The Romans did lay a penalty upon their back, that lived a single life, nor would they suffer them to bear any office in the commonweal. Plut.  
Augustus' being a sore punisher of evil behaviour, examined a Soldier because he did not marry his wife according to the laws, who had hardly escaped judgement, if he had not gotten three children by her. Idem.  
Albinus obtained his purpose of the Emperor Adrian, for none other desert of his, but that he had begotten an house full of children. Eutropius.  
Lycurgus' made a law, that they which married not, should be kept in Summer from the sight of Stage plays and other shows, and in Winter they should go naked about the market place, confessing that they had justly deserved that punishment, because they lived not according to the laws.  
The Greeks' punished the breach of matrimony, with ten years wars. Homer.  
Among the Hebrews, if a thief restored four times the value of that he took away, he was acquitted, but an adulterer's offence was punished with death. It was also lawful among them to kill the adulterer.  
Among the Hebrews and the Persians, he was most commended, that had most wives, as though the Country were most beholding to him that increased the same, with the greatest number of children.  
Tib. Gracchus, finding two Serpents in his chamber, inquired the meaning thereof by a Soothsayer, that if he slew the male first, he should die before his wife, but if the female, his wife before him; but loving his wife dearly, he killed the male, and died shortly after. Valerius.  
Orpheus' wife Eurydice, dying upon her wedding day, he kept his love inviolable, and would never set it upon any other.  
Ninus, King of the Assyrians, falling in love with Semeramis, the wife of Menon his vassal, requested that he might have her to wife, and he should have his daughter in marriage; but Menon loved her so well, that he would not yield thereto, the King enraged, caused his eyes to be pulled out, & took her away by force, & Menon for grief hanged himself.  
M. Lepidus being driven into banishment, hearing that his wife was married to another, died for grief.  
When word was brought to Plautius Numidius, a Roman Senator, that his wife was dead, he stabbed himself.  
Silanus, after Nero had took his wife from him, slew himself.  
Domitius Catalusius, Prince of Lesbos, loved his wife so well, that although she grew leprous, he never forbade her his board or bed.  
Hector, when he saw Troy burning, was not so much grieved for his Parents, his brethren, nay, his self, as for Andromache his wife. Homer.  
Antonius Pius, loved his wife Faustine so well, that when she died, he caused her picture to be made, & to be set up before his face, in his bed chamber, that he always might remember her.  
M. Plancius, sailing with his wife into Asia, in the midst of his great glory, for that his wife died, stabbed himself with his dagger, saying, two bodies shall possess one grave.  
Antimachus, a Poet, bewailed the death of his wife, in mournful Elegies.  
Pericles being at Athens, was found kissing of his wife at Athens, & being from Athens, he was found more sad to departed from his wife, then willing to die for his Country.  
Orpheus loved his wife so well, that he went to hell & redeemed her from thence, but through too much love, looking back, he lost her again. ovid.  
Alcestes a Q. of Thessaly, at what time K. Admetus should die, having by an Oracle given an answer, that if any would die for the King, he should live, which when all refused, his wife offered herself to save her husband's life.  
julia Pompeius wife, seeing him come sore wounded from the field, supposing that he was slain, being great with child travailed strait, and died.  
Paulina, the wife of Seneca, when she had heard of the death of her husband, inquiring the manner of it, she killed herself.  
Ipsicratea, the wife of Mithridates, followed him like a Lackey in the wars, unknown to him, desirous rather to bewitch him, then live a Queen in Pontus.  
Aemilia, the wife of Affricanus, perceiving her husband to be in love with one of her maids, and oftentimes to use the maid as herself, never hated the maid, nor told her husband thereof, and when he was dead, she married her wealthily in Rome.  
Triara, when she knew by letters that her husband Vitellius, was environed of his enemies, she rushed into the camp, and pressed to her husband, ready to die with him.  
Laodamia, loved her husband so well, that when she heard that Protesilaus was slain, only desired that she might see his shadow, which when she saw, and offering to embrace, died presently.  
Valeria, a Roman Lady, said, that her husband died for others, but lived to her for ever.  
Sulpitia, being carefully restrained by her mother julia, from seeking her husband Lentulus in Sicilia, whether he was banished, she went thither appareled like a Page.  
Hipparchia, a very fair and rich woman, so much loved the Philosopher Crates, who was hard favoured and poor, that she married him against all her friends minds.  
The King of Persia, having taken prisoner the wife of Pandanns, and killed him, would have married her, but she slew herself, uttering these words; GOD forbidden, that to be a Queen, I should ever wed him that hath been the murderer of my dear husband.  
Fulvia, the wife of Anthony, not bearing his unkindness in leaving her sick, and not bidding her farewell, died for sorrow. Appian.  
Phaethusa, the wife of Pytheus, thought so earnestly upon her husband's absence, that at his return, she had a beard grown upon her chin. Hier. Merc.  
Melanthus said of Grogias, the most eloquent Orator, that he laboured to exhort men to concord, yet could he not quiet his wife, and therefore held it great presumption to persuade others to that which he could not procure himself, in his own private family.  
Amongst the Romans', if any dissension happened between the husband & the wife, the Parents of both parties met in a temple consecrated to the Goddess Viriplica, and there took notice of their griefs, and also reconciled them.  
Ulysses, albeit Penelope, were both fair & chaste, would never trust her, until the very extremity. Homer.  
In Florence, even at this day, he that is Father of twelve children, male or female, presently upon the birth of the twelfth, is free and exempt from all tax, impost, loan, or Subsidy. Volateranus.  
Adrian (of all the Emperors, the most learned in the Mathematics & Greek tongue) upon the confiscation of any man's goods attainted and convicted, hearing that he had children, would restore the goods of the condemned Fathers, unto them. Eutropius.  
The Arabians, Grecians, and Italians, did usually keep their wives shut up in their houses, almost as prisoners, and now likewise the Turks. Antonius Geff.  
In Gascoine, the wives are in no subjection at all, but gad up and down at their pleasures, like ancient Amazons. Gilb. Graap.  
Isis, Queen of Egypt, made a law, that upon the marriage day, the husband should take a solemn oath between his wife's hands, that he should not meddle with any household affairs, and the wife likewise between her husband's hands, that she should never intermeddle with any foreign affairs or businesses. Diodorus.  
The wives of Sparta, were reported in the feminine sex, to have had masculine courages.  
Theana, being demanded what married wife deserved commendation, answered, She that meddleth only with her rock and spindle, that loveth only her husband's bed, and keepeth her tongue in quiet. Atheneus.  
The Essenians have neither wife nor servants, nor the Dulopolitans, called otherwise the Rascals and Slaves of Cities, professed open enemies to all womenkind. josephus.  
Homer bringeth in jupiter reproving and threatening his wife, when she is rebellious, but never further.  
Upon the Ascension day in Venice, the Duke accompanied with all his Nobles in a fair vessel of pleasure made Gally-wise, goeth in it a mile or two into the Sea, & casteth there in a ring of gold, thinking by this ceremony they so marry the Sea unto them, that all the year after they may have safe passage for their commodities.   

Of Parents & Children. God hath form the mind to the perfect mould of truth and virtue, carrying it far from vice, wherefore it behoveth Parents to give their children good education, which once taught, then is their voyage and Navigation in this world happy, making them thankful to the occasions of their great good, where otherwise neglected, they abhor the remembrance of their Parents, when through their damnable liberty and evil examples, they have been led away.  
SOlon made a law, that those Parents in their old age, should not be relieved of their children, which cared not how they practised good manners, or profited in letters.  
Timarchides, being of wicked life, was not ashamed to have his Son of tender years to be a viewer and witness of his wicked living. Cic.  
Verres cared not how his Son spent his time, whether among harlots or honest persons. Cic.  
Scipio Affricanus (being eighteen years of age, his Father then Consul) saved his life at Ticinum, and overcame him that wounded his Father. Stat.  
Vespasian being besieged of the Barbarians in Britania, was delivered by his Son Titus. Xiphil.  
Lausus, the Son of Mezentius, defended his Father from Aeneas, and was slain of him. Virg.  
Antigonus, when he had obtained a great victory of his enemies, he tendered all the honour at his Father's feet. Ravisius.  
Antigone led her blind Father Oedipus. Sophocles.  
Cleobis and Byton, drew their mother in her Coach, to the temple of Apollo. Cicero.  
Leo, the younger, when he had reigned one year, rendered the crown again to his Father. Zeno.  
Aegeus, when he saw the ship that his Son road into Crete, return with black sails contrary to promise, supposing that he was slain, threw himself from an high rock into the Sea. ovid.  
Aelius Tubero, had sixteen children of his own body, all of them married, and dwelling in one house with their children, and living with him in all peace & concord.  
The arrogancy of a child, was the cause that one of the Ephories published the law of testaments, whereby it was permitted to every one from that time forward, to appoint whom he would his heir.  
Among the Romans, the child was not admitted to plead his Father's will after his death, by way of action, but only by way of request, using very humble and reverent speech of his dead Father, and leaving the whole matter to the discretion of the judges. Patritius.  
Antigonus, the Son of Demetrius, who was taken prisoner by Seleucus, when his Father sent him word to give no credit to any letters he should send, for the delivering up of certain towns, thereto constrained by Seleucus; Antigonus contrariwise writ to Seleucus, that he would yield him up all, become pledge for him, if he would restore his Father.  
Apollonida, mother to King Eumenes, and to three other of his brethren, accounted herself happy, because she saw her 3. younger sons as it were a guard to their elder brother.  
Cato with his own hand wrote a history, and gave it to his son, to the end he might there see the acts of his ancestors, & learn the skill how to govern the Commonwealth.  
Bercilidus, a Governor in Sparta, sitting at meat, did forbid that the younger sort should do him reverence, reproving himself of barrenness, because he had not begotten any children to do them the like honour when they were old.  
Cornelia accounted her children to be the chiefest treasure & riches that she had. Val.  
In France there was a Father & his son condemned to death for treason, and judged to be executed (according to the custom of the Country) by standing in a cauldron, in which they should be boiled to death; now it was winter, and being both naked in the water, the son began to quake for cold, and when the water was heated, to cry out with great impatience; his Father persisting immovable in both, said, Thou son of a vile whore, canst thou neither abide heat nor cold?  
Augustus' commanded the Ladies his children, to learn all the offices and qualities wherewith a woman might live & be maintained, and whereof she ought to boast herself in such wise, that all the apparel which they wear, they did spin and weave; saying; that a rock became a Lady's girdle, aswell as a Lance became a Knight, or a book a Priest. Sueto.  
Annalis being condemned by the Triumuiri, fled to a tenant of his who had a homely house, & was safe hid, until his son brought the pursuers to the house, who killed him▪ Then the Triumuiri rewarded him with his Father's goods, and made him Chamberlain of the City, but one day being drunk and troubling the soldiers, they which killed his father, murdered him. Appian.  
Choranius, the unhappy Father of an unthrifty son, prayed the pursuers to spare his life a while, till he might send to his son to speak to Anthony; who laughed at him, & said his son had spoken, but to the contrary. Appian.  
Quintus Cicero's brother and his son being taken, prayed the murderers to kill him before his son, but his son requested the contrary; whereupon the soldiers promised to grant both their desires, and taking them a sunder, by a token killed them both at one instant. Appian.  
Ignatius the Father and the son fight together, died of one wound, & when their heads were stricken of, their bodies did yet embrace. Idem.  
Aruntius could hardly persuade his son that would not fly without him, to save himself; because he was but young, his mother sent him afore to the gates, and then returned to bury her husband being killed; and when she shortly after heard that her son was dead upon the sea, she famished herself. Plut.  
Geta the son of Scoponius, made a fire in the open place of his house to bury his Father that seemed to be dead, whom he had hid in an house in the country, where the old man disguising himself, laid a parchment before his eyes, and after the agreement was made, he took away the parchment, and found his eyes out for want of use. Appian.  
Opius son, minding to take part with his old feeble father, bore him on his back, till he was past the gates, and the rest of the way sometimes leading him, & sometimes bearing him, he brought him safe to Sicily: so did Aeneas for Anchises his father. Idem.  
Metellus the father and the son, the one Captain under Anthony, the other under Caesar, the Father being prisoner, and being condemned, his son said to Caesar, This hath been thy enemy o Caesar, and I thy friend, him thou must punish, and me reward, I desire thee to save my father for me, or let me die for him, at whose request he was saved. Idem.  
Crates Thebanus delivered a stock of money to his friends upon this condition, that if it should happen his children to be fools, they should therewith be maintained, but if they became learned and philosophers, then to distribute it to the poor. Dem. Mag.  
Periander, one of the 7. Sages of Greece and a Tyrant, sent for his son Licophorna, that with his own hands he might kill him, because he mourned for the death of his mother, which when the Citizens of Corcyra knew, they put him to death themselves, to deliver him from his Father's tyranny. Vale. Maximus.  
Priamus had by Hecuba fifty Sons and Daughters, Orodes king of Parthians thirty, Artaxerxes a hundred and fifteen, Erothinus King of the Arabians, seven hundred, in confidence of whom he invaded the confines of his enemies, and with several inroads he wasted the Lands of Egypt and Syria. Petrarch.  
Petrarch writeth of a married woman, that had twelve several children by twelve several men, one of them a year elder than the other, who ready to die, told her husband of them all he was Father, but to the eldest; and reckoning up the Fathers of the other, the youngest cried to her, good mother give me a good Father; to whom she said, that a very rich man was his father, whereupon the child was glad, saying; If he be rich, I have a good father.  
Astapus & Amphorinus bore such love to their parents, that their City being burned, they took them upon their shoulders, and carried them through the midst of the fire.  
A woman of Athens, her father called Cymon, being in prison where he was like to be famished, craved so much leave of the Keeper that she might have access to her Father, whom with her milk she preserved long time from death.  
Harpalice, her father being taken prisoner by the Geteses, redeemed him with more celerity than can be thought in a woman. Servius.  
It is written that three brethren striving who should enjoy their father's land, were content to be agreed by the King, swearing that they would stand to that which he determined; the King commanded the dead body of the Father to be taken up, saying; that he which shot nearest the heart, should be the right successor; the eldest shot him in the throat, the second in the breast near the heart, but the third, abhorring this damned resolution, said; I had rather yield all to my brothers then be so degenerate. To whom for his virtue and reverence to his father, the King adjudged the land.  
Israel many years lamented the loss of one of his sons, for whom when he was 120. years old, he went down with all his family into Egypt.  
David greatly lamented the death of his rebellious son Absalon.  
Orodes King of Persia, hearing that his son Pacorus was slain in the wars against Ventidius, with extreme grief thereof became mad. Ravisius.  
Auctolia the daughter of Sinon, and wife of Laertes, understanding a false report of Ulysses death her son at Troy, died for sorrow. Idem.  
Anius King of Tuscans, had a Daughter called Salia, whom when Oritheus had stolen away, threw himself violently into a River, called afterward by his own name. Plutarch.  
Lucius Gellius, when in a manner he knew that his son had beastly abused himself with his stepmother, and attempted to bereave him of life, became himself this wretch's defender, and before the Senate acquitted him both of fault and punishment. Val. Maximus.  
Dioschorus put to death his virtuous and religious Daughter Barbara, for embracing the Christian faith.  
Ptolomeus Euergetes, being expulsed his kingdom for his cruelty, killed his son in Cyprus whom he had by his sister Cleopatra, & sent her his head & feet for a token. Livius.  
Apteras Saturnus, caused his own Father to be gelded, killed his own sons, & held continual wars against his brethren. Berosus.  
Deiotarus, having many sons, murthethered all save one, that he which survived all the rest, might be mightier, and of greater power. Gellius.  
Hippomenes an Athenian Prince, for that his daughter Lima was found in adultery, caused her to be close shut up with a horse, giving her no relief, but the horse almost famished, devoured his daughter. Laertius.  
Oppianicus, contrary to the common nature of Parents, was content for money to forsake his children. Cicero.  
Domitius, detested his son Nero for no other cause, but that he had begotten him upon Agrippina. Suetonius.  
Medea being forsaken of jason, murdered her own sons. ovid.  
Herod commanded his only child to be killed among the general massacre of the innocents in jury; which when Augustus heard, he said, That he had rather be Herod's hog than his child. josephus.  
Prusius King of Bithynia, was murdered of his own son, when he had committed the rule unto him.  
P. Malleolus, for killing of his mother, was the first amongst the Romans that was sowed in a sack and cast into the sea. Livius.  
I'm the youngest son of Noah, his Father being drunk & lying naked, called his brethren to that unnatural sight; who going backwards, covered their father's secrets, for the which they were blessed, & the posterity of Cham accursed. Gene. 6.  
Absalon rising against his father David, expelled him his kingdom, & afterward assailed by joab, fled and was hanged by his hair upon an Oak.  
Helie the Prophet, winking at the faults of his children, though forewarned of Samuel, died a violent death, and his sons both in one hour were slain in battle by the Philistines, as a just revenge for their former disobedience. Regum. 11.  
Adramelach and Sarazar, murdered their Father Senacharib, for which they were driven out of their kingdom, and ended their days in exile. 4. Reg.  
Irene pulled out her son Constantine's eyes, because he began to bear himself over proudly in the Empire.  
Eristhenes was famished of his mother, because he fought in battle with no courage. Ravisius.  
Damatria, when she heard that her son had not behaved himself in battle, as the son of so worthy a mother should have done, at his return killed him.  
Orchanus caused his daughter to be buried alive, because Apollo had ravished her. ovid.  
Tigranes killed one of his sons, because he would not take him up when he had a fall at hunting, & for that he set the crown upon his head. Appian.  
Machates the son of Mithridates, for fear of his father, killed himself.  
Mithridates killed his son Siphares, to be revenged of the mother.  
Gripus who was king after Seleucus, made his mother drink the poison which she had prepared for him.  
Medullina, whose body was abused by her drunken Father, knowing by his Ring she took of from his finger that it was he, she killed him at the Altar. Plut.   

Of Sorrow. This vexation of mind, and sickness of the body, is a perturbation altogether contrary to pleasure; from whence doth spring repentance, sadness, fretting, lamentation, carefulness, affliction, mourning, and desperation; this is the last of the perturbations of the mind, being in number four.  
A Certain Nun was mother to P. Lombardus master of the sentences, & Gratianus, who when she saw them such notable men, said, she could not repent, to whom her Confessor said; Only sorrow, because thou canst not sorrow. P. Mar.  
The jews thought Ecclesiastes to be Salomons repentance. Idem.  
Origen repenting himself, & being sorry for that he did in his adolescency, said; I expounded the Prophet Abdias allegorically, whose history I understood not.  
Aeschines the Orator, being (as he was always) sick, did never complain of the Spleen that did grieve him, & on the other part, he did much lament for any sorrow that otherwise happened unto him. Plutarch.  
Telemachus held this his greatest grief, that jupiter had ended the race of his Father in him, not giving him a brother. Homer.  
King Xerxes, when he saw that Ochus lay in wait for his brethren to put them to death, died for grief thereof.  
Plantius the Numidian, looking upon his dead wife, took such grief to his heart, that casting himself upon the dead body, he rose no more, but was stifled with sorrow.  
Diodorus the Logician, died for sorrow, because he was not able to answer the questions of Stilpo. Laertius.  
M. Coriolanus being banished Rome, became enemy to her, but his mother Veturia coming unto him, & upbraiding him with his fault, he found his error, laid down his arms, went out of the field, and died with grief of mind. Livius.  
Homer died with sudden sorrow, because he could not answer a question which a Fisherman propounded unto him. Plu.  
The Roman Matrons bewailed the death of Brutus one whole year, as a chief defender of their chastities. Eutrop.  
Torquatus the younger, being banished from his Father's house, for grief thereof slew himself.  
There was great contention between Sophocles and Aeschilus about versifying, in which (by the judgement of those that were present) Sophocles was preferred, which Aeschilus took so grievously, that he fled forthwith into Sicilia, where he lived obscurely, and in the end died miserably.  
The like is written of Calchas a Soothsayer at his return from Troy, being overcome of Mopsus, one of his own profession. Homer.  
Niceratus, for that Antimachus verses written in the praise of Lisander, were by him more esteemed than his, (although by judgement of the learned Niceratus were better) he was so grieved that he forsook his studies, but Plato by counsel turned his mind, and of a dissolute, made him a diligent student in Poetry.  
Themistocles mother, for very grief conceived, that her son in his youth was given to all kind of wickedness, hanged herself.  
P. Rutilius, when he heard that his Brother desiring to be made a Consul in Rome, had taken the repulse, for very anguish of mind, died.  
By the laws of the twelve tables of Rome, all sorrow and weeping at funerals was forbidden.  
Lepidus, by a long grief conceived of the misbehaviour of his wife, shortened his own days.  
Dioxippus before Alexander, only with a club challenged Corrhagus being all armed, to enter combat with him; when ●ee had smitten Corrhagus spear out of his hand, he closed with him, and laying fast hold upon his armour, he threw him down, then set his foot upon his neck, and gored him through the body with his sword; for which act Alexander hated him, whereupon, Dioxippus took inward thought, & gave such scope unto inward force of fantasy, that he pined and consumed away with grief of mind.  
Timanthes, when he had finished the picture of Iphigenia in colours, set forth Calchas to be sorrowful for the same, but Ulysses more sad; and to make her Father Agamemnon seem most sorrowful, he painted him with his face covered.  
The Poets feign Prometheus to be tied upon the top of the Mountain Caucasus, & an Eagle to be gnawing of his heart, whereby they signify no other thing, but the great sadness of Prometheus, gotten by contemplating the stars and Planets.  
The poesy of the Pythagorians was, The heart should not be eaten.  
Caesar never feared Anthony & Dolabella, or any other that was of a merry countenance, but rather doubted sad & melancholy persons, such as Brutus and Cassius was.  
Crassus' was called Gelastos, for that he was once seen to laugh in his life.  
Anaxagoras Clazomenius, was noted that he never was seen to laugh or smile from the day of his birth.  
Aristoxenus' did wonderfully bridle himself from laughter.  
Heraclitus was at such defiance with mirth that he wept continually, and Democritus always laughed. Laertius.  
Bibu●us hearing of the death of both his children in one day, lamented their loss that one day and no more.  
Anaxagoras hearing tell that his son was dead, answered, It is no marvel, for I begot a mortal body.  
P. Varro remained so sorrowful in his heart to see himself overcome of his enemies, & his wife suddenly dead, that all the time he after lived, he neither combed his head, slept in bed, nor dined at the table. Livius.  
The Romans' were so sorrowful for the death of Augustus Caesar, that they wished he had never been borne, or being borne, never died▪ Eutropius.   

Of Lying. This contrary to truth & nature, maketh that seem very good, which is evil, and causeth the tongue to become a member of injustice, when it uttereth more or less than is indeed; under this vice are contained Deceit, Dissimulation, Cr●●t, Hypocrisy, Idolatry, and cozenage.  
THrough a lie, joseph was cast into prison, and Saint chrysostom sent into banishment.  
The Egyptians ordained death to liars, so did the Scythians and Garamantes.  
The Persians and Indians, deprived him of all honour and farther speech which lied.  
The Gymnosophists, and Chaldeans, barred liars all companies and dignities, and condemned them to remain in perpetual darkness, without speaking.  
The very worms did eat the tongue of the cozener Nestorius, in his life time. Nicephorus.  
Popiel King of Poland, had ever this wish in his mouth, If it be not true, I would the Rats might eat me; which came to pass, for he was so assailed by them at a banquet, that neither his guards, nor fire, nor water, could defend him from them. Munster.  
Some writ, that an Archbishop of Magunce died the like death.  
The Emperor Trajan, surnamed the good Prince, took away from the son of Ceba●us the kingdom of Dacia, which we term at this day Transiluania and Valachia, only because he caught him in a lie, and ●old him that Rome could not permit a liar to possess a kingdom.  
After that one had read unto Alexander, the great History, out of Aristobulus, wherein he had intermingled certain counterfeit praises, he ●●ong the book into the river, saying, The writer deserved to have been cast in himself.  
In Almain, a lie hath been always extremely hated & shunned, as it were a plague and bastards could never obtain the price of any occupation whatsoever, nor take degree in any Art or Science. Zonarus.  
The Emperors, Nero, Commodus, Maximilius, julius, Valentinus, have by lies been brought to ruin.  
Pope Alexander the sixth, never did what he said, and his Son Borgia never said what he meant to do, pleasing themselves in counterfeiting and dissembling, to deceive and falsify their faith. Guychardine.  
When the Duke of Valentinois had caused certain Princes to be murdered contrary to his oath, his Father the Pope told him, that he had played a right Spaniards part, but they died most miserably, the one poisoned, the other slain.  
The Lacedæmonians banished C●hesiphon because he boasted that he could discourse a whole day long of any theme, that was put unto him.  
Artaxerxes, caused one of his Soldiers tongues, to be nailed to a post for making a lie.  
The Gabionites for lying lost their liberty.  
The Cretans for lying, became odious to all the world.  
Achilles did more abhor lying then death. Homer.  
Paulus iovius, being demanded in his Chronicle, why he feigned many things as false, and dissembled the true, which thereby might breed his History to be suspected, answered, that he did it to please those from whom he received pensions.  
Ulysses speech always proceeded from his heart. Homer.  
Pope Innocent the third, made fair weather with Otho the fourth, and Frederick the second contending for the Empire, and nevertheless made a very solemn and eloquent oration, of the agreement and unity, which ought to be amongst Christian Princes; but a Citizen of Rome answered him, Holy Father, your words seem to be of God, but your deeds thereto contrary surely proceed from the devil. Guychardine.  
Pyrrhus was enemy to the Romans', yet nevertheless did he give this praise unto Fabritius, that a man might as soon turn him from the truth and honesty, as the sun out of his course. Plut.  
In Lacedaemon, there was one that was known to be a notorious liar, who notwithstanding he gave profitable advise, and necessary for the time, yet it was clean rejected of the people. Plut.  
Antiochus in hunting lost his way, & was constrained to retire to a poor man's house of the Country, who not knowing him, told him all the faults he & his favourites had committed, to whom at his return, he said, that he never understood the truth till that night, and ever after carried himself most virtuously.  
Marcus Aurelius was called Verissimus, for in him was never found lies, nor truth ever failed.  
Pharamont King of France, was called Warmond, which signifieth truth.  
The Lacedæmonians condemned one that did open penance, wearing haircloth upon his skin, for that thereby they discovered his hypocrisy, in as much as it was woven with purpur.  
Dionysius the Tyrant, being retired to Athens, after he was deprived of his kingdom, bewailed the estate of Princes, but especially in that men never spoke freely unto them, and the truth was ever hidden and concealed from them. Plato.  
Demosthenes' called Photion, the hatchet of his words, because he spoke truth & to the matter.  
The dissimulation of Metellus and Scipio, was so great, that Metellus feigned that Rome was happy that Scipio was borne therein, and yet was his mortal enemy all the days of his life.  
Frederick a Roman emperor, at what time the Senators were entering the Senate, would say to them before you enter, Cast away two things, simulations, and dissimulations.  
Alexander, would consent to nothing but truth, and Philip his Father to all kind of falsehood.  
By craft Hannibal vanquished the Tarentines, & by craft the Romans' recovered it again.  
Clodius, to bring his purpose to pass with Pompeia Caesar's wife, dissembled himself to be a woman. Cicero.  
Salmoneus, by lightning of a Torch, did counterfeit the thundering sounds & lightning storms of heaven. Virgil.  
Phryne the harlot, to know which was Praxiteles the Painters best picture, bade his man bring him word that his shop was on fire, I am undone, said he, if my pictures of the Satire and Cupid be burned. Pausanias.  
Darius became King of Persia, by neighing of a Mare, having the day before brought to that place a Stallion, for it was agreed among the Persians, that whose Mare first neighed, he should be King. Herodotus.  
Pelagia of Antioch, dissembled herself to be a man, because she would live chaste.  
Semiramis, knowing her Son to be too young to rule, disguised herself like to a man, and governed the monarchy until her Son came to riper age. justin.  
Ulysses feigned himself mad, to avoid the great expedition. Homer.  
Marina, and Euphrosina, Grecian Virgins, were worthily preferred before Cleomilus and Clisthenes, for that they went in the apparraile of men, to live in the wilderness to avoid lust, the others went in the habits of women, to beguile women.  
Achilles, was by his mother Thetis, sent to King Licomedes like a woman, because he might not go to Troy, where thus disguised he g●t upon one of them Pyrrhus Neoptolemus.  
Sinon by dissembling got Troy for the Grecians; Conon the Athenian, deceived the Persians in Cyprus, and Antigonus the Citizens of Corinth.  
Pyrrhus' deceived Cannius in his bargain of fish. Cic. of offic. lib.  
An old Lacedaemonian, who had coloured his hairs, discovered his head in a great assembly, & made a declaration of such matters, about which he came. Archidamus the King, rose up & said, What truth can this fellow speak, whose heart is stained with spots of hypocrisy and double dealing. Aelianus.  
Eurydamas a wrestler, when his teeth were dashed out by his adversary, he dissembled his pain, and swollowed down his teeth, blood & all, to the end, that he which gave the blow, might not perceive the mischief.  
Cleomenes, had a companion, whom he made partaker of a purpose he had to accomplish, to whom he swore that he would attempt nothing, but Archonides should be at one end thereat, when he had gotten what he desired, he murdered his companion, cut his head from his shoulders, & laid it in a basin of honey: so when he put any device in adventure, he looked upon his head in the basin, saying, I break not my promise, but I stand to my oath, for I take counsel with Archonides head, according to my covenant. Aelianus.  
Meton the Astronomer counterfeited himself mad, and set his own house on fire, because he would not go with the Grecians their voyage into Sicilia.  
Cato was so renowned for his truth, that when any man rehearsed a strange thing, and hard to be believed, this proverb went of him, because he was known throughout the whole course of his life, to be a lover of truth, This is not credible although Cato himself should speak it.  
Aristomenes, when he was dead and unboweled, his heart was hairy, which was a sure sign of his craft & subtlety.  
Brutus' dissembled himself a fool, to the end that men should have no mistrust of him, nor be privy to the greatness of his courage.  
Ariston, being in love with Agetus wife, found this fraud to get her from her husband, he promised Agetus to give him any one thing that he would choose, of all that ever he had, praying him to do the like for him again; Ariston agreed and swore it, Ariston discharged his promise out of hand, & forthwith demanded Agetus wife, who because of his oath delivered her.  
He that bore the office of the chief judge in Egypt, did wear an Image of truth hanging at his breast, which picture was had in singular estimation of the Druids.  
One when truce was taken with the enemy for 30. days, overcame his land in the night, because the truce was taken for days and not nights. Cicero.  
Q. Fab. Labeo, being by the Roman Senate, appointed dayman between the Nolanes & Neapolitans, about the bounds of their land, did commune with either of them a part, and being come to the place, persuaded them rather to set back, then to encroach upon an other, which when either of them had done, there was a parcel of ground left in the midst, than he caused their bounds to be staked out, and the middle part he adjudged to the people of Rome. Idem lib. office  
Hannibal, amongst the Carthagenians, and Q. Maximus of the Romans', had marvelous cunning in cloaking, keeping, dissembling, making stales, and in preventing the devices of the enemy. Cicero.  
Amongst the Greeks', Themistocles the Athenian, and jason the Phaereian, excelled in this kind. Cicero.  
A Syrian slave in Sicily, after a mad sort raging with a desire to make a rebellion, pretended a religion of doing honour to the Goddess of Syria, and called bondmen to liberty and arms, and that he might seem to do that by the will of God, he held a nut in his mouth stuffed with Surphure and fire, the which when he he spoke, did cast forth flames. P. Diaconus.  
Twenty thousand of the Celtaebrians brought branches of olive like petitioners, ask pardon, which coming nigh the Romans, gave a violent onset on them, Gracchus went from the camp of purpose, and made as though he fled, and whilst they were about the spoil, he returned and killed many of them, recovering Complega. Appian.  
Ulysses was not so wily, but he was matched by Palmedes, and his dissembled madness discovered.  
Caesar, when he could not condemn one for any sufficient & probable crime, he made him away by some secret means, and some were dispatched in his armies by treachery & attempts, wrought against them by those of their own side: this deceit was cruel. Diodorus.  
The Achaians, a people of Greece, did altogether condemn policies & stratagems in war, accounting of them as of subtleties, because they thought that no victory was either of any renown or certainty, except they had in open fight overcome their enemies, by an assigned battle. Polybius.  
Marius, a rich Citizen of Rome, who by Augustus got all his wealth, always said, that he would make him his only heir, which he vowed to the Emperor the day before he died, after whose death was found, that in all his will he had not made once mention of Augustus.   

Of Slander. A wise man keepeth close his ears, when he doubteth of the virtue and honesty of the person accused, making Reason their diligent Porter and watch, which examineth and letteth in the reports that be good, and excludeth those that arise from slander and detraction, whose Image was excellently described in figures by Apelles.  
EVstace Bishop of Antioch, a religious and devout man, seeking to suppress the heresy of the Arrians, was by their false accusation and slanders deprived from his Sea. Eusebius.  
Aristophanes' slandered Socrates (a man so much beloved of the Gods) in a Comedy, called, Nebulae, the clouds.  
Leontius, after he had put justinian to flight, caused two of his talebearers to be trailed by the feet & burned.  
Darius, made the accusers of Daniel to be devoured of Lions.  
Aristobulus, through a false report, put to death his own brother, and afterwards died for grief.  
Plato banished accusers, slanderers, & talebearers, out of his commonwealth.  
Scipio Africanus, being accused of many things, by the Tribunes of the people, answered nothing to the crimes laid against him, but only said thus; In such a day as this is sirs, I overcame both Carthage and Hannibal, which the Senators and people hearieg, were so far from condemning him, that they caused him in a manner to triumph again.  
Emilius Scaurus, being accused by Varius, made this answer, O ye Romans', Varius affirmeth this crime laid against me to be true, and Scaurus denieth, whom will ye rather believe?  
Medius, Captain of all the flatterers that followed, Alexander taught them that they should not spare to nip boldly, and to bite with store of slanders, for quoth he, although he that is bitten should be cured of the wound, yet the scar at the least will still remain.  
By false accusations and slanders, Calisthenes, Parmenio, and Philotas, were unjustly put to death by Alexander.  
Philip was told, that the Grecians spoke ill of him behind his back, notwithstanding he did them much good, & therefore was counseled to chastise them; What would they do then, said he, if we should do them any harm; but they make me a better man, for I strive daily both in my words and deeds to prove them liars.  
He was likewise counseled to banish one who had slandered him, or put to death, but he would do none of both, saying, It was not sufficient cause to condemn him, and it was better not to let him stir out of Macedonia, where all men knew that he lied; but going among strangers not knowing him, they would admit his slander for truth.  
Nicholas Scot was beheaded, for railing upon Maximilian Sforza, Duke of Milan.  
Augustus' pardoned Cinna, that would have murdered him, and made him Consul, but Timagenes for that he railed upon him, he drane him out of his house, deeming that of an enemy he might make a friend, but of a railer a backbiter and slanderer, a man can make nothing else.  
The Frenchmen called backbiters Mouches, flies, The Romans' called them Delatores talebearers, the Greeks' Acoustes, harkners, or spies.  
Dionysius held talebearers in great estimation, but at the alteration of the state, the Syracusans put them all to the sword.  
Anthony put those talebearers to death, which could not prove their accusation.  
Critias reproved Archilochus, because he spoke not well of himself.  
Eschines finding fault with certain of Demosthenes' words and phrases, he answered, Non in eo sitae sunt opes graeciae: The sum and substance of the matter doth not consist in that.  
The Romans' had a law called, Lex papia, which gave half the goods of the accused to the accuser; but Nero brought it to a fourth part, and they were ever after called Quarterers, because they had a quarter of the goods that were so escheared.  
Aesopus the Phrygian, that writ the fables, when he came to Delphos, was wrongfully accused of envious persons, for stealing a piece of plate, which they had craftily hid in some things about him, for the which, he was cast down from a rock. Plut.  
Lucius Crassus won himself great praise, by a noble & glorious accusation. Cicero.  
An accusation brought Publius Su●pitius eloquence to light, when into judgement he called the seditious and unprofitable Citizen C. Norbanus.  
The Lydians had a law, that as they sent the condemned murderers to row in the Galleys, so they confined those that were detractors and ill tongued men into a secret place, far of from all company, the space of half a year. Plut.  
Tiberius' the Emperor, condemned a great talker and railer of his tongue, & commanded that he should not speak a word the space of a year.  
Aristophanes, was accused by the Athenians 95. times, & ever acquitted.  
Narsetes, that valiant General, by false and slanderous accusations, was by justine the Emperor deprived of his charge. P. Diaconus.  
Theodoricus, King of the Goths, in his rage through a forged accusation, executed Boetius & Symmachus, shortly after he was served at the table with the head of a fish, which seemed to him to be the same of Symmachus looking a squint upon him, with which conceit he fell sick and died. Olaus.  
Thrasibulus King of the jews, took such a conceit in that he had slain his brother, without hearing his excuse, that he died; the like befell to Aristobulus, for murdering his brother Antiochus, who vomited up his blood, in the place where his brothers was spilled, and in remorse of conscience died. josephus.  
They which accused Socrates, not being able any longer to abide the public hate, strangled themselves.  
Marry of Arragon, accused an Earl before the Emperor Otho her husband, saying, that he would have defiled her, and he was beheaded, but the truth being afterwards discovered, she was publicly burned. Nicephorus writeth the like of Constantine the great.  
Leo the Emperor, upon a false accusation condemned Michael to death, which execution being a while deferred, the Emperor died, and Michael was chosen in his stead.  
Mathias, the Son of Huniades, was charged of ill behaving himself towards Ladislaus, King of Boheme and Hungary, and as he was ready to be condemned (his eldest brother having been before executed upon envy and false information) the said Ladislaus minding to marry Margaret, daughter to Charles the 7, died suddenly, and Mathias was chosen King of Hungary. Loncerus.   

