THE Approved order of Martial discipline, with every particular office his office and duty: with many other stratagems adjoining to the same. (*)  
Whereunto is adjoined a second book, for the true ordering and imbattelling of any number so ever, with the proportions of every Battle, which best serveth in these our days of service. (⸪)  
Newly written by Gyles Clayton.  
Printed at London, by I. C. for Abraham Kitsonne, dwelling in Paul's Church yard, at the sign of the Sun. Anno 1591.   

 

VIrtutis Custos, verae pietatis alumna,  
Insignita viges Relligione, fide.  
Quae pacem patriae, meditaris, ut omnia recte,  
Hostibus externis, praelia dura parans.  
unde parens patriae vocitabere virgo, sed hosti,  
perpetuus terror, dum timet ipse sibi.  
Alma licet regno sit pax optanda quiesque,  
Non tamen armorum reiiciendus amor.  
Bella parant nobis pacem, placidamque quietem,  
Et pax alma vigens praelia justa juuat.  
vive, vale, patriae Custos, & amica bonorum,  
Et semper florens sis decus ipsa tuis.    

TO THE MOST HIGH AND MIGHTY PRINCESS, ELIZABETH BY THE GRACE of God: Queen of England, France, and Ireland: Defendresse of the Faith. etc.  
HAVING HAD Opportunity, (most gracious and mighty Princess) since my last service in the Low Countries, I thought it good to betake me to my pen, in setting forth this approved order of Martial Discipline. And for that your princely love and good will, hath always been great and favourable, to all true and faithful Soldiers and Servitors: it hath the more emboldened me, to present to your most gracious view, this little labour, best befitting to come from a Martial mind. The circumstances very necessary to be considered of by those which are in authority. And although commonly, every man (most worthy and renowned Sovereign) seeketh specially to commend and extol the thing, whereunto he feeleth himself naturally bend and inclined. Yet all such partiality and private affection laid aside: it is to be thought, that for the defence, maintenance, & advancement of a Kingdom, or Commonweal: or for the good & due observation of peace, and administration of justice in the same, no one thing to be more profitable, necessary, or more honourable, than the knowledge of service in war or deeds of Arms. Considering the ambition of the world is such, that it is impossible for any Realm, Kingdom, or Dominion, long to continue free in quietness and safeguard, where the defence of the sword is not always in a readiness. For as Valerius Maximus saith, the safe keeping of this blessed peace, consisteth in the knowledge of war, and deeds of Arms.  
Plato praising the art, commandeth that children should learn it so soon as they were able. Cyrus said it was as necessary as Husbandry. Augustine and Bernard, both grave Catholic Doctors of the Church, doth approve the same. Many more, and infinite examples might be alleged, and all against those which disalloweth of this most famous and honourable exercise of Martial discipline, and renowned orders of the Law of Arms, which hath always heretofore been the purchaser of Empires: Kingdoms hath been enlarged: Princes preserved: justice maintained: good Laws protected: and the Commonwealth defended. So in laying aside the exercise of warlike weapons and Martial discipline, how many Kingdoms hath been overthrown, how many Countries ruinated, & how many flourishing Cities sacked and beaten down flat to the ground.  
But as your Highness, having most sufficiently furnished every part of your Realm, with all manner of warlike provision, in such sort, as never any of your Predecessors hath heretofore come near: even so could I wish in heart, that England were as well furnished with Servitors of experience and knowledge, in this most honourable exercise of Martial discipline. But the stars run their course contrary to the world, and the learned judge otherwise then the Idiot. The Cranes, when they fly out of Cicilia over the Mountains, carry in their mouths a pebble stone, least by their chattering, they should be seized upon by the Eagles: which birds, (most gracious and renowned Princess) teacheth me silence, lest my ignorance be perceived by your most excellent and learned mind. The consideration of the which, drove me first into doubtfulness, whether it were best to write, and so show my good will, or to suspend my pen, and so to hide the same.  
But then I considered, that the stone Perites burneth not the fingers, except it be broken: nor the love and hearty affection of the mind, is not known, except by words that be opened. jupiter hath not made man's body like a Lattesse, that the heart might be seen through the holes: but hath shut up the same close, that the tongue and pen might be the organs and instruments of the thought. I having served your Majesty in Ireland and in the Low Countries these sixteen years, yet not worthy the favour of so mighty and gracious a Princess.  
Thus most humbly craving pardon for this my presumptuous enterprise, most humbly beseeching your Highness, so to accept my labour herein, as the first fruits of a poor servitors study, who to the uttermost of his small power, in the service of your Majesty, and his Country, will at all times, according to his bounden duty and allegiance, resolutely and willingly yield himself to any labour, travail, or danger what soever shall happen. Praying in the mean season the Almighty God, to give your highness a long and prosperous reign over us: and as he hath heretofore wonderfully preserved you, in most magnificent & princely regality, in the despite of all your envious foes: so he to have a merciful and loving eye continually upon you, to the great comfort of all your loving Subjects: and against all your enemies, most happy and joyful victory.  
Your majesties Servitor, most humble and dutiful to be commanded. Gyles Clayton.   

To the friendly Readers in general, and specially to all young Gentlemen of England, which most honourably attempteth to get renown and honour, in this most famous and renowned exercise: Gyles Clayton sendeth greeting, health to your persons, and happiness to all your honourable attempts.  
ALthough (friendly Readers,) you think my labours might have been very well spared, in writing any matters appertaining unto wars, for that every man is desirous to live in security of peace: but friendly Readers, you are to understand, that this blessed peace cannot be maintained and kept secure, without the use and practise of warlike weapons, and Martial discipline. For we are to consider, the ambition of the world is such, that it is unpossible for a Realm or Dominion, long to continue in quietness & safeguard, where the defence of the sword and Mtiarall feats of war is not exercised and practised with discipline. For as the Greckes thinking themselves to be in peace and secure, applied themselves in trifling matters, taking pleasure in Comaedies, and such like toys, altogether laying aside Martial discipline and the exercise of warlike weapons: which gave occasion to Philip King of Macaedonia, father to Alexander the great, to oppress and to bring them in servitude under his subjection. I could allege many more which hath been suppressed, only for lack of the use of warlike weapons, and thinking themselves to be in most security and peace, as the Assyrians, Persians, Athenians, & such like. And the City of Rome, which might have been perpetual, but thought themselves in peace, and fell to inordinate riot and pastimes, not doubting nor fearing any thing which was hurtful unto them or their Commonweal: which thing was to their great ruin and overthrow. Even so where overmuch liberty is given, men may be trodden down under foot, and brought to most horrible misery & calamity: if they give themselves only to pastimes & pleasures, and forsake the use and exercise of warlike weapons, which are the defence both of Prince, Country, Religion, justice, laws, and subjects: the which are altogether maintained, and protected by Arms only. And therefore the most famous Conquerors and mighty Captains did devise, with most diligence, all manner of ways, to bring their men to be perfect in the knowledge of all manner of things appertaining to the wars. As manifestly appeareth, by the warlike Games which the Princes of Grecia ordained upon the Mount Olympus. And also by the orders and exercise that the ancient Romans used in sundry places, and specially in Campo Martio, and in their sumptuous theatres, which chiefly they builded for that purpose: whereby they made their Soldiers of such experience, that they obtained with small company in fight, against a great multitude of enemies, such wonderful and marvelous victories, as in many credible Histories are mentioned. And also by the same means, their straggling people which followed the Camps, got such understanding in those actions of Arms, that they in the day of battle, being lest destitute of succour, were able without any other help, to set themselves in good order of battle, for their own defence against the enemy, and in such times of service, they have done their Country great service. So that the antiquity esteemed nothing more happy, then to have the Country full of men of understanding and knowledge, in warlike actions, and Martial discipline. Which thing is least regarded in this Realm, & most need of it: for that we have so many evil & pestiferous enemies round about us: which are ready continually, if opportunity serve them, to work our ruin and decay. Wherefore stir up yourselves every man with courage, and boldness of mind, to the exercise of your warlike weapons, which is honourable, and most worthy to be preferred before all exercises. For the use here of being laid aside, breedeth more seditions and wars, then if they were daily had in use, & so perfectly practised: for experience in service, doth much more prevail, than many multitudes of people, being without understanding and knowledge in this most honourable service. Wherefore, sith the necessity of this service of war, and Martial exercise is so great, and also the necessary use of them so manifest, that even peace herself, in manner, doth challenge her chief defence & protection, such is the worthiness of Martial exercises: for as by proof we see, that the glory thereof cannot easily find root, but in the hearts of such most worthy men, which continually exerciseth themselves in these warlike weapons, for the glory of their Prince & Country, and also for their own honour and magnanimity. Wherefore these exercises being of such force, which bringeth all those that exercise the same to such honour and fame, both of Prince and Country, that I would in heart, that all English men, might show their good will in the exercise thereof. But having so few men of experience in these days, we see that every one having served but a year or two, it is a great matter. Nay, if he but cross the Seas, and make his abode but one month, he is accounted a Soldier. But for my part, I have served these sixteen years in Ireland, and in the Low Countries, and have seen many pieces of service in both places, and yet I dare not account myself a Soldier. For the name of a Soldier is most honourable, and those that bear the name or title thereof, should be men of understanding and knowledge, and well experienced in war, & Martial discipline.  
Do we not find in many places of the holy Scripture, both in the books of Moses, in the book Numbers, in the book of josua, and in divers other places of the Scripture, where they used no little regard, not only in choosing of their Captains and leaders, but as well in prescribing of Laws and Martial discipline of wars, the which in times past were appointed by the Almighty God himself: moreover promised gifts to those which could persuade the children of Israel. As by example, in the book of Numbers, as I remember, in the fourteen chapter, how God promised with his own mouth to reward Caleb, for his constancy, & courageous persuasion to the children of Israel. And David being a man of small account among the great Warriors, yet for his worthiness and famous behaviour, in killing and overthrowing Goliath: what great riches and rewards received he, with the Daughter of King Saul? But in England, we never consider, neither of his actions, nor of his knowledge and experience: but most commonly, our Captains are chosen, more for favour then for knowledge: more for friendship, then for experience: for if they have a good opinion in him, they never consider his desert, whether he be a man able to discharge his place or no. But I have no doubt, that every manshalbe hereafter better looked unto, both for their knowledge, as also for their experience & desert. And Varro saith, there be three things not to be suffered, a wise man under the governance of a fool: a liberal man in subjection to a caitiff: and a fool set in authority. Wherefore it is most commonly seen, where good order & governance faileth, obedience decayeth, boldness increaseth, deceit escapeth, injuries prevaileth, avarice corrupteth, and the estate of a Weal public soon after decayeth. But lest I should offend, I will conclude with a few other examples, as in Spain, in France, in the Low Countries, and many other places, what great intentions are among their Princes & Governors, the which is a great peril, and an endangering to their Princes and their Common wealth & Country, in an evil and dangerous estate. Wherefore let us be thankful to God, for giving us so loving and gracious a Princess, who foreseeth such evil intentions, lest they should breed to such inconvenient sores which may not be cured. For her Majesty considereth, that the strength of her Realm, is the friendship and love of her people. And Marcus Aurelius saith, that Princes live more safely, in gathering to them men of good understanding and knowledge, then with their treasures of money: for the love of a Prince's Subjects to their Prince, is the whole strength of the Land. And as Hermes saith, unhappy is that Prince, that esteemeth himself happy, to have his Coffers full of treasure, and his counsel full of men of evil and corrupt living. Also let us remember the worthy saying of Socrates, who saith, that if a Prince be merciful, liberal, and loving, his estate shall prosper, and his wisdom shall help him in his need. If he be just, his subjects shall rejoice in him, his Realm shall prosper, & his estate continue: for glorious is that Country and Common wealth, and fortunate is that Prince, that is Lord of young men to travail, and old sage persons at home, to give grave and wise counsel.  
Thus having spoken sufficient, I will conclude, most humbly beseeching God, so to bless her Majesty, with long life to reign over us, that we may by her gracious proceed be long governed. God confound her foes, and bring to light all traitorous Conspirators against her most excellent Majesty. God so bless her honourable Counsel with increase of wisdom, that all their consultations, may redound to the safe keeping and honour of this most famous England. Amen.  
Gyles Clayton.   

