¶ A SHORT AND brief narration of the two Navigations and Discoveries to the northester parts called NEW france: First translated out of French into Italian, by that famous learned man Gio: Bapt: Ramutius, and now turned into English by john Florio: Worthy the reading of all Venturers, travelers, and Discoverers. IMPRINTED AT LONdon, by H. Bynneman, dwelling in Thames street, near unto Baynard's Castle. Anno Domini. 1580. ¶ TO THE RIGHT WORshipful Edmond Bray Esquire, High Sheriff within her majesties County of Oxenford: I. Florio wisheth much increase of worship in this life, and in the World to come, eternal happiness. THe old saying is: None so bold as blind Bayard: nor any so ready to undertake, as the least able to perform: Even so (right Worshipful) it now fareth with me, who (at the requests and earnest solicitations of divers my very good friends here in Oxford) have undertaken this translation, wherein I hold myself far inferior to many. Howbeit, forasmuch as that servant was of his Lord and Master most highly discommended, which hiding his Talon in the ground, had thereby profited nothing: myself being very loath to incur the same fault, and so to become worthy the like reprehension, have the rather adventured to translate this part of Navigation, which (I assure myself with other men's travel and diligence) may be an occasion of no small commodity and benefit to this our Country of England. And herein the more to animate and encourage the English Merchants, I do only (for brevity sake) propose unto them the infinite treasures (not hidden to themselves) which both the Spaniards, the Portugals, and the Venetians have severally gained by their such navigations and travails. Now (right Worshipful) when I had well considered with myself, that her Majesty hath deemed your Worship a very meet man for that authority wherein you now presently remain, I myself could not but account your Worship (for the present) the fittest man within the shire, to patronize and defend this my simple labour, whereby any benefit may either happen to her majesties person, or commodity, to her highness common weal: and if the wealth of a Prince be any cause of the safety of his person, (which, who doubteth? it may be (and not untruly) said to be both. But to the end your Worship have not altogether so much cause to condemn me for this my bold attempt upon no manner of acquaintance, I thought it not unfit unto you, that I have the rather hereunto presumed, upon the request and warrant of my dear and well-beloved friend Master H. Leigh, who (no doubt) is a man very mindful of all your Worship's courtesies from time to time showed toward him. Thus not willingly desirous to be herein more tedious than is requisite, I cease from troubling your good Worship, heartily praying the Almighty, to increase the same, with abundance of all other virtues, to his good will and pleasure: and withal, wholly commit myself unto your Worship's good disposition. From Oxenford the 25. of june. 1580. Your Worship's most humble at commandment. I. Florio. ¶ To all Gentlemen, Merchants, and Pilots. WHen I had taken in hand to translate this Treatise, which I did for the benefit and behoof of those that shall attempt any new discovery in the northester parts of America, I thought good briefly to touch the use of my translation, that the Reader may see and consider the drift of my travel. For, although this Discourse may seem very barren, and not to contain such matter as is pretended, as being a particular Relation of certain Provinces which have been hitherto of all men rather contemned than thoroughly known: yet if the Merchant Venturer, or skilful Pilot, or whosoever desirous of new Discoveries, have the reading and perusing thereof, for whom especially I have done it into English, they will find matter worthy the looking, and consequently, gratefully accept my pains herein. For here is the Description of a Country no less fruitful and pleasant in all respects than is England, France, or Germany, the people, though simple and rude in manners, and destitute of the knowledge of God or any good laws, yet of nature gentle and tractable, and most apt to receive the Christian Religion, and to subject themselves to some good government: the commodities of the Country not inferior to the Merchandise of Moscovy, Dansk, or many other frequented trades: the voyage very short, being but three weeks sailing from Bristol, Plymmouth, or any commodious port of the West Country, with a direct course to the coast of the New found land. All which opportunities besides many others, might suffice to induce our Englishmen, not only to fall to some traffic with the Inhabitants, but also to plant a Colony in some convenient place, and so to possess the Country without the gainsaying of any man, which was the judgement and counsel of john Baptista Ramusius, a learned and excellent Cosmographer, & Secretary to the famous state of Venice, whose words, because they are not impertinent to this purpose, I have here set down. Why do not the Princes (saith he) which are to deal in these affairs, send forth two or three Colonies to inhabit the Country, & to reduce this savage nation to some civility? considering what a battle and fruitful soil it is, how replenished with all kind of grain, how it is stored with all sorts of Birds and Beasts, with such fair and mighty Rivers, that Captain Carthier and his company, in one of them sailed up a hundredth and four score leagues, finding the country peopled on both sides in great abundance. And moreover, to cause the Governors of those Colonies to send forth men to search and discover the North lands about Terra del Lavorader, and toward West northester to the Seas which are to sail to the Country of Cataya, and from thence to the islands of Molucke. These were enterprises to purchase immortal praise, which the Lord Anthony di Mendoza Viceroy of Mexico, willing to put in execution, sent forth his Captains both by Sea and by Land upon the northester of Nuova Spagona, and discovered the Kingdom of the seven Cities about Civola▪ And Franciscus Vasques de Coronada, passed from Mexico by land toward the northester 2850. miles, in so much, that he came to the Sea, which lieth between Cataya and America, where he met with the Catayan ships. And no doubt, if the French men in this their new France, would have discovered up further into the land towards the West northester parts, they should have found the Sea, and might have sailed to Cataya. Thus much out of Ramusius, where you may see this learned man's judgement concerning the planting of Colonies, and inhabiting these countries, which might be a mean, not only to discover the Sea on the backside, as he desireth, but also to come unto the knowledge of the Country's adjacent: and namely of Saguenay, which aboundeth with Gold and other Metals, as in the second Relation is to be seen. All which things, except they build and inhabit, can never be achieved, for as Fraunciscus Lopez di Gomara, and divers other Spanish Authors affirm, the Spaniards never prospered or prevailed, but where they planted: which of the Portugese's may also be verified, as in the Histories of all their Conquests and Discoveries doth manifestly appear. And as there is none, that of right may be more bold in this enterprise than the Englishmen, the land being first found out by john Gabot the Father, and Sebastian Gabot, one of his three sons, in the year 1494. in the name and be half of King Henry the seventh, as both by the foresaid Ramusius in his first Volumes, and our own Chronicles, and Sebastian Gabots letters patents yet extant, and in his Map may be seen: so there is no nation that hath so good right, or is more fit for this purpose, than they are, who travailing yearly into those parts with 50. or 60. sail of ships, might very commodiously transport a sufficient number of men to plant a Colony in some convenient Haven, and also might yield them yearly succour, and supply of all things necessary, receiving again such commodities as the country doth produce. And this the Frenchmen had done long since, if first their wars with the spaniards, and since their cruel dissensions at home, had not hindered them. And johannes Varrozzana a Florentine, if he had not been prevented by death, purposed (as the foresaid Ramusius writeth) to persuade Francis the French King to send forth good store of people to inhabit certain places of these coasts, where the air is most temperate, and the soil most fruitful, with goodly Rivers and Havens sufficient to harborough any navy, the inhabitants of which places might be occasion to bring many good purposes to effect, and amongst many others, to reduce those poor rude and ignorant people to the true worship and service of God, and to teach them how to manure and till the ground, transporting over Beasts and cattle of Europe into those large and champion countries, and finally, in time they might discover up into the land, and search, whether among so many islands as are there, there be any passage to the Sea of Cataya. And thus much out of the third Volume of Voyages and Navigations, gathered into the Italian tongue by Ramusius: which Books, if they were translated into English by the liberality of some noble parsonage, ou● Seamen of England, and others, studious of Geography, should know many worthy secrets, which hitherto have been concealed. For, the best Cosmographers of this age (as I am by the skilful in those Sciences informed, and as to him that doth diligently consider their Maps, it shall plainly appear) have described Asia, Africa, and America, chief by the help of those books. But to return to that from whence I did digress, although some attempts of our Countrymen have not had as yet such success as was wished, they ought not therefore to be the slower in this enterprise, for if they were of late contented in their voyage, to have stayed all the Winter in those colder Countries, if their store of victuals had been sufficient, how much rather ought we now in a far more temperate clime, where james Carthier, accompanied with 120. men remained a whole Winter contrary to his determination when he set out of France? Thus beseeching God, that this my travel may take that effect for the which it is meant, I commend the diligent consideration to all such Gentlemen, Merchants, and Pilots, as seek God's glory, the advancement of their Country, and the happy success, to the providence of the Almighty, who in my opinion hath not in vain stirred up the minds of so many Honourable and Worshipful persons to the furtherance of these commendable and worthy Discoveries. In Oxford▪ I. F. ¶ The first relation of james Carthier of the new land called New France, newly discovered in the year of our Lord, 1534. ¶ How Master james Carthier departed from the Port of S. Malo, with two Ships, and came to the new land, and how he entered into the port of Buona Vista. AFter that Sir Charles of Movy, Knight, Lord of Meyleray, & vice-admiral of France, had caused all the Captains, Masters, and Mariners of the Ships to be sworn to behave themselves truly and faithfully in the service of the most Christian King of France, under the charge of the said Carthier, upon the 20. day of April. 1534. we departed from the port of S. Malo with two Ships of three score tun apéece burden, and by well appointed men in each one, and with such prosperous weather, we sailed onwards, that upon the 10. of May we came to the new found land, where we entered into the cape of Buona Vista, which is in Latitude 48. degrees and a half, and in Longitude. *. But because of the great store of Ice that was alongst the said land, we were constrained to enter into a Haven called, Saint Katherins Haven, distant from the other port about five leagues toward South southeast: there did we stay ten days, looking for fair weather, and in the mean while we mended and dressed our boats. ¶ How we came to the Island of Birds, and of the great quantity of Birds that there be. Upon the 21. of May the wind being in the West, we hoist sail, and sailed toward North and by east from the Cape of Buona Vista until we came to the Island of Birds, which was environed about with a bank of Ice, but broken and crack. Notwithstanding the said bank, our two boats went thither to take in some Birds, whereof there is such plenty, that unless a man did see them, he would think it an incredible thing; for albeit the Island (which containeth about a league in circuit) be so full of them, that they seem to have been brought thither, and sowed for the nonce, yet are there a hundredth fold as many hovering about it as within, some of the which are as big as jays, black and white, with beaks like unto Crows: they hover always about the sea, they cannot fly very high, because their wings are so little, and no bigger than half ones hand, yet do they fly as swiftly as any birds of the air level to the water, they are also exceeding fat: we named them Aporath. In less than half an hour we filled two boats full of them, as if they had been with stones: so that besides them which we did eat fresh, every ship did powder and salt five or six barrels full of them. ¶ Of two sorts of Birds, the one called Godetz, the other Margaulz: and how we came to Carpunt. BEsides these, there is an other kind of Birds, which hover in the air over the sea, lesser than the others: and these do all gather themselves together in the Island, & put themselves under the wings of other birds that are greater: these we named Godetz. There are also of another sort, but bigger, & white, who bite even as Dogs: those we named Margaulz. And albeit the said Iland● be 14. leagues from the main land, notwithstanding Bears come swimming thither to eat of the said Birds: and our men found one there as great as any Cow, and as white as any Swan, who in their presence leapt into the sea, and upon Whitson-monday (following our voyage toward the land) we met her by the way, swimming toward land as swiftly as we could sail: so soon as we saw her we pursued her with our boats, and by main strength took her, whose flesh was as good to be eaten, as the flesh of a Calf of two years old. The Wednesday following being the 27. of the month, we came to the entrance of the Bay of the Castles, but because the weather was ill, and the great store of Ice we found, we were constrained to enter into an harborough about the said entrance called Carpunt, where, because we could not come out of it, we stayed till the 9 of june, that thence we departed, on hope with the aid of God to sail further than the said Carpunt, which is in latitude 51. degrees. ¶ The description of the new found land, from Cape Razo, to the Cape of Degrade. THe land from Cape Razo, to the Cape of Degrade, which is the point of the entrance to the Bay that trendeth from head to head toward North northest, and South southweast, all this part of land is parted into islands, one so near the other, that there are but small rivers between them, thorough the which you may pass with little boats, and therefore there are certain good harbourghs, among which is that of Carpunt, and that of Degrade. In one of these islands, that is the highest of them all, being on the top of it, you may plainly see the two low Islands, that are near to Cape Razo, from whence to the port of Carpunt, they count it twenty and five leagues, and there are two entrances thereat, one on the East, the other on the South side of the Island. But it is to be noted, that from the side, and point of the east, because that every where there is nothing else but shelves, and the water is very shallow: you must go about the Island toward the West the length of half a Cable or thereabout, and then to go toward the South, to the said Carpont. Also you are to take heed of three Shelves that are in the Channel under the water: and toward the Island on the east side in the Channel, the water is about two fathom deep, and clear ground. The other trendeth toward East North-east, and on the West you may go on shore. ¶ Of the Island which now is called Saint Katherins Island. GOing from the Point of Degrade, and entering into the said Bay toward the West, and by North: there is some doubt of two Islands that are on the right side, one of the which is distant from the said point 3. leagues, and the other 7. either more or less than the first, being a low and plain land, and it seemeth to be part of the main land. I named it Saint Katherine's Island: in which, toward North-east there is very dry soil: but about a quarter of a league from it, very ill ground, so that you must go a little about. The said Island, and the port of Castles trend toward North North-east, and South southweast, and they are about 15. leagues asunder. From the said port of Castles to the port of Gut, which is in the northern part of the said Bay, that trendeth toward East North-east, and West southweast, there are twelve leagues and an half: and about two leagues from the port of Balances, that is to say, the third part, athwarteth the said Bay: the depth being sounded it is about 18. faddom and from the said port of Balances to the White Sands 〈◊〉 West southweast there is 15. leagues, but you must ●ike heed of a shelf that lieth about 3. leagues outward from the said White Sands on the Southweast side above water like a Boate. ¶ Of the place called White Sands: of the Island of Breast, and of the Island of Birds: the sorts and quantity of Birds that there are found: and of the port called the Islettes. WHite Sands is a Road in the which there is no place guarded from the South, nor Southeast. But toward South southweast the said road there are two Islands, one of the which is called Breast Island, and the other the Island of Birds, in which there is great store of Godetz, & Crows with red beaks and red feet: they make their néestes in holes under the ground even as Coneys. A point of land being passed about a league from White Sands, there is a Port & passage found, called the Islettes, a better place than White Sands: and there is great fishing. From the said port of the Islettes, unto another called Breast: the circuit is about ten leagues. This port is in latitude 51. degrees and 55. minutes, and in longitude. *. From the Islettes, to that place there are many other Islands: and the said port of Breast is also amongst those Islands. Moreover the islands do compass more than 3. leagues from the said Breast, being low, and over them are the other lands (above mentioned) seen. ¶ How we with our Ships entered into the port of Breast, and sailing onward toward the West, we passed amidst the Islettes, which were so many in number, that it was not possible to tell them: and how we named them the Islettes. Upon the 10. of june we with our Ships entered into the Port of Breast, to furnish ourselves with water and wood, and to make us ready to pass the said Bay. Upon Saint Barnabas day, service being heard, we with our boats went beyond the said port toward the West, to see what harbours were there: we passed through the midddest of the Islettes, which were so many in number, that it was not possible they might be told, for they continued about 10. leagues beyond the said port. We to rest ourselves stayed in one of them a night, and there we found great store of Duck● eggs, and other birds that there do make their nests, we named them all, the Islettes. ¶ Of the port called S. Antony's port, S. Seruans port, james Carthiers' port: of the river called S. james: of the customs and apparel of the inhabitors in the Island of White Sands. THe next day we passed the said Islands, and beyond them all we found a good Haven, which we named S. Antony's Haven, and how one or two leagues beyond, we found a little river toward the south-west coast, that is between two other Islands, and is a good harborough. There we set up a Cross, and named it S. Seruans port▪ and on the south-west side of the said port and river, about one league, there is a small Island as round as any Oven, environed