Of Flattery. This poison of man's senses and understanding, hath no other scope in the world but deceit, self-love, and overweening of ones self, yeelneth this large field, clean taking away right judgement, and is blind in regard of what it loveth; the feeders of this humour are more dangerous than Ravens, for they do but devour the bodies of the dead, slatterers of the living.  
Philip, surnamed God's gift, and Constantine, banished flatterers from their courts. And at Athence they were put to death, as the very ruin and plague of Princes.  
Dion attributeth the hatred which was conceived against julius Caesar, & his death, to flatterers.  
Dyonisius of Syracuse, sent Philoxenus the Poet to the gallows with those that were condemned to die, because he would not flatter him.  
The Thessalians, clean razed a City of the Melians, because it was named flattery. Atheneus.  
The Athenians put Tymagoras to death, because to insinuate with Darius, he saluted after the Persian manner. Agrippa.  
Alexander the great, and Alphonsus King of Arragon, having each of them somewhat awry neck, the one of them by nature, the other by custom; the flatterers and courtiers that attended them, held their necks on the one side, to 〈…〉 their imperperfections.  
Clisiphus was called the counterfeit of King Philip, because when the king was merry, he was merry, and whatsoever the King took in hand, this flatterer would maintain.  
Aristippus could better please Dionysius with flattery, than Dion the Syracusian could pleasure him with truth.  
Curio the Parasite, might persuade Caesar to do any thing.  
One subtle flattering Sinon, did that which ten years siege could not effect, namely, the destruction of Troy. Virgil.  
Dionysius sent unto Philoxenes the Poet, a Tragedy of his own making, that he might read and correct it, which he returned all blotted and razed from the beginning to the end, because he found it in no respect worthy to be published, so far was he from flattering him.  
Augustus so hated flattery, that he could not abide the kneeling of his household servants.  
Tiberius would not suffer his servants to call him Lord.  
Alexander, when his Parasites persuaded him to think himself a God, said, That by two things especially, he knew himself to be a man and no God, namely, by sleep, and carnal motions. Plutarch.  
In the hindermost part of Spain, when those of Seville had war with the Gaditanes, it chanced that even in the midst of the time, those of Seville wanted money, and two Parasites offered themselves for two years to sustain the wars with their own proper charges. Aurelius.  
The Emperor Aurelius, never drank other then red wine, which Torquatus perceiving, refrained from drinking of Whitewine, and planted all his Vines with red Grapes; for which he made him Consul of Rome. Guevara.  
The Emperor Sigismond, struck one that praised him too much: saying that he bit him.  
The flattering followers of Sylla, set up his image of gold on horseback in the common palace at Rome, with this title, Cornelius Sylla, the happy Captain; which name beginning of flattery, remained firm and stable. Appian.  
Antigonus said unto a Poet who called him a God, (thereby noting his flattery) that the Groom of his stool, knew there was no such matter.  
Aristotle's auditors counterfeited his stamering, Alexander's followers, his double chin, & shrillness of speech, & the scholars of Ennius his drunkenness.  
Flatterers, as the Italians say, travail between Lodi and Placentia, but never come at Verona.  
Aristippus suing to Dionysius for a friend of his, and being once denied, fell down before his feet, for the which he was reproved, but he thus excused it, saying; I am not in the fault, but Dionysius, who hath ears on his feet.  
When the flatterers of Dionysius perceived that he held Plato in great estimation, they then counterfeited the countenance and habit of Philosophers, but after that by their means Plato was expelled, they returned to their former wicked course of living. Plut.  
Plato's scholars, for as much as their Master had a broad breast and high shoulders, and was therefore named Plato, which signifieth broad, they stuffed their garments, and wore upon their shoulders great bolsters, to the end they might seem to be of the like form that he was.  
Carneades the Philosopher said, that the sons of noble men learned nothing well but to ride; for whilst they learned letters, their Masters flattered them, praising every word they spoke, and in wrestling, their Teachers & companions, submitting themselves, fell down at their feet, but the horse not knowing who rideth him, if he sit not surely, will cast him quickly. Laertius.  
Alexander said, that he loved better the idolatry of Hephestion, than the sincerity of Clitus.  
Photion said to King Antipater, that he could not have him both for his friend and flatterer.  
One of Alexander's Lieutenants, writ to him, that he had in his government a boy of incomparable beauty, and that if it so liked him, he would send him to him; whom he thus answered; O cursed caitiff, what hast thou ever known in me, that thou shouldest thus dare to flatter me by such pleasures?  
A wise Abbot, wrote to Charles the third, that above all things he should take heed, that flattering Courtiers should not ravish from himself the favour of his benefits, as they are whom they term sellers of smoke.   

Of Learning. This is the true substance of felicity, and the efficient cause of wisdom, without which, man's life is death; The which when the Egyptians would signify, they set down the picture of dew dropping from the clouds.  
Cosroses king of the Persians, although a barbarian, was so learned, that he held argument with the chiefest Philosophers of Greece. Agath.  
Claudius' the Emperor, writ 40. books of history, by the persuasion of Titus Livius, he had Homer at his finger's end. Volat.  
Picus Mirandula, set up nine hundred questions at Rome. S. Tho. M.  
Caesar disdained not to frequent the threshold of Ariston, neither did Pompey think scorn to go oftentimes to the house of Cratippus. Plut.  
Saint Augustine complained, that being a young man, he learned profitable words, but yet in vain things, I heard (quoth he) jupiter thundering, and therewithal committing adultery. 2. Confess.  
Antisthenes', after he had heard Socrates, took such great pleasure therein, that albeit he was very learned, and had a great number of scholars, yet he willed them to seek an other Master, because he purposed to learn himself.  
trajan the Emperor, found five hundred children at school, thereby to banish ignorance.  
Pope Celestine the fift, deposed himself, by reason of his ignorance.  
julianus, to the end he might molest the Christians, forbidden them the reading of all good books.  
Antimachus when he read to all his scholars called together, and saw that all saving Plato, forsook him before he had ended his reading; said, I will go forward, and read on, for Plato is to me as much as all the rest.  
Aristotle was angry with his Master Aristotle, for that he made those books which he writ to him so common. Curtius.  
Philip, when his son Alexander was borne, gave thanks to God, not so much because he had a son, as that he was borne in the time of Aristotle, whom he made his Schoolmaster.  
Alexander carried always Homer's Iliads about him, & laid them under his pyllowe, naming it the preserver of warlike virtue.  
Anaxagoras suffered his Lands to lie waist, and followed his study.  
Crates forsook his patrimony of eight talents, that with the more liberty he might follow Philosophy.  
Athens and Sparta could never agree, for that the one was addicted to serve Minerva, the other Mars.  
Titus Vespasian often used to plead causes himself in Latin, and made divers poems and tragedies in Greek. Eutrop.  
Lucius' meeting with the Emperor Marcus Aurelius in the street, accompanied but with one man after him, asked him whether he went? he answered, It becometh even an old man to learn; therefore am I going to Sextus the Philosopher, to the end I might learn those things which I know not.  
The study of Ptolemy their King in the Mathematics, made the Egyptians so notable in those Arts.  
Ptolomey knew more in Astronomy, than any man save Adam.  
Ptolomey writ a book called Almagest; an excellent work containing the greatness of the earth, heaven, moon, and stars.  
Plato being requested by his scholars to speak somewhat of good intendment and memory; said, That he had no more learned, save as much as he that felt himself like unto a vessel, that day and night, is all void & empty.  
Arcesilas the Philosopher, would neither learn himself, nor suffer others to learn.  
The Hymn of Orpheus to Musaeus, is called his Testament and last doctrine, whereunto he would have men to stick.  
Amongst the Greeks' and the Latins, never any was more learned than Marcus Varro. Lactan.  
The ancient Academies of Greece, were the nurseries of all Commonwealths, and out of them (as from the Trojan horse) came forth most excellent Kings, singular Captains and Governors. Grynaldus.  
When Paulus Aemilius was to encounter with Perses, and that his Army was sore dismayed at the eclipse of the Moon which then happened; Sulpitius Gallus encouraged them by his learning, in that he assured them of victory, by his knowledge in the Mathematical Sciences.  
By the like knowledge Archimedes defended the City of Syracuse from the fury of Marcellus.  
Alexander the great, had in a manner as great a company of learned men in his Army as warriors. Plutarch.  
When Varro was condemned to die, Anthony pardoned him, saying; Vinat Varro, vi●●doctissimus.  
Lysander, in reward of a few verses, gave unto the Poet Antiochus, his hat full of silver.  
Alphonso, gave 500 Ducats to Pogio of Florence, for translating out of Greek into Latin Xenophon his Cyropedia, albeit that it was translated before.  
julius Caesar made many and sumptuous Libraries, and gave M. Varro a commission throughout the dominions of Rome, to provide works of the best learned to furnish them. Appian.  
Ptolemy, having set up a most sumptuous Library in Alexandria, furnished the same with more than seven hundred thousand books. vitrvuius.  
He likewise caused 72. Interpreters of the most learned and religious men of judea, to come & translate the holy Bible out of Hebrew into Greek.  
Asronius the Philosopher, being demanded what it was that he knew, said, To speak well, and being demanded again what he ●ad learned, he answered, To speak well; ●nd being asked the third time what he ●aught, he said, To speak well. Sabel.  
Aspasia was much read in Philosophy, she ●aught Rhetoric, & was Pericles' teacher, ●nd afterward his wife. Plutarch.  
A Greek Ambassador and a Roman, were at words in the Senate of the Rhodi●us, the Grecian said, Roman it is true, that you are adventurous in Arms, but for all that, ●nable in Sciences, for the women of Greece know more in Letters, than the men of Rome in weapons. Upon these words grew the mortal wars between Rome & Carthage, about the possession of Sicily.  
The Romans' and the Grecians ready to defy one another, the Rhodians came in the midst, and persuaded both that this injury should not be determined with weapons, but argued with women's disputation. Afterwards assembled at Rhodes ten Grecians, and ten Roman women, all very well learned, which in their chairs, successively read certain Lessons, and afterterwardes held disputation one against the other. Eutropius.  
The Greeks' spoke very high things, not so profound, but with an excellent style, they were very well pleased to hear the Romai● women, and the Romans' astonished t● hear the Greeks'; Upon this occasion, th● Rhodians crowned every one of them wit● a crown of Laurel as vanquishers, & iud●ged that in grave sentences the Grecians had the best, & in eloquent speech the Romans had the victory. Idem.  
The Roman women returned to Rome, & the Grecians to Greece, where they were received with such triumph, as if they had won a battle; the Rhodians for memory of these women (in place of disputations) set up twenty high pillars, in every one of the which were the names of the Women, which were so sumptuous a building, that none in Rhodes was comparable unto it except the Coloslus. Idem.  
These pillars stood still, until the time of Heliogabalus the Emperor, who invented new vices, and destroyed ancient memories.  
L. Sylla had a Daughter called Lelia Sabina, of all the Roman Ladies the wisest, she read openly in a chair both Greek & Latin; ●hee, when her father after the wars of Mithridates, beheaded 3. thousand Romans' which came to salute him, (although by his word he had assured them safety) was condemned by the Senate for the fact, but ●y the learned and eloquent oration of 〈◊〉 he was saved.  
She writ divers orations, which her father afterwards learned by ●art, and as he was quick of spirit, so he always used to recite ●hem in the Senate for his purpose.  
Aristippus had a daughter called Aretha, ●ho was so renowned in Greek and Latin ●etters, that the common report was, that ●he soul of Socrates was entered into Are●ha.  
This Aretha writ forty books, had Auditor's one hundred and ten Philosophers, she ●ead natural and moral philosophy in the school of Athens, and died at the age of 77. years.  
Zenobia Queen of the Palmerians, writ an Epitome of the oriental history of Alexander. Pollio.  
Dama the daughter of Phythagoras, was famous for her learning.  
Cornelia, the wife of Africanus, and mother to the Gracchiss, writ a volume of eloquent Epistles. Cicero.  
Polla the wife of ●uca●, helped her husband to finish his three books of the wars in Pharsalia. Statius.  
Sapph writ nine books of Leriques, beside, Epigrams, Elegies, and other Poems, she flourished when Alcaeus & Stesichorus lived.  
Of the ancient Thracians, there was no● one endued with learning.  
The Barbarians thought it a thing reproachful to have knowledge and understanding.  
The people of Asia, attaining clearer light of learning, were so bold, that they said Orpheus the excellent physician wanted wisdom, because he was a Thracian borne.  
The Lacedæmonians were unlearned, for they regarded nothing but the exercises of the body.  
The Emperor Licinius and Valentianus, were such enemies to learning, that they called learning the only poison of the world, and those that were learned, the Asses of Cuma. Ignatius.  
Albeit that trajan was one of the best Emperors that lived, yet he gave not himself to learning for any commendation that Plutarch made thereof, but said, The Gods have not made me to turn over the leaves of a book, but to deal with martial affairs. Eutrop.  
Agricola restrained his mind, set on fire with desire of learning, knowing it to be a very hard thing for a man to hold a mean ●n wisdom. Tacitus.   

Of Opinion. Among the Philosophers, some were Stoics, some Academics, some Peripatetics, some Epicures; of Lawyers, some Cassians, some Sabians, some Proculeians; among Physicians, some affect Galen, some Hypocrates, some Paracelsus; the jews had their Esses, Saduces, & Pharisees; In the Universities, some are Libertines, some Germans, some Alexandrians, some Cilicians; in the Church, some Protestants, some Papists, some Puritans, etc.  
VArro collected in his time, 288. opinions out of the books of Philosophers, concerning the felicity of the soul.  
Socrates was reproved of Plato, Plato of Aristotle, Aristotle of Alberius, Lelius of Varro, Ennius of Horace, Seneca of Aulus Gellius, Tesato of Galen, Hermogaras of Cicero, Origen of Saint Hierome, Ruffinus of Donatus.  
All the ancient Philosophers saving Plato, believed that Time is without beginning. Proclus.  
Ptolomey was of opinion, that the midst of the earth is under the Equinoctial circle. Agrippa.  
Berosus holdeth the Mountain of Armenia, upon which Noah's Ark rested, to be the middle of the earth.  
Some Divines say, that jerusalem is the midst, because it is written, Deus operatus est salutem in medio terrarum.  
Zeno the Philosopher held opinion that all sins are equal.  
Epicurus maintained, that pleasure was the chiefest felicity.  
The Saducees & Zadukes, not the meanest Doctors among the jews, held opinion, that there were neither Angels, nor spirits, nor souls immortal. Tremelius.  
Crates the Theban, held that there was no soul in our bodies, but only a motion governed by nature. Leucippus' thought it a subtle air or an heat, and so did Possidonius.  
One reading the diversity of their opinions said, That clocks would sooner agree than Philosophers.  
The Swisser is of opinion, that too much study hurteth the brain.  
●●●●hago●as held opinion, that Earthquakes proceeded from none other cause, then from the meeting together of dead bodies.  
Epicurus Gargettius, was of this opinion, that he which was not contented with a little, was insatiable, and never had enough.  
Democritus, was of opinion, that there were world's infinite and innumerable, which made Alexander weep, that he was not lord of one among so many.  
The Stoics were of opinion, that who soever received their doctrine, if in the morning he were wicked, in the evening he should become a very good man.  
Empedocles saith, that the soul is in the blood; Plato in the brain, but Beda writing upon Mark, saith, that it is in the heart.  
Heraclitus was of opinion, that all things were led by strife and friendship.  
Thales Milesius, and Hesiodus, held that water was the beginning of all things, saying, that it was the auntientest and mightest of the Elements, because it ruled all the rest.  
Zacharias, writing to Mithridates, was of opinion, that men's destinies are in the virtues of herbs and stones.  
Alexander the Peripatetic, holdeth that the hidden virtues of herbs and stones proceed of the elements, and their qualities.  
The Academics with their Plato, attribute these virtues to the Ideas, the shapers or formers of things.  
Avicen, doth refer these operations to the intelligencies, Hermes to the stars, Albertus to the especial forms of things.  
Democritus and Orpheus, were of opinion, that all things were full of the Gods, meaning, that there is nothing of such excellent force, which being void of God's help, is content with his own nature.  
Anaxagoras held opinion, that snow was black, because the water it is congealed of is black. Cicero Acad.  
Plato was of opinion, that community in a commonwealth was best. Pythagoras held the contrary.  
Demosthenes, would have two names banished the commonwealth, to the end as he thought the people might be best governed, that is, Lords and Subjects, Masters & Servants. Laertius.  
Scipio Africanus, was of opinion, that he did all things rather by the counsel of the Gods then of men, which he maintained all his life. Appian.  
In Prince Demylas time, there fell a stone from heaven, which made Anaxagoras of opinion, that heaven was made of stone, and that but for the great compass of the building, it would sodainlay fall. Silenus.  
Chilo of Lacedaemon maintained, that man by reason might comprehend the foreknowledge of things to come, by the might & power of his manhood.  
Cyrus was of opinion, that no man was fit for an Empire, except he did excel those over whom he bore rule. Xenophon.  
Alcibiades was of opinion, that those men live safest, who do govern their commonwealth, without altering one whit their present customs and laws, albeit they be not altogether so good. Thucydides.   

Of Peregrination. In this most commendable action, two things are to be pr●posed, the profit, and pleasure of travail, the la●er, we are too greedy of by nature; the first which belongeth to the mind, is bounded with prudence and good carriage, which if it be neglected, the other two are unprofitable.  
Jacob having gotten wisdom by travail, is said i● Genesis, to have had the sight of God, because to the active life he had also joined the contemplative.  
Plato, after the death of his Master Socrates, made a voyage into Egypt, and then into Italy, to hear and confer with the best learned of those Countries, and to learn that which he knew not before.  
Orpheus, to seek the mysteries of the Egyptians, travailed as far as Memphis, visiting all the Cities of the river Nilus. Argonaut.  
Pythagoras, visited the Egyptians, Arabians, and Chaldeans, and went also into jury, and dwelled a long time at Mount Carmell. Strabo.  
Saba, came from Aethiopia, the farthest part of the world, to hear Salomons wisdom.  
Cornelia, a noble woman of Rome, travailed to Palestina, to hear S. Jerome ●each the Christians.  
Thalestris, Queen of the Amazons, came from Scythia unto Hyrcania, with three hundred thousand women, to lie ●ith Alexander 30. days, to have a child by him.  
Guevara, Chronocler to Charles the first, writeth, that from foreign Countries, men commonly bring news to prattle of, and strange customs to practise; and that few come out of Italy, that are not absolute and dissolute.  
Lycurgus, by his laws, commanded the Lacedæmonians not to go out of their own Country, nor to converse with strangers, saying, That although by their traffic with them they might be enriched, yet on the other side, they would grow poor, in regard of their own virtues.  
Democritus Abderita, travailed into many Lands and Countries, being 80. years old, only for the study of Philosophy, he ventured into Chaldea, and entered into Babylon, at last, he came amongst the Magicians and Gymnosophists of India. Olaus.  
The Scythians travail only in the Coasts of their own Country; but Anacharsis furnished with wisdom and knowledge, adventered further a greater way, for he came into Graecia, & was highly esteemed of Solon.  
Osiris, King of Egypt, travailed the greatest part of the world, that he might have written upon his tomb, Hear lieth Osiris King of Egypt, the eldest son of Saturn, that left no part of the world unsearched. Diodorus.  
Cheremon, a Stoic Philosopher, by the star that appeared at Christ's death, judging the same to be ominous to the Gods he worshipped, travailed into jury with certain Astrologers, to seek the true God.  
Fabius the Consul, in 70. years which he lived, departed not once from his village of Regio, to go to Messana, which was but two miles off by water.  
Apollonius, travailed over the three parts of the world, to see and confer with all the skilful men of his age, and being returned with wonderful knowledge, he distributed his riches amongst his kindsfolkes and the poor, and lived ever after in contemplation. Philostratus.  
The same having travailed Asia, Africa, & Europa, said, that of two things he marveled most in all the world; the first was, that he always saw the proud man command the humble, the quarrailous the quiet, the tyrant the just, the coward the hardy, the ignorant the skilful, & the greatest thieves hang the innocent.  
P. Servilius, was the first Roman that made any voyage to Taurus, from whence when he returned, he triumphed and merited the name to be called Isauricus.  
Anaxagoras, travailed from Greece into Egypt, unto Persia, and Chaldea, and to divers other Countries for knowledge sake.  
Ulysses, in his pilgrimage was wise, learning Physic of Aeolus, of Circe's Magic, and Astronomy of Calypso.  
Philosophers, when they were young, studied, when they came to be men, they travailed, and when they were old, they returned home and writ.  
The Persians, if any of their Country did imitate the behaviour of strangers, and so trouble common orders, he should therefore die.  
Lycurgus' carried the whole body of Homer's Poetry into Greece, out of jonia, in his voyage and peregrination.  
Appollonius, in his travails found a table of fine gold, called, The table of the Sun, wherein all the world was portrayed.  
Not ever to have seen Asia is praise worthy, but to have lived temperately in Asia, is highly to be commended. Cicero.  
Anacharsis was put to death, for that by his travails he had learned strange fashions and conditions, which he sought to ground in his own Country. Herodotus.  
The Hebrews called their adversaries Allophilos, that is, of a strange Country. Amb.  
Fools in old time travailed to see Choraebus' tomb.  
The Lacedæmonians were so great enemies to novelties in their commonwealth, that they neither permitted strangers to enter, or their people to wander into strange Countries, doubting to be entangled with new fashions and customs.  
Certain studious persons of the Gauls and Spaniards, went from their native Countries, with tedious journeys towards Rome, personally to behold the Orator and Historiographer, Titus Livius. Philostratus.  
The Athenians put their Ambassadors whom they sent into Arcadia to death, because they went not that way which was commanded, but a contrary.  
Apollonius Thyaneus, who had travailed the greatest part of the world, being asked of a Priest at Ephesus, what thing he wondered at in all this world, answered, I let thee know Priest of Diana, that I have been through France, England, Spain, Germany, through the Laces and Lydians, Hebrews, and Greeks', Parths, and Medes, Phrygians, and Corinthians, Persians, and above all, in the great Realm of India, for that alone is more worth than all the Realms together.  
Alexander, at what time he had overcome Darius, in a place called Arbellis, demanded of his Noblemen the safest way into Ae●ipt, but none could tell; a certain Merchant, who had been a great travailer, promised in three days journey, to bring him safe into Egypt, which Alexander at the first not believing, in the end found true. Lucianus.   

Of Gods & Goddesses. The Ancients divided their feigned Deities into three powers, of heaven, earth, and water, the first were the disposers and directors of men's actions, some ruled the airy Regions, others reigned in hell, and punished offenders, and some were Gods of the mountains, some of shepherds, some of husbandry, and some of woods; the last sort were Gods of the Sea, some of floods, others of rivers, and some of springs and fountains.  
SAturne, was the son of King Caelius and Vesta, brother to Titan, who at the persuasion of his mother, and Ops and Ceres, his sisters (much misliking that one so rude as Titan, should ascend to the succession of Caelius crown) gave the kingdom to Saturn his younger brother, under this covenant notwithstanding, that he should slay al● his male children, to the end the issue of Titan might after Saturn's death, repossess the kingdom.  
Saturn's wife and sister Ops, brought forth a son, which he caused to be slain, after this, she was delivered of a daughter and a son, jupiter, and juno, who desirous to save the life of his son, gave him to her mother Vesta, and presented only the daughter to Saturn.  
After this, contrary to the knowledge of Saturn, she brought forth an other son, called Neptune, and at another birth Pluto and Glauca, but she only showed the daughter.  
Titan understanding that Saturn had broken promise with him, with the forces of the Titanois his children, invaded Saturn, imprisoned him and his wife Ops, which jupiter having knowledge of, being a valiant Prince, and aided with the Coribantes, amongst whom he was trained, overcame Titan, and delivered his Parents.  
Of this war, came the fable of the wars of the Giants.  
Saturn forewarned by the Oracle, to take ●eede of jupiter his son, for that he had ●●tention to kill him, and expulse him his kingdom, devised to destroy him; who understanding his conspiracies, came with a great arm and vanquished his Father.  
Saturn fled into Italy, and there taught the people to plant and sow, and manure their earth, in recompense whereof (having lived before with roots and wild fruits) they honoured him as a God.  
jupiter married his sister juno, and conquered many Countries, not so much by power as policy, and for his wisdom, ordaining of laws, invention of arts, profitable for man's life, he was worshipped as a God, to whom those Princes he overcame, erected temples thereto enjoined by him, for the better establishment of his divine honour.  
The brethren of jupiter, Neptunus and Pluto, summoned him to partition of his patrimony, whereunto he agreed, and dividing the kingdom by lot, the west part fell to Pluto; the Isles and banks of the Sea happened to the portion of Neptune, and to Iupite● all the confines of the East.  
Of this partition sprung the fiction of the Poets, calling Neptune, the God of the Seas, and Pluto God infernal, or dis pater, for that the west or falling of the sun, is more dark and cloudy, and more base and low than the East.  
Hear grew also the first fiction that jupiter chased his Father into hell, for that Italy where Saturn was retired, standeth west, in respect of Candia, and is more dark.  
The Poets feigned, that the firmament or heaven, fell to the part of jupiter, the rather for that he remained for the most part since that partition in the mount Olympus in Thesalia, which the Greeks' called heaven.  
juno, the daughter of Saturn, was the sister and wife of jupiter, borne at Argos, some writ at Samos, the Goddess of marriage, and therefore called Pronuba, likewise Lucina for childbirth, the Queen of riches and honour, to whom the Peacock is consecrated.  
Vulcanus, was the God of fire, and son of juno, whom jupiter for his deformity cast from heaven into Lemnos, where he was honoured.  
Mars, was feigned to be the God of war, and juno's son without the company of man, he was also worshipped in Lemnos.  
Apollo, the God of wisdom, Music, Physic, Poetry, and Shooting, was borne of jupiter and Latona, & brother to Diana, he ●s called in heaven Sol, in earth Liber pater, i●●ell Apollo; he was worshipped at Delphos, and renowned for his Oracles.  
Venus, wife of Vulcan, is feigned to be borne of the froth of the Sea, the Goddess of love, beauty, and all sensual delights, she was adored in Cyprus.  
Cupid, the son of Venus, was painted naked, winged, blind, in his hand a bow, and at his back a Quiver of arrows, his companions are Drunkenness, Sloth, Luxury, Strife, Hate, and War; he was worshipped for the God of love.  
Mercury, was the Son of jupiter, and Maia, the God of eloquence and merchandise, and the messenger of the Gods, holding a Caduceus in his hand.  
Dionysius, otherwise called Bacchus, for that he showed the Indeans the use of Grapes, was honoured for a God.  
Ceres, first taught men how to plough, sow, reap, and grind their Corn, and therefore they held her a Goddess. Pliny.  
Diana, for her chaste life, was honoured for a Goddess, she continually exerc●●sed herself in hunting wild beasts, in hea●uen she is called Luna, in earth Diana, in he● Proserpina.  
Aeolus, was feigned by the Poets, to be th● God of the winds, because the clouds an● mists rising about the 7. Aeolian islands, 〈◊〉 whom he was King, did always porten● great store of winds.  
Pallas, was the Goddess of wisdom, an● all good Arts and Sciences, borne of Iupite●● brain without a mother.  
Nemesis, the daughter of Oceanus and Nox, called also Adrastea, was the Goddess of revenge.  
Berecynthia, Rhea, Tellus, Vesta, or Cybile, was the mother of the Gods.  
Pierideses the nine Muses, daughters of jupiter and Mnemosyne, dwelled in Helicon, and were called the Goddess of Poetry & Music.  
Momus, was the carping God, who never did any thing himself, but curiously beheld the doings of other, to carp thereat.  
Priapus, the son of Bacchus, and Venus, the God of Gardens.  
Pomoma, the Goddess of fruit, Flora of flowers, and Feronia of the woods.  
Charites, were the Graces, in number three, ●glaia, Thalia, Euphrosyne, supposed to be ●he daughters of jupiter & Venus.  
Penates & Lares, were household Gods, but ●ares for the hearth and fire, called by the ●ames of good and evil Angels, also the preservers of Towns and Cities.  
Genius, or Daimon, the paynims, thought to ●e a good or evil Angel, appointed to each man to guide and defend, or to punish them.  
Fortune, is feigned to dispose and change the good and evil haps of men, the daughter of Oceanus, or as Orpheus, of the blood, as a power not to be resisted; she is painted blind, and drawn in a Coach with blind Horses, vainly honoured for a Goddess.  
Pan, was the God of shepherds, of whom Duri● Samius writeth, that he was the son of Penelope; whose wooers being so long delayed, they all abused her, and got upon her, Pan.  
Pales was the Goddess of shepherds.  
Faunus, son to Picus, and father of Latinus, was the Father of all the rural Gods, his Son Sterculius invented the manuring, & compassing of grounds, and therefore was deified.  
Sylvanus, the God of woods, loved Cyparissus, who was turned by Apollo into a tree of his own name, in remembrance of 〈◊〉 Sylvanus would always bear a braunch● Cypress.  
janus, a King of Italy, was a wise and pro●●●dent Prince, and therefore they pictured hi● with two faces, he was called the God of betterance, whose temple gates in time of wan● was always open, and in peace shut up.  
Terminus, was God of the bounds, or seue●rall marks.  
Libitina, was a Goddess, in whose temple were sold all things pertaining to funerals.  
Oceanus, was the great God of the Sea, So● to Caelum, and Vesta the Father of all the Rivers.  
Tethis, was Goddess of the Sea, wife of Oceanus, and mother to all the Sea Nymphs.  
Triton, was the son & trumpeter of Neptune, begotten by him of Amphitrite. ovid.  
Glaucus, a fisher, perceiving the fishes which he had taken, by tasting of an herb on the bank, to leap into the Sea again, tasted thereof himself, and by the virtue thereof, was forced to leap into the Sea, whence he was called one of the Sea Gods. Idem.  
Nereus, was likewise a God, and Nereids the Fairies of the Sea, borne of Oceanus and Tethis.  
Proteus' a God of the Sea, was sometimes like a flame of fire, sometimes like a Bull, some times like a Serpent; he fed Neptune's fishes called Phocae.  
Castor and Pollux, the twins of Leda, begotten by jupiter in the form of a Swan; when they came to age, scoured the sea of Pirates, & therefore were counted the gods of the sea. For the infernal goods, look in the chapter of hell.  
The Assyrians worshipped Belus, the Egyptians Apys, the Chaldeans Assur, the Babylonians the devouring Dragon, the Pharaons the statue of gold, & the Palestines Belzebub.  
The Romans' chiefly honoured jupiter, the Africans Mars, the Corinthians Apollo, the Arabians Astaroth, the Aeginians the Sun, those of Achaia the Moon, the Sidonians Belphegor, and the Ammonites Balim.  
The people of India honoured Bacchus, the Lacedæmonians Ogyges, the Macedonians Mercury, the Ephesians the Goddess Diana, the Greeks', the goddess juno, the Armenians Liber, the Trojans Vesta, the Latins Februa, the Tarentines Ceres, the Rhodians janus. Apollonius.  
Vaginatus was worshipped that their ch●dren might not cry; Ruminus was the God of sucking babes; Stellinus of their first going; Adeon their guide when they went well.  
Cunius was adored for the safety of their children in Cradles.  
When the Emperor Severus warred against the Gauls, his wife julia was delivered of a daughter, whose sister Mesa a Persian, sent unto the Empress a Cradle for her child, made all of unicorns horn & fine gold, round about which was artificially painted the image of the God Cunius.  
Mentalis was their God of wit, Fessoria of travailers and pilgrim's, Pelonia had the charge to conquer their enemies, Rubigo to keep their Vines from worms, and the Corn from Locusts.  
Muta was their God whom they prayed unto, to the end that their enemies might not speak evil of them.  
Genoria was a goddess among the Grecians which chased away sloth; and Stimulia they feigned to be a goddess which hastened them about their business, her Image was set up over the gate of the Senate house.  
Vallonia was the goddess of their valleys. Segetia of their seeds. Tutillina of their fields. Ruana of their Reapers.  
Forculus was the god of Goldsmiths, Portulus was the God of their gates, Cardea of their doors.  
Psora was the goddess of dishonest women; in Rome were 40. streets of common women, in the midst of which was their Temple.  
Theatrica kept their theatres, in which might well stand above 20. thousand, and as many underneath; her Temple was in the market of Cornelia, which Domitian destroyed, because in his presence one of the Stages broke, and killed many men. Pulio.  
Cloacina was goddess of the stool, and of those that were troubled with the wind Colic. Quies of their rest, whose Temple Numa Pompilius built without the City; noting thereby, that man in this world, could never have pleasure or rest.  
The gods of Troy more envied the gods of Greece, than the Princes of Greece did the princes of Troy. Vulcan & Pallas were their enemies, Apollo and Venus their friends.  
The Philosopher Bruxellis being ready to die, told the Romans' that where in times past they had but 5. Gods, namely, jupiter, Mars, janus, Berecynthia, and Vesta; he let for every one of them a private God, to 28000. households, 28000. gods. Aurel.  
The Egyptians, although they were the first that excelled in the knowledge of celestial and natural things, (in somuch as Egypt was called the mother of Arts,) yet they above all others, superstitiously worshipped Leeks and Onions. Macrobius.  
The Heathen honoured thirty thousand Gods, as Hesiodus writeth, & adored three hundred jupiters', as Marcus Varro witnesseth.  
M. Cato worshipped his grounds, desiring them to bring forth in abundance, and to keep his cattle safe.  
Diagoras burning an Image of Hercules, said; Thou must now do me service in this thirteen encounter, as well as thou hast done to Euristheus in the other twelve.  
The Assyrians worshipped as many Gods as they had towns, and the Grecians as many as they had fancies.  
Melissus an ancient King of Crect, did first of all others sacrifice to the Gods.  
Vr Chaldaeorum, the fire of the Chaldeans, called also Orimasda, that is, holy fire, was the first occasion of Idolatry; this fire, kings caused to be usually carried before them upon an horse.  
There arose a great war between the Alleynes and the Armenians, the occasion thereof was, for that as they came to the feast of Olympus, they fell in contention whether of their Gods were the better, by reason of which war, their Commonwealth and people were brought into great misery; which the Emperor Adrianus perceiving, sent julius Severus utterly to overthrow those that would not be ruled by his sentence, whom he thus pacified, willing that the Alleynes should take for their Gods, the Armenians Gods, and the Armenians, the Gods of the Alleynes. Pulio de dissol. reg.   

