THE Countryman's Recreation, or the Art of Planting, Graffing, and Gardening, in three Books.  
The first declaring divers ways of Planting, and Graffing, and the best times of the Year, with divers Commodities and secrets herein, how to Set or Plant with the Root and without the Root, how to sow or set Pippins or Kernels with the ordering thereof, also how to cleanse your Grafts and Cions, how to help barren and sick Trees, how to kill Worms and Vermin and to preserve and keep Fruit, how to plant and prune your Vines, and to gather and press your Grape, how to cleanse and Moss your Trees, how to make your Cider and Perry, with many other secret Practices which shall appear in the Table following.  
The second treateth of the Hop-Garden, with necessary Instructions for the making and the maintenance thereof, as the Situation, quantity, charge and benefit, preparation, time to cut and set, with Rules for the choice and preparation of Roots, and also divers Instruments useful for the Hop-Garden.  
Whereunto is added, The Expert Gardener, containing divers necessary and rare Secrets belonging to that Art, with Directions to know the time and season to sow and plant all manner of Seeds; with divers new Inventions and Garden-knots, and also present Remedies to destroy Snails, Cankerworms, Moths, Garden-fleas, Earthworms, Moles, and all other Vermin which commonly breed in Gardens.  
LONDON. Printed by B. alsop and T. FAUCET for MICHAEL YOUNG, and are to be sold at his Shop in Bedford-street in Coven-garden near the New Exchange. 1640.   

An Exhortation to the Planter and Graffer.  
REgard always before ye do intent to plant or graft, it shall be meet to have good experience in things meet for this Art, as in knowing the natures of all fruits and the differences of Climates, which be contrary in every Land: also to understand the East and West winds, with Aspects and Stars, to the end ye may begin nothing that the Wind or Rain may oppress, that your labour be not lost, and to mark also and consider the dispositions of the Elements that present year, for all years be not of like operation, nor yet after one sort; the Summer and Winter do not bear one face on the Earth, nor the Springtime always rain, or Autumn always moist▪ of this none have understanding, without a good and lively marking Spirit, few or none without learning may discern of the varieties and qualities of the earth, and what he doth ask or refuse. Therefore it shall be good to have understanding of the Ground where ye do plant either Orchard or Garden with fruit, first it behoveth to make a sure Defence, to the end that not only rude Persons and Children may be kept ou●, but all kind of hurtful Cattle endamaging your Plants or Trees, as Oxen, Kine, Calves, Horses, Hogs, and Sheep, as the rubbing of sheep doth greatly burn the sap, and often doth kill young Trees and Plants, and where they are broken or bruised with Cattles, it is doubtful to grow after. It shall be good also to Set, Plant, or Graft Trees all of like nature and strength together, that the great and high trees may not overcome the low and weak, for when they be not like of height, they grow no● ripe not your fruit so well at one time, but the one before the other. That earth which is good for Vines, is good also for other fruit.  
Ye must dig your holes a year before ye Plant, that the earth may be the better seasoned, mortified and wax tender, both by Rain in Winter, and heat on Summer, that thereby your Plants may take root the sooner, if ye will make your holes and plant both in a year: at the least ye ought to make your holes two months before ye plant, and as soon as they be made, than it shall be good to burn straw or such l●ke therein, to make the● ground warm. The further ye make them asunder, the better your trees shall bear. Make your holes like unto a furnace, that is, more strait in the mouth then beneath, whereby the roots may have the more room, and by straightness of the mouth, the less rainer cold shall enter by in Winter, and so less heat to the root in Summer.  
Look also that the earth ye put to the roots, be neither wet no● laid in water: they do commonly leave a good space betwixt every tree, for the hanging boughs, for being nigh together, ye cannot set roots, nor sow nothing so well under your trees, nor they will not bear fruit so well Some loveth forty foot, some thirty between every tree: your Plants ought to be greater than the handle of a shovel, and the lesser the better. See they be strait without knots or knobs, having a long strait grain or bark, which shall the sooner be apt to take grasses, and when ye set branches or boughs of old trees, choose the straightest branch thereof, and those trees which have borne yearly good fruit before, take of those which be on the Sunny-side, sooner than those that grow in the cover or shadow, and when ye take up or alter your Plants, ye shall note to what your plant is subject, and so let them be set again, but those which have grown in dry Grounds, let them be set in moist Grounds, your Plants ought to be cut of three foot long. If ye will set two or three Plants together in a hole, ye must take heed the root of one touch not another, for then the one will perish and rot the other, or die by Worms of other Vermin, and when yond have placed your Plants in the earth, it shall be good to strike down to the bottom of every hole, two short stakes as great as your arm, on either side your hole one, and let them appear but a little above the earth that ye may thereby in Summer give water unto the roots if need be. Your young Plants and rooted Trees are commonly set in Autumn, from the first unto the fifteenth of October, yet some opinion is, better after Alhallontide until Christmas, then in the Spring, because the earth will die too soon after, and also to set Plants without root after Michaelmas, that they may be the better mollified and gather root against the Spring, whereof ye shall find hereafter more at larger Thus much have I thought meet to declare unto the Planters, Graffers, and Gardeners, whereby they may the better avoid the occasions and dangers of Planting, Graffing, and Gardening, which may come often times through ignorance.   