about with many other little Islands, that give notice to the said Ports. Further about two leagues, there is an other greater river, in which they took good store of Salmon, that we named S. james his River. Being in the said river, we saw a Ship of Rochel that the night before had passed the port of Breast, where they thought to have gone a fishing: but the mariners not knowing where they were, we with our boats approached near unto it, and did direct it to another port one league more toward the West than the said river of S. james, which I take to be one of the best in all the World, and therefore we named it james Carthiers Sound. If the foil were as good as the harbours are, it were a great commodity: but it is not to be called the new Land but rather Stones, and wild Furs, and a place fit for wild beasts, for in all the north▪ island I did not see a Cart●oade of ●ood earth: yet went I on shore in many places, and in the Island of White Sands, there is nothing else but Moss, and small Thorns scattered here and there, withered and dry. To be short, I believe that this was the land that God allotted to Caine. There are men of an indifferent good stature and bigness, but wild and unruly: they wear their hair tied on the top like a wreath of Hay, and put a wooden pin within it, or any other such thing, in stead of a nail, and with them they bind certain birds feathers. They are clothed with beasts skins, as well the men as women, but that the women go somewhat straightlier and closer in their garments than men do, with their wastes girded: they paint themselves with certain Rouen colours: their Boats are made of the bark of a tree called Boul, with the which they fish, and take great store of Seals, and as far as we could understand since our coming thither, that is not their habitation, but they come from the main land out of hotter Countries, to take of the said Seals and other necessaries for their living. ¶ Of certain Capes, that is to say, the double Cape, the pointed Cape, Cape Royal, and the Cape of Milk: of the Mountains of Barnes: of the Islands of Do●e▪ houses; and of the great fishing of Cods. Upon the 13. of that month we came to our Ships again with our boats, on purpose to sail forwards, because the weather was fair, & upon sunday we caused service to be said: then on Monday being the 25. of the month, we departed from Breast and sailed toward the South to take a view of the lands that there we had seen, that seemed unto us to be two Islands: but when we were amidst the Bay, we knew it to be firm land, where was a great double Cape, one above the other, and therefore we named it the Double Cape. In the entrance of the Bay we sounded, and found it to be an hundred fathom round about us. From Breast, to the double Cape, there is about 20 leagues, and about five, or six leagues beyond we sounded again, and found 20 fathom water. The said land lieth North-east, and Southweast. The next day being the 16. of the month, we sailed along the said coast toward Southweast, and by South, about 35 leagues from the double Cape, where we found very steep and wild hills, among the which were seen certain small Cabbans, which we in the Country call Barnes, and therefore we named them the Hills of the Barns. The other Lands and Mountains are all craggy, cleft, and ●utte, and betwixt them and the sea, there are other Islands, but low. The day before, through the dark mists and ●ogges of the weather, we could not have sight of any land, but in the evening we spied an entrance into the land, by a river, among the said Hills of Barnes, and a Cape lying toward the south-west about 3. leagues from us. The said Cape is on the top of it blunt pointed, and also toward the Sea, it endeth in a point, wherefore we named it the pointed Cape, on the north side of which, there is a plain Island. And because we would have notice of the said entrance, to see if there were any good Havens, we struck sail for that night. The next day being the 17. of the month, we had stormy weather from North-east, wherefore we took our way toward the south-west until Thursday morning, and we went about 37. leagues, till we came athwart a Bay full of round Islands like Dove houses, and therefore we named them the Dove houses. And from the Bay of Saint julian, from the which to a Cape that lieth South and by west, which we called Cape rial, there are 7. leagues, and toward the West Southweast side of the said Cape there is another that beneath is all craggy, and above round. On the North side of which about half a league there lieth a low Island, Cape Latte. that Cape we named the Cape of Milk. Between these two Capes there are certain low Islands, above which, there are also certain others, that show that there 〈◊〉 some rivers. About two leagues from Cape Royal, we sounded, and found ten fathom water, and there is the greatest fishing of cods that is possible: for staying for our company, in less than an hour we took above an hundred of them. ¶ Of certain islands that lie between Cape Royal, and the Cape of Milk. THe next day, being the eighteenth of the month, the wind with such rage turned against us, that we were constrained to go back toward Cape Royal, thinking there to find some harborough, and with our Boats went to discover between the Cape Royal, and the Cape of Milk, and found, that above the low islands there is a great, and very deep Gulf, within which are certain islands. The said Gulf on the South side is shut up. The foresaid low grounds are on one of the sides of the entrance, and Cape Royal is on the other. The said low grounds do stretch themselves more than half a league within the Sea. It is a plain Country, but an ill soil: and in the midst of the entrance thereof, there is an Island. The said Gulf in latitude is forty eight degrees and an half, and in Longitude. *. That night we found no harborough, and therefore we launched out into the Sea, leaving the Cape toward the West. ¶ Of the Island called S. john. FRom the said day until the 24. of the month, being S. john's day, we had both stormy weather and wind against us, with such darkness and mists, that until Saint john's day, we could have no sight of any land, and then had we sight of a Cape of land, the from Cape Royal lieth Southweast, about 35. leagues, but that day was so foggy and misty, that we could not come near land, and because it was S. john's day, we named it Cape S. john. ¶ Of certain islands called the islands of Margaulz, and of the kinds of beasts and birds that there are found. Of the Island of Brion, and Cape Dolphin. THe next day being the 25. of the month, the weather was also stormy, dark, and windy, but yet we sailed a part of the day toward West Northweast, and in the evening we put ourselves athwart unto the second quarter that thence we departed, then did we by our compass know that we were Northweast, and by West about seven leagues and an half from the Cape of S. john, and as we were about to hoist sail, the wind turned into the Northweast, wherefore we went toward north-east, about fifteen leagues, and came to three islands, two of which are as steep and upright as any wall, that it was not possible to climb them: and between them there is a little cleft. These islands were as full of Birds, as any field or meadow is of grass, that there do make their nests: and in the greatest of them, there was a great and infinite number of those that we call Margaulz, that are white, and bigger than any Geese, which were fevered in one part. In the other were only Godetz Isoli, but toward the shore there were of those Godetz, and great Apponatz, like to those of that Island that we above have mentioned: we went down to the lowest part of the least Island, where we killed above a thousand of those Godetz, & Apponatz. We put into our Boats so many of them as we pleased, for in less than one hour, we might have filled thirty such boats of them: we named them the islands of Margaultz. About five leagues from the said Islands, on the West, there is another Island that is about two leagues in length, and so much in breadth: there did we stay all night to take in water and wood. That Island is environed round about with sand, and hath a very good road about it three or four fathom deep. Those islands have the best soil that ever we saw, for that one of their fields is more worth, than all the new land. We found i● all full of goodly trees, meadows, champains full of wild peason blomed, as thick, as rank, and as fair, as any can be seen in Britain, that they seemed to have been ploughed and sowed. There was also great store of gooseberries, strawberries, damask roses, parseley, with other very sweet and pleasant herbs. About the said Island are very great beasts, as great as Oxen, which have two great teeth in their mouths like unto the Elephant, and live also in the Sea. We saw one of them sleeping upon the bank of the water: we thinking to take it, went to it with our Boats, but so soon as he heard us, he cast himself into the Sea. We also saw Bears, and Wolves: we named it Brions Island. About it toward Southeast, and Northweast, there are great meadows. As far as I could gather and comprehend, I think that there be some passage between the new land, and Brions land, if so it were, it would be a great shortening, as well of the time, as of the way, if any perfection could be found in it. About four leagues from that Island toward West Southweast, there is firm land, that seemeth to be as an Island, compassed about with little islands of sands. There is a goodly Cape, which we named Cape dolphin, for there is the beginning of good grounds. On the seven and twentieth of june we compassed the said lands about that lie West Southweast: a far off they seem to be little hills of sand, for they are but low lands: we could neither go to them, nor land on them, because the wind was against us. That day we went fifteen leagues. ¶ Of the Island called Alezai, and of S. Peter'S Cape. THe next day we went along the said land about ten leagues, till we came to a Cape of red lands, that is all craggy, within the which, there is a brack looking toward the North. It is a very low Country. There is also between the sea & a certain pool a plain field and from that Cape of land● and the pool, until to another Cape, there is about 14. leagues▪ The land is fashioned as it were half a circle, all compassed about with sand like a ditch, over which, as far as ones eye can stretch, there is nothing but marish grounds, and standing pools. And before you come to the first Cape, very near the main land, there are two little islands. About five leagues from the second Cape toward South west, there is another Island very high and pointed, which we named Alezai. The first Cape we named S. Peter'S Cape, because upon that day we came thither. ¶ Of the Cape called Orleans Cape: of the River of Boats: of wild men's Cape: and of the quality and temperature of the Country. FRom Brions Island to this place, there is a good sandy ground, and having sounded toward Southweast even to the shore, about five leagues, we found 12. fathom water, and within one league 6. and very near the shore rather more than less. But because we would be better acquainted with this stony and rocky ground, we struck our Sails low and athwart. The next day being the last of the month save one, the wind blewe South and by East. We sailed Westward until Tuesday morning at Sun rising, being the last of the month, without any sight or knowledge of any land, except in the evening toward Sun set, that we discovered a Land, which seemed to be two Islands, that were beyond us West southweast, about nine or ten leagues. All the next day till the next morning at Sun rising we sailed Westward about forty leagues, and by the way we perceived that the land we had seen like two Islands, was firm land, lying South southeast, and North northweast, till to a very good Cape of land called Orleans Cape. All the said land is low and plain, and the fairest that may possibly be seen, full of goodly meadows and Trees. True it is that we could find no harborough there, because it is all full of shelves and sands. We with our boats went on shore in many places, and among the rest we entered into a goodly river, but very shallow, which we named the river of boats, because that there we saw boats full of wild men, that were crossing the river. We had no other notice of the said wild men: for the wind came from the Sea, and beat us against the shore, that we were constrained to retire ourselves with our boats toward our ships, till the next day morning at Sun rising, being the first of july, we sailed North-east, in which time there rose great mists & storms, and therefore we struck our sails till two of the clock in the after noon, that the weather became clear, and there we had sight of Orleans Cape, & of another about seven leagues from us, lying North and by East, and that we called Wild men's Cape. On the Northside of this Cape about half a league, there is a very dangerous shelf, and bank of stones. Whilst we were at this Cape, we saw a man running after our boats that were going along the coast, who made signs unto us that we should return toward the said Cape again We seeing such signs, began to turn toward him, but he seeing us come, began to flee: so soon as we were come on shore, we set a knife before him, and a woollen girdle on a little staff, and then came to our ships again. That day we trended the said land about nine or ten leagues, hoping to find some good harborough, but it was not possible, for as I have said already, it is a very low land, & environed round about with great shelves. Nevertheless we went that day on shore in four places to see the goodly and sweet smelling trees that there were: we found them to be Cidrons, Ewe-trées, Pines, white Elms, Ashes, Willows, with many other sorts of trees to us unknown, but without any fruit. The grounds where no wood is, are very fair, and all full of peason, white and red gooseberries, strawberries, blackeberies, and wild corn, even like unto Rye, that it seemeth to have been sown and ploughed. This Country is of better temperature than any other that can be seen, and very hot. There are many Thrushes, Stockdoves, and other birds: to be short, there wanteth nothing but good harborough. ¶ Of the Bay called Saint Lunario, and other notable bay, and Capes of land, and of the quality, and goodness of those grounds. THe next day being the second of july we discovered and had sight of land on the Northern side toward us, that did join unto the land abovesaid, all compassed about, and we knew that it had about * in déepth, and as much athwart, we named it Saint Lunarios Bay, & with our boats we went to the Cape toward the North, and found the land and ground so low, that for the space of a league from land there was but half a fathom water. On the North-east side from the said Cape about seven or eight leagues there is another Cape of land, in the midst whereof there is a bay fashioned triangle wise, very deep, and as far as we could ken from it lieth north-east. The said Bay is compassed about which sands and shelves about ten leagues from land, and there is but one fathom water: from the said Cape to the bank of the other, there is about fifteen leagues. We being a cross the said Capes, discovered another land and Cape, and as far as we could ken, it lay North & by East. All that night the weather was very ill, and great winds, so that we were constrained to hear a small sail until the next morning, being the third of july, that the wind came from the West: and we sailed Northward, to have a sight of the land that we had left on the North-east side, above the low lands, among which high and low lands there is a Gulf, or Breach, in some places about six and twenty fathom deep, and fifteen leagues in breadth, with variety of lands, hoping to find some passage thither, we went even as the passage of the Castles. The said gulf lieth east north-east, and West south-west. The ground that lieth on the South side of the said gulf, is as good and easy to be wrought, and full of as goodly fields and meadows, as any that ever we have, as plain and smooth as any die: and that which lieth on the North, is a Country altogether hilly, full of woods, and very high and great trees of sundry sorts: among the rest there are as goodly Ceders, and Fir trees, as possibly can be seen, able to make masts for ships of three hundred Tun: Neither did we see any place that was not full of the said trees, excepted two only, that were full of goodly meadows, with two very fair Lakes. The midst of the said Bay is seven and forty degrees and half in latitude. ¶ Of the Cape of Hope, and of Saint Martin's creak, & how seven boats full of wild men, came to our boat, would not retire themselves, but being terrified with our Colubrins and lanches we shot at them, they fled with great haste. THe Cape of the said South land, was called The Cape of Hope, through the hope that there we had to find some passage. The fourth of july we went along the coast of the said land on the Northerly side to find some harborough, where we entered into a Créeke altogether open on the South, where there is no succour against the wind: we thought good to name it S. Martin's creak. There we stayed from the fourth of july, until the twelfth: while we were there, on Monday being the sixth of the month, service being done, we with one of our boats went to discover a Cape & point of land that on the Northern side was about seven or eight leagues from us, to see which way it did bend, & being within half a league of it, we saw two companies of boats of wild men going from one land to the other: their boats were in number about five & forty or fifty. One part of the which came to the said point, and a great number of the men went on shore, making a grét noise, beckoning unto us that we should come on land, showing us certain skins upon pieces of Wood, but because we had but one only boat, we would not go to them; but went to the other side, lying in the sea: they seeing us flee, prepared two of their boats to follow us, with which came also five more of them that were coming from the sea side, all which approached near unto our boat, dancing, and making many signs of joy and mirth, as it were desiring our friendship, saying in their tongue NAPEV TONDAMEN ASSURTAH, with many other that we understood not. But because (as we have said) we had but one boat, we would not stand to their courtesy, but made signs unto them, that they should turn back, which they would not do, but with great fury came toward us: and suddenly with their boats compassed us about: and because they would not away from us by any signs that we could make, we shot of two pieces among them, which did so terrify them, that they put themselves to flight toward the said point, making a great noise: and having stayed a while, they began a new, even as at the first, to come to us again, & being come near our boat, we struck at them with two lances, which thing was so great a terror unto them, that with great hast they began to flee, and would no more follow us. ¶ How the said men commming to our ships, and our men going toward them, both parties went on land, and how the said wild men with great joy began to traffic with our men. THe next day, part of the said wild men with nine of their boats came to the point and entrance of the créek, where we with our ships were at road. We being advertised of their coming, went to the point where they were with our boats: but so soon as they saw us, they began to flee, making signs that they came to traffic with us, showing us such skins as they cloth themselves withal, which are of small value. We likewise made signs unto them, that we wished them no evil: and in sign thereof two of our men ventured to go on land to them, and carry them knives with other Iron wares, and a red hat to give unto their Captain. Which when they saw, they also came on land, and brought some