Of Antiquities. The knowledge of Antiquities, & first invention of things, was so much in request among the Ancients, that Pliny, Marcus Varro, & Macrobius, (historiographers no less grave than true) were in great controversy, for proving what things were most ancient.  
THere were seven which first gave laws to the world, Moses to the Hebrews, Solon to the Athenians, Lycurgus to the Lacedæmonians, Numa Pompilius to the Romans, Asclepeius to the Rhodians, Minos to the Cretans, and Phoroneus to the Egyptians. Diod. Siculus.  
All Counsellors and Lawyers of Rome, did call the laws that were most just Forum, in memory of Phoroneus.  
The true and most ancient metals, be not of gold, but iron; much time passed in the Empire of Rome wherein the Romans had no money, but of brass or iron; & the first coin that was made to be melted in Rome of gold, was in the time of Scipio Affricanus.  
Corynthus, the son of Orestes, trained by his Father to scour the Sea, and commit islands to spoil, re-edified the Fortress of Sisyphus a notorious Pirate, and called it Corinthus by his own name; so that this city was first built by tyrants, governed by Tyrants, and destroyed by tyrants.  
Rome was builded by Romulus, jerusalem by Salem, Alexandria of Alexander, Antioch of Antiochus, Constantinople (before Byzantium) of Constantinus, & Numantia in Spain, of Numa Pompilius.  
In the City of Numantia was but one craft's man, & he a Smith, others they would not consent should live among them, saying; That all such things every man ought to have in his own house, and not to seek them in the Commonwealth.  
In the beginning of the world, they writ in ashes, next in barks of trees, then in leaves of Laurel, afterward in sheets of lead, & at last they came to write in paper. Strabo.  
In stones they did write with iron, in leaves with pencils, in ashes with fingers, in rinds with knives, in parchment with canes, and in paper with pens. Idem.  
The Ink that our forefathers did write withal, was first of a Fish called Zibia, after that, they made it of foot, afterwards of vermilion, after that, of Cardinellio, in the end, they invented it of Gum, Galls, Coperas, & wine. Guevara.  
They which descended of Lycurgus in Lacedemonia, of Cato in Utica, of Agesilaus in Lycaonia, & of Tusides in Galatia, were not only privileged in their provinces, but for their ancient noblesse honoured of all nations.  
It was a law in Rome, that all those that descended of the lineage of the Tarquines, Escaurians, Catilines, Fabatians & Bithinians, had no offices in the Commonwealth, although they descended of an ancient stock, because their ancestors were in their lives very dishonest, and in their government very offensive. Patritius.  
Christ himself would not descend of the Tribe of Benjamin, which was the least, but of the Tribe of juda, which was the greater and the better.  
The Romans' had the law Prosapia, the law of lineages, by which it was ordained, that when contention did arise in the Senate for the Consulship, that those which descended of the stem of the Syluians, of the Torquatians, and of the Fabritians, should obtain chief place before all others, for that these three lineages in Rome were most ancient, and did descend of most valiant Romans'.  
Colonies first began at the divers way-partings of Noah's posterity, Sem, Cham, & japhet.  
Of Gomer, one of the sons of japhet, came the Gomorites, whom the Greeks' call Galates and Gauls, of them came the people that spoiled Delphos, & were called Gallo-Greekes; of them likewise come the Germans. Melancthon.  
From Tubal, who was their first King, ●ame the Spaniards. Berosus.  
The Egyptians boast themselves to be the ●irst men in the world, as Geographers re●ort.  
Mosoch was the father of the Muscovites, ●nd Madai of the Medes, whose Empire was very great in the higher Asia; they destroyed ●he Chaldean Monarchy. josephus.  
Magog was father of the Scythians, but at this time the right Scythians are the Slavonians, Muschovites, and Tartarians, who vaunt of their descent from japhet. Melancthon.  
The Thracians are descended of Thyras, and of javan the Greeks', who gave name to the jonians. josephus.  
These were the seven sons of japhet the youngest son of Noah.  
When joseph was sold by his brethren to the Egyptians, the Merchants of Israel carried Myrrh, Balm, and Spicery, out of Gilaad to sell in Egypt, which may testify the antiquity of merchandise.  
Poets in antiquity go before Philosophers. Cicero.  
Damascus is a famous City in Syria, and supposed to be the first that ever was inhabited.  
There were five antiquities in the wor● generally accepted, the first was the Com●mon-wealth, the second, Letters, the third▪ Laws, the fourth, Barbers, the fift, Dial's and Clocks. Marcus Varro.  
The beginning of Venice was pitiful▪ poor, and almost in despair, it was builded when Attyla troubled Italy, the first Duke was Paulus Anazalus, Anno Dom. 706. two hundred and fifty two years after the foundation. Sleidan.  
Rome was the chief city of all Italy, Carthage was the principal of Africa, Numantia of Spain, Argentine of Germany, Babylon of Chaldea, Thebes of Egypt, Athence of Greece, Tyra of Phenice, Cesaria of Cappadocia, Byzantium now Constantinople of Thrace, and jerusalem of Palestine. Strabo.  
Thales the Philosopher being demanded what God was, answered; Of all antiquities the most ancient; for all the ancients passed never saw him take beginning, nor any that shall come after, shall ever see him have ending. Laertius.  
The Germans were called Cymbrians, and are now thought to be Danes.  
The Phrygians were proved more ancient than the Egyptians, by the education ●f 2. children of both nations every way like ●ourished, by the commandment of Psam●etichus, who desirous to know it, willed ●hat no man coming to them should speak ●o them, but after two years, the Phrygian ●pake Beccoes, which in their language signi●yeth bread, by which he perceived them to be the ancientest. Herodotus.  
The name of County, was first given to the Governors of Provinces, in the reigns of the emperors Honorius and Arcadius. P. Diaconus.  
Longinus, in the time of justinus, called himself the supreme Governor of Italy, and he appointed unto every City a Ruler, whom he termed Dukes, from whence it is supposed that dignity took the first name. Orosius.  
In the time of Heraclius began the doctrine of Mahomet, & was first embraced of the Arabians. Paulus Diaconus.  
When Constantinus warred against the Sarazines, Calinicus devised wild fire, with which (by hurling it amongst them) he burned their ships, and drove them from Constantinople.  
King Pippin ordained the first parliament in France.  
Sem, the eldest son of Noah, was the first that did search out the Sciences, and biafore the Deluge engraved them in pillars, th●● his posterity might learn them.  
Pythagoras was the first that called himself a Philosopher.  
Socrates was the first that brought philosophy from study to practise.  
Cain was the first homicide, and Lamec● did second him.  
Lamech first divided one rib into two, and brought in Polygamy.  
Stephen was the first Martyr in the primitive Church, called Protomartyr.  
The first that died in the world, was Abel, the first City was builded by Enoch in the fields of Edom, and the first that sailed was Noah.  
The first Duke was Moses, he was likewise the first Prophet, and Zacharias the last.  
The original of prophecy was first in Adam, who said, This is bone of my bone.  
Four things were first made in one time, the Heaven imperial, Angel's nature, the matter of the four Elements, and Time.  
Tubal first found out music, by the striking of hammers.  
The Prophet Esdras, first reduced the He●rewes traditions into writings.  
The Chananites were the first that were ignorant of God, their original and Prince Cham was accursed of his Father. Lactan●ius.  
People being dispersed, & like unto beasts ●andering in the field, were first by Cecrops and after by Theseus, brought to inhabit a City which was called Cecropia, and since named Athence.  
The first in this world that gave commandment to be proclaimed, that all the heavy ●oaden should come unto him and he would disburden them, and all the weary, and he would refresh them, was Christ; this was, when in the mould of love he did melt the law of fear. Guevara.  
The inventors of a Commonwealth, were the Aunts, which live, travail, and make provision together. Plato.  
Chivalry and Learning, had their first residence in Athens, and from thence went to Rome.  
Astronomy was first found in Chaldea.  
The greeting of Paul, Grace and Peace, was never heard of before the preaching of the Gospel. Ambrose.  
Cletus after him did write, Salutem et Apostolicam benedictionem.  
Orpheus gave names unto the Gods, and was the first blazer of their pedigrees.  
Pythagoras' observed that the morning star and the evening star be both one, & that the Zodiac roundeth the world like a girdle.  
Thales noted the North-star, Solon that the Moon fynisheth her course in 30. days, and Archimedes gathering the observations of many years thereof, was the first that invented the Sphere.  
Pherecides the Assyrian, was the first that writ any history in prose. Some hold that Ca●mus was the first.  
Capaneus, at the besieging of Thebes, invented the scaling with Ladders, & was killed with a stone from the brickwall.  
The Phoenicians were the first that found out the use of Letters. Lucanus.  
Nemrod first required of men homage & service, & Darius was the first that appointed tribute.  
Chrysippus corrupted the grave sect of Philosophers with crabbed questions.  
Zoroastres King of Bactria, was the inventor of the Art of necromancy.  
Lucilius was the first that wrote satires, and Sapph the first Poem of love. Pau●anias.  
The Athenians devised the imposition of synes, penalties and forfeitures. Aelianus.  
Ericthonius was the first that joined horses together for service in drawing; but in Italy Oxen were first prepared to the use of husbandry; whereupon the Grecians called Countrymen the Oxen of Italy.  
Triptolemus was the first that invented the plough.  
Clisthenes' first devised banishment, and happened himself to partake the smart of his invented punishment. The like is written of Perillus, for inventing Phalaris Bull.  
Caesar, when we was Dictator, first brought the Bull to be baited.  
The dial of the sun was found by Anaximenes, and the experience thereof showed in Lacedemonia, and brought to Rome by Papyrius; the Dial of Water by Scipio Nascica, & the hours by Thales Milesius.  
The Athenians invented wrestling, and active exercises.  
Themistocles made a law, that one ordinary day through the year, there should be cock-fighting in theatres.  
When the Tarentines were besieged by the Romans', & well nigh famished, the R●gineans fasting every tenth day victualled the Tarentines; wherefore, when the force of the Romans failed and the Tarentines recovered strength, they invented a festival day in remembrance of their former miseries, & called it leiunicus.  
The Aeginests first coined money, whereupon it was called answerable to their name, The Aeginean coin. Aelianus.  
Laius was the first that ever burned in the filthy lust of boys, and by reason therefore of this monstrous perturbation, he stole away Chrysippus the son of Pelops. Some write that Orpheus was the first that fell into this sin.  
Farron was the first Lawmaker of all the west parts of Europe, who had a son called Druis, from whom came the Druids, and Wisemen of France.  
Pastoral Poems had their head from those Shepherds which lamented the loss of Daphne's eyesight; Stesichorus was the first indighter of these Poesies and Ditties.  
Hortensius' the Orator, was the first that ever appointed the Peacock in course of service at feasts.  
From the Arcadians came the best & first Masters of defence and Wrestlers. Lelius Strabo.  
The Thessalians were the first fighters upon horseback, & the Africans by Sea.  
The Corinthians invented Galleys & great ships. Thucydides.  
All torments of war, which we call Engines, were first invented by Kings or Generals in war, or if by other, they were by them made much better. Vitrunius.  
Charles the great, created the first marquess, who was called Leopold of Austria, surnamed the Worthy, when he had driven the Hungarians out of Germany, to them he assigned the frontiers of Countries, to defend against incursions and invasions of the enemies.  
The disport of hawking, was found out in Thracia, where men and hawks as it were by a confederacy, took birds together, in this wise, the men sprang the birds out of the bushes, and the hawks soaring over them, beat them down, so that the men might easily take them, than did they equally divide the pray to the hawks, who being well served, of custom repaired to such places, where being aloft, they perceived men to be assembled to that purpose. Plinius.  
Centauri, were the first that tamed horses riding, and men seeing them, supposed it t● be one body, and therefore an hundred horsemen of Thessalia, were called Centauri of Centum and aura, as it were an hundred wind Waggers.  
Thales Milesius, who flourished in Athens in the time of Achab King of juda, was the first that defined the soul, affirming it to be a nature always moving itself.  
The very account of the year was uncertain and confused in Europe, until the time of julius Caesar. Censorius.  
Pythagoras, Eudoxus, and Euclides, were the Authors of the most notablest grounds of Arithmetic and Geometry.  
Ninus, was the first King, of whom any Historiographers have written. Plinius.  
The first that used to have backebyters, spies, and talebearers, was Darius the younger; next him Dionysius the tyrant, who intermeddled them among the Burgezes, that by that he might know what they said of him  
The first ship that was ever set a float, was upon the red Sea. Pliny.  
The Tyrians were the first that excelled in Navigation. Strab.  
Before the Persian wars, there was no common baker in Rome. Plinius.  
The first cherries that came into Rome, were brought by Lucullus.  
When the Gauls came into Italy, there were no wines at all in Gallia.  
The Greek histories began at the Empire of the Persians. Apuleius.  
The paper of Egypt, was invented in Alexander's time.  
justine, Origen, & Clement, were the first writers amongst the Christians.  
The Antiochians, were first called Christians, by the preaching, of those that dispersed themselves at the stoning of Stephen. Gracianus.  
Promethuis, first taught Grammar amongst the Grecians. Cornelius Ag.  
Crates Mallotus, brought it to Rome, which Palemon studied, and called it an Ar●.  
The first inventor of the partition of ages, was Sibylla Cumana.  
Pyrrhus, King of the Epyrotes, was the first that invented Currers and Posts, he being at Tarentum, in one day understood from Rome, in two out of France, in three out of Germany, and in four out of Asia.  
Dido, builded Carthage threescore and twelve years before the building of the City of Rome, than Aeneas never saw Dido, for Aeneas was before, & died 3. hundred year ere Carthage was built.  
Numa, was the first that caused the penny to be coined for his people, and called it Nummus.  
Lazarus, whom Christ raised from death, was the first Bishop of Cyprus, he died his second death at the age of 78.  
The Portingalls, were the first finders of the new world.  
The first Emperor that took in hand to persecute the Christians, was Nero, picking a quarrel against them, for setting Rome on fire, when he was guilty of it himself.  
Romulus, was the first King of Rome, julius Caesar the first Emperor.  
C. Agrippa, desirous to know the original of a Monk's hood, sought many books, and neither in the old testament, nor amongst the Prophets and patriarchs, was it to be found, than he looked into the new Testament, amongst the Saints and Apostles, but there was no mention of any such thing, by chance coming into a Painters shop, he saw the temptation of Christ by the devil lively painted, and a hood upon his head, than was he glad that he had found that in pictures, which he could not in books, that the devil was the first inventor of the monks ●oods. Cor. Agrippa.  
Poets, first professed natural Philosophy, of the which Prometheus, Linus, Orpheus, and Homer, were the inventors.  
The Lacedæmonians, found the helmet, spear, and sword; the Scythians, the use of bows and arrows.  
Simonides, invented the Art of memory, which was perfected by Metrodorus Scepticus. Cor. Agrippa.  
Aristeus, King of Arcadia, first found the use of h●ney.  
Victories and triumphs, were first ordained by Dionysius.  
Gorgias Leontinus, was the first among the Greeks' for his eloquence, that had his picture set up at Delphos, in the temple of Apollo.  
Ulysses, was the first, after that Troy was overcome, that used to kill birds, which pastime he devised, that it might cause those gallants, whose fathers at the siege of Troy were slain, to forget their deaths, with this new found pleasure. Cor. Agrippa.  
The Cyclopians, were the first workers of Iron works.  
The Athenians taught first to plant trees and Vineyards.  
The Phrygians, first made Chariots and Wagons.  
The first that invented to cut off thieves ears, and strangle them upon Gibbets, were the Goths, who notwithstanding in other respects were barbarous; yet used they severe justice to malefactors. Guevara.  
Varro, a great searcher of antiquities, writeth, that all the Handicrafts were invented within the space of a thousand years, reckoned back from his time.  
Tiberius, brought this custom of speaking to the Prince by writing, and of his answer by the same, to the end that nothing should escape his mouth, that was not well considered of before.  
Dionysius, was the first in Sicily, that used to eat twice a day, of whom Plato said, That he was a monster of nature.  
The Lydians first invented the Art of dicing, and playing divers kinds of games upon the tables.  
Dircaeus, made Captain over the people of Sparta, invented the trumpet, and taught all the Lacedæmonians to sound the same, which was such a terror unto their enemies the Messenians, that at the first sound thereof they fled, and the Lacedæmonians got the victory.  
Pyrrhus, first taught his Soldiers to dance in armour, called Pyrrhyca Saltatio. Plinius.  
jones, so called of Iaon the son of Iape●us, are the first Greekes.  
Servius Tullius, the King of Rome, first invented mustering of men, which before his time, was not known through the whole world. Eutropius.  
S. Lewes, the 9 of that name, was the first King that raised a task in France. Guychardine.  
Prometheus, first invented statues and Images, some say Pygmalion, whose Image was metamorphized into a woman. ovid.  
Thales, was the first Philosopher. Lactantius.  
Pope Sergius, the second, was the first that changed his name, who before was called Swine's mouth.  
Otho, the first, made the first oath to the Bishop of Rome.  
In the time of Henry the black, Emperor of Germany, when Clement the second was Pope, the dignity of Cardinals first beg●n. Anno Domini one thousand & fifty.  
Pope Hildebrand, did first forbid the German Priests to marry.  
In the year of Christ, one thousand, one hundred, and forty, when the studies of the Law flourished every where, and the best learned embraced them (as it happeneth most commonly in a new thing) the Monks perceiving that holy Scripture began to be despised for studying therein, they also began a study of Theology, and ordained School disputations in divine matters, as the Lawyers did in civil, and this was the original of Divinity Schools.  
Frederick the second, Emperor of Germany, was the first, that wanting silver, caused to make coin of leather, that he might have wherewith to pay his men of war, but when he had gotten silver, he paid them lawful money, and that liberally.   

Of Prophecies, Visions, etc. Sundry Philosophers by speculative Astrology, have foretold many things, that should fall out, following the rules and signs which have been accustomed to proceed, and when experience answereth to the cause; otherwise they are not able to foretell aught without lying, & aiding them selves with Art, long experience, & revelation of the devil, to whom they have wholly abandoned themselves.  
Romulus', set his Image in the Palace at Rome, & said, it should not fall, until a maid bore a child. Chrysost.  
The same day that julius Caesar died, in the isle of the land of Capua, was found by Querrions of the Country, a rich tomb of stone, in it a little tablet of gold, with these words engraven, When ever it shall fall this tomb to be opened, the same day the conqueror of the world shall be murdered in the Capitol. Vincen.  
An hundred days before Caesar was slain, the first letter of his name by figure an hundred, was by fire from heaven strooken away, his statue standing in the market place, and upon the top written Caesar. Vincentius.  
Sibylla prophesied, that the Pope should be overcome with linen rags.  
The hundred Senators of Rome one night dreamt all one dream.  
Virgil made a head to speak, of which he demanded what he should do in a certain purpose, the head answered, If he kept well his head, he should come again all whole, but that day the sun shined hotly, and smote him on the head, and chased his brain, whereof be●● died.  
There appeared three Suns in the firmament, toward the East part of the world, the which by little and little were brought into one body; a great sign it was that Asia, Africa, Europe, should be brought to one monarchy.  
Tanaquill, the wife of Tarqvinius Priscus, when she saw the flames playing about Servius Tullius head, she affirmed thereby that he should be King in Rome; this divination is called pyromancy. Livius.  
The rain of stones in Picen, at the second wars of Carthage, did foreshow the slaughter and murder that Hannibal should do in Italy. Idem.  
Abraham, a jew, prophesied, that in the year of our Lord 1464. the jewish religion should get the upper hand, the which was never more oppressed then at that time.  
The jews were so addicted to observe these augurations, that they would not go unto war at any time, without some conjectures had by birds or beasts. josephus.  
Simonides, in pity buried a dead corpse, which no man would do (as he was to pass over the Seas) the night before he should ●●ile, in the morning the same man which Simonides had buried, appeared unto him, warning him that day not to go to Sea, being ready to go, he remembered his dream, and told his fellows thereof, but they regarded him not, & left him behind them, where in sight of Simonides, they and their ship was lost. Patritius.  
Midas, King of Phrygia, being troubled and vexed with certain dreams, grew to be desperate, and died voluntarily, by drinking the blood of a Bull.  
Aristodemus, King of the Messenians, hearing dogs howl like wolves, & understanding by his Soothsayers, that it was an evil sign, slew himself.  
The picture of Fortune, at Tusculane, appeared unto Galba, lamenting that he had offered and consecrated the money which she had given him a little before, to Venus, & therefore with bitter words she threatened to take it from him again, for shortly after he was murdered by the Soldiers of Otho.  
There appeared to Hercules two maidens, diversly appareled of divers nature, the one plain and simple, the other gorgeously decked; Virtue, and Pleasure. Cicero.  
Triton, appeared unto Caesar, standing in a maze at the River Rubrico, in Italy, who taking a trumpet from one of his Soldiers, leapt into the River, whom Caesar and all his army followed. Suetonius.  
Tacitus, when it was told him that his Father's grave opened of itself, knew well that he should shortly die, and made himself ready for it. Vopiscus.  
There appeared to one Pertinax, three days before he was slain by a thrust, a certain shadow in one of his fishponds, with a naked sword, threatening to kill him. Capitolinus.  
An Horseman appeared to Machabeus, shaking his spear, to signify the famous victory he should obtain.  
Alexander dreamt, that Hercules reached his hand to him out of a wall, promising him to help him in his wars.  
Caesar dreamt, that he lay with his mother, which the Soothsayers interpreting, the earth to be his mother, said, That he should be conqueror of the world.  
Midas, being an Infant in his cradle, Aunts were seen to carry grains and victuals to feed him, which the Soothsayers signified, that he should be the wealthiest man in the world,  
Socrates dreamt, that he held fast in his hand a young Swan, which fled from him away, and mounted the skies, whose sweet voice as a wonderful harmony, replenished the heavens; this was Plato his Scholar.  
Brutus, fight against Augustus, & Antonius, saw two Eagles fight together, the one coming from Caesar's tent, the other from his own, when his Eagle was vanquished, he knew he should be overcome. Plut.  
Cicero, understood that his death was at hand, when a Raven held him fast by the hem of the gown, making a noise, until the Soldiers of M. Antonius, Herennius, & Popilius, had beheaded him. Plut.  
julian, dreamt according to the opinion of Pythagoras & Plato, that by the transmigration of souls from one body into another, the soul of Alexander was crept into his body, or that he was Alexander himself in an other body. Eusebius.  
The Princes of Greece were certified by a Dragon, that climbed a tree, where he killed a she Sparrow, & eight young ones, that they should hold wars with the Troyans' 9 years, and in the 10. should overcome it. Homer.  
Alexander, by a vision was warned to take heed of Antipater, who poisoned him.  
When Caesar was murdered, an Ox yoked for the plough spoke, That not only Co●● should want, but men also should perish and therefore was urged in vain to labour▪ Livius.  
When Nero began his Empire, trees, pastures, and meadows, changed places one with another. Tacitus.  
Before the destruction of jerusalem by Ve●spasian, a star appeared in manner of a sword in the sky, Chariots were seen running up and down in the firmament, and men in harness fight in the clouds. josephus.  
A Soothsayer forewarned Anthony of Augustus' familiarity, saying, What do you so near this young man? separate yourself from him, your fame is greater than his, you command more than he, you have greater experience, but your familiar spirit feareth his, and your fortune which of itself is great, flattereth his, and if you sequester not yourself from him, she will leave you, and go to him.  
soothsaying was first practised in Hetruria, where a husbandman ploughing in the field Tarqumen, a certain man sprung up from the ground named Tages, in face much like a young child, but in wisdom far surmounting any Philosopher, he taught all the Land of Hetruria. Cic. de divin.  
Thermute, the daughter of Pharaoh, who brought up Moses, one day gave him into her Father's arms to play with all, & for the love he bear to her, he put his Diadem upon Moses, which he presently took off, casting ●t upon the ground, the Astrologers that cast his nativity, said, O King, this is the child whom God hath given us to kill, for undoubtedly ●e will be the overthrow of our kingdom. josephus.  
Anaxagoras said, that a great stone should fall from the sun the second year after the 67. olympiad, in Egos, a River in Thracia, which came so to pass. Plinius.  
Romulus, after the sight of twelve Ravens, as Livy saith, or rather because the lightning had pierced his body, from the left to the right side (as Dionysius writeth) was by divination chosen King, which was the respect, that by law it was provided, that no man should take upon him to be made King without divination.  
Homer, maketh two gates of dreams, one of horn, which pertaineth to true dreams, and the other of ivory, to false; the greatest part pass through the gates of ivory, & not through that of horn.  
M. Cicero, dreamt that he saw one in his dream, whom waking he had never seen, and as soon as he met him, he knew him.  
Anaxarchus, in sharp and cold weather foreknowing that Alexander would pitch hi● pavilion, and encamp in a place where wa● no wood, laid up all his utensils and implements in store for a dear year; he caused drudges and slaves to carry wood by the load for his own provision; when Alexander came to that place, they found such want of wood, that they were compelled to burn their tables; in this lack, one told the King that Anaxarchus had sufficient, to whom Alexander came and refreshed himself with him, rewarding him abundantly.  
Thales Milesius, a Philosopher, being upbraided that his wisdom could not make him rich, foresaw by study that there would be great scarcity of oil, which in the time of plenty he bought up, & when the want came, by his store, he became exceeding rich. Laertius.  
When C. Marius, was a child, seven young Eagles fell into his lap, which the Augurs did show, that he should seven times have the greatest honour in Rome, and he was seven times Consul. Appian.  
Sylla, after he had resigned his Dictatorship, being reviled of one, and patiently en●uring it, said either by natural reason or a divination of things to come; This young ●an will be the let, that another man having ●uch authority, will not so soon give it over; which thing happened in Caesar. Appian.  
An ancient Soothsayer of Tuscan (when agreement was made between the Trium●irats) prophesied that the old kings should return, and every man be in bondage but himself alone; and presently he shut his mouth, and stopped his own breath till he died. Appian.  
Seleucus, going to Babylon, stumbled on a stone, and the stone being removed an Anchor was seen: and whereas the Soothsayers that were with him, said it was a sign of delay, Ptolomeus Lagus that went with him, said, an Anchor was a token of safety, and not of delay; whereupon, Seleucus ever after used an Anchor in his signet.  
Alexander returned from India to Babylon, & sailing in the ●ends, a sudden wound did blow of his diadem into a place of reeds, in which stood the sepulchre of an ancient King; which was held to be a token of his death.   

Of Majesty. The fountain of all excellent manners 〈◊〉 Majesty, being the whole proportion and figu●● of noble estate, and properly a beauty or comeliness in the countenance, language & gesture● which doth cast upon the beholders & bearers a fearful reverence.  
THere was in the Emperor Augustus' ● native majesty, for from his eyes issued rays or beams which pierced the eyes o● the beholders. Sueto.  
The Frenchman that came to kill Marius when he saw his countenance, ran from him▪ crying, that he had no power to kill him. Appius▪  
When Ulysses ship and men had suffere●● shipwreck, and he hardly escaped, being ca●● all naked upon the coast of the Pheacaes the King's daughter sent him a mantle, who coming to the King, presented such a won●derful majesty in his looks and speech, tha● Alcinous wished Ulysses would take his daughter Nausicaa to wife. Homer.  
The people wondering at his majesty, honoured him with sundry presents, & at they● own charges conveyed him to Ithaca.  
Scipio being in his manor place called Linternum, divers notorious thieves & Pirates came only to see his person, of whose ●ame they had heard so large reports; but he not knowing this their intent, armed himself to make defence, which the Captain perceiving, dispatched his followers, & laying down his weapons, said, That they came not as enemies, but wondering at his virtue and valour; whereupon Scipio entertained them.  
Calphurnius Crassus, conspiring with others the death of Nerua, he knowing thereof, placed them next to him at a public show, and not fearing danger (being strengthened with a great mind) gave them swords ready drawn, and asked them whether they were sharp enough, who taking the swords in their hands, had no power to hurt him.  
At the beginning, when the multitude of people were oppressed by them that abounded in possessions & riches, they espying some one which excelled in virtue and fortitude, repaired to him▪ who ministing equity, when he had defended the poor from injury, retained together the greater persons with the inferior, in an equal and indifferent order, wherefore they called that man a king, which is to say a Ruler.  
Belus the son of Nemrod, was the fir●● King in the world.  
The ancient Egyptians called their king's Epiphanes, and had this custom, that they should enter the Temple barefooted; and because one of them came to the Church otherwise, he was deposed, and that name o● dignity ceased.  
They likewise called their kings Pharaones; the Bithinians Ptolomaei; the Latins Murani; the Parthians Arsacides; the Albans Syluij; the Sicilians Tyrants; the Argives Kings.  
Nabuchad-nezzar entitled himself King of Kings, Alexander king of the world, Demetrius conqueror of Cities, Mithridates' restorer of the world, Attyla the whip of Nations, Tamburlaine the scourge of God, Dyonisius the host of men, Cyrus the last of the Gods. Henry the eight, king of England, defender of the faith, Charles King of France the most christian king, & Alphonso King of Spain, the Catholic king.  
This Alphonso, did first begin to make Bishops houses joining to the Cathedral Churches, to the end, that neither cold in Winter, nor heat in Summer, might hinder their residency.  
In the Country of the Sydonians, there was Dynastia, which was called a lineage of Kings that endured two hundred & twenty five years, because all those Kings were of a good and virtuous conversation.  
The authority of Kings hath ever been accounted a thing divine; for Homer and Isocrates write, that he who governeth alone, representeth a divine majesty.  
In Egypt, of Philosophers they did choose their Priests, and of Priests their Kings, with whom it was a law inviolable, that the King which had been wicked in his life, should not be buried after his death.  
In the isle Tabrobana, kings are chosen by election, and not by blood. Solinus.  
Sulla's dictatorship, was called a negative ordained kingdom. Appian.  
The old Roman Kings did wear no crowns, but held sceptres in their hands, of the which Tarqvinius was the last, for that his son ravished Lucretia the wife of Collatinus. justinus.  
Plato following the fiction of Homer, did write that king's children were composed of a precious mass, & to be separated from the common sort.  
Homer named kings Diogenes, that is, the generation of jupiter, and Diotrophes, nourished by jupiter, and Aristes, which Plato interpreteth to be the familiars of jupiter, and his disciples in politic sciences.  
The Kings of Persia in their privy Chambers dispatched their greater matters themselves, and left those of less consequence to their Princes.  
It was a custom amongst the ancient kings, to put questions one to another to try the ability of their wits, and certain praise● & rewards were appointed to them that excelled. Plutarch.  
Solomon sent riddles & problems to king Hiram, whom it cost very much because he could not assoil them, until at length, he found a young man of Tyrus, called Aba●mon, who deciphered unto him the mos● part of them. Dion.  
The Kings of Persia showed themselves more subject to laws then their lords. Zona●▪  
The Kings of Lacedemonia did monthly swear to guide themselves according to the Laws; and the Ephori took an oath in the behalf of the people to see it executed.  
Antiochus told his son Demetrius, that their kingdom was a noble slavery.  
There was four Kings & Princes, which ●ad but one eye a piece, Philip, Alexander's ●ather, Antigonus king of Macedonia, Ha●iball of Carthage, and Sertorius a Roman. The first lost his eye at Methon, the second, ●t Perinthia, the third, upon the Alps, the forth in Pontus. Plutarch.  
Alphonsus was the first king of Lusitania, the son of Henry Lorraine, and Tiretia, the ●ase daughter of Alphonsus king of Castille, ●n one battle he overcame 5. princes of the Sarazines, and therefore in his shield bore 5. several coats of honour. Cor. Agrippa.  
Pharamont, surnamed Warmond, was the first King of France; who came out of Germany, he bore in his shield three black Toads.   

Of Monarchies. A Monarchy, most significatly representeth the divine regiment, wherein absolute sovereignty consisteth in one only Prince, who commandeth all, and is not to be commanded of any.  
THE latter Romans' had a Duarchie, which is comprehended under the government oligarchy; their Empire was divided into two parts, the one Emperor of the East, the other of the West. Eutrop.  
aristocraty, is the rule or power of the best and most virtuous men, approved for good life and wisdom, directing their thoughts to no other end then a general profit.  
oligarchy, is when a few noble or rich men govern the Commonwealth, rejecting the poor and base sort.  
Timocratie, is the power of mean or indifferent wealth, governing by some laws taken from oligarchy and Democraty, which are two extremes.  
Democraty, is where free men, being the greater number, are Lords of the estate.  
There was also a mixed or compounded estate of all these.  
Under the monarchial government, lived the Scythians, Ethiopians, julian's, Assyrians, Medes, Egyptians, Bactrians, Armenians, Macedonians, jews, & Romans'; at this day, Englishmen, Frenchmen, Spaniards, Polonians, Danes, Muschovits, Turks, Tartars, Abyssines, Moors, Agiamesques, Zagathians, cathaian's.  
Under aristocraty were the Lacedæmonians, which estate was an excellent pattern of government, this established Lycurgus five hundred years.  
Under oligarchy were the ancient governments in Sicilia, amongst which, that of the Leontines was translated into the tyranny of Pannecus, that of Geta into the tyranny of Leander, & that of Rheginun into the tyranny of Anaxilas, & so of others. Aristotle.  
Under aristocraty is the government of Venice. Under Democraty, Athence. Plato.  
Ptolomey King of Egypt, as he feasted one day seven Ambassadors of the best & most flourishing Commonwealths in his time, he desired them that they would instruct him in the best points necessary for the preservation of an estate. Who thus began.  

The Roman Ambassador.  
We have the Temples in great respect and reverence, we are very obedient to our Governors, and we punish wicked men and evil livers severely.   

The Carthaginian.  
In the Commonwealth of Carthage, the nobles never cease fight, nor the common people & artificers labouring, nor the Philosophers teaching.   

The Sicilian.  
In our Commonwealth, justice is exactly kept, merchandise exercised with truth, and all men account themselves equal.   

The Rhodian.  
At Rhodes, old men are honest, young men shamefast, and women solitary, and of few words.   

The Athenian.  
Our rich men are not suffered to be divided into factions, nor poor men to be idle, nor the Governors to be ignorant.   

The Lacedaemonian.  
In Sparta, envy reigneth not, for all are equal, nor covetousness, for all goods are common, nor sloth, for all labour.   

The Sicyonian.  
Voyages are not permitted, that they should bring home new fashions at their return, Physicians are not suffered, lest they should kill the sound, nor Orators to take upon them the defence of causes and suits. Buda.   
The Lacedæmonians are highly praised for having continued seven hundred years without any alteration of their government. Grimaldus.  
The Venetians have constantly lived in one form of government by the space of a thousand years, and more. Idem.  
The first Monarch was Ninus, King of the Assyrians, who was deprived of his kingdom by his wife Semiramis, when she had obtained of him the government for 7. days, who impatient at her dealing, dashed out his his own brains; after he had gotten the Monarchy, his poesy was Rapitur.  
Semiramis the mother of young Ninus, seeing him unfit to rule, governed the Empire 42. years, but burning in unnatural lust toward her son, she was therefore slain by him.  
Sardanapalus the last Assyrian Monarch, was deposed by Arbactus, who translated the monarchy to the Medes.  
The second Monarch was Cyrus; whom Thomiris Qu. of Scythia overcame; his motto was Stabilitur.  
Alexander the great, overcame Darius, Monarch of Persia, and brought the government to the Grecians; his word was Tandem. It is supposed that he was poisoned at Babylon.  
Augustus Caesar was the fourth Monarch, (in whose time our Saviour Christ was borne) his word was Finitur.  
The Assyrian Monarchy continued one thousand three hundred six years, the Medes and the Persians five hundred & 40. the Grecians 154. and the Romans' above eight hundred.  
The Roman Monarchy began fort● and seven years before Christ was borne.  
The Romans first brought this name Emperor into the world, which they invented, not for their Princes, but for their Captains and Generals in war; & after that Caesar had overcome Pompey, the Romans requested him that he would take unto him the title Emperor; and he was the first in all the world.  
All I. Caesar's successors in memory of him, are called Augusti, Caesares, & Imperatores.  
julius Caesar the first Roman Emperor, was murdered in the Capitol.  
Octavius Augustus his nephew, succeeded him, who for his worthy demeanour, was canonised for a God, he reigned 56. years. In his time Christ was borne.  
Claudius' Tiberius, son to Livia Augustus his wife by her first husband, was a coward, cruel, covetous, and lecherous, he deceased in Campania the 23. year of his reign, to the great joy of the Romans.  
Caligula, son to Germanicus, for his cruelty and beastly life, was slain in his Palace, when he had reigned 3. years & 10. months.  
Claudius, Son to Drusus, was a good Emperor, yet poisoned by Nero, and after his ●eath canonised, he reigned 13. years and ●ine months.  
Nero, son in law to Claudius, who adopted him to be his successor, was a most wicked Emperor, and a great persecuter of Christians, he killed himself when he had reigned fourteen years,  
Galba was somewhat severe and covetous, he reigned but seven months, & was slain through treason, by Otho; his throat was cut in the market place at Rome.  
Otho invaded the Empire, and at the same time he slew Galba, Vitellius was chosen Emp. by the Germans who overcam him in battle, he killed himself, reigning 95. days.  
Vitellius was an excessive glutton, & cruel, he strived in his doings and course of life to be like Nero, he was slain by the Captains of Vespasian, and thrown into Tiber, when he had reigned eight months, & one day.  
Vespasian was a Prince endued with most excellent virtues, and very gentle, he died of a flix when he had reigned 9 years.  
Titus his son succeeded him, who for his clemency was called the love of mankind, he was a stout warrior, eloquent, learned, & liberal, he builded the Theatre in Rome for plays, he died when he had reigned, 2. years, 8. months, 20. days, & was canonised.  
Domitian was the second Emperor that persecuted the Christians, a proud & cruel Prince, he was slain by his own servants, the fifteen year of his reign.  
Nerua was a man in his private life sober, yet stout and valorous, he demeaned himself uprightly, and deceased when he had reigned one year, 4. months, 8. days.  
Traianus a Spaniard, was the third Emperor that persecuted the Christians, he was an affable & sober Prince, & pitiful, he died of the flux in the 19 year and 6. month of his reign.  
Adrianus gave himself wholly to peace, which much advantaged the Commonwealth, he was expert in the knowledge of Astronomy; he persecuted the Christians a while, and reigned 20. years 10. months.  
Antonius Fuluius was a good Prince, liberal, courteous, just, he was for his gentleness surnamed Pius, and died of a Fever, when he had reigned 23. years.  
Marcus Aurelius was very learned, he governed the Empire jointly with his brother Antoninus, at what time Rome began to be ruled by two Emperors at once, M. Aurelius died of the Apoplexy, reigning eleven years, than Antoninus governed alone, being a sober and grave Prince & learned, he sold all his substance rather than he would charge his subjects with exactions, & died when he had reigned 18. years.  
Antonius Comodus defamed himself by his wicked life, and died suddenly, reigning twelve years, 8. months.  
Pertinax was very old when he was chosen, and having reigned but 80. days, he was slain in an uproar which sell among the guard, by the means of julian.  
Didicus julianus bought the Empire with money, he was a noble man, expert in the laws, he was overcome by Severus, & slain in his palace, reigning 7. months.  
Severus the only Emperor created forth of Africa, he was very covetous, & by nature cruel, he subdued Britain, deceased at York, reigning 18. years.  
Antoninus killed his brother Geta in his mother's presence, he founded the Baths at Rome, & was much given to lust, he espoused his mother in law, juba, and was slain of Macrinus when he had reigned 6. years.  
Opilius Macrinus & Diadumenus his son succeeded, & were both slain in a sedition, reigning but one year, 2. months.  
Heliogabalus was a most dissolute & wicked Emperor, the base son of Antoninus, he with his mother Semiamira, were drawn with all spite through the City of Rome, their bodies were torn in pieces, & cast into Tiber; he reigned six years.  
Alexander Severus, being but 17. years old, was chosen Emperor, he was a very virtuous Prince, and the first Emperor that favoured the Christians; he was slain in France, in a tumult that arose among the soldiers by the means of Maximinus, in the thirteen year of his reign.  
Maximinus was first a Shepherd in Thracia, and afterward became a soldier, he was the first that aspired to the Empire by means of soldiers only; he was slain by Pupienus at Aquileia, when he had reigned three years.  
Three at once bare the name of Augustus, Pupienus, Balbinus, and Gordianus; the the first two, so soon as they came to Rome, were slain in the palace, & Gordianus reigned alone; he was come of a noble progeny, and when he had reigned six years he was slain by the treason of Philip, who succeeded him.  
Philip was the first Emperor that pro●essed the Christian saith, he was slain by Decius, when he had reigned 5. years.  
Decius made an act, that all that worshipped Christ should be slain, both he and his ●onne were slain in Barbary, after they had ●aigned 2. years, some writ he was swallowed up in an earthquake.  
Virius Gallus, and Volusianus his son, ●aigned together, then Emilianus attempted new conspiracies in Moesia, and when they both went to subdue him, they were slain at ●teramna, not reigning full out two years, ●hey persecuted the Christians.  
Aemilianus, as he was descended of base stock, so was the time of his Empire obscure and without fame, when he had reigned 3, months he was slain.  
Valerianus reigned 6. years, he was discomfited & taken prisoner by Sapores King of Persia, who when he would take his horse, he made Valerianus lie on the ground, that he might tread on him while he got on horseback, he was slain at Milan, & ruled 6. years.  
Galienus was learned, but given to great excess & drunkenness, he was slain likewise at Milan, having reigned with his Father 6. years, and 9 after him.  
Flavius Claudius, a virtuous Prince, sober, and a maintainer of justice, within two year after he began his reign sickened and died▪ he overcame the Goths, the Germans, & restored Egypt to the Empire.  
Quintilius, semblable as virtuous as hi● brother, by the assent of the Senate, was made Augustus, and was slain within 17. days after he began his reign.  
Aurelianus was borne in Denmark, a stout man in war, but cruel, he was slain through the treason of his own servants, when he had reigned 5. years 6. months; he was the first that wore a crown imperial, & robes of gold and pearl, which before were strange to the Romans'.  
Tacitus, a man of exceeding good conditions, died within 6. months after his entrance.  
Florianus, reigned 2. months & 20. days, he died by incision of his own veins, & did nothing worthy of memory.  
Probus, a man well expert in warfare, a stout and just man, was slain in an uproar, which grew among the Soldiers, when he had reigned 6. years 3. months.  
Carus, made his sons Carasius, & Numirianus, Emperor with him, Numirianus was virtuous, and Carasius as wicked as Nero, they reigned 2. years, Carus was slain with lightning, and Numerianus by treason, and Carasius by his own company.  
Dioclesian, was of ripe wisdom, and garnished with many virtues, yet a great persecutor of the Christians. Maximinianus was associated to him in the Empire, the first reigned 20. years, they both left the Empire, and lived privately, Dioclesian slew himself, for fear of Licinius, & Constantinus Maximinianus was slain of Constantius, his brother in law.  
Constantius, and Galerius, surnamed Armenius, for that he sometimes kept beasts, reigned 4. years with great praise, Constantius died in England, and Galerius killed himself.  
Constantinus, as some writ, was the first Emperor that professed the name of Christ, he bulded Constantinople, in that place which was called Byzantium, he was a virtuous & godly Prince, he reigned 30. years.  
Three Emperors and Caesars, reigned at once, Constantinus in France, Spain, and Germany; Constantius in the East, Constans in Italy. The first was slain when he had reigned 3. years, the second was killed by Magnentius when he had reigned 13 years and Constans died when he had ruled 39  
julianus the Apostata, reigned 3. years, he was a great persecutor of the Christians, wh● he was deadly wounded and lay upon the ground, he threw his blood to heavenward saying, Vicisti Gallilaee.  
iovinianus was a very good Prince, and favourer of the Gospel, he instituted that tithe● should be paid; he died suddenly when he had reigned 7, months.  
Valentianus & Valens, reigned fourteen years, they were both Christians, Valens was slain by the Goths, and Valentianus died by an extreme bleeding.  
Gratianus reigned six years, he was a true maintainer of religion, and learned, he made Theodosius partner with him, and was slain in France, by his Governor Maximus.  
Theodosius, reigned after him eleven years, he was a Spaniard, and a godly and virtuous Prince, restoring the peace to the Church, whose death Saint Ambrose bewailed, and writ thus of him, That he was more careful for the estate of the Church, tha● to prevent his own dangers.  
Arcadius' reigned with his brother Honorius, the one in the East 15 years, the other in the West 29 years, and died.  
Theodosius the 2, son of Arcadius, ruled ●t Constantinople 42. years, he was a most virtuous Prince, and chose Valentinian as ●hen a child to reign with him, he died of ●he pestilence.  
Valentinianus was slain by a Soldier, hired of one Maximus to that end, for that he had forced his wife; he reigned five and twenty years.  
Martianus, after he had governed the Empire 7 years, was poisoned at Constantinople, by the treasons of Ardibure, and Aspar his Father, being a virtuous and just Prince.  
Leo the first, ruled 17 years, he overcame Aspar, whilst he governed in the East, there reigned with lawful and unlawful titles in Italy six or seven Emperors; he died at Constantinople.  
Leo, the Nephew of this Leo deceased, was obeyed as Emperor, but he yielded it to his Father Zeno, crowning him with his own hands, and shortly after died, who ruled like a tyrant, and died when he had governed the Empire 18 years.  
Anastasius reigned 27. years, and was slain with a thunderbolt that fell from heaven.  
justinus the first, ruled 11. years, and dying, adopted for Caesar his Nephew justinian.  
justinian, was a wise and just Prince, most happy in two Captains, Belizarius, & Narses; when he was old he elected in the Empire his Nephew justine, and died in the 39 year of his Empire.  
justinus the 2, reigned 11. years, and died of the gout, but a little before he created Caesar, a Captain called Tiberius.  
Tiberius' the 2, was a virtuous, just, & merciful Prince, he reigned 7. years, and nominated Mauritius his son in law successor.  
Mauritius was slain by Phocas, with his wife, sons, and daughters; this punishment histories do note, was for not redeeming the Christians, which being taken captives, were in thraldom with an infidel Prince.  
Phocas governed 7. years, and was slain by Priscus, one of his Captains; his legs, arms, head, and privities, were cut off, he made the Bishop of Rome supreme head above all other Bishops, which Gregory the first discommended in Phocas: he took the Cross of Christ from jerusalem.  
Heraclius brought again the Cross to jerusalem, he governed 30. years, in his time began the kingdom of Mahomet, Anno Domini. 644.  
Constantinus his son, was poisoned by his stepmother Martina, the first year of his reign, to make her son Heraclionas' Emperor, who reigned 2. years; the Senate having knowledge of their treacherous dealings, cut off the nose of Heraclionas, martina's tongue, and the Patriarches, sending them all 3. into banishment.  
Constans, the son of Constantius, was strangled in a bath at Syracuse, when he had reigned 27. years.  
Constantinus Barbatus, made peace in the Empire of the East, and in the Church, & died when he had governed 17. years.  
justinianus the 2, ruled 10. years before he was banished, and being restored 6. years more, many troubles befell him, for two flatterers by whom he was ruled, the one Theodosius a Monk, whom his Subjects called General, the other Stephen his Chaplain, who determined all matters concerning religion. Leontius the Patriarch helping him, was made Emperor, and cut off justinianus nose. Apsimarus expulsed him, and governed 7. years.  
justinian, before mentioned, returned from Exile, aided by the Bulgarians, and cut off the heads of Leontius and Apsimarus, & pulled out the eyes of Callinicus the Patriarch; in the end his Soldiers killed him and his son Tiberius, when they had taken them from a Sanctuary.  
Philippus Bardanes ruled 2 years, he pulled down Images in Churches, but Artemius his Secretary, caused his eyes to be pulled out.  
Artemius, otherwise called Anastatius, held his Empire 1 year and 3 months, he was deposed by Theodosius, who put himself into a monastery, when he had reigned 1 year, fearing to be invaded of Leo; but Artemius gathering an host out of Bulgaria, went about to recover the Empire, but he was betrayed to Leo, who killed him.  
Leo, surnamed Iconomachus, that is, an assaulter of Images, reigned 26 years, he made an edict, that all Images in Churches should be pulled down.  
Constantinus Copronymus, so called, because at his baptism he defiled the Fount, was a great destroyer of Images, he died in in the 35 of his Empire.  
Leo the 4, his son governed 5. years, and was crowned of the Patriarch in his life time.  
Irene, with her young Son Constantine, ●uled the Empire 10 years, after he being 20 years of age, took the government a●one, which she envying, when he had reigned 7. years, caused his eyes to be pulled out, of which grief he died; she reigned after him 3 years, and then the government of Italy was committed to Carolus Magnus, by a general consent.  
Nicephorus possessed the Empire of the East, and made peace with Charles the great, he was slain of the Bulgarians the ninth year of his reign, he made his son Stauratius Emperor, who the third month after he governed, was deposed by Michael Curopalates, and put into a monastery.  
Michael Curopalates, married Procopia, the sister of Stauratius, & made a league with Charles, and after he had reigned 2 years, became a Monk.  
Since julius Caesar was murdered in the Senate, unto Charles the great, there are found above thirty Emperors that were slain, and four that killed themselves. Sleidan.   