A Table of all the principal things contained in this Book. Of the seven Chapters following.  

CHAP. I. Treateth of the setting of Curnels, of Appletrees, Plum-trees, Peartrees, and Service-trees.  

HOw to choose your Pippins at the first pressing.  
Means to use the Earth to sow your Pippins on.  
Seeing unto the Poultry for marring your beds, and how to weed or cleanse your beds or quarters.  
Wild Cions how to pluck them up.    

CHAP. II. Treateth how to set your wild Trees which come of Pippins, when they be first plucked up.  

Wild trees that come of Pippins how to dung them.  
Principal Roots how to cut them in setting again.  
Young trees, how to set them in a rank.  
Spaces from one rank to another, and how to make them.  
Plants being dry, how to water them.  
Removing your trees, how to plant them again.  
Removing, how to know the fittest time for it.  
Negligence and forgetfulness, and the hurt of it.  
Not so good to graft the Service-tree, as to set him.  
Some trees without Graffing have good fruit, and other being graffed, have but evil fruit.  
For to augment and multiply your trees.  
The manner to change the fruit of the Pepin-tree.  
How to make good Cider.  
To make an Orchard in few years.    

CHAP. III. Is of the setting of Trees which come of Nuts.  

HOw to set trees that do come of Nuts, and the time to plant or set them.  
To set them in the Spring.  
Dunging and deep digging thereof.  
Stones and Nuts like the trees they come of.  
Planting the said Nuts.  
Why fruit shall not have so good savour.  
To set the Pinetree.  
To set Cherry-trees.  
Trees of bastard or wild Nuts.  
To set filberts and Hasell wands.  
To set Damsons and Plum-trees.  
To graft Cions of Plums on the like.  
To set all sorts of Cherry-trees.  
How to order Plum-trees and Cherry trees.  
How to graft Plum-trees and Cherry-trees.  
How to prune or cut trees.  
How to cleanse and dress the roots of trees.  
To keep the stock being greater than the grasses.  
The remedy when a bough is broken.  
How to enlarge the hole about the roots.  
To set small staves to stay your Cions.  
What tree to prune.  
Why the sour Cherry dureth not so long as the great Helm Cherry.  
To graft one great Cherry with another.  
Of deep setting or shallow.    

CHAP. IU. Sheweth how to set other Trees of great Cions pricked in the earth without Roots, with the pruning of lesser Cions.  

BRanches being pricked giving roots to trees.  
How to set them.  
How to bind them that be weak.  
Huw to dig the Earth to set them in.  
Cions without roots.  
Planting of the Fig tree.  
Setting of Quinces.  
Setting of Mulberry-trees.  
Cutting-time for Cions.  
Setting Bush-trees, as Gooseberries and small Reisons.  
A Note thereof.    

CHAP. V Treateth of four manner of Graffing.  