THE ORDER OF MARTIAL DISCIPLINE: AND FIRST, OF THE ELECTION OF A Lord Lievetennaunt, or a General for the Prince.  
AS the entrance into wars and martial discipline, is of great charge and importance, as whereunto requireth no small regard and consideration to be admitted, for in this blessed peace we have continued a great time, for the which we think ourselves in a most happy and blessed estate, which is true: but let us not flatter ourselves too much in this security of life, and so lay away the use of warlike weapons, the which is the only preserver & maintainer of that blessed peace, for as Valerius Maximus saith: without the use and knowledge of wars and the exercise thereof, this blessed peace cannot be maintained and preserved. And Augustin and Barnard, both Catholic Doctors of the Church) affirmeth, that this sweet and quiet peace cannot be maintained and kept, without the use of war and Martial exercise, with such policies as is possible to be used, for the defence of his Country and Commonweal, and especially, for the maintenance of true Religion: wherefore it shall first and principally be considered, that Officers be chosen therein of all degrees to serve in the same, and those also that be men of godly conversation, great wisdom, expert and politic in Martial affairs, faithful and loyal to their Prince and Country, and of such magnanimity and courage, as rather covet to climb to honour by desert, then to live a cowardish life with shame. These Officers ought also, to be of ripeness of wit, at a sudden to persuade and dissuade as the cause shall require: of great lenity in their speech and actions, whereby to win the love and liking both of enemies and friends.  
A Camp, Leagar, or Garrison, furnished with such Officers, cannot but flourish as the Laurel in all behaviours: in so much, as the Officers being themselves faithful, expert, and godly, the common Soldiers must needs be the better, both by instruction, and example of life, and know how to live in all duty and obedience: so that virtue thus bearing sway on every side, unity thence immediately springeth, wherein they all in one link: being knit together, there is no doubt but they must needs prevail against their enemies, for love and concord in Camp or Leagar, is a discouragement to the enemies, and an encouragement to themselves. Who by such means are led, do suppose and think no toil painful, to win honour, so forcible is love, virtue, and obedience, in all kinds of government. But on the contrary part, where corrupt, greedy, and churlish Officers are, who seeking nothing more, than their own private gain and commodity, not regarding at all, the poor soldier, whose life for his wages and honour of his Country, is solely adventured: but what ensueth of such Officers, but mutinies and discords, and in fine, by such only occasions, cometh the utter rain and confusion of an whole Army.  
But the Officers be divers, for so it is needful: for, the government of a Camp or Leagar, is as the government of a Realm or Country, and requireth like Officers, to minister justice and to suppress wrongs and injuries: and as that Commonwealth (though the Law be never so pure) cannot long continue in security, where the Magistrates be ignorant of the same: so that Camp or Leagar, not having good, skilful, and politic Officers, to rule, place, govern, and defend their Soldiers, to order their Camp, to make their battles of divers sorts, for the best advantage against their enemies, and for the greatest strength to place Ambushes. To endamage the enemy by advantage, and also by politic foresight to foresee the traps, snares, and Engines of the enemy, and thereby to prevent the same cannot long endure.  
But to conclude, a General must have an especial care to be well provided, for the true payment of his Army: for the want of pay doth not only inféeble and abate the courage of Soldiers, when they shall be pinched both with hunger and cold: but it breedeth mutinies, it causeth discords, it neglecteth service, and let's slip opportunities. To set down in particulars what great dangers hath happened for want of pay, would ask a longer discourse than were requisite: wherefore, maintain discipline, and see your Soldiers be well paid and well punished.  

The Office and duty of a Colonel general.  
WHen this Colonel is chosen of his Lord General, and receives his aucthory from him, he shall choose his Captains, Lievetennants, and sergeant, Harbingers, Ensigns, Drums, and Fifes, and that his special care be in choosing of good Captains, Lievetennants, and Sergeants, and that they been men of government, expert and skilful in service, of such ripeness of wit, which may upon the sudden persuade and dissuade as the cause shall require. He shall also examine his Captains, what choice they have made of their Officers, whether they be men of sufficient knowledge or no, if he finds them to be good, than he is to assign every Captain what weapon his Soldiers shall use.  
He is to have an especial and great care, in choosing of his Lieutenant, for that he ought to be a man of great experience and knowledge in service: for it appertaineth to him only, if occasion serveth, to inrancke men in time of service, to alter and change them, as best serveth for their advantage. And lastly, he shall give great attendance on his General, that he may be ready at his commandment to know his pleasure, for that pains is honourable and of great credit, a place best fitting a man of countenance and credit, whose experience ought to be great, and to exceed the knowledge and experience of all other Lievetennants.   

The high Treasurers Office.  
YOU ought also to choose unto you an high Treasurer, which is an office of great reputation, and therefore he ought to be a man of wisdom, and expert in Martial affairs: for, he is to speak his opinion in all Offices, as well concerning other offices as his own, otherwise committed to his charge: for the payment of all high Officers appertaineth unto him, as to the Colonelles and Captains.  
Likewise he shall receive from the General, the true note of horsemen and footmen within the Army, and to make a perfect book every month, that he may know what is due to every Officer and Soldier. He is also to confer with the Master of the ordinance for the provision of Munition of all sorts, and likewise with the provante Master, or Master of the victuals, to foresee that they be well provided of victuals for the Camp, that the Soldiers may have no want thereof. There be many other things which might be spoken of, as concerning his Office, but I will refer them unto the good opinions of those which be wisemen, and sufficiently instructed in this Martial exercise.   

The Office of the Lord high Marshal of the field.  
WHen the high Marshal is appointed, and for every battle, one provost Marshal with his under Marshal, which ought to be men of good understanding and judgement, both wise & grave, for that matters of great weight, bependeth only upon them. Likewise they shall have all things necessary, for the punishment of all disordered persons according to justice: that is to say a Hall with irons, for the safe keeping of their prisoners, and carriages for the same, a sufficient number of Tipstaffs under them, which are inferior Officers for the reprehension of Offenders, and for the safekeeping of them. A Clerk of the Market, and an Execucioner: also, at the remove of your Camp or Leagar, the high Marshal is to give an order to every Officer in the Camp, to have special care for the conveying of their carriages.  
Likewise he is to have special care for the placing of the Scouts, at that time of remove, and at all other times. Finally, he ought to be a man of sound judgement, and experienced in the knowledge of Martial discipline, for that his office especially dependeth thereon.  
Also he is to foresee, that every inferior Officer not doing his duty, to be corrected and reform, that discipline may be used, as well to inferior Officers, as to the common Soldier: thus ordering his Leagar or Camp without parciallity, shall not only win love and fovour of the Camp or Leagar, but also reap to himself honour and renemue.   

The Office and duty of a Sergeant Maior.  
LIkewise you are to elect and choose a Sergeant Maior, whose office is great, therefore you ought to have an especial care in choosing of him: for he ought to be a man of great courage, for that his office is always to be in the face of the enemy. In time of battiale he ought to be a man of singular invention, at a sudden to perceive and prevent the situation, terror and pretence of the enemy.  
Likewise, he is to appoint what sorts of weapons shallbe used in every battle, and to see there be no want thereof in time of need. He is to have a special care, to foresee that the Army be perfectly instructed, that they may know and understand, the true order and meaning of your battles, aswell in time of peace as otherwise: also, he is to appoint the battle, & of such sort, as he thinks best befitting the ground. He is to appoint every Captain his place, & to give them their several charge, which they ought to perform. He is to appoint them, what kind of weapons shall be used in the time of battle: finally, his Officers ought under him, to be very good and sufficient Servitors, sound in understanding & knowledge in Martial exercise: for they ought to take pains in setting of battles, if occasion serve, for that their Sergeant Maior cannot be always in one place of the battle.   

The Master of the ordinance.  
THE Master of the ordinance, aught to be a man expert and skilful in all points of Cannonry, also in those arts which to that office belongeth, able to instruct and reform his Lievetennants, controllers, Clerks, Conductors, Cannoners, & all other Artificers, teaching them the best he can. To convey their charges to the place of service, be it in time of marching, in time of Camping, battering, imbattailling, or retiring: regarding as well, that every piece of ordinance be well & strongly stocked, and mounted upon strong Axeltrées, & their wheels well shod, and strongly bound with iron, in all points as to the same belongeth, placing and giving to every Cannoner his charge, as to his place appertaineth: and also, it belongeth unto him to have in regard and in readiness, all things fit for the making of fire works: that is to say, Saltpetre or quicksilver, Rosen, Linséede oil, and common Lamp oil, Pitch, wax, Aquavite, Camphor, Tutia, Arsenic, Calx vive, and great store of Sulphur, of all these frame balls to burn in the water.  
He shall have special regard for the placing of his ordinance for the best advantage against the enemies, & to have a regard to see that every Officer do their duty in time of battle: and to conclude, he is in great reputation in the field, for upon him dependeth the performing of great exploits, and that all other Officers under him be men of understanding, and experienced in Cannonry, and that they taking wages under him to be occupied in and about such things, as to their duties belongeth.   

The Lievetennat of the ordinance, his duty and charge.  
THis Lieutenant of the ordinance, aught to be a man well practised in service, and skilful in Cannonry, and to be in all points as skilful as the Master of the ordinance: so that he may at all times in his absence, be able to instruct, reform, and correct, able to give a charge unto all men under their leading, as to the same appertaineth, examining and trying their Cannoners, Municioners, and Artificers in their several sciences: and finding them necessary and able, shall instracte the Master of the Artillery, who may allow and place them at his pleasure.  
But if in the viewing the Artillery and Munition, and finding them unready and not serviceable, shall cause it to be amended forthwith, or else to complain to the Master of the ordinance, who shall see present redress for the amendment thereof.   

The Master Gunners charge.  
THe Master Gunner must be a man of great experience in that science in all points, placing and appointing such men under him to be Cannoners, as have like experience, which shall see that every Cannoner, appointed to any Piece of ordinance, be able to govern the same, as to that service appertaineth.  
Likewise he shall see all inferionr Gunners do their duties, & that they be skilful incharging and discharging, and to have in a readiness all things belonging to his office, and to foresee that their Pieces be kept clean, to have in store all kind of shot and fire works: these and such like matters appertaineth to the Master Gunners charge and duty, the which he ought to have a special care unto, for his own advancement and credit, during the time of his charge: and that he be skilful in the height and weight of his shot and powder, also in the height of the month of his Piece, and that he see his shot ready in the bear of his Piece, and powder in bags, touch powder in his horn, Lint and Lintstock ready. That he be skilful in the receipt of his powder, and know the authority of the same: and when soever he reciveth charge of his Piece, he ought to be diligent in trying and searching of the same, that she be clean within, for honey Combs right bored, and to the same a close cover, with Ladies and Sponges fit for the same.  
Thus furnished and strongly mounted upon strong wheels well shod, strong Axeltrées well clouted, often greased, with Lins-pins of iron, a strong back well bounds with iron plates well nailed, and reveted bolts, Lins-pins to the same stocks, two Boxes, one of powder in bags, the other for shot, and some hail shot according to his Piece, with moulds for the same, with many other necessaries unrehearsed.   

The Office and duty of a quarter Master.  
THeir ought to be appointed one quarter Master, whose experience ought to be great, for that he is to place and lodge an whole Army, either in field or Garrison, as it seems best to the high Marshal: for that he ought to appoint the ground for Leagar, or place for Garrison. This quarter Master ought to appoint convenient ways or streets for men to pass thorough, either in Leagar or Garrison: and that he have a special regard to foresee, that the ways be fair and easy for men to pass to the place of Artillery, where men most commonly do assemble together in time of Alarm, or in time of battle.  
This quarter Master ought to have four quarter masters under him, which ought to be ancient Servitors, and men of good behaviour and understanding in this service: and that they may at all times give diligent attendance on him, to know his pleasure, and what best is to be done in that service.   

The Office and duty of the Scout Masters.  
ALso there ought to be certain Scout Masters, elected and chosen of the high Marshal and provost Martial: they must see that every Officer do their duties in time of their watch, and to be careful for the preventing of any mischief that may happen by their negligence: Wherefore, he ought diligently to view and walk the rounds everynight, be it in Leagar or Garrison. If he find any place of suspicion, where the enemy may take any advantage: then shall he in that place, plant certain Scouts for the defence thereof.  
These Scout masters shall attend upon the high Marshal, and aught to be both diligent and painful, for that the preservation and destruction of the whole Army consisteth in them only: wherefore the high Marshal ought of his own person, to have a special care and regard thereof, and diligently to try and examine the trusty and careful ordering of the Scouts, if any fault be in them, and to see that present reformation be made thereof, for they be all of the office of the Marshal, and counted all as Marshals in that time of service. As for Forage masters, carriage masters, and such like Officers, which are very necessary, are hereafter to be spoken of, as you shall find them in their several places of service.   

The Office and duty of the Muster Master.  
THis Muster master ought to be a man of great credit and trust, for that he is to give true information unto the Lord General or high Treasurer, what strength they are of able men, both of horsemen and footmen: also, he shall in taking Muster have a special eye & regard, unto those Officers appointed for the leading of men: that they be men of service, and not chosen without regard, but be men of experience and knowledge, and to see that the Soldiers be well furnished with Armour and weapons, and either to pass or default them as he shall find reasonable cause, and to make present certificate to the high Treasurer, that he may stop such defaults of their pay. Also, they are truly to keep all such Laws and Ordinances, as by the said General or his said Counsel shallbe set down, and appointed by his or their authorities.   