Of the Empire of Germany.  
THE Empire of Germany, began in the year of our Lord, eight hundred & one, whose first Emperor of the West, was Carolus Magnus, so surnamed for his noble acts, whose Grandfather was Carolus Martellus, his Father Pipinus of France, his Mother Birrha, daughter to Heraclius Emperor of Constantinople; he was excellently learned in the Greek and Latin tongue, he died at Aquisgrane, when he had reigned 14. years.  
Lodovicus Pius, his son, was so called of a religious superstition, not having the perfect knowledge of God, but as religion went in those days, for he increased the worshipping of Idols and Images; he was far inferior to his Father, both in wisdom and virtue; he caused his brother's son Barnardus, King of Italy, his eyes to be pulled out; he made his son Lotharius Emperor with him, who with his brother Pipinus deposed him, but afterwards restored, he died at Magunze, and reigned 27. years.  
Lotharius the first, vexed by the civil wars of his brethren, was forced to make a Tetrarchia, dividing his Empire into 4. parts, that ●e himself should enjoy Italy with the Empire, ●nd a part of Germany, which lieth between ●hene, and Moselletta, Lodovicus, should ●ule Germany, Charles, France, and Pipi●us Aquitania; he made his son Lodoui●us partaker with him in the Empire, and shortly after deposing himself, went into a monastery called Brumia, and there died, ha●ing reigned 15. years.  
Lodovicus the 2, excelled in learning, godliness, humanity, liberality, & profound wit, he died at Milan in Italy, when he had reigned 19 years.  
Carolus calvus, the son of Lodovicus Pius, succeeded him, for that he had no heir male, when he fled from Charlemagne, and Carolus Crassus, the son of Lodovicus, Germanicus to Mantua, he was there as some writ poisoned, by his Physician Sidechias a jew; he was covetous, proud, ambitious, and vainglorious, he reigned in the Empire 2. years.  
Lodovicus the third, surnamed the Stammerer, contrary to the will of the Nobles of Rome, was made Emperor, by Pope john the eight, he governed two years, and died in the wars against Bernardus, in the marches of Italy.  
Carolus Crassus, expelled the Saracens o● of Italy, afterwards through his misfortune in war, and evil leagues with his enemies, he came into hatred with his Subjects; sickness also bringing him low, he was not of right mind, and therefore left his kingdom to Arnolphus, the Son of Charlemagne; he was brought to great misery, and not having sufficient whereby to live, died at Swevia, in the 7 year of his reign.  
Arnolphus, a covetous Prince, reigned 12 years, and died of Lice; after him the majesty of the Empire, came to the Germans, which continued with the Frenchmen for the space of 100 years.  
Lodovicus, the son of Arnolphus, governed six years, to whom also Conradus Duke of Austria joined, and reigned seven years; Henry, the son of Otho Duke of Saxony, succeed him, and ruled eighteen years, by their ambition many tumults arose, for the space of 60 years, from Arnolphus death to Otho the first.  
The Italians created Berengarius Emperor, who at Verona overcame Arnolphus, and put out his eyes, he governed four years.  
Berengarius the second, succeeded him, who was driven out of the Country by Ro●olphus King of Burgundy, this Rodolph ●aigned three years, and was expulsed his kingdom by Hugo a Duke, he governed ●enne years, leaving behind him Lothari●s his Son, who ruled two years, after ●hom Berengarius the third, with his Son Adelbertus, governed eleven years, who ●sing themselves with all tyranny, were by Otho driven out of Italy.  
Otho the first, the Son of Henry the first, deposed Pope john the thirteenth, he was a Prince endued with singular virtue, he died when he had ruled thirty years.  
Otho the second, restored Nicephorus Emperor of Constantinople (being put ●ut of his kingdom) into it again, and married Theoponia his sister. Henry Duke of Bauiers, rebelled against him, but he was by force of arms brought to obedience; he fought with the Greeks' and Saracens, and being overthrown he fled, and was taken by Mariners, who not knowing him, for that he spoke the Greek language, redeemed himself for a small price, and returned to Rome, soon after he died when he had ruled 11. years, som● writ he was poisoned by the Italians.  
Otho the third, put Crescentius to death and put out the eyes of Pope john the 10 who deposed Gregory the fifth, whom he had made Pope; and for that there was grea● dissension, for the succession of the Empire with the assent of Gregory ordained, that 7. Princes of Germany should choose the Emperor, 3. ecclesiastical, and 4. secular.  
The Archbishop of Mentz, Colein, & Trier, to these were joined the Prince of Boheme, (for as then Bohemia had no King) the County Palatine of the Rhine, the Duke of Saxony, and the marquess of Bradenborough, but amongst these the Elector Boheme is appointed an Vmpeere, to break off all dissension in election, if any rise.  
This institution of Otho is far more profitable, then was the ordaining of the Areopagites amongst the Athenians, or the Statutes of the Ephories, to the Lacedæmonians; these Electors were appointed the year of Christ, 1002.  
Otho, was poisoned by the wife of Crescentius, whom he put to death, when he had reigned 19 years; his wife's nam● was Mary, daughter to the King of Arragon, a woman given to all beastliness and intemperanc●●f life.  
Henry the 2. surnamed the halting, D. of ●auier, succeeded him, he was the first Emperor chosen by the Electors, & reigned 22. ●eares; he was wholly given to religion and godly life, he brought the Hungarians to the Christian faith, & gave his sister to Stephen their King in marriage, and died at Bam●rige.  
Conradus the Frenchman, after an Inter●egnum for 3. years, was chosen Emperor, ●orne of the daughter of Otho the first, he ●ad fortunate wars against the Pannonians, ●e subdued Burgundy, and died in the 15. year of his reign.  
Henry the 3. called the Black, the son of Conradus was elected, in his time 3. usurping Popes, Gregory 6, Syluestes 3, and Benedict 9, were by him deposed, and a 4. ●nstalled, who was the Bishop of Bambrige, called Clement the 2. he died when he had ●aigned 17. years.  
Henry the fourth, his son, was cursed by Pope Hildebrand, and by his treasons overthrown, he being very young, his mother governed; the Pope made Rodolphus Emperor, and sent him a crown, whereon was written; Petra dedit Petro, Petrus diadema R●●dolpho, but this usurper was overcome by Hē●ry, & his hand cut off in the battle, the whic● when he saw ready to die, he said; Lo 〈◊〉 Lords ye Bishops, this is the hand wherewith I promised my Lord Henry faith and loyalty judge ye then how well you have advised me.  
The Pope set the son also against the Father, who besieged him at Mentz, but by means of the Princes he departed thence; the Father died when he had ruled 50 years, his body lay unburied 5 years, by reason of the Pope's curse.  
Henry the fifth, his Son withstood the tyranny of Pope Paschalis, and took his crown from him, he governed the Empire 20 years and died.  
Lotharius the 2. Duke of Saxony, reigned 13 years, against whom Conradus made war; in his time the civil law gathered together by justinian, and neglected through the tumults of war, was called again to light; he died of a Fever.  
Conradus, the third Duke of Bavaria, and Nephew to Henry the fourth, had great wars with the Saracens in Asia, assisted by Richard surnamed Cordelion, and Lewes the French King; he died without all glory & renown, ●n the fifteen year of his Empire.  
Frederick the first, called Oenobarbus, or ●ith the red beard, was a Prince endued ●ith very good qualities of mind and bo●ie, he overthrew Milan to the ground, & chased Pope Alexander out of Rome, and placed Octavius in his seat; but when he ●ooke his journey into Syria, in the passage ●uer a river, he was drowned, when he had ●aigned thirty and seven years; he made ●he Prince of Bohemia king, for his faithfulness to him at Milan.  
Henry the 6. the son of F. Barbarossa, subdued the realm of Apulia, he took Na●les, and spoiled it. He made his son Frederick (being a child) Emperor with him ●y consent of the Electors, whose wardship, ●e dying, committed to his brother Philip, he ruled 8. years.  
Philip the son of F. Barbarossa, was chosen Emperor for young Frederick, & reigned ten years, against whom Innocentius the third, erected Otho a Saxon, but Philip overcame him, and was murdered of Otho Prince of Brunsinia in his Chamber; this was called Otho the fourth, who was excommunicated by the Pope, & was murdered in the 4. year of his reign.  
Frederick the second, son of Henry the sixth, succeeded him, and reigned 27. years▪ and yet before he died, was deprived five years of the Empire, by Innocentius; he was a virtuous and learned Prince; in his time the faction arose between the Guelphs and the Gibelines, the one with the Emperor, the other with the Pope.  
Conradus the fourth, the son of Frederick, was overcome by the Landgrave, who when he perceived himself destituted of the German Prince's aid, went to his hereditary kingdom of Naples, and there died, when he had reigned 4. years.  
William County of Holland was chosen Emperor after him, a Prince of noble and virtuous actions, he was slain by the Frizelanders in the second year of his reign.  
When he was dead, there was an Interregnun for 17. years, by reason of the Pope; Some chose Alphonsus' King of Spain Emperor for his wisdom and virtues, which he refused, the other part of the Electors, elected Richard the King of England's brother, and brought him to Basill, but he was not accepted of the Empire.  
Rodolphus the County of Haspurge was elected, and ruled 18. years, he killed O●hocarus King of Bohemia, and burned one ●hat said he was Frederick the second, he did 〈◊〉 a manner set up the decayed Empire, ere ●e died.  
Adolphus, County of Nason, succeeded ●im, but the Princes annoyed with his bad ●●fe & ambition, chose in his place Albertus' ●he first, of whom Adolphus in a battle ●as slain, having reigned 8. years.  
Albertus' the first, son of Rodulphus, went with a great power against the King of France, but in passing over the river Rhine, ●e was killed of john his brother's son, after he had ruled ten years.  
Henry the seventh, County of Lusenbruge, ●aigned 32. years, and was poisoned by a Dominick Friar in the sacrament; he made his son john King of Bohemia, by marrying the King's Daughter; whose son was Charles the 4. king of Bohemia.  
Lodovicus, Duke of Bavier was chosen Emperor by the Bishop of Mentz & Trier, the King of Bohemia and the marquess of Bradenbrough, and against him was erected Frederick, Duke of Austria, by the Bishop of Coleine, the Count Palatine, and Duke of Saxony, whereupon, neither of them would give place in the Empire, but rather for the space of eight years they made war one against the other, in the end, Lodovicus overcame and killed Frederick, & was sole Emperor, reigning thirty and two years; he died, and was a Prince endued with all virtuous qualities.  
Gunther, Earl of Swartzenburge, was named Emperor, yet not with consent of all the Electors, and shortly after, he was suddenly poisoned at Frankford.  
Charles the fourth, son to Prince john, the son of Henry the seventh, enjoyed the Empire, to the honour of this election, were invited Edward the third, King of England, Frederick Earl provincial of Misen, but they refused it. He was a learned Prince, and erected the University of prague, and reigned 32. years.  
Venceslaus succeeded his Father Charles, and governed 22. years, he through slothfulness, let the Empire fall to ruin, he was deposed by his brother Sigismond.  
Rupertus, or Robertus County Palatine of Rhine, having possessed the empire, after his wars against Galatius (who was the first Duke of Milan, so created by Venceslaus, as Sleidan reporteth) gave himself to peace and religion, & died, reigning 9 years.  
Sigismundus the son of Charles the 4. was a most noble, virtuous, and learned Prince, much condemning the Germans ●or that they hated the Latin tongue, he ●ooke away the ambitious contention of ●hree Bishops of Rome, & drove them from their seats, he died, reigning 27. years.  
Albert the second, Duke of Austria, married the only daughter of Sigismond, who ●hereby was King of Bohemia & Hungaria, ●nd was the successor of Sigismond; in his time the most excellent and necessary Art of Printing was invented, by the which, the knowledge of God was renewed; he subdued ●he normans, and the people of Swevia; he died of the bloody flux, reigning but 2. years.  
Frederick the third, Duke of Austria, governed the state for the space of 53. years, with so great wisdom, that it flourished in ●ll prosperity and quietness, he died the 79. year of his age.  
Maximilian, the son of the Emperor Frederick & Leonora, daughter to the king of Lusitania, reigned 32. years, he married Mary, the daughter of Charles Duke of Burgundy, by whom he had the Dukedom, and Matthew the King of Pannonia being dead, he obtained the kingdom; this was a Prince noble, valorous, and a patron of all learning, nor thought he it dishonour (having taken King Henry the 8. his pay) to serve against France, under his conquering colours.  
Charles the 5. son of Philip, who was Archduke of Austria, and the son of Maximilian and Mary, succeeded; of this Philip came Carolus and Ferdinandus, whose mother was joane, Queen of Castille; he had also four daughters, Leonora, married to the King of Lusitania, Isabella to the King of France, Mary to the king of Denmark, and Katherine to the king of Hungaria.  
Charles the fift, was crowned at Aquisgrane with the silver crown; for it is an ancient custom, that all Emperors should be crowned with 3. divers crowns, which were of gold, silver, and iron.  
At Rome & Bononie, they were crowned with the crown of gold, for the Empire o● Rome, with the silver at Aquisgrane for the Empire of Germany, and at Menza with the iron crown for Lombardie.  
Charles Duke of Bourbon, with the Emperor's host, besieged Rome, and sacked it, constraining Pope Leo to fly to his Castle An●elo, but the Duke was unfortunately slain ●n the assault, with an harquebus.  
He was elected Emperor at 19 years of ●ge, Frances the French king was his competitor, he conquered Milan, & overcame ●he Frenchmen and Swissers, in which wars Frances there king was taken prisoner, he ●ooke the kingdom of Tunis from Aeno●arbus, Lieutenant of the Turk, & conquered by assault the town of Africa.  
When he had reigned 37. years, he resigned to his son Philip all the estate and seignories, & his Empire to his brother Ferdinando King of the Romans'; this done, he went into a Monastery of the Monks of the order of Saint Hierome, and therein died.  
Ferdinand the brother of Charles, son of Philip Archduke of Austria, and joane, Qu. of Castille, blessed by God in many prosperous victories, and in a small power (in comparison of the forces of Solyman) was made a Conqueror over the Turk, Anno 1529. he was a Prince of great clemency, a lover of learning, studying to preserve peace in Europe among Christian Princes, he died when he had reigned six years and four months.  
Maximilian the son of Ferdinand, was chosen Emperor, 1564. He made prosperous expeditions against the Turks, & died when he had reigned 11. years.  
Rodolphus his son succeeded him, who governeth the Empire at this day.  
The majesty of the Roman Monarchy, flourished especially in the house of Haspurge, and hath lineally brought forth ten Emperors.  
The Roman Empire hath surmounted all others that have been or shall be, it is now much dismembered; in Asia it hath nothing, being as now possessed of the Turks, and Tartarians, all Afric almost is lost.  
Portugal, Spain, England, France, Poland, Denmark, Hungaria, Slavonia, and all Greece, are cut from the Empire, with the Countries there about, and the Isles of Sicilia, Sardinia, Corsica, and Savoy.  
Italy, which hath always been the first, & most ancient patrimony of the Roman Empire, scarce acknowledgeth the Emperor, Spain holds Calabria, Puel, Campania, and the Kingdom of Naples, etc., as by succession of their ancestors.  
The old and ancient seat of the Empire, the Popes possess, and a great deal more; being now so far from acknowledging an Emperor, that they have made the Emperor and Governors beholding to them.  
The Venetians hold not only freedoms, but Provinces, and are the freest people of the world, as it were separated from the Roman Empire.  
All that appertaineth now to the Empire, is enclosed within the confines of Germany, out of whose limits there is nothing.  
This Roman Monarchy, is and shall be the last, which although it hath greatly decayed, yet shall part thereof continue to the world's end, wherein shall remain the name and majesty of an Emperor.  
These four Monarchies were prophesied of long since by the Prophet Daniel, under the figure of a great Image, whose head was made of gold, breast of silver, belly of copper, legs of iron, and feet of earth, and iron, mystically described.  
The head of Gold, signifieth the Monarchy of the Assyrians, the breast of Silver, the Persians, the belly of Brass, the kingdom of the Greeks'; the legs of Iron, the Romans', the feet of iron and earth, the modern estate of the Monarchy, being much weaker than it was want to be.  
Daniel dreamt that he saw 4. beasts come out of the Ocean, the first a Lion, the second a Bear, the third a Leopard, and as touching the fourth, he said it was terrible to behold.  
The first of these, figured the kingdom of Assyria, the second, the kingdom of Persia, the third, the Empire of the Greeks', and the fourth, the Roman Monarchy; the ten horns are his members or parts, as Syria, Egypt, Asia, Grecia, Africa, England, Spain, France, Italy, Germany; for the Roman Monarchy possessed all these Nations.  
Between these ten horns, sprang up a little horn, which plucked away three of the other ten; by which is meant the mahometical or Turkish Empire, the which engendered of small beginning in the Eastern Roman Monarchy, hath now pulled out three horns thereof, Egypt, Asia, & Greece,  
This little horn hath eyes, which are presumptuous against Christ and Christendom, sparkling forth dreadful blasphemies against the name of God.   

Of the Turkish Empire.  
IN the year of our Lord, 630. & in the 15. year of Heraclius Emperor of Rome, arose the dreadful change of all mankind, by reason of the doctrine of Mahomet which then began; this did the Arabians first embrace, who never obeyed kingdoms or laws lawfully appointed.  
Mahomet himself, was borne of base parentage in Arabia, in the year of our Lord, 591. (in the reign of Mauritius, Emperor of the Romans') his father was an Arabian, and his mother a jew, who being brought up with a rich Merchant, after his masters death married his mistress; and for that he was greatly desirous to rise in honour and estimation, by the counsel of Sergius an ancient Monk, & an Arrian, he coined a new religion, derived out of sundry Sects, mingled with some part of the jews, some part of the Christians, & some of the Arrians.  
The Prophet Ezechiell and S. john, call the Turks Gog and Magog, Gog signifieth a Tent, and Magog the people without the Tents; for the Tartarians usually devil in Tents, and the Turks are Tartaries, who came out of Tartary into Asia, when the Saracens warred against the Persians, by their King Hormisda desired in aid. Mahomet is interpreted rage or indignation, & Turk signifieth a soldier, or a wrestler, & in the Tartarian tongue, one that is accursed, or a vagabond.  
Methodius calleth this people red jews, either because they were cruel & thirsting after blood, or else, for that Mahomet was borne of Edom in Arabia, and Edom signifieth red; Besides, the same Author writeth, that Gog and Magog were closed in beyond the hill Caucasus, and that a subtle Fox should make them a passage, which Fox is Mahomet.  
When the Saracens served under Heraclius, against the persians, being denied their pay, they fled from him, and in their return homewards, they spoiled many villages and towns about Damascus in Syria; then understanding Mahomet to be of great power, by reason of his wealth, and the opinion which was held of his religion; they made choice of him for their Governor, and by the consent of the Saracens, Arabians, and a great part of the Egyptians, they so proclaimed him.  
The beginning of his kingdom, was in ●523. years after Christ, who making his ●eate in Syria, written the Alcoran, a book of all the laws, ceremonies, and traditions of his religion, with a number of idle tales, and feigned miracles; he was poisoned by Albunor one of his own disciples, to the in●ent he might see if his master Mahomet would rise again the third day after his death, according to his prophecy; but his body was torn in pieces of dogs, he reigned ten years.  
Ebebuzer or Amiras, that is, a Prince or successor, his son in law, succeeded him, he took Damascus, making that his princely seat, and after 2. years siege spoiled Gaza & jerusalem, reigning 3. years.  
Ahumar succeeded, he subdued all Syria and Egypt, conquering Persia, and having added Cilicia, Cappadocia, Mesopotamia, and the isle of Cyprus unto his conquests, he made Babylon the seat of his Empire; whom the Saracens called the Calipha of Babylon; which signifieth the chief Prince of empire and religion; he reigned 12. years.  
Muhaviar took Caesaria and Palestine, overcame Horimasda the son of Cosroes, he made them keep Mahomet's laws, which the Persians observe at this day; after this the Saracens possessed Africa, & went forward into Asia, where they flourished 200▪ years.  
The Turks, as long as the Empire of the Saracens flourished in Asia, they did most firmly stick unto them, but after that they began to decrease by their civil dissension, they encroached upon them and their territories, and by little and little, wrought themselves at length wholly into the government of the Empire.  
In the year of our Lord, one thousand & fifty one, they elected Zadoc to be their King, he laid the first foundation of the Turkish empire in Asia.  
After 5. descents of them, in the year one thousand, four hundred and eight, when Godfrey of Bulloyne, with other Christian Princes, made their holy expedition into Palestine, the Christians in Armenia perceiving that the Turks were divided, and that they had murdered their last Emperor Belch●aior, suddenly assailed them, and drove them out of Persia, enforcing them to keep in the lesser Asia.  
In the year of our Lord, one thousand three hundred, Ottoman restored their Empire, by his rare wit, and fortune in martial affairs, he gave names to the Emperors, & first appointed their king; he conquered Bithynia, and Cappadocia, and took many places lying upon Mare ponticum, and ruled 28. years.  
Orchanes his son, sacked Prusia, & made ●t the head of his kingdom, he was slain by ●he Tartarians.  
Amurath his son, was the first that came out of Asia into Europe, he took Callipo●is, Cherronesus, Abydus, Philippolis, Adrianapolis, Servia, and Bulgaria, but entering into the upper part of Misia, he was slain in the 23. year of his Empire.  
Bajazeth his brother subdued all Greece, but being overcome by Tamburlaine, he died without renown.  
Callepin his son succeeded, he overcame the Emperor Sigismond, and beginning to spoil the borders of Constantinople, died in the flower of his age, reigning but six years.  
Mahomet, after him subdued the greatest part of Slavonia, and Macedonia, and came as far as the Ionian sea, he removed his seat out of Bythinia to Adrianopolis, where he died.  
Amurath the second succeeded him, who won Epirus, Aetolia, Achaia, Beolia, Attica, and Thessalonica.  
Mahomet the second, destroyed Athence, & won Constantinople, Anno 1452. he brought under his subjection, the Empire Trapezuntium, Corinth, the islands of Lemnos, Euboiae, Mitilene, and Capha, a City of the Genoese, he reigned 32. years.  
Bajazeth the second, took from the Venetians Naupactus, Methonia, and Dirohaim, he spoiled all Dalmatia, and in the end was poisoned.  
Zelimus his son, won Archair, & slew the Sultan of Egypt, he brought Alexandria, Damascus, and all Egypt under his Empire.  
Solyman his only son, conquered Belgrade, took Buda, the King's City in Hungaria, spoiled Strigonium, and all Hungaria. To him the isle of Rhods was yielded, he overthrew the five Churches; when the City jula was taken, he besieged Zigethum, & was slain in the assault.  
This City his son Zelimus spoiled, in the year 1566. under 12. Emperors, they subdued unto themselves, by Turkish tyranny, in two hundred threescore years a great the Persians observe at this day, after this the Saracens possessed Africa, & went forward into Asia, where they flourished 200. years.   

