THE CHARACTER OF WAR, OR The Image of Martial Discipline: containing many useful directions for Musters & Arms, and the v●ry first principles in Discipline, the groundworks, all the Military motions now used: Their use 〈◊〉 demonstration of their use, first by precept, then by example, Showing how to do them, how to perform them gracefully, how to command them properly, plainly, without distractions to the Soldiers. Containing many excellent Policies and Stratagems, many good Documents for young Soldiers, showing how they must be qualified, what qualities best befits them.  
A work fit for all Noble, Generous and good Spirits, that love Honour, or Honourable Action.  
By EDWARD COOK.  Exodus. 15.3. 
The Lord is a man of War: his Name is jehovah.  
LONDON, Printed by Tho: Purfoot. 1626.   

To the right Honourable and most Noble Lord Edward Lord Sackuile, Baron of Buckhurst Earl of Dorset, and Knight of the Noble order of the Garter  
THey that writ upon any serious Subject (right Honourable and most noble Lord) whether it be of Peace or War, commonly do dedicate their Books to Noble persons: to the end, that what they have effected by Labour and Study, may by their greatness be protected from Maledictions and Envy: and they chose such, whose eminent virtues (exempt from Rivalles) is of all admired, by all observed, and withal beloved, where the choicest wits shelter their chiefest works. Hence I take my imitation, and in all humility prostrate this my poor labour to kiss your noble hands, not as any addition to your uncontrollable and approved knowledge, but as a weak Fabric which only wanteth the support of your much admired goodness.  
In former time, if any were longheaded, as Pericles, crooked nosed as Cyrus, foretopped with his hair growing upright as Alexander; he had favour showed in all Courts, and in every company he came in: Such respect did they give to their outward shapes, who it may be had not any of their Habitual virtues; Oh than what love, what respect ought every one (in what degree or place soever) to give you, that have the Habit of their virtues, only want their blemishes.  
Pericles' love to his Country. Cyrus (the elder) care of his Soldiers. Alexander's virtues (not vices) are pregnant in your honour, the world sees it. Demetrius, Nero, and Caligula, (not setting their Empire aside) are not to be compared with your honour: yet let me lay Gold to copper, that the gold may appear the more glorious.  
Demetrius' care was more for an Astrological Cloak (thereby to hang the world on his back,) then for his Kingdom or people. But your honour's care is for the Kingdom, to do good to every member thereof, Mentally, Actually, to your power.  
Nero the Tyrant's care was for new invented Garments (daily) to wear none twice: your care is that every man have good Arms to grace the Kingdom daily.  
Caligulas' care was to wear Sacras Deorum vestes, to set forth the greatness of his authority. But your care is the Habit of a Soldier, showing power in your command that all may obey.  
These Noble parts being eminent in your honour, are powerful inducments for me to sue ever for such a Noble Patron, therefore to you, and only to your honoured self, I humbly dedicate this Book. The Book deserves more your honours censure then praise; for like Phormio it seems to read a Lecture of war (to an Hannibal) who for it was reproved, but if I escape from your honour unchekt, I will impute it (not to desert in me) but to your honour's sufferance, usual Mildness, passing by my presumption. Thus commiting the Book to your Noble patronage, you to the Almighty's protection, and myself to your honour's command and service, I ever rest  
In Field and out of Field your honour's Servant EDWARD COOK,   

To Captain Pert, Lieutenant Millen, Lieutenant Keneston, Ancient Gualther, Ancient Clerk, Mr. Tho: Webster, Mr. john Foster Gentlemen, and to all the rest of their place and office, in the Six Cautionary, or trained bands of Middlesex. ALSO, To the worthy Captain Gostock Mustermaister for the County of Middlesex: And to all the surviving Founders of the Artillery Garden, and Military yard.  
THe Actions of virtue (worthy Gentlemen and Soldiers) should so much affect the beholders, that they should presently not only admire them, but endeavour to follow them. 
Plutarch in the life of Julius Caeasar.  julius Caesar reading the brave acts of Alexander the great fell (saith Plutarch) a weeping, and was angry with himself, to think how Alexander a young man (just about his age) had notwithstanding conquered the whole world, whereas he as yet had done nothing worthy the name of a General: From this Princely Emulation he fell to Action, and became so excellent, that Plutarch himself parallels him only with Alexander. I make no doubt, but that setting before your eyes the brave exploits of your Ancestors you have been moved to practice Arms, by which you have gained great applause, (and worthy of it) because you have done good service to your King and Country.  
The greatest service that men can do, is to save their Country frem danger. The Romans gave him a crown that saved one Cittyzen: then how many crowns deserveth you, that helpeth to save a number.  
They used to make a Coin for his commendation with this inscription: The Senate and people of Rome for Citizens saved.  
You save the lives of men by teaching them the right use of their Arms, whereby they save themselves from danger. Would to God that all would follow you, as you do follow the virtues and Actions of the Romans and Grecians.  
The Grecians were the first, that out of variety of actions and long experience reduced the knowledge of Arms into an Art, and gave precepts for the orderly moving of a battle, and taught, that the moments of victory rested not in the hands of multitudes, but in a few men rightly instructed to manage Arms, and trained up in the observation of the discipline of the field. In which regard they had Schools and Schoolmasters called Tactics, which delivered the Art Military to such as were desirous to learn. Out of whose Schools issued those chiefs of War in number so many, 
Captain Bingham.  in Skill so exquisite, in Valour so peerless, in all virtues beseeming great Generals so admirable, that no Nation of Europe even to this day hath been able to match, much less to over-match their same and glory. The brave Romans c●m● fare short of them: yet the Romans following their ordinances both have kept in use, and also set forth in writing the rules of Martial policy or discipline: And you have Schools wherein you teach this Martial policy or discipline to such as are desirous to learn. The one is called the Artillery garden, the other the Millitary-yard.  
The first of these was erected by the Virtuous Gentlemen of London. The second by you the no less virtuous Gentlemen of Midlesex: out of these two Schools as out of the former, have issued men of worth taking their degrees: As Captains, Lieutenants, Ancients, and Sergeants, so that all the trained bands in London & Midlesex, are furnished with able & sufficient Officers out of both these Schools, to your honours that were the Founders.  
I, the last in degree (of inferior officers) had my first egress from the Artillery Garden.  
In that School I spent Four years complete, to gain the little knowledge which I have, never presuming to show my skill, much less to contend with others in it: until the Scholars of another School (Low-Country-like) banded together for trial of skill, urged me thereunto. Then for the honour of my School (put on by my own School fellows) I entered the List to play my Scholar's Prize: And I have now done it, but whether I have performed it ill or well, resteth not in me the Scholar to judge but in you the Masters of Science, most skilful in the Art Military. judge then and Censure,  
Your Friend Edward Cook.   

To the worthy Company and whole body of Noble Soldiers, serving in the Fift Cautionary or Trained Band of Midlesex, otherwise called Captain Perts Company.  
WHere a general voice warrants an approbation (worthy Gentlemen and Soldiers) there every service is a Duty. The truth of it concerns & invites me to write a peculiar Epistle unto you, and therein to extol your worth: And none will discommend me for it, that either imitates your virtues, or would be praised (as you) for worth. Your worth Implies your rare parts: your rare part● (though many) may be Epitomised in Four.  
1. Your proneness of mind to bear Arms. 2. Your activeness in all Military motions. 3. Your Subjugated wills to obey your Officers. 4. Your Damon, and Pythian like affection one to another.  
The three first are rare, but the fourth and last is the most rare and excellent; For as a Diamond fairly set in Gold, it gives lustre to all the rest, and makes me style you Philonida or Philonis, a band of friends, or true friendship, or indeed the Holy band.  
Plutarch telleth of an holy band errected by one Gorgidas, 
Plutarch in the life of Pelopidas.  which did consist of three Hundred chosen men, entertained by the state, & kept within the Castle of Cadmea, called the Town's band, (as you the King's band:) This band was never broken nor overthrown before the battle of Chaeronea, where they were all slain, found linked together with cords of silk arm in arm, Pikes sticking in their breasts. 
Philip King of Macedon. Father to Alexander the great.  King Philip their enemy shedding tears for them, and causing them to be buried together, who in death would not be parted.  

Thus the loving Holy Band,  
Fell by the Macedonians hand.  
Each one dying for his Friend,  
Keeping Friendship to the end.  
From whose ashes doth arise,  
You that them doth Sympathise.  
Never to dissolve together,  
Nor like God to live for ever,  
For one by one, be sure to die,  
Time takes away, time will supply.  
And as he brought you to the Womb,  
So back he leads you to your Tomb.   
Yours in life and death, Edward Cook.   

To his Brother in Law Thomas Chamberlain, a lover of Arms, and an expert Soldier.  
WHen I first made entrance into this work (you know worthy Brother) that there was no speech made in the City or Subburbes, of Plague or Pestilenc: But when I had almost finished it, the Plague began amongst us. Then was both speech & complaint too in an uncessant manner? So I least of. In●ited by you in the heat thereof to finish it, (lest dying and leaving it an abhortive, it should utterly fail and come to ruin.) But what availed it me to write of warlike stratagems and Policies, to oppose, oppugn, repel an humane Enemy in the field? when  Lord God of Hosts great in pow●r, (whom none could resist) was entered the field, destroying Thousands on his right hand, Ten Thousand on his left hand, and all the Kingdom in general, had not his mercy exceeded his justice.  
Then it was for me not to write, but to pray: not to forcast where to fly from the sword of the Lord, but how to submit myself to the sword of the Lord, which when the Lord saw, he manifested his power to me, preserving me, that I might hereafter trust in him, and declare his goodness to the Sons of men.  
Thus the Press of the Lord went forth, it took away whole families; it continued many Months together in the Subburb in be City.  
The City was almost desolate (yet not desolate) because she had a gracious God with a flaming sword, purging, not consuming her? A blessed Saviour interceding for mercy not justice: A King on earth (as Hezekiah) weeping and praying in secret for her; calling upon his Lord●●pirituall and Temporal, on all the Moyseses, and Aaron's in the Kingdom to join with him in Prayer (as they had in fasting) & to cry mightily unto the Lord, to spare this City, the holy City, the City where his name was called upon.  
Nay she had a careful Magistrate in her, whom divine providence did preordayne to that place to do h●r good, 
S●r John Gore was then Lord Mayor of London. And Alderman Heylyne, and Alderman Parkebust, were Shreive's.  who went in person to visit her, releining her relinquished members ready to starve for want of food: Sending his two worshipful Brothers the Shrieves to do it for him, if his Lordship was otherways employed.  
These two good Samaritans came into the Suburbs among the poor Trinobantes of Saint Sepulchers, enquiring their number, their estate, their wants, their greivances, finding them great (past their expectation) they returned with melting hearts, condoling their misery, and informing the Lord Mayor of it, who by them (& through their means) sent instantly a supply of Fourteen Pounds for their relief: commanding information weekly to be given of their wants, & they should be relieved. Which was done by me, and performed by them, even till the sickness was mightily decreased, & our Gentlemen returned home, so they left off: being seconded by M. George Allington Esquire, (and one of the Masters of the Pipe office) who sent them Forty shillings, as formerly he had done at other times weekly. This money was truly distributed, though it came not to my hands: The money that came to my hands (from the Lord Mayor, Sheriffs, and Churchwardens) was Twenty Five Pounds Ten shillings. So when all this was discharged, and the plague quite ceased, and thankes rendered to Almighty God for our deliverance: I betook myself to Pen and Paper again, to fininsh what before I undertook; which by God's help I have effected; and would not have published it to the world, had not some Low Country-like forced, You brotherlike persuaded; Now if any good come thereby, let such as reap it thank you, who would not let me rest till I had finished, then printed it: If none at all, then let them blame me, not you, if not, excuse me thus: he had a good intention, but he failed of the execution, in this I rest: and resting rest  
Your loving Brother, Edward Cook.   

❧ The Index or Table, briefly pointing out the several Contents of every particular Chapter.  

Of Arms and Men: And of the choice of Men for Soldiers Chap. 1.  
Out of what Climate or place Soldiers may be most Conuenyently taken: Chap: 2.  
Of what Age Soldiers should be allowed, either for present service or Muster. Chap: 3  
How they must be armed. Chap: 4.  
What Exercises they must use when they want Employment. Chap. 5: viz. Running, Leaping, Vaulting, and swiming.  
Why Soldiers must use running. Chap: 6.  
Why Soldiers must use leaping. Chap. 7.  
Why Soldiers must use Vaultinge. Chap. 8.  
Why Soldiers must use swiming. Chap. 9  
Unto what young Soldiers must be disciplyned and how often trained in a Month. Chap: 10  
When Soldiers must be brought into the fieild for Battle. Chap. 11.  
What the beats of the drum are, which Soldiers must Know. Chap. 12  
What the distances in fiiles and Ranks are which Soldiers must know. Chap. 13.  
How a fiile and a Rank is distinguished for a Soldier to know. Chap. 14  
What the fiights are which Soldiers must be expert in. Chap. 15  
What the qualities are which befitt Marshal Men. Chapter. 16.  
Of wisdom and policy: The use of it: how it may be attained: with a brief Summary of Stratagems and pollicyes pertinent for these times. Chap. 17  
Of the use of Faceinge. Chap. 18  
The words of Command for it. Chap. 19  
Of the use of wheeling. Chap: 20  
The words of Command for it. Chap 21.  
Of the use of Countermarch and the words of Command for it. Chap. 22  
Of the use of doubling. Chap. 23.  
Of the distances to be observed in Battle, Of their use, and how to be Commanded. Chap 24.  
The words of Command by which the length or depth of a Battle, may be doubled in place or number. Chap. 25.  
A platform of Exercising for those that would; but are not exquisite. Chap. 26.  
The Postures of the Musket in that form, as it was prescribed unto us by his Majesty, and his most honourable privy Counsel. Chap. 27  
The several Postures of the Pike, abstracted from that Book which the Prince of Orange his Excellency did allow of. Chap. 28.    

Chapter the first. OF ARMS AND MEN.  
WAR is my Subject, and therefore my first discourse shall be of Arms and Men; because in them consisteth whatsoever belongeth or appertaineth to War, that is unto Land service As Cato (the singular and notable Author amongst the Latins) doth testify. 
Marcus Cato.   
I am not ignorant of Vegetius definition: 
Vegetius Lib. 2. Chop. 1.  saying, that whatsoever appertaineth to War, is divided into three parts: Horsemen, Footmen, and Navies. Horsemen to keep the plains, Footmen to keep the Hills, Cities, Champion ground, and also steep places: Navies to keep the Seas and waters: But Vegetius implies herein both Land and Sea service; I only (here) but Land service.  
With Sea service I will not intermeddle, with Land service (by God's help I will) and so I begin with Arms.  
Arms doth uphold Kingdoms, States, and Laws; 
Of Ames.  The first thought therefore of a Prince or State, that is resolved to put an Army into the field, aught to provide Arms.  
Arms are the security of their own Soldiers, the terror of the Enemy, the assured and ordinary means of Victory.  
The antiquity of Arms is all one with the beginning of War. For when of ancient times mighty men puffed with Pride, and led by Ambition, 
Captain B'ing ham in his notes upon Aelia●.  sought to bring under subjection their bordering Neighbours, they were forced to fly to the invention of Arms, without which no victory could be obtained. Since Arms have been taken up for defence also, Necessity the mother of Arts, inventing away to withstand Ambition.  
Now Arms are Implicitly taken for Headpieces, Gorgets, Cuirasses, Vambraces, Gauntlets, Taces, Swords, Pikes, Muskets, Hargabuses, petronels, Pistols, Frontlet's, and pectorals for horses; with many other necessaries appertaining and going under the name of defensive and offensive Arms.  
Of these a Prince or State ought to have store. For warlike Nations and victorius have ever sought to have advantage of their enemies by advantage of Arms.  
This our Nation knows to be true, and therefore by continual supply of of Arms they make way for new victories.  
The next care of a Prince or State, is to provide Men.  
All men are not fit for war, therefore there must be a choice of Men.  
This is likewise premeditated upon in the thoughts of a Prince or State before they undertake War: As is apparent by the ancient Romans, who had their Muster Masters for the choice of their men, & their Tribunes & Centurions to make them Soldiers. These taught their young soldiers the use of all their Arms, and were present at their exercises;  
Making them run, leap, vault, shoot, cast darts, fling stones of a pound weight, foyne and thrust with the sword, & not to strike down wright: Such as were expert, they rewarded, preferring them to places of desert, giving them wheaten bread, (the unexpert) barley bread, keeping them from preferment until they could do some thing as well as the best: Then they were preferred as Soldiers for a Legion. This did the Romans.  
Care then ought to be had (you see) in the choice of men and Arms.  
The burden of which care doth rest on the discreet and honest Muster-maister, whom the Prince or State for some good cause doth repose their trust in. And therefore all his wits must be set on work for this service.  
Question. But there may a question arise, whether a Muster master should choose more for stature or strength.  
To this I answer, staturo and strength are both serviceable, but courage joined to them is more available: Therefore courage is more to be regarded then stature.  