of their skins, and so began to deal with us, seeming to be very glad to have our iron wares, and other things, still dancing with many other ceremonies, as with their hands to cast sea water on their heads. They gave us whatsoever they had, not keeping any thing, that they were constrained to go back again naked, and made us signs that the next day they would come again, and bring more skins with them. ¶ How that we having sent two of our men on land with wares, there came about .300. wild men with great gladness. Of the quality of the Country, what it bringeth forth, and of the Bay called The Bay of heat. Upon Thursday being the eight of the month, because the wind was not good to go out with our ships, we set our boats in a readiness to go to discover the said Bay, and the day we went fifteen leagues within it. The next day, the wind and wether being fair, we sailed until noon, in which time we had notice of a great part of the said Bay, and how that upon the low lands, there were other lands, with high mountains: but seeing that there was no passage at all, we began to turn back again, taking our way along the coast, and sailing, we saw certain wild men, that stood upon the shore of a Lake, that is among the low grounds, who were making fires and smokes: we went thither, and found that there was a Channel of the sea, that did enter into the Lake, & setting our boats at one of the banks of the Channel, the wild men with one of their boats came unto us, & brought us pieces of Seals ready sodde, putting them upon pieces of wood: then retiring themselves, they would make signs unto us, that they did give them us. We sent two men unto them with Hatchets, knives, beads, & other such like ware, whereat they were very glad, and by and by in clusters they came to the shore where we were with their boats, bringing with them skins, and other such things as they had, to have of our wares. They were more than three hundred men, women, and children: some of the women which came not over, we might see them stand up to the knees in water, singing and dancing, the other that had passed the river where we were, came very friendly to us, rubbing our arms with their own hands, than would they lift them up toward heaven, showing many signs of gladness: and in such wise were we assured one of another, that we very familiarly began to traffic of whatsoever they had, till they had nothing but their naked bodies, for they gave us all whatsoever they had, and that was but of small value. We perceived that this people might very easily be converted to our religion. They go from place to place. They live only with fishing. They have an ordinary time to fish for their provision. The Country is hotter, than the Country of Spain, and the fairest that can possibly be found, altogether smooth, and level. There is no place, be it never so little, but it hath some trees (yea albeit it be sandy) or else is full of wild corn, that hath an ear like unto Rye: the corn is like Oats, small Peason as thick as if they had been sown & ploughed, white & red gooseberries, strawberries, blackberies, white & red Roses, which many other flowers, of very sweet and pleasant smell. There be also many goodly meadows full of grass, & Lakes where great plenty of Salmons be. They call a Hatchet in their tongue Cochi, and a knife Bacon: we named it The Bay of Heat. ¶ Of another nation of wild men: of their manners, living and clothing. WE being certified that there was no passage through the said Bay, we hoist sail, & went from S. Martin's creak upon Sunday being the twelfth of july, to go & discover further in the said Bay. and went along the sea coast eastward about eighteen leagues, till we came to the Cape of Prato, where we found the tide very great, but shallow, and the sea stormy, so that we were constrained to draw toward shore, between the said Cape and an Island lying Eastward, about half a league from the Cape, where we cast Anchor for that night. The next morning we hoist sail to trend the said coast about, which lieth North north-east. But there rose such a stormy and raging wind against us, that we were constrained to come to the place again, from whence we were come: There did we stay all that day till the next, that we hoist up sail, and came to the midst of a river five or six leagues from the Cape of Prato Northward, and being overthwart the said river, there arose again a contrary wind, with great fogs and storms. So that we were constrained upon Tuisday, being the fourteenth of the month, to enter into the river, and there did we stay till the sixteenth of the month, looking for fair weather to come out of it, on which day being Thursday, the wind became so raging, that one of our ships lost an Anchor, and we were constrained to go up higher into the river seven or eight leagues, into a good harborough and ground, that we with our boats found out, and through the evil weather, tempest, and darkness that was, we stayed in the said harborough till the five and twentieth of the month, that we could not come out: in the mean time we saw a great multitude of wild men that were fishing for Mackerel, whereof there is great store. Their boats were about forty, and the persons, what with men, women, and children, two hundred, which after they had haunted our company a while, they came very familiarly with their boats to the sides of our ships. We gave them knives, combs, beads of glass, & other tri●●es of small value, for which they made many signs of gladness, lifting their hands up to Heaven, dancing and singing in their boats. These men may very well & truly be called Wild, because there is no poorer people in the world. For I think all that they had together, besides their boats and nets, was not worth five souse. They go altogether naked, saving their privities, which covered with a little skin, and certain old skins that they cast upon them. Neither in nature nor in language, do they any whit agree with them we found first: Their heads be altogether shaven, except one bush of hair, they suffer to grow upon the top of their crown, as long as a horse tail, and then with certain leather strings bind it in a knot upon their heads. They have no other dwelling but their boats, which they turn upside down, and under them they lay themselves all along upon the bare ground. They eat their flesh almost raw, only that they heat it a little upon embers of coals, so do they their fish. Upon magdalen's day we with our boats went to the bank of the river, and freely went on shore among them, whereat they made many signs of gladness, and all their men in two or three companies began to sing and dance, seeming to be very glad of our coming. They had caused all the young women to flee into the wood, two or three excepted, that stayed with them, to each of which we gave a comb, and a little bell made of Tin, for which they were very glad, thanking our Captain, rubbing his arms and breasts with their hands. When the men saw us give something unto those that had stayed, it caused all the rest to come out of the wood, to the end they should have as much as the others: These women were about twenty, who altogether in a knot fell upon our Captain, touching and rubbing him with their hands, according to their manner of cherishing and making much of one, who gave to each of them a little Tin bell: then suddenly they began to dance, and sing many songs. There we found great store of Mackerel, that they had taken upon the shore, with certain nets that they make to fish, of a kind of hemp that groweth in that place where ordinarily they abide, for they never come to the sea, but only in fishing time. As far as I understand, there groweth likewise a kind of Millet as big as small Peason, like unto that which groweth in Bresil, which they eat in stead of bread. They had great store of it. They call it in their ●ong RAPAIGE. They have also Primes, (that is ●o say Damsins) which they dry for winter as we do, they call them HONESTA. They have also Figs, Nuts, Apples, and other fruits▪ and beans, that they call SAHV, their Nuts CAHEHYA. If we showed them any thing that they have not, nor know not what it is, shaking their heads, they will say NOHDA, which is as much to say, they have it not, nor they know it not. Of those things they have, they would with signs show us the way how to dress them, and how they grow. They eat nothing that hath any taste of salt. They are very great thieves, for they will fil●h and steal whatsoever they can lay hold of, and all is fish that cometh to net. ¶ How our men set up a great Cross upon the point of the said port, and the Captain of those wild men, after a long Oration, was by our Captain appeased, and contented that two of his Children should go with him. Upon the 24. of the month, we caused a fair high Cross to be made of the height of thirty foot, which was made in the presence of many of them, upon the point of the entrance of the Gulf, in the midst whereof, we hanged up a shield with three Flower de Luce's in it, and in the top was carved in the wood with Antic letters this posse, VIVE LE ROY DE FRANCE. Then before them all we set it up upon the said point. They with great heed beheld both the making and setting of it up. So soon as it was up, we altogether kneeled down before them, with our hands toward Heaven, yielding God thanks: and we made signs unto them, showing them the Heavens, and that all our salvation dependeth only on him which in them dwelleth: whereat they showed a great admiration, looking first one at another, and then upon the Cross. And after we were returned to our Ships, their Captain clad with an old bears Skin, with three of his Sons, and a Brother of his with him, came unto us in one of their Boats, but they came not so near us as they were wont to do: there he made a long Oration unto us, showing us the cross we had set up, and making a Cross with two of his fingers, than did he show us all the Country about us, as if he would say that all was his, and that we should not set up any Cross without his leave. His talk being ended, we showed him an Axe, feigning that we would give it him for his skin, to which he listened, for by little and little he came near our Ships. One of our fellows that was in our boat, took hold on theirs, & suddenly leapt into it, with two or three more, who enforced him to enter into our Ships, whereat they were greatly astonished. But our Captain did straightways assure them, that they should have no harm, nor any injury offered them at all, and entertained them very friendly, making them eat and drink. Then did we show them with signs, that the Cross was but only set up to be as a light and leader which ways to enter into the port, and that we would shortly come again, and bring good store of iron wares and other things, but that we would take two of his children with us, and afterward bring them to the said port again: and so we clothed two of them in shirts, and coloured coats, with red caps, and put about every one's neck a copper chain, whereat they were greatly contented: then gave they their old clothes to their fellows that went back again, and we gave to each one of those three that went back, a hatchet, and some knives, which made them very glad. After these were gone, and had told the news unto their fellows, in the after noon there came to our ships six boats of them, with five or six men in every one, to take their farewells of those two we had retained to take with us, and brought them some fish, uttering many words which we did not understand, making signs that they would not remove the Cross we had set up. ¶ How after we were departed from the said port, following our voyage along the said coast, we went to discover the land lying Southeast, and Northweast. THe next day, being the 25. of the month, we had fair weather, and went from the said port: and being out of the River, we sailed East north-east, for, after the entrance into the said River, the land is environed about, and maketh a bay in manner of half a circle, where being in our Ships, we might see all the coast sailing behind, which we came to seek, the land lying Southeast and Northweast, the course of which was distant from the river about twenty leagues. ¶ Of the Cape S. Aluise, and Momorancies Cape, and certain other lands, and how one of our Boats touched a Rock and suddenly went over it. ON monday being the 27. of the month, about sun set we went along the said land, as we have said, lying Southeast and Northweast, till Wednesday that we saw another Cape, where the land beginneth to bend toward the East: we went alongst it about 15. leagues, then doth the land begin to turn Northward. About three leagues from the said Cape we sounded, and found 12. fathom water. The said lands are plain, and the fairest and most without woods that we have seen, with goodly green fields and meadows, we named the said Cape S. Aluise Cape, because that was his day: it is 49. Degrees and a half in Latitude, and in Longitude. *. On Wednesday morning we were on the East side of the Cape, and being almost night, we went Northeastward for to approach near to the said land, which trendeth North and South. From S. Aluise Cape, to another called Momerancies Cape▪ about fifteen leagues, the land beginneth to bend northester. About three leagues from the said Cape, we would needs sound, but we could find no ground at 75. fathom, yet went we alongst the said land, about ten leagues, to the Latitude of 50. degrees. The Saturday following, being the first of August, by Sun rising, we had sight of certain other lands, lying North, and north-east, that were very high and craggy, and seemed to be mountains: between which were other low lands with Woods and Rivers: we went about the said lands, as well on the one side as on the other, still bending Northweast, to see if it were either a Gulf, or a passage, until the fifth of the month. The distance from one land to the other, is about fifteen leagues. The middle between them both, is 50. degrees and a third part of one in Latitude. We had much ado to go five miles farther, the winds were so great, and the tide against us. And at five mile's end, we might plainly see and perceive land on both sides, which there beginneth to spread itself, but because we rather-fell, than got way against the wind●, we went toward land, purposing to go to another Cape of land, lying southward, which was the farthermost out into the Sea that we could see, about five leagues from us, but so soon as we came thither, we found it to be nought else but Rocks, stones, and craggy cliffs, such as we had not found any where that we had sailed southward from S. john's Cape: and then was the tide with us, which carried us against the wind Westward, so that as we were sailing along the said coast, one of our Boats touched a Rock, and suddenly went over, but we were constrained to leap out, for to direct it on according to the tide. ¶ How after we had agreed and consulted what was best to be done, we purposed to return from S. Peter'S strait, and from Tiennots Cape. AFter we had sailed along the said coast, for the space of two hours, behold, the tide began to turn against us, with so swift and raging a course, that it was not possible for us with thirteen oars to row or get one stones cast farther, that we were constrained to leave our Boats with some of our men to guard them, and ten or twelve men went on shore to the said Cape, where we found that the land beginneth to bend Southweast, which having seen, we came to our Boats again, and so to our Ships, which were still ready rigged, hoping to go forward: but for all that, they were fallen more than four leagues where we had left them, where so soon as we came, we assembled together all our Captains, Masters, and Mariners, to have their advice and opinion what was best to be done: and after that every one had said, considering that the Easterly winds began to bear sway, and blow, and that the flood was so great, that we did but fall, and that there was nothing to be gotten, and that storms and tempests began to puff in those new Countries, and that we were so far from home, not knowing the perils and dangers were behind, for either we must agree to turn and come back again, or else to stay there all the year. Moreover, we did consider, that if an exchange of the Northern winds did take us, it were not possible for us to departed thence. All which opinions being heard and considered, we altogether determined to address ourselves homeward. Now because upon Saint Peter'S day we entered into the said straight, we named it Saint Peter'S Strait. We sounded it in many places, in some we found 70. fathom water, in some 50. and near the shore but 30. and clear ground. From that day till Wednesday following, we had a good and prosperous gale of wind, that we trended the said land about on the North East Southeast, West and Northweast sides: for such is the situation of it, excepted one Cape of low lands that bendeth toward Southeast, about 25. leagues from the strait. In this place we saw certain smokes, that the people of the Country made upon the said Cape: but because the wind blew us toward the coast, we went not to them, which when they saw, they came with two Boats and twelve men unto us, and as freely came unto our Ships, as if they had been French men, and gave us to understand, that they came from the great Gulf, and that Tiennot was their Captain, who then was upon that Cape, making signs unto us, that they were going home to their Countries where we were come from with our Ships, and that they were laden with Fish. We named the said Cape, Tiennots Cape. From the said Cape all the land trendeth East Southeast, and West Northwest. All the land lieth low, very pleasant, environed with sand, where the sea is intermingled with marshes and shallows, the space of twenty leagues: then doth the land begin to trend from West to East, north-east altogether environed with islands two or three leagues from land, in which as far as we could see, are many dangerous shealues more than four or five leagues from land. ¶ How that upon the ninth of August we entered within White Sands, and upon the fifth of September we came to the port of S. Malo. FRom the said Wednesday, until Saturday following, we had a great wind from the Southweast, which caused us to draw East north-east, on which day we came to the Easterly parts of the new land, between the Barns and the Doble Cape. There began great stormy winds coming from the East with great rage: wherefore we coasted the Cape North Northweast, to search the Northern part, which is (as we have said) all environed with islands, and being near the said islands and land, the wind turned into the South, which brought us within the said gulf, so that the next day being the ninth of August, we by the grace of God entered within White Sands. And this is so much as we have discovered. After that, upon the fifteenth of August, being the feast of the Assumption of our Lady, after that we had heard service, we altogether departed from the port of White Sands, and with a happy and prosperous weather, we came into the middle of the Sea, that is between the new● land 〈◊〉 Bri●tanie, in which place we were tossed and turmoiled three days long with great storms and windy tempests coming from the east, which with the aid and assistance of God we suffered: then had we fair weather, and upon the fifth of September, in the said year, we came to the port of S. Malo whence we were come. The language that is spoken in the Land newly discovered, called new France. God — the Sun Isnetz the Heaven camet the Day — the Night aiagla Water ame Sand estogatz a Sail aganie the Head agonaze the Throat conguedo the Nose hehonguesto the Teeth hesangne the Nails agetascu the Feet ochedasco the Legs anoudasco a dead man amocdaza a Skin aionas●a that Man yea a Hatchet asogne green Fish gadag●ursere good to be eaten guesand● Almonds anougaza Figs ascond● Gold henyosco the privy members assegnega an A-row cacta