Of the Bishops, Archbishops, Patriarches, and Popes of Rome.  
THE year of Peter's coming to Rome, the time of his residency in the Sea, and his death there, hath been so uncertainly reported by Platina, Orosius, Fasciculus temporum, Eusebius, Vspergensis, Sabellicus, and Nauclerus, for the first, by S. Hierome, Beda, Fasciculus temporum, Vspergensis, and Platina, for the second, by Nicephorus, Dionysius, Hierome, Isodorus, Eusebius, and Abdi●s, for the third, that divers godly & learned men have been induced to think, and some constantly to write (as Vlricus Velenus, and Thomas Balaeus, with one other) that Peter was never at Rome; howbeit, many wise, re●erend, & truly learned fathers of our church, are of opinion, that he was at Rome, but no Bishop thereof, & martyred under Claudius Nero.  
Linus, a Thuscane born, reported to be the successor of Peter, was a man of pure and godly life, who for preaching the Gospel, suffered martyrdom under Saturninus the Consul, in the reign of Vespasian, Emperor of Rome.  
Anacletus the first, borne at Athens, wa● of an excellent and fervent spirit, and of grea● learning, he planted the Church of God wi●● daily labour, in whose defence and belief h● was put to death by Domitian, which he constantly endured.  
Clement the first, a Roman, for his preaching and good deeds, was a long time banished by the Emperor, to hue Marble stones, and in the end was cast into the Sea, with an Anchor about his neck.  
Evaristus the first, a Grecian borne, in the time of persecution ceased not to increase the Church by his diligent preaching, till he was martyred under trajan. An. Dom. 100  
Alexander the first, a Roman, painfully travailed both to preach and baptise, he suffered great torments till he died under Aurelianus precedent to the Emperor. Anno Domini, 121.  
Sixtus the first, a Roman, diligently preached the Gospel, & with many good works and godly deeds beautified the Church, he was vigilant and careful for his flock, and died for it. Anno, 129.  
Telesphorus the first, a Grecian, was a worthy man for learning and godly life, he bare witness of Christ most faithfully & constantly, both by his words and death, under the Emperor Antoninus. An. 140.  
Higinus the first, an Athenian, of a Christian Philosopher, was made a Bishop, who discharging the duty of a good Pastor, was put to death anno 144. He wrote in a Cave where he did hide himself in time of persecution, an Epistle touching God, and the incarnation of the son of God.  
Pius, borne in Aquilia, did many godly deeds in the Church, under Antonius Ve●us, and in the end watered the Church of Christ with his blood in martyrdom. 159.  
Anicetus a Syrian, a faithful and diligent Pastor of the Church of Rome, was martyred anno 169.  
Sother, borne in Campania, like a valiant Soldier of jesus Christ, served under his spiritual banner, in the time of the Emperor Commodus, he confirmed the doctrine which he had preached, with his blood in martyrdom. 177.  
Eleutherius, a Grecian, (notwithstanding the storms of persecution were somewhat calmed in his time, because many of the Roman nobility believed on Christ) yet he was beheaded 191. in his time, also man● godly writers writ learned books against divers heresies and heretics, which infected the Church.  
Victor, borne in Africa, was the first, tha● when the storm of persecution was calmed usurped authority upon strangers; In the former Bishops, saith Vincentius, the spirits abounded, but in these that follow, the temptation of flesh and blood prevailed. He exempted his brethren of Asia from the Communion, because in keeping Easter day, they followed not the use of the church of Rome, for which Polycrates & Iraeneus Bishops of Ephesus, & Lions reproved him; as then the church was rend in twain by his obstinacy, he died. 203  
Zepherinus, a Roman borne, was a man more addicted to the service of God, then to the care of any worldly affairs, where before the wine in celebrating the Communion, was ministered in a cup of wood, he first did alter that, and in stead thereof, brought in Cups or Chalices of glass; in his time were the Artemonites a sect of vain Philosophical Divines, who as our late Schoolmen, did corrupt the Scriptures, with Plato, Aristotle, and Theophrastus, turning all into curious and subtle questions.  
Origen taught the holy Scripture at Alex●ndria, in Zepherinus time, but his books ●ere refused, because he brought in unprofitable disputations and allegories.  
Calixtus the first, borne at Ravenna, when persecution began to wax hot again, was apprehended by the commandment of A●●xander Severus, and after that, he was bea●en with cudgels and imprisoned, his body ●as cast out of a window, and drowned in a ●eepe pit. 226.  
Vrbanus the first, a Roman, in the time of Heliogabalus, with his sincerity of life, & excellency in learning, drew many on all sides ●o the Gospel; he was often times banished ●he City for the Christian faith, but being secretly brought in again by the faithful, he ●as martyred by Severus. 233.  
Pontianus, a Roman, in the aforesaid emperors reign, when the people ran ●n multitudes to hear him preach the word, ●y the Prince's commandment, being set ●n by the idolatrous Priests, he was carried from Rome, to the isle Sardinia, where he ●as put to death. 239.  
Antherosa Grecian, preached constantly & stoutly, under the tyranny of Maximius the Emperor, he first ordained that all the acts of Martyrs should be recorded, lest the remembrance of them should be lost with their lives; he died a Martyr. 243.  
Fabian, a Roman, as he was returning home out of the field, and with his Countr● men present, to elect a new Bishop, there was a Pigeon seen standing on his head, and suddenly he was created Pastor of the Church, which he looked not for, as Eusebius writeth; he suffered martyrdom under Decius, 150. Some writ that he baptised Philippus the first, Emperor, and that he was the first that acknowledged the Christian faith.  
Cornelius, a Roman, was Bishop in the time of Decius, the seventh persecutor of Rome, under whom he was martyred; he condemned the heresy of Novatius.  
Lucius, a Roman, driven into Exile by Gallus Hostilianus, the persecutors of Christianity, was comforted of S. Cyprian by letters; he after his death returned to Rome, and was put to death by Valerianus commandment. 255.  
Stephen, a Roman borne, succeeded him, who in the reign of Galienus, after he had converted many of the Gentiles to the faith of Christ, was beheaded. 257.  
Sixtus, the second, a Grecian, of a Philosopher, became a Disciple of Christ, and with many thousands of Martyrs was slain in the persecution of Decius and Valerius. 267. ●. Lawrance loved this Bishop even to the ●eath, of the which the one was slain with ●he sword, the other broiled to death upon ● Gridiron.  
In his time anno 260, one Paul terrified with the persecution, got him into the Wilderness and solitary places, and so became the first Eremite; for that time, as Eusebius saith, many Christians for fear of death denied their faith; upon this, Monks had their beginning, as Hierome writeth, in the life of this Paul the Eremite.  
Dionysius, a Grecian, as appeareth by the Church of Antioch, 273. did convince of error Paulus Samosatenus, notwithstanding he could not be there himself, by reason of his age; he converted to Christianity the daughter of the Emperor Decius, and Triphonia her mother, with 46. thousand more, and at the length was martyred with them and many other, at Salary gate. 277.  
Felix, a Roman, being a good man, and of upright conversation, preached the Gospel, when Aurelianus did persecute the church, under whom he suffered martyrdom.  
Eutichianus, a Thuscane, wholly given to godliness, saved many by his preaching the Gospel; he buried with his own hands 342. Martyrs, and appointed afterward an order for burying of them, he in the end was a martyr himself. 283.  
Caius borne in Dalmatia, & near in blood to Dioclesian the Emperor, was a most worthy precedent in the church of God, he made the difference of Clergy amongst them by degrees, so that from one degree to another, they should arise to the estate of a Bishop; in time of the persecution, he with his brother Gabinius hid themselves in a Cave, from whence being taken, they were both slain with the sword.  
Marcellinus, a Roman, being terrified with the persecutors tyranny under D●oclesian and Maximinian, he offered unto the Idols a grain of Frankincense; but after this deed repenting, reproved Dioclesian to his face, & offering himself willingly to death for the truth of Christ; he prevailed, receiving the crown of martyrdom. 303.  
Marcellus, a Roman, endeavoured to remove Maximianus from persecuting the Saints, but his heart being hardened, commanded him to be ●eaten with cudgels, & to be driven out of the City; whereupon he went to the house of Lucina a widow, & there he kept the congregation secretly, which Maximilianus hearing, made a stable for Cattle of the same house, & committed the keeping of it to Marcellus; after this he governed the churches by his epistles, & being thus daily tormented with stink & noisomeness, he gave up the ghost. 308.  
Eusebius, a Grecian, governed the Church in the great storm of persecution under Maxentius, until he died by martyrdom, as Massaeus writeth. 309.  
Melchiades, for preaching the truth suffered death, under Maximinianus Galerius the Emperor. 314.  
Sylvester the first, for fear of the persecution of Maximinianus, lived solitarily in the hill Soracte, but it pleased god to lay his hand upon the persecutor, forcing him to revoke his deadly decrees against the Christians, who died a miserable death, & in his torments acknowledged Christ jesus, repenting his bloody persecuting, the cause of this his woeful end. Silvester returned to Rome, & was the first romain Bishop that escaped martyrdom; he died a confessor 234. He condemned the heresy of Arrius in the counsel of Nice.  
Constantine, for the love and zeal that he bear to the Church, with other Christian Princes, did endue the Pastors thereof with many large benefits, riches, and possessions, who living in wealth and ease, began to advance themselves in dignity above their former estate, putting rich mitres upon their heads, and taking upon them the name of Archbishops.  
At the first, in the Church, devotion bred wealth, but the daughter choked the mother, & engendered the monster Ambition, who also like the cursed Imp of the bastard her mother, did at the end devour her Grandmother Religion.  
Marcus, a Roman, commanded that the people and the Clergy, should on Sundays, after the Gospel were read, sing the Nicean Creed, he builded Churches, and gave many gifts unto them, and died a Confessor. 335.  
julius, the first, a Roman, as Platina writeth, appointed certain notaries, to write the actts of other men, the which office is yet about the Pope; he caused also Churchyards to be made, & died a Confessor. 351.  
Liberius, a Roman, (as Hierome witnesseth) for ambition, became an Arrian, forsook the true faith, and subscribed to Arrius articles, & died a Confessor. 366.  
Faelix the second, a Roman, was preferred by the Arrians, who deposed Liberius, & advanced him, because they hoped he agreed with them in opinion; but in the second year he was deprived of his seat, and Liberius restored, and in the year of our Lord 359. he with other spiritual persons, was slain in a tumult.  
Damasus, a Spaniard, allowed Hieromes translation of the Bible (whose notary he had been in his youth) he writ the lives & deeds of the Bishops of Rome, and died a Confessor. 384.  
Siricius, a Roman, was the first that admitted Monks into orders, for pretence of single life, who before were never reckoned to be as Clarks, he mingled the Antiphones with the Psalms, & died a Confessor. 399.  
Anastasius, a Roman, appointed that whilst the Gospel was reading, the people should stand; he died a Confessor. 404.  
Innocentius, borne in Albania, would have the Sea of Rome to be judged of none, and died a Confessor. 416.  
Sozimus, a Grecian, suppressed the Novatian heretics in Rome, and died a Confessor. 420.  
Boni●acius, a Roman, decreed that Saints evenings should be kept, and died a confessor. 426.  
Caelestinus, borne in Campania, sent Germanus into England, Paladius into Scotland, and Patrick with a certain Segetian into Ireland, to root out the Pelagian heresy, he died a confessor. 435.  
Sixtus the third, a Roman, called, the enricher of Churches, appointed a yearly feast day, in honour of Peter's chains, to be kept at midsummer, & died a confessor. 440.  
Leo the first, a Thuscane, decreed that men should worship the Images of the dead, and allowed the sacrifice of the Mass, he died a confessor. 462.  
Hilarius, borne in Sardinia, made a law, that every Minister should be put from his calling, which married either a widow or divorced woman, and not a maid; he died a confessor. 469.  
Simplicius, a Tiburtinian, showed that the Church of Rome, was the chief Church of all, and commanded that none of the Clergy should acknowledge, that he held any ecclesiastical benefice of a lay man; he died a confessor. 484.  
Felix the third, a Roman, decreed that the Clergy being accused of any matter, should have days granted to return their answer, and died a confessor. 494.  
Gelasius, an African, burned the books of the Manichees, he made Hymns, Prefaces, Collects, and Prayers; he severed the Apocrypha from canonical Scripture, he died a confessor. 497.  
Anastasius the second, a Roman, communicated with the Eutychians & Nestorians, he excommunicated the Emperor, & in the year of our lord 499. on the stool of his easement his bowels issued out of his belly, he died a confessor, as Volaterranus writeth.  
Symmachus, a Sardinian, was chosen Bishop, not without great dissension among the Clergy; Vspergensis saith, that at his election, one Laurence was set up against him, whereupon many slaughters both of the people and Clergy were made in Rome, during the space of three years, but Symmachus prevailed, and died a martyr. 514.  
Hormisda, borne in Campania, excommunicated Anastatius the Emperor, because he said that it was an office due unto the Emperor to command, & not to be at a Bishop's commandment, he died a confessor. 523.  
justinus the Emperor, as Isodorus writeth made Hormisda of an Archbishop, Patriarch of Rome; from the time of Sylueste● the Roman Prelates were Archbishops, fo● the space of 200. years, that is, from the year 320. until the year 520. at what time they were first made Patriarches by the Emperor justinus.  
john the first, a Tuscan; being the worthiest man of all this latter company, gave a testimony of his pure life, by suffering patiently undeserved death, at the commandment of Theodoricus King of Italy. 627.  
Faelix the fourth, borne in Samia, excommunicated the Patriarch of Constantinople, misdeemed of heresy, he commanded, that they which lay a dying, should be anointed with oil, and died a Confessor. 530.  
Boniface the second, a Roman, severed the Clergy from the Laity, by making the Quire in the Church, he died a Confessor. 532.  
john the second, a Roman, called Mercury for his eloquence, or the Ambassador of jupiter; died a Confessor. 534.  
Agapetus the first, a Roman, was sent by Theodorus King of the Goths, as his Ambassador, to pacify justinianus the Emperor, for the cruel murder of Amalasimitha, ● noble Queen, and an excellent learned woman, whose worthy virtues the same Emperor reverenced highly, which he obtained, and ordained procession, dying a Confessor. 535.  
Syluerius, borne in Campania, by the provocation of Vigilius a Deacon, who did accuse him, that he would betray Rome to the Goths, for the which he was banished into Pontus, by Theodora the Empress, & Antonina the wife of Bellizarius, he died in his exile being a Confessor. 527.  
Vigilius a Roman, the crafty accuser of Syluerius, was by these women advanced to the Sea, but not keeping promise with the Empress in some matters, she caused him to be brought to Constantinople & beaten, and banished, he appointed that service should be said, the Priest standing with his face into the East, he died a Confessor in Cilicia. 554.  
Pelagius, a Roman, to please Totylus king of the Goths, made a public decree, that it was needful to have the authority of the Prince, and consent of the people in creation of bishops, he died a Confessor. 566.  
About this time Totyla King of the Goths besieged Rome, which being miserably op●pressed with extreme famine, was compel●led to yield it himself to the savage people, vn●der which it continued 10. years. Vspergen●  
john the third, a Roman, contrary to 〈◊〉 predecessor, decreed that none ought to b● called chief Priest, or universal Bishop, 〈◊〉 died at Rome 577. In his time the Armenians became Christians.  
Benedictus the first, a Roman, was Bishop when the Lombard's spoilt Italy, he died for grief, to see so many miseries in the City of Rome. 582.  
Pelagius the second, while the City was besieged, contrary to custom was made Bishop, without the emperors commandment, and to pacify him, sent one Gregory a Monk to Constantinople, he died. 590.  
Gregory the great, a Roman, of a Monk and a Deacon, was made Bishop, he was the best of all the chief Roman patriarchs, for good life and doctrine; he turned his parents houses into monasteries, & dedicated the first of them to Saint Andrew the Apostle, he appointed chanters for the day and night, he solemnized the feast of the purification of our blessed Lady with wax candles (whereof 〈◊〉 is called Candlemas day, he builded six Monasteries of his own cost in Sicilia, and ●edicated Agathais Church, he was the first ●hat gave pardons upon certain days, to ●uch as came to Church.  
He gave stipends to three thousand maids, ●ee allowed by decree the first 5. Counsels, ●nd that the last will and testament of every man should be ratified, he sent Augustine a Monk to reclaim the English Saxons to ●he church of Rome, he removed the right of the archbishopric from London, and translated it to Canterbury.  
In his time, john, Patriarch of Constantinople, by the consent of Mauritius, would needs be called the universal Bishop, but Gregory would not agree to it.  
He, (though otherwise learned and god●y) burdened the Church & the religion of God, with more ceremonies than had the jews; he writ Homilies, & expounded the most part of the Bible, & professed himself in his writings servus servorum Dei, servant to God's servants, showing thereby, how far he was from ambition; this title his successors continue.  
He first commanded Priests to single life, but when he saw the inconveniences that came thereby, with sorrow and repentance he revoked that. Charon.  
Sabirianus a Thuscane, for the hate he ba●● to his predecessor, after that he had published certain slanders against him, commanded that his books should be burned, thy● was the last of the Roman Patriarches, be died, an. 606.  
Boniface the third, obtained the supremacy of Phocas, an. 607. who murdered his Lord and Master Mauritius, his wife and children; since which time, they never ceased to augment their dignity and power. In his decrees he writ, We will and command, he died, not enjoying his rule one year.  
Boniface the fourth, obtained of Phocas the Emperor, that the Church of Rome called Pantheon, which the heathen had dedicated to their gods, should be translated to the service of Christ, & called All-hallows Church.  
Theodatus, devised a newfound alliance between the Godfather and the God-daughter, and between the Godmother, & the godson, calling it spiritual consanguinity, and therefore commanded that they should not marry together; he died in the third year of his popedom.  
Boniface the 5. appointed holy places & sanctuaries for thieves, murderers, & lewd persons, he sat in the sea 5. years.  
Honorius, borne in Campania, is commended for his diligence and care in building of Churches, in his time Mahomet began to spread his religion in Turkey. He died, continuing in his Popedom eleven years.  
Zepherinus the 2, was confirmed pope, in the name of Heraclius the Emperor, by Isacius his Lieutenant in Italy, who broke into the Church treasury, & took away the riches thereof; at this time the Zarazens won from the Romans divers kingdoms, by reason of Mahomet's power. Zepherinus died ann. 636.  
john the 4. died, ruling scarce 2. years.  
Theodorus the first, a Grecian, builded many Churches in Rome, & golden shrines for Saints, he forbidden that marriage made after a single vow should be broken, he deprived Pyrrhus' bishop of Constantinople for heresy, and died, 646.  
Martin the 1. commanded Priests to shave their heads, he deposed Paul, Patriarch of Constantinople, who being bound in chains, was brought to Constantinople by the Emperor Constantinus, where he died miserably; this Pope died, an. 656.  
Eugenius the first, was much commended for the government of his life, he first decreed that Bishops should have prisons for the punishment of their Priests. 662.  
Vitellianus was an excellent physician, and brought singing & Organs into the church, he died 669.  
Theodatus the second, a Roman, of a Monk was made Pope, he died, 675.  
Donus the first, beautified Saint Peter's Church with pillars, and made subject to Rome, the Church of Ravenna, Theodotus the Archbishop thereof agreeing thereto, which Church was called Alliocephalis, he died, an. 679.  
Agatho the first, commanded the Pope's decrees should be esteemed for as canonical and authentical as the writings of the Apostles, he died of the pestilence, an. 684.  
Leo the second, was a very learned Monk, and skilful in music, he died in the end of his tenth month. 685.  
Benedictus the second, was the first that took upon him to be called Christ's Vicar upon earth, he lived in the seat 10. months.  
john the fift, took consecration of three Bishops, Hostia, Portua, and Veliterne, which custom he appointed to be kept of his successors, he died, 687.  
Conon a Thracian, being established, fell sick and died, 689.  
Sergius the first, an Assyrian borne, he added Agnus dei to the Mass, he died, 701.  
john the 6. a German, in the time of famine and war, nourished a great number of poor men with relief, (being indeed the worthiest of all Popes for such almsdeeds) and redeemed divers prisoners and captives from bondage, he was only elected Pope, because of Sergius adultery, and not confirmed, Sergius being afterward restored again, he therefore is not reckoned among the Popes.  
john the seventh a Grecian, beautified the Churches, and died, 707.  
Sozimus the second, was so sore sick of the Gout, that he died in 20. days; Naucletus writeth that he was poisoned by Dioscorus, who contended with him.  
Constantine the first, was the first that ever offered his Sovereign his foot to kiss, he cursed the Emperor Philippus, and all his coin, and moved Anastasius to depose him, and put out his eyes. When Kimredus and Offa, two Kings of the English Saxons for their pleasures came a voyage to Rome, being there, this pope made them forsake their kingdoms, & become Monks, he died, ann. 715.  
Gregory the second, moved the subjects of the Emperor Leo to rebellion, because their Images were taken away, he caused Spain, Luguria, and Italy, to revolt from him, and in the end, he excommunicated & deposed him; thus the Empire of the East, lost their title in Italy. Gregory died, 731.  
Gregory the 3. writ to Boniface an Englishman, that the priests ought to have shaven crowns, to pray for the dead, & to offer sacrifice for them; he died, 742.  
Zacharias was the first that gave golden Copes decked with pearls and stones to Churches, he commanded that Gossips in no wise should marry together, he was the first that attempted to release subjects of their allegiance; for Pipinus, son of the bastard Charles Martell, obtained of this pope, that he would depose Childericus from the crown of France, and give it him and his heirs. He forced him to become a Monk, he changed Lachis king of Lombardie, Carolorianus & others, from their royal estate, and made them become Monks, he died, when he had reigned 10. years, an. 752.  
One Stephen a Deacon was chosen to succeed him, who died of the falling sickness.  
Stephen the second, craved of Pipin to revenge his quarrel against Aristulphus king of Lombardie, for demanding subsidy of him and his prelate's, which he did, and delivered the dominion of Ravenna unto him, with all the Towns thereof, even to the gulf of Venice.  
He was the first pope that was carried a ●roade upon men's shoulders, which his successors use at this day; he died, 757.  
Paul the first, the brother of Stephen, restored the Images which Constantine had abrogated, but Constantine defied his curses, and withstood Images to his death, this pope died, 767.  
After this, Charles the great began to reign, who builded 24. Manasteries.  
Constantine the second a lay man, by strong hand was made pope, by means of his brother Desiderius, king of Lombardy, and Totho duke of Nepetia, but because he had not taken ecclesiastical orders, one Philip was chosen, but being weak in power, he was forced to depose himself. Constantine ruled in the sea one year pontifically; in the end, a counsel of Italian and French Bishops deposed him, and put him into an Abbey, as a perpetual prison, having before put out his eyes, ann. 708. Whose brother, under pretence of praying, coming to Rome, rewarded the Pope with the like punishment.  
Stephen the third, disannulled all that Constantine had done, he brought to his subjection the Church of Milan, which ever before had been free. He went once (that he might be called a follower of Christ) barefooted in Procession, and died an. 772.  
Hadrian the first, by the aid of Charles the Emperor, delivered the sea of Rome from the peril of all other Princes; he was the first that with his leaden Bull, did honour their decrees, dispensations, and privileges.  
Lodovicus Pius, the son of Carolus Magnus, confirmed his Father gift, adding to the Pope's possessions Venice, and sundry other lands; he made Hadrian Prince of Rome & Italy, and ratified the Pope's Empire; this Pope died, ann. 799.  
Leo the third, obtained of Charles the Emperor, that the Romans' by an oath might become subject to his government, which the Emperor granted; whereupon, the Pope was so hated, that as he was going on Procession, divers fell upon him, and beat him from his horse, and stripping him out of his pontifical robes, whypped him with ●odds.  
He made Charles Emperor upon condition, that he should swear perpetual homage and fealty to the Church of Rome. This Leo died, ann. 816.  
Stephen the fourth, considering that the prerogative which was given to Charles & his successors, might be a bridling to the sea of Rome, said; that it was lawful for them to choose Popes without the Emperor's authority, but not to consecrate him without the presence either of him, or his Ambassadors, he died, ruling but 8. months.  
Paschal a Monk was chosen with the consent of the Emperor, and Lodovicus Pius yielded up to him all his authority in the election of the Popes; this Pope died, anno. 824.  
Eugenius the second, by his courteous behaviour and eloquence, got the Popedom from Zizimus, who had it granted him, he reigned 4. years, and as some writ, his eyes were pulled out by the Romans', others, by the Priests that hated him.  
Valentine the first, being a deacon, was made pope, he was a man of very quick wit, able to persuade, and dissuade; some writ that there was in him such excellent hope, that he would have reigned in better order than the rest; he died the fourth day of his reign, and as it is supposed, he was poisoned by some of the clergy.  
Gregory the fourth, refused to take the popedom before he were confirmed by the Emperor Lewes and that he had restored them their right again; by his means he drove the Moors out of Italy, he procured tenths to be given to churches, and visited solemn erection of sepulchres, he died, ann. 843.  
Sergius the second, was the first pope that renounced his christian name given in Baptism, and changed it, being called before, Swine's snout, and decreed that pope's should change their names.  
Leo the fourth, at Hostia gate overcame the Saracens when they had made a road into Italy; he first began (contrary to the counsel at Aquisgrane) to deck the pope's Cross with precious stones, & commanded it to be carried before him, he died, 854.  
In his time, Ethelwoldus, being first a Monk of single life, having a dispensation from the pope, left his calling, and became King of England, making it tributary to the ●ea of Rome.  
john the 8. borne at Mentz, being a woman was made Pope, her name was altered, and she was called john English; she sat in the pontifical seat at Rome, 2. years & 6. months, her name at the first was Gilberta; who to enjoy the company of a Monk whom she loved, travailed with him in man's apparel to Athence, where she profited in all the Sciences; then she came to Rome, still disguised, where for her learning she was much admired, & so made pope; but as some writ, she was got with child by a Cardinal, & going on procession to Lateran church, she was by the way delivered of a child, and died of the travail in the same place.  
Benedict the 3. being first tried upon the Posphirie stool, was made Pope, and died 859.  
Nicholas the first, put down john, Archbishop of Ravenna, for maintaining the ancient liberty of his bishopric, & brought that church into perpetual bondage; he decreed that christian Magistrates should have no authority over a Prelate; Because, said he, the Pope is called God; he first bond the Clergy to single life; and died, 867.  
Hadrian the second, was by the people & the Clergy made Pope before the emperors Ambassadors came; before this Pope died, in the year 873. it reigned blood 3. days at Brixia, and all the kingdom of France was miserably troubled with Locusts. Alphredus king of England took his crown of the Pope, and was anointed, which never any King of England did before, for which he was called the Pope's adopted son.  
john the 9 was excellently learned both in Greek and Latin, he crowned 3. Emperors, Carolus calvus, Carolus Balbus, and Carolus Crassus; he drove the Saracens out of Italy and Sicily, and died, 883.  
At this time the Empire was translated from the Frenchmen to the Germans, by Carolus Crassus.  
Martin the second, a Frenchman, the son of a conjuring priest, by craft and ill Arts got the Popedom, at his election the Emperor's authority was not looked for, nor demanded to his admission, he reigned about a year and certain months, & died, an. 884.  
Hadrian the third, made a decree that the emperors authority should no more take ●lace in creating of pope's, but that the voice of the Clergy and people of Rome should ●hoose them. He died suddenly. 888.  
Stephen the 5, decreed that all the Canons of the Church of Rome, aught of necessity ●o be kept, and died, 892.  
Formosus the first, being bishop of Portua, was chosen Pope, he reigned 6. years, his body & bones was taken up by Sergius the 3. the 9 pope after him, & thrown into the river Tiber; after him, within 9 years there were eleven pope's.  
Boniface the 6. lived as pope but 25. days, as Anselmus writeth, to be remembered for nothing, but his quiet election, and happy in nothing, but in reigning so short a time.  
Stephen the sixth, disannulled Formosus decrees, and canceled his acts, he caused his carcase to be taken up, and put all the pontifical rokes upon it, and plucked them off again, and then put lay men's apparel upon him, and cut off the two fingers of his right hand, with which he used to hold the Sacrament, & throwing them into Tiber, he commanded to bury his body again, but not among spiritual but lay men's bodies, he died after he had reigned one year only.  
Romanus the first, allowed the decrees of Formosus, and abrogated Stephens, he ruled but 3. months, and died, 898.  
Theodorus the 2. was an upholder and maintained of Formosus quarrel, and died the 20. day of his Popeship. 899.  
john the 10. summoned a convocation of 74. Bishops at Ravenna, & restored all the decrees of Formosus, openly condemning the acts of Stephen, he died, 901.  
Benedict the 4. did nothing worthy of report, and died ann. 904.  
Leo the first, being new made Pope, was violently cast into prison by one Christopher, who sought to make himself Pope, being his priest & Chapline. He reigned but 40. days, & died through conceit of his ingratitude, upon whom he had heaped so many benefits. 904.  
Christopher the 1. was thrust out by one Sergius in the 7. month of his reign, and as Platina saith, compelled to be a Monk, but afterward, he was pulled out of the Monastery by the same Sergius, and cast into prison, where he died.  
Sergius the 3. when he was but a Deacon attempted the popedom, and was chosen with Formosus, but being weak, fled into France, and espying his opportunity, by the aid of Charles Simplex, K. of France, and Adelbert, marquess of Thuscia, he returned secretly to Rome, and deposed Christopher his revenge upon Formosus. Read before in Formosus reign. he died 913.  
Anastasius the 3. did nothing good nor evil in his time, when he was Pope the body of Formosus was found by certain Fishers in the river Tiber, and so taken up and buried in S. Peter's Palace. Anastasius died, 915  
Laudo the first, his life as Platina saith, was so obscure, that some do not reckon him among the Popes, especially Vincentius. He begot Pope john the 11. in detestable adultery. Petrus Premonstratensis.  
john the eleveth was made Pope, by the means of Theodola a Courtesan, for the love she bore to him, he overcame the Saracens that wasted Calabria, Apulia, and Italy. He was smothered by Guido marquess of Thusca his soldiers, which Guido, married the daughter of Theodora, that she might advance her base son by Sergius the third, who upon this Pope's death, was elected, but for that the agreement of the people and the Clergy was not certain, he was deposed the same day.  
Leo the sixth, established peace in Italy, and after he had reigned 7. months, he was poisoned by Marozia.  
Stephen the seventh, lived in peace two years, and as Crantius writeth, he was poisoned.  
john the 12. reigned 5. years, while his mother Marozia ruled as well the estate temporal, as spiritual in Rome.  
Leo the 7. lived quietly, and did nothing worthy of remembrance, he died, Anno, 941.  
Stephen the 8. a German borne, was greatly vexed with civil seditions amongst the Romans', he died, anno. 944.  
Martin the third, repaired the Churches, & was very beneficial to the poor, and diligent in reforming of outward manners, he died, ann. 947.  
Agapetus the second, caused Otho the first to wage war against Berengarius a marquess of Italy, promising him therefore the kingdom of the Romans', as Sabellicus writeth, he died, an. 954.  
john the 13. was of so lose and intemperately life, that the Emperor, by the consent of the Prelates, deposed him, and set up Leo the 8. but when the Emperor was gone, those harlots that were john's companions, promised the Nobles of Rome the treasures of the Church to depose Leo, & place john again, which they did.  
He decreed, that the Emperor should ever be crowned at Rome by the Pope; but as he was solacing himself without Rome a certain night, with the wife of one (that scorned to be called a well contented man, id est, a Cuckold;) he was killed forthwith in the 10. year of his Popedom; Of him came the proverb, as merry as Pope john.  
Leo the 8. who fled to the Emperor, when he was deposed, after the death of john was restored again; he gave to Otho authority absolute to elect the pope, as once Charles the great did, after a year & 3. months, he died.  
john the 14. was quietly chosen, he alured the kingdom of Poland to accept him as supreme head of all Churches; in this time they began to give proper names to bells, and he called the great bell of Leteran, after his own name, & died anno 973.  
Benedictus the 6. was imprisoned in castle Angelo, by Cynthius, a man of great power, and there he was strangled, or as some say poisoned; in his time began the name of Cardinals to be used, as Carrion reporteth.  
Donus the second, governed indifferently, deserving neither great praise nor dispraise for a year and six months; he died anno 975.  
Benedictus the fifth, was deposed by Otho, that he might restore Leo; he died in exile, anno 964.  
Boniface the seventh, doubting his safety at Rome, fled to Constantinople, and in his absence, the Romans' made one john the 15. Pope, but at his return, he took john, thrust out his eyes, put him in prison, and pined him to death, but shortly after he died of the falling sickness, and after his death his body was dispightfully used.  
john the 15. was Pope eight months, in the absence of Boniface.  
john the 16, as soon as he was Pope, began to bear deadly hatred against the Clergy, and they likewise abhorred him, because he neglected the dignity of the Roman sea, and bestowed the riches upon his kindred and harlots, which fault Platina and Stella say, hath continued among the Clergy unto our time; he died the eight year of his reign.  
john the 17. was very well learned, & published divers books, he was likewise expert in warlike affairs; in his time Crescentius the Consul, went about to make himself King of Rome, wherefore he departed into Hetruria; but Crescentius fearing that he went for the Emperor, sent for him to return, which he did, and was received with all humility by Crescentius, who falling down before him, kissed his feet, and craved pardon; This john died anno 995.  
Gregory the fifth, being the emperors cozen, was by his authority made Pope, whom Crescentius the Consul with the people deposed, and established john the 18. Bishop of of Placentia. Gregory complained to the Emperor, who overcame Crescentius and killed him, and caused john's eyes to be put out, whereof he died; Gregory died the 3. year of his Popedom.  
john the 18. was very learned and rich, but proud and covetous, which was his overthrow; he died as before.  
Sylvester the second, a Frenchman, addicted wholly to devilish arts, be took himself to the Author thereof both body and soul, who told him that he should not die, until he said Mass in jerusalem, wherefore he persuaded himself, of long life, as minding not to come there; but saying Mass in the Palace of the holy Cross, which was called jerusalem, in a terrible shivering and quaking, he died miserably anno 1003.  
john the 19 by those means that Sylvester used, came to be Pope, who after he had reigned five months, was poisoned by his own friends.  
john the 20. likewise by Magic got to be Pope, and was altogether given to idleness, (as Platina saith) he died in the 4. year o● his reign.  
Sergius the fourth, was a pleasant, merry, & familiar companion; in his time was great pestilence and famine in Italy, and in Lorraine a fountain turned into blood; he died anno 1012.  
Benedictus, the eight, by the Magical charms of his Nephew Theophilactus, who was Sylvester's Scholar, obtained the Popedom, and was therein defended by Henry Bavarius, because he had bestowed on him the crown imperial, but after his death, the Cardinals deposed him, and set up another, but he with money compounded, and was restored again; he died anno 1025.  
john the 21. brother of the former Benedict, being a lay man, was made Pope by the conjuring of Theophilactus, he so continued 11. years.  
Benedict the ninth, who before was Theophilact, as he advanced his uncles by his Magic Arts, so now he brought to pass by them to succeed in their dignities; he after the death of Conradus, sought to disinherit his son Henry the 3. of the Empire, and to plant in his stead Peter King of Hungary, to whom he sent the crown of the Empire, with this verse, Petra dedit Romam Petro, tibi Papa coronam.  
Henry overcame Peter, and took him prisoner, and set forward to Rome, which the Pope hearing of, sold his Popeship to john Gratian, after called Gregory the 6. in the mean time the Romans deposed Benedict, & placed in his stead john Bishop of Saba.  
Sylvester the third, King of Saba, enjoyed the room but 49. days, and was by the Emperor driven out, and constrained to return to his Bishopric.  
Gregory the 6, learned the Magical Sciences of Sylvester the 2. in the seventh year of the Emperor Henry the third, Benedict, Sylvester, and Gregory, made themselves 3. several seats in Rome, to whom john Gra●ian came, and persuaded them every one to take a piece of money and give over their titles, which they did.  
For this cause, the Romans' created him Pope, called Clement the second; which the Emperor hearing of, came to Rome, and condemned the three former Popes, and allowed of Gratianus.  
He was poisoned the ninth month after his creation.  
Damasus the second, obtained the Sea by force, without the emperors commandment, but the 30. day after he was poisoned.  
Leo the 9, Bishop of Toledo, was betrayed to the normans, by Hildebrand and Theophilact, who hardly escaping their rage, at his return at Rome was poisoned by Brazutus, the fifth year of his Popedom.  
Victor the second, a German, when he had reigned two years, was likewise poisoned of Brazutus.  
Stephen the ninth, the Duke of Lorains brother, caused the Church of Rome (which for 200. years had defied the suprenacy of Rome) to become subject unto it; he in a counsel at Florence, commanded many things against Dualities, Pluralities, and tot-quots, but he was poisoned by Brazutus, at Hildebrands request.  
Benedict the tenth, was made Pope contrary to the oath, which the Clergy made to Hildebrand, who deposing Benedict, set up Gerhard Bishop of Florence, naming him Nicholas the second. Benedict lived an outlaw after he had been Pope 9 months.  
Nicholas the second, was by the means of Hildebrand poisoned of Brazutus; he first ordained that Cardinals should choose the Pope, he condemned Berengarius, & compelled him to revoke what he taught of the sacrament.  
Alexander the second, was made Pope by Hildebrands means, against the Emperor's mind, against whom the Lombard's set up by the emperors consent, one Cadolus who came to Rome, but with his great army was put to flight; the Emperor sent the Archbishop of Coleine with his authority to debate the matter, but Hildebrand withstood it; in the end the Pope of his own voluntary said openly, that he would no longer continue in the Sea, without the emperors good will.  
Hildebrand upon this, with a troop of armed Soldiers took the Pope, and beat him, because he had so protested; and casting him into prison, allowed him but 5. shillings a day, retaining all the rest of the revenues to himself. Alexander in this misery died, and the same hour Hildebrand was installed Pope by his Soldiers, without consent o● the people or Clergy.  
Gregory the 7. first called Hildebrand (as his companion Brazutus and Beuno writes) poisoned six or seven pope's before he came to the place, he excommunicated the Emperor Henry the 4. without lawful accusation, canonical citation, or judicial order, & caused his peers to revolt from him, giving his crown to Rodolphus.  
The Emperor with his wife and his son in the depth of winter, waited 3. days and three nights at the pope's gates, fasting from morning to night, humbly suing for pardon upon his knees, but the pope would neither pardon nor absolve him, but upon hard conditions; all which the Emperor promised to perform by his hand and seal, yet was no● restored.  
This pope commanded the Saturday to be fasted, and took away the crown from the King of Poland, but Henry the Emperor anno Domini 1083. deprived him of his place, and placed in his stead Clement the third. Hildebrand forsaken of all, fled to Salerne, where he ended his life in great misery. 1086.  
Victor the third, defended Gregory's acts against the Emperor, and Clement, erected by him; he was poisoned (as Harmanus, Carsulanus, and Praemonstratensis writeth) by his Deacon, who at Masse-time put the poison into the Chalice.  
Vrban the second, was made pope by Matilda, and the Norman Lords in Apulia, in despite of the Emperor; he excommunicated Clement the third, established by the Emperor, and the Emperor himself, on the other side, Clement excommunicated him as an usurper.  
Vrban, first caused all that should take order, to swear with this clause, So God help me and the holy Evangelist; He died anno 1099. the same year died also Clement the third, who in his time saw the death of three pope's.  
Paschall the second, an Italian, would not take the place upon him, until the people had cried three times, Saint Peter chooseth thee worthy man Raynard, for so was he called before; he did provoke and arm Henry the fift to rebel against the Emperor his father; he died. 1118.  
Gelasius the 2. chosen without the Emperor's consent, was deposed, & in his stead was set up Gregory the 8. who died in exile.  
Calixtus the second, of the royal bloods of England and France, continued his predicessours' excommunication against the Emperor, with whom he took peace. Gregory the 8. whom he had made Pope yet living; the Emperor yielded up his right to the Pope, and was absolved; he took Gregory and put him into a monastery, he died of a fever. 1125.  
Honorius the second, of base birth, for his learning was made Pope; he by his Cardinal condemned all the English Clergy of adultery which had wives, and was taken himself in one night in the same fault; Honorius died anno 1130.  
Innocentius the second, sought to suppress Roger Duke of Sicilia, for saying that he was King of Italy, whom the Pope in a battle overcame, but the Duke his son took the Pope and his Cardinals, in this time the Romans' created Leo his son Pope, and called him Anacletus; By the aids of Philip King of France, & Lotharius of Germany, he overthrew Anacletus with Duke Roger; for which he crowned Lotharius Emperor.  
He gave to Reginald his chiefest Captain, the Dukdom of Apulia, which was the inheritance of Roger; but after Reginalds death, Roger claimed his right, & being withstood, he took the pope, who for his ransom made him King of both Sicills, and so since that time the kingdom of Sicill is called S. Peter's patrimony; he died anno 1143.  
Celestine the second, a Thuscane, died the sixth month of his Popeship.  
Lucius the second, disannulled the office of Patricianship in Rome, which the Romans' being weary of the Pope's yoke, had made in the time of Innocentius, because the Pops took upon them all sway within the Country and abroad, about which, he was by the Citizens slain in a tumult 1145. having not reigned a year.  
Eugenius the third, for his learning was had in great reverence, yet seeking to suppress the Patrician, he was driven from Tiburie into France, and returning to Rome died. 1152.  
Anastasius the fourth, of a Cardinal became pope, he died in the second year of his popedom.  
Hadrian the fourth, an Englishman, before called Nicholas Breakspeare, suffered the Emperor Frederick the 1. to hold his stirrup, and was angry with him for mistaking it; he died 1159. being choked with a fly as he drank water; he made King Henry the second of England, Lord of Ireland.  
Alexander the third, was chosen pope, but not by all parties, and therefore the Emperor appointed Octavius, whom he called Victor the fourth, after whose death three Popes succeeded in order, Paschalis, Calixtus, and Innocentius, against Alexander; he trod upon the emperors neck, who sued being excommunicated to be absolved; & died. 1181.  
Lucius the third, a Thuscane, borne of an honourable house, enjoyed the popedom with much trouble; he died at Verona, anno 1185.  
Vrbanus the third, for his seditious & troublesome dealing, was called Turbanus; he died anno 1188.  
Gregory the eight, was careful for the recovery of the Holy land, who going to stirrre up the Pisans and Genowais in this matter, he was poisoned when he had reigned two months.  
Clement the third, after the death of William King of Sicill, who had no heir, claimed it to be tributary to the Church of Rome, but the people chose Trancred, bastard to King William, who withstood the pope and his forces; he died. 1191.  
Celestine the third, crowned Henry the sixth Emperor, and put the crown upon his head with his foot, whilst he stooped, and then spurned it off, saying, I have power to make and unmake Emperors at my pleasure; he died. 1198.  
Innocentius the third, enraged that Philip was made Emperor against his will, said, Either shall the Pope spoil Philip of his crown and Empire, or else shall Phillippe take from the Pope his Apostolical dignity; He stirred up Otho a Duke against him, and by another Otho he was slain; who was afterwards made Emperor by the Pope.  
He excommunicated Otho, and spoiled him of all his estate, creating in his place Frederick the second; he also excommunicated and cursed king john of England, but by submission he received his crown of Pandolphus the Pope's Legate; he died. 1216.  
Honorius the third, granted Archbishop's power to give pardons, faculties, dispensations, dualities, pluralities, within their Diocese, being sick of the spiritual dropsy, he drank up the treasures gf the Clergy, and had two prebend's, of every cathedral Church in England, one of the Bishop's stipend, and the other from the Charter, as Matheus Parisius writeth; in his time it rained blood for the space of three days in Rome, he died. 1227.  
Gregory the ninth, maintained the quarrel of Honorius, against the Emperor whom he excommunicated and cursed three times, as Abbess Vspergensis, writeth; whilst the Emperor was warring in the Holy land, he took Apulia into his possession; he made the division in Italy, between the Guelphs and Gibelines; he died for thought that the emperors power prevailed against him. 1241.  
Celestine the fourth, an aged man, purposed to pursue the quarrel against Frederick, but that he was poisoned the 18. day of his reign.  
Innocentius the fourth, deposed Frederick from the Empire, & cursed his son Conradus; in his time by a counsel held at Lions, it was decreed that the Cardinals should ride on their trapped gennets through the streets, and wear red hats, & crimson robes, to signify, saith Parisius, that they are ready to spend their blood for the catholic faith, (but as Platina writeth) for the honour of their estate.  
Robert Grosted Bishop of Lincoln, detested and defied both in preaching and writing this pope's covetousness, pride, and tyranny, nor would admit an unlearned youth to a canoniship of Lincoln, but rebuked the pope for it in a letter.  
Cestensis in his seventh book, writeth, that when this Bishop of Lincoln died, a voice was heard in the pope's Court, saying, Veni miser in judicium Dei; Come thou wretch to be judged of God; and that the pope was found dead in his bed the next day, & a blue stroke upon his body, as though he had been beaten with a staff, anno 1253, he being at Naples, and gaping for the kingdom of Sicill.  
Alexander, the fourth, persecuted the King of Sicill, and in his time anno 1258. Richard Earl of Cornwall, son to King john of England, was chosen King of Almain for his great treasure, and the pope procured that he was chosen Emperor, but he did that closely, because he had likewise for the same matter taken a bribe of Alphonsus King of Spain, whereupon a Poet made this verse; Nummus ait pro me, nubet Cornubia Romae. 
Thus money saith, for love of me,  
Cornwall with Rome shall linked be.  This Pope died anno Domini. 1262.  
Vrban the fourth, before Patriarch of jerusalem, as soon as he was pope commanded Soldiers out of France, to subdue Manfred the enemy of their Church; while this pope was from Rome at Pruse, the Romans coveting their old liberties, made a new kind of officers, calling them Branderesies, who had power of life, & death in their hands.  
Mascaeus saith, that a blazing star appeared three nights before the death of urban, and ceased the same night he died. 1264.  
Clement the fourth, before he came to be Pope, was a married man, and had three children by his wife; he sent for Charles Earl of Anjou, to bring an Army into Italy, where he slew Manfred, and was made King of Sicill and jerusalem, upon condition that he should pay yearly to the pope forty thousand crowns; he died at Viterbium, 1270. and the seat was void two years.  
Gregory the 10, of the house of Milan, made peace between the Ven●tiuns and Genewayes he excommunicated the Florentines.  
After the Empire had been void a long time, he made Rodolphus Earl of Haspurg Emperor, because he should maintain civil dissension; & after that Alphonsus' king of Spain had bestowed huge sums of money in hope to be Emperor, (especially the Duke of Cornwall being dead) the Pope appeased him with words enough, but no recompense in money toward his charges.  
He died at Arelium in the fift year of his popeship, & is there buried, who never came to Rome, nor saw it. Parisius.  
Innocentius the 5. died the same year that Gregory did, reigning but 6. months.  
Hadrian the 5. died at Viterbium ere he was consecrated Pope, 40. days after his election.  
john the 22. a Physician by profession, succoured with money and ecclesiastical livings, divers young men that were toward in learning, and especially the poorest. He prophesied by the course of stars, that he should live long, but whilst he was vainly vaunting thereof, the Chamber wherein he was, fell down suddenly; Valerius calleth the place which fell down, Gamesters hall, and Stella the Pope's precious Chamber, for the gorgeousness thereof, he reigned 8. months.  
Nicholas the 3. by his falsehood, brought Flaunders, Bononia, and the royalty of Ravenna, (which long time belonged to the Emperor) under his own power, he died suddenly of an Apoplexy, without speaking any word. ann. 1281.  
Martin the 4. bestowed great privileges upon the begging Friars; and as he was taking his accustomed recreation, with his Cardinals, (as Carsulanus writeth) a certain secret disease came upon him, whereof he died, an. 1285.  
This Pope, in the first year of his reign, received into his familiarity, the Concubine of his predecessor Nicholas; but to avoid the like chance that his child had by her, (if he should have any) which was borne with hair, and claws like a beast, he commanded all Bears which were painted in his Palace, by a pope that was of Vrsinus house, to be blotted out, to avoid in his concubine the sight thereof, which he thought wrought great effect in conception.  
Honorius the 4. decreed, that the Carmelites putting of their rich robes, should wear white weeds, & that they should be called our Lady's brethren, he died. 1288.  
Nicholas the 4. loved all men alike, and thought that he ought no more duty to his kindred then to other; who seeing Rome in his time sore turmoiled with civil dissensions, died with grief. 1291.  
Celestine the 5. after the seat had been above 2. years void, got the place, at the first time he sat in the Consistory, he went about exactly to reform the church of Rome, that the Clergy might be example to other, he thereby purchased great hatred. Wherefore he resigned his popeship, and determined to live an hermit, as Massaeus writeth, but he was imprisoned by Boniface, and died 1292. Of this Pope sprang a sect of Monks called Caelestines.  
Boniface the 8. raised great wars in Italy, and excommunicated the French King; giving the title of the kingdom to the Emperor, that by this means, (as Carrion writeth) the Germans and Frenchmen might ●all to dissension; he was taken by them who fled for fear of him, and cast in prison, where he died, 1304. He entered as a Fox, he ●aigned as a Lion, & died like a dog.  
He was the first that devised the jubilee, according to the jews tradition.  
Benedict the 11. the son of a shepherd, of an excellent wit, and very eloquent, applied himself to assuage all the civil broils in Italy. When he was first made Pope, his mother came to see him, being aparrelled by the Senate in seemly order, but he did disdain to call her mother, until she had put on her homely apparel again; Then, quoth he, I know this Matron, for she is my mother. This reporteth Leander Albertus.  
After he had appeased those brawls which his predecessors had procured, he died, and as some say, poisoned by a fig which was given him, ann. 1305. Of him was written these verses.  
Aut rem pervert, maledic, malefac, maledicte.  
A re nomen habe Benedic, benefacte, benedict,  
Clement the fift, translated the Court of Rome to Auinia in France, an. 1505. and there it continued 70. years, to the great damage of the Romans'. At his coronation▪ was Philip King of France, & his brother Charles, and john Duke of Britain, where Duke john, and twelve more, by a wall tha● was overthrown by the press of people▪ were slain, the king was somewhat hurt, and the Pope being thrust besides his horse, los● a Carbuncle stone out of his Mitre, valued at 6000. florences.  
After divers decrees of superstition, he died of the bloody flux at Rocca Maura, a Tent upon Rhodanus, ann. 1314. the seat was void 3. years.  
He caused Frances Dandalus, a noble man of Venice (who came to sue for favour for the Venetians) to be bound with a chain about the neck, and like a dog to live under his table, feeding upon what fell from his trencher, ere he could assuage his fury. Sabel.  
john the 23. a Frenchman was chosen, to him Charles the fair (as Sleidan writeth) first of all permitted to levy tenths upon the Ecclesiastical revenues, & that they should divide the booty between them.  
He maintained (and was therewith charged in the Counsel of Constance) that the soul of man dieth together with the body; which he never purged himself of, he died in the 90. year of his age. 1335.  
Benedict the 12. renewed the curses of pope john against the Emperor Lodovick, yet in the end he absolved him, notwithstanding that the Kings of France and Naples willed him to the contrary, and therefore they called Benedict the defender of an Heretic.  
Clement the sixth, excommunicated all the Princes, Lords, and Bishops, that consented to the doings of Lewes, (as Naucler writeth) to deface the Empire, he created viscounts, and made them Viccars thereof, and the Emperor on the othreside, appointed other Viccars for the Church.  
This Emperor, was by the Pope's procurement poisoned, and his son Charles who succeeded him, mortgaged to the Electors, the common revenues of the Empire, which they enjoy to this day; for they compelled Charles to take an oath, that these pledges should never be reclaimed, whereby at length, the Empire thus decayed, the Turk invaded the Church of Christ, and made great spoil thereof.  
This Pope, while his servants went to dinner, leaving only his chamberlain with him, fell down suddenly, and died of an impostume, ann. 1352.  
Innocent the 6. Doctor of both laws, and of an Advocate made Bishop of Claramont, and of the Cardinal of Hostia and Penitentiary to the Pope, was made Pope himself, who while he was preparing an Army against the Turks, he died for grief that the Romans' were at civil dissension, ann. 1362.  
This pope, (according to most writers) was a very niggard, but for maintenance of wars very prodigal.  
Vrban the 5. was made Pope at Auerino, to him Bridget a woman of Swelande came, when he was at Rome, and by reason of a vow which she had made, she desired that there might be religious persons both men and women, of the order of S. Bridget. He was poisoned, ann. 1371.  
In his time the order of jesuits & Scopetines' first began, as johannes Palionedorus writeth.  
Gregory the 11. was made Cardinal at 18. years of age, by his uncle Clement, & was very learned; he excommunicated the Florentines, and demanded tenths throughout the Empire; he died of extreme pain in the bladder, 1378. he removed the court from France to Rome again.  
Vrbanus the 6. was a poor man, and very obscure, jane, Queen of Sicill, yielded her kingdom at his commandment, & Otho Duke of Brunsmier & Prince of Tarentum, offered him the like, which he unkindly requited, for by his means, Otho was murdered, and jane imprisoned, where she was strangled to death by one Duke Charles, who violently got the kingdom of Sicill.  
This Pope, as Stella saith, was a crafty man, and one that would seek to revenge any injury do one unto him, he died in Rome, an. 1390. poisoned as some think, after he had misgoverned the popedom 10. years, none being sorry for his death. He dead, his nephew Frances was thrust from all his living, and despised of all men, according to the saying, cum moritur praesus, cognatio tota fit exul. It is thought, that in his time one Bertholdus Swart, an Alchumist & a Monk, in the North part of Germany, first devised & contrived Guns, to the hurt of many a brave soldier.  
Clement the 7. a Frenchman, was chosen by divers Cardinals, who fled from urban in the third month of his election, fearing his cruelty. He was ambitious needy, and yet very prodigal, (as Theodoricus writeth,) by reason of these two Popes at once seated, all Christendom was devied, some taking part with urban, and some with Clement, he died 1392.  
Boniface the 9 being scarce 20. years old, was made Pope by consent of those Cardinals that remained at Rome; he could neither write nor sing, as Theodoricus witnesseth, and nothing during his time could be demanded, were it never so unjust & absurd, but he would grant it for money.  
There was never any Pope did bear such rough sway over the Romans' as he did, as Cranzius writeth, he canonised Bridget borne in Sweazeland, and ann. 1404. he died of the Colic and stone.  
Benedict the 13. before called Peter of the moon, before he was Pope, disputed against such authority, & the Clergy, he died 1424.  
Innocent the 7. was much troubled about a murder that his Nephew Lewes did in Rome, which he maintained, and therefore he & his Cardinals were hotly pursued to Viterbium: but commanding the half of ecclesiastical livings both in France & England, he took the foil (as Gaguinus saith) and died shortly after at Rome. an. 1407.  
Gregory the 12. Patriarch of Constantinople, promised that he would renounce the bishopric, if Benedictus likewise did not refuse to renounce also. But when Benedictus fled into Spain, Gregory revoked his promise; whereupon, by a Counsel they were both deposed, and in their stead, Alexander the 5. was chosen, and Gregory for grief died suddenly. 1415.  
Alexander the 5. was a Franciscan Friar, and worthily called Alexander (as Platina saith) because he being but a beggarly and begging Friar, might now be matched with the proudest Prince in Europe, for prodigality and courage; whereupon he would oftentimes say, I am a rich Bishop, a poor Cardinal, and a beggarly Pope. He was poisoned by his physician Marcillius Parmensis, as Baptista Panaelius reporteth.  
john the 24. caused this Alexander to be poisoned. When he was in Bononia, he threatened the people and Clergy to be revenged, if they did not choose a pope according to his mind, and of many named, he allowed none; whereupon he was desired to appoint one. Give me (said he) the rob of Saint Peter, and I will bestow it upon him that shall be pope; which he then put upon himself, and said, In the name of God, amen, I Balthasar Cossa am Pope; which they durst not reprove, although mislike.  
In the Counsel at Rome, at two sundry times, an Owl sitting upon a beam of the Temple, and fastening her eyes upon the pope, did with her noise salute him; whereupon it broke up, and nothing was done, nor so much as the Owl chased away, as Nicholas Clemanges writeth. This pope died being deposed. ann. 1419.  
Martin the fift was made pope, by the decree of the counsel of Constance, which to establish him, did deprive Benedict, Gregory, and john. He died at Rome, of the falling sickness, an. 1431. & was buried in a tomb of Brass, in Lateran.  
Eugenius the 4. refused to come to the Counsel of Basill, because it was said that a Counsel was above the pope, and therefore he was deposed, and condemned for an Heretic, and Amadeus Duke of Subandia, an Eremite, was placed in his stead; he died, ann. 1446.  
Faelix the 5. before a Duke, being an aged man before he came to be pope, lived to see the day that the sons of his sons, matched in marriage with King's daughters, and in the end, went into the wilderness with six Knights, to lead an hermits life.  
This pope being demanded whether he kept any hounds? and to show them, he brought them that asked him to a place where a great company of poor people sat down together at dinner, saying; Behold, these are my hounds, which I feed daily, with the which I h●pe to hunt for the kingdom of heaven, he deposed himself for unity sake, & died, 1447.  
Nicholas the 5. in one year got to be Bishop of Bononia, Cardinal and Pope, in his time the Turk won Constantinople He revived with great diligence learning & knowledge, (which was then almost drowned with barbarous sophistry,) and appointed stipends for the maintenance of learned men; he died, ann. 1455.  
Calixtus the 3. was an old impotent man, he decreed that no man should appeal from the Pope to a general Counsel, and died ann. 1458.  
Pius the 2. among the learned Popes, he was most learned, and a most diligent writer, he was made Poet Laureate in his youth by Frederick the third. Volateranus writeth, that ambition did overthrow many virtues in him, among many of his proverbial sentences, he left this in writing, There is a great cause why the Clergy should be deprived of marriage, but greater cause why they should be suffered to marry. he died. ann. 1464.  
Paul the second, being made Pope, gave his mind wholly (as Volateranus writeth) to ambition, riotousness, and pleasure, he died suddenly of an Apoplexy. 1470.  
Sixtus the fourth, in the space of 2. years, (for he reigned no longer) spent of himself alone in riot, 200000. crowns, and became in debt above threescore thousand, he died at 28. years of age, being wasted through his incontinent life. 1474.  
Innocentinus the 8. was altogether unlearned, yet to get money, he found out the title written upon Christ's Cross in three languages, which was found hidden in a brickwall; also the iron head of the spear wherewith his side was wounded; and before any one might see or kiss these relics, he should pay well for it, he died 1492.  
Alexander the sixth, first called Rodericus Borgia, was a riotous tyrant, and in league with the devil for the papacy. He made his son Duke of Valentia by magic, who was called Caesar Borgia. Of his wars and his sons, read Guichardine, and Volateranus.  
He made his eldest son Duke of Candie, who a little while after, not without his brother's procurement, was murdered in the night, & cast into Tiber. His daughter Lucretia was married to three Princes, one after another, the Duke of Pisauria, Alosius of Arragon, and Alphonsus of Ferrara.  
He prepared a feast for divers Cardinals & Senators, purposing to poison them, but (by the providence of God) he was poisoned himself. 1499.  
Pius the 3. called first Franciscus Picolhomeneus, succeeded him, he raised an Army to drive the Frenchmen out of Italy, & died seeing no event thereof, of an Ulcer in his leg. ann. 1503.  
julius the second rose, A remo ad tribunal; from a whirry-slave to be Pope, for so he was in his youth, he made Ravenna, Servia, Imola, Faventia, Forolivinium, and Bononia, subject to his Empire. Vicelius saith, that he was rather given to wars then to Christ. He cast Peter's keys into Tiber, saying, Because Peter's keys are able to do no more, let the sword of Paul help to do it. This Bibliander writeth of him. He died. 1513.  
Leo the tenth, of the house of Medici's was of his own nature a gentle and quiet person, but greatly overruled by the counsel of cruel and contentious men. He had no care of preaching the Gospel, but rather contemned it; for Cardinal Benbus moving a question out of it, the Pope answered, All ages can testify, how profitable that fable of Christ hath been to us and our company.  
In the year 1518. as soon as he heard it reported, that the Frenchmen were by his means slain, and driven out of Italy, he laughed at the news so vehemently, that therewith he presently fell down dead at the table.  
Hadrian the 6. Schoolmaster before to Charles the Emperor, still kept the name that he received in Baptism, called Hadrian, he died having reigned 4. years. 1523.  
Clement the 7. got the place by violence, and possessed it with much trouble, and an. 1534. he was poisoned by a strange practice, for both he, and certain Cardinals, were poisoned with the smell and smoke of a certain Taper, which with a strange confusion was poisoned for the same purpose.  
Under this Clement, Nicholaus Machiavelli, Secretary of Florence did flourish, who in his first book of the history of Florence, saith; That for the most part, the mischiefs that happened among the Christians, proceeded of the Popes their ambition; & that before the ●ime of Theodocricus, King of Lombardy, the year of our Lord, 500 they were ever subject to Kings in civil matters.  
Paul the 3. was an Astrologian, & a Magician, & given to all incontinency, he had a book of 45. thousand harlots, who for the liberty of their stews, did pay unto him a monthly tribute. He did openly excommunicate & curse the most renowned prince King, H. the 8. Et donavit regnum, primum occupaturo, and gave his kingdom to him tha● would first invade it; he reigned 15. years▪  
julius the 3. before called john Merry o● the Mount, was a man of beastly condition▪ and a maintainer of Sodomitie, he caused to be stamped upon his coin; Gens et regn● peribit, quod mihi non inseruit, that Nation & kingdom shall perish, which doth not serve me, he died when he had reigned six years. ann. 1555.  
Marcellus the second, would not change his Christian name, he died the 20. day after his election.  
Paul the fourth, founded a new sect of Religious men in Venice, called by an holy name, jesuits, of the name of jesus, before he was Pope, for the which he was made Cardinal; he was altogether given to wars. He dedicated a book of the reformation of the Church to Paul the third, & yet made none in his own time.  
Pius the fourth, before called johannes Angelus, borne at Milan, of the house of Medici's, enjoyed the place five years, eleven months, and fifteen days, in the reigns of Ferdinando and Max. Emperors, and died anno Domini, 1565.  
Pius the 5. borne at Alexandria, succeeded him, & sat in the Sea 6. years.  
Gregory the 13. before called Hugo of Bononia, swayed Popedom 13. years, in the time of Maximilian and Rodolphus.  
Sixtus the 5. borne at Milan, lived in the place 5. years 4. months, by his means one Clement a jacobine Friar, killed the most Christian King of France, Henry the third.  
Vrbanus the 7, possessed the place 13. days. Gregory the 14. ten months, ten days, Innocentius the 9 two months, after these anno Dom. 1592. Clement the 8. was elected Pope, who at this day enjoyeth the place.   