Vegetius Lib. 1. Chap. 5.  Marius (I confess) being Consul of Rome always chose young Soldiers of tall stature, so that he would allow none for horsemen in the wings or front of his Battle, but such as were Six foot high, or five and ten inches at the least.  
But then there was (saith Vegetius) mor plenty of people, and more that followed the Wars.  
And now the Philosepher (with his saying) is justified: The longer the world doth continue, the lesser bodies it will produce.  
Therefore let Muster-masters do as they may, and rather choose for strength then stature.  
And that they are not herein deceived, they have Homer for witness, who declareth that Tideus was but small of stature, but yet of good courage and stomach.  
Then more requisite it is that Soldiers should be strong and valiant then huge and great.  
If that all our Muster-masters would choose thus, what strong, valiant Soldiers should our State have. But either through negligence, or to curry favour, or for want of knowledge, they do that as they may be ashamed of: But to take away all excuses of want of knowledge, I will out of Vegetius show them how they should choose them.  
Let the young man therefore that shall be a Soldier not look drowsely, let him be strait necked, broad breasted, 
Vegetius. lib. 1 Chap. 6.  let his shoulders bewell fleshed, let him have strong fingers, long arms, a gaunt belly, slender legs, the calf and the feet not to full of flesh, but knit fast with hard and strong sinews: Finding these tokens in a Soldier he may prove good.  
For Pyrrhus would often say to his Muster-masters, choose you good bodies, and I will make them good Soldiers.  
But well, say he have all these? and yet be of no occupation or science, shall we choose him (may they say) why not?  
Vegetius (I confess) would have none to be called to the wars but Smiths, Carpenters, Butchers, Hunters of the Hart and the wild Boars: excluding from the Camp, all Fishers, Fowlers, Pasturers, Linen weavers, and whosoever that dealeth with any thing that belongeth to womanish niceness.  
But what is Trade to manhood; yet Vegetius judgement is sound: For what men are more beneficial to a Camp, than Smiths, Carpenters and the like.  
A Roman Legion being as a well furnished City stored with all kinds of Artificers: The strength of that Realm (and to say truth) the name of the Romans lay in this choice.  
Their many discomfeictures & damages by the enemy (Vegetius imputes) to their careless neglect of those men, and is bold to tell the Emperor Valentinian in plain words,  
That never sped that Army well in battle, whereof he that took the muster was any whit negligent in allowing the Soldiers.  
I forbear to speak more for fear of giving offence, and I proceed forward to the next Chapter, to show out of what Climate, Place, City, or Country, young Soldiers should be chosen, or taken most conveniently.   

CHAP. II. Out of what Climate, Place, City or Country, young soldiers should be chosen or taken most conveniently.  

As Vegetius notes Lib. 1. Chap. 2.  THe temperateness of the Climate (saith the learned) doth very much avail, not only to strengthen the body, but also the mind: and therefore they are of opinion that those people that are farthest off from the parching power of the Sun are for their temperature the best of all to make Soldiers: for say they, those Nations which be nigh to the Sun, parched and dried with over much heat, have more wit indeed, but yet less blood within them. And for this cause they dare not manfully and boldly stand unto it when they fight, well knowing how little blood they have, and fear much therefore wounding: Contrariwise, the people of the North whom the Sun burneth not so near, being more rash and unadvised, yet a great deal better blooded, are most ready of all and desirous of war: What these men have approved I will not altogether contradict, though I leave it to judgement.  
Now it remains that you know out of what place, namely, whether out of the City, or out of the Country you may most conveniently choose them.  
Vegetius would have you to take them out of the Country, unless necessity doth otherwise constrained you: and his reason is, that none ever doubted but that these common rude sort of people, were always fittest for the war, being brought up abroad, using to take pains, abiding Sun-burning, passing not for the shade, knowing never what Baths meant, 
Vegetius. Lib 1. Chap. 3.  ignorant of dilicatnes, simple of mind, content with a little, hardened in every part to abide & bear labour, least fearing death having lest tasted of pleasure. This is Vegetius judgement, which may hold in some, but not in all; I pass it over.  
True it is and must be granted that they of the Country who are farthest off from the City have likely the ablest bodies to make Soldiers, and therefore are fittest for the wars. But whether they have the best capacities to conceive of soldiery, is to be doubted? surely they have not, rather it is to be expected from than of the City, or adjoining to the City, who have commonly the ripest wits to apprehend, and to increase in soldiery: But be it as it will, neither of them are naturally borne Soldiers: the one may incline to war more than the other, but the skill cometh not without industry and pains.  
Plutarch saith, that it is neither Eurotus, 
Plutarch in the ●ise of Pelopidas  nor the place betwixt Babix and Gnation that bringeth forth valiant and warlike men, but they are to be found in all places where youth is brought up in the shame of vice and boldness to undergo perils for virtue's sake; Vegetius himself saith, 
Vegetius. Lib. 3. Chap. 26.  that nature bringeth forth few valiant men, but diligence doth make many by good instruction and discipline, that in all places both cowards and hardy men are bred: And that some Nations yields better Soldiers than other. 
Vegetius. Lib. 1. Chap. 3.   
Hence I infer, that City and Country may yield both good and bad Soldiers, yet the one may as fare excel the other in feats of war, as the other excels in strength of body; Choose then your Soldiers out of City and Country, Often exercise the one, for the is dull & hard to learn, make the other strong, for he is active & may get strength: Let him learn to toil and travel, 
☜  to run too and fro, to carry burdens, to abide the Sun and dust: 
Vegetius. Lib. 1. Chap. 3.  let him far hardly and homely, be kept fare off from the allurements of the City: and by this means, both the strength of his body & mind shall be increased.  
The next chapter shall show of what convenient age he should be, either for present service or Muster.   

CHAP. III. Of what age Soldiers should be of for present service: and about what age young Soldiers should appear for Muster.  
IF upon a sudden you are to raise an Army for expedition, my counsel is, that you will make choice of such as are of mature age, about Eighteen, Twenty, Thirty, Forty, and more, strong and lusty, able to abide heat and cold, & to perform the duty of Soldiers.  

Vegetius. 1. Lib.  But if after the Roman manner you will have young men to muster the time that they must appear at muster must be so soon as they grow any thing to man's estate: this will be when they are about the age of 14. 15. or 16. years: Then not only more speedily, but also more perfectly all things are learned, the sooner the better. For Vegetius saith truly, that it is better that a young man exercised should allege that his age to fight is not yet come, then that he should truly lament that the same were already past. Let young men than be exercised betimes, for it is readiness gotten by former practice that maketh a Soldier.  

☞  Having in the three former Chapters discussed at large of Arms and men, and selected them forth to be made Soldiers: I will in the other 12. Chapters following fit them with Arms, and times of exercise and discipline, that so they may be desirous of the face of the enemy and be brought forth to battle.   

CHAP. FOUR How Soldiers must be Armed.  
Soldier's must be Armed in every kind according as they are divided.  

The Dragons are light horse men, otherwise called Harqnebusiers Arms of a Pikeman.  Soldiers are divided into two kinds: Foot, and Horse. The foot, again are of two kinds; Pikemen, and Musketeirs.  
The Horse men, again into two kinds; Curassiers, and Dragon's.  
The Arms of Pickemen are a Gorget, Cuirass, Headpiece, Pike, Sword, G rdle and hangers.  

Arms of a Muskateire.  The Arms of Muskateirs, are a Musket, a Rest, Bandeleires, Headpiece, Sword, Girdle and hangers.  

Arms of a Horseman Curassier.  The Arms of a Horseman Curassier, are a Gorget, Cuirass, Cutases, Pondrons', Vambraces, a Lefthand Gauntlet, Taces, Cushes, a Cask, a Sword, girdle and hangers, a case of Pistols firelocks, Saddle, Bridle, Bit, Petrell, Crupper, with the leathers belonging to fasten his Pistols, and his necessary sack of carriage, and a good Horse to munt on.  
The Arms of a Dragone (which hath succeeded in the place of alight Horseman) are a good Harquebus or Dragone, 
The Arms of a Dragon  fitted with an iron work to be carried in a belt, a Belt with a flask priming box, Key, and Bullet bag, an open headpiece with cheeks, a Buff coat with deep skirts, Sword girdle and hangers, a Saddle, Bridle, Bit, Petrell, Crupper, with straps for his Sack of necessaries, and a horse of less force, and less price than the Curassiers.  
As Soldiers were divided into two kinds, so are their Arms into two forts: Defensive, and offensive.  
Offensive Arms are such as they endeavour to wound and kill, 
Offensive Arms.  withal as Muskets, Hargabuses, or Dragon's, Pistols, Pikes, Swords, and Rapiers, etc.  
Defensive Arms, 
Defensive Arms.  are such as they wear to resist the force and charge of the enemy; of this sort are the Headpiece, Gorget, Cuirass, Vambraces, Gauntlet, and Taces, etc.  
Defensive Arms are preferred before the Offensive, 
Captain Bingham in Aelian.  in that they bring safety to him that beareth them, whereas the other are employed in annoying the enemy only. These Defensive Arms should be made strong, fit, and with all comely: Strong to protect or annoy, fit, to sit close to the body, and be manageable, comely to grace such as wear them.  
When Soldiers are thus provided of Arms, let them be careful to wear them, for by often wearing them, their bodies will be strong, and their Armour will be no more cumbersome unto them, than the  on their back.  
The Romans did so inure their bodies to bear Arms, 
Example. Vegetius. lib. 1. Chap. 20.  (that as Vegetius doth report of them) they would both wrestle and run races in their Armour, and were so strong of body by continual use thereof that they made nothing of it. But when field exercises through negligence and sloth was given over, Armour began to grow heavy, because it was seldom put on.  
Their bodies being weakened by idleness, they made suit to the Emperor that they might wear no more Cataphracts, nor Corslets: Afterwards that they might lay away their Helmets, and so when they should go to fight against the Goathes, being naked on their breasts, & having nothing for their heads, they were oftentimes by the multitude of Archers vanquished and overcome: Therefore let Soldiers still accustom themselves to wear their Armour, and when want of Employments bids them cast them off, let them not forget to use exercise at home, to keep their bodies still in strength: so when they shall reasume their Arms again, their bodies will be strong and able to bear them.  
The next Chapter shows what exercises they should use; when they want employment.   

CHAP. V What exercises Soldiers should use at idle Times, when they want employment.  
BEcause Soldiers may want employment, and want of employment may breed idleness, and idleness procure a stiffness in the joints: therefore they must use at idle times such exercises as may put life into them, which may make them strong and healthful, 
Vegetius. Lib. 3. Chap. 2.  for exercise is more available than Physicians.  
The body by idleness engendereth many gross and cold humours which will be very painful to lazy Soldiers, but moderate exercise taken in time, will not only prevent it, but when they are come, expelle them soon and give them ease.  
Therefore let Soldiers use exercise, and such exercises as have in them the tokens of courage, and feats of activity.  
As Running, Leaping, Vaulting, and Swimming.  
The use of them followeth in the 6. 7. 8. and 9 Chapters.   

CHAP. VI Why Soldiers must use running  
THe ancient Romans did exercise their young Soldiers to running, that so with greater violence they might set upon their enemies, gain the commodious places from the enemy, or prevent them if they would do the like.  

Vegetius. Lib. 1. Chap. 9  For this cause (saith Vegetius) they were often exercised to run, that so being set out for Scouts, they might more cheerfully go forward, more readily return, and more easily overtake their Enemies when they fled.  
We that do imitate the Romans in those things which be useful, do lovingly incite our Soldiers at vacant times to use running, that so they may be the better breathed, and the more able to help us when we call for it.  
The enemy being too strong in shot for us, we command them to run, 
☜  that so we may join with him sooner; Thereby avoiding the inconvenience of playing upon our battle, he having liberty to dispose of his shot as he list himself.  
The enemy seeking to gain some hill, or strong place by us, 
☜  we command them to run, that so he may be prevented.  
The enemy flying, we command them to pursue him running, not in disorder; but in good order, for their safety. Thus must of running, now of Leaping and the use.   

CHAP. VII. Why Soldiers must use Leaping.  
Soldiers must use Leaping, for passing of deep places, that when such kind of difficulties happen, they may go over without all manner of trouble.  
Pompey the great excelled herein, touching whom Sallust in this wise seemeth to make mention.  
With the lightest in Leaping, with the swiftest in running, with the strongest he striven in casting the Bar.  
Our gracious Sovereign (King Charles) as a second Pompey excelleth in this.  
Thus much of Running, and Leaping, now of Vaulting and the use.   

CHAP. VIII. Why Soldiers must use Vaulting.  
Soldiers must use Vaulting to make them ready, nimble, and quick on horseback.  
The ancient Romans (saith Vegetius) had horses of wood, 
Vegetius. Lib. 1.  which in winter was set in a house, in summer in the open field: Upon these the young Soldiers were compelled to mount, at the first without Armour, afterwards with Armour; when being perfect, they could with swords and long poles in their hands get up upon any side.  
Let Soldiers then use vaulting to make them ready, nimble and quick on horseback, that if it should so chance that they were unhorsed in battle, they might with ease mount themselves up again and renew the fight.  
Thus much of Running, Leaping, and Vaulting: Now of swimming, and the use.   

CHAP. IX. Why Soldiers must use Swimming.  
Soldiers must use swimming to pass over Rivers, for Bridges are not ever ready. Likewise in retiring, or chase, an Army, may be often times compelled or constrained thereunto.  

Vegetius. Lib. 1.  Sudden showers or great snows (saith Vegetius) makes the waters break out, and by ignorance herein Soldiers are subject to danger, not only on the behalf of the Enemy, but also for drowning and perishing themselves: for this cause they must be expert in swimming.  
The ancient Romans which by so many wars and continual perils came to be excellent in all war matters chose the field Campus Martius (saith Vegetius) hard by the River Tiber, that in the same when they had left exerciseing their weapons, they might wash off all the sweat and dust: and when they were weary with running, refresh themselves with swimming.  
Thus much of the use of Running, Leaping, Vaulting, swimming; The next Chapter shows unto what, young Soldiers must be disciplined, and how often trained in a Month.   

CHAP. X. Unto what young Soldiers must be disciplined, and how often trained in a Month.  
YOung Soldiers must be disciplined in the right use of their Arms, in all the beats of the Drum, in all military motions; To march well, to Face, to Wheel, to Countermarch, to double Ranks and Files, to do all these either by word of mouth, by motion of hand, or by any other mute sign.  
Therefore if you would confirm their knowledge in these things, it is requisite that they should be trained either once a week, (or at the least thrice a quarter) for continual use of the thing bringeth perfectness.  
The Latins have given us two words for an Army, Acies and Exercitus.  
Acies is latin for an Army set in Battle Array.  
Exercitus, is latin for an Army which is in exercise. This name denotes unto us, that it should be ever in labour, and never out of practice.  
An Army therefore that is out of Exercise doth lose a Name.  
Therefore we must train the oftener, and in our trainings at home, practice that which may befall us in battle abroad.  
This we learn from the Romans.  
The ancient Romans did use to train their young Soldiers twice a day, their old once, 
Vegetius. Lib. 2. Chap. 24.  and this they never missed what weather soever came. In fair weather they exercised abroad, in foul, under coverts erected for that purpose: Thrice a month the whole Army was brought forth to march; Their march was ten miles from the Camp: The footmen Armed & furnished with all manner of weapons, the Horsemen divided by troops, & in complete Arms: In which march they made semblance of battle, the horsemen began first.  
Sometimes they followed, sometimes they gave back, and forcing their horses ran them upon the spur, not only in plain fields, but in strange dificult places, in breaches, & gapes of ditches: sometimes the foot rescued the horse, sometimes the horse rescued the foot, and both horse and foot did ascend and run down high and steep places.  
Thus were they practised at home, in that which might befall them abroad: so that hap what could hap to them in fight, these practised Soldiers had very well forelearned. No maruile then, though they were the conquerors of so many Nations. And when they neglected this, that they were so foiled by Hannibal and his Carthaginians, four & 20. years they lay idle & were weakened by pleasure and difuse of Arms: That in the second war of Carthage (as Vegetius reporteth) they were by no means comparable Hannibal.  
But after so many consuls lost, so many Captains slain, so many Armies cast away: falling to their former exercise, they came at length to be Conquerors again.  
Oh England, England remember this? By a presumption of long security thou didst bring these things out of use.  
But follow what thou hast begun, and the the end will be Glory: practice War in Peace & Peace shall be thy reward: 
August: de Civit. Dei. Lib 19 Chap. 12  for War's end is peace. Be diligent in training & instructing thy Soldiers according as his Majesty hath directed (every week) for three months together, and every holiday after in every year; So thou shalt abate the pride of thy Sovereign's Enemy, making him unwillng to come to handy blows, seeing thee so expert: And withal, thou shalt encourage the friends of thy Sovereign, and retain still the name of a valiant victorious Nation.  
Therefore coveting to be victorious, still practice Arms, and desiring Peace, prepare for War, and so both will be effected.  
The next chapter shows when young Soldiers must be brought forth into the field for battle.   