The Office and duty of the corporals of the field.  
IT is most necessary and needful, that there be chosen 4. Corporals of the field, though not in ancient service they have been used, but as our service standeth in these days, they are most needful and profitable, for that they are as eyes and a right hand to the General, Marshal, and other head Officers in the field.  
These men ought to be of good understanding and knowledge, well experienced in the orders of Martial discipline, and the ordering of companies, in marching by degrees in the field, that of a sudden they may be brought into a battle, or battles, as occasion best serveth. It were good that these Officers might not be chosen, neither for favour nor affection, but by desert: either to be Captains of experience, which are discharged of their companies, or to prefer such Livetennants as be of good government and knowledge, well experienced in these exercises of Martiallity, for that they are to discharge the head Governors of the field, of many travails and pains. When they are commanded, than one or two ought diligently to give good attendance of the General & Marshal, to know their pleasures: the place is painful, yet honourable, and therefore duly to be considered of.  
Also they ought to have a special regard to every Colonelles and Captains companies, that they march in good order, as best befitteth the way they march in: and as it may seem best to the General, Marshal, or other head Officers, to alter and change as time and place serveth in that journey.   

The Office of a Forage Master.  
A Forage Master is to have and receive from the Leivetennant of the horse, an able company of horsemen for the guard of their Forages, and such as shall fetch in necessaries, the which must give diligent attendance on the sound of the Trumpet: for that they are to go all together, and not suffering them to straggle out of his company, further than he is able to rescue them. And if they be far from the Camp or Leagar, not to suffer any to departed homeward, until they are all provided: and as they came forth, so to return all together.   

The carriage Master.  
THis Carriage Master ought to be of good credit and trusty, for that he is to take great charge of carriages upon him: for the safe conduct thereof, he is to have a Cornette of horse, from the Lieutenant of horse for his guide, and also lose short from the General, or else to march with all his carriages, between the troops of footmen, for his better security in his journey.   

The election of a Captain, his office and duty  
THE place of a Captain is not lightly to be considered of, for that upon his skill and knowledge dependeth the safety or loss of many men's lives: wherefore he ought to be well experienced, and of great wisdom and policy, to be chosen for his own worthiness of service and not for favour. But I wonder how so many insufficient men, dare oppose themselves to undertake a matter of so great importance: whose inexperience, besides many circumstances, concerneth the loss of a Country, or at the least, the hazard of many men's lives.  
But a good Captain will have a great regard to foresee, that his Soldiers be well trained, and make them men of war, meet for service, within a short time, thoughy the never saw wars before, in taking a little pains with them. A Captain ought to see his Soldiers serving under him, to be well furnished with all things needful for the service, and to see them truly paid their wages. Every Captain ought to have under him one Lieutenant, one Ensign bearer, two sergeant, five Corporals: one of the said Corporals for his pikes, to see their Armour and pikes be well kept and serviceable, the other four corporals, to have the shot divided between them as his company is.  
He is to have one Surgeon, one Drum and Phife: it were not amiss that a Preacher and a Physician, were provided for every two thousand of men, to minister remedy, the one to the Soul, and the other to the body. But no Captain that hath but four shillings a day, shall be able to furnish himself to his calling, and the healping of his Soldiers, except he rob his Prince and paul his Soldiers of their pay: wherefore it were very good, that every Captain should have in his charge and leading, ij. hundred men to his Ensign: for without doubt, the charge for the caring of such necessaries as he ought to have comes to four shillings a day, wherefore he can have no less than eight shillings a day. Thus having two hundred men to his Ensign, the Prince thereby shall never the more be charged: then she was before: so may they be able to furnish their band with many things needful, as meat, drink, Armour, weapons, carriages for sick and hurt Soldiers, his Surgeon's chest, and other tools very necessary: also, he may relieve the Soldiers of his own table. Yet shall the Prince be at no more charge than she was before, when they had but four shillings a day, which was then more like to hinder himself and his Soldiers, then to give them any thing besides their pay, which thing is very needful, at all times to give to such as be weak and sickly.  
It were not amiss to have a priest under him, which might supply the place of a Clerk, and to have the calling of his bill under his Ensign: also, he shall have the choice of his Lievetennants, and all other Officers under him, and to foresee that they be sufficient Servitors, and expert in Martial exercises, always ready and painful to discharge their duties, for the honour of their Captain, and that it may redound to their own credits and discharge of their duties.  
Likewise it appertaineth to him, to be present with the General at all times, to know his pleasure and determined mind, for the exploiting of any piece of service committed to his charge: and the same shall he faithfully prosecute, to the uttermost of his power, for his own credit and advancement. Wherefore he ought to be skilful in making of Trenches and Ramparts, as well for his own defence as for any assault: also he is to appoint his sergeant to receive the watch word every night, and the same to keep very carefully, and to use all the devices he can possibly make or frame for the annoyance of the enemies, and the same continually to follow and practise with all diligence: not to be timorous, but always bearing a valiant heart, and never cease to encourage his soldiers, which may win him credit for ever, both of his Prince and Country.   

The Office and duty of a Leivetennant.  
THe Lieutenant of a Band, aught to be a man of knowledge and experience in this service, for that he is divers times to discharge his Captain of many and sundry travails and pains, which to him belongeth. Yet notwithstanding, he is not to take any more authority then to him belongeth: but faithfully and willingly to advertise his Captain, what time soever he shall be demanded any question of him, and shall show and instruct to the uttermost of his power.  
He is to see the sergeant and corporals do their duties, in time of setting the watch, and to see that other inferior Officers be obedient and careful in their charge: for the furnishing and providing of Armour and weapons of all sorts: and in his captains absence to apply his authority, and that with great diligence, and especial care during the time of his absence.  
Finally, he shall instruct the Soldiers, and give them to understand, what they have to do at any time of exploit, with the best and surest way he can for their advantage: and therein not to fail, but frankly and freely to perform the same with all diligence possible, for his own advancement and credit.   

The Ensigns charge and duty.  
FOR that the Ensign in the field is to be honoured of all men, so the Bearer thereof aught to be a man of good courage knowledge, sufficient to discharge his duty. He ought to be sworn to be faithful and loyal to his Prince and Captain, professing rather to die, then to be dishonoured with the loss of his Colours: but with courage to advance them▪ in the sight of his enemies.  
He must be of able parsonage, secret, silent, zealous, wise to persuade and animate the Soldiers: whose resolute mind ought to be showed in time of any distress, to the encouragement of all the Soldiers about him.   

The sergeant of the Bands charge.  
THese sergeant of Bands, should be men of great experience, well known to be sufficiently instructed in these Martial exercises: both secret and silent, for that they are to put their men into goodorder of array at every sudden, to teach them the use of their weapons whatsoever, in the best and seruiceablest manner, practising the same in Garrison or in time of Musters, or training, marching, and retiring, until they be perfect, that every man in time of battle may be able to discharge his duty.  
Also to see them furnished with Armours and weapons, to them most fit and agreeable, ready by the Ensign at every calling, be it by sound of drum or secret calling, either by night or day: who so refuseth their authority in such behalf, shall be punished as disobedient persons: for the assurance of the whole company consisteth in the same.  
He shall assign every Soldier to his place most fittest for him, suffering them not to strive the one with the other, for any place: but every one to be placed according to his service and skill. Also, he is to see there be no want of victuals, powder, shot, or match: if any such things be wanting, he is to assign it to his Captain or Lieutenant, who shall see it provided for them, in a readiness at all times. He is to accompany the watch to place of stand, either to market place, or to watch Hill, and at the breaking up to take the watch word of the Sergeant Maior or high Marshal: wherefore he ought carefully to give attendance on the Sergeant Maior and his Captain, to be ready at his commandment. For good sergeant in a disordered company, shall find toil more then enough, until such time as they have well trained them: and therefore, his Captain is to have great regard and consideration of him.   

corporals and Launcespazadoes charge.  
IT is necessary for the readiness of service, that five Corporals be chosen, which ought to men of honest behaviour and experience, every Corporal having his squadron appointed to him: who is not only to exercise them in the use of their weapons, to see them that they be well furnished with all necessaries, as shot, powder, match, bullets, and such like: but to have a special care in keeping their furniture clean and serviceable.  
If any defaults be found, they are to complain, if amendment be not found presently, to the Sergeant or Leivetennaunt, who shall see it presently reform, be it in Garrison or Campe. Thus, justice and aucthortie shall be maintained, and faults amended.  
Also, the Launcespazadoes shall supply the charge of the Corporals in their absence, if occasion at any time call them.   

The Clerk of a Bands charge.  
Clerks of Bands ought to be men of sober and wise behaviour, perfect in accounts: for that he is to take the names of every Soldier, serving under his captains colours. He is to be careful in keeping of his accounts, between his Captain and the Soldiers, and to see that every Soldier have his pay well and truly paid, and to provide them all things necessary, and especially in time of sickness: the which will be a great credit, both to himself and his Captain, and the only way to win the hearts of his Soldiers.  
Also, he must be present at every turn, as watch, Musters, and other meetings and assemblings, with his bill of names, to call his captains Soldiers, and of every one being absent, to make certificate thereof. Many other things might be spoken of touching his Office, which for brevity I ommitte.   

A chirurgeons Office and duty.  
THose chirurgeons should be men of honest and good conscience, and such as should work according to art, not practising new experiments upon poor soldiers, by means whereof many have been utterly maimed: wherefore, the Captains are to have a special care in choosing their chirurgeons, that they be skilful in their science or art, and to see them have all things necessary: as Oils, Balms, salves, and Instruments sufficient for his turn, allowing & sparing carriages for the same.  
Also, that every Soldier shall give to the foresaid Chirurgeon, every month two pence, as in times past hath been accustomed, to the augmentation of his wages: in consideration whereof, he ought readily to employ his industry upon the sore and wounded Soldiers, not intermodling with any other cures to them noisome, regarding always that he be truly paid his wages, and all duties to him belonging, that he may be able to provide all such stuff as to him belongeth. It serveth his turn at needful times in the night, to go through the watch without the word, when upon strait occasions he is to go to his cures.   

Drums and Fifes duty.  
IT is necessary that every Captain have two Drums, the one to be resident with the colours, the other to march with the Troops, as upon occasion they shall be drawn forth: also, it were not amiss to have one Phise, for that it is a good lightsomeness to the Soldiers.  
Those Drumers ought to be men of parsonage, faithful, secret and trusty: they ought to have sundry languages, and to know the sound and call of all marches, charges, retreites, alarms, and such like points of war: for many times they are sent to parley with the enemy, to summon their Forts or Towns, to redeem and conduct prisoners, and divers other messages. If such Drums or Fifes fortune to fall into the hands of the enemy, no gift, no fair speeches, neither force nor terror, shall cause them to bewray any secrets known to them. They must often times practise their Instruments and teach the company the sound of march, charge, retreat, alarms, and such like, that is necessary to be known: They must be obedient to their Captains, Lievetennants, and other Officers, when soever they command them either to go or stand, or to sound any point of war, what they think best: many other things belongeth to their office and duty, as in divers places in this book you shall find.   

Furnishing of Soldiers to the Field.  
FIrst, that all corporals and Launcespazadoes, leading of shot, shall in his own person, see them to be well furnished in all points, as followeth: that they have their full number of Soldiers, and every Soldier to have a sufficient Caliver, Flask, and Touch box, powder, bullets, mould, priming iron, match, rammer, worm, burgenet, and one sword and dagger, to teach them to march, to charge and discharge with a fair retreat, not touching one an other, keeping their faces upon the enemies: and in rain or moist weather, to hold their Piece under their arm, with the touchhole of their Piece, close under their armehole, their match being fired between their fingers in the palm of their hand, so shall they be ready at every sudden. Provided always, they keep their match and powder dry, their Piece clean scoured within and without: if any fault be found therein, immediately to be amended.   

The Corporal of the pikemen, his Office and duty.  
A Captain should choose a sufficient man, strong and expert in the handling of his Pike, to be Corporal of his company of Pikes: for that it is a most strong and warlike weapon. This Corporal shall teach the Soldier often times to use his Pike, in pushing and trailing the same in good order, both for the beauty of the battle, and for the necessity thereof: and to see them have sufficient and good corselets, for they be the greatest strength of your battle, and a terror to the enemies, and in any wise see them fit and easy for their bodies, that they may be able to use their weapons in time of fight, which is a great defence in a Camp, and chosen chiefly for the battle.  
They must have Morions sword and Daggers, their Pikes of usual length, sharp pointed, and well nailed: and cause them in time of marching, to lay their Pikes on their shoulders, and their thumbs under the same, the but end on the outside of his leads man's Leg. After this sort to march to Muster, to retire, and Imbattaile as aforesaid: having a great care and regard, that no Soldier of spite or negligence do cut the same, or any way impair it, for the greatest strength of the battle consisteth therein.   

Of Holberders to guard the Ensign.  
THese Holberders should be men of good stature and courage, for that they are to beautify the company and guard the Ensign, wearing Curites on their bodies, with sword and daggers, usually called Executioners of the battle: which ought to be always ready at the sound of Drum or secret call, to attend upon the Colours, and never to departed from the same till it be brought into place of good security.   