Of War. There is but one just title of war in general, that is, necessity, according to the old saying, nulium bellum justum nisi necessarium; which is just and necessary two ways, the one is in defence of the innocent, the other is in revenge of injuries.  
THE continual wars which the Sicilians had, made them like savage beasts. Plut.  
The Aeolians intending to aid the Argives in their war, Archidamus writ to them in a letter, only these words, quietness is good.  
Silla, for his victories against Mithridates let out five ounces of the blood of his vain Cardiaca, and offered it to jupiter Capitolinus. Plutarch.  
The Romans' were 500 years in conquering Italy.  
The Oracle of Apollo answered those o● Cyrrha, that if they would live in peace at home, they should make war with their neighbour strangers; & the Romans, when they had none to wage war with, fell to civil dissensions, which was their overthrow.  
Caesar, noted two great faults in Pompey, the one when he had the better of him, and did not follow his fortune, the other, when in the last battle at Pharsalia, he charged his Soldiers being ranged, to stand still in their places, whereby he was overthrown. Appian.  
Hannibal never fought any battle, without laying some ambush.  
trajan, was never vanquished, because he never undertook war without just cause; the same Livius writeth of the Romans' in his first Decad.  
The Romans' out of their Country were invincible, they were ever assailants, and seldom times defendants. Eutropius.  
There is a people in Germany called Catti, whose strength consisteth in their footmen, others go to skirmish, and the Cattis to war. Tacitus.  
The Lacedæmonians, of all people in peace and war were most valiant, being in the beginning more than men, but in the end less ●hen women.  
Frenchmen, losing the first encounter, ●oose also the victory. Livius.  
C. Marius, never gave his enemy's occasion to force him to fight.  
Darius against Alexander, Pompey against Caesar, Hannibal against Scipio, Antonius against Augustus, & Mithridates against Syl●a, had greater forces without comparison, ●hen their enemies, and yet were overcome.  
Fredericus Oenobarbus, when he had overthrown Milan, sowed salt there, and harrowed it, thereby to show that the same City was brought to utter destruction.  
If there be any fault committed generally 〈◊〉 all the Soldiers in the camp, the Prince's of the host take the tenth of the multitude, that by the punishment of a few, the rest may be assoiled. Plutarch.  
F. Max. sent to Rome to the Senate 〈◊〉 money, to redeem his Soldiers which H●●nibal had taken prisoners, and being den●● thereof, commanded his Son to sell all 〈◊〉 lands, & bring money for their ransom.  
Three hundred Noblemen of the house the Fabiuses, took upon them alone to wa● battle against the Vientines. Livius.  
C. Marius refused those Soldiers who 〈◊〉 not six feet, or at the least five & a half 〈◊〉 height. Vigetius.  
Pyrrhus charged his Muster-maysters 〈◊〉 choose them that were of large stature, & 〈◊〉 said he, will make them valiant. Idem.  
P. Aemilius, to avoid the sun that shine in the face of his host, was so long in ranging his Army, that by the time the battles shol● join, the sun was upon his back. Mariu● used the like policy against the Cymbrian● and Augustus against the Flemings.  
Polemon, to make his Soldiers fiercer 〈◊〉 assailing the Lacedæmonians, cast his colour into the midst of his enemies, where-vpo● they pressed with great violence, esteeming 〈◊〉 great shame to abandon of their Ancient.  
Eumolphus, for that he feared a famine, 〈◊〉 his provision, for the which his Soldier ●●oned him to death.  
Xenephon, was very curious in his provision of Martial furniture, he had an Argoli●n target, an Athenian breastplate, a Beo●an headpiece; he was a Philosopher and a captain.  
Titus, the Emperor, being praised for a ●ictory that he obtained, answered, That it proceeded from God, who made his hands but 〈◊〉 instruments to serve him. josephus.  
Caesar, when he had overcome Pompey, ●●oke nothing but his letters, & left the trea●●re to his Soldiers; the like did Alexander ●nd many other.  
Charles the fift, was bound by oath, not to ●●ing any foreign Soldiers into Germany.   

Of Felicity. Of all the Philosophers who contended abou●●●e chiefest felicity, the peripatetics judgement to be allowed above the rest, who said, that it consisted in the goods of nature, fortune, and the ●ind; of the first are health, beauty, strength, personage; of the second, riches, love, nobility, 〈◊〉, &c. of the third, virtue, who is divided ●●to the four cardinals. For the gifts of the ●ody, look in the head of beauty.  
Aristophanes' writ a Comedy called Plutus, whom he termed blind, where-vpo● Demetrius said, that Plutus was not only blind, e but Fortune also, for she many time● bestowed her gifts upon unworthy men.  
Ptolomey, of a common Soldier, was chosen King of Egypt, Telophanes of a chariot-wright King of Lydia, Darius the son o● Histaspis, the quiver bearer of Cyrus, king o● Persia, Agathocles of a Potter's son, King of Sycania, and Tamburlaine of a shepherd became King of Scythia.  
Old Painters have drawn Timotheus he Athenian Captain in lively colours, harnessed, and well weaponed, and Fortune standing over his head, holding in her hands a spreading net, wherewithal she caught Cities and Regions.  
The gold of Tholouse and Seians horse, were both infortunate to the possessors.  
Hercules in his challenge at Olympus, 〈◊〉 himself the unknown and fortunate.  
jason Pheraeus, was hurt by his enemy with a sword, & supposing he had slain him, he left him, but the sword opened an impostume in jason, whereby the enemy did heal that, although unwittingly, which no Chirurgeon was able to cure. Cic. de nat. deorum.  
Homer, feigneth two vessels to be in heaven full of destinies, the one of good, the other of bad, and he accounteth him happy, who equally partaketh as well of the one as of the other.  
Polycrates, tyrant of Samos, was so fortunate, that in all his life he never tasted of grief or loss, howbeit, to partake some sorrow with others, he cast a Ring of an inestimable value into the Sea, which was afterwards found in a fishes belly, presented to him by a poor fisherman; in the end Polycrates was hanged. Herodotus.  
Pittacus, a Painter, made a ladder in a temple at Mitylene, serving to no other use then as a gift dedicatory to Fortune; signifying thereby, that those that climbed up with ease Fortune favoured, and came headlong down if she frowned upon them. Pausanius.  
F. Maximus, Marcellus, Scipio, Sylla, Marius, and other great Captains, had the oftener charge of Armies committed to them, not for their valour only, but in regard of their good fortune. Cicero.  
The Elysian fields, where the Poets fayne the souls of the righteous to abide, are in the islands of Atlas, which we call the fortunate or happy islands. Homer.  
Sylla, having got the Dictatorship, yeelde● himself and all his actions to the favour o● Fortune, saying, That he reputed himself t● be Fortune's child, and thereupon took to hi● the surname of Faelix.  
Caesar entering upon the Sea in a little Frigate, and the weather very tempestuous, the Pilot making some doubt of weighing up the anchor, Caesar said, Be not afraid my friend, for thou carriest Caesar and his fortune. Plut.  
After the death of Caligula and Nero, the Senate caused all their riches and jewels to be burned, and buried in wells, fearing that in their tyrannical goods, there might be hidden some evil fortune, by the possessing of which, Rome might be lost, & the commonwealth empoisoned therewith. Suetonius.  
The Emperor Adrian did wear a Ring of gold, which he said, was once the Ring of Drusius Germanicus, and it had this poesy engraven, Illis est gravis fortuna quibus est repentina, Fortune to them is most grievous whom she assaulteth suddenly. M. Aurelius.  
Bibulus, riding through Rome in triumph, a tilestone fell from the roof of a house and killed him.  
Lucia, M. Aurelius sister, having a needle on her breast, her child between her arms, ●aying his hand upon the needle, thrust it into her breast, whereof she died.  
Cneius Rufferius, one day coambing of his head, by chance did strike one of the teeth into it, wherewith he gave himself a mortal wound, and died. Aurelius.  
S. Ambrose, being in a rich man's house, & understanding that he had every thing in affluence and ease, presently departed, fearing lest he should be partaker of some misfortune; & afterwards the house was swallowed in an earthquake.  
Theramenes, one of the 30. tyrants, being at a feast amongst a number upon whom the house did fall, and he only escaping, was pronounced happy, but he answered, O Fortune, to what further mischief dost thou reserve me? Valerius.  
Themistocles, before he was elected to bear authority in the commonweal, was little worth, but when he had once occupied the place of superiority, after he was banished, his goods being praised, amounted in value to an hundred talents.  
Rome was happy in the birth of Cato Censorius, & Scipio, for that the one warred with their enemies, the other with their manners.   

Of Fame. Fame is one of the parts of good fortune, in the opinion of some Philosophers and of the Poets, feigned to be the follower of virtuous and noble actions, and fitly compared to the shadow which accompanieth the body, and attendeth upon true honour, which is the reward of virtue.  
AMongst the Romans', the lineage of the Cornelij was had in great estimation, for of them all, never one was found a coward, or a defamed person.  
Marius, was never offended with any report that went of him, because if it were true it would sound to his praise, if false, his life and manners should prove it contrary. Sallust.  
Antonius, the Emperor, only amended his life and manners, by the report of those as he had sent about the City, to understand what was said of him.  
publicola's fame was gotten by leading of arms; Solons by civil actions.  
The fame that Milciades got at Marathon, would not suffer Themistocles to sleep.  
Dionysius, as long as he perceived himself to be well reported of, he was a good man, but when the privy talk to his defamation came to his ears, he then began to leave his good nature, and to exercise all kind of cruelty. Diod.  
The Persians, when any of their countrymen's good name was called in question, they examined the whole cause of their life, and if they found that their good actions did countervail their bad, they were acquitted; if otherwise, reputed vile and unworthy of any calling. Herodotus.  
Gorgias Leontinus, and Protagoras, for all the fame of their honour and renown, yet notwithstanding were as far from knowledge, as boys from manhood. Aelianus.  
Artaxerxes, hearing of the fame of Hippocrates, sent unto the chief governor of Hellespont earnest letters for him.  
Poor Codrus, and ragged Irus, are as famous in respect, being beggars (with Poets) as Midas, and Caesar, two famous & wealthy Kings of Lydia, are mentioned of Plutarch.  
Aristophanes, maketh as much mention of Cleonimus the coward, as Homer doth of valiant Achilles.  
Iwenall, & Claudian, report no less of the little Pigmees, than Ovid or Virgil of the monstrous Cyclops.  
Polyphemus, and Enceladus, two huge monstrous Giants, are not so famous in Virgil for their bigness, as Conopas, or Molon, two little Dwarves, of two feet length, are renowned in Pliny for their smalenes.  
Lysimachus, was famed over all the world, for that he being but a young Soldier under King Alexander, killed a Lyon.  
Ilerdes was so famous for archery, that he could kill a bird flying in the air, so could Catenes, and Commodus.  
Paris, was famous (though otherwise infamous) for that when neither Hector nor Troilus, nor all the power of Phrygia could overcome Achilles, he with an arrow slew him.  
The fame of Rome in Tully's youth, was but in her minority, & had not as then passed the mount Caucasus, but afterwards it grew in strength, and spread her wings over all the world. Cicero.  
julius Caesar wept, beholding the Image of Alexander the great, at four and twenty years of age, saying, Am not I miserable that have done nothing worthy of memory, and yet this Prince at these years had executed so many notable things.  
An Indian being commanded by Alexander to shoot before him, because he had heard of his excellency in that Art, would not do it, whereupon he condemned him to death; who going to execution said, That he had been a very good Archer, but because he had long time intermitted the exercise, he feared he should lose the reputation he once got, and chose therefore to die. Curtius.  
Alcibiades, excelled in all Nations wheresoever he came, every man in the thing he had most skill in. Thucydides.  
Cn. Pompeius, who was but 24. years of age, triumphed over Africa, a thing never erst seen in any Roman. Eutropius.  
Alexander, refused to come to the feasts of Olympian gams, because there was no kings to try the prices withal.  
Pompey, from his youth, showed in his countenance great sparks of honour, a pleasant mildness joined with a manly gravity, & in his conditions & behaviour, a reverent excellency of kingly majesty.  
Ptolomey, having overcome Demetrius, & put his host to flight, at the City of Gaza, restored him his treasure & all his stuff, with eight thousand prisoners, saying, that be strove not with him but for honour and Empire; which Demetrius shortly after overcoming him, requited in the like sort.  
Drusius, the Almain, used to visit the graves and tombs of the most renowned which were buried in Italy, especially at hi● going to warfare, saying, That beholding their monuments, he did recover both strength and stoutness. Dion.  
There came from Thebes a Knight to Rome, for no other purpose, but to see where it were true or no that was reported of the notable things there: whom Maecenas asked what he thought of Rome and the Romans', who answered, The memory of the absent doth more content me, than the glory of the present. Cic. Plinius.  
Caesar gave 52. battles at his pleasure. Cyrus overcame both Asieas, Pyrrhus, came down into Italy. Atyla King of the Huns, defied all Europe.  
M. Marcellus, who was the first that saw the back of Hannibal in the field, was asked, how he durst enter into battle with him, who answered, I am a Roman borne, and a Soldier, and by him shall I make my renown everlasting. Sextus Cheronensis.  
julius Caesar, being counseled to wait upon the Consul Sylla, to the end that by serving him he might do himself some good, answered, I swear by the immortal Gods, I will never serve any to be of more worth and greater than I am. Suetonius.   

Of Fear. This perturbation hath his derivation from ●he moving of the mind, and Metus (as Varro saith) is quasi motus animi, a moving of the mind, for it seemeth that the mind is fled, and the body much terrified, when some evil happeneth towards us.  
THE Syracusan Dionysius, had more fear of the divine Plato, which was in Grecia, then of all his enemies he had near him in Sicilia.  
Herodes Ascolonita, did more fear john Baptist, than all the kingdom of judea.  
Dionysius the tyrant, was troubled with such torment of fear, that being afraid of the barber's razors, he used to singe his beard with burning coals. Cicero.  
Alexander Pheraeus, although he dearly loved his wife Thebes, yet coming to her from banqueting into the chamber, he commanded one to go before with a drawn sword, and sent his Guard to ransack the wo●mens Coffers, and see that no weapons 〈◊〉 hidden in their garments. Cicero.  
When Pompey and Caesar became enemies, and so to civil wars, the King's a●● people of the Occidental part came to Iu●●●us Caesar, and the mighty and most puissant of the Oriental, came in the aid of grea● Pompeius, because these Princes were loved of few, and feared, & served of all. Eutro▪  
Mauritius, dreaming that he should be killed of Phocas, asked Philippicus what he was, who answered, an ambitious Centurion, but fearful, than Mauritius replied, If he be fearful, then is he a murderer. Orosius.  
Numa refused the guard of 300. Archers, which Romulus had. Livius.  
The Crocodiles of Egypt, if they be pursued fly, if feared, pursue them that fly. Herodotus.  
Q. Fabius Max. caused the hands of all those which had fled from the Roman standard, to be cut off, as a terror to all faint & cowardly Soldiers. Val.  
Amongst the Spartans', it was death to lose or cast away a shield in war. Epaminondas ●ad written upon his shield, Aut hunc, aut ●●per hunc.  
C. Valienus, cut off the fingers of his left ●and, because he would not follow the wars in Italy; but the Senate confiscated his goods, and condemned him to perpetual bonds.  
The Egyptians called Ochus an Ass in their mother tongue, comparing his cowardness and blockishness, to the weakness and unskilfulness of that unreasonable beast, in hi● discommendation and reproach; wherefore he violently snatching away their god, which was an Ox, went and offered the same to an Ass.  
The most fearful of all men, are the Garamants, for they are afraid of every thing, and can abide the sight of none, though they be armed, yet they do not use their weapons, for they are afraid to hurt, and when they are hurt, they will not for very cowardice revenge. Herodatus.  
Cicero being called by Clodius into judgement, (because of his own authority, without permission of the Senate, he had commanded Lentulus and Cethegus to be punished) he was of such an abated courage, as having changed his garment, weeping, as he was going, fell at the feet of every one which he met.  
Demosthenes, nothing inferior to Cicero in eloquence (if by study not extempore he would have spoken) when he should have defended himself before the Athenians, he so forsook himself, as he had rather go into perpetual banishment, then by talk openly to beseech favour or forgiveness at the hands of the Athenians.  
Nero, after he had killed his mother, confessed that whilst he slept, he was troubled by her, and tormented with the sight of Furies. Cor. Tacitus.  
A soldier that fled (whom Epaminondas that famous Theban General pursued) in returning back slew him.  
Niceas, the general Captain of the Athenians, through the fear which he had conceived of the darkness of an eclipse of the Moon, and not knowing the cause thereof, stayed so long determining with himself, that his enemies enclosed him round about, whereupon, he was taken alive, and put to death, besides forty thousand Athenians that were taken and slain.  
In the City of Sparta, which for Arms and Arts, flourished most among the Grecians, there was a Temple consecrated to fear, which they said, better preserved the estate of the Commonwealth than any other thing.  
Claudius' the Emperor, was so fainthearted, base minded, and blockish, that his mother said often of him, That nature had begun, but not finished him.  
Agamemnon dispensed with a rich coward for going to war personally, for a Mar● which he gave him. Homer.  
M. Aurelius was so far from fearing his subjects, that he had neither guard nor porter in his Court.   

Of Ingratitude. Under this monster, have all vices with a curse been comprehended: (omnia dixeris si ingratum dixeris;) most rightly figured in swine, who eat the Acorns, but never look up to the tree.  
Socrates', being pronounced by the Oracle of Apollo to be the wisest man in all Greece, was poisoned for his religious care he had in bringing up the youth of Athence.  
The Syracusans banished Dion, by whos● wisdom and valour they recovered they● liberty, and being afterward repealed, they killed him.  
Anthony, in the time of Vespasian, after al● his service against the Vitellians, and after h● had recovered Rome, was suspected by Mutianus, brought to Rome without authority, and visiting Vespasian in Asia, he was so coldly entertained, that he died shortly after.  
Philip the French-king, put one of his soldiers out of pay, because he was unthankful, and caused him to be marked in the forehead with the word unthankful.  
The ingratitude of the Romans' toward Scipio, was by reason of the conceived suspect of his fortunes, the suddainenes of his expedition, and the greatness of his enemies. Plutarch.  
Plato, that princely Philosopher, called Aristotle a Mule, because a Mule when he hath sucked his fill, and hath enough of his Dams milk, casteth up his heels, and kicks unkindly; by this he signified the ingratitude and unthankful nature of Aristotle, for he having received his Philosophy from Plato, disdained his Master, and in despite, gathered an assembly, and planted a School. Laertius.  
The Athenians greatly commended thankfulness, yet no Nation was more unthankful than themselves.  
Caesar, when he had overcome Pompey at Pharsalia, gave great charge to his Captains, that in any wise they should save Brutus; but he afterward, like an ungrateful person, was the chiefest of the conspirators. Appian.  
Laena, who by Cicero's help had been saved from death, pulled his head out of the Litter and cut it off, having three strokes, & making three wounds for want of cunning. He cut off his hand also, with which he wrote against Anthony. Idem.  
The noble King Seleucus was killed by Ptolomey Ceraunus, whom he had saved from the fury of his Father, which would have murdered him.  
Croesus' being relieved before he came to his kingdom by one pampha's, afterwards in token that he had not forgotten this good turn, he sent him a chariot full of silver.  
Darius, when he was not superior to a private man, receiving a rich rob of Solon for a gi●t, after that he was confirmed in the throne royal, he recompensed his courtesy committing unto him the government an● jurisdiction of the country of Samos.  
Pyrrhus was exceedingly grieved for th● death of a friend, who died before he ha● requited his many favours.  
The Romans' gave him intelligence of a treason intended against him, who to show himself thankful, sent back unto them a number of prisoners, and would receive no ransom.  
An Arabian Turk, Admiral of the Infidels in their war against Baldwin King of jerusalem, was with his wife and children taken prisoners, whom the king set free, in lieu whereof, he went by night and told him, of the purpose of his companions, and led him out of the town from danger.  
Cato the elder, sold his old servants that had served him a long time, in the market, as we use to sell beasts; a foul blot in so famous a man.  
Solon, for all the good deserts of his country, was banished from thence, and constrained to end his life at Cyprus. Valerius.   

Of Treason. The enemy to loyalty is Treason, a thing of ●ll others most odious to God, and among men ●east prosperous, as by the events appear.  
TArpeia, for love of gold, did betray the Capitol of Rome unto Tatius King of the Sabines; but with the gold, received her death's wound. Livius.  
Antigonus made much of those Traitors that went about to pleasure him, but having once obtained his purpose, he rewarded the with death.  
A Schoolmaster among the Phalerians, having the bringing up of all the noble youth in the City, betrayed them to Camillus, hoping thereby to get reward & favour of the Romans', but Camillus disdaining his treason, caused him to be stripped, and his hands bound behind him, and gave his scholars rods and whips to beat him home to the City. Plutarch.  
Fabritius sent Pyrrhus' word of his traitorous Physician. Plut.  
Lyciscus rotten above the ground for his treasons against the Orchomenians.  
The Ambassadors that come to the Emperor of Tartary, before they deliver they● message, must of force pass between two fires, only for this cause, that if they bring any poison, by the force of the flames it may kill themselves.  
The Athenians would suffer none to be buried that were traitors to their country▪  
Bessus, for his traitorous murdering of Darius, was adjudged by Alexander to be torn in sunder with two trees bowed down together by main strength, one against the other, unto which his body was fastened. Curtius.  
Lasthenes, having helped King Philip to become master of Olynthus, whereof he was an inhabitant, complained to the King that certain called him traitor; but he received this only answer, that the Macedonians were naturally rude & gross, calling a Spade a Spade, and all things else by their proper name.  
Darius caused the head of his son Ariobarzanes to be cut off, because he sought to betray his Army to Alexander.  
Augustus, with his own hands put out the eyes of one that was accused unto him of treason.  
Mahomet having taken Constantinople, through the treason of john justinian of Genua, after he had made him king, according to promise, within 3. days after cut off his head.  
Dioclesian the Emperor, took an oath in the open assembly of the soldiers, that Numerianus was not slain by any his treason, and therewithal drawing forth his sword, he ran Aper through, who being his Father in law, had treacherously slain him. Eutrop.  
M. Antonius an Orator, fled from the wrath of Marius into a Farme-house, the Keeper whereof received him gently, & hid him, & sending his servant to a Tavern for wine oftener than he was wont, the Vintner asked him why he came so often for wine? he told him secretly that it was for Antonius; who sent word to Marius, & was by a Captain of his slain, who brought his head to Marius.  
Decimus Brutus, one of the conspirators against Caesar, put to flight by Anthony, in his escape was taken of thieves, and ask who was Lord of that place, they told him, Camillus, whose name he much esteeming, desired to be brought to him; who when he saw him, made him fair presence, but privily sent to Anthony, who could not abide to see him, but willed Camillus to kill him.  
Attilus the eldest son of Anthony, was betrayed by his Schoolmaster Theodorus who took a goodly jewel from his necks when he was killed, the which being required, and denied of him, he was hanged.   

Of Names. The qualities of the mind, whether they be good or evil, (especially in great personages) commend a perpetual memory to their prosperity, either of their honourable fame, or vile infamy; therefore the ancients gave certain names to the true deservers of both.  
IT was a sure sign that Adam should be Lord of all creatures, when at the first he could call them all by their names. Amb.  
The Stoics were great searchers for the original of words and names.  
The Troyans', for their nobility & gentry, were called dardan's, for their fearfulness, Phryges', and for their valour, Troyans'.  
The first of the Fabiuses was surnamed Pictor, for his excellency in the Art of painting; when he had painted the walls of the temple of Health, he writ thereon his name, leaving behind him a memory that he had been ● painter.  
Titus Manlius, the worthiest of all the Senators, killed one of the Frenchmen which provoked him to fight hand to hand, and when he had slain him, he plucked off a chain of gold which his enemy wore about his neck, and put it about his own, whereof both he and his posterity were called Torquatij.  
Prophet's are called Seers, because they see the mysteries of the Gospel. Vrbanus.  
Mar. Valerius, going to fight with a French man, a Crow lighted upon his right arm, & sat there still, afterward, when they came to handy gripes, the same Crow smote the Frenchman upon the eyes, that he could not see, by means whereof he was slain, & Valerius was afterward surnamed corvinus.  
In the old Testament, four men's names were given them before their birth, Ishmael; Isaac, Samson, josias, in the new, only john and Christ.  
Romulus was called Quirinus, of a Spear, for that weapon he used; and the Knights of Rome were called Quirites, that is, spear men.  
Aristippus was called Metrodidactos, because he was taught of his mother.  
Calliope was named Calliopea, for her ex●cellencie, and Penelope, Penelopea, for th● sweetness of her voice.  
Adam was buried in the same place whe● Christ his Cross was set up, and therefore it was called Caluarie, because the origina●● and head of mankind was buried there. Augustine.  
Paris lay the first night with Helena in the isle of Cranae, and afterwards called it by her name, Helena.  
Colossians are denominated from the great Colossus in Rhodes, a statue of brass, being once one of the world's seven wonders.  
The Heathens called the Christians Sarmentitios', and Semiassios', because they were tied to halfpenny stakes, and burned to death with shrubs.  
Aborigines, are homebred people, the Athenians were so called, in token whereof they did wear Grasshoppers in their hats. Diodorus.  
The river Tigris, is so called for his swift current. justine.  
Valentinianus the Emperor, was called Funarius, for that before he was chosen, holding a rope or cord in his hand, five strong soldiers were not able to pull it from him. ●●●●linus.  
Within twenty years, Italy had 9 Em●erours, which reigned by succession, & the ●ne was slain of the other by occasion, the ●ast was called Augustulus, that is, little noble, or little full of majesty; the diminution of the name, was an evident sign that the governance of the Augustus should fail ●n Italy. Agathias.  
The Romans' had certain Senators called Pedarij Senatores, who being slow of counsel & pronouncing their sentence, did follow the footsteps of other Counsellors, saying after them, & therefore were so called. Fenestella.  
There were two Emperors in Rome unlike in name, & much more in manners, the one of them was named Nero the cruel, the other, Anthony the meek; the which overnames the Romans' gave them, the one of meek, because he could not but pardon, the other of cruel, because he never ceased to kill.  
The name of Knight, or Gentleman, the Romans' did never admit, either consent to entitle those that could gather much riches, but such as had been famous for being at the victory of many battles. Cicero.  
Prince Charles, for his great & happy victory over the Southern people, was after surnamed Martell the Maule, because he● broke and battered the force of them like ● maul, or hammer of iron.  
Cato was not first a surname, but a name o● merit, for the ancient Romans' called him Cato, that was wise by much experience. Of this name were two famous, Cato Censorius, and Cato of Utica.  
jonathan, for his valour, was named jebonathan.  
Sergius Orata, & Licinius Muraena, took their surnames of fishes, for that one of them greatly loved the Gylthed, the other, the Lamprey. Petrarch.  
Nemrod, the first tyrant, was called Oppressor hominum, an oppressor of men.  
Cicero was called Pater patirae, the lover of his Country.  
The sea of Icarus, was so called, for that Icarus was there drowned.  
The sea Aegeum, of Aegeus king of Athens, who drowned himself therein.  
Mare Tyrrhenun, of Tyrrhenus King of Lydia; Hellespont, by a woman named Helle.  
Tyberinus, altered the river which was be●ore named Albura, to the name of Tiber 〈◊〉 his death.  
Hesperideses the daughter of Atlas, gave the Hesperian sea his name.  
Mare Myrtoun, by Myrtilus, whom Oenomaus cast therein.  
That which we call Euxinus, the Sea that beginneth at Bospherus, was first called Axenos; that is, Inhospitalis, because the inhabitants did kill and eat the passengers, but after, being made civil, was called Euxinus.  
The Romans', if their Emperor were courageous, they would call him another Caesar, if virtuous, Octavian, if fortunate, Tiberius, if rash, Caligula, if cruel, Nero, if merciful, Trajan, or Antonius Pius, if beautiful, Titus, if idle, Domitian, if patiented, Vespasian, if temperate, Adrian, if religious, Aurelianus, if sage and virtuous, Aurelius.   