CHAP. XI. When young Soldiers must be brought into the field for Battle.  
WHen they know the beats of the Drum, the Distances in Ranks and Files, a Rank from a File, and a File from a Rank, being expert in all fights, and having such qualities as befit Martial Men: then let them be brought forth into the field for Battle.  
For the knowledge of War will make them the more bold to fight: And when they are perfect in it, they will not be afraid, but take pleasure to meet the Enemy in the field; For we see by experience, that no man feareth at any time to do that which he persuadeth himself he hath throughly learned.  
And this may be concluded as a well grounded proposition, viz.  
That as the well tried and exercised Soldier desires the battle, even so the unexpert and ignorant will fear the same.  
Then take with you Vegetius counsel: Never bring your Soldiers into the field, till you have tried and proved what they can do.  
The next Chapter shows what the beats of the Drum are, which Soldiers must know.   

CHAP. XII. What the beats of the Drum are Which Soldiers must know.  
THe Drum hath been of long use, and is now for great service: The beating of which, each Soldier ought truly to understand in the right name.  
The wisdom of the Romans was such, that when they would change their pace in March, or inflame their Soldiers in fight, 
Read Garrads Art of War.  they did use a contrary sound: And as the sounds did vary, so likewise used they variety of names to them: Some they called the Doric & the Phrygian sound, the one did inflame the Soldier's hearts; The other did make meek and appease them. They had also the Aeolian, jasan, and Lydian, and diverse others which did serve to incite or cool the courage of Men. Which diversities of sounds not only we, but most Nations do retain unto this day.  
The Drum was first invented by Bacchus, 
The antiquity of the Drum.  from him it came into India, from India into Asia, from Asia into Aeurope, & now is used of all European Nations: (As the learned Captain Bingham reporteth) in his notes upon Aelians Tactticks. chap. 9  
The Soldier than ought to know by the Drum, 

1. A Call.  
2. A March.  
3. A Troop.  
4. A Charge.  
5. A Retreat.  
6. A Battalia.  
7. A Battery.  
8. A Relief.    
For when the commanders voice cannot extend to the hearing of the company, the Drum denounceth & expresseth the same.  
The next Chapter shows what the distances of Files and Ranks are, which Soldiers must know.   

CHAP. XIII. What the distances in Files and Ranks are Which Soldiers must know.  
THere be Five sorts of distances in Files (say somme,) and they be these that followeth: 


Distances in Fi●es.  The first is closest.  
The second is close.  
The third is order.  
The forth is open order.  
The fift double distance.   which is, 

Pouldron to pouldron  
A foot and a half.  
Three foot.  
Six foot.  
Twelve foot.    
There is five sorts of distances in Ranks say they: 


Distances in Ranks.  The first is closest.  
The second is close.  
The third is order.  
The fourth is open order.  
The fift double distance.   which is 

To the sword point.  
Three foot.  
Six foot.  
Twelve foot.  
Four & twenty foot.    
Although they be thus set down to be five in number, yet most Commanders observe and teach, as most proper, only three. viz. Close: Order: and Open order: Antiquity had no more, yet the rest must not be cashered or slighted, for some times a commander must do that in a double distance, which cannot be done in a single.  
Therefore Soldiers are bound to know all distances in Files and Ranks, that they may the better execute what their Captain commands.  
The next Chapter shows how a File and a Rank is distinguished for a Soldier to know.   

CHAP. XIIII. How a File and a Rank is distinguished for a Soldier to know.  
A File, is a number of men beginning at one leader and continuing in order of followers to the last man. 
A distinction of a Fi●e.  Aelian. chap. 4.  
Or thus. A File is a sequence of men standing one behind another back to belly, and consisteth commonly of Ten or Eight in depth. 
Suidas.  The depth is no other than a File, for Ranks stretch forth in length, Files in depth.  
A Rank is a number of men side to side, in a right line, stretching out in length from one end of the body unto the other, and is termed the length because it runneth along the Front unto each wing Aelian. Chap. 7.  

A distinction of a Rank.  Or thus, A Rank is a row of men standing one by another Pouldron to pouldron, or shoulder to shoulder, their faces being directed all one way.  
This distinction of Files and Ranks a Soldier must know, that when he is bid to double Files, he may not Ranks, and when he is bid to double Ranks he may not Files.  
The next Chapter shows what the fights are which Soldiers must be expertin.   

CHAP. XV. What fights they are which Soldiers must be expert in.  
THe fights necessary for all Soldiers to be expert in are Six.  
First, to fight advancing upon an Enemy.  
This is when the Enemy appears in the vanguard, 
To fight advancing upon an Enemy.  and they by two ranks a piece march from the body ten paces, and give fire at the place apppointed. Or when the first rank gives fire (marching still on with the body,) and the nex rank passes through by their right hand, gives fire standing still before them: And so still successively all the rest in order.  
This is like the Lacedaemonian Countermarch to gain ground.  
Secondly, To fight retiring from an Enemy.  
This is when the last Rank faces about to the right, gives fire, 
To fight upon a march, retiring from an enemy.  marches up to the Front and places themselves before their File leaders.  
But if you will maintain a set fight with the Enemy (to gain a better ground) than it is requisite you teach them the Macedonian Countermarch, making your File leaders to face about and stand, the rest to pass through by the right hand, placing themselves behind their leaders, and so meeting your Enemy in the Rear with your best men.  
Thirdly, To fight Front and Rear with the Enemy.  
This is when the middle men face about to the right, 
To sight Front & Rear with an Enemy.  and all the Musketeers fall in the division between both.  
Fourthly, To fight with both Flanks against an enemy standing.  
This is when the outward File of each Flank is commanded to face, having given fire: 
To fight standing both Planks against an Enemy.  each File deuideth itself into two parts, one half marches up to the Front and places itself in a right line before the first File of Pikes. The other half marches to the Rear, and places itself in a right line behind the bringer up of the same File of Pikes: the like doth all the rest on the contrary Flank, 
Captain Bingham, his exercise.  so continuing, half the shot will be in the front, the other half in the Rear. Then do but face them to the right and left by division, and each Flank will be a battle for the Enemy.  
Fiftly, To give fire by Flanks upon the Enemy marching.  
This is when both their outward Files next to the Enemy makes ready, 
To fight marching both flanks against an enemy.  faces to either hand, gives fire at command, stays till the rest of all the Files be clear of them; Then marches up by the Pikes, till all the rest doing the like, brings them again to their first place.  
Or when they give fire and stand, and being (as it were in two Files) the body of Picks marching, an officer comes, and gathers up the wings & joins them again in equal front with the Pikes.  

To fight against horse in a set battle for the purpose against an enemy.  Sixtly, To fight against horse in a set battle for that purpose.  
This is when they countermarch their wings into the midst of the battle, and are impaled round with Pikes, and so drawn forth on either side under the shelter of them.  
In these six fights your Soldiers must be very expert, that they may avoid all confusion. And thus much shall suffice for the Twelve Chapters before mentioned.  

☞  The next two Chapters declare what qualities they are which befit Marshal men, and how requisite it is for them to be wise and politic to preserve the lives of their men, and how politic wisdom may be attained, with a brief summary thereof.   

CHAP. XVI. What qualities they are which befitt Marshal Men.  
THe qualities which befit Marshal men are many, but I will at this time treat but of Eight, and they be these, viz. Silence. Obedience. Secrecy. Sobriety. Valour. Loyalty. Freedom from Bribes. Moderation in expense.  
I begin with the first: Silence.  
SIlence 
Silence.  was of such veneration amongst the Egyptians, that they made thereof a God, which with them was called Harpocrates: and according to the Greeks' Sigaleon: him they portratured in the likeness of a young child, 
August. de civet. Dei, li. 18. cap. 5.  who close to his lips held one of his fingers: sometimes they pictured him without any face at all, all covered over with the skin of a Wolf, on which were depainted as many eyes and ears as could be inserted thereon, signifying thereby that it was needful to see and hear much, and to speak little, in that he that speaketh not, offendeth not. All this is to denote unto us the excellency of Silence, which is commendable in all men, but especially in Soldiers, who must rule their tongues and be silent, or else they will soon perish and come to nought. Plutarch saith that there is no danger in silence. 
Plutarch in the life of Seneca.  Homer highly commendeth it in the Grecians, in his descriptions of their fights with the Troyans'. His words be these: 
The Captain's marshal out their troops, ranged in goodly guise,  
And forth the Troyans' pace like birds, which lad the air with cries.  
Not so the Greeks', whose silence breathed flames of high desire,  
Fervent in zeal to back their friends, on foes to wreak their ire.   
And in another place speaking of the Grecians; 
You surely would have deemed each one, of all that mighty throng  
Had been bereft of speech, so bridled he his tongue.   
Thus much of Silence. The next quality for a Soldier is Obedience.  
Obedience 
Obedience.  is the Queen of virtues, and crownes her followers with the wreathes of honour. It effecteth much with few, and gains the victory over multitudes. Therefore let Soldiers obey their Commanders, for without Obedience nothing can be done.  
Paulus Aemylius being to observe the custom of the Romans, 
☞  and to make an Oration of thanks unto the people for choosing him Consul, in his Oration told them, That if they had any trust or confidence in him, or thought him a man sufficient to discharge his place, that then they should not speak nor meddle in any matter that concerned his duty and the office of a General, saving only that they would be diligent without any words to do whatsoever he commanded, that should be necessary for the wars and service they took in hand. 
Plutarch in the life of Aemylius 250.  All which (saith Plutarch) the Romans obeyed, and by yielding unto reason and virtue, came to command all other, and to make themselves the mightiest people of the world. And indeed they were the most obedient to their Commanders of any; insomuch as a certain Numidian ask young Scipio how he would conquer Carthage, Scipio upon a hill pointing with his finger to his Soldiers below, answered him thus: With these I will conquer Carthage; for if I should bid them from hence cast themselves down headlong, know they will do it. How severely the Consuls did punish disobedience in the camp, 
Examples of rigorous punishment for disobedience.  may appear by the rigorous punishment which Manlius Torquatus did execute upon his son Titus Manlius, commanding his head to be stricken off in his own presence, for having passed his command in sallying forth to fight with Genutius M●tius Captain of the Tuseulans, who gave him the defy and challenge. Nothing availing the poor Gentleman in having overcome and slain his enemy, nor the whole Armies supplications and entreaties. The like rigour used Posthumus Tiburtus against his son Aulus Posthumus, at his return from his conquered enemy. All this to show the excellency of obedience, 
1 Sam. 15.22.  which the Prophet prefers above sacrifice. Thus much of Obedience. The next quality for a Soldier is Secrecy.  
Secrecy 
Secrecy.  is a quali●ie appropriated to none but wise men; for a fool having heard a secret, traveleth as a woman with child until he have disclosed i; but a wise man keepeth it close in his breast, and when any goes about to commit a secret unto him, he will seek all means to avoid it. King Lysimachus as he advised and talked upon a time with Philippedes (the Comical Poet) a friend and familiar of his, he said unto him, What wouldst thou have me to impart unto thee of all that mine is? Even what it shall please you Sir (answered the Poet) so it be none of your secrets.  
Anacharsis, being invited one day and feasted by Solon, was reputed wise, 
Plutarch in his Morals.  for that being asleep, he was found and seen holding his right hand to his mouth, and his left upon his privities and natural parts. Hence Plutarch infers this, That he had good reason so to think, because the Tongue required and needed the stronger bridle to restrain it, being a hard matter to reckon so many persons undone and overthrown by their untemperate and loof life, as there have been Cities and mighty States ruinated and subverted utterly, by the revealing and opening of some secrets. Therefore let all men strive to attain this virtue of secrecy; 
☞  especially Soldiers, for by their overmuch babbling, they may be an occasion of the overthrow of themselves and others.  
A strange accident did happen to the City of Athens, (which Sylla did beleaguer) through the lavishness of certain unbridled tongues. 
☜ Plutarch.  Certain old fellows being met in a Barber's shop within the City of Athens (being blabs of their tongues) chatted it out in their talk together, that a certain quarter of the City, named Heptacaleon, was not sufficiently guarded, & therefore the Town in danger to be surprised, by that part; which talk of theirs was overheard by certain Espies, who advertised Sylla so much, whereupon immediately he brought all his Forces to that side, and about midnight gave an assault, made entry, and went within a very little of forcing the City, and being Master of it all; for he filled the whole street, called Ceranicum, with slaughter and dead carcases, in so much that the channels ran down with blood. A fearful example.  
Plutarch saith, That words have wings, and when they fly out they cannot be recalled back again.  
Simonides saith, A man may repent many times for words spoken, but never for a word kept in. The Kings of Persia did punish with death the lavishness of the tongue. This made the Persians famous for secrecy.  
Quintus Curtius reports thus of them, Alexander the Great, saith he, wrought all the ways he could, to obtain knowledge where Darius was become, and into what Country he was gone, and yet could not get the intelligence; by reason of a custom among the Persians, which were wont with a marvelous fidelity to keep close their Prince's secrets, in the uttering whereof, neither death nor hope of reward could cause them to bring forth a word, there being (in those parts) not any goodness looked for at any man's hands, that hath not the gift of secretness, whereof Nature hath given a facility in man. Thus much of Secrecy. The next virtue required in a Soldier, is Sobriety or Temperance.  
Sobriety is a great virtue, and greatly to be accounted of all men, 
Sobriety.  for it extinguisheth Vice in the cradle, and stifleth it in the ●eed. It is the mother of health, & an assured medicine against all maladies, and that which lengtheneth a man's life. Socrates by Sobriety had always a strong body, and lived ever in health; whereas Alexander, by his drunkenness, died in the flower of his age, though he were better borne, and of a sounder constitution than Socrates.  
All the greatest Personages of the world have been Sober.  
So was Cyrus the elder, so was Caesar, so was julian the Emperor.  
Therefore let all Soldiers be sober, and embrace Sobriety, for it will make them as Kings and Princes to govern their passions, and to bridle their insatiate appetite. To Sobriety let them add Temperance.  
Temperance 
Temperance.  is a rule that sweetly accommodateth all things unto Nature, Necessity, Simplicity, Facility, Health, Constancy. Temperance will wean their souls from the sweet milk of the pleasures of this world, and make them capable of a more  and sovereign nourishment. These two will highly advance them in the favour of their General, and raise them in time to great preferment, whereas drunkards and untemperate persons are contemned of all men, and no matter of importancy to be committed unto them. 
Read Garrards' Art of War●e.  The Turks are famous for their Sobriety. A certain Gentleman, at his return from Constantinople, did declare unto the Earl of Salma, that he had seen four miracles in the Turkish Dominions; which was, first an infinite Army almost without number, consisting of more than four hundred thousand men: Secondly, that amongst so many men be saw not one woman: Thirdly, that there was no mention made of wine: Lastly, at night when they had cried with a high voice, Alla, which is God, there continued so great a silence thorough the whole Camp, that even in the Pavilions they did not speak but in a low voice. A thing worthy to be admired and imitated, though from Turks. The next Quality required in a Soldier is Valour.  
Valour 
Valour.  is the greatest, the most generous and heroycallest virtue for a Soldier of all other, it consisteth in the stoutness of his heart, in the resolution and staidness of his mind, grounded upon the duty, the honesty, and justice of the enterprise, which resolution never slacketh whatsoever happeneth, until he have valiantly ended the enterprise, or his life. Here is Valour, let Soldiers strive to be thus valiant: some do seek this virtue in the body, and in the power and strength of the limbs. But they are mistaken, for it is not a quality of the body, but of the mind, a settled strength, not of the arms and legs, 
They term it.  but of the courage. This Valour is Philosophical, not altogether humane, being an impregnable bulwark, a complete armour to encounter all accidents, arming a man against his own adverse fortune, 
Peter Charron of Wisdom, lib. 3. pag. 499.  and making him to brook the constancy and virtue of his enemy, containing Magnanimity, Patience, and other chief heroical virtues: All other helps are strange and borrowed: strength of arms & legs is the quality of a Porter; to make an enemy to stoop, to dasle his eyes at the light of the Sun, is an accident of Fortune.  
He whose courage faileth not for fear of death, quelleth not in his constancy and resolution, and though he fall is not vanquished of his Adversary (who perhaps may in effect, be but a base fellow,) but of Fortune: and therefore he is to accuse his own unhappiness, and not his negligence; 
☞  The most valiant are oftentimes the most unfortunate. Seeing it is so; Let no man be disheartened, especially a Soldier, seeing he must be brought unto some honourable enterprise, and therefore not to adventure, is cowardness, to adventure on, valour, be the event what it will. Many are accounted valiant, who have no spark of true Valour in them; such are all our Thrasonical Braggadoshes, Ragamuffin Roarers, who will quarrel with any man they meet with for the Wall, and send their challenges abroad as oftentations of their Valour. But such are not to be dealt withal, being but rash men, bastardly Valorous, 
Peter Charron of Wisdom, lib. 3. pag. 500  as they call it. True Valour, though it be Humane, is a wise Cowardliness; a Fear accompanied with foresight to avoid one evil by another: and such men as are thus valorous, will not venture their life upon any sleight occasion. These are wise and are to be commended; the other unwise, and are to be discommended. Cato the elder, hearing many to commend a harebrained fellow for his Valour, wittily taunted the applausers thus: My friends (quoth he) I wonder why you should esteem Valour so much, and Life so little. Plutarch against heady Rashness speaketh to this effect, and saith; That when King Pyrrhus sent his Herald unto King Antigonus; to challenge him to fight, Antigonus made him this answer, That he made Wars as much with Time as with Weapons; and if Pyrrhus were weary of his Life, there was enough open to put himself to death. Thus you see how heady Rashness is to be contemned and avoided. But this doth no whit impeach Valour, for Valour executed in fit time and place, hath produced wonderful effects. Quintus Curtius saith of Alexander, that he got the Victory at Arbella, more by his own Virtue than by any Fortune; and that with Valour and hardness more than through any advantage of ground. 
Plutarch in the life of Cor●olanus.  Plutarch saith of cain's Martius; That by his mere Valour and manhood, he took the City of Corioles; and after was the cause of the Consul Cominius victory against them, which came to the rescue of it. For the Volfes (fearing the taking of the City) came from all parts of the Country to save it, and had divided themselves into two parts, to hold the Romans play in two several places.) Therefore Martius having taken their City, left the spoil thereof to his obstinate Soldiers which stayed behind, and with a few that willingly offered themselves to go, he went to aid the Consul Cominius against the rest. When he came he asked him how the Order of the Enemy's Battle was, and on which side they had placed the best fight men. The Consul made him answer, that he thought the Bands which were in the Vanguard of their Battle, were those of the Antiates, whom they esteemed the warlikest men, and which for courage would give no place to any of the Host of their Enemies. Then prayed Martius to be set directly against them; the Consul granted him, greatly praising his courage. Then Martius, when both the Armies came almost to join, advanced himself a good space before his Company, and went so fiercely to give charge on the Vanguard that came right against him, that they could stand no longer in his hands, he made such a lane through them, and opened a passage into the Battle of the Enemies. The Romans prevailing against their foes, besought Martius that he would return to the Camp, because they saw he was able to do no more, he was already so wearied with the great pain he had taken, and so faint with the great wounds he had upon him. But Martius answered them, that it was not for Conquerors to yield, nor to be faint-hearted; and thereupon began afresh to chase them that fled, until such time as the Army of the Enemies was utterly overthrown, and numbers of them slain and taken prisoners. The next morning betimes, Martius went to the Consul Cominius, who highly commended him for his Valour, and proffered him many gifts, but M●rtius refused all. Therefore the Consul did order and decree, that he should henceforth be called Coriolanus, in lieu of the noble service he had done, & for his Lion-like courage.  
T●u● much of Valour.  
The next Virtue required in a Soldier is Loyalty. 
Loyalty.  Loyalty is a transcendent Virtue, and passeth my power to express. It consisteth in the faithfulness of Subjects to their Prince, of Soldiers to their General, of one friend to another. For without faith no friendship. Faith is the band of all humane society, the foundation of all justice, & above all things ought to be religiously observed. The Romans were wont to exact it from their Soldiers by an oath, the fo●me whereof (in Vegetius time) did run thus: 
Vegeti●●●●b. 2. cap. 5.  We swear by God the Father, by Christ his Son, and by the Holy Ghost, to do all thing: valiantly which the Emperor or Prince doth command us; we will never forsake the war, neither refuse death for the Roman Commonwealth. This shows what manner of man a Soldier should be, loyal and faithful, such a one by nature, not by Art or obligation; therefore let all Soldiers strive to attain this excellent virtue of Loyalty, which will so arm them against all the temptations of the Enemy, as he shall never be able to make them Traitors. 
☜  What Soldier would become a Traitor to betray his General or Captain into the hands of his Enemy, if he did consider the penalty of the same; it may be from him that sets him on work? I will instance it in the Argyraspides. 
They love the Treason but they hate the Traitor. Plutarch in the life of Eumenes. Plutarch in the life of Pausanias.  The Argyraspides were old Soldiers of Macedon, who did deliver their good Captain Eumones alive into the hands of Antigonus, his deadly enemy. But Antigonus, who set them a work, commanded every mother's son of them to be slain in recompense of their Treason, (saith Plutarch in the life of Eumenes.) Treason is a horrid fact, and the justice of God will not let it pass unpunished, be the committer never so great: I will instance it in Pausanias.  
This Pausanias was General of the Lacedæmonians, when the Persians ouer-ran Greece, and wasted all the Country before them, he received of Xerxes, King of Persia, five hundred Talents of gold, promising him to betray Sparta: but his Treason being discovered, Agesilaus his father pursued him into the Temple of Minerva, called Chalciaecos, where he fled for Sanctuary, where he caused the doors of the Temple to be mured up with brick, and famished him to death: his mother took his corpse, and cast it forth to the dogs, not suffering it to be buried, saith Plutarch in the life of Pausanias.  
These examples being set before their eyes, will not only make them to detest Treason, but to become more faithful unto their Commanders.  
Of all Soldiers none ever were more faithful to their Commanders than the Romans, ye shall not read in any History of any faithfuller Soldiers than they have been.  
When their Consul Crassus was endangered by the Parthian Arrows, which flew thick about his ears, they did compass him about, and brought him into the midst of them, then covering him round with their Targets, they told him, That never Arrow of the Parthians should touch his body, before they were all slain, one after another, fight it out to the last man in his defence.  