Provision to be foreseen by the Lord lieutenant.  
WHen all needful Officers be thus chosen, it than behoveth that a convenient place be appointed, where all Captains may gather their men together in several companies, where the Lieutenant general, & other warlike counsel ought to be present, to take the musters of them, and substantially to foresee, that every man be well provided of his furniture, according to his place of service, also to foresee there be no lack of Munition of all sorts, both small and great, also powder and bullets, both small and great, Calivers, Muskets, Halberds, Pikes, Armour, Scaling ladders, short laders to fill Maundes, for the safeguard of the ordinance and Gunners at time of battery or battle, small handbaskettes, ropes, and all other earthware: to have sufficient tools meet for the Labourers and Miners to work withal, if occasion serve, Carts, Cartwheels, and Axeltrées, both for the ordinance and other carriages, and that there be store of them in time of need. Also provision for bridges if need be, as boards, boats, and anchors, other planks and pillars fastened together with ropes and Cables: also to be provided of all manner Artificers, with their necessaries meet for the wars, as Smiths, Masons, Carpenters, and Armourers, with other such like.  
And above all things to foresee there be sufficient store of victuals, for all things may be better endured than hunger, for hunger overcometh without stroke of enemies, and one other like provision, which is, money sufficient, that your Soldiers may be well paid: for oftentimes money giveth courage, and reviveth the spirits of your Soldiers, for a Soldier without meat, and especially without money, is as a man without a soul: but if your Soldiers have money, and be well paid, then shall your Camp flourish like a City, with all manner of victuals, and other necessaries most meet for your Soldiers.   

The choosing of Guides.  
AND when all your provisions necessary be made, and set in good order, and that you be ready to invade your enemy's Country, then ere you begin your journey, you must be sure that you be well provided of a sufficient number of men of the same Country, that knoweth all manner of ways of that Country, to the intent they may be your guides, whereby you may the easier convey your Army and Carriages, the which Guides must be carefully looked unto by the High Marshal, and the said Guides must be under the safe keeping of the foresaid High Marshal, being always gently entreated, to the intent they may have no occasion to steal away.  
These Guides, in their examination must be promised large rewards, if they do well & truly: also they must have great threatenings of cruel punishment, if they deal not truly. And when examination is made, you shall examine them severally, every one by himself, to feel whether they agree all in one tale or no: thus shall you understand whether they be perfect in the ways of the Country or no. And although you be determined to go one way, yet must you examine them of divers other ways, which you intent not to go, to the intent they shall not know, but be uncertain of your determination, until such time as you set forth your journey, lest that your determination might be discovered to your enemies by your said Guides.   

The captains care for provision for their Soldiers.  
ALthough these necessary provisions be made by the Prince, or Lord Lieutenant general, yet notwithstanding, it shall be needful for every good Captain, to make as much provision for victuals as he can for his Company upon his own charges, for oftentimes victuals decayeth before a man be aware, likewise every good Captain must be provided of all manner of tools meet to make Lodgings and Cabins for his Soldiers, and for the setting up of Pavilions or Tents, and in general to provide all other needful and necessary things, for the succour and relief of his Soldiers.   

Hear followeth many stratagems and obseruatitions very necessary to be used for divers good causes which may not be forgotten.  
AND when all things is thus provided and furnished as I have spoken of before, and then appointed to serve in Camp or Garrison, you shall choose out some convenient place to muster in, and being their assembled, it shall be necessary to publish unto the Soldiers these observations, stratagems and statutes, set forth by the Marshal: and whosoever offendeth or breaketh any of them, is not worthy the name of a Soldier: for in silence, obedience and truth, consisteth the whole sum and effect of Martial discipline in the wars.  

Silence.  
THey shall use silence, to the intent that they may hear and well understand any precept, commandment or point, of discipline given unto them by the Officers in any authority from the Prince, and in time of service by night or by day, that they may hear their enemies, but not be heard of them: Many other virtues belongeth unto silence, which for brevity I omit.   

Obedience  
THis Obedience is of great force, and worketh in the hearts of all true Subjects, for it proceedeth from God, that the Princes themselves, or any other, speaking in their names and authority, must be obedient, although the precepts be contrary to the minds of some Soldiers, who be not worthy to know the secrets of the Officers in their authority: yet must they in all points obey them, both by the Laws of God and their Prince, though the things be both painful and perilous unto them.   

Truth.  
IN this truth is contained so many virtues, that they cannot be written in a whole book: for as faithfulness proceedeth, and hath his reward of God, so hath the unfaithful and unjust, their reward of the devil: so Soldiers shall be sometimes tempted by the enemies to be corrupted with money, and great promises of living, to be false to their Prince and Country, which things done before God, is condemned to perdition, and before man hath lost his good name and fame for ever, and all other things wherein they should rejoice: wherefore all good Soldiers esteem more of their truth and loyalty, than of their lives: for they be full assured of double reward both of God and man, whether they live or die.   

captains bills called by the Clerk.  
IT is convenient and needful, that at every muster or assembly, the captains bill shall be called by the Clerk, every man answering to his own name: so marching forth as he is called, that no man unto two names make answer. If any Soldier be sick or hurt, being not serviceable, pay him his wages, and send him home with a passport into his own Country, then immediately furnish his room with an able Soldier. If any Soldier having his health & limbs, absent himself at such times, let him be punished, as in the statutes here following is mentioned, to the example of the rest.   

The burial of the dead.  
WHen as any Soldier is slain, or otherwise dead, the Company shall bring the dead body to the ground, with the sound of the Drum, and such solemnity as his service meriteth and deserveth, if conveniently you may.   

The Soldiers duty in keeping clean his furniture.  
Every Soldier must keep clean his Armour and furniture, always placing the same in his Tent, Cabin, or Lodging, in such a readiness, as he may presently, and on a sudden find the same, either by night or by day, ready to attend on the Ensign if occasion serveth of a sudden, & that no other take any part thereof.   

The advancement of a Soldier.  
ALso every Soldier shall help to Arm the one the other, so that they may with diligence resort to their Ensign, and whosoever comes first, and showeth himself in best readiness, with honest and good behaviour in the use of his weapon and array, shall not only merit thanks & reward of his Captain, but shall be advanced by degree of office, as it falleth in the Company.   

Punishments for not keeping clean their furnitures.  
IF any Soldier be negligent in the keeping clean of his Armour or other Furniture, or neglect his duty as aforesaid, after once warning thereof, he shall be punished as for that offence is most meet, which is a great disgrace and discredit, and not worthy the name of a Soldier, but to be banished as an idle person, & never to come in place of service any more.   

training your Soldiers in time of Musters.  
YOU shall first make division of your weapons, and let every kind by himself in like Companies, which in the opinion of divers notable Warriors will be a great strength to your band: for if you have too many of one sort, and too few of another: when you shall come to the setting of a battle, you shall find a great weakness by reason thereof, but the remedy is easy. For let every Ensign be like provided, and appointed, so many Shot, so many Pikes, and so many Bills or Halberds: then shall your company of Footmen be in good order. Likewise for your Gydorne of Horsemen, cause every Gydorne to have so many Lances, and as many Light horse, all well furnished, as they do use in these days of service, then shall you have good order of battle throughout your whole Army.  
You are further to consider how many sorts of weapons will serve, viz. What, shot, what Pikes, and what Halberds will serve: and to appoint necessary shot, is one of the hardest things that belongeth to the wars, because it is so uncertain, for ever as your number increaseth, so your shot diminisheth, according to the number, for in a small number, you shall have need of the third part of shot, and in the bigger number, the fourth part of shot serve, and in the greater number, the fift part of shot will serve, and so upwards.   

Marching your men by degrees.  
ALL these things finished accordingly, then march forth your Soldiers with their several weapons, first your Musket's, than your Calivers, your Pikes, and in the midst of your Pikes, put your Halberds or Eyls, with your Ensign in the midst thereof, so march them about awhile, till you may view your whole company, to see whether they be of like strength, and in good order in every place, both your Uoward and Rearward, keeping good order in their array.  
The Almains trusted much in the push of the Pikes, therefore they will in no wise have more shot than Pikes, for overmuch weakening of the body of the Battle: the more shot you appoint for the body of the Battle, the weaker is the Battle when it shall come to the push of the Pikes, or fight, and yet not in any wise to lack shot sufficient, for many times it hath been seen, that battles hath been gotten by shot only, without push of Pike, or stroke of weapons.   

Augmenting your ranks in time of battle.  
WHen you are ready and determined what battle to make, if it be a Quadrent battle, than you may augment your ranks, from three to five, and so to seven, then to nine and eleven, and so on till you have brought them to a Squadrant. Proportion always your Halberds & Ensign in the midst of your Pikes, then shall ye know the strength and force of your battle, place your shot on the flanks of your battle by themselves, a good space of, and there let them shoot, skyrmage, and retire, with their faces always upon the Enemies, till they be perfect, and so learned to retire to some place of safety, which place is hereafter more plainly declared.   

Captains, Lieutenants, and Sergeants charge, in dividing their weapons.  
Every Lieutenant or Sergeant of a Band, shall usually suit the Company every weapon by himself, and when they shall march with the ensign, whether it be to muster, or place of assembly to be imbattailed, or in any other time of service, they shall furnish them as they be accustomed in these days in the Low Countries, that is to say, with Targetors, Muskets, Calivers, Pikes, and then your Halberds and bills in the mids of your Pikes, with your Ensign, Drum and Phife, than the rest of your shot and such like, that you may be of like strength, both Forward and rearward, so march your men, and sometimes cast them in a King, which is very necessary for young Soldiers, to know the order thereof, for it is a most needful thing, as hereafter shall be more plainly showed unto you.   

Furnishing Launses, Light-horse, or Carbines to the field.  
IN like manner, troops of Horsemen being furnished, with Carbines, Lances, and Light Horse, shall in like strength march or imbattaile, so that their Gydron may be guarded in the Uowards and Rerewards of like strength, so that they need no more but turn their faces towards their Enemies, to skyrmage at every sudden.    

Rules to be observed and showed unto young Soldiers in time of Musters or other times convenient.  
SOmetimes being imbattailed, they shall wade from the one end of the battle to the other, to strengthen the same with so many ranks of Soldiers as they shall command, leaving one rank of men, which is called the man of advantage, standing still on the out side: thus using them, you shall find your battle in like strength every where.  

Receiving a word to go through the battle.  
AT times they shall receive a word to go through the battle, from the one end to the other, which shall pass from man to man, till it come to the end of the same, which word must be spoken with soft speech, as it shall not be heard but amongst themselves being in battle, in like manner they may perform the same by a sign given them of the Marshal, Captains, or other like Officer.   

To march stooping.  
SOmetimes the whole Company shall march stooping, as under a hedge or hill, or such like, and suddenly shall fall flat on the ground as in Ambush, which shall suddenly rise again, and set upon their Enemies in good order of array, the which may astonish the Enemy, your assaulting them so suddenly.   

Keeping of array in the dark.  
AT such times, every Soldier shall carry the end of his leadesmans' weapon for making any noise, and by that means they shall keep their array in dark nights, or marching through straits or woods, or such like.   

Marching and retiring.  
SOmetimes marching towards the Enemies and retiring again, they shall always keep their faces upon their Enemies, and their Pikes couched, ready to encounter with their Enemies.   

Trailing your Pikes.  
SOmetimes trailing your Pikes on the ground, the Uoward bearing their heads of Pikes in their hands, and the Rearward trailing the heads on the ground, ready to receive the Enemy.   

A show as if men were slain.  
SOmetimes marching in order of battle, certain of the Company shall fall, here some, and there some, as if they were slain with shot, the next man following shall step in the place of his leadesman, so that there be no place left for the Enemy to enter in: if any rank be not full, let it be in the body of your battle.   

A sudden alarum.  
Many times it hath been used among Soldiers of experience, to give alarums to their friends, as among themselves, to foresee whom they might praise or discommend, according to their readiness found in them, & although they used this as a necessary mean, to the intent their Soldiers should be the more careful, yet still to deceive them, is a mean to make secure and not careful, if they be oftentimes mocked: wherefore to use it is good at times convenient, but not too often. But most commonly, when the enemy maketh any alarum, it is to accomplish some exploit, either to lie in Ambush, to cast a bridge, to plant ordinance, to entrench, or to break up some passage, or viewing your numbers and strength, or such like, but when any Allarom is given in the night, change the word.   

Points of a good Captain.  
AT times convenient train your Soldiers, and pitch them in square battles, round or bread battles, and other strengths, which good Captains and Officers will use at times convenient: which will be a great ease to the Soldiers, at what time soever they be called to imbattaile, and a profit to the whole Camp in time of need.   

No brunt to be made in time of Muster or Campe.  
NO man shall make any brunt or noise, upon the sight of any Hare, Dear, or Before, neither break his array to stay the same, if it be in Muster or March, less in Camping, or in time of service.   

Spoils or booties to be divided.  
YOU shall give the company to understand and know, that if any exploit or enterprise be executed and done, the victory overcome, the enemies taken or slain: all such spoils or booties as is gotten, shall be brought to the colours and there showed, and a note taken of the same, and at convenient time to be sold by the sound, as a general booty, and so divided in equal portions to every man his part, as well them that keep the field in order of battle, as to them that entered the fight and brought the said booty away.   