Of Contemplation. Contemplation hath three degrees, the first is an election & choosing of good before evil; the second is, as it were an habit or enjoying thereof indeed; the last consisteth altogether in the mind of man, from which the true example of all virtues do flow In it all good qualities be imprinted, which impression, the Platonists 〈◊〉 Ideas, being nothing else but inward conception of things.  
CArneades & Archimedes, were accoun●ted as dead men when they were alive forasmuch as their minds being distracte● through earnestness of contemplation, the natural action of their bodies seemed to cease and give over, the one forgetful to reach his hand to the dish, being at meat, the other, not knowing what the matter meant, when the town of Siracusa was taken wherein he lived. Laertius.  
Socrates was seen studying a whole day, continuing the space of 24. hours in contemplation, and discoursing in his mind, which was, when he drew out this conclusion out of his thoughts, that there was b●t one only God, and that the soul was immortal.  
Mison the Philosopher, lived altogether a contemplative and solitary life, who when one by chance met him laughing to himself, and demanding the cause why he laughed, having no company? answered, Even therefore do I laugh, because I have 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 company with me. Laertius.  
Scipio, was never less alone, then when he ●ad no company; and Tully, when he was thought to have been idle, studied most. Cicero.  
Democritus plucked out his eyes, because ●he pleasures of this world should not draw ●im from contemplation.  
S. Bernard, a most excellent man for learning and holiness, got all his knowledge wherein he excelled all other of his time) 〈◊〉 the woods & fields, not by the instruction ●f man, but by contemplation & prayer.  
Saint Augustine writeth of himself, that 〈◊〉 this sort he understood Aristotle's predicaments, which are accounted amongst the hardest things, and also the liberal Sciences, ●nd no man taught him.  
The Hare, the Pelican, and the Swan, live solitarily, & the last is merry at her death, in ●ope to see shortly her beloved Apollo. Plato  
Hiero, the tyrant of Syracuse, gave over his kingdom, & lived a solitary life.  
Croesus', after the death of his son Adrastus, ●●ued in contemplation. Herod.  
Jerome, Petrus Diamanus, Caelestinus, forsaking the world, betook them to solitariness of life.  
Timon of Athence, was so given to solitar●●nes and melancholy, that he hated the 〈◊〉 of all men, and therefore was called M●●santhropos, he used and employed all his 〈◊〉 to persuade his Countrymen to shorten the lives, having set up gibbets in a field, which h● bought, for them that were disposed to han● themselves. Plut.  
Anthony, despairing of his fortunes, build him an house in the Sea, at the Lanteme and ramped it about, separating himself from the company of men, protesting to follow Timon, calling his house Timonion, or Timon's Tabernacle. Appian.  
Tresilaus, overcome with a melancholy passion, persuaded himself to be the righ● honour of all the great Navy that arrived a● the port Pyreus; of which humour, when he by Physicians was thoroughly purged, he cursed them, saying, That they had rob 〈◊〉 of his pleasure and wealth.  
The Emperor Lotharius pricked in conscience for his evil committed against 〈◊〉 Father Lodovicus Pius, resigned his Empire, and spent the remainder of his life into monastery.  
Appian, writeth of a solitary way by the people Sapaei, which for the solitariness, the very birds could not discover, by which Bru●us being distressed and afraid, was guided by Roscopolis, who persuaded him to go that way. Appianus.   

Of Agriculture. Agriculture, or husbandry, took beginning 〈◊〉 our forefather Adam's fall, and since in every succeeding Age hath been highly esteemed, whose companion is Labour, the true handmaid of virtue. The upholders of this Art (as the Poets writ) were the last that waxed wicked, and justice forsaking the earth, left her last footsteps amongst husbandmen.  
THis was so honoured in old time, that even the Roman Emperors and mighty Kings and Potentates, have not been ashamed to exercise it.  
Dioclesian, left his Empire at Salona, and Attalus likewise to labour in this Art.  
Cyrus, set, planted, and grafted trees with his own hands, chequer wise. So did Seneca Planetrees.  
From the honour of the earth and husbandry, the noble surnames of Fabiuses, Lentuli, Cicerones, Pisones, have been denominate. Cor. Ag.  
From the breeding and feeding of cattle the Junii, Bubuli, Tauri, Statilij, Pomponij, Vituli, Vitellij, Porcij, Catones, Annij, took their better names.  
Romulus, and Remus, Rome's first founders, were shepherds, Apollo, Mercury, Pan, Abel, Abraham, jacob, Moses, David, were shepherds.  
The Gardens of Adonis, Alcinous, Tantalus, & Hesperides, were subjects for the finest Poets.  
Semiramis, had goodly flowers hanging in the air, and Massinissa strange, and famous garnished Gardens, to the wonder of Africa.  
Tarqvinius, in the time of that first old Rome, walked pleasantly in his Garden, and cropping the tops of Poppy. Livius.  
Lucullus, after his victories obtained in Asia, took his recreation in Gardens.  
Sylla, forsaking his Dictatorship, spent the remainder of his life in gardening.  
When the Romans' would commend any man, they used to call him a good man, & a good husband, insomuch, as the Senator● themselves lived in the Country, & at occasions were by Pursuivants called to the city▪  
Quintius Cincinatus, and others, were called from the plough to be Dictator's.  
King Agis, one day requested the Oracle of Apollo, to tell him who was the happiest man in the world, who answered, One Aglaion, be known of the Gods, and unknown of men, and making search for him throughout all Greece, found at length that it was a poor gardener in Arcadia, who 60. years old, never went from home, keeping himself with his only labour in his Garden. Livius.  
M. Cato Censorius, was as ready and apt to learning, as to wars, to matters concerning the field, as the City, and also to the exercise of husbandry.  
He was the most excellent husbandman of his time, and was the first amongst the Romians, that gathered the precepts of husbandry, and brought them into the form of ●n Art. Petrarch.  
Quintius Cincinnatus, while he was ea●ing his four Acres of land, by decree of the Senate & people of Rome, was chosen Dictator. Florus.  
Abdolominus, at the commandment, or rather permission of Alexander, from a ●oore Gardener, was advanced unto the kingdom Sidon, and by contemning the kingdom, was reputed greater than the kingdom.  
C. Marius, was an hireling ploughman, and spent the first years of his life in the fields▪ but afterwards was seven times Consul o● Rome.  
The pleasure that Lucanus had in this world, was nothing else but a little Garden, & when he died, he commanded his grave to be made in it; where he was buried.   

Of Poverty. This burden, whether it come by birth or some sinister chance, is, or aught to be a means to bring man to a ready knowledge of himself, an● by this, to a more near knowledge of God, who sometime sendeth it as a trial, otherwhile as ● punishment, to the godly first, the burden is light▪ to the repining punished, intolerable, who lose the benefit thereof by their impatience and murmuring.  
ARistides, surnamed the just, being very poor, was chosen to levy and gather the tribute before all the rich men in Athens.  
Whilst the name of poverty was honoured at Rome (which was by the space of 400. years after the foundation thereof, Pleasure could never set foot as there, but ●fter that Poverty began to be contemned, virtue immediately took her flight from ●hence, which was their utter overthrow.  
Valerius Publicola, having four times ●eene Consul of Rome (the only man for government in war and peace) his poverty is recorded not to his shame, but to his praise. Livius.  
Poor Aristides, had not the least honour ●n the service at Salamis, and at Plateus, was ●he chief leader of all the Athenian forces, ●hom Virtue did put forward, Poverty could not hold back nor dismay. Herodotus.  
Fabritius, being in poverty, was sent in Embassage amongst other Romans' to Pyrrhus, of whom Pyrrhus took such liking, ●hat to win him to be his, he proffered him ●he fourth part of his kingdom. Eutropius.  
Ephialtes, being cast in the teeth with his poverty, said, Why dost not thou make rehearsal of the other thing, namely, that I love ●aw, and regard right? Aelian.  
One of Cato's sons, of 15. years age, was banished for breaking of an earthen pot in a maids hand, that went for water, so wa● cinna's son, because he entered a Garden, and gathered fruit without leave.  
The Ostracism, amongst the Athenians was a banishment for a time, whereby the brought down them that seemed to exceed in greatness. This was invented by Clisthenes.  
A rude rustic fellow, happened to meet Aristides, bearing a scroale of paper in hy● hand, and desired him to write the name o● Aristides therein, who marveling thereat asked, whether any man had been by him injured, No (quoth he) but I cannot in any wis● endure the surname of justus. Plutarch.  
At such time as the Ephesi banished they● Prince Hermodonus, they pronounced thi● sentence, Let none of us excel another, but i● any so do, let him no longer here dwell, but inhabit else where. Cicero.  
Celliodorus, the Philosopher, was banished in the prosperity and fury of the Marian's, not for the evils they found in him, bu● for the vices he reproved in them.  
Vulturnus, a man in Astrology, profoundly learned, was banished by M. Antonius, because Cleopatra hated him.  
Bestius, and Colla, Gentlemen of Rome, when they had boldly declared their service for the commonwealth, and reprehended the Senators before they would be cast out by decree, voluntarily exiled themselves, Appian.  
Sittius, was the first and only man, that as a stranger, was an outlaw in his own Country. Idem.   

Of Death. Death is feigned of the Poets, to be the sister of Sleep, both borne of their mother Night, a Goddess impartial and inexorable, as sparing none, and the Egyptians by an Owl sitting upon a tree signify death. This all-killing power, triumphans cedit, and by death is overcome.  
EPaminondas, ready to give up the ghost, willed the poisoned shaft to be pulled from his deadly wound, & when it was given him to understand, that his shield was found safe, and his enemies put to flight, he cheerfully departed out of this world. Cicero.  
Gorgias Leontinus, being very sick, a friend of his demanded of him how he felt himself in body, he answered, Now Sleep beginneth to deliver me to the power of his brother Death.  
Hasdrubals wife, the last Lady of Carthage▪ had the like end in death, as the first Lady Dido had, for she threw herself and her two sons into the fire.  
Herod, because he would make the jews sorry for his death, whether they would or no, dying, commanded to slay all the Noble men's children of jury. josephus.  
Vespasian ready to die, stood up & said, It becometh an Emperor to pass out of this world standing.  
Calanus, an Indian Gymnosophist, when he had taken his long leave of Alexander, piled up a bonfire in the suburbs of Babylon, of dry wood, of Cedar, Rosemary, Cypress, Myrtle, & Laurel, than he mounted the pile, the Sun shining in his face, whose glorious beams he worshipped, than he gave a token to the Lacedæmonians, to kindle the fire, & stoutly and valiantly died.  
Cercidas, an Arcadian, ready to die, said to his companions, I am not loath to departed this life, for I hope to see and talk with Pythagoras among the Philosophers, with Livius among the Historiographers, with Orpheus among the musicans, and with Homer among the Poets; which words as soon as he had uttered, he gave up the ghost.  
Plato dying, thanked nature for three cau●es; the first, that he was borne a man, & not beast; the second, that he was borne in Greece, and not in Barbary; the third, that ●ee was borne in Socrates' time, who taught ●im to die well.  
Antemon, was so desirous to live, and so ●earefull to die, that scarce he would travail abroad, and compelled to go, two of his servants bore over his head a great brazen Target, to defend him from any thing which might happen to hurt him.  
Massinissa, King of Numidia, rather committed his estate and life unto dogs then unto men, as his guard to keep and defend him from death.  
Hector said to Andromache, Be not sorry for my death, for all men must die. Homer.  
Polydamas, entering into a Cave to defend himself from the rain, through the violence of the water, the Cave fell down upon him. Cicero.  
Anacreon's breath was stopped with a grape kernel, that stuck in his throat. Pliny.  
Euripides, returning home from King Archelaus his supper, was torn in pieces of dogs. Gellius.  
Aeschilus, sitting in a sunny place in Sicily, an Eagle flying over, taking his white bald head for a stone, struck the shell of a Tortoise which was in his bill against his head and dashed out his brain. Valerius.  
Pyndarus, laying his head down to sleep in the bosom of a boy whom he loved, neue● awaked. Suidas.  
Ennius, would not have his death lamented, because he was famous in his works, yet Solon would have his death bewailed, & writ to put his friends in mind, Let my departure weighed be, & let my friends draw sighs for me.  
Trophonius, and Agamedes, having built a sumptuous temple to Apollo of Delphos, begged the most profitable thing that might be given to man, after the third day they were found dead. Cicero.  
Velcurio, the learned Philosopher, lying upon his deathbed, when his friends came to comfort him, said, The Father is my Creator, the Son my Redeemer, the holy Ghost my Comforter, how can I then be sorrowful or dismayed?  
The day before that Caesar went to the Senate, he had been at a banquet with Lepidus, talking merely what death was best for a man, some saying one, and some another, he of all praised the sudden death, which happened to him. Appian.  
The Scots in their own Chronicles, have recorded, that of one hundred & five Kings, ●here died not above 50. of natural deaths. Gasper Peucerus.   

Of Usury. Usury (of some called Interest, but without reason why, sith money let to interest returneth but with his proper sum) the daughter of Covetousness and Ambition, may well be called a continual sire, which ever increaseth through the consuming of such as fall therein. This hath been so odious amongst the Heathen, that the practisers thereof have been severely punished.  
EVe took up sin of the devil, as it were by lone upon her bare word, Adam by consenting unadvisedly, subscribed to the bond, but the burden of it, hath ever been, and shall be laid upon the necks of his posterity.  
In the time of king Philip, Augustus, Lews the fift, of king john, & Charles the sixth, the jews & Italians which held banks, & exercised usury throughout France, were rifled and banished.  
In sundry places, debtors were privileged, among others in Diana's temple Ephesus, into the temple of sparing and we ordered expense usurers might not ente● Pausanias.  
Lycurgus would suffer no usurers to live among the Spartans.  
The old Indians and Germans knew n● what usury meaned.  
Amasis, King of Egypt, made a law, that th● Praetor should call every one to account, ho● they lived, and if by usury, they should b● punished as malefactors. Herod.  
Cato, drove all the usurers out of Sicilia, & (altogether undone by them) restored he to her former glory. Val.  
Asellius was slain, for making a law against usurers. Appian.  
There was a law amongst the ancient Grecians and Romans', which forbade all usury surmounting one penny for an hundred by the year, and they called it Vnciarie usury.  
This law was since that, brought to a halfpenny a year among the Romans', & not long after, usury was clean taken away by the law Genutia, because of usual seditions, which arose through the contempt of laws concerning usury.  
It was provided in Rome, that no Senator should be owner of any ship containing 300 Amphores, because immoderate gains was ●ot in the Noble men allowed.  
In Thebes, it was by strait order forbidden, that any man should be put in office, which in ten years before the election, had practised any unlawful chaffering.  
The Egyptians & Athenians, seeing the error of covetous usury to take footing in their provinces, by approved judgement concluded, that by no instrument, plea, execution, or other means in law, a body might be detained, the original being for corrupt gain.  
The Romans' had a law, that no money should be lent to young heirs upon usury, neither allowing the detinew pleadable, nor the usury answerable; having a private eye into those immeasurable gains of those greedy Carls, who compass the Father's Lands, before the son come to it. Fenestella.  
By this unlawful getting, many of the best and most ancient houses in all Italy, were brought into utter ruin and confusion.   

Of Prodigality. Prodigality, one of the companions of Ple●●sure, is called of the Stoics a dissolution, or to● much losing of reverent virtue, and a token o● him which desireth to be a tyrant; such Lions (〈◊〉 Aristophanes termeth them) are not to be nourished in a commonwealth, for if they should men must serve to satisfy their appetite, being a greedy of expense, as the covetous of money.  
CLeopatra, the last Queen of Egypt, invited Anthony to a feast, at which she dissolved in vinegar a Pearl priced at a● hundred Sesterces.  
The son of Aesopus the Tragedian, was so prodigal, that at divers suppers he would dissolve rich pearls in vinegar. Horace.  
Lucullus, was so prodigal in sumptuous expenses, and desired in all his buildings to seem so magnifical, that he came into contempt among the Romans', & was called a Roman Xerxes. Plut.  
There was a law among the Grecians, that those which had prodigally wasted their patrimony, should not be interred with their ancestors. Alexand.  
Prodigal lavishing, and palpable sensuality, ●rought Pericles, Callias the son of Hip●nicus, and Nicius, not only to necessity, ●t to extreme poverty; and when all their money was spent, they three drinking a poisoned potion to one another, died all three.  
Apicius, after he had by banqueting spent is whole patrimony, because he would not ●ade a miserable life, hanged himself.  
Epicharmus an Athenian, having a large ●atrimony left him by his parents, consumed it in six days, and all his life time after ●ued a beggar.  
Straton Sydonius, could in no wise abide ●hat any one should go beyond him in prodigal expenses, whereupon arose a great contention betwixt Nicocles Ciprius and ●im, whilst the one did what he could to excel the other. Theopompus.  
Poliarchus was so grounded in prodigality, that he would bring forth the dead carcases of dogs and Cocks (if he loved them ●hen they were living) and gather all his friend's and acquaintance to the burial of ●hem, sparing no costs; he raised upon their ●raues great pillars, and caused Epitaphs to ●e carved thereon. Aelianus.  
Chrysogonus, laid hands upon the goods of Sextus Roscius, that he might riotously spend that, which the other had wicke●●ly gotten. Cicero.  
Caligula, in one year of his reign, spe●● prodigally 67. millions of gold, which T●●berius his predecessor had gathered tog●●ther. Tacitus.  
In Rome it was provided by law, that 〈◊〉 Senator should be indebted above a certain sum prescribed. Fenestella.  
Aemilius Lepidus, having built an hou●● which cost six thousand pound, was fo● that cause deprived from the Senate.  
Diogenes, hearing that the house of a ce●●taine prodigal man was offered to sale, said▪ I knew well that house was so full of meat an● wine, that ere long it would vomit out his ma●●ster.  
To erect Tombs, to wear gold-rings, 〈◊〉 use spice in meat, to allay wine with wa●ter, and to bear sweet smells; the men of A●sia sent as presents to the Romans', in re●uenge of the Cities and blood that they ha● taken from them. Cicero.  
Caligula the Emperor, suffered his own brother to make him a feast full of all excess, wherein there were two thousan● sundry sort of dishes, & seven thousand 〈◊〉 ●f fowls.  
One of the Fabiuses, by reason of his prodigal expenses, was surnamed Gurges.  
Caligula was so prodigally minded, that he ●ould often say, it became a man to be either thrifty, or an Emperor.  
Alexander was naturally given to spend much, and Darius to heap together, lock ●p, and keep. Plut.  
Ptolomeus the first was so prodigal, that ●hat soever his servants had bought in the morning, he would give away before night; ●nd being by his nobles advised to be more moderate in his largesse, he answered, You ●re deceived, to think that the poor and needy Prince is troubled.  
Alexander the Roman, very seldom gave gold or silver to any man but to soldiers; affirming it to be unlawful for him that was steward of the Commonwealth, to convert ●hat which the provinces had contributed, ●o the private sports and pastimes of himself and his favourites. Lampridius.   

Of Pride. Pride is a sin of the soul, which is not seen ●nd perceived of any, but of God only; and therefore Moses giveth no temporal punishment to proud men, but reserved them to the judgement of God.  
Romulus', puffed up with the glory he● had attained unto, became more severe to his Senators, and therefore he was slain of them at the flood of Caprea. Livius.  
Agamemnon, considering the destruction of Troy, and his own triumphant estate ● said, that the overthrow of Priamus mad● him proud; but afraid withal, lest he● thorough pride, as Priamus was, might be overthrown. Seneca.  
Plautianus, being in chief honour and credit with Severus the Emperor, left no● a Country or a City unspoiled, to uphold thereby his greatness and pride. Dion.  
The Romans', because they would curb● the pride of the jews, took their kingly dignity from them, and divided their kingdom into a tetrarchy. August.  
Chares waxed so proud because he ha● hurt King Cyrus in the knee, that he become stark mad. Plutarch.  
Virtue, at the first raised the Templars, & ● upheld their honours, but their pride and sloth, was their utter overthrow. Polych.  
Menecrates because he was excellent in the Art of Physic, caused himself to be called ●upiter; Philip minding to correct him for his pride, invited him to a feast, and caused a ●able to be provided for him alone, which he was glad of, but when he saw that in stead of meat they gave him nothing but incense, he was ashamed, and departed from them in great rage.  
Dioclesian the Emperor, called himself brother to the Sun and Moon, and made an Edict that he would have all men to kiss his feet, whereas his predecessors gave their hands to their nobility, and bowed their knees to the simpler sort. God suffered him to die a mad man.  
Socrates, when he saw that Alcibiades waxed proud because of his great possessions, showed the Map of all the world, & asked him whether he knew which were his lands in the territory of Athens; who answered they were not described there; how is it then (quoth he) that thou braggest of that which is no part of the world?  
Antiochus had that admiration of himself, that he thought he was able to sail on the earth, and go on the seas.  
Egnatius would laugh of purpose, to show his white teeth. Catullus.  
Palaemon a Grammarian in Rome, promised immortality and everlasting felicity unto any he dedicated his books to. Cor. Agrip.  
Sparsus, amongst ignorant men, would seem a great scholar, but when he came where scholars were, he feigned himself mad, as though he were not ignorant in any thing, but by his infirmity to excuse himself from reasoning. Seneca.  
Poppeia, Nero's concubine, had her horses shod with pure gold. martial.  
Archidemus, the son of Agesilaus, being overcome by Philip, understanding that he waxed proud thereof, sent him this message, If thou measure thy shadow now being a victor, with thy shadow in times past, when thou wast overcome, thou shalt find it no longer then in those days. Brusonius.  
julius Caesar confessed (and that with boasting) that he slew in battles, eleven hundred, ninety and two thousand men. Pliny.  
Pompey the great surpassed him, who caused to be written in the Temple of Minerva, That he had overcome, put to flight, and slain, and upon yeeling, received to mercy, twenty hundred, fourscore, and four thousand men.  
Cato Censorius boasted, that he took ●ore Towns in Spain, than he had been ●●ves in that country. Plut.  
Agesilaus King of Sparta, hearing an Athenian boasting the thickness of Athens walls, ●ayd, That the same did well become them, because strong walls were wont to be built for wo●en.  
A Roman Patricide being ambitious of ●onour, & a coward, to obtain the same, determined to set fire on the Treasure house, where the people of Rome laid up their treasure. Livius.  
Pyrrhus might have been a great Prince ●f he had not been ambitious, and had followed Cineas counsel, who dissuaded him from his voyage into Italy; but he said, that from Tarentum he would go to Rome; from Rome to Sicilia, from thence to Carthage; and when he had overcome them, he would be king of all Greece, & then would rest himself.  
Pompey could abide no equal, and Caesar no superior.  
Fabius the proud Senator, died with swa●owing a hair in milk.  
Spurinus Metellus a Senator of Rome, was murdered, by reason of his ambition, & his house utterly razed by Cincinatus Dictator, because he sought by means of a certain distribution of wheat, to make himself king of Rome.  
M. Manlius upon the like occasion, was thrown down headlong from a Tower. Livius.  
Diogenes would tread upon Plato's carpets and cushions, and said that he trod Plato's pride under foot; but thou doos● that (quoth Plato) with another greate● pride. Laertius.  
The proud and stout nature of Coriolanus, was the cause of his ruin, notwithstanding, that therewithal he was one of the absolutest men in all Rome. Livius.  
Epaminondas, perceiving himself to be somewhat prouder for his victory at Leuctra, came abroad the next day homely appareled in some grief; and when he was asked whence his sadness proceeded? he said he had no cause of heaviness, but did that because he had been too well pleased the day before. Thucydides.  
The goodness of Aristides, and the meekness of Cymon, made the government of the Athenians well liked of all the Nations of Greece, but the arrogancy of Pausanias, made it to be the more desired.  
Philip King of France, & john his son, lost Given by their over-hastinesse, and Charles recovered it by gentleness and humility. Froisard.  
Zeuxis, when he had finished the picture of Atalanta, being strooken with admiration of his own work, broke into these words, and writ underneath it, Painters will sooner envy then imitate my doing.  
Salacon, being known to be a very poor man, was of so proud an humour, that he took upon him as though he had been as wealth as the best, from him came this proverb, Saloconica superbia. Suidas.  
Anthony had two children by Cleopatra, the one Alexander, whom he called the Sun, the other Cleopatra, whom he called the Moon. Appian.  
Scipio and Hannibal discoursing of the excellency of a Captain, Scipio asked him whom he thought to be the best Captain in the world? he answered Alexander, whereat Scipio stayed; then he asked him who was the next? he said Pyrrhus; at which he grieved; then who the third? he said, myself. Scipio seeing him so advance himself, said, in what place wouldst thou have put thyself, if thou hadst not been overcome of me? he answered, I would then have set myself before Alexander.  
Pericles persuading the Athenians to follow the wars, in an Oration vainly praised himself, saying, That for counsel in this matter, they could not admit a more sufficient man then himself. Thucydides.  
jugurtha killed his brethren Hiempsall & Adherball, that he alone might be King of Numidia. Sallust.  
Aelius Adrianus the Emperor, boasted that whilst the Commonwealth was in quiet estate, he got more than all other Emperors in wars, and destruction of Realms and Countries; his name was so much feared, that many kings sent him presents, seeking to be at peace with him. Eutrop.  
The ambition of Marius and Sylla, kindled civil wars with such extremity, that the streets of Rome did run with the blood of the Citizens. Suet.  
Alexander answered the Ambassadors of Darius who entreated for peace, and offered his daughter in marriage, that as the heavens could not suffer two Suns to rule, so the earth might not permit two Alexanders.   

Of Envy. The most ancient vice of the world is Envy, and that which shall not end until the world end, is Envy.  
THE Poets have always written, that the envious persons are continually tormented by Megaera, one of the Furies of hell.  
Caligula offered sacrifice to Envy, as fearing himself to be subject to her fury, and therefore desirous to stand in her grace. Dion.  
Aristotle envied Isocrates so much, that he was wont to say, It were a shame for Aristotle to hold his peace, and let Isocrates speak.  
Homer had his Zoilus, Virgil his Mevius, Cicero his Lycinius, yea, the Gods themselves had their Momus.  
Favorinus was want to wonder how he could live, because the Emperor Adrian envied him, and therefore on a time yielding to the Emperor in a certain disputation, when his friends that stood by, marveled thereat, he said; shall not I yield to him that hath twenty legions of soldiers?  
Plato and Xenophon, Demosthenes and Aeschines, greatly despised each other. Antoninus and Geta, brothers & successors in the Empire to Severus their Father, envied so each other, that Antoninus slew his brother Geta, that he might rule alone. Herodian.  
The Athenians, through the envy they bore to Themistocles, caused Timocreon a Rhodian Poet, in his verses to report him a covetous person, a violater of his faith, and no keeper of hospitality.  
Caligula was wont for envy to those he met, to shave their hairs of behind; he was so envious, that if he saw any Roman that had fair golden hair, he would cut it off with his own hands. Sueto.  
Anthony caused the head of Cicero to be set before him when he was at meat; & his wife Fulvia pulled out the tongue thereof, and wore it in her bonnet. Plutarch.  
Metellus, at what time Pompey was appointed to succeed him in his office of Proconsulshyp in Spain, for envy thereof broke all the furniture of war, consumed all the victuals, famished all the Elephants, suffering his soldiers to do what injury they could against Pompey.  
Plato being in Aegina, it was told the chief judge that a man of Athence was in the City, which ought by law to die, he calling Plato before him, demanded what he was? Plato answered, a Philosopher; one envious of him and good letters, hearing the name of Philosopher, said, this is no man, but a beast, than replied Plato, saying; I ought to be free by law, being a beast and no man; whereupon they dismissed him. Laertius.  
Politian writ to an envious man; thou enviest all things to all men, except envy, and the same thou dost envy in another man, which is more envious than thyself.  
The mortal hatred betwixt Caesar and Pompey, was not because the one had injured the other, but for that Pompey had envy of that great fortune of Caesars in fight, and Caesar of the great grace Pompey had in government. Suetonius.  
Themistocles being demanded by one that met him, why he was sad? answered, The sorrow that I have, is for that in 22. years since I was borne, I think not that I have done any thing worthy memory, because I see no man in all Athence beareth me envy. Plutarch.  
The Salamines buried their dead with their backs turned against the Agarenes, which were their mortal enemies, showing thereby, that their enmity endured not only in time of their life, but also when they were dead.  
Publius' seeing Mutius (a dogged & envious man) sadder then he was wont to be, said; Either some misfortune is befallen Mutius, or else some good fortune to those that he envieth. Macrobius.  
So mortal was the hatred between the two brethren Eteocles and Polynices, that when their bodies (according to the custom of the Country) were burned, the flame parted in sunder, showing thereby that their envy was not ended in death. Seneca.  
Caligula was desirous of his own ease, & yet he was envious to those that were at ease as well as he. Sueto.  
He envied Homer so much, that being determined upon a time to abolish the memory of him, he said, that he might well have as much power as Plato, to weed him out of his Commonwealth. Suetonius.  
Dyonisius the tyrant, to avoid envy, advanced a man that was wicked, & greatly hated of the people, and being demanded why he did so, Because (quoth he) I meant to have a man in my Realm that shall be more hated than myself.  
So mortal was the envy between Themistocles and Arestides, that Themistocles said to the Athenians, Except ye cast me and Aristides out of the City, into the bottom of the sea, ye shall never have a quiet Athens.  
Alexander would not that Aristotle should publish those books which he had read to him, because he desired alone to pass all others in learning and feats of war.  
Alcibiades, to avoid the overgreat envy of the people, & to turn aside the evil speeches they had of him, cut of the tail of a dog that he had bought very dear, and drove him thorough the City, to the intent he might busy men's heads about talk of his dog, and not about other matters.  
Narsetes being an Egyptian borne, was very much envied of the Romans', because he daily increased in honour and riches.  
Had not that which Carmenta or Nicostrata the wife of evander writ of the wars of Troy, been at that time through envy thrown into the fire, the name of Homer had (without doubt) at this day remained obscure. Aurelius.  
Viriatus a Spaniard, King of the Lusitanians, and a great enemy to the Romans', was so adventurous in all his wars, and valiant in person, that they, by the space of fifteen years, could never have victory of him; but when they saw by experience that he was invincible, through envy they caused him to be poisoned.  
Alexander could not abide Perdiccas, because he was warlike, he hated Lysimachus because he was cunning in ordering a battle, he envied Seleucus, because he was full of prowess and courage, he abhorred Antigonus, because he was ambitious, he grudged at Attalus, because his power was princ-like. Plutarrh.  
Plato envied Democritus, because he made no mention of him in his books, thinking that he made no account of him.  
It is an old custom to murmur at virtuous deeds, Socrates was reproved of Plato, Plato of Aristotle, Aristotle of Auerrois and Ramus, Sicilius of Vulpitius, Lelius of Varro, Marinus of Ptolomeus, Ennius of Homer, Seneca of Aul. Gellius, Cratonestes of Strabo, Thesalleo of Gellian, Hermagoras of Cicero, Cicero of Sallust, Origen of Hierome, Hierom of Ruffinus, Ruffinus of Donatus, Donatus of Prosper, and Prosper of Lupus.   

Of Wrath. This vice proceedeth from the overmuch in●●med blood about the heart, the which by no ●eanes yieldeth leisure to understand the circumstances which reason teacheth.  
THE manner of the Pythagorians, was much commended, who when they had once uttered their choler, would take one ●nother by the hand, and lovingly embrace before evening.  
The carriage of bundles of sticks bound together upon Pole-axes, was to show that the wrath of a Magistrate ought not to be too ready, for that while leisurely those bundles so bound were loosed, it brought some delay and space to anger. Plutarch.  
Cotys, King of Thracia, when one brought a present of goodly vessels of glass, after he had well recompensed the gift, he brak● them all, for fear least through choler) whereunto he was subject) he should be moved to wrath against any of his servants.  
Theodosius, being wrathfully moved against those of Thessolonica, for a commotion which they made, & for slaying his Lieutenant sent thither an Army, whereupon 1 thousand were slain, neither women 〈◊〉 children being spared, afterward repenting, 〈◊〉 commanded the execution of his letters patents should be held in suspense thirty day● after signification of them, namely, when awny were to be punished more severely the● of custom.  
Ajax, impatient for the loss of Achilles' a●●mour, killed himself. ovid.  
Darius, being in an exceeding rage against the Athenians, for sacking the City Sardis prayed God that he might revenge that injury, and ordained that thrice a day, whe● his meat was upon the table, one should say unto him, remember the Athenians. Herodotus.  
Clinias, by playing upon the Harp, and Theodosius by reading the Alphabet, learned to forget their anger. P. Diaconus.  
Alcimenides, a King among the Grecians, favoured one Pannonius highly, who one day playing with him at the ball, they contended about a chase, and the one said it was thus, the other contrary; and thus contending the King enraged, commanded his guard presently to strike of his head. Plut.  
Ptolomey, finding Eusenides, whom he greatly loved, talking with a Courtesan whom 〈◊〉 likewise loved, made her drink a cup of ●oyson, and caused him forthwith to be ●rangled.  
Constantius, the Emperor, had a minion ●alled Hortensius, whom he dearly loved, & ●ne day a Page giving him drink in a glass ●y mishap, the glass fell out of his hand, and ●rake in pieces, whereat the Emperor was ●ery angry; in this unhappy hour Horten●us came to the Emperor, to present him ●ertaine bills to be signed, which he was con●ented to do, and for that the Ink was too ●hick, or the pen so nought that he could not ●rite, he commanded in a rage Hortensius ●o be beheaded.  
Pyrrhus, in his wrath, slew his trusty Secretary Fabatus. The Emperor Bitillion his greatest friend Cincinnatus; Adrian, his on●y favoured Amproma; Dioclesian, his ●●iend Patritius; Alexander, Clitus. P. Di●conus.  
Periander, in his rage murdered his own ●ife, and then with judgement considering ●he fact, he caused those strumpets which ●●censed him thereto to be burned.  
Catiline said, that he could not quench ●he fire begun in his house with water, and therefore would pull it down. Salustius.  
The foolish revenge of Xerxes is memoriable, who when Hellespont molested him his passage, commanded, that it sho●●● have three hundred stripes, and willed th●●● hundred pair of fetters to be thrown the in to bind it. justine.  
Darius, after he had taken Babylon, ●●●uenged their old malice, with the murder 3000. Citizens. Herodotus.  
Alexander, after he had subdued ma● kingdoms, went into the temple of Iupi●●● Hammon, to know by oracle whether yet ●●ny were alive that had slain his father Ph●●lip, that he might seek further revenge. 〈◊〉.  
The Athenians did honour to Aristiget and Harmodius, for killing the tyrant Hipachus. Thucydides.  
There were eleven persecutions, of the p●●●matiue Church.  
The first, was in the reign of the Emper●● Nero, who caused the bodies of Christia● to be torn in pieces with dogs, and to 〈◊〉 the dogs more fierce, they were braced skins of Bears, & other savage beasts; vnd●● him suffered Peter and Paul. Eusebius. continued 3. years. Tacitus.  
The second, was by Domitian, who vnde●●●●anding that one should spring out of the ●ne of David, which should expel him his ●mpire, he caused all those to be put to death ●hich descended from the race of David, a●ongst the jews, he exiled and confined john the Evangelist, into the isle of Path●os, it continued 2. years. Orosius.  
The third, was by Traiaine, who determined by torments to punish the Christians, ●nd therefore by public edict, ordained ●●at the Christians should worship the Idols 〈◊〉 the Gentiles, upon pain of death, which ●hey refusing to do, he made a great slaughter of them, afterward he stayed persecution, ●nd gave them liberty. Eusebius.  
The 4, was in the time of Mar. Aurel. surnamed the Philosopher, who persecuted the Church militant in Asia and Europe, where ●ucius Varus was Governor. Idem.  
The 5, under Septimus Severus, which persecution caused God to disturb his peace, ●or one of his Captains, called Albinius, re●elled against him, who made all Britain re●olt from him, calling himself Emperor, du●ing his life. Orosius.  
The 6, under Maximus, who most devilishly persecuted the Christians, being offended that A. Severus had supported them.  
The 7. was in the reign of Decius, 〈◊〉 persecuted them in despite of his predicesour Philip, who was christened. Idem.  
The 8. in Valerians reign, who in the b●●ginning greatly favoured them, but afterwards he was seduced by a Magician of Ae●gipt, because they impugned his deceits sorceries, and persecuted them with gre●● slaughter. Orosius.  
The 9 in the time of the Emperor Aur●●lius, who the first 6. years used them most l●●uingly, but in the end by the provocation the devil, he persecuted them throughout all the confines of his Empire. Euseb.  
The 10. under Dioclesian, which continu●ed 10. years together, of the which Euseb●●us and Orosius were eye-witnesses, som● were broiled and scorched alive, others, the flesh carded, as though it had been wool.  
The 11. and last, was by julianus Apostate who seeing that the blood of the martyrs wa● the seed of the Church, tempted divers 〈◊〉 preferments and offices to commit idolatry This was the greatest wound that ever th● Church received. Ruffinus. Cassiodorus.  
Pressilla, a woman of Campania, was th● nurse of Caligula, she had against all nature of women her breast hairy, as she was gyuin● ●uck to Caligula, a young child angered her, ●hom she tore in pieces, and with the blood ●hereof anointed her breasts, so that he sucked together blood and milk, which made ●im so cruel. Dion.  
The women of Campania had this custom, ●hat when they would give their teats to a ●hild, first they did anoint the nipple with ●he blood of an hedgehog, to the end that children might be more fierce and cruel. ●dem.  
Pyrrhus was borne in Greece, nourished in Arcadia, and brought up with Tiger's milk, 〈◊〉 to say more plainly, Pyrrhus for being borne in Greece was sage, for that he was brought up in Arcadia, he was strong and courageous, and for to have sucked Tiger's milk, he was very proud and cruel. Homer.  
Pantaleon, tyrant of Elis, caused those Ambassadors that came to him to be gelded, & made them to eat their own stones. Heraclid.  
Bagoas, an Eunuch, not content to have murdered Artaxerxes, surnamed Ochus king Egypt, caused his bones to be sawed in sunder, to be filled and scraped, to be shaven, and carved, and made handles for sword and daggers. I marvel he forgot to make dice of them.  
Euilmerodat, or Balthasar, the son of N●●buchadnezer, gave his father's dead body 〈◊〉 be devoured of Vultures, fearing that h● would revive again, who of an Ox, cou●● become a man.  
Tiberius Nero, put one to death, that ● craftily tempered glass that it would bend and bough with Iron (being himself one ● his Crafts-mayster) saying, That gold and silver, if such were permitted, would be of no est●●mation.  
Dionysius, caused Damocles to sit in 〈◊〉 chair of estate, abounding with all kind 〈◊〉 delicacies, but over his head did hang a n●●ked sword, thereby to show the estate where in tyrants stood. Plut.  
Galba, assembling together the people 〈◊〉 three Towns in Spain, under colour 〈◊〉 treat of something for their wealth, caused soudainly to be murdered 7000. among who● was the flower of all the youth. Valerius.  
Octavius, when he took Perowse, choo●sing out three hundred of those that ha● yielded, as well of the better sort, as of th● vulgar, slew them in manner of sacrifices before an altar, newly erected Divo julio. Su●tonius.  
Antonius Caracalla, offended with them of Alexandria, entering the City in a peaceable manner, and calling out all their youth into a fair field, enclosed them with his Soldiers, and at a sign given, killed them every one, using the like cruelty against all the rest, and clean depopulated the City. Herodianus.  
Volesius Messala, being Proconsul of Asia, slew with the sword in one day 300. and then walking proudly among the courses, with his hands cast abroad, as though he had achieved a worthy enterprise, cried out, O kingly deed. Seneca.  
Theodosius, the Prince (a man consecrated to the true God) fradulently calling together at Thessalonica 7000. innocent persons, as it were to see plays, sent in Soldiers amongst them, who slew them. Eutropius.   