Plutarch in the life of Otho the Emperor.  Plutarch reports a more admirable act of theirs than this. The Emperor Otho (saith he) was forsaken of all his Captains, who had yielded themselves to Vitellus, the new Emperor, his Soldiers notwithstanding forsook him nor, neither went they to submit themselves to their enemies the conquerors, neither took they any regard of themselves to see their Emperor in that despair, but all jointly together went unto his lodging and called for their Emperor; when he came out, they fell down at his feet; prostrated thus on the ground, they did kiss his hands, with the tears running down their cheeks, and besought him, not to forsake and leave them to their enemies, but to command their persons, whilst they had one drop of blood left in their bodies to do him service:  

☞  Then one of the poor Soldiers, drawing out his sword, said unto him, Know, O Caesar, that all my Companions are determined to dye in this sort for thee; and so slew himself.  
These were faithful and loyal Soldiers, worthy to be remembered to all posterities: They were constant to their friends, faithful to one another; not refusing death for the Roman Commonwealth.  
Let all Soldiers imitate them in faithfulness.  
Faithful Soldiers are a Captain's bulwark.  
Caesar was safer in the Camp then in the Senate.  
Thus much of loyalty.  
The next quality required from a Soldier, is freedom from bribes.  
It is a dishonourable thing for a Soldier to receive a Bribe; and it is the more dishonourable, because the law of Arms doth forbid it: wherefore doth the law of Arms strictly forbidden it with a penalty to the same, but because those men, whose nature is most prone to take bribes, are the most fittest to be made Traitors? On them the enemy will lay golden books, to draw them to his purpose, upon any occasion. Thus Xerxes dealt with Arthmius, 
Plutarch in the life of Themisticles.  borne at Zelb●a, who by gold was to corrupt the Grecians, to make him way into Greece. But Arthmius was thereupon noted of infamy, not alone, but his children, with their posterity after.  
Thus he dealt with Pausanius, General of the Lacedæmonians, 
Xerxes' corrupted Pausanius with 500 talents of gold to betray Sparta. Plutarch in his Morals, and in the life of Pausanius.  to whom he gave five hundred Talents of gold, to betray Sparta into his hands: but Pausanius, being too much gorged with gold, was mured up in a Temple, and famished to death, as I have already declared.  
Good reason therefore it is, that the law of Arms should so strictly forbidden the taking of bribe's, seeing the whole Army may be endangered thereby. And the law of Arms doth likewise include all acceptance of gifts, as unlawful for any to receive of a professed enemy, that is, or hath been, or may be guessed at to be hereafter, whether they be given him in lieu of his desert, or to recompense him for his Ambassage; he must not, I say, accept them of him, forfeare of bringing himself into danger. Have not many been brought into suspicion by it? Have not some lost their lives for it? Read Histories, peruse this example.  
The Athenians sent their Ambassadors (who were Soldiers) to Artaxerxes, King of Persia, to fulfil the desire of the King, 
Plutarch in the life of Pelopidas pag. 302.  and to grant him peace: The King was so pleased therewith, that he entertained them royally, and sent them back again with many gifts; but when they were returned home, they were deservedly checked by their State and Communality, who had them all in suspicion; and some had much ado to clear themselves. Among them was one Timagoras, who had received of the King of Persia, fourscore milch Kine, for the peal, and other presents, with a great deal of gold and silver, him the Athenians condemned to dye, and neither wealth nor friends could save his life. This should make a Soldier to beware how he takes gifts or presents from an enemy, lest he lose his life, or incur the ill will of his Prince, or be of no repute among men.  
What made Pelopidas to be so well reputed of among the Thebans? 
Plutarch in the life of Pelopidas pag. 303.  but because he refused the gifts and presents which the King of Persia offered him? What made Plutarch so highly to commend Manius Curius? but because he refused the gifts which the Samnites sent unto him by their Ambassadors? This Manius Curius was a Roman and had triumphed thrice, being the greatest man of Rome in his time, having subdued the mightiest nations and people of Italy; and driven King Pyrrhus also out of the same; yet himself dwelled in a little farm, having a small patch of ground belonging thereunto, being therewith contented, and manuring the same with his own hands: thither notwithstanding, after his three triumphs, 
Plutarch in the life of Marcus Cato.  the Samnites sent their Ambassadors to visit him, who found him by the fire side, seething of Parsnips, and presented him a marvelous deal of gold from their State and Communality; but Curius returned them again with their gold, and told them, That such as were contented with that Supper, had no need of gold or silver; and that for his part, he thought it greater honour to command them that had gold, then to have it himself.  
They who will imitate this man, shall inherit his commendations: I conclude with this admonition to all Soldiers.  

S. Trussell, in his Soldiers plea.  Let them not receive any thing from the enemy, either gift or letter, or any such thing; no, though it be from their own fathers, without the licence of their General or Captains; if they do, they will be wonderfully suspected, and in danger, not only of their credits, but also of their lives.  
The next quality required in a Soldier, is Moderation in Expense.  
Moderation in expense 
Moderate in expense.  is not only profitable, but commendable. Therefore let Soldiers be moderate in expense, rather sparing than wasting.  
The ancient Romans were commendable for this, the half of that which was given them in the wars, they set apart by their Standards, there to be kept, lest through excess and riot, or the getting of vain things, it might be wasted by themselves or others; but being by their Standards they knew it safe. This made them never to forsake their Standards, but rather stick to them: so when they came home from the wars, they brought that with them that was able to maintain them. The next Chapter showeth what the wisdom and policy is which ought to be in every Commander.   

CHAP. XVII. Of Wisdom and Policy; the use of it; how it may be attained: with a brief Summary of stratagems and policies, pertinent for these times, divulged for such as have the command over thousands: I mean, for young Commanders, not old Soldiers.  
Wisdom and Policy is fit for every Soldier, 
Of wisdom & policy, the use of it, and how it may be attained. etc.  but more proper for those Commanders before mentioned; therefore they must study to get wisdom and policy, for it is the only means, next under God, whereby they may preserve their own lives, and the lives of their Soldiers. If a Captain be void of wisdom and learning, Martial discipline wanteth her greatest stay; courage proveth rashness, and policy will be but weakly supported. Learning in a Soldier (saith Vegetius) is an Armour of never tainted proof, and a wounding Dart unresistable: Therefore let Soldiers, if it be possible, study to attain to learning: learning is obtained by industry and instruction, as policy and wisdom by experience.  
The way to attain wisdom and Policy, 
Read Xenophons' History of Cyrus' Wars. Read Frontines' book of Stratagems, now extant, and commonly joined in one volume with Vegetius. Read Plutarch's lives, the Turkish History, and many others; especially the Chronicles of every Nation now extant in Engish.  is to be frequent in the reading of Histories; especially of such Histories as are stored with worthy stratagems, and the brave exploits of worthy Generals: There young Commanders shall find store of examples, and be taught to observe every one of these particulars;  
1 When they are to take a journey, and to make war with an enemy in his own Country, they must by all means get advertisement, by intelligencers, of all the difficult passages of the same, the shortness of the ways, the turnings, the mountains, and all the rivers that are therein, lest in going they suffer invasion of the enemy, to their detriment, or final destruction: but being preadmonished, they are half armed, and prevent the danger with little loss.  
2 When they are prepared, and setting forth to march, there must be this wariness and heed taken that it be not known or divulged abroad unto what places they go, nor by what ways they mean to pass, for that journey is taken in hand without fear, which the enemy doth not so much as once suspect.  
The two famous Soldiers of Rome and Greece, which shot like two thunder bolts into the West and East, and filled the whole world with the fame of their Victories, are renowned for nothing more than their celerity in doing and preventing the very report of their coming.  

☞  They who would arrive at the Port of Victory, and by her gates enter the Tower of Fame, must keep their intentions secret.  
Old Metellus being importunated by an insinuating friend of his touching the army, and setting forward of some expedition, answered him thus: If I will (quoth he) that my shirt which i● ne●● my skin knew this my inward intent and secret purpose, I would put it off and fling it into the fire  

Vegetius lib. 3.  The old men of war (saith Vegetius) had in then Legions the badge and sign of the Minotaur, that as he was said to be hid in the innermost and most secret place of the Labyrinth, even so the intent of the Captain should be kept secret and hid, therefore it must be kept close, unto what places and by what ways they mean to pass forth. But because Spies sent out on the other party do either see or suspect which way they are intended to go, and many times there wanteth not Runagates or Traitors. In the next place it shall be declared how these things at hand may be prevented and resisted.  
3. When they are upon their march, they must send most trusty and fine witted men, with the best tried horse, which must search the places thorough which they must take their journey, before and behind, on the right hand and on the left hand, lest the enemy go about to set an ambushment, and lie in wait to deceive them.  
4. When they have descried an Ambush, they must compass the same about politicly; so it shall suffer more peril and danger than it went about to do.  
5. When they approach nigh unto the enemy, they must be inquisitive to know what manner of man their adversary is, what his Companions are and Leaders, whether they be rash and hasty, or wary and circumspect, whether they be hardy, or fearful, cunning in the feats of war, or such as are wont to fight at all adventure; whether they excel or exceed them in number of men, or munition and fence of armour; whether they can do more with footmen, or horsemen; with Pikemen, or Musquetiers; whether by night, or in the dawning of the day, or in the 〈◊〉 of repast, their custom be to assail their wearied enemies. Then to debate and treat of their own power, what may be done in this case; whether it be more profitable to prolong the urgent necessity of battle, or to fight it out of hand. If they know themselves to have the better Horsemen, the better Footmen, the better Soldiers, the better furnished in many things, let them not defer the convenient and fit occasion of fight. But if they perceive their enemies to be the better, let them avoid the open and set battle, for a few in number and weak in strength, oftentimes under good Captains have obtained the victory, by sudden invasions and lying privily in wai●, which they may do, taking time.  
6. When they are resolved to adventure a set battle with the enemy, they are first to sound the minds and dispositions of their Soldiers, whether they stand affected to fight or no, (it being as they would have it) they must begin to forecast how to get the Sun, the Wind and Dust, in the face of the enemy. The higher ground likewise, to the intent the enemy may fight both against them and the place; for these are not the least means of obtaining the victory.  
7. When they hope for victory through Footmen, against the Horsemen of their enemies, they must choose ruff places, uneven, and full of hills. But if they look to gain the victory through Horsemen, against the Footmen of their enemies, they must choose such places as be indeed somewhat higher, but plain and open, encumbered neither with woods nor sennes.  
8 When they have cunningly encompassed the battles of their enemies, they must leave them some way whereby they may fly, for if a passage to departed away be once opened, as soon as the minds of all do agree to run away; they are slain and murdered like beasts. Neither is there any danger to pursue them, when they have fling down their weapons and will fight no longer but being so enclosed, that they have no way to fly, they fight stoutly, and become desperately desperate, because they look for no safety or life; so you have no odds at all, but are both indifferent alike. For they are as courageous and as desperate to fight as you, rather more, by the occasion. Therefore young Scipio's counsel is to be followed: 
☜  The way whereby the enemy may fly must not be fortified.  
9 When they are not resolved to fight, but to departed away from the enemy, the Soldiers must not know that they do it to shun battle, but they must be brought in belief that they are called back for this policy: That the enemy may be alured unto a more convenient place, that he may be the more easily vanquished and entrapped by them. 
Vegetius lib. 3. cap. 21.  This they must not fail to do, (for Vegetius saith) they will be ready to fly, if they perceive their own Capaines to despair.  
10 When their enemies doth perceive their flight, than their care must be to send some before to possess the places of greatest advantage which the enemy doth covet, that the rest may the better pass in safety, and the enemy be frustrated of his purpose. Others behind must lie in ambush to entrap the enemy who comes on with boldness, no whit suspecting this policy. The rest must be preadmonished to be ever in readiness, lest the sudden coming of their enemies make them fearful:  
11 When they are in fear to be enclosed by the number of their enemies, they must either seek some place of natural defence, or make the place so by art. I will explain both by examples.  