Care in carrying baggages.  
YOU shall have a great regard, that no Soldier take any booty or pillage to hinder himself, or annoy his company, but as he may be discharged of the same at every sudden, ready to his weapon or place: for the practice of the enemy, is to set suddenly upon such men so laden with baggages, a great hindrance to the Soldier, and an encouragement to the enemy.   

Hurt Soldiers to be considered.  
IF any Soldier be hurt in this time of fight, of body or Limbs, spent his weapon, broken his Armour, or such like loss, he shall be considered of, out of the said booty, and the rest to be equally divided.   

Soldiers charge for entreating Messengers.  
IF any man or woman, what Nation soever they be, friend or foe, come to speak with any of the high Officers of the Camp or Garrison: it shallbe convenient, for any such Soldier, to bring them into such a place as they shall see but little, and send word to the said Officers, keeping them safe until the said Officers pleasure be to send for them, or to know in that behalf, and in the mean space to entreat them gently with good words, what Nation soever they be: For such persons are not known to most Soldiers.   

Soldiers charge in travailing.  
THat no Soldier in time of traveling, within the Realm of England, or other dominions under our Prince, shall allure any woman, maid or widow, to follow the Camp unhonestly, neither shall have any, without the licence of the Marshal: they shall not spoil nor destroy any cattle, Pulline, or such like victuals, he shall not stray out of his way, to filch or steal any manner of thing whatsoever, neither commit any other outrage: but shall keep the high ways appointed for them to journey in, accompanying their Ensign, and honesily regarding the safety of the same.   

The cousaile of old Soldiers.  
Captains having any old Soldiers serving under them, shall give ear unto them speaking of experience or service, with discreet policy, and shall reward them and advance them to the uttermost of his power, & according to the value of their good counsel: for such men sometimes, be unto a Captain and his company, much available. So must he punish busy bodies, thereunto presuming without experience or discretion.   

Captains, Lievetennants, and Officers, with Soldiers charge.  
IT is convenient and a most necessary point of the Captain, Lieutenant, or sergeant, to frequent oftentimes with the Soldiers in their Lodgings, Tents, or Cabins, to view how they be provided and furnished of all manner of things to them needful, and that they live an honest, civil, and Christian life, as Christian men ought to do, not presuming by means of wars, to use such liberty, as if God's Laws and our Princes were forgotten, as some Soldiers of divers Nations in times past have done: in using the vices of great oaths, in swearing to the blaspheming of the almighty God: also in the excess of drunkenness, bringing themselves into the likeness of brute beasts, to their great dispraise before God and man: also, in vicious living, contrary to the Law of God, which may not be unpunished: also in fight and quarreling, living in malice with his fellows, which is vile, or in any other vice used, amongst the company. Such persons must be sharply punished, for God is well pleased therewich, and sendeth the company good successes, that serveth him and liveth in his Laws.   

These be the Articles which shall appertain to the oath of every Soldier, as followeth.  
Every private Captain shall swear his Soldiers one by one, and the Soldier shall lay his hand upon the Ensign, and make his oath to God, that by the faith he beareth unto God and his Sovereign, he will observe and keep all these Marshal Laws, statutes, and Ordinances, during the said journey, or else to be accounted not only a forsworn person, but to be punished at the discretions of the Lord Lieutenant or Marshal.   

The charge of all Soldiers and Officers generally.  
ALso the whole company of every Captain, shall bring their Ensign with every Officer and Soldier, to the place of assembly, be it in Camp or in Garrison, by night or by day, and there shall diligently become in order of battle by the sergeant so placed: they shall there tarry and abide attending their Colours, till commandment be given to break up, by the Lord Lieutenant of the field, and then the whole company shall return with their Ensign to their Lodging, with the sound of Drums and Phiffe. If any fail in this behalf, they shall be punished as to the offence belongeth.  
Also, it behoveth all good Captains, to gratify the good industry and diligence of Soldiers in that behalf: yea, a very good policy to assemble by night, without cause of enemies, to teach the Soldiers the order of battle, and to reprove their negligence in such behalf offending.   

Certain rules of Arms pertaining to Marshal Discipline: set forth and proclaimed by the Lord Martial, who shall see the offenders thereof punished.  
FIrst, that all men whomsoever, as well head Officers as inferior Officers and Soldiers, shall be true & faithful Subjects, unto our most gracious Sovereign Lady Queen Elizabeth, her crown and dignity, and truly to serve her, under her Lieutenant general appointed in that journey.  
Also they shall obey all head Officers, which be appointed to serve under the said L. Lieutenant, as his Captains, and all such Officers as are appointed under the said Captains, to serve and govern them, as his Lieutenant, his Ensign, his Sergeants, and the Corporals and Lance spazadoes, following, defending, supporting and maintaining their own Ensign, and never to leave the same till it be always in safety, be it in times of assault, alarum, battle, skyrmage, connoy, watch, ward, or time of service. And to these points all Soldiers shall be sworn, as I have before mentioned and set down.  
All men shall gently and honestly entreat, and suffer in general, all Victuallers, be they friends or foes, bringing victuales to the place appointed for the same by the Marshal or Colonel: suffering them to pass and return with their money, or any other things, which they are suffered to buy, or exchange for their victuals by the Clerk of the Market, or other Officers appointed for that purpose.  
It were very good at such times, having foreign Victuallers coming into your Camp, Leaguor, or Town of garrison, at their return homewards, to send some Soldier of discretion with them, to bring them on the way so far as they may, without danger to themselves, giving them good words, with fair and gentle language, and wise questions, most necessary, for that time to be known, which sometimes may prevail to learn the intent of the Enemies.  
Also if any offend the said Victuallers, they shall be punished as to the Law appertaineth: no man shall take any thing from them by force, or without any money, nor under the price set by the Clerk of the Market, or any other bringing any other necessaries, as wollin cloth, Linin cloth, shoes, hose, or weapons, with such like, being permitted by the said Officers.  
You shall relieve poor Soldiers, which by sickness or imprisonment amongst the Enemies, is fallen in decay, and lacketh meat, drink, weapons, or Armour, and being a serviceable Soldier, shall by his Captain be restored, and shall deduct the same in his wages or booties taken of the Enemy, which sometime ought to be divided, for Captains in times past, hath not regarded the poor Soldiers, so that some hath perrished for want of relief and succour.  
All Captains who hath any man enrolled in his book, whatsoever he be, Soldier, corporal, Victualor, Pioneer, Carior, or any other, and be taken prisoner of the Enemy, the said prisoner shall not be suffered in their hands, which may be ransomed either by exchange of prisoners, or otherwise, but with diligence shall they be redeemed and brought home to their Colours.  
In like manner, if any Soldier be taken prisoner, and sent home upon his faith and credit, the Captain shall see that they either pay such ransoms as they are agreed of, or else to send them back again to their takers by the day appointed, till some other remedy be found, which thing redowneth to the only credit and faith of a true Soldier.  
So shall they correct and reprove diligently all outrages, riotous persons, quarrelers, fighters, whoremungers, murderers, and robbers, according to their offences committed.   

Other penal statutes, to be executed by the Marshal.  
FIrst, that no man make any fray within the Camp, Leguor, or Garrison, nor appoint any place without the same for that purpose, to take any parts, or carry any tale, to attempt the same upon pain.  
That no man killing any Cat-tail within the said Camp or Leaguor, do leave the garbage above the ground, or if any man or beast die within the said Leaguor, it shall be conveyed out of the same, a certain space of, & there to be buried, except the Leaguor remove the same day, upon pain.  
That no man shall water their horses, or cast any filth into any part of the water which adjoineth to the said Leaguor, but in the lowest parts appointed for that purpose, upon pain.  
That no woman follow the Camp or Leaguor but such as be by the Marshal appointed, victuallers or Laundresses, which shall be licensed by the Marshal's bill, and in his book so recorded upon pain.  
That no Captain receive any Soldier into wages, which is put away for any notable or criminal cause, upon pain.  
That no Captain entice any Soldier unto him, from any other captains Band, nor no Soldier shall departed without the good will of his Captain having a passport, upon pain.  
That no Soldier take any weapons or Armours, Garments, or any other thing whatsoever, which to another man appertaineth, nor come within any other man's lodging, except the owner or Keeper thereof be within, upon pain.  
That all men shall be lodged by the quarter Master, and being so lodged, shall be contented with the same, be it in Town, Leaguor or Camp, upon pain.  
That no man make any brunt or noise after the watch be set, and the warning piece shot off, so that all alarums may be heard and brought in by the Skowtes, or otherwise, upon pain.  
That no Captain send forth any Company about any enterprise or exploit, without the licence of the Lord Lieutenant, upon pain.  
That no man go a foraging, further than they be appointed by the forage Master, which is guarded by the Marshal's appointment, upon pain.  
That all private Captains being no head Officers of the Leaguor or Camp, which must be continually busied, do watch and ward with their Colours themselves, upon pain.  
That all Soldiers, Horsemen and Footmen, learn the sound of both Trumpets and Drums, which serveth to call as the mouth of Man, and that they be ready at all such calls, either on Horse or Foot, upon pain.  
That no man do his natural easement within the Leaguor, nor within certain space of the same, for annoying the Skowtes or standing watch, except the same be buried three foot within the ground immediately, upon pain.  
That no man go out of his array, either in day of battle, or in marching, upon pain.  
That no man carry any woman to the Leaguor, or keep her in the Town, except she be his lawful wife, upon pain to be punished as a vile person, or a vagabond, and never to be accounted a Soldier in any service.  
Also if any Soldier being a common swearer, and leaveth it not after once warning of his Captain or Lieutenant, shall be punished as a slave or villain, to the example of others.  
Also that no man take any thing of the Prince's subjects, without he pay truly for it, or it be given him, upon pain.  
Also that no man be lodged in Garrison or Leaguor, but only by the Quarter Master appointed for the same, upon pain.  
Also that all Soldiers entreat their Hostis and their family well, being the Prince's Subjects, to the intent they may be welcome if they come again, or others in their places, for else we should not only make war with our Enemies, but also upon Prince's friends, upon pain.  
Also that no Soldier be a common dicer or drunkard, which is the only way to waste his wages, which should be his maintenance otherwise, to go like a slave, upon pain.  
Also that no private Captain nor others, come from his watch or ward, being appointed to the same in Leaguor or Garrison, till they be released by other Companies, or else discharged: for what a shame is it to a Captain, when his company doth not their duty for want of his presence, and be distressed by the means thereof: what account is such a Captain able to make to his Prince or Lord Lieutenant, that will come away, leaving his Ensign and Company behind him: in like manner to any other man. Wherefore no man shall departed from his Company upon pain.  
Also in times of lodging the Leaguor, all Horsemen shall keep on horseback, until such time as all footmen be entered into the Leaguor or Camp, and every man appointed the quarter or place of assembly, upon pain.  
Also those Horsemen shall see the Skowtes set forth, to scout upon the high grounds on all sides of the Leaguor, and to see all Carriages, ordinance, and Munitions, clearly entered into the Leaguor or Camp, before they enter or dysmount, they shall remain in their Armours till the place of encamping be made, upon pain.  
Also if any alarum be made, the Sergeant Mayor shall resort to the place of assembly, diligently there to place every Soldier in good order of battle, and in the strongest manner to be devised, upon pain.   

The cause of alarums or show of Enemies to the Leaguor, either by night or by day.  
SOmetimes to view your order of array, and to discover your numbers.  
Sometimes to view your Horsemen, how they be appointed with great horse for the battle, and light horse, and such like.  
Sometimes to view your ordinances, what store of Cannons you have for battery, field Pieces for the battle, and such like.  
Sometimes to view the situation of your Leaguor, how they may best bring the alarum in the night, by Canuisado, or otherwise.  
Sometimes to view the placing of your victuals or powder, and how they may best take or destroy the same.  
Sometimes to train men out of the Leaguor, to bring them into the place or laps of their ambush.  
Sometimes to keep men waking, and so to weary them with alarums, whereby they shall not be able to appear in their places at time of need.  
Sometimes to keep in Skowtes or Foragers, until they do some exploit, either in victualling some hold, or else making some breach or such like.  
Sometimes they will mount as many Footmen as they can, upon baggage horse, to make a great show of Horsemen.   

Hear followeth the poynters of the Leaguor or Camp, which shall take view of the place appointed.  
THE High Marshal, the Quarter Master, the Master of the ordinance, the Captains of the Pioneers, or french Masters, & divers other Officers, with certain Lieutenants of every ward, to view the place appointed, which Officers shall be well and strongly guarded, with one or two thousand horse at the least, for great honour consisteth in the safe keeping of your Marshal and other head Officers, also they be a good asiuraunce for the rest of the Army which followeth.  
It behoveth them to have circumspect Skowtes, which shall march before them strongly guarded, with a company of Pikes and shot, or troops of Light Horsemen, lest your enemies lie in ambush, or devise some other engine when you think least of them, how to overthrow your Marshal, which were a great discomfort in a field to your Soldiers, and a greater encouragement to the Enemies. Wherefore make your Marshal strong that goeth before, and he shall be a good strength to them that follow, and when the Marshal is arrived at the place appointed for the Army where they shall lodge, and that he and the rest of his company have viewed round about the same, than it shall be meet for the Captain of the Pioneers, and the Carriage Masters, to return to the Army, to see their Company and carriages conveyed to the place before appointed: and to lead them as in times past have been used, which is, to march but five or six miles in four hours, so your Arinie shall come at time convenient to their lodging, to provide forage and such necessaries, and not to be overtoyled and made weary, for a weary man being assailed in time of his weariness, is half overcome by the reason of his weariness.   