a green Tree haued● an earthen dish auda●o a Bow — Brass aignetaze the Brow ansce a Feather yco the Moon casmogan the Earth conda the Wind canut the Rain ●nnoscon Bread cacacomy the Sea a met a Ship casaomy a Man undo the Hears hoc hosco the Eyes ygata the Mouth hache the Ears h●ntasco the Arms agesc● a Woman enrasesco a sick Man alovedeche Shoes att● a Skin to cover a man's privy members ●nscoz●n vondico Flesh — red cloth cah●neta a Knife agobod● a Macrell 〈◊〉 Nuts 〈◊〉 Apples ●onesta beans sabe a Sword achesco Hear endeth the first relation of james Carthiers discovery of the new land called New France, translated into English out of Italian by I. F. Assai been balla a chi fortuna suma. ¶ A short and brief narration of the Navigation caused to be made by the King of France, to the islands of Canada, Hochelaga, Saguenay, and divers others, which now are called New France, with a discourse of the particulars, customs, and manners of the inhabitoures therein. Chap. 1. IN the year of our Lord 1535. upon Whitsonday, being the 16. of May, by the commandment of our own Captain james Carthier, and with a common accord, in the Cathedral Church of S. Malo, we devoutly each one confessed ourselves, and received the Sacrament: and all entering into the Quire of the said Church, we presented ourselves before the Reverend Father in Christ, the Lord Bishop of S. Malo, who blessed us all, being in his Bishop's Robes. The Wednesday following, being the 19 of May, there rose a good gale of wind, and therefore we hoist Sail with three Ships, that is to say, the great Hermina, being in burden about a hundredth, or a hundredth and twenty Tun, wherein the foresaid Captain james Carthier was General, and Master Thomas Frosmont chief Master, accompanied with Master Claudius of Pont Briand, Son to the Lord of Montecevell, and Cupbearer to the Dolphin of France▪ Charles of Pomera●●●, john Powlet, and other Gentlemen. In the second Ship called the little Hermina, being of threescore Tun burden, were Captains under the said Carthier, Mace Salobert, and Master William Marie. In the third Ship called the Hemerillon, being of forti● Tun in burden, were Captains M. William Briton, and M. james Maingare. So we sailed with a good and prosperous wind, until the 20. of the said month, at which time the weather turned into storms & tempests, the which with contrary winds, and darkness, endured so long that our ships being without any rest, suffered as much as any ships that ever went on seas: so that the 25. of june, by reason of that foul and foggy weather, all our ships lost sight one of another, neither saw we one another again till we came to the new land where we had appointed to meet. After we had lost one another, we in the General's ship were with contrary winds tossed too and fro on the sea, until the seventh of july, upon which day we arrived and came to the Island called the Island of Birds, which lieth from the main land .44. leagues. This Island is so full of birds, that all our ships might easily have been freighted with them, and yet for the great number that there is, it would not seem that any were taken away. We to victual ourselves filled two boats of them. This Island hath the Pole elevated .49. degrees, and 40. minutes. Upon the eight of the said month we sailed further, and with a prosperous weather came to the port called The Port of white Sands, that is in the Bay called The Bay of Castles, where we had purposed to meet and stay together the fifteenth of the said month. In this place therefore we looked for our fellows, that is to say, the other two ships, till the .26. of the month, on which day both came together. So soon as our fellows were come, we set our ships in a readiness, taking in both water, wood, and other necessaries. And then on the 29. of the said month, early in the morning we hoist sail to pass on further, and sailing alongst the Northern coast that runneth North-east and south-west, till two hours after Sun set or there abouts, and then we crossed along two Islands, which do stretch further forth than the others, which we called S. William's Islands, b●ing distant about 20. leagues or more from the port of Breast. All the coast from the Castles to that place lieth East & West, North-east and Southweast, having between it sundry little Islands, altogether barren and full of stones, without either earth or trees, excepted certain Valleys only. The next day being the last of july saving one, we sailed on (Westward to find out other islands) which as yet we had not found, xii. leagues and a half, among which there is a great Bay toward the North all full of Islands and great creeks, where many good harbours seem to be: them we named Saint Martha's Islands, from which about a league and a half further into the sea, there is a dangerous shallow, wherein are four or five rocks, which lie from Saint Martha's Islands about seven. leagues as you pass into the said islands, on the East and on the West side, to which we came the said day an hour after noon, and from that hour until midnight we sailed about fifteen leagues athwart a cape of the lower islands, which we named S. Germans islands South-eastward from which place about three leagues, there is a very dangerous shallow▪ Likewise between S. Germans Cape & S. Martha's, about two leagues from the said islands, there lieth a bank of sand, upon which hanck the water is but two fathom deep, & therefore seeing the danger of the coast, we struck sail & went no further the night: The next day being the last of july, we went all along the coast that runneth East & west, West & by North, which is all environed about with Islands & dry sands, and in truth are very dangerous. The length from S. Germans Cape to the said islands is about xviij. leagues & a half, at the end of which there is a goodly plot of ground full of huge & high trees, albeit the rest of the coast be compassed about which sands without any sign or show of harboroughs, till we came to Thiennots Cape, which tendeth Northwest about seven. leagues from the foresaid islands, which Thiennots Cape we noted in our former voyage, & therefore we failed on all that night West Northwest, till it was day, & then the wind turned again from us, wherefore we went to seek a Haven wherein we might harbour our ships, & by good hap, found one fit for our purpose, about seven. leagues & a half beyond Thiennots Cape, and that we named S. Nicholas Haven, it lieth amidst four Islands that stretcheth into the sea. Upon the next we for a token set up a wooden cross. But note by the way that cross must be turned North-east, and then bending toward it, leave it on the left hand, and you shall find three fathom water, and within the Haven but two. Also you are to take heed of two shelves that lean outward half a league. All this coast is full of quick sands and very dangerous, albeit in sight many good Havens seem to be there, yet is there nought else but shelves and sands. We staid and rested ourselves in the said Haven, until the seventh of August being sunday: on which day we hoist sail, and came toward land one the neither side toward Rabasts Cape, distant from the said Haven about twenty leagues North north-east, and South Southweast: but the next day there rose a stormy and a contrary wind, and therefore we could find no Haven there toward the South. Thence we went coasting along toward the North, beyond the above-sayde Haven about ten leagues, where we found a goodly great gulf, full of Islands, passages, and entrances toward what wind soever you please to bend: for the knowledge of this gulf there is a great Island that is a Cape of the main land, stretching somewhat further forth than the others, and about two leagues within the land, there is an Hill fashioned as it were an heap of corn. We named the said Gulf Saint Laurence his Bay. The twelfth of the said month we went from the said S. Laurence his Bay, or Gulf, sailing Westward, and came to find a Cape of main land on the Northside of the Bay, that runneth from the said Saint Laurence his Bay about five and twenty leagues West and by South. And of the two wild men which we took in our former voyage, it was told us that this was of the Band● toward the South, and that there was an Island, on the Southerlye part of which is the way to go to Honguedo where the year before we had taken them in Canada, and that two days journey from the said Cape, an Island began the Kingdom of Siguenay, in the land● Northward extending toward Canada, and about three leagues athwart the said Cape, there is above fifty fathom deep. Moreover I believe that there was never so many Whale● seen as we saw that day about the Cape. The next day after our Lady day in August, being the fifteenth of the month, having past those straights, where we had notice of certain lands that we left toward the South, which lands are full of very high hills, and therefore we named them The islands of the Assumption, and one Cape of the said high countries lieth East north-easte, and West south-west, the distance between which, is about five & twenty leagues. The countries lying North, may plainly be perceived to be higher than the Southerly more than thirty leagues. We trended the said lands about toward the South, from the said day until Twesday noon following, the wind being in the West, and therefore we bended toward the North, purposing to go and see the land that we before had spied. Being arrived there, we found the said islands, as it were joined together, and low toward the Sea. And the Northerly mountains that are upon the said low Islands stretching east, West, and by south. Our men told us that there was the beginning of Saguenay, and that it was land inhabited, and that thence cometh the red Copper, of them named CAIGNETDAZE. There is between the Southerly islands, and the Northerly about 30. leagues distance, and more than 100 fathom depth. The said men did moreover certify unto us, that there was the way and beginning of the great river of Hochelaga, a ready way to Canada, which river the further it went the narrower it came, even until to Canada, and that then there was fresh water, which went so far upwards, that they had never heard of any man had gone to the head of it, and that there is no other passage but with small boats. Our Captain hearing their talk, and how they did affirm no other passage to be there, would not at that time proceed any further, till he had seen and noted the other Islands, & coast toward the North, which he had omitted to see, after Saint Larance his gulf, because he would exquisitely know, if in the Islands toward the South any passage had been discovered. ¶ How our Captain caused the ships to return back again, only to know if in Saint Laurence gulf there were any passage toward the North. CHAP. 2. Upon the 18. of August being Wednesday, our Captain● caused his ships to wind back, and bend toward the other shore, so that we trended the said Northerly cost, which runneth Southeast, & Northwest, being fashioned like unto half a bow, and is a very high land, but yet not so high as that on the Southerly parts. The Thursday following we came to seven very high Islands, which we named The round islands. These Islands are distant from the others about forty leagues, and stretch out into the Sea about three or four leagues. About these there are goodly low grounds to be seen full of goodly trees, which we the Friday following, with our boats compassed about. Overthwart these Islands there are diverse sandy shelves more than two leagues into the sea, very dangerous, which at a a low water remain almost dry. At the furthest bounds of these low islands, that contain about ten leagues, there is a river of fresh water, that with such swiftness runneth into the sea, that for the space of one league within it the water is as fresh as any fountain water. We with our boats entered into the said river, at the entrance of which we found about one fathom water. There are in this river many fishes shaped like horses, which as our wild men told us, all the day long lie in the water, and the night on land: of which we saw therein a great number. The next day being the one and twentieth of the month, by break of day we hoist sail, and sailed so long about the said coast, that we had sight of the Northerly parts of it, which as yet we had not seen, and of the Island of the Assumption which we had found, departing from the said land: which thing so soon as we had done, and that we were certified no other passage to be there, we came to our ship again, which we had left at the said islands, where is a good harborough, the water being about nine or ten fathom. In the same place by occasion of contrary winds and foggy mists, we were constrained to stay, not being either able to come out of it, or hoist sail till the four & twentieth of the month. On which day we departed & came to a haven on the Southerly coast, about 80. leagues from the said islands. This haven is over against three flat islands that lie amidst a river, because on the half way of the said islands, & the said Haven toward the North, there is a very great river that runneth between the high & low islands, & more than three leagues into the sea: it hath many shelves, & there is not altogether one fathom water, so that the place is very dangerous: & from bank to bank of the said shelves, there is either xv. or xx. yards. All the Northerly cost runneth East north-east and South south-west. The said haven wherein we stayed, is as it were but a sluice of the waters that rise by the flood, and but of small account, we named them S. john's Isleetes, because we found them, and entered into them the day of the beheading of that Saint. About five leagues afore you come to the said haven Westward, there is no passage at all but only with little boats. The haven of S. john's Islettes, drieth up all the waters that rise by flowing, yea if it flow a fathom. The best place to harborough ships therein is on the South part of a certain little Island that is over against the said haven, whereby the bank or shore of of the Island riseth. Upon the first of September we departed out of the said haven, purposing to go toward Canada, and about 15. leagues from it toward West south-west, amidst the river there are three Islands, over against the which the river runneth swift, and is of a great depth, & it is that which leadeth, and runneth into the Country and kingdom of Saguenay, as by the two wild men of Canada it was told us. This river, passeth and runneth along very high and steep hills of bare stone, where very little earth is, and notwithstanding there is great quantity of sundry sorts of trees that grow in the said bare stones, even as upon good and fertile ground, in such sort that we have seen some so great as well would suffice to make a mast for a ship of forty Tun burden, and as green as possible can be growing, in a stony rock without any earth at all. At the entrance of the said river we met with four boats full of wild men, which as far as we could perceive, very fearfully came toward us, so that some of them went back again, & the other came as near us as easily they might hear and understand one of our wild men, who told them his name, and then took acquaintance of them, upon whose word they came to us. The next day, being the second of September, we came out of the river to go to Canada, and by reason of the Seas flowing, the tide was very swift and dangerous for that on the South part of it there lie two Islands, about which more than three leagues compass, lie many great stones, and but two fathom water: and the flowing amidst those Islands, is very unconstant and doubtful, that if it had not been for our boats, we had been in great danger to lose our lives: and coasting along the said dry sands, there is more than fifteen fathom water. About five leagues beyond the river of Saguenay Southweast, there is another Island more Northerly across, which are certain high pieces of land, and thereabouts we thought to have cast Anchor on purpose to stay the next tide, but we could sound no ground by three score fathom within a flight shoot from shore, so that we were constrained to wind back to the said Island, where we sounded again, and found eighteen fathom. The next morning we hoist sail and went thence, sailing further on, where we had notice of a certain kind of fish never to-fore of any man seen or known. They are about the bigness of a purposes, yet nothing like them, of body very well proportioned, headed like Graye-houndes, altogether as white as Snow, without any spot, within which River there is great quantity of them: they do live altogether between the Sea and the fresh Water. These of the Country call them ADHOTHVYS, they fold us that they be very savorye and good to be eaten. Moreover they affirm none to be found else-wher but in that river. The sixth of the month, the weather being calm & fair, we went about fifteen leagues more upward into the river, and there lighted on an Island that looketh Northward, and it maketh a little haven or creek wherein are many & innumerable great Tortoyzes, continually lying about that Island. There are likewise great quantity of the said Aphothuys taken by the inhabitors of the Country, so that there is as great concourse and meeting in that place as is at Bordeous in France at every tide. This Island is in length about three leagues, and in breadth two, and is a goodly and fertile plot of ground, replenished with many goodly and great trees of many sorts. Among the rest there are many Filburde trees, which we found hanging full of them, somewhat bigger and better in savour than ours, but somewhat harder, and therefore we called it The Island of Filburdes. The seventh of the month, being our Ladies even, after service we went from that Island, to go up higher into the river, and came to the Fourteen Islands, seven or eight leagues from the Island of Filburdes, where the Country of Canada beginneth, one of which Islands is ten leagues in length, and five in breadth, greatly inhabited of such men as only live by fishing of such sorts of fishes as the river affourdeth, according to the season of them. After we had cast Anchor between the said Island, and the Northerly coast, we went on land and took our two wild men with us, meeting with many of those Country people, who would not at all approach unto us, but rather fled from us until our two men began to speak unto them, telling them that they were Taignoagny & Domagaia, who so soon as they had taken acquaintance of them, began greatly to rejoice, dancing and showing many sorts of ceremonies: and many of the chiefest of them came to our boats & brought many Eels, & other sorts of fishes, with two or three burdens of great Millet wherewith they make their bread, & many great mus● millions. The same day came also many other boats full of those Countrymen and Women, to see and take acquaintance of our two men, all which were as courteously received, & friendly entertained of our Captain, as possible could be. And to have them the better acquainted with him, and make them his friends, he gave them many small gifts, but of small value: nevertheless, they were greatly contented with them. The next day following, the Lord of Canada (whose proper name was Donnacona) but by the name of Lord, they call him Agouhanna, with twelve boats came to our Ships, accompanied of many people, who causing ten of his Boats to go back with the other two, approached unto us with sixteen men more. Then began the said Agouhanna being nearest unto our Ship, according to their manner and fashion, to frame a long Oration, moving all his body and members after a strange fashion, which thing is a Ceremony and sign of gladness and security among them, and then coming to the General's Ship, where Taignoagny, and Domagaia spoke with them, and they with him, where they began to tell and show unto him what they had seen in France, and what good entertainment they had had, hearing which things, the