How to choose a ground to fight with an enemy, when you fear to come into the champion to be enclosed by his number. Plutarch in the life of King Ageslaus.  Agesilau● being in Egypt, and having to do with a great multitude of Egyptians, of whom he stood in fear of, to abide them battle in the champion, by reason of their multitude, did thus: He brought his men into the field. One while he made as though he fled, and enticed them to follow him; suddenly again he would turn this way, and that way, in fine he brought all this multitude into a straight sluice walled about on either side, with great broad ditches full of running water, so that even when they were in the midst of it, he suddenly stopped their passage with the front of his battle, which he cast to the breadth of the sluice, and thus made the number of his fight men equal with the number of his enemies, who could never compass him in behind, nor flank him on the sides. 
☞  This he did by choosing a place fit for his purpose.  

How to fortify a pl ce by art.  The place may be helped by art, in case it be otherwise too open, and fit for the enemy, that abounds in number, to encompass them on every side.  
So Caesar 
a Caesar ●e bello Gall. lib. 2. 36. & lib. 3. 323.  being to fight against multitudes of Gauls, drew a deep Trench on both the Flanks of his army, to secure it from the charge of the enemy. The like did Sylla 
b Plutarch. in Syla, & A●i●n. in bello Mitbridates.  against Archelaus, the General of Mithridates, in the battle of Orchomene, and both of them so securing their armies from circumvention, became Masters of the Field, and Conquerors of their enemies. Of latter times john Huniades the Hungarian 
c Turkish. Hist. 297. §. 2.  King, being to fight against the huge army of the Turk, gained a noble battle against them, by placing his army on the one side against a Fen, and enclosing it on the other side with his Wagons.  
12. When they cannot prevail against the Enemy by strength, then let them minister and breed causes of discord amongst their Soldiers; for no Army, though it be very little, can quickly be destroyed of the Enemies, except it be consumed with private dissensions and hatred within itself. This is practised to this day, and is tolerated by our chiefs of War, who prefer policy before strength, therefore let it be followed. The old Spartan that had conquered by policy, offered an Ox; but he that prevailed by force, offered only a Cock; because the greater sacrifice of thankfulness, was due to the gods from him, for the one; and the greater praise and reward was due unto him, from the State for the other. But this is the greatest glory of all to drive out the nail of their Enemies practise, with a stronger of their own, and to blow him up in his own Mine. Policy against force deserveth much, and prevaileth often; but by Stratagem to prevail against Policy is ever excellent. Behold it in this.  
The Soldiers of Ferdinand, plotted with some of the French Garrison in Gifon-Castle, near San-severino, to betray the place unto them: the French entertained the motion, and assigned an hour, and the manner, for the execution: In the mean while, they acquainted the Governor. The Arragonese came at the time appointed; found a Port open, and enter; they were taken in the trap; seven hundred, part horse, and part foot, were slain on the place; the rest were taken prisoners. Thus Stratagem did prevail against Policy: Stratagem and Policy are of great force, and in War may be lawfully used.  
It is usual and allowable by the Law of Arms (saith Sir Robert Dallington) for a public and professed enemy to attempt that by stratagem, fraud, or suborned treachery, 
Sir Rob. dal. in his Aphorism, chap. 37.  which cannot be got by fine force without long time, uttermost danger, and extreme charge, for this way the purchase is sooner made and at less rate. Therefore let them use all stratagems and policies that may be to circumvent and overthrew an enemy; let them upon fit occasion corrupt the enemy's men with money; let them by cunning means and feigned letters cause the enemy's Captains to be suspected; Let them bring the General himself into more dislike, if he be disliked of his Soldiers: So they may be rid of him by policy, whom they could not be rid of by force. I will show you the events of all these by precedents.  

The first example of precedent, showing how to corrupt the Enemy's men with money.  Monsieur Trimoville, Monsieur de Ligny, and john jaques Triultio, being to war with Lodowick Sforza Duke of Milan in the behalf of Lewis the twelfth the French King, thought with themselves there was no quicker way to end the War than to corrupt Lodowick's Soldiers with money. He had entertained many Swissers into pay, and these Swissers were valiant men of their hands, but very covetous, and easy to be corrupted with gold: therefore they sent privily to the Colonels of the Swissers, proffering them great sums of money to forsake Lodowicke, or to betray him into their hands. They being tickled with these proffers, stirred all the rest to mutiny, taking their occasions that their pays were not performed at the just days that were promised. The Duke ran to the stir in person, bringing forth unto them all his silver, plate and vessels, desiring them to rest contented but till the money came from Milan, yet they would not yield, but said they would departed suddenly into their Country. The Duke not being able neither with prayers, nor with tears, nor by infinite promises to pacify any whit their barbarous disloyalty, recommended himself wholly unto them, to the end that at the least they would lead him to a place of safety. But because they had contracted with the French Captains, 
Guichiardin. lib. 3. pag 108.  to go their ways, and not to lead him with them, being not willing to grant unto his full demand, yet they consented that he should march away amongst them, taking the habit of one of their footmen; and so, if he were not known, to save himself by the help of his fortune. The which conditions being accepted of him, for a last necessity, was not sufficient for his safety: for that marching by direction, through the midst of the French Army, he was known by the diligent espial of such as were assigned to that charge; or rather disclosed by the Swissers themselves, as he marched in a Squadron of Foot, attired and armed in all points as a Swisser, and was by that means made prisoner. 
Guichiardin. lib. 3. pag. 108.  Here you see the French Pistolets could do more than their men at Arms; overcoming him who styled himself the son of Fortune. From these acute and politic French, we take our next precedent or example by feigned letters to cause our enemy's Captains to be suspected.  
Bourbon and Triwltio the King of France his Generals, 
The second example or precedent, showing how by cunning means and feigned Letters, we shall cause our enemy's Captains to be suspected.  being besieged and very hardly distressed within Milan by the Emperor Maximilian, devised this policy to free themselves: They sent a servant of Triuultio's (who spoke the Swissers tongue perfectly well) with feigned letters unto the Captains of that Nation, then serving in Maximilians Camp, thereby to make them to be suspected and doubted; the which feigned messenger being taken by the Sentinels and Watches, cunningly (like Sinon of Troy) humbly beseeched them his life and pardon, and that he would deliver them certain things, which he had to deliver to the Colonels and Captains of the Swissers: the which being granted him, he drew out of his shoe the devised letters, which he carried to cause a suspicion to grow upon these Captains: the which being seen and read by the Emperor, holding for certain their contents to be true, and mistrusting some treason, as they had before used unto Lodowicke Sforza, raised presently his Camp, and withdrew himself with less constancy and credit, then to his honour and reputation was convenient.  
Here was a way made without a golden bridge: Here was a fetch fit for a Carthaginian Hannibal: from whom we take the last precedent or example, how to bring our enemy's General into further dislike, by adding fuel to the former fire.  
Hannibal being in Italy did such hurt to the Romans, 
The third example or precedent, showing how to bring a General into further dislike than he was in before.  as they were almost at their wit's end, not knowing what to do, nor what Consul to choose: at length they sent against him Quintus Fabius Maximus, who was both their Dictator and General; one both skilful and politic, and by delay meant to prolong the War, so to have wearied Hanibals strength and power out (for having increased his poverty by his long stay, spending his own stock, he should at last have been forced of his own accord to have forsaken Italy, to the great glory of this man,) who by policy and wisdom, might have been said to have overthrown Hannibal; for this he was despised of the Romans, and counted a coward, and confronted by them: But Hannibal most of all feared him, and therefore craftily put this trick upon him.  

cannibals craftiness against fabius'.  He commanded his Soldiers, when they came near any of Fabi●s lands, that they should burn and destroy all round about them, but gave them charge in no wise to meddle with Fabius lands, nor any thing of his, and did purposely appoint a Garrison to see that nothing of Fabius should miscarry nor take hurt. This was straight carried to Rome, which did wonderfully incense the people against him, by the means of Metellus their Tribune, who made them an Oration, in which he taxed him no more of Cowardliness, but of flat Treason, accusing the Nobility and greatest men of Rome, saying, that from the first beginning, they had laid a plot to draw these Wars out at length, only to destroy the People's power and authority, having brought the whole Commonweal into the state of a Monarchy, and into the hands of a private person, who by his remissness and delays, would give Hannibal leisure to plant himself in Italy, and in time give open passage to the Carthaginians, at their pleasure, to send Hannibal a second aid and Army, and to make a full conquest of all Italy: persuading the people therefore to take the Tyrannical power of Dictatorship from him, and to put their affairs into the hands of Minutius General of their Horsemen, who would and could tell how to bring them safely to pass: The people were tickled marvellously with these seditious words, but yet they durst not force Fabius to resign his Dictatorship, 
Plutarch in the life of Fabius the Dictator.  though they bore him a great grudge, and were angry with him in their hearts: Howbeit they ordained, that Minutius should thenceforth have equal power and authority with the Dictator in the Wars; a thing that was never seen nor heard of before. Now say; Was not this a brave policy of Hannibal to bring Fabius into such dislike at Rome? and Rome itself into such an uproar upon it? Surely it was: and it had as good success as might be. Therefore having sufficient precedents for these things, fear not to put them in execution, when you see fit time. I conclude now as I began, that all these policies and more, are to be attained with learning, and often reading of Histories, as by all brave Commanders which ever were yet, may well be understood. And therefore let no man think but a Soldier ought to be learned and read, the which joined with experience, makes him a perfect man of War, and without this learning and reading, a Soldier may haunt the Wars many years, and never attain to the deep points of Soldiery; 
In Barrets art of War lib. 8. pag. 173.  the which by much reading and few years of experience, may be fare better perfected, as may be seen by Lucullus the Roman Commander, and many others of other Nations.  
Thus much of Policy, and of the qualities which befits Martial men.  
The next eight Chapters following declares the use of Facing, the use of Wheeling, the use of Counter-marching, the use of Doubling, the use of those Distances which are to be observed in Battle, (naturally arising out of Doubling) with the words of command for either.   

CHAP. XVIII. Of the use of Facing.  
IN exercise we commonly prefix unto ourselves this method or order. First to face and stand: Secondly, to face and march.  
When we face and stand, 
☜ Of facing and standing.  it is to show our Soldiers how they should defend themselves, if they should be set upon, in Front, in Rear, in Flanks: by transferring their faces that way to receive them closing, or sering themselves together at a convenient distance, and bearing out a 
a This is lively expressed in the Hollow battle called Plaesium, wher● the Musketier are in the midst, the Pikes outwardly Fronted every way and chargin● over-hand to shelter the Musketeers. Apian in the Wars of Syria, and Capt. Bingham.  multitude of Pikes every way upon them: (as that Phalange of Antiochus the Great did) when Domitius, Scipio's Lieutenant encompassed it round with horsemen and light armed. I cannot do amiss in relating the manner of it unto you, it being so pertinent for my purpose, and so fit for the understanding of the motion: Therefore out of Apian I will dilate it thus.  
As soon as the horse and chariots, of Antiochus, were put to flight by the Roman Horsemen, and by Eumenes his Phalange of foot being destitute of horse, first opened and received the light armed (that had all the while fought in the Front) into the midst of it. Then afterwards again closed: And when Domitius, Scipio's Lieutenant encompassed it about with horse and light armed, which he might easily do, by reason it was thrust up in a thick 
* This Plinth●um was a grea● square battle full of men, and not the hollow Plinthium spoken of in X●nophon. The depth o● this Plinthium was 32. in depth. The light armed in the midst.  Plinthium, it was driven to great distress: being neither able to charge the enemy, nor yet to countermarch in so great a depth as it carried: It grieved them much that their long experience nothing availed them to annoy the enemy, and that notwithstanding, they were subject to Arrows and Darts at all hands. Yet bearing out a multitude of Pikes on every side of their square, they called the Romans to come to handle blows, and still made a countenance, as though they meant to charge, keeping themselves for all that within their Ranks, as being footmen and heavy armed, and the rather because they had to do with an Enemy on horseback. Besides, they were loath to break the thickness of their battle; which form they could not now alter. The Romans also Durst not approach them, and come to sword, fearing their experience in War, and closeness of Array, and desperation. But running about here and there, plied them with Arrows and Darts, whereof none was thrown in vain, falling amongst a troop so closely put together, that they could neither avoid, and decline any thing thrown, nor give a way, albeit they saw it coming. At last being weary and irresolute what to do, they retired easily, with a threatening countenance notwithstanding and in good order, and not delivering the Romans of fear, who durst not yet come near, but sought to annoy them aloof; till the Elephants placed in the Macedonian Phalange, being affrighted, and not to be ruled by their governors, troubled all, and gave occasion of flight. Hitherto Appian.  
Whereby you may see how suddenly they did face, maintaining a Charge (as it were) upon a stand; and when the Romans would not come to handy strokes with them, they angrily, yet leisurely retreated: and when they were distressed, made as though they would charge, holding out a multitude of Pikes every way; to the amazement of the Romans, who durst not approach them. The like may be done by our 
c That is the Hollow square whe●e the Pikes are without, and the Musketeers within.  Battle, if it should be charged as that was. Thus much to face one stand.  
Now to face and march.  

☞ Off facing and Marching.  When we face and march, it is to show our Soldiers how we can upon deliberation (as occasion serves) prevent the enemy from Falling on our right or left Wing, by bringing it to some River, or such like place of strength for succour, whereby the enemy can have no way to encompass it: which we do by bidding them first to face, then to march to the place, afterwards to face again. And so they are reduced to the first posture, and the Front is, as it was at the first. This we continually use in our Training at home, to make ou● men fit for it in the face of the Enemy. Howsoever some may be ignorant in the use of the motion, yet they cannot be unskilful in the motion itself, by reason of the practice. No Battle can well be without this motion, especially in the field, where the enemy doth seek advantage. Let me therefore show you some other excellent uses thereof, that it may be the  esteemed, and the oftener practised.  
This motion, as it is performed marching, 
The use of Facing, as it is performed marching.  is of this singular use, not only to give an assault upon the adverse wing of the enemy, but to fail any way off from the enemy, and suddenly again to turn upon him with an even front to his front; that is, Pikes to his Pikes, Shot to his Shot, whereby he is prevented from falling, either on the Flanks, or on the Rear, coming on with one main Body.  
Many other uses it hath, as partly this; To 
Captain Bingh●m in his notes upon Aelian cha●. 25.  shun a dangerous ground on which an enemy hath strewed, calthrop's, or laid a secret trap, this was found practised by Alexand. the great, when he fought with Darius at Arbela; Arrian describes it thus 
* Arrian lib. 4. & Alexand. 17.  (saith he) Alexander having imbattelled his Army, to fight with Darius, had intelligence, that Darius had strewed the ground betwixt the two Armies with calthrop's; he commanded therefore the right Wing, which himself led, to turn faces to the right hand, and to follow him, to the end to go round about, and avoid the places that were strewed with Calthropes: Darius marching against him to the left hand, disjoined his troops of horse, and Alexander taking the advantage, and gluing in quickly betwixt the spaces, put Darius to flight.  
Here you see the event of it, and what a victory Alexander gained thereby. If he had faced and stood still, what would it availed him? Had he marched foreright, he had fall'n upon the Calthropes, but by facing and then marching upon it, he effected all.  
First he avoided the ground where the Calthropes lay (by facing and marching forth) than he reduced them again to their first posture, by facing them to the left hand. Afterwards (taking his advantage) he went on to the charge, and so defeated the enemy.  
Why Alexander made choice (only) of this motion, is not to be wondered at, because necessity made him to make use of this motion when no other would serve.  
Countermarch had been ridiculous, so had doubling; wheeling had been in vain: nay, it was impossible for him to have wheeled, the ground being so scanty, (between him and the Calthropes) his Phalange of so great a breadth, and the enemy so nigh. Yet say he had wheeled (having had ground sufficient) he must have been forced (having wheeled) to have faced withal, and marched further out, then wheeled again, or else to no purpose; so have failed of his expedition.  
Thus you see how fit this motion served Alexander's turn, and by it may learn to make like use of it, upon like occasion.  
Another singular use of this motion is, to get the upper ground from the enemy.  
This was found practised by Philopaemen, the Achaean General. When Machanidas, the Lacedaemonian Tyrant, had put his left wing to flight, yet he by this means restored the battle, and withal obtained the victory.  