In lodging the Army aforesaid.  
YOU shall lodge the Army where they may be Lords of their commodities, which may not be spared, as Wood, water, and pastures, which must be good and sweet, always kept clean: being thus furnished, the Marshal and quarter Master, shall appoint to place the Arinie on the higher ground, where they may have the most advantage against the enemies, if they should approach them.  
The Master of the ordinance, shall place his charge to the most advantage of the hill, where they may best discover and shoot to those parts, where the enemies might best approach. Also if your enemy's assault, they shall climb up to you, whereby their strength is diminished and their breath shortened. Also, if you will meet with your enemies, descending from your Leagar, which is on an hill, your force and strength is the more, (for a man going downward is of more force than he that goeth upward.  
And when he hath found out such a commodious ground as best befitteth him, and looks for the coming of his enemies, than it is good to lodge your Army both horse and foot, all in one Leagar or Camp, unless it be before a Town or Castle, that you mind to besiege and enclose on every side: but for a removing Leagar, or a Leagar lying still, and is not at the stege of neither Town nor Castle, and looks for the coming of their enemies: then I think in my opinion, that men be of more force, lying together in one Leagar or Camp, then to lodge in several companies.   

The proportion of your Leagar or Campe.  
YOU shall make your Leagar or Camp large, according to the number of your Army, neither bigger nor less than your company serveth thereto: Pitch your Leagar four square, dividing the same into four parts, by two great streets reaching cross through your Leagar or Camp, from the one side to the other, two parts for horsemen, and two parts for footmen. Point the place of assembly on the highest part thereof, and make the same so large, as to imbattaile your number of footmen, and in such order as men may pass with ease to the same, by the streets appointed.  
You shall point your Market place, in the midst of your four streets, whereas your horsemen shall assemble in time of allarams by night, where they shall both arm themselves and keep on horseback, ready to issue forth if need be. Lodge your General near the place of assembly, upon some commodious ground.  
Your streets are to be made as most commonly is used, iij. score and tenpaces broad, without any annoyance of tentcordes or stakes, so may men march in good order with their Ensign, to the place of assembly: but in any wise, look that your Leagar be neither too large nor too little for your companies, for by either of them you are the weaker: and point the Artillery places in such sort and places, as may be most dangerous to your enemies, whensoever they assail you, and near unto the Artillery, leave some void place to assemble your men together in battles, at time of alarm. And if your strength be great, so that you make more battles than one, than you must have more places of assembly than one, for every battle would have a place of assebly, and so to make a stand till occasion serveth, with the Artillery before them in time of alarum, besides the horsemen: so shall you be sure, if your men be well placed, that your Leagar or Camp shallbe well warded and defended, for a man knoweth not on which side the enemies will come, wherefore it is good to place your men every way for your best advantage.  
Also, I would wish (as I have said before) that every horseman should be ready at the sound of such alarums, and to resort with speed, to the said assembly there to do any service if need shall require at any such times.   

Entrenching your Camp or Leagar.  
ALso if you intent to stay in your enemy's Land, specially knowing your enemies to be at hand, than it shallbe needful, by the opinion of divers old Servitors, to entrench your Camp or Leagar with a Trench of twelve foot deep, and fifteen foot broad, and as we use now in these days, which shall have small ordinance in them, and small shot to flank your Trenches, and one bastian to be level within compass of your shot: and if you look not for many enemies to assail you, than it shall be sufficient to make the 
The plat for Encamping. Place this battle 268 folio, at this mark ******  Trenches of your Leagar, but eight or nine foot deep, and seven foot broad, and at such times all men shall help the best they can.  
But if you have not many enemies at hand, and intend to remove daily, till opportunity serveth: than it shall be sufficient to make your King or Pale with your carriages, placing your ordinances amongst the same to your best advantage, with your stand watch in the midst, & your Scout watch without the same, both on horseback and on foot, for your better security.   

Entrenching your powder and Treasure.  
ALso it behoveth you to have a special care, in bringing your carriages laden with Powder and Treasure, to the Master of Artillery his lodging, where you shall safely entrench and watch the same, with good and strong watches, and none to come near the same, but his Officers and the watch who hath the same in charge.   

Commandment to be given to the troops of horsemen at your first arrival at the Camp or Leagar.  
AT your arrival at any Camp or Leagar, you are to give commandment to every horseman, that no man shall dismount from his horse back, until such time as every footman be quietly lodged, and that at such times, good and sure Scouts be set forth towards the enemies, so far as you can learn: for upon those Scouts, at such times, dependeth the wealth and everthrow of your Army, for when footmen be busy in making their Lodging and Cabins, than they be out of array and strength, and if then they should be surprised of the enemies, it were enough to cast away the whole Army.  
But a good Scout will repair ever to the highest places of ground, where they may see on every side of the Leagar, and especially towards the enemies, so may they be sure to discover on every side, both on high grounds and valies: and if they list to discover farther, let part of the same company remain still on the high ground where they be, which shall not stir until they make their return back again: So shall your Leagar or camp be sure to have advertisement, though the former Scouts were overthrown and taken, wherefore be sure to have always good and sufficient Scouts, for your better security.   

Scout watch on foot.  
YOU are also to place your Scout watch on foot, round about the Leagar or Camp, six score with out the Ring of the same, by five men in a company, being so near together, as one may see another in a light night: in a dark night, the one to send to the other every half quarter of an hour, to know what brunts or noise they hear. And if the Scouts on horse were so used, five in a company, and to send the one to the other as I have said before, I am in that opinion, it would be of more force, than the body of a watch standing still, me thinks this were great safety to the Leagar: Likewise every fift man to have the watch word, and no more.  
Those which watch shall use great silence, without great occasion given by the enemies coming, then to make alarum with the usual word, arm, arm, than every man shall make haste the one helping the other, and be in a readiness with his weapons for their best defence, till they be retired to the stand watch of the Leagar, whereby they may fight, and be rescued of all the Soldiers of the Leagar or Camp: wherefore, they shall have great regard, that they make no alarums, but upon just occasiion.  
Every fift man shall have the watch word for that night, so watching, for at that time they are as Scoute Masters: also, the chief Scout Masters, are appointed to set the watch, and at certain times to bring them relief, and to search and examine the same, both on horseback and foot: also, the stand watch should have great care in hurting the Scouts, when as at any time they make their retire.   

Special care to be foreseen both in watching and warding.  
ALso the Lord Livetennant, the high Marshal, with the rest of the Counsel, must appoint a sufficient number of men, both on horseback and foot, to watch and ward the Leagar or Camp: in the which appointment, they ought to use great discretion, to foresee that there be no want of men for the furnishing thereof. Also, that no man be overtoyled or wearied either in watching or warding, for according to the number of your strength, so you are to divide your companies, that no man shall watch but every fourth night, which will be very well, both for the Soldiers & for the strength of your Army: for by the overwatching of your men, may be a great heaviness and dullness unto them, and a great weakening unto your whole Army.  
And for the appointment of the body of the watch, at the Artillery you must in any wise appoint that very strong, as your number will serve, for the safe keeping of your Artillery and the wealth of your Leagar. Also, it appertaineth to the provost Martial at such times, to set the stand watch and Scouts, both on horseback and on foot: but the watching of the place of Artillery, belongeth unto the Officers thereof, which are appointed by the high Marshal and the Master of the ordinance, as I have before set down.   

How the Sergeant Maior, Captain, and simple sergeant are to govern themselves, when their battle shall chance to be assaulted, on foot and on horseback.  
IN sundry and divers manners, and moreover in divers places of grounds, battles are fought, according to the occasions and accidents, that in Military occurrents do chance at unawares, in time of warfare, abroad in the plains, in Towns and in Fortresses: for which causes it is necessary, that the wit of those which have the managing thereof, be prompt and ready, as well in this, as moreover in finding out a good party for himself, all for the honour and safety of the Prince whom he serves, joining to his courageous heart, wit, experience, policy, and each advantage that is possible to be used against his enemy, therefore in two forts do arise the means to fight: one is, when he doth seek to fight with his enemy, and the other when he is sought of the enemy, in such sort that it is needful to defend himself. And therefore I say, when the first occasion doth rise, and that he seeks the enemy, speaking here of striking battle in the plains, it is requisite first he consider, how the enemy's Army is furnished with horsemen and footmen, and if he look to fight with horsemen that are to come to break his battle, in this case he is to be advertised, that he suffer himself not to be found (if it be possible) in the open fields, or in the plains, but rather must accommodate his battle in some place of a hill or a mountain, or upon some seat of ground, which hath upon one side, either River or ditch, or some other impediment against the enemies horsemen, which on some side may be a defence, as in some places be Trees, Vines, and divers other such like, as nature brings forth in divers places, which are of great impediment unto the enemy's horsemen, and unto foot battles are very profitable, and although the number of Soldiers are very small, yet oftentimes by much advantage remain victorious. But advertisement is to be had, that in such cases it is requisite, that there be accommodated many Hargabuziers in the battle, and many Pikes, for they be good against the enemy's horsemen: Having to fight with footmen, the open fields is the best, with a square battle and many Pikes, placing Hargabuziers according to his discretion.  
Since I have spoken of the first manner of fight, I will speak of the second, which is, when the enemy deoth assault at unawares, it is necessary then courageously not to lose any point of courage, to place his people in square battle, for that it is the most ready and most sure way that is, making himself good slanckes with the Hargabuziers of the band, afterwards expecting the assault, cause his battle to shut and close itself well, causing them to couch and abase, 4. or 5. or sometimes 6. ranks of Pikes in that case, round about all the sides of the battle, and the others to stand upright until time of need: and the Hargabuziers are to hold their Pieces upon their thighs, with their matches in their cocks, a morce in their pan, and all vigilant in a readiness. And the Captain before the battle, valiantly giving courage to his Soldiers, to perform the duty of a leader: advertising, that when the assault is given by horsemen, that the Pikemen couching and abasing themselves, do hold the great end of their pikes fastened hard in strong earth, to the end the Pike may have the greater force.     

THE SECOND PART.  
With a Calendar, containing the square of any number, from one hundred, to ten 1000 serving for the ordering of just squares, bastard squares, and broad Squares: and most sufficient for the imbattailing of any number. (*)  
With certain rules of marching by degrees, the which of a sudden you may with ease bring them into a Square battle, or a broad Square, of what number soever.  
By Gyles Clayton, servitor & late Lieutenant to the Right honourable the Lord North, Lord Lieutenant General of Cambridgeshyre.  
AT LONDON  
❧ Printed, Anno. Domini.  
M. D. XCI.   

To the Right honourable and his very good Lord, the Lord of Hunsdon, Lord Chamberlain of her majesties household, and Governor of her Town of Berwick: G. C. wisheth increase of all honourable virtues.  
RIght honourable and my very good Lord, having received so many bountiful rewards, with an infinite number of good words, for other of his writings, the which it hath pleased your good Lordship so favourably to accept, is not thereby only encouraged now once again, to betake himself to his pen, but also he is emboldened, to present to your L. view this his small labour, which containeth the approved order of Martial Discipline. And as it is the common opinion of all worthy men, (right honourable & my very good Lord) that among all things that is to be preferred, war is the one: and that because whosoever behaveth himself honourably in the exercise thereof, representeth the true Image of the most great and omnipotent God, because among the high titles attributed according to his will and divine Majesty in the old and holy Law, he hath always been content to be reverenced and called by the name of the GOD of hosts: so if this worthy exercise of Martial Discipline be used, and had in practice for the glory of God, and the defence of Christ his Gospel, or for the defence of a Kingdom or Commonweal, no doubt there is, but that the great GOD of Hosts is our chief General, and most worthy Captain.  
And as your honour, being not inferior to any in the exercise hereof, not only for your own honour and magnanimity, but for the better upholding of Christ's Gospel, for the defence of our gracious Sovereign, her Laws and loving Subjects, for the exercising of warlike weapons, and the often using of them breedeth peace, but if warlike weapons should be laid aside, and Martial discipline forgotten, then would it be with us, as it was with the Romans. For as Scipio saith, after the Romans laid aside the use of their warlike weapons, and Martial exercises, they fell into great idleness, outrages, riot, and wantonness; for more hurtful was this time of peace to Rome, then during the whole course and season of the wars, for that whilst they had enemies in Africa, they knew not what vices and inordinate riot meant in Rome.  
Wherefore, may it please your good Lordship, in this time of peace, there must be had special regard, to see these warlike weapons used and practised, and not that every common fellow be set in authority, but those which be men of experience & knowledge, for what profiteth these Companies here in England with all their muster and trainings? May I speak it without offence, there is not in conscience two Companies among twenty, which hath men of experience to instruct them in the exercise of their weapons. For it is not sufficient to have store of Arms, weapons, Munitions, and furniture, but also to have men of experience to use them, and good Governors in the knowledge of Martial discipline to lead them.  
The Realm thus governed with men of experience and knowledge, there is no doubt but it will continue and flourish. For as Varro saith, exercise of warlike weapons, and rumours of wars, breedeth peace. And for that your Lordship, being a most loyal and faithful friend to her Majesty, and a most worthy and famous General, best befitting your honourable estate, for the better safe keeping of this little England, I have thought it good, for to discover this brief discourse of Martial discipline unto your good Lordship, having not any better thing to bestow of you whereby to witness my good will, for if I had, I would with all willingness impart the same. And for that your Lordship knoweth, the earth which yieldeth salt beareth no other thing, and the ground that hideth gold, will bear no kind of grain, so from a slender wit, exercised in Martial discipline, your Lordship will look for no gifts, but fruits of a most willing mind. And albeit they are many, who alured by your manifold virtues regard you, and moved through your true nobleness of mind to honour you, yet as one not inferior in affection to any, but in good will surmounting many, thus I boldly presume, leaving it to your honourable humanity: as a parsonage most meet, and bulwark most sufficient, against the barking imps of the envious, and blunt hasty bolts of the foolish, whose eyes being sore, cannot behold the Sun, and their wits so weak, are not able to penetrate the subtlety of Martial experiences: and therefore as slothful neglect them, or as malicious, wholly contemn them. But proceeding too far in these speeches, peradventure I may be misliked, and therefore lest I should seem entered so far, that I cannot find the way out, I will conclude.  
Thus beseeching your good Lordship to pardon me in discharging my duty, and to receive with cheerfulness, defend with willingness, and to read with friendliness this rude work which I offer to your good L. as an outward sign of my inward good will. Thus beseeching God, most earnestly to bless and prosper, both you and yours here on this earth, with health, and increase of honour, and magnanimity, and send you in heaven most assured happiness.  
Your Lordship's most humble in all dutiful service to be commanded. Gyles Clayton.   