Lord seemed to be very glad of, & prayed our Captain to reach him his arm, that he might kiss it, which thing he did: their Lord taking it, laid it about his neck, for so they use to do when they will make much of one. Then our Captain entered into Agouhannas' boat, causing bread and wine to be brought, to make the said Lord and his company to eat and drink, which thing they did, and were greatly thereby contented and satisfied. Our Captain for that time gave them nothing, because he looked for a fit opportunity. These things being done, each one took leave of others, and the Lord went with his boats again where he was come from. Our Captain then caused our boats to be set in order, that with the next tide he might go up higher into the River, to find some harborough wherein to set our Ships: and the next tide we went coasting alongst the said Island, about ten leagues, at the end whereof, we found a goodly and pleasant sluice of water, where is another little river and haven, where by reason of the flo●d there, is two fathom water. This place seemed to us very fit and commodious to put our ships therein, and so we did very safely, we named it the holy Cross, for on that day we came thither. Near unto it, there is a village, whereof Donnacona is Lord, and there he keepeth his abode: it is called Stad●gona, as goodly a plot of ground as possibly may be seen, and therewithal very fruitful, full of goodly trees even as in France, as Oaks, Elmes, Ashes, Walnuts trees, Maple trees, Cidrons, Vines, and white Thorns, that bring forth fruit as big as any Damsons, and many other sorts of trees, under which groweth as fair tall hemp, as any in France, without any seed, or any man's work or labour at all. Having considered the place, & finding it fit for our purpose, our Captain withdrew himself on purpose to return to our Ships, but behold, as we were coming out of the River, we met coming against us one of the Lords of that village Stadagona, accompanied with many others, as men, women, and children, who after the fashion of their Country, in sign of mirth and joy, began to make a long Oration, the Women still singing and dancing up to the knees in water. Our Captain knowing their good will and kindness toward us, caused the Boat wherein they were, to come unto him, and gave them certain trifles, as knives, and beads of glass, whereat they were marvelous glad, for we being gone about 3. leagues from them, for the pleasure they conceyue● of our coming, we might hear them sing, & see them dance for all they were so far. ¶ How our Captain went to see and note the bigness of the Island, and the nature of it, and then returned to the Ships, causing them to be brought to the River of the holy Cross. CHAP. 3. AFter we were come with our Boats unto our Ships again, our Captain caused our Barks to be made ready to go on land in the said Island, to note the trees that in ●hew seemed so fair, and to consider the nature and quality of it, which thing we did, and found it full of goodly trees like to ours. Also we saw many goodly Vines, a thing not tofore of us seen in those countries, and therefore we named it Bacchus' Island. It is in length about twelve leagues, in sight very pleasant, but full of woods, no part of it wrought, unless it be in certain places, where a few houses be for Fisher's dwellings, as before we have said. The next day we departed with our Ships to bring them to the place of the holy Cross, and on the 14. of that month we came thither, and the Lord Dormacona, Taignoagny, and Domagaia, with 25. Boats full of those people, came to meet us, coming from the place whence we were come, and going toward Stadagona, where their abiding is, and all came to our Ships, showing sundry and divers gestures of gladness and mirth, except those two that we had brought, to wit, Taignoagny, & Domagaia, who seemed to have altered & changed their mind & purpose, for by no means they would come unto our Ships, albeit sundry times they were earnestly desired to do it, whereupon we began to mistrust somewhat. Our Captain asked them if according to promise they would not go with him to Hochelaga, they answered yea, for so they had purposed, and then each one withdrew himself. The next day being the fifteenth of the month, our Captain went on shore, to cause certain poles and piles to be driven into the water, and set up, that the better and safelier we might set our Ship there: and to behold that, many of those Country people came to meet us there, among whom was Donnacona, and our two men, with the rest of their company, who kept themselves aside under a point or nook of land that is upon the shore of a certain River, and no one of them came unto us as the other did that were not on their side. Our Captain understanding that they were there, commanded part of our men to follow him, and he went to the said point, where he found the said Donnacona, Taignoagny, Domagaia, & divers other: and after salutations given on each side, Taignoagny settled himself foremost to speak to our Captain, saying that the Lord Donnacona did greatly grieve and sorrow that our Captain and his men did wear warlike weapons, and they not. Our Captain answered, that albeit it did grieve them, yet would not he leave them of, and that (as he knew) it was the manner of France. But for all these words, our Captain and Donnacona left not off to speak one to another, and friendly to entertain one another. Then did we perceive, that whatsoever Taignoagny spoke, was only long of himself, and of his fellow, for that our Captain departed thence. He and Donnacona entered into a marvelous steadfast league of friendship, whereby all his people at once with a loud voice, cast out three great cries, (a horrible thing to hear) and each one having taken licence of the other for that day, we went a board again. The day following, we put our two great Ships within the River and harborough, where the waters being at the highest, are but one fathom and half deep, and at the lowest, but half a fathom. We left our Galion without the sluice, to the end we might bring it to Hochelaga. So soon as we had safely placed our Ships, behold, we saw Donnacona, Taignoagny, and Domagaia, with more than five hundred persons, men, women, and children, and the Lord with ten or twelve of the chiefest of the Country came a board of our ships, who were all courteously received, and friendly entertained, both of our Captain, and of all us: and divers gifts of small value were given them. Then did Taignoagny tell our Captain, that his Lord did greatly sorrow that he would go to Hochelaga, and that he would not by any means permit that any of them should go with him, and that the River was of no importance. Our Captain answered him, that for all his saying, he would not leave off his going thither, if by any means it were possible, for that he was commanded by his King to go as far as possibly he could: and that if he (that is to say Taignoagny) would go with him, as he had promised he should be very well entertained, beside that, he should have such a gift given him, as he should well content himself: for he should do nothing else but go with him to Hochelaga, and come again. To whom Taignoagny answered, that he would not by any means go, and thereupon suddenly returned to their houses. The next day being the 17. of September, Donnacona returned even as at the first, and brought with him many Eels, with sundry sorts of other fishes, whereof they take great store in the said River, as more largely hereafter shall be showed. And as soon as they were come to our Ships, according to their wont use began to sing and dance. This done, Donnacona caused all his people to be set of one side, then making a round circle upon the Sand, caused our Captain with all his people to enter therein, than he began to make a long Oration: holding in one of his hands a Maiden child 10. or 12. years old, which he presented unto our Captain: then suddenly began his people to send out three shréekes or howls, in sign of joy and league of friendship, presently upon that he did present unto him two other young Male children one after another, but younger than the other, at the giving of which, even as before, they gave out shréekes and howls very loud, with other ceremonies: for which presents, our captain gave the said Lord great and hearty thanks. The Lord told our Captain then, that one of the children was his own brother, and that the Maiden child was daughter unto his own sister, and these presents were only given him, to the end he should not go to Hochelaga at all, to whom our Captain answered, that if they were only given him to that intent, if so he would he should take them again, for that by no means he would leave his going off, for as much as he was commanded of his King. But concerning this, Domagaia told our captain, that their Lord had given him those children as a sign and token of goodwill and friendship, and that he was contented to go with him to Hochelaga, upon which talk great words arose between Taignoagny and Domagaia, by which we plainly perceived that Taignoagny was but a crafty knave, and that he pretended but mischief and treason, as well by this deed as others that we by him had seen. After that our Captain caused the said children to be put in our ships, and caused two sword, and two copper Basins, the one wrought, the other plain, to be brought unto him, and them he gave to Donnacona, who was therewith greatly contented, yielding most hearty thanks unto our Captain for them, and presently upon that he commanded all his people to sing and dance, and desired our Captain to cause a piece of artillery to be shot off, because Taignoagny and Domagaia made great brags of it, and had told them marvelous things, and also, because they had never heard nor seen any before: to whom our Captain answered, most willingly: and by and by commanded his men to shoot off 12. cannons charged with bullets, across the wood that was hard by those people and ships, at whose noise they were greatly astonished and amazed, for they thought that Heaven had fallen upon them, and put themselves to flight, howling, crying, and shrieking, that it seemed hell were broken lose. But before we went thence, Taignoagny caused other men to tell us, that those men which we had left in our Gallion at road, had stain two men of their company, with a piece that they had shot off, whereupon the rest had put themselves all to flight, as though they should all have been slain, which afterward we found untrue, because our men had not shot off any piece at all that day. ¶ How Donnacona, Taignoagny, with others, devised a pretty slight or policy: for they caused three of their men to be attired like Devils, feigning to be sent from their God Cudruaigny, only to hinder our voyage to Hochelaga. CHAP. 4. THe next day being the eighteenth of September, these men still endeavoured themselves to seek all means possible to hinder and let our going to Hochelaga, and devised a pretty guile, as hereafter shall he showed. They went and dressed three men like Devils, being wrapped in dogs skins white and black, their faces besméered as black as any coals, with horns on their heads more than a yar● long, and caused them secretly to be put in one of their boats, but came not near our ships as they were wont to do, for they lay hidden within the wood for the space of two hours, looking for the tide, to the end, the boat wherein the Devils were, might approach and come near us, which, when time was, came, and all the rest issued out of the wood coming to us, but yet not so near as they were wonted to do. There began Taignoagny to salute our Captain, who asked him if he would have the boat to come for him, he answered, not for that time, but after a while he would come unto our ships: then presently came that boat rushing out▪ wherein the three devils were with such long horns on their heads, and the middlemost came making a long Oration, & passed a long our ships without turning or looking toward us, but with the boat went to strike on land●. Then did Donnacona with all his people pursue them, and lay hold on the boat and Devils, who so soon as the men were come to them, fell prostrate in the boat even as if they had been dead: then were they taken up and carried into the Wood, being but a stones cast off, than every one withdraw himself into the wood, not only staying behind with us, where being, they began to make a long discourse, so loud, that we might hear them in our ships, which lasted above half an hour, and being ended, we 'gan to espy Taignoagny and Domagaia coming towards us, holding their hands joined together, carrying their hats under their upper garment, showing a great admiration, and Taignoagny looking up to Heaven, cried three times jesus, jesus, jesus, and Domagaia doing as his fellow had done before, cried, jesus Maria. james Carthier our captain hearing them, and seeing their gestures & ceremonies, asked of them what they ailed, and what was happened or chanced anew, they answered, that there were very ill tidings befallen, saying in French, Nenns est il bon, that is to say, it was not good: our Captain asked them again, what it was, then answered they, that their Lord Cudruaigny had spoken in Hochelaga, and that he had sent those three men to show unto them that there was so much Ice and Snow by the way, that whosoever went thither should die, which words when we heard, we laughed, and mocked them, saying, that their God Cudruaigny was but a fool and a noddy, for he knew not what he did or said: then bade we them show his messengers from us, that Christ would defend them all from cold, if they would go with him. Then did they ask of our Captain, if he had spoken with him, he answered, no, but that his ministers had, and that he had told them they should have fair weather: which words when they had heard, they thanked our Captain, and departed toward the wood to tell those news unto their fellows, who suddenly came all rushing out of the wood, seeming to be very glad for those words that our Captain had spoken, and to show, that thereby they had had, and felt great joy. So soon as they were before our Ships, they altogether gave out three great shréekes, and thereupon began to sing and dance, as they were won● to do. But for a resolution of the matter Taignoagny and Domagaia told our Captain, that their Lord Donnacona would by no means permit that any of them should go with him to Hochelaga, unless he would leave him some hostage to stay with him, our Captain answered them, that if they would not go with him with a good will, they should stay, for he would not by any means leave his going off, but would by all means possible endeavour himself to go thither if he could. ¶ How our Captain▪ with all his Gentlemen, and fifty Mariners, departed with our Gallion, and the two boats of Canada to go to Hochelaga, and also there is described, what by the way and upon the river was seen. CHAP. 5. THe next day being the 19 of September we hoist sail, and with our Gallion and two boats departed to go up the river with the flood, where on both shores of it we began to see as goodly a country as possibly can with eye be seen, all replenished with very goodly trees, and Vines laden as full of Grapes as could be all along the river; which rather seemed to have been planted and wrought by handy work than otherwise. True it is, that because they are not dressed and wrought as they should be, their bunches of Grapes are not so great as ours, also we saw all along the river many horses inhabited of Fishers, which take all kinds of fishes, and they with great familiarity and kindness came unto us, even as if we had been their Countrymen, and brought us great store of fish, such as they had with other things, which we exchanged with them for other wares, who lifting up their hands toward heaven, gave many signs of joy: we stayed at a place called Hochela●, about 25. leagues from Canada, where the river waxeth very narrow, and runneth very swift, wherefore it is very dangerous, not only for that, but also for certain great stones that are therein: Many boats and barks came unto us, in one of which came one of the chief Lords of the Country, making a long discourse, who being come near us, did by evident signs and gestures show us, that the higher the River went, the more dangerous it was, and bade us take heed of ourselves. The said Lord presented and gave unto our Captain two of his own children, of which our Captain took one being a wench seven or eight years old, the man child he gave him again, because it was too young, for it was but three years old. Our Captain as friendly and as courteously did entertain and receive the said Lord and his company, giving them certain small trifles, & so they departed toward shore again. Afterwards the said Lord, his wife, and his daughter, came to visit our captain at Canada, bringing him certain small presents. From the 19 until the 28. of September, we sailed up along the said river, never losing one hour of time, all which time we saw as goodly and pleasant a Country as possibly can be wished for, full (as we have said before) of all sorts of goodly trees, that is to say, Oakes, Elmes, Walnut-trées, Cedron's, Firres, Ashes, Box, Willows, and great store of Vines, all as full of Grapes as could be, that if any of our fellows went on shore, they came home laden with them: there are likewise many Cranes, Swans, Geese, Ducks, pheasants, Partridges, Thrushes, Blacke-birdes, Turtles, Finches, Re●breastes, Nightingales, Sparrows, with many other sorts of Birds, even as in France, and great plenty and store. Upon the 28. of September, we came to a great wide lake in the middle of the river five or six leagues broad, and twelve long, all that day we went against the tide, having but one fathom water, still keeping the said scantling: being come to one of the heads of the Lake, we could espy no passage or going out; nay, rather it seemed to have been closed and shut up round about, and there was but half a fathom water, little more or less. And therefore we were constrained to cast Anchor, and stay with our Gallion, and went with our two boats to seek some going out, and ●e place we found four or five branches, which out of the river come into the Lake, and they come from Hoche●aga. But in the said branches, because of the great fierceness and swiftness wherewith they break out, and the course of the water, they make certain creeks▪ and doings across, yet at that time there was but half a fathom water. Those creeks being passed, we found three fathom, and as far as we could perceive by the flood it was that time of the year that the waters are lowest, for at other times they ●l●we higher by two faddomes. All these four or five branches do compass about five or six Islands very pleasant, and thereby riseth the end of the Lake, about 15. leagues beyond, they all do come into one. That day we landed in one of the said islands, and met with five men that were hunting of wild beasts, who freely and familiarly came to our boats without any fear, as if we had ever been brought up together. Our boats being somewhat near the shore, one of them took our Captain in his arms, and carried him on shore, as lightly and as easily, as if he had been a child of five old: so strong and sturdy are those people. We found, that they had a great heap of wild Mice that live in the water, as big as a Coney, and very good to eat, which they gave unto our Captain, who for a recompense gave them knives and glazen Beads. We asked them with signs if that was the way to Hochelaga, they answered yea, and that we had yet three days sailing thither. ¶ How our Captain caused our Boats to be mended and dressed to go to Hochelaga: and because the way was somewhat difficult and hard, we left our Gallion behind: and how we came thither, and what entertainment we had of the people. CHAP. 6. THe next day our Captain seeing, that for that time it was not possible for our Gallion to go on any