Polybius lib. 11. 634  Polybius describes the manner of it thus;  
The fight being begun between Machanidas, the Lacedaemonian Tyrant, and Philopaemen, the Achaean General, it happened that Machanidas had the better, for he having put the left Wing of the Achaean Mercenaries to flight, followed hard the chase; Philopaemen, as long as there was any hope, endeavoured to stay his men: when he saw them utterly defeated, he hasted to the right Wing, and perceiving the enemy busy in the chase, and the place void where the fight had been, commanding the first 
* A Merarchy consisteth of 2048 men.  Merarchies to turn their faces to the right ●●and, he led them on with high speed, not yet breaking the order of their imbattelling, and quickly seizing upon the forsaken ground, he both cut betwixt them that gave chase, and home, and withal got the advantage of the upper ground against the left wing of the armed, whereby he obtained the victory.  

Captain Bingham upon the same motion, Aelian chap. ●5.  If Philopaemen had in this action used wheeling of his Battle, which only was the other motion which would have served his turn, besides the troublesomeness of the winding about, he should have been forced to have used two wheelings, and so failed of the celerity, which was at time requisite, faces were turned in a trice, and he made himself master of the ground he desired, before he could have wheeled once his Battle.  
Besides to have Faced and stood still, had been to no purpose, but Facing and Marching on was to some purpose, as you have heard.  
Thus you see what Facing is; 
Of the use of Facing in general.  How it is the easiest of all Motions, but of no less importance or necessity: How it may be done in a trice, though the Enemy come very suddenly upon us: Though he encompass both our Wings: Though he environ us round with Foot and Horse, yet we may Face upon him, and make him resistance: How that there is no Battle but hath need of this Motion: So that when we find our Enemies to encompass our right Wing, we turn our Faces and Weapons that way to receive them. To the left, when they come to charge us on that side: If on both sides, than we turn Faces half to the right, and half to the left hand. But being to remove the Battle from any of the Flanks, we cause Faces to be turned to that Flank; so we lead on upon the Enemy, either to assault him, or to prevent him where he would assault. Which if we cannot do, we make a stand, and so receive him. All this I have expressed fully both by precept and example. Now it remains that I show you four other things.  
First, by what words of Command it may be done.  
Secondly, in what order.  
Thirdly, with which Leg coming forward.  
Fourthly, how to reduce all this (by way of document or observation) shall be declared in the next Chapter following.   

CHAP. XIX. Observations for Facing; showing the manner how to perform the action; with many other Circumstances appertaining to the precedent Chapter.  
IN the precedent Chapter, mention was made of Facing. In this Chapter are certain Observations positively set down for the exact performance thereof.  
They are in number four.  
The first observation is, for the motion of the Leg.  
The second for reducement to its first Posture.  
The third for distance to grace the Action.  
The fourth for words of Command, either to Face and March; or to Face and Stand; expressing their use.  
Of these in order.  

The first Observation.  First then observe that in Facing upon a stand, the Motion, must and aught to be performed with the right Leg; that is, the left Leg must stand firm: The right must either remove forward, or backward: Forward, when you Face to the left hand; Backward, when you face to the right hand.  
Be it to the right about, or to the left about, the left Leg stands firm; only you move the foot upon the heel or toe: But in the March it is to be done, 
How to Face Marching.  sometimes with the right Leg, sometimes with the left Leg: With the right Leg, when it is to the left hand: With the left Leg, when it is to the right hand; for you must gain ground, and not lose.  

The second Observation.  In the second place, observe or take notice, how to reduce unto the first Posture. This must be thus performed:  
When you Face to the right, return back to the left hand.  

How to reduce unto your first Posture.  When you Face to the left, return back to the right hand.  
Having Faced about to the right, return about to the left.  
Having Faced about to the left, return about to the right. For still the contrary must be done. Observe it and forget it not.  

The third Observation.  In the third place observe, or take notice, of the Distances appropriated to Facing.  
These Distances are of three sorts: to wit, 

Open Order.  
Order.  
Close Order.    
The first for Exercise: The two last for Service.  
No Captain must be so absurd, as to Face upon an Enemy (in open Order) the Enemy coming to push of Pike.  
The Grecians would never Face to receive the Charge of an Enemy, but in their close Order.  
Their close Order, was a foot and a half from file to file, and three foot from rank to rank.  
This we commonly use with Pikes. But our Musketeers are never to be closer than the second Distance of three foot in square, because they are to have a free use of their Arms. If then they be at a closer Distance, they will much throng and trouble one another, and are subject to firing.  
In the last place, observe how to give the words of Command, 
The fourth Observation.  either to Face and March, or to Face and stand. That you may do it orderly, and properly, I have fitted them to your mouth thus: 

Face to the right hand, March. 
Words of Command to Face and March.   
Face to the left hand, March.   

Face to the right hand about, March.  
Face to the left hand about, March.    
Thus you may set upon your Enemy as you see advantage, or prevent him where he would charge you to your disadvantage, or shun a dangerous ground prepared for you, as Alexander did, when Darius would have entrapped him. Thus much to Face & March, and of the words of Command for it.  
Now to face and stand, with the words of Command for that Motion.  
The words of proper direction for it are these. 
Words of Command to Face & stand.   Face to the right hand. 
* If you restore to the first Posture, you are to say, As you were.  
Thus if the Enemy have encompassed your right Flank, you are ready for him.  Face to the left hand. 
Thus if the Enemy have encompassed your left Flank, you are ready for him.  Face to the right and left hand, by division. 
Thus if the Enemy hath encompassed both the Wings of your Battle, (being unable to avoid it 
* They face to the right and left, by division. ) you Face thus to resist him.  Face to the right and about. 
Thus if the Enemy have suddenly made his Approach upon your Rear, you are ready for him, and resist him in an instant.  Middle men to the right hand about. 
This form is called Phalange Amphistomus, described by Aelian chap. 38. And is of excellent use to resist the charge of the Enemy, assaulting us in Front and Rear.  

Observe the form of this Face, being ten in depth. This is the P●inthium full of men.  The three last Ranks face about to the Right.  
The three first Ranks in the Front stand as you do.  
The Rest in the midst to the Right and Left, by division.  
Thus if the Enemy have environed you about on all sides: On all sides you are ready to resist him.  

Plutarch in the life of Paulus Aemilius.  This was the last remedy of the Macedonian Phalange opposed against Paulus Aemylius in his Battle with Perseus, which distressed the Romans, and had gained the victory, had it not been broken for want of ground.  
Thus much for Facing.  
Now if in stead of Facing, you would command Charging, give the words thus: 

Charge to the right hand.  
Charge to the left hand.  
Charge both to the right and left hand.   

Charge to the Front.  
Charge to the Rear.  
Charge both Front and Rear.   

Charge every way.    

A Caution.  When you charge upon a stand, fall back with the right Leg.  
When you charge to go on, come forward with the left Leg.  
This is to charge Marching.  
Thus much for this Chapter.   

CHAP. XX. Of the use of Wheeling.  
WHeeling is of the same use with Facing, both may be done upon the sudden approach of the Enemy, whether he show himself on the right or left Flank, or in the Rear of your Battle.  

The excellency of Wheeling.  If he show himself in the right or left Flank, Wheeling will have the pre-eminence of Facing, for it will oppose him with thy front, which are thy best men.  
If he show himself in the Rear, Wheeling will yet have the pre-eminence, and oppose him there with thy fileleaders (or best men) as it did before in the Flank  
But 
* Of the prehemincie of Facing over Wheeling.  if the enemy show himself in Front and Rear, or in more than these places at once (suddenly to charge thee) Facing will then have the pre-eminence, and Wheeling will do more harm then good. Therefore being in this strait, the best remedy is to turn faces and so receive him.  
But having sufficient place, and fit occasion to wheel, 
Captain Bingham in his notes upon Aelian, Chapt. 25.  omit not this opportunity, but meet him with thy best men. For example whereof I bring the Graetians: They coveting always to bring their best men, that is, the fileleaders to fight; did thus,  
In open order they chose to countermarch?  
In close order having place to wheel their battle about, they did turn the face of it against the enemy. If they could do neither of these, they came to the last remedy which was turning of faces of every particular man in the battle. This was the Grecians order, which shows the excellency of their discipline: And therefore we are willing to follow them, being the Mirrors of Arts and Arms. They were so perfect in these motions by their continual practice and exercise, that few or none were ever comparable unto them.  
In wheeling they would move as a ship (or some other body) carried about wholly and jointly together, remaining undisolued.  
When they were to wheel to the right, they did first warn the right corner file leader to stand still (as it were the hook of a doore-hinge) and the rest they commanded altogether to proceed forward, and to turn about the same fileleader like the door. 
* They will not wheel, unless they be at an unfitting order Pouldion to Houldion and then Ranks to the swords point a distance not fit for that motion.   
Thus was the battle wholly turned by them (as the body of a man) to the right, to the left, or about to either, being carried about the corner fileleader, as about a Centre. This was a comely sight to look upon? would to God all would do it as exactly as they But wishes are in vain, men will do as they list, not as they should: ᵃ Some will neither observe the distance used by the Grecians, no the distance appointed by our Tactics, for the comely grace thereof. This distance is three foot from file to file, and three foot from rank to rank?  
If this be not observed, the motion will want grace, the use of it will be frustrated? the enemy will prevail against them: For how can those men fight whose hands are tied, being thronged and pestered together, they are as it were bound and tied, and can neither assault the enemy, nor defend themselves, but are subject to be killed one of another. Therefore true distances, must be observed. But of distances more hereafter. Faceing and wheeling are the subjects on which I treat.  
Now faceing and wheeling being joined together are of singular use? To prevent the enemy where he would assault you: To give the assault on him, and to circumvent him in taking of advantage of ground, Wind and Sun, it likewise serves to strengthen the midst of your battle with the best men. By Wheeling the Wings into the midst of the battle. In doing whereof you curtail the depth, and extend the length, bringing more men to fight than you had before  
Thus much of Wheeleing. The words of Command follows in the next chapter.   

CHAP. XXI. Of the words of command for Wheeling.  
THe words of command for Wheeling may be thus given.  Viz. Wheel the body to the right hand. 

The Use.  Thus if the enemy appear to the right Flank, you bring your best men to fight against him:  Wheel the body to the left hand. 

The Use.  Thus if the enemy come to charge your left Flank, you bring your best men against him: Wheel the body about to the right hand.  

The Use.  Thus if the enemy appear in the Rear, you bring your Fileleaders, that is, your best men to fight.  Wheel the body about to the left hand. 
Thus you are reduced to your first Posture. 
The Use   
But it may be you would Face, then march; after Face again, then wheel. If you would, it may be commanded thus: 
Face to the right hand. 
Face & March.  and march twenty paces.  
Face to the left hand. and march twenty paces.   
Then wheel to the left, and charge over-hand.  
Thus you may gain the advantage of ground upon the right Flank: 
The Use.  you may assault your enemy on the left Wing with your Fileleaders or Front, you may gain the advantage of Wind and Sun, from the enemy: And presently fall upon a charge.  
It may be you would extend the length of your Battle by wheeling (by bringing the Wings into the midst.) Then you may command thus.  Wheel the Wings into the midst of the Battle. Face to your Commander. 
Thus the strength of your Battle lies in the midst; 
The Use.  it may be you would reduce. Then command thus: To the right hand about.  
Then begin with the Bringers up, and say: Wheel your Wings again into the midst of the Battle.  
Then bid them Face to their Commander: after that.  Face to the left hand about. 
And so they are fully reduced as they were.  
It may be you would know the way how to perform this Wheeling, for as yet you are Ignorant. Then observe how to do it by this Instance which will somewhat explain it unto you.  
There be ten Fileleaders in Front, 
The Instance.  five of them on the right Wing wheels forward to the left, transferring their faces to the contrary Wing, their Followers moving with them, and standing behind them as they did at the first, only they change their former ground, as did the Fileleaders.  
The other five on the left Wing wheels forward to the right, meeting them in the midst, face to face, having all their Followers (behind them) as the other five. Then the Commander bids them Face to him: And so the countenances of all the Soldiers are directed (or transferred) all one way. Thus you may perform this wheeling; but action doth better perform it than words.  
This wheeling of the Wings into the midst of the Battalia, was used by the Ancient Grecians, to make their Diphalange Antistomus, their Diphalange Peristomus, their Hollow-wedge. The Figure of which is to be seen in Aelian, with the description of them, Chap. 36. 40. and 41.  
What Victories have been gained by this kind of Imbattalling, I have seen, and read in a written Copy of Captain Binghams' composing, to be diuulged (shortly) for a public good, that is now but for a private use. This worthy Captain was the man that did first show the Gentlemen of the Artillery Garden how they should perform this kind of wheeling, which now they do most exactly: And he will prove the use of it to be as profitable for Service now, as heretofore with the Grecians, if we will but do what he shall advice. Thus much of this Kind of Wheeling, and of the other Wheeling, which must not be used when the enemy is upon you, but when he is aloof off. Now of Countermarch.   

CHAP. XXII. Of Countermarches, and the diverse kinds thereof: with the manner how they are to be made, and of their use.  
Countermarches are twofold: for either we Countermarch the Files or the Ranks. And these either by changing of ground, or keeping still the same ground.  
If we Counter march by Files, it is to oppose the enemy appearing in the Rear with our best men. If by Ranks, it is to bring one Wing into the place of the other; or all our best men into the midst of the Battle.  
If we Countermarch by Files or Ranks, to change our ground, we do it either by the Macedonian, the Lacedaemonian, o● the 
a The modern Countermarch standing, is thus performed; The Fyle-leaders countermarch to the right, the next Rank stands till they be passed, than they follow: the like do all the rest, transferring themselves to a new ground.  modern Countermarch which was invented for that purpose, and to be performed standing.  
If to maintain ground, than we do it by the Choraean Countermarch, which makes the Fileleaders to take the ground of the Bringers up, and the Bringers up the same ground, in the which the Fileleaders stood. The like in the Wings.  
These Countermarches, namely, the Macedonian, the Lacedaemonian, and the Choraean, are described by Aelian thus.  
The Macedonian Countermarch 
b Aelian chap. 20 of the Macedonian Crunter-march by File.  by File, is said to be, when the Fileleader turneth about his face, & all the rest with the Bringer-up goeth against him on the right or left hand, and passing on to the ground before the Front of the Battle; place themselves in order one after another, according as the Fileleader himself hath turned his face.  
This Countermarch you see transferreth the whole File to another place equal to the first, by taking the ground that lieth before the Front, in lieu of that it lost behind. It likewise maketh Show to the enemy appearing in the Rear of running away, but it is of excellent use.  
Say that before thy Battle lay a River, 
The use of the Macedonian Countermarch by File.  and between the River and thee a fair plot of ground, higher than that thou standest upon (the enemy appearing in the Rear, and compelling thee to fight) the only way to oppose him with the best men, and to got this ground for thy advantage, is this Macedonian Countermarch. This Countermarch was first Invented by Philip King of Macedon, Father of Alexander the Great.  
The Lacedaemonian Countermarch by File is, 
Of the Lacedaemonian Countermarch by File, described by Aelian, chap. 28.  when the Bringer up turneth his face about, and all the rest turning also their faces, and proceeding forward together with their Fyle-leader, order themselves proportionably in the ground which was behind the rear of the Battle.  
Or else, when the Bringer-up turneth his face about, and he that stood next before him passiing by on the right or left hand, is placed again next before him, and the rest following, are placed one before another in their former order, till the Fyle-leader be first.  
In this Countermarch you see, the proceeding is contrary to the former that took the ground before the Phalange, or Battle, this takes the ground after. In that the moving was from the rear to the front; in this from the front to the rear. 
* Captain Bingham in his notes upon Aelian chap. 28.  Aelian preferreth the Lacedaemonian Countermarch before the Macedoman, because in it the Soldiers seem to fall on and charge, wherein the Macedonian they seem to fly. There is notwithstanding, times (as Captain Bingham notes) when it is better to use the Macedonian; As when you seek to gain some ground of advantage: or in case you mean to march on and not to fight with the Enemy, unless you be compelled, for the Macedonian continueth still the march, and stayeth not: the Lacedaemonian returneth upon the Enemy, and so looseth ground in marching.  
There is likewise times (say I) when it is more requisite to use this Lacedaemonian Countermarch, than any other.  
As in case you have passed the ground which the enemy following seeks to gain, and to charge you suddenly, the only way to possess it again, and to fight with him with your best men, is thus to Countermarch; the Macedonian here will do no good.  