❧ THE second PART.  

❧ Forms of Battles very necessary to be used in place of service, every Battle best befitting the place of ground.  
FOR as much as I have undertaken to set down the ordering of certain Battles, with the ordering of your men to march by degrees, so that on a sudden you may bring them into a Square battle, of what number soever they be: and to the intent that such as read this Book, may without difficulty understand the ordering of every Battle & place of service, according as they in the description are appointed, I thought it good to show you the figure of every one in his place. Wherefore I will first declare unto you, by what figure and Letters you shall find the Footmen, the Horsemen, and ever other Officer in his place of service.  

The Letters and Characters.  
T for Targetters. O for Musketters. o for Calivers. P for Pikes. H for Holberders.  
G for General. M for Martial. T for Treasurer. C for Captains. L for Lieveten.  
B for bills. n for Carbines. m for Light horse. M for Launseares. c for carriages.  
S for Sergeants. E for Ensigns. D for Drums. F for mischiefs.    

The sum and contents of the Figures following.  

1. In the figure following, is described the marching of your men into a ring, the meaning whereof is more plainly set down as followeth.  
2. In the second figure is showed how to order a Battle, or bond of men, and to bring their men into a Square battle, with their Pikes on the front of the said battle.  
3. In the third figure is described the manner of marching by degrees, of what number soever, and at the first sight of your enemies, to bring them into a just Square battle, so that your Ensigns may be in the midst.  
4. In the fourth figure is showed, the ordering of three square battles of Pikes, and to what use they serve.  
5. In the fift figure is signified, the ordering of the four Squadrons of Pikes, and to what use they serve.  
6. In the sixth figure is declared the ordering of a Cross battle.  
7. In the seventh figure is showed, the ordering of a base Cross battle, and wherefore it best serveth.  
8. In the eight figure is showed, the ordering of a base Square battle, and to what use it best serveth.  
9 In the ninth figure is declared, a perfect Square battle of four hundred Pikes.  
10. In the tenth figure is showed, the form of a battle on foot, without Horsemen, employed with Shot, ready the fight.  
11. In the eleventh figure is plainly showed, the order and form of a Square battle, ready the fight in Field, impayled both with Carbines, Light-horse, and Lances, as in these days we use.    

❧ The order of Imbattayling.  
Although these things being first set down, as marching by degrees, and casting of a Ring, extendeth not to old Captains, and Servitors of experience, yet it is not hurtful to such as be young Servitors, which would be glad to learn experience and knowledge in these Martial exercises, which is a most honourable life so used.  
FIrst you shall understand, that if two or three Captains, having under their leading two or three hundred men to each Captain, & be sent into the enemy's Country to do some notable exploit, or to conduct any Convoy through the same: then, they shall march three or five in a rank, as is most commonly used, when they be few in number, for the spéedines of their way & passing through straits, for in such ways a man may not march above 385. at the most, for few men being not strengthened with horse, cannot long endure in the enemy's Country.  
But say it happeneth, that their enemies come suddenly upon them, so that they rannot set their men in order of battle as they would: than it shall be good for those Captains to cast their men in a Ring, as they marched before, five or three in a rank, with the greatest part of their shot in the midst of their Pikes, your Holbards or Bills next the Ensign, being placed in the midst of all, and those shot which be in the Rearward of your company, if occasion serveth, shallbe delivered to certain of your corporals, which shall lead them in wings to skirmish with the enemy: but of all things have a care to take all advantages that may be, both of wind, ground, and Sun, and be sure that your Corporals be men of knowledge, and able to discharge their duties and charge committed unto them. If they be not so skilful as you would  
The plat for Encamping.  
The Battle called a Cross, very excellent both for night and day.  
A twofold Battle of 2000 men These Characters are to be used in the place of the other, where this letter H was placed for B as here you may see. These Characters. S Signify Shot.  ♂ or this P Signify Pikes.  ✚ or this B Signify Halberds.  E Signify Ensigns.  Signify lances.  Δ Signify Light horsemen.  * Signify Argoletteares.  
wish them to be, then send out with them one or two sergeant, if you can spare them from the battle, for they ought to be skilful Soldiers, and to know how to bring their companies to the face of their enemies, and how to charge and retire with the best advantage.  
And if your place of meeting be large, it were good to appoint many of your Corporals, with several companies of shot to meet your enemies in the face: and when they have delivered their powder and shot, they shall make their retreat to the battle, and then certain other shot which are within the battle, shall issue forth and rescue them, and to supply their place of service, till such times as they have furnished themselves, and being thus furnished and refreshed, are ready to make a new supply, if needed shall require. Thus may they continue a long time, and maintain your battle.  
But if you meet your enemies upon the plains, then must you appoint certain of your Pikes with Halberds or bills to defend your shot from the charge of horsemen: thus doing, you shall be able to defend yourselves in all places, and to encounter with the enemies, though they assault you on every side, & were more in number by three parts. These premises considered, & so performed as before mentioned, may redound to the great credit & magnanimity of such Captains, as performeth such an exploit, and also honour and renown to their Soldiers, which were so resolute in their service: for a Soldier or Servitor had rather choose to die with honour in the field, then to be any way or means dishonoured in service. This (Gentlemen) is my opinion, and the good opinion of divers old Soldiers and Servitors, if you be assaulted on a sudden, which sometimes happeneth.  
This is the King which I have declared unto you, which King is very necessary to be used as I have declared before, so that you cast and divide your men with their several weapons as aforesaid, and shallbe more plainly seen in the next Figure following.  

A Corporal with shot.  o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o  

A Corporal with shot.  o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o  
For the straits.  

corporal.  o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o  
In this order for the plains.  
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o  
A perfect rule to bring your men into a square battle on a sudden, with their Pikes in the Front, the which at times were very good, if by chance you meet with your enemies in any broad way: thus march your men by degrees five in a rank, every Captain by himself, with their pikes on the front of their array, so, every Captain marching with their several companies, may on a sudden bring their men into a square battle, with their pikes on the Front of the said battle, the which is very good, if by broad ways or woods they happen to meet with their enemies, for the defence of their horsemen: and for your better understanding thereof, I have here in figure more plainly set it down, to show you the meaning thereof.  
Thus is the foresaid marching by degrees five in a rank, brought into a Square battle, with their Dykes on the front, so also you may order your Companies, and bring them into this proportion, of what number so ever they be if need requireth.  

Hear you shall further understand, how many men may march in a rank, and on a sudden to bring them into a just Square battle, of what number soever they be, so that your Ensigns may be in the midst thereof.  
IF you happen to espy your enemies, and are driven to make a square battle with speed, then divide the root of your Company of what number soever they be, into three equal parts, and the third part of your men ought to march by the way, as by this figure more plainly appeareth. Say there be but 2. hundred forty five men to march through the Enemy's Country, the root of those two hundred forty five must be taken, which is fifteen, which number may be equally divided into three parts, being five in front, fifteen in flank, so marching five in a rank, there shall be forty five ranks, five to a rank, as by the figure next following more plainly appeareth.  
Thus marching with your men by degrees five in a rank or more, what number soever, if the company may equally be divided into three parts, then they may be brought into a Square battle, so that you divide them by C. and L. as this figure signifieth, so that every part hereof is fifteen ranks, five to a rank, and when you will have them brought into a just Square battle, make a stand, and cause the front of your Company to stand, that done proceed forward with the second, and so with the third, until they become up to the front, the which three parts so placed, will make a just square battle, 15. both in front and flank, as the example following more plainly showeth unto you.  
These are the three parts which I spoke of before, & now bringing them up in order, as you see, they shall make a just Square battle, with all their Ensigns in the midst thereof, which shall be more plainly seen unto you, by figure of these three parts brought into a square battle.  
Also there are a great number of good battles, which have been used among old Servitors, & men of experience, which are very good to be used against the Enemies, and as they are good, so they are dangerous, for they will be soon disordered where Soldiers are not thoroughly experienced and trained up in services: but the fight in these days, are clean contrary to the fight in times past, for we use altogether Shot, Pikes and Horse, with a few Halberds and Targets, for the which weapons, there is no better order of imbattelling, than the square battle: also if there be 20000. or 30000. in the field, then to divide them into three or four squadrons, which is a most strong way, if occasion serve, as this figure more plainly showeth.  
The fore Front of the four Squadrons.  
THese square platforms, being well and strongly impayled with shot, (as most commonly we use in the field) is the most strong way and best to be used, if that you have any great number, as ten, twenty, or thirty thousand in field, for than you may divide your pikes, as you find yourself best advantaged against your enemies, either in 2. 3. or 4. squadrons, as best serveth for the ground where you make your stand: but if your commpany be small, as 2. or 3. thousand pikes in the field, than it were not good to divide them, but upon some great advantage of ground, or stopping of a straight way or some gap, which occasions ought most chief to be foreseen: for it hath ever been observed for a principle, amongst ancient Soldiers and Servitors of experience, that the stronger your Pikes are together, the more of force is your battle accounted, and the more companies your shot be devieed into, the better they may maintain the skirmish with their enemies, and the apt for service.  
These premises considered as before mentioned, you will of yourselves confess, that the square battles are best to be used in these days, for that we use not the weapons which hath been used in old time, as Crossbows, long bows, black Bills, with such other like weapons: but if you happen to meet with your enemies, in any Country full of hills or Mountains, than your Cross battle is very good, or a base cross battle, as by Figure I have set down in most plain manner and form following.  

The form of a Cross Battle.  o o o o o o o p p p p p p p oh o o o o o o o o o o o o o p p p p p p p oh o o o o o o o o o o o o o p p p p p p p oh o o o o o o o o o o o o o p p p p p p p oh o o o o o o o o o o o o o p p p p p p p oh o o o o o o o o o o o o o p p p p p p p oh o o o o o o o o o o o o o p p p p p p p oh o o o o o o p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p h h h p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p D E F p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p h h h p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p h h h p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p oh o o o o o o p p p p p p p oh o o o o o o o o o o o o o p p p p p p p oh o o o o o o o o o o o o o p p p p p p p oh o o o o o o o o o o o o o p p p p p p p oh o o o o o o o o o o o o o p p p p p p p oh o o o o o o o o o o o o o p p p p p p p oh o o o o o o o o o o o o o p p p p p p p oh o o o o o o  
The form of a base Cross battle. Place this battle at folio 68 after the Cross battle.  
These are the forms afore spoken of, both of the Cross battle, as also of the base Cross battle, which are very good to be used, as aforesaid, for the defending of your shot from the horsemen's descending down either hill or Mountain.   