further, he caused our Boats to be made ready, and as much munition and victuals to be put in them, as they could well bear ● he departed with them, accompanied with many Gentlemen, that is to say, Claudius of Ponte Briand, Cupbearer to the Lord Dolphin of France: Charles of Poveray: john Govion: john Powlet: with twenty and eight mariners; and Mace jallobert, and William the Britton, who had the charge under the Captain of the other two ships; to go up as far as they could into that river: we● sailed with good and prosperous weather until the ninetéenth of October, on which day we came to the town of Hochelaga, distant from the place where we had left our Gallion 45. leagues. In which place of Hochelaga, and all the way we went, we met with many of those countrymen, who brought us fish, and such other victuals as they had, still dancing, and greatly rejoicing at our coming. Our Captain, to lure them in, and to keep them our friends, to recompense them, gave them knives, beads, and such small trifles, wherewith they were greatly satisfied. So soon as we were come near Hochelaga, there came to meet us above a thousand persons, men, women and children, who afterward did friendly and merely entertain and receive us as any father would do his child, which he had not of long time seen, the men dancing on one side, the women on an other, and likewise the children on an other: after that they brought us great store of fish, & of their bread made of Millet, casting them into our Ships so thick, that you would have thought it to fall from heaven. Which when our Captain saw, he, with many of his company went on shore: so soon as ever we were aland, they came clustering about us, making very much of us, bringing their young children in their arms, only to have our captain & his company to touch them, making signs and shelves of great mirth & gladness, that lasted more than half an hour. Our Captain seeing their loving kindness and entertainment of us, caused all the women orderly to be set in array, and gave them Beads made of Tin, and other such small trifles, and to some of the men he gave knives: then he returned to the boats to supper▪ and so passed that night, all which while all those people stood on the shore as near our boats as they might, making great fires, and dancing very merrily, still crying, Aguiaze, which in their tongue signifieth Mirth and Safety. ¶ How our Captain with five Gentlemen, and twenty armed men, all well in order, went to see the Town of Hochelaga, and the situation of it. CHAP. 7. Our Captain the next day very early in the morning, having very gorgeously attired himself, caused all his company to be set in order to go to see the Town and habitation of those people, and a certain Mountain that is somewhat near the City: with whom went also five Gentlemen, and twenty Mariners, leaving the rest to keep and look to our Boats: we took with us three men of Hochelaga to bring us to the place. All along as we went, we found the way as well beaten and frequented as can be, the fairest and best Country that possibly can be seen, full of as goodly great Oaks as are in any wood in France, under which the ground was all covered over with fair Acorns. After we had gone about four or five leagues, we met by the way one of the chiefest Lords of the City, accompanied with many more, who so soon as he saw us, beckoned and made signs unto us, that we must rest us in that place, where they had made a great fire, and so we did. After that we had rested ourselves there a while, the said Lord began to make a long discourse, even as we have said above they are accustomed to do in sign of mirth and friendship, showing our Captain and all his company a joyful countenance, and good will, who gave him two hatchets, a pair of knives, and a Cross, which he made him to kiss, and then put it about his neck, for which he gave our Captain hearty thanks. This done, we went along, and about a league and a half farther, we began to find goodly and large fields, full of such Corn as the Country yieldeth. It is even as the Millet of bresil, as great, and somewhat bigger than small Peason, wherewith they live even as we do with ours. In the midst of those field is the City of Hochelaga, placed near, and as it were joined to a great Mountain that is tilled round about, very fertile, on the top of which, you may see very far, we named it Mount Royal. The City of Hochelaga is round, compassed about with timber, with three course of Rampires, one within another, framed like a sharp Spire, but laid across above. The middlemost of them is made and built as a direct line, but perpendicular. The Rampires are framed and fashioned with pieces of Timber, laid along on the ground, very well and cunningly joined together after their fashion. This enclosure is in height about two rods. It hath but one Gate or entry thereat, which is shut with piles, stakes, and bars. Over it, and also in many places of the wall, there be places to run along, and Ladders to get up, all full of stones, for the defence of it. There are in the Town about fifty houses, about fifty paces long, and twelve, or fifteen broad, built all of wood, covered over with the bark of the wood, as broad as any board, very finely and cunningly joined together. Within the said Houses, there are many roomthes, Lodgings, and Chambers. In the midst of every one there is a great Court, in the middle whereof they make their fire. They live in commons together: then do the Husbands, Wives, and Children, each one retire themselves to their Chambers▪ They have also on the top of their Houses certain Garrets, wherein they keep their Corn to make their bread withal: they call it CARRACONNY, which they make as hereafter shall follow. They have certain pieces of wood, made hollow, like those whereon we beat our Hemp, and with certain Béetles of wood they beat their Corn to powder: then they make paste of it, and of the paste, Cakes, or else Tarts, then lay them on a broad and hot stone, and then cover it with hot Tiles, and so they bake their Bread, in stead of Ovens. They make also sundry sorts of Pottage with the said Corn of Pease, and of beans, whereof they have great store: also with other fruits, as Musk Millions, very great Cowcombers. They have also in their Houses certain Vessels, as big as any Boat, or Tun, wherein they preserve and keep, their fish, causing the same in Summer to be dried in the Sun, and live therewith in Winter, whereof they make great provision, as we by experience have seen. All their viands and meats are without any taste or savour of salt at all. They sleep upon barks of Trees laid all along upon the ground, with the Skins of certain wild Beasts, wherewith they also cloth and cover themselves. The thing most precious that they have in all the World, they call it ESURONY: it is as white as any Snow: they take it in the River of Cornibotz, in the manner as here followeth. When any one hath deserved death, or that they take any of their enemies in Wars, first they kill him, then with certain great knives they give great flashes and strokes upon the buttocks, flanks, thighs, and shoulders: then they cast the same body so mangled, down to the bottom of the River, in a place where it is, called Esurgny, and there leave it ten or twelve hours, than they take it up again, and in the cuts find those. Of them they make beads, and wear them about their necks, even as we do them of gold, accounting it the preciousest thing in the World. They have this virtue and property in them, they will stop or stench any bleeding at the nose, for we have proved it. These people are given to no other exercise, but only to husbandry, and fishing wherewith to live, they have no care of any other wealth or commodity in this world, for they have no knowledge of it, and that is, because they never travel and go out of their Country, as those of Canada, and Saguenay do, albeit the Canadians with eight or nine Villages more alongst that River be subjects unto them. ¶ How we came to the Town of Hochelaga, and the entertainment there we had, and of certain gifts our Captain gave them, with divers other things. CHAP. 8. SO soon as we were come near the Town, a great number of the inhabitoures thereof came to present themselves before us after their fashion, making very much of us: we were by our guides brought into the midst of the Town. They have in the middlemost part of their houses a large square place, being from side to side a good stones cast, where we were brought, and there with signs were commanded to stay: then suddenly all the Women and Maidens of the Town gathered themselves together, part of which had their arms full of young Children, and as many as could, came to rub our faces, our arms, and what part of the body soever they could touch, weeping for very joy that they saw us, showing us the best countenance that possible was, desiring us with their signs, that it would please us to touch their Children. That done, the men caused the Women to withdraw themselves back, than they every one late down on the ground round about us, as if they would have shown and rehearsed some Comedy, or other show: then presently came the Women again, every one bringing a foursquare mat in manner of carpets, and spreading them abroad on the ground in that place: then they caused us to sit upon them. That done, the Lord & King of the country was brought upon nine or ten men's shoulders, (whom in their tongue they call AGOUHANNA) sitting upon a great stags Skin, and they laid him down upon the foresaid mats near to our Captain, every one beckoning unto us that he was their Lord and King. This Agouhanna was a man about fifty years old: he was no whit better appareled than any of the rest, only excepted, that he had a certain thing made of beasts Skins (called Ricc●) like a red towel, and that was in stead of his Crown. He was full of the palsy, and his members shrunk together. After he had with certain signs and becks saluted our Captain and all his company, and by manifest tokens bid us all welcome, he showed his legs and arms to our Captain, and with signs desired him to touch them, and so he did, rubbing them with his own hands: then did Agouhanna take the wreath or crown he had about his head, and gave it unto our Captain, that done, they brought before him diverse diseased men, some blind, some cripple, some lame and impotent, and some so old that the hear of their eyeléeds came down and covered their Cheeks, and laid them all along before our Captain, to the end they might of him be touched: for it seemed unto them that God had been descended and come down from Heaven to heal them. Our Captain seeing the misery and devotion of this poor people, recited the Gospel of Saint john, that is to say, In the beginning was the word: touching every one that were diseased, praying to God that it would please him to open the hearts of this poor people, and to make them know his holy word, and that they might receive baptism and Christendom: that done, he took a book in his hand, & with a loud voice red all the passion of Christ, word by word, that all the bystanders might hear him, all which while this poor people kept silence, & were marvelously attentive, looking up to heaven, & imitating us in gesturs. Then h● caused he men all orderly to be set on one side, the women on another, & likewise the children on another, and to the chiefest of them he gave Hatchets, to the other knives, and to the women beads, and such other small trifles. Then where the children were, he cast rings, counters, and branches made of Tin, whereat they seemed to be very glad. That done, our Captain commanded Shaw●es, and other musical instruments to be sounded, which when they heard, they were very merry. Then we took our leave and went to our boat▪ the women seeing that, put themselves before to stay us, and brought us out of their meats that they had made ready for us, as fish, pottage, beans, and such other things, thinking to make us eat, and dine in that place: but because the meats had no savour at all of salt, we liked them not, but thanked them, and with signs gave them to understand that we had no need to eat. When we were out of the Town, diverse of the men and women followed us, and brought us to the top of the foresaid mountain, which we named Mount Royal, it is about a league from the Town. When as we were on the top of it, we might discern, and plainly see thirty leagues off. On the north side of it there are many hills to be seen, running west and east, and as many more on the South, amongst and between the which the Country is as fair and as pleasant as possibly can be seen, being level, smooth, and very plain, fit to be husbanded and tilled: and in the midst of those fields we might see further a great way● than where we had left our boats, where was the greatest and the swiftest fall of water that any where hath been seen, as great, wide, and large, as our fight might discern, going Southweast along three fair and round Mountains that we saw, as we judged about fifteen leagues from us. Those which brought us thither, told and showed us, that in the said river there were three such falls of water more, as that was where we had left our boats: but because we could not understand their language, we could not know how far they were one from another. Moreover, they showed us with signs, that the said three falls being paste, a man might sail the space of three months more alongst that River, and that along the Hills that are on the north side, there is a great River, which even as the other cometh from the east, we thought it to be the River that runneth through the Country of Saguenay: and without any sign or question moved or asked of them, they took the chain of our captains whistle, which was of silver, and the dagger haft of one of our fellow Mariners, hanging on his side, being of yellow Copper, guilt, and showed us that such stuff came from the said River, and that there be Agovionda, that is as much to say, as evil people, who go all armed even to their finger's ends. Also they showed us the manner and making of their armour: they are made of cords and wood, finely and cunningly wrought together. They gave us also to understand that those Agovionda, do continually war against them: but because we did not understand them well, we could not perceive how far it was to that Country. Our Captain showed them red Copper, which in their language they call Caignetadze, and looking toward that Country with signs, asked them if any came from thence, they shaking their heads answered no: but they showed us that it came from Saguenay, and that lieth clean contrary to the other. After we had heard and seen these things of them, we drew to our boats accompanied with great multitude of those people: some of them when as they saw any of our fellows weary, they would take them up on their shoulders, and carry them as on horseback. So soon as we came to our boats, we hoist sail to go toward ●uer Gallion, doubting of some mischance. Our departure grieved and displeased them very much, for they followed us along the River as far as they could: we went so fast that on monday being the fourth of October we came where our Gallion was. The Twesdaye following, being the fifth of the month, we hoist sail, and with our Gallion and boats, departed from thence toward the province of Canada, to the port of the Holy Cross, where we had left our ships. The seventh day we came against a river that cometh from the North, and entered into that river, at the entrance whereof are four little Islands, full of fair and goodly trees: we named that river The river of Fovetz: But because one of those Islands stretcheth himself a great way into the river, our Captain at the point of it caused a goodly great Cross to be set up, and commanded the boats to be made ready, that with the next tide he might go up to the said river, and consider the quality of it, which we did, and that day went up as far as we could: but because we found it to be of no importance, and that we could sound no bottom, we returned down and back again. ¶ How we came to the Port of the Holy Cross, and in what state we found our ships: and how the Lord of the Country came to visit our Captain, and our Captain him: and of certain particular customs of the people. CHAP. 9 Upon Monday being the eleventh of October we came to the Port of the Holy Cross, where our ships were, & found that the masters and Mariners we had left there, had made and reared a Trench before the ships, altogether closed with great pieces of Timber set upright and very well fastened together: then had they beset the said trench about with pieces of Artillery and other necessary things to shield and defend themselves from the power of all the Country. So soon as the Lord of the Country heard of our coming, the next day being the twelfth of October, he came to visit us, accompanied with Taignoagny, Domagaia▪ and many others, feigning to be very glad of our coming, making much of our Captain, who as friendly as he could, entertained them, albeit they had not deserved it. Donnacona their Lord desired our Captain the next day to come and see Canada, which he promised to do: for the next day being the thirteenth of the month, he with all his gentlemen, and fifty Mariners very well appointed, went to visit Donnacona and his people, about a league from our ships. The place where they make their abode, is called Stadagona. When we were about a stones cast from their houses, many of the inhabitors came to meet us, being all set in a rank, and (as their custom is,) the men all on one side, and the women on the other, still dancing & singing without any ceasing: and after we had saluted and received one another, our Captain gave them knives and such other slight things: then he caused all the women and children to pass along before him, giving each one a ring of Tin, for which they gave him hearty thanks: that done, our Captain was by Donnacona and Taignoagny, brought to their houses (the quality considered) were very well provided, and stored with such victuals as the Country yieldeth, to pass away the Winter withal. Then they showed us the skins of five men's heads spread upon bourds as we do use parchment, Donnacona told us that they were skins of Toudamani, a people dwelling toward the South, who continually do war against them. Moreover they told us, that it was two years paste that those Toudamans came to assault them, yea even into the said river, in an Island that lieth over against Saguenay, where they had been the night before, as they were going a warfaring in Honguedo, with two hundredth persons, men, women, and children, who being all asleep in a ●ort that they had made, they were assaulted by the said Toudamans, who put fire round about the ●ort, and as they would have come out of it to save themselves, they were all slain, only five excepted, who escaped. For which loss they yet sorrowed, showing with signs, that one day they would be revenged: that done, we came to our ships again. ¶ The manner how the people of that Country live: and of certain conditions: of their Faith, manners, and customs. CHAP. 10. THis people believe no whit in God, but in one whom they ca● Cudrua●gni: the● say that often he speaketh with them and telleth them what weather shall follow, whether good or bad. Moreover they say, that when he is angry with them he casteth dust into their eyes: they believe that when they die they go into the Stars, and thence by little and little descend down into the Horizon, even as the Stars do, and the then they go into certain green fields full of goodly fair & precious trees, flowers, and fruits. After that they had given us these things to understand, we showed them their error, and told that their Cudruaigni did but deceive them, for he is but a Devil and an evil spirit: affirming unto them, that there is but one only God, who is in Heaven, and who giveth us all necessaries, being the creator of all himself, and that only we