Ae●ian chap. 28.  The Lacedæmonians have another Countermarch, which bears the name, and that is this; the Fyle-leaders begin the Countermarch, and every one in their Files follow them orderly. This is no other than our modern Countermarch now in use.  
The 
* Of the Choraean Countermarch by File, otherwise called Persian or Cretan.  Choraean Countermarch by File, is said to be, when the Fyle-leader turning about to the right hand, precedeth the File, and all the rest follow, till the Fyle-leader have the place of the Bringer-up, and the Bringer-up the place of the Fyle-leader. This Countermarch (saith Aelian) is called likewise Persian & Cretan: Persian and C●etan (saith Captain Bingham) because it was used among the Persians and Cretans. 
Captain Bingham in his notes upon Aelian chap. 28.  Choraean also, for the similitude it had with the solelmne Grecian dances upon Stages, the company that shown themselves in such dances being called Chorus, who in their dances ordered themselves into syles and ranks, as Soldiers do in battle, and moving themselves to the brink of the Stage, when being straightened by the place, they could pass no further, they retired one through the ranks of the other, exceeding not the bounds of the place, as is done in this Countermarch:  

The words of command for the Choraean Cuunter-march by File.  It may be commanded thus; Fyle-leaders, Countermarch to the place of the Bringers-up, and stand, and let your Files follow you, keeping your distance.  
Or thus; Fyles, Countermarch, and maintain ground.  
The Lacedaemonian may be commanded thus; 
* The words of command for the Lacedaemonian Countermarch by File delivered in Captain Binghams' own words.  Bringers-up, turn your faces about to the right hand: the rest, turn your faces about, and beginning at them that are next the Bringers-up, Countermarch, and place yourselves in your distances, before the Bringers-up, and one before another, till the Fyle-leader be first.  
Or thus; Face all to the Rear: Bringers-up stand; the next Rank, pass through by their right hand, and place yourselves before them, keeping your distances; all the rest move with them, placing yourselves one before another till the Fyle-leader be first.  
When your men are perfects you need but say, The Lacedaemonian Countermarch, and it is enough.  
This gains the ground lying after the Rear, as the Macedonian the groundlying before the Front: Now the Macedonian may be thus commanded; Fileleaders, turn your faces about to the right hand; 
Words of command for the Macedonian Countermarch by File, Aelian. chap. 28.  the rest of every File pass through in order, one after another, and place yourselves at your distances, after your Leaders, turning your faces about, and so stand.  
Look what these Countermarches do by File, the very same they do by Rank for like advantage.  
The Macedonian Countermarch by Rank, taketh the ground that lieth on the side of the contrary Wing, beginning to move at the corner of the Wing which is nearest the enemy, seeming therefore to him to run away, because it dismarcheth from him, as that of the File did before.  
The words of command for it may be these; The right hand corner File face to the left; 
Words of command for the Macedonian Countermarch by Rank  the rest of each File pass through to the left, and place yourselves orderly behind your sidemen, keeping your distance.  

The use.  This gaineth the ground lying on the side of the right Wing, farthest of from the Enemy. The Enemy appeared to the left Wing B●●his Counter march you may set the strongest part of your Battle against the Enemy, and apply the weakest unto some River L●ke, Hill, or such like place, so that the Enemy cannot come to encompass it.  

Of the Lacedaemonian countermarch by rank.  The Lacedaemonian Countermarch by Rank, taketh the ground that lieth on the side of that Wing which is towards the Enemy, and bringeth the best Wing to be foremost against the Enemy, coming still on upon him, without any show of running away; and by these words of command may be effected; 
Words of command for the Lacedaemonian Countermarch by rank. The use.  Left hand corner File, where the Enemy appeareth, turn your faces to the left hand; the rest of each Rank, turn your faces, and pass thorough to the left hand, and place yourselves before your sidemen, keeping your distances.  
Thus when our forces are able to encounter the enemy, and we desire to bring our best wings to fight; then we proceed after this manner to oppose him.  

Of the Choraean Countermarch by rank.  The Choraean Countermarch by rank keepeth the same ground the battle had at first, and bringeth one Wing, into the place of the other, or else the Sections to possess the place of the Wings, thereby to strengthen the midst of the battle. These two may be effected, as the other, by several words of Command:  
The first by this word of command, 
Words of command for the Choraean Countermarch by rank.  Ranks to the right hand Countermarch and maintain ground.  
The second by this word of command, Countermarch the Wings into the midst of the battle.  
The way to do it is this,  
First they are to face to the right and left hand by division: Then to Countermarch into the midst of the battle; After they are to face to their Commander, and so the Countermarch is effected.  

The use.  Thus we strengthen the midst of our battle with our best men; bringing them to fight with the enemy, which is the end of Countermarch. Wherein notwithstanding there is a Caution to be held, that if the enemy be very near, that we cannot conveniently Countermarch, before he come upon us, we forbear, lest we fall into disorder, and in disorder be easily defeated. In which case the best remedy is to turn faces and so receive him.  
As Countermarches are not to be done, unless the enemy be aloof off, so neither can they well be done but at open order.  
When then your files and ranks are at six foot, which is (your first distance) Than you have sufficient room to Countermarch any way.  
But in Countermarch observe this.  
If the word be for the right hand, then step forth with the right leg, and bring the left leg over.  
If to the left, then step forth with the left leg, and bring the right over.  
But if the Word be to the right, and maintain ground, then stand fast with the right leg, and bring the left over. Thus much of Countermarching.  
Now of Doubling.   

CHAP. XXIII. Of the use of Doubling.  
THere is two kind of Doubling, the one of Ranks, the other of fi●es. The first doth double the 
a The length of the battle is the Rank, the depth is the File Ranks stretch forth in length, Files in depth (saith Suidas.)  Length, the second the Depth of your battle.  
The Length of your battle may be doubled in Place or Number.  
In 
b Doubling of the length of a battle in place.  place, when every file doth open, from three foot to six foot, which is your open order in files. By this means the Front possesseth double ground to that it had before. There is another way to double the Front in place, as you shall hear anon.  
The Length of your battle is 
c Doubling of the length of a battle in Number.  doubled in Number, when of twenty in a rank, it is made forty, and of forty fourscore. So that you have twice as many men in the Front as you had before.  
This doubling of the Length of your battle by number, may be done upon fit occasion, either in open order, or in order  
In open order, by doubling of Ranks, by middle men doing the same. By bringers up doubling the front either to the right or left hand at discretion. In order by middle men doubling of the Front, either to the right or left hand entire, or by devission to both. Which doth likewise double the length of a Battle, not only in number but in place also, as Captain Bingham doth observe in his notes upon Aelian chap. 29. 
Chap. 29.   
Two Causes are assigned for the doubling of the length of your Battle both in number and place. The one to overwing the enemy. The other to avoid overwinging.  
Two ways you may avoid overwinging.  
One is by making choice of such a ground, as may give you this advantage of the enemy; That he can never compass you in behind, 
P●●tar●● in the lives of A●es●laus and S lla, pag. 630. & 478  nor flank you on the sides. Now if you cannot find such a ground, use art. Cast a trench upon each flank; or Wagons on either Wing. As Syila and Huniades did, fearing to be encompassed by the multitude of their enemies.  
The second way to avoid overwinging is, by placing of Aides in the Rear of your Battle; or by laying them in Ambush aloof off, that so upon a word given they may suddenly start out upon the Enemy, as Caesar made his to do at the Battle of Pharsalia, where he put Pompey the Great to flight. These Aides must be of the most chiefest Soldiers you have, with Officers appointed for their conduct, as was used by the ancient Romans before and in Vegetius time, 
Vegetius lib. 3. cap. 17.  who did always res rue many of these Aides, when their number was inferior to their Enemies, their Battle less pitched, and they in danger to be overwinged. But when they had plenty of fight men, they by Doubling would make their Battle equal in length and depth to their Enemies. So that they could not break through or overwinge them.  
Thus much to a●oid overwinging. And for the doubling of the length of a Battle in pl●ce and number.  

Doubling the depth of a Battle in place.  The depth of your Battle is doubled in place, when every Rank from the swords point opens to three foot, from three foot to six foot, from six foot to twelve foot, which is your double distance. The use of this is twofold.  
First to employ a great deal of ground for your own advantage, making your number seem more than it is. Secondly, to make way for the Canon shot, by which the enemy afar of would annoy your flanks. Therefore you march at a double distance.  
The depth of your Battle is doubled by number, 
Doubling th● depth of a Battle by number  when of ten in File, it is made twenty, of twenty forty, and of sorry fourscore.  
The doubling of the depth of your Battle may be done upon fit occasion, either in open order or in close order.  
In open order, by doubling of Files: When Files double by Countermarch, either to the right or left hand: Or when half the Ranks double the right or left flank: When Ranks file by conversion, either to the right or left hand, which is usually done at a double distance.  
In order (or close order) by advancing of Files to the right or left hand: By Fileleaders drawing forth their Files (into one) or if you will both to the right and left hand by division. Then both right and left hand File leads forth together: so the body is drawn into two Files.  
All these ways and more, may the depth of your Battle be doubled in place and number, not to change the form thereof, or (if it be) to alter the fashion, whereby your Battle may be made suitable to the ground upon any occasion: which is not the least thing to be taken notice of.  
Observe.  
A large fronted Battle is unfit for a narrow place.  
A deep narrow Battle for a Champion, is not so suitable.  
This the Romans and Grecians knew full well, and therefore they would order themselves accordingly, making a politic use of either, as they saw occasion.  
It is reported of Manius Acilius the Roman Consul, that being to fight with Antiochus the Great in the Straits of Thermopyles, because therein he could march with his men no more than five in Front. He ordered all his Legions into an 
* Orthiophala● is a deep P●lange commonly called a Heirs, having the Depth much exceedi●● the Length. Aegean. chap. 30. Appian in the warns of the Rom●nes with Syrians.  Orthiophalanx, which was a kind of Battle in form of a Heirse, of far greater depth than length. Thus being extended in depth (and but five in Rank) he proceeded on, appointing Marcus Cato (one of his Tribunes) with a selected band of men to fetch a compass about to seek some other passage: If not, to scale the Rocks, and then to seize upon Antiochus Campe. And likewise he sent Lucius Valerius (another of his Tribunes) wi●h a like band of men, to force the Aet●lians from the Rocks on the other side, (he being to pass under them) that so having gained the Rocks, they might further his passage, and annoy Antiochus from thence wi●h missive weapons. He himself led his Army in Front against Antiochus in the manner before said. Now Antiochus having fortified the Straits with a wall (where it was broad) stood there ready to receive him with his Battle of Macedonians, fare broader in Front than Acilius Army was. But when Marcus Cato had gained the Hills, Antiochus was instantly struck into amazement, and Acilius taking courage thereby, came bravely on, and forced Antiochus to flight. Thus suiting his Battle to the nature of the place, (and yet making use of his men for his best advantage) he obtained a glorious victory.  
One example more out of Xenophons' History, and so I will conclude.  

●●nophon. lib. 4.  The Grecians which Cherisophus and Xenophon conducted out of Persia, were in the Champagne ordered into a square hollow Battle, every part of like strength, with their baggage and lose multitude in the midst.  
These Grecians when they came into the Country of the Carduchans and Colchans, were otherwise ordered.  
There was high Hills, huge steep Mountains, and but narrow passage. They must now be Imbattelled (not in a hollow 
* The P●aesium a square batel of men ●ollow in the ●ddest.  Plaesium) but in several Companies, and every Company into a single File, every file having an hundred men a piece, ascending those steep Mountains, and beating the enemy from thence, which stood thereon in battle array, doing more with ten thousand men, than a King of Persia could do with twelve Myriad, that is, twelve hundred thousand.  
Thus the Grecians and Romans (Mirrors of Arms and learning) did always shape their battle according to the proportion of ground, and being perfect in the art of Imbattelling, did all things proper as they saw occasion. The like must we. And thus much shall suffice for the doubling of the Length and Depth of a Phalange or Battle. Now follows the Distances to be observed in them. So the words of command shall follow for all in the five and twentieth Chapter.   

CHAP. XXIIII. Of the Distances to be observed in Battle. And of their use.  
DIsorder is the confusion of a Battle, but good Order prevents ●●is confusion. Therefore all Commanders, as much as in them lies, must study to prevent this in time.  
And this may be done by observing of Distance, for Distance is the rule that squares all. Distance is to the battle, as the soul to the body. The Battle may be called a body. Now take away Distance from this body, and it falls to ruin for want of a soul.  
Iphicrates the Athenian said, That in an Army of men, the light horsemen resembled the hands, the men at Arms the feet, the battle of footmen, the stomach and breast, and the Captain the head of the body.  
See here a Military body proportioned to the body of a man: See how it receives motion and life, Distance being the soul that makes it move. Care then ought to be had in moving: now this care is effected by the observing of Distances.  
Three kinds of distances are mentioned by Aelian, 
Ae●●a● chap. ●●.  for the opening and shutting of a Phalange or Battle.  
The first are large distances of four Cubits, which amount to six foot.  
The second are less, but of two Cubits, which amount to three foot.  
The third are of a lesser kind, but of a Cubit, which amounteth at the most but to a foot and a half.  
These are all one and the same, with open Order, Order, and close Order.  
Open Order, is when every Soldier in the battle taketh six foot both in File and Ranke, and marcheth with their Pikes shouldered. It is for ease in marching, being likewise of great use going against a Fort or strong place of the enemies, for it gives way to the Cannon shot, and is of singular use to save your men. We use to march thus when the enemy keeps aloof off.  
Order is when every soldier in battle taketh three foot both in File and Ranke, and marcheth with their Pikes either advanced or Ported.  
This is to prepare for skirmish when the enemy is near.  
Close Order, is when every Soldier in the battle taketh a foot and a half in File, and a foot a foot and a half from the swords point, which is three foot in Rank. And this is to endure the brunt of a Charge.  
The first was used in Ancient times for march, Solemn pomps and shows.  
The second for their fights only before they did join.  

Noted ●y Capt. B●ngham 〈◊〉 Aelian ch. 11.  The third was the Sinaspisme of the Macedonians, so called, because therein they joined Target to Target, which they never used but when either they gave upon, or received the charge of the enemy. The Targets so knit together, served for a wall, as it were, to the whole Phalange; and by them the soldier was defended from the Missive weapons of the Enemy, and his body covered even from the piercing of the sword.  
This was formerly used by the Ancient Heroes at Troy, and revived again to new life, by Philip, King of Macedon, who first constituted the Macedonian Phalange, and invented the distances of opening and shutting the same. From his discipline (as the learned Captain Bingham observes) sprung these distances in Aelian, 
Aelian chap. 11.  of which I have spoke.  
And thus I have briefly declared the use of those distances which are to be observed in Battle. The words of command for them may be these, viz. 
Eiles and Ranks, open to six foot. Now they are at open order.  
Ranks and Files, close to three foot. Now they are at order.  
Files, close to a foot and a half. Now they are at close order.  
Ranks and Flles, to your open order. That is, six foot every way.   
Thus if your Battle be disjoined by too large distances, you may reduce it to good order by closing. If it be thronged up, or pestered too close together, you may amend all by convenient opening. Too much thronging bindeth the Soldier's hands, and taketh away the use of their weapons; and too fare standing asunder breaketh the Battle, and maketh a passage for the Enemy, whereby he may enter. Therefore these three sorts of distances, to wit, open Order, Order, and close Order, have been invented as the only means between both, to amend all, and to fit our turn as we see occasion.  
Thus much for Distances, of their use, and the words of command given for them.  
The words of command for doubling of the length and depth of a Battle next followeth.   

CHAP. XXV. This Chapter showeth what the words of Command are, by which the length and depth of a Battle is doubled, either in place or number; and teacheth a young Soldier how to perform the Motion.  
IN the three and twentieth Chapter of this book, mention was made of the doubling of the length and depth of a Battle, both in place and number, but the words of command were referred unto this Chapter.  
If then you would double the length of your Battle in place, the proper words of direction for it may be this, (viz.)  Open your Files from your close order to your open order, six foot. 
The manner of the Action is thus performed: The middle Leaders press upon their Flankers, first, taking their distance commanded, having opened both ways, the rest of the company on both Flanks, takes their distance from them: now sixteen men are so extended, as they hold as much ground in breadth as would serve thirty two men.  
It may be commanded some other way, peculiar and distinctly from the other: as, 
The word of command for doubling the length of a Battle in place  Files, open to the right hand to your open order, six foot.  
Or, Files open to the left hand to your open order.  

Files open to the right hand  The word being given to the right hand, the left hand File is not to move, but standeth fast, the next to the left hand File, first taketh the distance, pressing upon the right hand, still opening by the right hand, till they have taken the distance of six foot.  