How to make a battle called the broad Square.  
THis broad square battle is very good to be used if you be but of small strength, for that it maketh a fair show in the sight of your Enemies, and in time of fight useth many hands more than the just squares: for if his enemies be before him, he is like to do great slaughter, for it will environ his enemies round about. But there be some of a contrary opinion, the which I yield unto, for in mine own opinion the just square is best, because it serveth most commonly in most places of grounds, but this broad square serveth as the grounds will serve, for we be not sure always of a place fit for the square battle: and also their strength may be such, by woods, waters, or false grounds, or such like, that the broad battle is much the better, if helped by these advantages. But howsoever you make your battle, you must have a great regard to the situation of your ground, and the strengths about the same.  
The order and form of a broad square battle, which is very good to be used, if so advantaged with strengths, as I have before spoken of, as woods, waters and false grounds. with such other like.  
The fore Front.  
A perfect rule to bring your men into a square battle, of what number soever they be, so that their Ensign may be in the midst thereof, as by example, with a small company, so you have but four hundred Pikes in the field: the 4. square root whereof is 20. then putting 20. men into a rank, there will be 20. ranks, 20. men to a rank, the which 20. ranks being orderly placed the one behind the other, will make a just square battle, if so placed as by this Figure more plainly is showed unto you.  
The order of a square battle, impayled with wings and troops of shot, as in the field is used in these days.    

❧ Certain Rules of Arms, very needful and necessary to be foreseen, both of General and Captains. (*)  
ALthough it be not needful, yet I will put you in mind of the great encumbrances, which may happen in the fight of a battle, wherefore be sure that your Horsemen in charging the Enemy, be as much distant from the main battle as may be: or else it may be an occasion in retiring from the Enemy, to break the ranks of your men, and so disorder the whole main battle, for sometimes it is policy to make a retreat, as occasion shall serve. Also you are to lodge your Horsemen in time of Leaguor or Camp, within the pall or quarters of your footmen, because they are not so soon Armed and mounted, ready to defend as the footmen.  
Also you ought to know, how that the Towns and Fortresses be strengthened, either by nature or by industry: by nature those are strong, which are compassed round about with Rivers or with Fens, by industry those which stand upon hills or Rocks: those likewise may be strong, which stand on the plains, either by Castle, Turrets, turnings, or crookedness thereof, with many other such like, which may endanger the Enemy on every side both on front and flank.  
Also when you are minded to besiege any strong Town or Hold, you shall first suffer them to sow their seed and fields, and so stay a time till it be green above the ground, to the intent they should lack the same grain which they have sown, and that you may the better hope to reap the same for your commodity.  
Also you are to exercise & practise your Soldiers in activity and deeds of Arms, when as you are not in any great danger of the Enemy, for the perfectness thereof, and in time of service for renown and honour.  
Also if any General, Colonels or Captains, being in Leaguor or Camp, and hath any want of victuals, let him then feign himself to make a composition or agreement with his Enemies: and during some process of time in this practice, you may be either provided of their victuals, or others at the least. And when you have by this policy and means gotten away their victuals & grain, than you may with ease keep them short and famish them.  
Also if you be minded to win any City or strong Hold, than you shall first foresee which way is best to overcome all the small Towns round about the same, and so overcoming them with violence, shall drive them into the City or strong Hold, for secure at their friends and Countrimens' hands, the which multitude of people being driven into the City, you may with more ease famish and overcome them.  
Also if you be minded to make an assault, first & chiefly you ought to have a care in giving the first onset, wherein you shall be valiant and courageous, and very hotly to assault them on every side, the which hath oftentimes gotten many victories.  
Also he that will be counted a man at Arms and service, must be valiant and courageous, most vigilant to observe the devices of the Enemy, and in taking some pains to exercise his Company, such Servitors shall incur least perils: and may hope most of victory.  
Also there is no purpose better than that which is hid from the Enemy, until such time as you have executed the same.  
Also to know in the wars how to understand occasions, and in the taking thereof, helpeth more at such times, than any other thing.  
Also nature breedeth many lusty & strong men, but practice and exercise maketh many.  
Also you are to understand that where discipline is used with lenity and courtesy, more prevaileth then fury & rashness, without discretion or wisdom.  
Also you shall understand, that the valiantness of your Soldiers, more prevaileth then the multitude, and sometime the situation helpeth more than the valiantness.  
Also you may understand, that new and sudden things, maketh many Armies amazed and feared, and accustomed things daily used, are little regarded. Wherefore make your Army to practise, and to know with small fights a new Enemy before you enter the fight with him.  
Also he that with disorder followeth the Enemy, after that he is broken, he will do no other but become of a Conqueror in the field the loser thereof.  
Also he that prepareth not sufficient and necessary victuals to live upon, both for himself and for his Company, may soon be overcomewith struck of weapons.  
Also he that trusteth more in Horsemen then in Footmen, or more in Footmen, then in Horsemen. Mu first accommodate himself with the ground and situation.  
Also when you perceive in the day, that there be any coming to espy your Leaguor, then cause every man to go into his Tent or cabin, and change your purpose if you perceive he hath fooreseene your Leaguor or Campe.  
Also you may consult with many, things which you ought to do, but the same thing which you do, confer with few.  
Also you shall use such means, that the Enemies may not by any means know how you will order your battles in fight: and in what manner soever you order them, make that the first may be received of the second, and so of the third.  
Also if you will make a set battle, never change to any other purpose, but to the same for which you have appointed it, for if you do, it will breed dissension and discord.  
Also you shall accustom your Soldiers to despise and hate delicate lodging, great fare, and cut apparel, for that it is dangerous unto them in time of service.  
Also I will put you in mind of a saying, which hath been used in times past, and most needful to be observed in these days. Whereas they said that men, iron, money and bread was the strength of the wars, they said true, but of those four, the first two be best, and most necessary, because men and iron, find money and bread, and not money and bread to find men and iron. For men with iron may provide both for bread, money, and all such like necessaries as to the wars belongeth.  
And lastly, I would wish you not to be slow in the exercising of your Soldiers in activity when time and place serveth, for that is your greatest strength in service, for if your men have not practise in their weapons, and so be expert and cunning in the use thereof, your Companies shall be much weaker than those which are practised and perfect.   

Not to give battle without the advice and counsel of divers old Servitors and men of experience.  
THere be many men of good service and experience, saith it is not good for a General or Leader of an Army, to be over hasty in giving battle to the Enemies, except it be upon some great advantage: for that it is a matter of weight, and aught very wisely and carefully to be foreseen, for that his honour and wealth of a Realm lieth thereon.  
Wherefore first you are to consider and to examine the estate and strength of the enemies, how they be furnished with men of service and experience, also with Armour and weapons both for Horsemen and footmen, as also with other strengths. Then you are to consider with yourselves of your own strength, and what number of men you have, likewise how expert they be in their weapons, and whether they be well appointed for such service or no.  
Then if you find your own party good, you may proceed, if but indifferent, than it is the opinion of old Servitors of experience, not to be too hasty to give the battle, if you may otherwise choose, although it hath been oftentimes seen that a few in number, hath forced to fight or else to retire: and if that small company do tarry and fight it out, than they do determine with themselves every man to be resolute, that one man is worth two at such times, and commonly it is seen, that the greatest number is careless, and think themselves most sure of the victory, but victory is uncertain, for God giveth victory where he pleaseth. Wherefore I would wish all Leaders, though they be more in number then their Enemies, not to be too hasty, but keep themselves strongly together: and if in case you give the battle, then do it with courage and resolute minds, determined to abide the time of good fortune and victory, and doubtless one of those men so determined, is worth three others.  
A way to march and conduct forth the Army. Place this battle 293. fallio at this mark ******   

❧ A brief Calendar for the better understanding how to augment your Companies by degrees, and in marching either by 3. 5. or 7. to bring them into a square battle, as to say in the first number, add three times 1. is 3. three times 2. is 6. three times 3. is 9 And so forth for the first Table, the second, and the third.  
Numb. Addit. 1 3 2 6 3 9 4 12 5 15 6 18 7 21 8 24 9 27 10 30 11 33 12 36 13 39 14 42 15 45 16 48 17 51 18 54 19 57 20 60 21 63 22 66 23 69 24 72 25 75 26 78 27 81 28 84 29 87 30 90 31 93 32 96 33 99 34 102 35 105 36 108 37 111 38 114 39 117 40 120 41 123 42 126 43 129 44 132 45 135 46 138 47 141 48 144 49 147 50 150 51 153 52 156 53 159 54 162 55 165 56 168 57 171 58 174 59 177 60 180 61 183 62 186 63 189 64 192 65 195 66 198 67 201 68 204 69 207 70 210 71 213 72 216 73 219 74 222 75 225 76 228 77 231 78 234 79 237 80 240 81 243 82 246 83 249 84 252 85 255 86 258 87 261 88 264 89 267 90 270 91 273 92 276 93 279 94 282 95 285 96 288 97 291 98 294 99 297 100 300  
The square root of this 300. is 17. unplaced 11.  
FINIS.   

The second Table.  
Numb. Addit. 1 5 2 10 3 15 4 20 5 25 6 30 7 35 8 40 9 45 10 50 11 55 12 60 13 65 14 70 15 75 16 80 17 85 18 90 19 95 20 100 21 105 22 110 23 115 24 120 25 125 26 130 27 135 28 140 29 145 30 150 31 155 32 160 33 165 34 170 35 175 36 180 37 185 38 190 39 195 40 200 41 205 42 210 43 215 44 220 45 225 46 230 47 235 48 240 49 245 50 250 51 255 52 260 53 265 54 270 55 275 56 280 57 285 58 290 59 295 60 300 61 305 62 310 63 315 64 320 65 325 66 330 67 335 68 340 69 345 70 350 71 355 72 360 73 365 74 370 75 375 76 380 77 385 78 390 79 395 80 400 81 405 82 410 83 415 84 420 85 425 86 430 87 435 88 440 89 445 90 450 91 455 92 460 93 465 94 470 95 475 96 480 97 485 98 490 99 495 100 500  
The square root of this 500 is 22. unplaced. 11.  
FINIS.   

The third Table.  
Numb. Addit. 1 7 2 14 3 21 4 28 5 35 6 42 7 49 8 56 9 63 10 70 11 77 12 84 13 91 14 98 15 105 16 112 17 119 18 126 19 133 20 140 21 147 22 154 23 161 24 168 25 175 26 182 27 189 28 196 29 203 30 210 31 217 32 224 33 231 34 238 35 245 36 252 37 259 38 266 39 273 40 280 41 287 42 294 43 301 44 308 45 315 46 322 47 329 48 335 49 342 50 350 51 357 52 364 53 371 54 378 55 385 56 392 57 399 58 406 59 413 60 420 61 427 62 434 63 441 64 448 65 455 66 462 67 469 68 476 69 483 70 490 71 497 72 504 73 511 74 518 75 525 76 532 77 539 78 546 79 553 80 560 81 567 82 574 83 581 84 588 85 595 86 6●2 87 609 88 616 89 623 90 630 91 637 92 644 93 651 94 658 95 665 96 672 97 679 98 686 99 693 100 700  
The square root of this 700. is 26. unplaced. 24  
FINIS.   

❧ Heerefolloweth a brief discovery of every battle before figured, the square roots whereof, I have most plainly set down in Figure following, which serveth to imbattaile from 100 to 1000, and so you may proceed on forward as before, to 10. 20. or 30. thousand: For such occasions of business at this present, drives me to conclude with more brevity, then at the first I determined.  

100  
FIrst you shall understand, the square root of 100 is 10. none unplaced: bastard square 11. in Front, 9 in flank 1. unplaced: broad square 14. in Front, 7. in flank, 2. unplaced.   

200.  
The square root of 200. is 14. 4. unplaced: bastard square 15. in Front, 13. in flank, 5. unplaced: broad square 20. in front, 10. in flank, none unplaced.   

300.  
The square root is 17. 11. unplaced: bastard square 18. in front, 16. in flank 12. unplaced: broad square, 25. in front, 12. in flank none unplaced.   

400.  
The square root is 20. none unplaced: bastard square, 21 in front, 19 in flank, one unplaced: broad square, 28. in front, 14. in flank, 8. unplaced.   

500  
The square root is 22. 16. unplaced: bastard square, 23. in front, 21. in flank, 17. unplaced: broad square, 31. in front, 16 in flank, 4. unplaced.   

600.  
The square root is 24. 24. unplaced: bastard square, 25. in front, 24 in flank, none unplaced: broad square, 35. in front 17. in flank, 12. unplaced.   

700.  
The square root is 26. 24. unplaced: bastard square, 27. in front, 25. in flank, 25. unplaced: broad square, 38. in front, 18. in flank, 16. uplaced.   

800  
The square root is 28. 16. unplaced: bastard square, 29. in front, 27. in flank, 17. unplaced: broad square, 40. in front, 20. in flank, none unplaced.   

900.  
The square root is 30. none unplaced: bastard square 31. in front, 26. in flank, 1. unplaced: broad square, 42. in front, 21. in flank, 18. unplaced.   

1000  
The square root is 31. 39 unplaced: bastard square, 40. in front, 25. in flank, none unplaced: broad square, 45. in front 22. in flank, 10. unplaced.   
FINIS.   

COurteous Gentlemen, great occasions of present business calleth me from my pen, which drives me to conclude in more brief manner, than I was determined. Wherein I have erred through ignorance, I have no doubt but you will pardon of courtesy: may opportunity serve, I will proceed further. In the mean time, I beseech you accept of this my good meaning unto you; so shall I with all willingness, rest thankful unto you, most loving and courteous Gentlemen.  
G. C.