Of Covetousness. The better hap a man hath to attain to riches, the more is he accursed, in being more tormented with the fevers of the mind and unquietness. This vice is held to be the root of all evil, lacking as well those things which it enjoyeth, as which it wanteth.  
THE Scythians only, make no use of gold and silver, for ever detesting and condemning the monstrous sin of covetousness. Solinus.  
Caligula, was so covetous, that there was no kind of lucre, or mean to get money by, how unlawful so ever it were, which he sought not out, insomuch as he laid a tribute upon urine, and sold his sister's gowns, whom he had sent into banishment. Valerius.  
Calipha, King of Persia, having filled a Tower with gold, jewels, and precious stones, and being in war against Allan king of Tartary, was so ill succoured of his own people, because he would not give them their pay, that he was taken of Allan, and famished in that Tower where all his treasure lay.  
Dionysius the elder, and advertised of one that had hid great store of money, commanded him upon pain of death to bring it to him, which he did, although not all, but with the remainder dwelled in another place, and bestowed it upon inheritance, when Dionysius heard thereof, he sent him that which he took from him, saying, Now thou knowest how to use riches, take that I had from thee.  
Hermocrates, ready to die, bequeathed his goods to himself.  
One at the hour of his death, swallowed many pieces of gold, and sewed the rest in his coat, commanding that it should be buried with him. Atheneus.  
One besieged in the Tower of Cassilina by Hannibal, chose rather to sell a Rat which he had taken for 200. Roman pence, then to satisfy his hunger, whereof he died strait after, but the other saved his life by that dear meat. Valerius.  
The Pope's Camera, or Exchequer, is like unto the Sea, whereinto all Rivers do run, and yet it overfloweth not. P. Martyr.  
The wife of Lot looking backward, turned into a pillar of salt, showeth that none in the way of deliberation should desire things past. Augustinus  
The old Clergy being asked why they cannot live by their holiness but by covetousness, answered, Nunc aliud tempus, alij pro tempore mores. Polychr:  
Demonica betrayed Ephesus to Brennus of Senona, for gold, who demanded her reward of him, who brought her to a great heap of gold, and loaded her so heavy therewith, that she died under the burden.  
Euclio, had hidden such treasure under the ground, that he durst not go out of his house for fear of robbing, nor tarry in it for fear of killing. Plautus.  
Adrian, surnamed Sophista, when a neighbour of his had sent him a few dainty fishes, for a present in a silver dish, he took both the silver dish and the fishes, saying to the messenger, Thank thy master, and tell him, I take his fishes for novelties, and his silver dish for a present.  
Simonides, when he was requested to do any thing gratis, id est, for nothing, said, That he had two chests, the one shut up for thanks, the other always open for money. Plut.  
Vespasian, when he heard that a silver Image of great substance should be made for a monument of his worthiness, he strait held out his hand, saying, Behold, here is a place ready to set an Image, a sure foundation from falling.  
Vespasian, of pure misery, niggardship, and covetousness, commanded in Rome, to be made public places, to receive urine, not to keep the City more sweet, but to the end they should give him more rend. Suetonius.  
Simonides, being demanded why he hoardward up money towards the end of his old age, Because (quoth he) I had rather leave my goods to mine enemies, then to have need of the relief of my friends while I am alive.  
Virgil, in his sixth book of Aeneiads, putteth those persons in hell, which have done no good to their friends, kindsfolk, & neighbours, but have been wholly wedded to their riches, without imparting them to others. Virgil.  
Ochus, King of Persia, would never go into the Country of Perseland, because that by the law of the Realm, he was bound to give to every woman that had borne children, one French crown, and to every woman with child two.  
Plato, thought it almost impossible, for a man very rich to be honest, yet Solon as wise as he, desired to have riches, but not to get them by wrong. Plut.  
Anacreon, having received of Polycrates five talents for a gift, was so much troubled for the space of two nights with care, how he might keep them, and how to employ them best, that he carried them back again, saying, That they were not worth the pains he had already taken for them.  
Socrates, being sent for by K. Archelaus, to come & receive store of gold, sent him word that a measure of flower was sold in Athenc● for a penny double, and that water cost him nothing.  
Lycurgus, abrogated the use of gold & silver coin, and appointed Iron money to be currant, by this means he banished from them the desire of riches.  
Caligula, took of every Courtesan, as much of her gain as she could get of any man at once.  
Pertinax, being advanced to the degree of Emperor, did not forget his niggardliness, but parted Lettuce and Artichawkes' in two, that the one half might be for his dinner, & the other for his supper. Eutropius.  
The parsimony of Fabritius, is not to be condemned, for the age wherein he lived, aught to excuse him, in the which all magnificence was unknown to the Romans'.  
justinian the Emperor, for himself procured riches, and for the devil he cheapened souls, he was covetous, and maintained the heresy of the Pelagians.  
Epimenides curse of riches was, that all the treasures hoardward up by the covetous, should be wasted by the prodigal.  
The Romans', and the Carthagenians, were friends a long time, but after they knew ●here was in Spain great mines of gold and silver, immediately arose between them civil wars. P. Diaconus.  
Darius, being very rich and covetous, sent to Alexander in scorn, to know where he had treasure to maintain such an army, who answered, Tell thy master that he keepeth in his Coffers his treasures of metals, and I have no other treasure then the hearts of my friends. Plutarch.  
Angelot, a Cardinal, was so covetous, that by a false door he descended into the stable, and every night stole away the Oats, which his horse-keepers had given his horses, and continued it so long, till one of the horse-keepers hiding himself in the stable, did so be labour him with a Pikeforke, that he had much ado to crawl away. I. Pontanus.   

Of Sloth. In this vice, wit, understanding, wisdom, and all honest endeavours are buried, as it were in a grave, from which ariseth the loathsome stench of corrupt manners and disordered life, making of men women, of women beasts, of beasts monsters.  
ALexander, an Emperor of the East, given to great idleness, demanded of hi● wise men, if he had long to live, they answered him, yea, If he could take away the teeth o● a brazen Boar, that stood in the market place meaning thereby, that he would shorten his days except he gave over his idleness. Zonarus.  
A Senator of Rome, who was saluted by an●other, riding in his chariot, answered, I wil● not say God save you, since in going thus at you● ease, you show you have no desire to live long.  
Epaminondas, discharged all his Soldiers which grew fat, saying, That as a woman too fat doth not easily conceive, so doth fat hinder a man from doing his charge, as arms do which are to heavy.  
Scipio, being arrived at his camp, banished all Soldiers, slaves, and Pages, and all unprofitable people, and made each one to carry his own armour.  
The Sabies, having abundance of all kind of riches, spent their times slothfully.  
The Nabathies, having nothing, but what they get by their virtue and labour, are good husbands, & abandon all idleness.  
Metellus, when he was arrived in Africa, he took away whatsoever might seem to ●ourish slothfulness, and caused proclamation to be made, that none should presume to ●●ll either bread or any other food dressed, ●hat the carriers of water should not follow ●he Camp, that the Soldiers should have ●o pages, nor beasts of carriage, that each one should keep his rank, cast his trench, ●nd carry his victuals together with his furniture. Sallust.  
In the islands named Baleares in Spain, the children might not eat, until with their slings they had strooken down their meat, which their parents used to set for them upon an high beam or pole. Pliny.  
Epaminondas killed one of his soldiers being a sleep, that was set to watch, saying that he left him in the same estate he found him.  
The kings of Persia and Macedonia, were every morning awaked, to put them in mind to take care of that which God had committed to their charge. Herodot.  
At certain games of Olympus, there came a Philosopher of Thebes, which had made all the apparel he wore himself; the assembly marveling that one man could do all this, he answered, The sloth of man is the cause that one Art is divided into divers; for he that knoweth all Arts together, must needs kno● one alone. He was reputed a vaine-glor●●ous Philosopher.  
More hurtful was the City of Carthag● to Rome after her destruction, then during the whole course & season of wars whic● the Romans' had with her, for that whil● they had enemies in Africa, they knew no● what vices meant in Rome. Guevara.  
The great Numantia in Spain, could never be won (notwithstanding 14. year siege of the Romans',) till Scipio purge● his Camp of loiterers, perfumers, and har●lots.  
Darius' plunged the Babylonians in all ma●ner of idleness, that they might not have th● heart afterward to rebel.  
The same policy used Cimon, to diminish the force and power of his allies, by graun●ting them whatsoever they required.  
The carelessness and negligence of Dionysius the younger, getting the upper hand o● him, carried him to women and lechery, & at length did break in sunder his Adamant chains; that is, the great number of his warlike soldiers, and his store of Galleys, o● whom his Father boasted that he left his kingdom fast chained to his son.  
Sardanapalus through his slothfulness, was overcome by Arbactus, and lost the Monarchy of Assyria.  
The Pheacons counted it the greatest felicity that might be, to do nothing. Homer.  
The Romans' used to punish idleness so sharply, that the husbandman whose ground ●as found barren, and his pastures unoccupied, was presently put from the place, and ●is ground given to another man.  
Macarius & Diogenes, for that they would ●ot be accounted idle persons, the one would remove heaps of sand from place to place, ●nd the other would tumble his tub up 〈◊〉 down.  
Augustus did win the soldiers unto him ●ith rewards, the common sort with plenty of victuals, and all generally with the pleasure of ease. Tacitus.  
When Augustus reproached a certain player because thorough his occasion there was a tumult among the people, he answered, It is ●ood for thee, o Caesar, that the people be withheld by our idle exercises, from busying their ●raines about other matters. Dion.   

Of Gluttony. This deadly enemy to health, replenisheth th● body with humours, wind, inflammations, distil●lations, and opirations; and change of mea● draweth pleasure out of the bounds of sufficien●cie; Pleasure, in all things which pleaseth whereas in simple and uniform things, delight never exceedeth the appetite and natural necessity.  
THE Arigentines, builded as though the● should always live, and did feed, although they should always die. Plato.  
The Emperor Septimus Severus, & Io●uinianus, died with eating and drinking to much.  
Valintinianus, a famous Emperor, die suddenly of a surfeit.  
Lucullus, being asked one day by his ser●uaunt, whom he had invited to his feast, see●ing so much meat prepared? answered, Lucullus shall dine with Lucullus. Plut.  
Vitellius Spinter, was so much given t● gluttony and excess, that at one supper, h● was served with two thousand several kin● of fishes, and with 7000. flying fowls.  
Mulcasses king of Thunis, after he was deprived of his kingdom, in his return out of Almaigne, being without hope that the Emperor Charles the fift would help him at ●ll, he spent one hundred crowns upon a Peacock dressed for him. P. iovius.  
Maximilian the Emperor, devoured in one day forty pounds of flesh, and drunk an ●ogshead of wine.  
Geta the Emperor, for three days together continued his feastival, and his delicates were brought in by the order of the Alphabet.  
Astydamas, being invited by Ariobarza●es to a banquet, eat up all that alone, which was provided for divers guests. Vopisc.  
There was a contention between Hercules and Lepreas, which of them both should first devour an Ox, in which attempt Lepreas was overcome, afterwards, he challenged him for drinking, but Hercules was his master. Aelianus.  
Aglais, whose practice was to sound the trumpet, devoured at every meal twelve pounds of flesh, with as much bread, as two bushels of wheat would make, and three gallons of wine.  
Philoxenes, a notorious glutton, wished he had a neck like a Crane, that the sweet● meat which he eat might be long in going down. Ravisius.  
Lucullus at a solemn and costly feast he made to certain Ambassadors of Asia, a●mong other things, he did eat a Griph boi●led, and a Goose in paste. Macrob.  
Sallust, in his invective against Cicero, a●mongst many grave matters whereof he accused him, he spoke of his wanton excess as having powdered meats from Sardinia, an● wines from Spain.  
Lucullus took great pains himself i● furnishing of a feast, and when he was aske● why he was so curious in setting out a ban●quet, he answered, That there was as grea● discretion to be used in marshalling of a feast, 〈◊〉 in the ordering of a battle, that the one might be terrible to his enemies, and the other acceptable to his friends. Plut.  
In Rhodes, they that love fish, are accounted right courteous and free-harted men, bu● he that delighteth more in flesh, is ill though of, and to his great shame is reputed a bond slave to his belly. Aelianus.  
Sergius Galba, was a devouring and glut●tonous Emperor, for he caused at one banquet 7. thousand birds to be killed. Suet.  
Xerxes' having tasted of the figs of A●hence, swore by his Gods that he would ●ate no other all his life after, and went forth●vith to prepare an Army to conquer Gre●ia, for no other cause but to fill his belly full of the figs of that Country. Plut.  
Plato returning out of Sicill into Greece, told his scholars that he had seen a monster, meaning Dionysius, because he used to eat twice a day. Idem.  
Aristotle mocking the Epicures, said, that ●pon a time they went all into a temple together, beseeching the Gods that they would give them necks as long as Cranes and He●ons, that the pleasures and tastes of meats might be more long, complaining against Nature for making their necks too short.  
The Sicilians dedicated a Temple to Gluttony, and erected images to Bacchus & Ce●es, the God and goddess of wine & corn. Pausanias.  
M. Manlius, in times past made a book of divers ways how to dress meat, and another of the tastes, sauces, and divers means of services, which were no sooner published, but by the decree of the Senate, they were burned, and if he had not fled speedily ●nto Asia, he had been burned with them.  
There was a law in Rome called Fabia, b● which it was prohibited, that no man shoul● dispend in the greatest feast he made, abou● an hundred Sexterces. Aul. Gellius.  
The law Licinia, forbade all kinds of sauce at feasts, because they provoke appetite, & are cause of great expense. Idem.  
The law Ancia, charged the Romans' t● learn all kind of sciences but cookery.  
The law julia, was that none should be 〈◊〉 hardy as to shut their gates when the● were at dinner, that the Censors of the Cit●tie might have easy access into their horses at that time, to see if their ordinary wer● according to their ability. Macrob.  
Nisaeus a tyrant of Syracuse, when he understood by his Soothsayers that he had no● long to live, the little time he had left, he● spent in belly-cheer and drunkenness, an● so died. Ravisius.  
Mar. Antonius set forth a book of hy● drunkenness, in which he proved thos● pranks he played when he was overcome with wine, to be good and lawful. Plut.  
Darius had written upon his grave this in●scription; I could drink good store of wine, & bear it well. Ravisius.  
Ptolomey, who in mockery was calle● Philopater, because he put to death his Father and mother, through wine and women, died like a beast. Valer.  
Lacydes a Philosopher, by too much drinking fell into a palsy, whereof he died.  
Aruntius a Roman, being drunken, deflowered his own daughter Medullina, whom she forthwith killed. Plutarch.  
Tiberius Caesar was preferred to a Pretorshyp, because of his excellency in drinking.  
Diotimus, was surnamed Funnel, or tunnel, because he gulped down wine through the channel of his throat, which was powered into a Funnel, the end whereof was put into his mouth, without interspiration between gulps. Ravisius.  
In the feast of Bacchus, a crown of gold was appointed for him that could drink more than the rest.  
Agron the King of Illyrium, fell into a sickness of the sides called the Pleurisy, by reason of his excessive drinking, and at last died thereof.  
Cleio a woman, was so practised in drinking, that she durst challenge all men and women what soever, to try masteries who could drink most, and overcome all.  
Cleomenes, king of Lacedemonia, being disposed to carouse after the manner of the Scythians, drank so much, that he became and continued ever after senseless.  
Cyrillus son, in his drunkenness, wickedly slay that holy man his father, & his mother great with child, he hurt his two sisters, and deflowered one of them. August.  
Androcides a Gentleman of Greece, hearing of Alexander's excess in drunkenness, written a letter to him, wherein was a Tablet of gold, with these words thereon engraven, Remember Alexander when thou drinkest wine, that thou dost drink the blood of the earth.  
Those of Gallia Transalpina, understanding that the Italians had planted Vines in Italy, came to conquer their Country; so that if they had never planted Vines, the Frenchmen had not destroyed the Country. Livius.  
Four old Lombard's being at banquet together, the one drank an health round to the others years, in the end they challenged two to two, and after each man had declared how many years old he was, the one drank as many times as he had years, and likewise his companion pledged him, the one was 58. the second, 63. the third, 87. the last, 92. so that a man knoweth not what they did eat or drink; but he that drank least, drank 58. cups of wine. P. Diaconus.  
Of this evil custom came the law that the Goths made, that is; We ordain and command, upon pain of death, that no old men upon pain of death, should drink to one another's health at the table. Idem.   

Of Lechery. This bewitching evil, being an unbridled appetite, in whomsoever it reigneth, killeth all good motions of the mind, altereth, drieth, & weakeneth the body, shortening life, diminishing memory, and understanding.  
CYrena, a notorious strumpet, was surnamed Dode camechana, for that she invented and found out twelve several ways of beastly pleasure. Cor. Arip.  
Proculeius the Emperor, of an hundred Sarmatian virgins he took captive, he deflowered ten the first night, and all the rest within fifteen days after.  
Hercules in one night deflowered fifty.  
Theophrastus writeth of an Indian herb, which who so eateth, is able to perform 70. several actions.  
johannes á Casa, Archbishop of Benevento, and Legate in Venice, writ a book in praise of the abominable vice of Sodomitry.  
Sigismond Malatesta, strived to have carnal knowledge of his son Robert, who thrusting his dagger into his father's bosom, revenged his wickedness.  
Cleopatra, had the use of her brother Ptolomeus company, as of her husbands.  
Antiochus stayed a whole winter in Chalcidea, for one maid which he there fancied.  
Lust was the cause of the wars between the Romans' and the Sabines. Livius.  
Thalesthis, Queen of the Amazons, came 25. days journey, to lie with Alexander. justinus.  
Adultery in Germany, is never pardoned. Tacitus.  
Messalina and Popilia, were so incontinent, that they contended with most shameful harlots, prostrating themselves without respect of time, place, or company, to any, though never so base. Plut.  
Claudius' deflowered his own sisters, and Semiramis burned in beastly lust towards her son Ninus.  
Nero caused Atticus a Roman Consul to be slain, that he might the more conveniently enjoy the company of his wife. Corn. Tacitus.  
Commodus, not contented with his three hundred Concubines, committed incest with his own sisters. Herodian.  
Caligula did the like, but the one was slain by his wife, the other by his Concubine.  
Adultery was the cause of the first alteration of the City of Rome. Eutrop.  
Sempronia a woman, well learned in the Greek, and Sapph, no less famous, defended luxury and lust by their writings.  
Cleopatra invited Anthony to a banquet in the province of Bithynia, in the wood Sesthem, where, at one instance, of threescore young virgins, fifty and five were made mothers.  
Cleophis a Queen of India, saved her kingdom and subjects from destruction, by a night's lodging with Alexander, by whom she had a son called Alexander, who was afterward King of India; she was ever after called Scortum Reginum. justine.  
Heliogabalus, not only deflowered, but also married a virgin Vestal, saying it was reason that Priests should marry Nuns, because that in times past he had been Priest of the Sun.  
jane Queen of Naples, was hanged up for her adultery, in the very same place where she had hanged her husband Andreas afore, because he was not (as she said) able to satisfy her beastly desire.  
Feron King of Egypt had been blind 10. years, and in the eleventh, the Oracle told him that he should recover his sight, if he washed his eyes in the water of a woman which never had to do with any but her husband; whereupon, he first made trial of his own wife, but that did him no good, after, of infinite others, which did him all as little, save only one, by whom he recovered his sight, and then he put all the rest to death. Herodot.  
julia the daughter of Augustus was so immodest, shameless, and unchaste, that the Emperor was never able to reclaim her; and when she was admonished to forsake her bad kind of life, and to follow chastity as her Father did, she answered, That her Father forgot that he was Caesar, but as for herself, she knew well enough that she was Caesar's daughter.  
Cornelius Gallus, and Q. Elerius, two Roman Knights, died in the very action of their filthy lust. Pliny.  
Arichbertus, eldest son unto Lotharius, King of France, died even as he was embracing his whores.  
Alcibiades was burned in his bed, with his Courtesan Timandra. Plut.  
The Egyptians punishments against adultery, was, to cut of the nose of the woman, and the privy parts of the man.  
Alexander when a woman was brought to him one evening, demanded of her why she came so late? she answered, that she stayed until her husband was gone to bed. Which he no sooner heard, but he sent her away, being angry with them that had almost made him commit adultery.  
He was angry with Cassander, because he would by force kiss a minstrels maid.  
Rodolphus King of Lombardie, being taken in adultery, was slain by the woman's husband whom he abused.  
Roderigo, King of Spain, was deprived of his kingdom & life by the Saracens, who were called in by an Earl called julian, that he might be avenged of the king for forcing his daughter.  
Caelius Rhodoginus, in his 11. book of antiquities, telleth of a certain man, that the more he was beaten, the more he fervently desired women.  
The widow of the Emperor Sigismond intending to marry again, one persuaded her to spend the remainder of her life after the manner of the Turtle-dove, who hath but one make; If you counsel me, (quoth she) to follow the example of birds, why do you not tell me of Pigeons & Sparrows, which after the death of their makes, do ordinarily couple themselves with the next they meet.  
Hiero, King of Syracuse, banished the Poet Epicharmus for speaking wanton before his wife, and that very justly, for his wife was a true mirror of chastity.  
Sulpitius Gallus, put away his wife by divorce, because she went abroad unmasked.  
Pompey caused one of his soldiers eyes to be put out in Spain, for thrusting his hand under a woman's garment that was a Spaniard; and for the like offence, did Sertorius command a footman of his band to be cut in pieces. Sabellicus.  
If Caracalla had not seen his mother's thigh, he had not married her. Suetonius.  
Speusippus the Philosopher, one of Plato's followers, was slain for his adultery. Tertullianus.  
Tigellinus died amongst his Concubines. Tacitus.  
Rodoaldus, King of Lombardy, was slain with a certain matron, even in the action of their concupiscence. Paulus Diaconus.  
By the law of Moses, adulterers were stoned with rigour, which our law doth not observe, for were it to be so in these days, we should not find stones enough to fulfil it.  
A Nun, finding in her Book, at the bottom of the leaf, these words, Bonum est omnia scire, determined to try what the carnal copulation of man and woman might ●ee, but turning over the leaf, she saw in the beginning thereof, Sed non uti, whereupon to her grief she altered her purpose, and her joy lasted but a while.  
Rutilius, Consul of Rome, caused the temple of Lucina to be burned, because his daughter (great with child) made her vow, and kept her 9 vigils, and upon more devotion, was desirous to be delivered in the temple.  
The Persians, would not show their wives unto strangers. josephus.  
The Tarentines, and the Capuans, were very mortal enemies, by chance one one day in the camp of the Capuans, two Captains fell at variance, because they both loved one woman, which when the Tarentines perceived, immediately they gave them the onset, & overcame them.  
If Scipio Affricanus had not scoured the Roman Armies of lechery, the invincible Numantia had never been overcome.  
Phalaris, the tyrant, would never grant man any thing that he desired, neither ever denied any thing that a dissolute woman requested. Plut.  
Caligula, gave but 6000. sextercies only, to repair the walls of Rome, & 10000 sextercies for furring one of his Lemons gowns. Idem.  
Dionysius, the tyrant, albeit of nature he was most cruel, yet by his Courtesan Mirta, he became so tractable, that she only did confirm all his provisions of the weal public, and he did but ordain and appoint them.  
Themistocles, was so enamoured of a woman that he had taken in the wars of Epirus, that she being sick, and let blood, he also was let blood, and washed his face with the blood that issued out of her arm.  
When Demetrius had taken Rhods, there was brought to him a fair Gentlewoman, which he made his friend in love, which she perceiving to be great, showed herself angry with him, and refused his company, but he abandoning his estate, on his knees prayed her to pardon him.  
Autenaricus, a famous King of the Goths, after he had triumphed over Italy, and made himself Lord of Europe, was so far in love with Pincia, a Courtesan, that whilst she combed his head, he would make clean her slippers. Olaus.  
I. Caesar diversly was spotted with adultery, as with Posthumia, the wife of Servius Sulpitius, Lelia, the wife of Gabinus, with Tartalin, the wife of Crassus, with Musia, Cnerius Pompey's wife, and Seruilia, the mother of Brutus.   

Of Desperation. The last of all the perturbations of the mind, is Desperation, and is of all other most pernicious; this destroyer of all hope of better fortune, entereth so far into the heart of man, that it maketh him offer violence to himself, than the which nothing can be more dangerous to the soul.  
Brutus', and Cassius, after the death of Caesar, desperately killed themselves.  
Anthony, when he heard that Cleopatra had slain herself, desperately ran upon his sword.  
Empedocles, because he could not learn the cause of Aetna's burning, threw himself into it. Horace.  
Aristotle, for that he could not give a reason of the flux and reflux of Eurypus, drowned himself.  
Themistocles, was not ashamed of this damnable speech in his mouth; If a man should show me two several ways, the one leading to heaven, the other to hell, of the twain I had rather take the latter. Aelianus.  
Spira, the Italian, being exhorted to say the Lords prayer, desperately answered, That he could not with his heart call God Father, because the devil was his Father, nor have any place but amongst the reprobate.  
The Donatists, rather than they would be forced from their fancies, slew themselves, yet this did nothing fray the Church of God from compelling them by the rigour of Prince's laws, without any respect of their wilful desperation. August.  
Ptolomeus, that killed Pompeius, being overcome by Caesar, drowned himself in the River Nilus. Eutropius.  
Phylostrates, being destitute of all his friends, by the reason of a contagious wound he had, led a poor and miserable life, and like a beggar wandered from place to place, thereby to signify, that though he were in such misery, as no man more, yet had he rather in that grief so consume his days, then desperately to kill himself.  
Fimbria, killed himself in Asia, in the temple of Aesculapius, because he would not be taken of Sylla. Appian.  
Timocrates, an Athenian, seeking to avoid the fear of death by water, as then ready to be sunk in a ship, killed himself. Thucydides.  
Sabina, the wife of Adrian the Emperor, being without all reason or modesty, was cruelly entreated, and with extremity driven to desperation, murdered herself. Eutropius.  
Arbogastus, being vanquished by Theodosius the Emperor, fled out of the battle, and not finding place of refuge or security, with his own sword killed himself. Ambrose.  
Artaxerxes, caused his eldest son Darius to be slain, for certain treacherous demeanours, the second brother next to him, forthwith in his father's presence, drew out his persian Acynax, and desperately murdered himself. Aelian.  
Mithridates, naked of all comfort, & desperate in his unhappy fortunes, when he could not dispatch himself by poison, for that he had always used Antidotes (from whence at this day we call our Mithridate) desired Bitalus a Frenchman, and one of his Captains, to kill him, which he obeyed. Appian.  
The Assapeians, besieged of the Romans', seeing no way to escape their tyranny & bondage, brought all their goods and riches into the marketplace, & piled upon them great heaps of wood, and swore 50. of the chiefest of their City, that they with themselves, wives and children, should go up to it, and if they were further distressed, to set it on fire. Idem.   

Of the Devil. The devil hath divers names, he is called Diabolus, Daemon, (& of Plato Cacodaemon) Satan, Lucifer, Leviathan, Mammon, Asmodeus, Beelzebub, Baal, Berith, Belphegor, & Astaroth.  
THE devil suffered Herod in words, to pretend the worshipping of Christ, when he intended in his heart to kill him.  
He made Pilate to confess Christ's innocency, & yet against his own conscience, to give sentence of death against him.  
He caused judas to kiss Christ, as though he loved him, & then to betray him.  
The devil caused pilate's wife to dream, that she was troubled, because of Christ, and prayed him not to meddle with him, for that the devil knew by his death the restoration of mankind.  
It is written in the discourse of the lives of the fathers of Egypt, that one of them saw in a vision, the assembly of devils, and hearing one report the diversity of illusions, wherewith they had beguiled the world, he saw their Prince make great gratulation and recompense, to one of those ill spirits, that had deceived a virtuous man of the Church, them to all the rest, stirring thousands to transgressions and sins.  
In Italy, an unlearned woman possessed with the devil, being asked, which was the best verse Virgil made, answered, Discite justitiam monite et non temnere divos. Lovicerus.  
A maid, borne in Saxony, before she was twelve years of age, and one that neue● knew what learning meant (possessed as the other) prophesied in Greek, and Latin the wars that were to come in Saxony Idem.  
The King of the Sodomites, in the person of the devil, said to Abraham, Give me the souls, take thou the rest.  
The devil disputed with Michael about the body of Moses.  
A Musician showed his cunning before Antigonus, whom he oftentimes found fault with, bidding him set up his triple string higher, & then his mean; the Musician said, The devil is in it (o King) by the Gods I swear, if thou art more expert than I Aelian.  
The head and leader of evil spirits is Lucifer, which hath that name, for he was made more clear and bright than other Angels. Gregory.  
He waxing proud against his Creator, lost his light and fairness, & as he was worthy he got him a foul dark shape of Apostasy, with him fell a multitude of Angels, who by the permission of God, change themselves into Angels of light, to deceive the world.  
One writeth pleasantly, that he is called Diabolus of Dia, which in Greek signifieth two, and Boulos, which is Morsus, because he maketh but two bits of a man, one of the body, the other of the soul.  
The evil Angel or spirit of Brutus, appeared to him sitting in his tent, whom he boldly ask, what man or God he was, answered, I am Brutus thy evil spirit, and at Philippi I will meet thee again, where he died. Plutarch.  
Leviathan tempteth with pride, Mammon attempteth by avarice, Asmodeus seduceth by lechery, Beelzebub inciteth to envy, Baal Berith, provoketh to ire, Belphegor moveth to gluttony, Astorath persuadeth to sloth.   

Of Hell. Hell hath likewise divers names, Infernus, Barathrum, Tartarus, Orcus, etc., from the which there is no redemption.  
PLuto, the Son of Saturn and Ops, is of the Poets feigned, to be the GOD of hell, and riches, he was called Februus for certain sacrifices for the dead, offered to him; in stead of a Sceptre, he hath in his hands keys, for that there is no return from hell.  
Proserpina, the daughter of Ceres, as she was gathering flowers, was stolen away by Pluto, & afterward called the Queen of hell, and the dead. Apollodorus.  
The three judges in hell, were Minos, Aeacus, and Rhadamanthus.  
The three destinies, Chotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, were feigned to be the daughters of jupiter & Themis.  
The furies of hell, were called Eumenideses, & Erimies, with which the guilty consciences of men were tormented.  
There are four floods in hell, Acheron, Styx, Cocptus, and Phlegeton, whose ferry-man was Charon, and the Porter of hell itself, three headed Cerberus.  
The Elysian fields, were feigned to be the place where the souls of the blessed remained, and the flood Laeche, or of forgetfulness, where who so did drink, forgot whatsoever before they remembered.   
FINIS.   

A Table of all the special matters contained in this book.  


A.  
Abstinence, vide temperance.  
Accusation, vide slander.  
Adultery, vide lechery.  
Angels, 4.37.  
Age, 54, 59  
Arts, 69.93.  
Arms, 93, 134.221.  
Arrogancy, 112. vide pride.  
Antiquities, 147.  
Astronomy, 151.  
Agriculture. 234.  
Arithmetic, 153.  
Astrology, 156.  
Aristocratia, 164.  
Archbishops of Rome, 185.  
Apparel, 93, 43.  
Apparitions, vide visions.  
Ambition, 189, vide pride.  
Adversities, vide poverty.  
Avarice, 45, vide covetousness.  
Authority, 163.  
Anger, vide wrath.  
Ancestors, 240.  
Abundance, 256.    


B.  
BEauty, 75, 29,  
Benefits, 44, vide liberality.  
Banishment, 108, 120, 152.  
Bishops of Rome, 185.  
Blessedness, vide felicity.  
Blasphemy, 12.  
Blessing, 107.  
Boasting, vid. pride.  
Bounty, vide liberality.  
Books, 243.    


C.  
CHastity, 78.  
Christ, 1, 106.139.  
Children, 111, 34.  
Captains, 49.  
Chivalry. 151.  
Cardinals, 156.  
Circles, 6.  
Care, vide sorrow.  
Cruelty, vide wrath.  
Courage, vide fortitude.  
Clemency, 41.  
Continency, vide temperance, chastity.  
Content. 29.  
Covetousness, 253, 12.  
Constancy, 63.  
Country. 87.  
Commonwealth, 87.148.  
Cruelty, 12.  
Curiosity, 2.  
Comedians, 93.  
Craft, 120.  
Cozenage, 120.  
Contemplation, 232, 139.  
Counsel, vide prudence.  
Counsellors, 147.  
Cursing, 107.  
Colonies, 148.  
Coronations, 79.  
Confessors, 190.  
Clergy, 213.  
Courtesy, vide clemency.  
Cowardice vide fear.    


D.  
DEath, 237, 30, 33, 154.  
Detraction, 73, vide slander.  
Delectation, vide pleasure.  
Dicing, 93, 155.  
Diligence, 60, 27.  
Dancing, 96, 103.  
Desperation, 266.117.  
Devil, 268.122.  
Deceit, vide lying.  
Dissimulation, 13, 120.  
Destinies, 137, 220.  
Dreams, vide visions.  
Divination, vide prophecy.  
Democratia, 164.  
Devotion, 189.  
Desire, vide covetousness.  
Delight, vide pleasure.  
Drunkenness, 83, vide gluttony.  
Duarchie, 164.    


E.  
EDucation, 54.  
Earth, 136.  
Elements, 137.  
Ease, vide sloth.  
Eloquence, 74, 225.  
Envy, 246, 41, 73.  
Emulation, 73,  
Empire, 164, 172,  
Emperors, 166,  
Electors, 7, 174,  
Empire of Turks, 182,  
Equity, vide justice,  
Eruditory, 39,  
Exercise, vide labour,    


F.  
FAme, 221.  
Fortune, 212, 25.  
Faith, 80.  
Fashions, vide apparel, 140,  
flattery, 128.  
Felicity, 219, 131.  
Fear, 124, 23.  
Fortitude, 33,  
Forgetfulness, vide memory.  
Fools. 140.  
Faelix hounds, 216.  
Furies, vide hell, 225.  
Friendship, 66, 21.  
Friends, 48.    


G.  
GOD, 1, 13, 14, 51, 111, 149  
Geometry, 37, 153.  
Gifts, vide liberality.  
Games, 91.  
Gaming, 93.  
Grief, vide sorrow.  
Gods, 141.  
Goddesses, ibid.  
Grace, 151.  
Gardens, 234.  
Grammar, 154.  
gamesters hall, 209.  
Gold, 219.  
Gentleness, 245.  
Glory, 223.  
General in war, vide war.  
Gluttony, 258.    


H.  
Heaven, 4, 138.  
Hierarchies, 4.  
Hemisphere, 6.  
Hospitality, 45.  
Honour, 17, 223.  
Humility▪ 44, vide clemency.  
Hope, 56.  
History, 113, 151.  
Hypocrisy, 120.  
Hell, 269.141.  
Holy fire, 146.  
Homage, 151.  
Husbandry, 152.  
Hawking, 153.  
Happiness, vide felicity.  
Hate, vide envy.    


I.  
Jesus, 1, 3, 22.  
justice, 19, 11, 18, 234.  
judges, ibid.  
Imagination, 37:  
jealousy, 73:  
Idolatry, 120, 144.  
Ignorance, vide learning.  
Injury, 217.  
Idleness, vide sloth.  
Interest, 239.  
Injustice, 120.  
Infamy, vide fame.  
Industry, vide diligence.  
Ingratitude, 226.    


K.  
KIngs, 11, 162, 11.  
Kingdom, 163.  
Knowledge, vide learning.  
Knight, 231.    


L.  
Laws, vide justice:  
Learning, 131, 28.39.151:  
Labour, vide diligence:  
Lying, 120:  
Lawyers, 147:  
Liberality, 12.41:  
Love, 69:  
Longing, 104:  
Lechery, 262.  
Lust, ibid.    


M.  
MAN, 1, 25.138:  
Marriage, 106.31:  
Magnanimity, vide fortitude:  
Memory, 56.223:  
Mercy, 15. vide clemency:  
Money. 152.240:  
Majesty, 161:  
Muses, 87:  
Music, 96.150:  
Monarchy, 164:  
Monarches, 164:  
Magic, 202:  
Martyrs, 185:  
Murder, vide wrath:  
Melancholy, 233:    


N.  
Name's, 229.137, 151.238.  
Nature, 93.226:  
Navigation, 153:  
Necessity, 14.217:  
Necromancy, 151:  
Negligence, vide sloth:  
Nobility, vide fame.    


O.  
OAths, vide faith. 124:  
Old age, 60:  
Oracle, 27.82.88.217:  
Orators, 94:  
Opinion, 136:  
Ostracism, 236.    


P.  
PAtience, 51.161.  
Parents, 111.34:  
Palingenesia, 38:  
Philanthropia, 41  
Philosophy, 30:  
Philosophers, 40.131. 236.140  
Physic, 243:  
Physicians, 33:  
Pity, 41:  
Perseverance, 63:  
Perjury, vide faith:  
Pleasure, 90, 131, 136:  
Perturbations, 117:  
Planets, 5, 6, 7, 68:  
Policy, vide prudence, 218.  
Poverty, 235:  
Poor, 47, 49:  
Parasites, vide flattery:  
Peregrination, 138:  
Poets, 149, 155:  
Prayer, 13, 233:  
Prudence, 24:  
Prodigality, 240, 45.  
Promises, 80, 124.  
Purgatory, 39:  
Prophecy, 156.150:  
Peace, 151:  
Pastoral Poems, 152:  
Priests, 156:  
Popes, 185, 157:  
Problems, 165:  
Pride, 242:  
Persecution, 250.    


Q.  
QValities, 137, 229:  
Questions, 118.151:  
quarrelers, 139:  
Quietness, 139, 217:    


R.  
REason, 30, 37, 84, 125:  
Religion, 10, 2, 189:  
Riches, 46, vid. fortune, covetousness:  
Reverency, 117:  
Repentance, vide sorrow:  
Riddles, 165:  
Remembrance, vide memory:  
Rulers, vide majesty.    


S.  
SAints, 39:  
Sadness, 117:  
Secrecy, 65, vide silence:  
Senses, 40.28, 84:  
Soul, 37, 137:  
Sickness, 29:  
Schoolmasters, 55:  
Scholars, 57:  
Sciences, 69, 134:  
Silence, 84.  
Sin, 102, 136.  
satires, 151:  
Servants, 227:  
Slander, 125:  
Solitariness, vide contemplation.  
Sorrow, 117:  
Stars, 6, 7, 8, 9·  
Soldiers, 30.40, 218:  
Subjects, 4145, 226:  
Suspicion, 73:  
soothsaying, vide prophecy:    


T.  
TEmperance, 28, 78▪  
Timocratia, 164:  
Thanksgiving, 13, 41:  
Time. 51.136:  
Tongue. 64.84.111.246:  
Theologe, 156:  
Treasure, vide covetousness, 113:  
Truth, 2.120▪  
Treason, 228:  
Turks. 182:  
Turkish monarchy. 182.81.  
Tyranny, vide wrath:  
Tyrants, 40.65, 90.    


V  
VIctory. 92.218:  
Virtue. 17.  
Visions 156:  
Vows, vide faith.  
Understanding, 37.84.  
Usury, 239:    


W.  
Wisdom, 24. vide prudence. 138.  
Wisemen. 26.28.  
Wine. 30. vide gluttony.  
Wit, 56.37.  
World, 10.137.139.  
Women, 101, 36.134.244.  
Wife, 73.84.118.  
Widows, 105.  
War, 217.  
Wrath, 249.    


Y.  
YOuth. 54.96.  
Year. 153.    


Z.  
ZElotypia. 73.  
Zodiac. 6, 151.    
FINIS.   

Faults escaped in the Printing.  
IN fol. 71, read Ovid died in persecution.  
In fol. 82. for King of S. Paul, read Earl.  
In fol. 198. for Posphory, read Porphory.  
In fol: 197. for denied, devised.  
In fol. 241. for righteousness, riotousness.  
In fol. 258. for opirations, oppilations:  
In fol. 263. for Reginum, Regium:  
In fol. 268. for monite, moniti:  
In fol. 269. for Chotho, Clotho:  
In fol. for 269. Erimies, Erinnies:  
In fol. 269, for Cocptus, Cocytus:  
In fol. 269, for Laeche, read Lethe.