must believe in him: moreover, that it is necessary for us to be baptised, otherwise we are dampened into Hel. This and many other things concerning our faith and religion we showed them, all which they did easily believe, A noughty liver. calling their Cudruaigni, Agoviada: so that very earnestly they desired and prayed our Captain that he would cause them to be baptized, and their Lord, Taignoagny, Domagaia, and all the people of the town came unto us, hoping to be baptized: but because we did not thoroughly know their mind, and that there was no body could give them our belief and religion to understand, we excused ourselves, desiring Taignoagny and Domagaia to tell the rest of their countrymen, that we would come again another time, and bring Ministers and Priests with us, for without them they could not be baptized: which they did easily believe: for Domagaia and Taignoagny had seen many children baptized in britain while● they were there. Which promise when they heard, they seemed to be very glad. They live in common together, and of such commodities as their Country yieldeth they are indifferently well stored, the inhabitors of the Town of _____ clothe themselves with the skins of certain wild beasts, but very miserably. In Winter they wear hosen and shoes made of wild beasts skins, and in Summer they go barefooted. They keep and observe the rites of matrimony, saving that every one weddeth two or three wives, which (their husbands being dead) do never marry again, but for the death of their husbands wear a certain black weed all the days of their life, besmearing all their faces with coal dust and grease mingled together almost half a quarter of an inch thick, and by that they are known to be Widows. They have a filthy and detestable use in marrying of their maidens, and that is this, they put them all (after they are of lawful age to marry) in a common place, as harlots free for every man that will have to do with them, until such time as they find a match. This I say, because I I▪ have seen by experience many housen full of those Damosels, even as our schools are full of children in Fraunc● to learn to read. Moreover, the misrule and riot that they keep in those houses is very great, for very want only they sport and dally together, showing what soever God hath sent them. They are no men of great labour. They ploughed their grounds with certain pieces of wood, as big as half a sword, on which ground groweth their corn, The call it Offici: it is as big as our small Peason there is great quantity of it growing in Brasil. They have also great store of musk millions, Pompons, Gourds, Cowcombers, Peason, and Beans of every colour, yet differing from ours. There groweth also a certain kind of Herb, whereof in Summer they make great provision for all the year, making great account of it, and only men use of it, and first, they cause it to be dried in the Sun, then wear it about their necks wrapped in a little beasts skin made like a little bag, with a hollow piece of stone or wood like a pipe: then when they please they make powder of it, and then put it in one of the ends of the said Cornet or pipe, and laying a coal of ●re upon it, at the other end suck so long, that they ●ll their bodies full of smoke, till that it cometh out of their mouth and nostrils, even as out of the Tonnel of a Chimney. They say that this doth keep them warm and in health: they never go without some of it about them. We ourselves have tried the same smoke, and having put it in our mouths, it ●ed that they had filled it with Pepper dust, it is so hot. The ●omen of that Country do labour much more than the men, as well in fishing, (whereto they are greatly given,) as in ●illing and husbanding their grounds, and other things: as well the men as women, and children, are very much more able to resist cold, than savage beasts, for we with our own eyes have seen some of them, when it was coldest, (which cold was extr●eme raw, and bitter) come to our ships stark naked going upon Snow and Ice, which thing seemeth incredible to them that have not seen it. When as the Snow and Ice lieth on the ground, they take great store of wild beasts, as Fans, Stags, Bears, Martons, Hares, and Foxes▪ 〈◊〉 diverse other sorts, whose flesh they eat raw, having 〈◊〉 dried it in the Sun or smoke, and so they do their fish. As far forth as we could perceive and understand by these people, it were a very easy thing to bring them to some familiarity and civility, and make them learn what one would. The Lord GOD for his mercy's sake less there unto his helping hand when he seeth cause. Amen. ¶ Of the greatness and depth of the said River, and of the sorts of Beasts, Birds, Fishes, and other things that we have seen, with the situation of the place. CHAM 11. THe said River beginneth beyond the Island of Thassumption, over against the high Mountains of Honguedo, and of the seven islands. The distance over from one side to the other, is about 35. or 40. leagues. In the midst it is above 100 fathom deep. The surest way to sail upon it, is on the South side, and toward the North, that is to say, from the said seven Islands, where from side to side, there is seven leagues, where are also two great Rivers that come down from the hills of Saguenay, and make divers very dangerous shealues in the Sea. At the entrance of those two Rivers, we saw many and great store of Whales, and sea Horses. Overthwart the said islands, there is another little River that runneth along those marish grounds about three or four leagues, wherein there is great store of water fowls. From the head of that River to Hochelaga, there is about three hundred leagues: the original beginning of it is in the river that cometh from Saguenay, which riseth and springeth among high and steep hills: it entereth into that River before it cometh to the province of Canada on the North side. That river is very deep, high, and strait, wherefore it is very dangerous for any vessel to go upon it. After that river, followeth the province of Canada, wherein are many people dwelling in open boroughs and villages. There are also in the circuit and territory of Canada, along, and within the said river, many other islands, some great, and some small, among which, there is one that containeth above ten leagues in length, full of goodly and high tr●e●, and also many Vines. You may go into it from both sides, but yet the surest passage is on the South side. On the shore or bank of that River Westward, there is a goodly, fair, and delectable s●ce, or creek, convenient and fit for to harborough Ships. Hard by, there is in that River one place very narrow, deep, and swift running, but it is not passing the third part of a league, over-against the which, there is a goodly high piece of land, with a Town therein: and the Country about it is very well tilled and wrought, and as good as possibly can be seen. That is the place and abode of Donnacona, and of our two men we took in our first voyage, it is called Stadagona. But before we come to it, there are four other peopled Towns, that is to say, Ayraste, Starnatan, Tailla, which standeth upon a hill, and Scitadin, and then Stadagona, under which Town toward the North, the River and port of the holy Cross is, where we stayd from the fifteenth of September, until the sixteenth of May 1536. and there our Ships remained dry▪ as we have said before. That place being passed, we found the habitation of the people called Teguenondahi, standing upon an high Mountain, and the valley of Hochelay, which standeth in a champaign Country. All that Country is full of sundry sorts of wood, and many wines, unless it be about the places that are inhabited, where they have pulled up the Trees to till and labour the ground, and to build their Houses and Lodgings. There is great store of Stags, deers, Bears, and other such like sorts of Beasts, as Coneys, Hares, Martons, Foxes, Otters, Weasels, Badgers, and Mice exceeding great, and divers other sorts of Venison. They cloth themselves with the Skins of those Beasts, because they have nothing else to make them apparel withal. There are also many sorts of Birds, as Cranes, Swans, Cigne●s, wild Geese white and grey, Ducks, Thrushes, black Birds, Turtles, wild Pigeons, Levites, Finches, red breasts, stars, Nightingales, Sparrows, and other Birds, even as in France. Also as we have said before, the said River is the plentifullest of Fish that ever hath of any man been seen or heard of, because that from the head to the end of it, according to their seasons, you shall find all sorts of fresh water fish, and salt. There are also many Whales, Porpoises, Seahorses, and Adhothuis, which is a kind of Fish that we had never seen nor heard of before. They are as great as Porpoises, as white as any Snow, their body● and head fashioned as a grey hound, they are wont always to abide between the fresh and salted water, which beginneth between the River of Saguenay and Canada. ¶ Of certain advertisements and notes given unto us by those Countrymen, after our return from Hochelaga. CHAP. 12. AFter our return from Hochelaga, we have dealt, trafficked, and with great familiarity and love have been conversant with those that dwelled nearest unto our Ships, except that sometimes we had strife and contention with certain naughty people, full sore against the will of the others. We understood of Donnacona, and of others, that the said River is called Saguenays' River, and goeth to Saguenay, being somewhat more than a league farther West Northweast, and that eight or nine days journeys beyond, it will bear but small Boates. But the right and ready way to Saguenay, is from that River to Hochelaga, and then into another that cometh from Saguenay, and then entereth into the foresaid River, and that there is yet one months sailing thither. Moreover, they told us, and gave us to understand, that there are people clad with cloth as we are, very honest, and many inhabited Towns, and that they have great store of Gold, and red Copper, and that about the land the said first River to Hochelaga and Saguenay, is an Island environed round about with that and other Rivers, which beyond Saguenay enter into two or three great Lakes, and that there is a Sea of fresh water found, and as they have heard say of those of Saguenay, there was never man heard of that ●ounde out the way and end thereof: for as they told us, they themselves were never there. Moreover, they told us, that where we had left our Galion when we ●ente to Hochelaga, there is a River that goeth Southweast, from whence there is a whole months sailing to go to a certain land, where there is neither Ice nor Snow seen, where the inhabitors do continually war one against another, where is great store of Oranges, Almonds, Nuts, and Apples, with many other sorts of fruits, and that the men and women are clad with Beasts Skins even as they: we asked them if there were any Gold or red Copper, they answered no. I take this place to be toward Florida, as far as I could perceive and understand by their signs and tokens. ¶ Of a strange and cruel disease that came to the people of Stadagona, wherewith because we did haunt their company, we were so infected, that there died 25. of our company. CHAP. 13. IN the month of December, we understood that the Plague or Pestilence was come to the people of Stadagona, in such sort, that before we knew of it, according to their confession, there were dead above 50. whereupon we forbade them neither to come near our Fort, nor about our Ships, or us. And albeit we had driven them from us, the said unknown sickness began to spread itself amongst us, after the strangest sort that ever was either heard of or seen, in so much, as some did lose all their strength, and could not stand on their feet, than did their legs swell, their sinews shrink as black as any coal. To others, all their Skins was spotted with spots of blood of a purple colour: then did it ascend up aloft to their ankles, knees, thighs, shoulders, arms, and neck: their mouth became stinking, their gums so rotten, that all the flesh did fall off, even to the roots of the teeth, which did also almost all fall out. With such infection did this Sickness spread itself in our three Ships▪ that about the middle of February, of a hundredth and ten persons that we were, there were not ten whole, so that one could not help the other, a most horrible and pitiful case, considering the place we were in, forsomuch as the people of the Country would daily come before our fort, and saw but few of us. There were already eight dead, and more than fifty sick, and as we thought, past all hope of recovery. Our Captain seeing this our misery, and that the sickness was gone so far, ordained and commanded, that every one should devoutly prepare himself to prayer, and in remembrance of Christ, caused his Image to be set up upon a tree, about a Flight shot from the Fort, amidst the Ice and snow, giving all men to understand, that on the Sunday following, service should be said there, and, that whosoever could go, sick, or whole, should go thither in Procession, singing the seven Psalms of David, with other Litanies, praying most heartily, that it would please the said our Christ to have compassion upon us. Service being done, and as well celebrated as we could, our Captain there made a vow, that if it would please God to give him leave to return into France, he would go on pilgrimage to our Lady of Rocquemado. That day Philip Rouge-mount, borne in Amboisa, died, being two and twenty years old, and because the sickness was to us unknown, our captain caused him to be ripped, to 〈◊〉 if by any means possible we might know what it was, and so seek means to save and preserve the rest of the company: he was found to have his heart white, but rotten, & more than a pottle of red w●er about it: his liver was indifferent fair, but his lungs black and mortified, his blood was altogether shrunk about the heart, so that when he was opened, great quantity of rotten blood issued out from about his heart: his milt toward the back was somewhat perished, rough as if it had been rubbed against a stone. Moreover, because one of his thighs was very black without, it was opened, but within it was whole and sound: that done, as well as we could he was buried. In such sort did the sickness continue and increase, that there were not above three found men in the ships, and none was able to go under hatches to draw drink for himself, nor for his fellows. Sometimes we were constrained to bury some of the dead under the Snow, because we were not able to dig any graves for them, the ground was so hard frozen, and we so weak. Besides this, we did greatly fear, that the people of the Country would perceive our weakness and misery, which to hide, our Captain, whom it pleased God always to keep in health, would go out with two or three of the company, some sick, and some whole, whom when he saw out of the Fort, he would throw stones at them and chide them, feigning, that so soon as he came again, he would beat them, and then with signs show the people of the Country, that he caused all his men to work and labour in the Ships, some in mending them, some in beating of chalk, some in one thing, and some in another, and that he would not have them come forth, till their work was done. And to make his tale seem true and likely, he would make all his men whole and sound to make a great noise, with knocking sticks, stones, hammers, and other things together, at which time, we were so oppressed, and grieved with that sickness, that we had lost all hope ever to see France again, if God of his infinite goodness and mercy had not with his pitiful ●ye looked upon us, and revealed a singular and excellent remedy against all diseases unto us, the best that ever was found upon earth, as hereafter shall follow. ¶ How long we stayed in the port of the holy Cross amidst the Snow and Ice, and how many died of the said disease, from the beginning of it, to the midst of March. CHAP. 14. FRom the midst of November, until the midst of April, we were kept in amidst the Ice above one fathom thick, and Snow above four foot high, and more higher than the sides of our Ships, which lasted till that time, in such sort, that all our drinckes were frozen in the Vessels, and the Ice through all the Ships, was above a handebreadth thick, as well above hatches as beneath, and so much of the River as was fresh, until to Hochelaga, was frozen, in which space there died five and twenty of our best and chiefest men, and all the rest so sick, that we thought they should never recover again, only three or four excepted. Then it pleased God to cast his pitiful eye upon us, and sent us the knowledge and remedy of our healths and recovery, in such manner as in the next Chapter shall be showed. ¶ How by the grace of God we had notice of a certain tree, whereby we all recovered our health: and the manner how to use it. CHAP. 15. Our Captain considering our estate (and how that sickness was increased and hot amongst us) one day went forth of the Fort, and walking along upon the Ice, he saw a troop of those Countrymen coming from Stadacona, among which was Domagaia, who not passing ten or twelve days afore, had been very sick with that disease, and had his knees swollen as big as a Child of two years old, all his sinews shrunk together, his teeth spoiled, his gums rotten, and stinking. Our Captain seeing him whole and sound, was thereat marvelous glad, hoping to understand and know of him how he had healed himself, to the end he might ease and help his men. So soon as they were come near him, he asked Domagaia how he had done to heal himself, he answered, that he had taken the juice and sap of the leaves of a certain Tree, and therewith had healed himself: For it was a singular remedy against that disease. Then our Captain asked of him if any were to be had thereabout, desiring him to show it him, for to heal a servant of his, who whilst he was in Canada with Donnacona, & was stricken with that disease: That he did, because he would not show the number of his sick men. Domagaia strait sent two women to fetch some of it, which brought ten or twelve branches of it, and therewithal showed us the way how to use it, and that is thus, to take the bark and leaves of the said tree, and boil it together, then to drink of the said decoction one day, and the other not, and the dregs of it to be put upon his legs that is sick: moreover, they told us, that the virtue of that tree was, to heal any other disease: the tree is in their language called AMEDA. Our Captain presently caused some of that drink to be made for his men to drink of it, but there was none durst taste of it, except one or two, who ventured the drinking of it, only to taste and prove it: the other seeing that, did the like, and presently recovered their health, and were delivered of that sickness, and what other disease soever, in such sort, that there were some had been diseased and troubled with the French Pocks four or five years, and with this drink were clean healed. After this medicine was found and proved to be true, there was such strife about it, who should be first to take of it, that they were ready to kill one another, that a tree as big as any Oak in France, was spoiled and lapped bare, and occupied all in five or six days, and wrought so well, that if all the Physicians of Mountpelier, and of Louvain, had been there with all the drugs of Alexandrîa, they would not have done so much in one year, as that tree did in six days, and did so prevail, that as many as used of it, by the grace of GOD recovered their health. ¶ How the Lord Donnacona accompanied with Taignoagny and divers others, feigning that they would go to hunt Stags, and other wild Deer, tarried out two months, and at their return brought a great multitude of people with them, that we were not wont to see before. CHAP. 16. Whilst that disease lasted in our ships, the Lord Donnacona, Taignoagny, with many others, feigning, that they would go