Files open to the left Hand.  The word being given to the left hand, the right hand File must stand fast, the rest must open to the left hand, still pressing upon the left hand Files, till they are all in the distance and order commanded.  
Thus by three distinct peculiar words of command, may the length of your Battle be doubled in place, each of which you may make choice of as occasion serves.  
But if your Battle bear too great a breadth, by possessing too much ground, than you may amend it by this word of command, (viz.) 
The two middle Files close first, the rest mover with them, both to the right and left hand, to the distance named  Files, close to your order.  
Or, Files, close to the right hand, to your order.  
Or, Files, close to the left hand, to your order.  

Files close,  If the words be, Piles close, without naming to any hand, than it must be performed thus;  
The two middle Leaders must close, the one to the left hand, the other to the right hand, till they are in the distance commanded; then the rest of the company must take their distance from them on either Flank, closing to the middle Leaders.  

Files close to the right hand.  If the word be, To the right hand, the right hand File moves not, but standeth fast; all the rest close to the right hand File, taking their distance one by another from the right hand.  

Files close to the left hand.  If the word be, To the left hand, observe like form; then the left hand File stands fast, the rest of the Files close, and take their distance from the left hand. Thus much of the words of command, by which the Battle is lessened or doubled in place, 
The words of command for the doubling of the depth of a Battle in place  thereby employing a greater or lesser breadth, as the word is given.  
If you would double the depth of your Battle in place, the proper word of direction for it may be this, viz. Open your Ranks from the Front to the Rear, to your open order, six foot.  
The manner of the Action is thus to be performed; The first Rank must stand firm: the second Rank takes their distance first; all the rest must do the like distinctly in order.  
Now you take as much ground in depth for ten, as would serve very well for twenty men.  
If you would double the length of your Battle in number, 
The words of command for the doubling of the length of a Battle in number.  that is, to make the front have twice as many Files, or persons in it as it had before, than you may effect it by this word of command; Ranks to the right hand, double.  
Or thus, Ranks to the left hand double.  
It is thus performed:  
Every second Rank cometh between the distance of the Rank before it, and that either to the right or left hand, 
Ranks to the rig●● hand double.  as the word is given, so that of ten in Rank, they become twenty in Rank, and but five in depth, who before were ten in depth, because the Front is doubled.  
Or if you are minded to effect it by middle men, than the last five Ranks must march up through the distances between the Files, till they come to be even in Front, with the Fileleaders, than they stand, having every one their followers following them, as they had before, only now they are five in depth, when they were before ten.  
The word of command for it is; Middle men, to the right hand double your Front.  
Or, being minded to divide your middle men, and so to double. 
Doubling of the length of a Battle by middle men.   
Then the last five ranks must turn their faces, the one half in their files to the right hand, and the other half to the left hand, and so march forth from both the Flanks, till they have gotten such a proportion of ground, or distance, as is answerable to the order, the first five Ranks do stand in: and then presently without attending any further commandment, they must turn their faces again towards the front, and march upon both flanks till they come even with the front.  
The word of direction is, Middle men double your front to the right and left hand by division.  
Or, being minded not to divide your middle men, but to bring them up to the front, entire to one particular hand. Then the five last ranks must face, then march forth altogether beyond the skirts of the body, than face to the front, and march up to join themselves in even front with the file leaders.  
The word of Command to effect it maybe this, Middle men to the right hand Entire double your front.  
Or if you are minded after all this, to make use of your bringers up in the front of your battle, than you may perform it, by this word of Command, Bringers up to the right hand double your front.  
The last rank you know are the bringers up: These being in the rear do advance through the distances between the files: 
The length of a battle doubled by the bringers up  And next after them the next rank: and so the rest successively till the bringers up be in rank with the Leaders, and their middle men with the Leaders middle men. Thus your front is doubled with your best men, being now but five in depth, who were before ten in depth.  

Doubling of the battle in Depth by number.  If you would double the depth of your battle in number, that is, make some files have twice as many men in them as they had before, you may effect it by this word of Command, 

The word of Command for it.  
Files to the right hand double.   Files to the right hand double.  
It is thus to be performed.  
The right hand file (which is the outermost file, on the right hand moves nor, but stands fast, the next file to the right hand file, moves into the right hand file, so that of ten in depth, it is now become twenty. Accordingly every second File moveth into their next file on the right hand.  

Files to the left hand double.  The like order must be observed, if the word be to the left hand, the left hand file must stand fast, and every second file is to move into the next file on their left hand. Thus the depth is doubled by number.  
But it may be, you would execute it by Countermarch as did the Macedonians. Then the word of Command is, Double your files by Countermarch, to the right hand. 
Aelian chap. 2●   
This is performed when the next side files in several (as in the former example the second, 
The first, thir● fift, seventh, ninth, are odd files, the second fourth, sixth, vl, an● tenth, are even files.  and the fourth and the rest of the even files) Countermarch to the Rear placing themselves behind the bringers up of the odd files, Aelian chap. 29.  
It may be you would double the right flank with the left flank, to make the Orthiophalanx, or heirse 
* Aelian chap. 30.  battle, which proceedeth by Wing, having the depth much exceeding the length.  
The way to do it is by this word of Command, Half Ranks double to the right hand.  
Or, Ranks double the right flank.  
It is thus performed.  
Half the Ranks (for they are divided as it were into two parts) turns their faces to the right hand, and marches into the spaces, betwixt the other Ranks, and being within, they face as the rest: Thus the battle is brought into a Wing.  
It may be you would bring it into a file.  
Then the word of Command may be this, Ranks file to the right hand.  
Or, Ranks file by Conversion to the right hand.  
It may be you would bring it into two files.  
Then you may give the word of direction thus, Ranks file to the right hand.  
Or, Ranks file by Conversion to the right 〈◊〉 left hand.  
It is thus performed.  
Half the ranks falls back into the spaces behind the right hand men of the right 
a The right hand file precedes the right flank.  flank, 
b The left hand file precedes the left flank.  and the other half into the spaces behind the left hand men of the left Flank, doing that by division, which the former did entire by this word of Command, (Ranks file to the right) but you must observe a double distance between Rank and Ranke, to do it, or it cannot be well done. We have another way to do the former (which is) by drawing or leading forth of Ranks, this is (as the other) new and upstart. We have another way (by leading forth of files) pristine or ancient, commonly used in former times both of Grecians and Persians.  

Xenophon Cyrop. l. 2. 56.  You shall read of Cyrus the elder, how he commanded thirty thousand men to be drawn forth (out of 
a 
A Phalange is a gross body of men brought into a battle.  
Xenophon in his 4. book of the ascent of Cyrus the younger.   a Phalange) into a single file. And it was his custom when ever his soldiers went to dinner, to bring them forth file by file, and into a Phalange or body again at the sound of a horn or a word given.  
You shall read of the Grecians, that when they were to ascend the Colchian Mountains, they put themselves into several companies, and every company into a single file, every file having an hundred men a piece, reducing again into a body when they came to the top of them, where was room enough. This the Grecians at that time did do. Which we Command thus.  Right hand file lead forth, the rest follow in sequence one behind another. 
Thus many ways, may the Depth be doubled by Number, to alter or change the form of a battle.  
I am not ignorant that there are many more ways to do it.  
For in the Artillery garden, this word of Command is frequent. (Advance your files to the right hand) which is the doubling of the Depth. One file advances to stand before another, the second before the first, the fourth before the third, or the contrary as the word is given.  
This is the way to do it, and I will name no more.  
All this variety of ways helps such as would be exquisite in exercising. I say would; are not already. I presume not to teach any that knows more than myself; Nor such as knows less than myself, yet scorns to be taught: but such as knows little (it may be nothing) yet have a a desire to learn; To such, I that know some thing, (to others but little) do impart that little which I have. And in the next chapter will teach them how to exercise a company as I myself have been taught in the Artillery Garden, or elsewhere, for I have attained nothing but by pains taking, much cost, and reading.  
But first observe my Method in Exercising.  
My Method in Exercising, is not at this time to Intermeddle with new forms of battles, various fights, sundry kinds of Inductions, and the like; But to apply myself somewhat to that which hath been delivered, practised in former times, agreeing with our modern discipline, and at this time in use, beginning at the first principle of all, to order a company of men into a battle that are at first confused one among another, and to do it by distinct words of Command, whereby they may order themselves into a body, without help of a Sergeant, taking their first distance of six foot in square both in file and rank, in which we commonly use at the first to exercise our Motions in. All this I mean to do, and the Chapter following will show it.   

CHAP. XXVI. This Chapter showeth a young Commander how he should begin to order his Company: How to command the same properly by several distinct words of Command: And to observe true Distance in every Motion: Whether it be to Face, to Wheel, to Charge, to Countermarch, or double.  
THus than he may Command (when the Company is unordered, intermingled one with another, parted from their Arms, and lying in sundry places.)  

Separate yourselves.  
To your Arms.  
File and Ranke yourselves.  
Every Fileleader, know his place.  
Advance your Pikes.  
Shoulder your Muskets.  
Fall into a body, and flank your Pikes with Muskets.  
Take your first distance six foot both in File and Ranke.  
Order your Pikes.  
Rest your Muskets.  
Stand Right in your Files.  
Stand right in your Ranks.  
Mark your Directions. Silence.  
Face to the right hand. as you were.  
Face to the left hand. as you were.  
Face to the right hand about. as you were.  
Face to the left hand about. as you were.  
Ranks to the right hand double. as you were.  
Ranks to the left hand double. as you were.  
Files to the right hand double. as you were.  
Files to the left hand double. as you were.  
Middle men to the right hand, Double your Front. Middle men as you were.  
Middle men to the left hand, Double your Front. Middle men as you were.  
Middle men to the right hand Entire, Double your Front. Middle men as you were.  
Middle men to the left hand Entire, Double your Front. Middle men as you were.  
Middle men double your Front to the right and left hand by division.  
Middle men as you were.  
Bringers up to the right hand, Double your Front. Bringers up as you were.  
Bringers up to the left hand, Double your Front. Bringers up as you were.  

Now they must advance their Pikes, and so Countermarch.  Ranks to the right hand Countermarch.  
Ranks to the left hand Countermarch.  
Files to the right hand Countermarch.  
Files to the left hand Countermarch.  

a The second Distance is for Wheeling and charging.  Files close to your Order. Three foot in File and Ranke.  
Ranks close to your Order. Three foot in File and Ranke.  
Wheel to the right hand.  
Wheel to the left hand.  

Charging upon a stand, when their Pikes are advanced.  Wheel to the right hand about.  
Wheel to the left hand about.  
Charge to the right hand. As you were.  
Charge to the left hand. As you were.  
Charge to both by division, As you were.  
Charge to the Front, As you were.  
Charge to the Rear, As you were.  
Charge to both by division, As you were.  
Charge, Front, Rear, and Flanks, As you were.  
Open your Files to your open Order. Six foot.  
Open your Ranks to your open Order. Six foot.  
Order your Pikes. March.  
Shoulder your Pikes. March.  
Charge to the right hand. 
Marching and charging from the shoulder, at o●●n then open O●de●  Do all this by the beat of the Drum.  
As you were. March. Do all this by the beat of the Drum.  
Charge to the left hand. Do all this by the beat of the Drum.  
As you were. March. Do all this by the beat of the Drum.  
Charge to the Rear. Do all this by the beat of the Drum.  
As you were. March. Do all this by the beat of the Drum.  
Beare-up your Pikes and Countermarch to the right hand. 
This was done by Captain Bingham in the Artillery Garden.   
Beare-up your Pikes, and Countermarch to the left hand.  
Advance your Pikes marching. Keep your first Distance six foot in File & Ranke.  
Port your Pikes marching. Keep your first Distance six foot in File & Ranke.  
Trail your Pikes marching. Keep your first Distance six foot in File & Ranke.  
Cheek your Pikes from the trail. Keep your first Distance six foot in File & Ranke.  
Make a stand: Mark your Directions.   
The right hand file lead forth, the rest follow in sequence one after another.  

Lay your Pikes on the outside one of another.  
Recover (Marching) and advance your Pikes. Stand.  
Fileleaders bring up your Files into a body.  
Files open to the right hand Open order. Six foot.  
Files close to the left hand to your Order. Three foot.  
To the 〈…〉  
A foot and a half. In F●le.  
R●nkes open backward to your double Distance. Twelve foot.  
Ranks File to the right hand. Ranks as you were.  
Ranks File to the left hand. Ranks as you were.  
Ranks File to the right and left hand.  
Close your Ranks to six foot.  
Open your Files to six foot.   
Being reduced to your first Distance.  

Order your Pikes.  
Lay down your Pikes.  
Take up your Pikes, and order.   
Thus much for Exercising, and of the Postures of the Pike therein used. The several Postures of the Musket followeth in the next Chapter.   

CHAP. XXVII. Of the Postures of the Musket.  
THe Postures of the Musket are sundry and many. Some make 32. some 40. some 43. some more, some less. All which are for Military instruction in the time of training, and to make the Soldier most exquisite and perfect: But in time of present service before the face of the enemy, or in fight, than all this great number of Postures they reduce into three only and no more, viz. 

1. Make ready.  
2. Present.  
3. Give fire.   All the other, they wittily and properly sort into four kinds, or orders: To be performed, Standing, Marching, Charging, and Discharging; (as is to be seen in Captain Pantons Table,) all which must be observed. Thus much of them.  
The Postures or words of Command which we must use in ordinary Training, or daily exercising of Soldiers, agreeing to the Prince of Orange form, (and by order from his Majesty's most Honourable Privy Council) are these: 

March with your Musket shouldered, and the Rest in your right hand.  
March, and with the Musket carry the Rest.  
Sink your Rest, and unshoulder your Musket.  
Poise it in your right hand, and let it sink into the left.  
In your left hand hold your Musket, and carry your Rest with it.  
Take your Match in the right hand between the second finger and thumb.  
Hold your Match fast and blow your coal:  
Cock your Match.  
Try your Match.  
Guard your pan and blow your match.  
Open your pan.  
Present.  
Give fire.  
Dismount your Musket and carry it with your Rest.  
Vncocke your match, and return it between your fingers.  
Clear your pan.  
Prime your pan.  
Shut your pan.  
Cast off your lose powder.  
Blow your pan.  
Cast about your Musket.  
Trail your Rest.  
Open your charge.  
Charge with powder.  
Draw out your scouring stick.  
Shorten your stick.  
Ram in your powder.  
Draw out your stick.  
Charge with Bullet.  
Ram in your Bullet.  
Draw out your stick.  
Shorten your stick and put it up.  
Bring your Musket forward with your left hand.  
Poise it in your right hand and recover your Rest.  
Shoulder your Musket.  
March and carry your Rest with your Musket.  
unshoulder your Musket.  
Lay your Musket in the Rest.  
Stand Rested.  
Your saluting Posture,] as you were.  
In the right hand take your Match between the second finger and the thumb.  
Blow your Match.  
Cock your Match.  
Try your Match.  
Guard your pan and be ready.    
This last is the Sentinel Posture.  
Th●s I have run over the Postures of the Musket, after the Low Cou●t●y fo●me, first marching, then discharging, then c●a●ging, after standing. Adding three more vn●o them, (because th● charging with the bullet was left out:) which I hope will give oftence to none.  
As for the gesture of the body, hand and foot, to grace the Posture, I refer you to the book expressing it by Figures; Or to ●●e Artillery Ga●den, or Military Y●rd, where it is done by some ●x●●●●●y: bu● never to be obtained without practice. You may likew●●●●egin whe●e you please, for this form is not so strictly ob er●●● 〈◊〉 the Artillery Garden.  
B ca●●●ou had the Postures of the P●ke implicit, and not disti●●● but mixed with other kinds of Motions different from th●m; I will in the next Chapter show them several, and conclude.   

CHAP. XXVIII. Of the several Postures of the Pike.  
THe several Postures of the Pike (saith Sargeant Trussell) are in number twelve. Three are to be done standing, six marching, ●●d three charging.  
The three which are to be done standing he expresseth thus: 

Lay d●w●● your Pi●●.  
T●k● up your Pike.  
●●der your Pik●.    
The si● which are to be done Marching he expresseth thus 

A●●ance your Pike.  
Shoulder your Pike.  
Level your Pike.  
Slope your Pike.  
Cheek your Pike.  
Trail your Pike.    
The three which are to be done charging he expresseth thus: 

Po●t.  
Charge over hand.  
Charge at the right foot for Horse.    
This is the brief Epitome of the Postures which that Gentleman took from Captain Pantons Table: Captain Panton from the Book published by the most Excellent Prince, the Count Maurice of Nassau, and I from both. So I end my Book. Let God have the glory. Amen.  Exodus 15 3. 
The LORD is a man of War: His name is JEHOVAH.  
FINIS.