catch Stags and Dear, which is in their tongue called Aiounesta, and Asquenoudo, because the Ice and Snow was not so broken along the river that they could sail, it was told us of Domagaia, and others, that they would stay out but fortnight, and we believed it, but they stayed above two months, which made us mistrust that they had been gone to raise the Country to come against us, and do us some displeasure, we seeing ourselves so weak and faint. Albeit we had used such diligence and policy in our● Forte, that if all the power of the country had been about it, they could have done nothing but look upon us: and whilst they were forth, many of the people came daily to our ships, and brought us fresh meat, as Stags, deers, Fishes, with divers other things, but held them at such an excessive price, that rather than they would sell them any thing cheap, many times they would carry them back again, because that year the Winter was very long & they had some scarcity and need of them. ¶ How Donnacona came to Stadagona again with a great number of people, and because he would not come to visit our Captain, feigned himself to be sore sick, which he did only to have the Captain come and see him. CHAP. 17. ON the one and twentieth of April Domagaia came to the shore side, accompanied with divers lusty and strong men, such as we were not wont to see, and told us that their Lord Donnacona would the next day come and see us, and bring great store of Déers flesh, and other things with him. The next day he came and brought a great number of men in Stadagona, to what end, and for what cause we knew not, but (as the proverb saith) he that takes heed and shields himself from all men, may hap to scape from some, for we had need to look about us, considering how in number we were diminished, and in strength greatly weakened, long of our sickness we had been troubled withal, that we were constrained to leave one of our ships in the said Port of the Holy Cross. Our Captain was warned of their coming, and how they had brought a great number of men with them, for Domagaia came to tell it us, and durst not pass the river that was betwixt Stadagona and us, as he was wont to do, whereupon we mistrusted of some treason. Our Captain seeing this, sent one of his servants to them, accompanied with john Poulet being best beloved of those people, to see who were there, and what they did. The said Poulet and the other feigned only to be come to visit Donnacona, and bring him certain presents, because they had been together a good while in the said Donnaconas' Town. So soon as he heard of their coming, he got himself to bed, feigning to be very sick. That done, they went to Taignoagny his house to see him, and wheresoever they went, they saw so many people, that in a manner one could not stir for an other, and such men as they were never wont to see. Taignoagny would not permit our men to enter in any other housen, but still kept them company, and brought them half way to our ships, and told that if it would please our captain to sh●we him so much favour as to take a Lord of the Country people, whose name Agonna, of whom he had received some displeasure, and carry him with him into France, he should therefore for ever be bound unto him, and would do for him whatsoever he could possible, and would do for him whatsoever he would command him, and bade the servant to come again the next day, and bring an answer. Our captain being advertised of so many people that were there, not knowing to what end, purposed to play a pretty prank, that is to say, to take their Lord Donnacona, Taignoagny, Domagaia, and some more of the chiefest of them, prisoners, in so much as before he had purposed, to bring them into France, to show unto our King what he had seen in those Western parts, and marvels of the world, for that Donnacona had told us, that he he had been in the Country of Saguenay, in which are infinite Rubies, Gold, and other riches, and that there are white men, who cloth themselves with woollen cloth even as we do in France. The said Lord was an old man, and even from his childhood had never left off nor ceased from travailing into strange Countries, as well by Seas and Rivers, as by Land. The said Powlet, and the other having told our captain their Embassage, and showed him what Taignoagny his will was, the next day he sent his servant again, to bid Taignoagny come and see him, and show what ●ée would, for he should be very well entertained, and also part of his will should be accomplished. Taignoagny sent him word, that the next day he would come and bring the Lord Donnacona with him, and him that had so offended him, which he did not, but stayed two days, in which time none came from Stadagona to our ships, as they were wont to do, but rather fled from us, as if we would have slain them, so that then we plainly perceived their knavery. But when they understood, that those of Sidatin did frequent our company, and that we had forsaken the bottom of a ship which we would leave, to have the old nails out of it, the third day following they came from Stadagona, and most of them without difficulty did pass from one side of the river to the other with small skiffs: but Donnacona he would not come over, Taignoagny and Domagaia stood talking together above an hour before they would come over, at last they came to speak with our Captain. There Taignoagny prayed him that he would cause the foresaid man to be taken and carried into France. Our Captain refused to do it, saying, that his King had forbidden him to bring any man or woman into France, only that he might bring two or three young boys to learn the language, but that he would willingly carry him to another land, and there put him. Our Captain spoke this, only to assure them, that they should bring Donnacona with them, whom they had left on the other side, which words, when Taignoagny heard, he was very glad, thinking he should never return into France again, and therefore promised to come the next day, which was the day of the holy Cross, and would bring Donnacona and all the people with him. ¶ How that upon Holyroode day our Captain caused a Cross to be set up in our Fort: and how the Lord Donnacona, Taignoagny, Domagaia, and others of their company came: and of the taking of the said Lord. CHAP. 18. THe third of May being Holy rood day, our Captain for the solemnity of the day, caused a goodly fair cross of thirty foot in height to be set up, under the crosset of which he caused a shield to be hanged, wherein was the Arms of France, and over them was written in antic letters: FRANCISCUS PRIMUS DEI GRATIA FRANCORUM REX REGNAT, and upon that day, about noon, there came a great number of the people of Stadagona, Men, Women, and Children, who told us, that their Lord Donnacona, Taignoagny, and Domagaia, were coming, whereof we were very glad, hoping to retain them. About two of the Clock in the after noon they came, and being come near our Ships, our Captain went to salute Donnacona, who also showed him a merry countenance, albeit very fearfully his eye were still bend toward the wood. Shortly after came Taignoagny, who bade Donnacona, that he should not enter in our Fort, and therefore fire was brought forth by one of our men, and kind●ed where their Lord was Our Captain prayed him to come into our Ships to eat and drink as he was wont to do, and also Taignoagny, who promised, that after a while he would come, and so they did, and entered in our Ships: but first it was told our Captain by Domagaia, that Taignoagny had spoken ill of him, and that he had bid Donnacona he should not come aboard our Ships, Our Captain perceiving that, came out of the Fort, and saw that only by Taignoagny his warning, the Women ran away, and none but men stayed in great number, wherefore he strait commanded his men to lay hold on Donnacona, Taignoagny, and Domagaia, and two more of the chiefest, whom he pointed unto: then he commanded them to make the other to retire. Presently after, the Lord entered into the Fort with the Captain, but by and by Taignoagny came to make him come out again. Our Captain seeing that there was no other remedy, began to call unto them to take them, to whose cry and voice all his men came forth, and took the said Lord with the others, whom they had appointed to take. The Canadians seeing their Lord taken, began to run away, even as Sheep before the Wolf, some crossing over the River, some through the Woods, ●●th one seeking for his own advantage. That ●one, we retired ourselves, & laid up the prisoners under good guard & safety. ¶ How the said Canadians the night following came before our Ships to seek their men, crying and howling all night like Wolves: of the talk and conclusion they agreed upon the next day: and of the gifts which they gave our Captain. CHAP. 19 THe night following, they came before our Ships, (the River being betwixt us) striking their breasts, crying and howling like Wolves, still calling Agouhanna, thinking to speak with him, which our Captain for that time would not permit, neither all the next day till noon, whereupon they made signs unto us, that we had hanged or killed him. About noon, there came as great a number in a cluster, as ever we saw, who went to hide themselves in the Forest, excepted some, who with a loud voice would call and cry to Donnacona to speak unto them. Our Captain then commanded Donnacona to be brought upon high to speak unto them, and bade him be mercy, for after he had spoken, and showed unto the King of France what he had seen in Saguenay and other Countries, after ten or twelve months, he should return again, and that the King of France would give him great rewards, whereat Donnacona was very glad, and speaking to the others, told it them, who in token of joy, gave out three great cries, and then Donnacona and his people had great talk together, which for want of interpreters, can not be described. Our Captain had Donnacona, that he should cause them to come to the other side of the River, to the end they might better talk together without any fear, and that he should assure them, which Donnacona did, and there came a Boat full of the chiefest of them to the Ships, and there anew began to talk together, giving great praise unto our Captain, and gave him a present of four and twenty chains of Esurgny, for that is the greatest, and preciousest riches they have in this world, for that they esteem more of that, than of any Gold or Silver. After they had long talked together, and that their Lord saw that there was no remedy to avoid his going into France, he commanded his people the next day, to bring him s●me victuals to serve him by the way. Our Captain gave Donnacona as a great present, two frying pans of Copper, eight Hatchets, and other small trifles, as knives, and Beads, whereof he seemed to be very glad, who sent them to his Wives and Children. Likewise, he gave certain small gifts to them that came to speak with Donnacona, they thanked him greatly for them, and then went to their Lodgings. ¶ How that the next day, being the fifth of May, the said people came again to speak unto their Lord, and how that four Women came to the Shore to bring him Victuals. CHAP. 20. Upon the fifth of May, very early in the Morning, a great number of the said people came again to speak unto their Lord, and sent a Boat, which in their tongue they call Casnovi, wherein were only four Women, without any man, for fear their men should be retained. These Women brought great store of victuals, as Millet, which is their Corn that they live withal, Flesh, Fish, and other things after their fashion. These Women being come to our Ships, our Captain did very friendly entertain them. Then Donnacona prayed our Captain to tell those women that he should come again after ten or twelve months, & bring Donnacona to Canada again with him, that he did only to appeal them, which our Captain did wherefore the Women, as well by words as signs, seem to be very glad, giving our Captain thanks, and told him, if he came again, and brought Donnacona with him, they would give him many things: in sign whereof, each one gave our Captain a chain of Esurgny, and then passed to the other side of the River again, where stood all the people of Stadagona, who taking all leave of their Lord, went home again. On Saturday following, being the sixth of the month, we departed out of the said port, and came to harborough a little beneath the Island of Orleans, about twelve leagues from the port of the Holy Cross, and upon Sunday we came to the Island of filberts, where we stayed until the sixteenth of that month, till the fierceness of the waters were passed, which at that time ran too swift a course, and were too dangerous to come down alongst the River, and therefore we stayed till fair weather came. In the mean while, many of Donnaconas' Subjects came from the River of Saguenay to him, but being by Domagaia advertised, that their Lord was taken to be carried into France, they were all amazed, yet for all that, they would not leave to come to our Ships, to speak to Donnacona, who told them, that after twelve months, he should come again, and that he should be very well used, with the Captain, Gentlemen, and Mariners. Which when they heard, they greatly thanked our Captain, and gave their Lord three bundles of Beavers, and Sea Wolves Skins, with a great knife of red Copper that cometh from Saguenay, and many other things. They gave also to our Captain a Chain of Esurgny, for which our Captain gave them ten or twelve Hatchettes, and they gave him hearty thanks, and were very well contented. The next day, being the sixteenth of May, we hoist Sail, and came from the said Island of Filburdes, to another, about fifteen leagues from it, which is about five leagues in length, and there, to the end we might take some rest the night following, we staid that day, in hope the next day we might pass and avoid the dangers of the river of Saguenay, which are great. That evening we went a land and found great store of Hares, of which we took a great many, and therefore we called it The Island of Hares: in the night there arose a contrary wind, with such storms and tempest, that we were constrained to bend to the Island of Filburdes again, from whence we were come, because there was none other passage among the said islands, and there we stayed till the one and twenty of that month, that fair weather and good wind came again: and then we sailed again, and that so prosperously, that we passed to Honguedo, which passage until that time had not been discovered: we caused our ships to course athwart Pratos Cape, which is the beginning of the Port of Cator: and because the wind was good and convenient, we sailed all day and all night without staying, and the next day we came to the middle of Brions Island, which we were not minded to do, to the end we might shorten our way. These two islands lie Northwest, & Southeast, and are about fifty leagues one from another. The said Island is in latitude 47. degrees and a half. Upon Thursday being the 26. of the month, and the feast of the Ascension of our Lord, we coasted over to go to a land and shallow of low sands, which are about eight leagues Sowthwest from Brions Island, on which are large Champains, full of trees & towns, and also an enclosed sea, of which neither could we see or perceive any gap, or any way to enter therein. On Friday following, being the 27. of the month, because the wind did change on the cost, we came to Brions Island again, where we stayed till the beginning of june, and toward the Southeast of this Island, we saw a land, seeming unto us as an Island, we coasted it about two leagues and a half, and by the way we had notice of three other high islands, lying toward the Sands, after we had known these things we returned to the Cape of the said land, which doth divide itself into two or three very high Capes: the waters there are very deep, & the flood of the Sea runneth so swift, that it cannot possibly be swifter. That day we came to S. Laurence his Cape, which is 45. degrees and half towards the South, we named it S. Paul's Cape, it is at 47. degrees, and a quarter. The Sunday following, being the fourth of june and Whitsonday, we had notice of the coast lying East Southeast, distant from the new found land about 22. leagues: and because the wind was against us, we went to a Haven, which we named S. Spiritus port, where we stayed till Tuisdaye that we departed thence, sailing along that coast until we came to S. Peter's Islands. We found along the said coast many very dangerous islands and Shelves, which lie all in the way East southeast, and West northester about 23. leagues into the Sea. Whilst we were in the said S. Peter's islands we met with many ships of France and of Britain, we stayed there from S. Barnabas day, being the 11. of the month, until the 16. that we departed thence and came to cape of ras, and entered into a port called Rogaoso, where we took in freshwater, and wood to pass the sea: there we left one of our boats. Then upon Monday, being the 19 of june, we went from that port, and with such good and prosperous weather we sailed along the Sea, in such sort, that upon the 6. of june. 1536. we came to the port of S. Malo, by the grace of God, to whom we pray, here ending our Navigation, that of his infinite mercy he will grant us his grace and favour, and in the end, bring us to the place of everlasting felicity. AMEN. Here followeth the language of the Country, and Kingdoms of Hochelaga and Canada, of us called New France: But first the names of their Numbers. Secada. 1 Indahir. 6 Tigneni. 2 Aiaga. 7 Hasche. 3 Addigue. 8 Hannaion. 4 Madellon, 9 Ouiscon. 5 Assem. 10 Here follow the names of the chiefest parts of man, and other words necessary to be known. the Head aggonzi the Brow hergueniascon the Eyes higata the Ears abontascon the mouth esahe the Teeth esgongai the Tongue osnache the Throat agonhon the Beard hebelim the Face hegovascon the hears aganiscon the Arms atayascon the Flanks aissonne the Stomach aggruascon the Belly eschehendo the Thighs hetnegradascon the Knees agochinegodascon the Legs agouguenehonde the Feet onchidascon the Hands aignoascon the Fingers agenoga the Nails agedascon a Man's member amoascon a Woman's member castaigne an Eel esgueny a Snail undeguezi a Tortoise heuleu●ime Woods conda leaves of Trees hoga God cudragny give me some drink quazahoa quea give me to breakfast quasa hoa quascaboa give me my supper quaza hoa quatfrian let us go to bed casigno agnyda hoa good morrow aignag let us go to play casigno candy come & speak with me assigniquaddadia look upon me quagathoma Hold your peace aista let us go with the boat casigno casnovy give me a knife buazahca agoheda a Hatchet adogne a bow ahenca a dart quahetan let us go a hunting quasign● donnascat a Stag aionnesta a Sheep asquenondo a Hare Sourhanda a Dog agayo a Town canada a Man agu●huni a Woman agruaste a Boy addegesta a Wench agniaquesta a Child exiasta a Gown cabata a doublet caioza Hosen hemondoha Shoe atha a Shirt amgova a Cap castrua Corn osizi Bread carraconny Water ame Flesh quahovascon Paces. queion Damsons honnesta Figs absconda Grapes ozoba Nuts quahoya a Hen sahomgahea a Lamprey zisto a Salmon ondacon a Whale ainne honne a Goose sadeguenha a Street add Cucumber seed casconda to Morrow achide the Heaven quenhia the Earth damga the Sun ysmay the Moon assomaha the Stars stgnehohan the Wind cohoa the Sea agogasy the waves of the Sea co●a an Island cahena an Hill agacha the Ice honnesca snow cama Cold athau Hot odazani Fire azista Smoke quea a House canoca beans sah● cinnamon adhotathny my Father addathy my Mother adanahe my Brother addagrim my Sister adhoasseve They of Canada say, that it is a months sailing to go to a land where Cinamonds and Cloves are gathered. Here endeth the second Relation of james Carthiers discovery & navigation to the new found Land, by him named New France, translated out of Italian into English by I. F. Patisco il male sperando il bene. FINIS.