DIvers ways of Graffing.  
Graffing of all sorts of trees.  
Graffing of Apple trees, Peartrees, Quince-rrees, and Medlar-trees.  
Graffing of great Cherries.  
Graffing Medlars on other Medlars.  
Divers kinds of grasses on one tree.  
Graffing of the Figtree.  
Graffing the great Abricockes.  
Graffing the Service-tree.  
Setting the Service-tree.  
Trees hard to graft in the Shield,  
How to see to Trees charged with fruit.  
Choosing of trees to choose your Cions in  
Cions on the East part are best.  
Choosing of your tree for Graffes.  
To keep grasses a long time.  
To keep grasses ere they bud.  
How you ought to begin to graft.  
When is good Graffing the wild Stocks.  
To mark if the tree be forward or not.  
When ye Graft, what to be furnished withal.  
Of grasses not prospering the first year.  
For to Graft well and sure.  
How to trim your grasses.  
How to cut grasses for Cherries and Plums.  
A Note of your incision.  
To be heedful in Graffing lest you raise the bark.  
How to cut your stock.  
If your wild stock be great or slender.  
Trees as great as a man's Arme.  
Great trees as big as ones Leg.  
The grasses being pinched in the Stocks.  
How you ought to cleave your stocks.  
To graft the branches of great trees.  
How to cut great old branches.  
How to bind your grasses against winds.  
To set many grasses in one cleft.  
To saw your stock before ye leave him.  
If the stock cleave too much, or the bark open.  
How Graffes never lightly take.  
How to set grasses right in the stock.  
Setting in of the grasses.  
A note of the same.  
How to draw forth the wedge.  
How to cover your cliffs on the head.  
How ye ought to see well to the close binding up of your grasses.  
How ye ought to temper your clay.  
How to bush your Graffe-heads.  
The second stay to Graft high Branches.  
The third manner of Graffing, is betwixt the bark and the Tree.  
Dressing the head, to place your grasses betwixt the bark and the Tree.  
Covering the head of your stock.  
The manner of graffing in the Shield.  
To graft in Summer, so long as the Trees be leaved.  
Big Cions are best to graft.  
Manner to take of the Shield.  
If your Scutcheon or Shield be good or bad, how to know it.  
Graffing on young Trees.  
Setting or placing your Shield.  
A Note on the same.  
Raising up the bark to set the Shield on.  
Binding on your Shield.  
A Tree will bear the graffing of two or three Shields  
Unbinding time for your Shield.  
Cutting the Branches grafted on Trees.    

CHAP. VI Is of transplanting or altering the Trees.  

BEst to transplant or set them timely.  
To plant or set towards the South.  
Cutting the Branches before ye set.  
Appletrees commonly must be disbranched before ye set them again.  
All wild stocks must be disbranched.  
What Trees do love the Sun, and what the cold air.  
Many sorts and manners of Trees.  
Planting or setting Trees at large.  
Right ordering your Trees.  
The best manner to enlarge the holes when you plant your Trees.  
Dung and good Earth for your Trees.  
If Worms be in the earth at your roots of Trees.  
Digging the Earth well about the roots.  
Nature of the places.  
Goodness of the Earth.  
With what ye ought to bind your Trees.    

CHAP. VII. Is of Medicining and keeping the Trees, when they ●e Planted and Set.  

FIrst our council is, when your Trees are but Plants (in dry weather) they must be watered.  
With what Dung ye ought to dung your Trees.  
When ye ought in Summer ro uncover your Trees.  
When to cut or proine your Trees.  
Cutting off great Branches, and when.  
Leaving great Branches cut.  
Great Branches, and of the trees that bear them.  
Barrenness of trees, of cutting ill branches, and uncovering the roots.  
Which Trees ye must break or pluck up the roots.  
What doth make a good Nut.  
Cattle eating and destroying trees, how to graft them again.  
Wild stocks ought not hastily to be removed.  
When to cut naughty Cions from the head.  
Sometime how to cut the principal members.  
How to guide and govern the said Trees.  
A kind of Sickness in Trees.  
Worms in the barks of trees.  
Snails, Ants, and Worms that mar trees.  
How to take those strange creeping Worms.  
Keeping Ants from the trees.  
A Note of ill airs and weathers.  
Defence from the Caterpillar.   

Hear followeth the Table of Graffing strange and subile ways, in using of Fruits and Trees.  

GRaffing one Vine upon another.  
To help a tree long without fruit.  
To have Peaches two months afore others.  
To have Damsons unto Alhallontide.  
To have Meddlers, Cherries, and Peaches, in eating to taste like spice.  
How to make a Muscadel taste.  
To have Apples and Pears to come without blossoming.  
To have Apples and Chestnuts rath, and long on the trees to remain.  
To have good Cherries unto Alhallontide.  
To have rath Meddlers two months before others.  
To have Pears timely.  
To have Misplers and Medlars without stones.  
How to have other Pears betimes.  
Mulberries how to ripen them very soon, and dure long.  
Keeping of Pears a year.  
To have fruit taste half an Apple and half a Pear.  
Graffing time.  
Graffing the Quine-Apple.  
Manner to destroy Pismires or Aunts about the Tree.  
Another way of the same.  
Nuts, Plums, and Almonds, how to have them greater and fairer than others.  
How to make an Oak or other Tree as green in Winter as Summer.  
Planting with Roots, and without Roots.  
Keeping fruit from the Frost.  
Choice days to Plant and Graft.  
Green Roses all the year.  
Reisons or Grapes good a year long.  
Laxative fruit from the tree, how to make it.  
A Note for all Planters and Graffers.    

Here followeth a Table of certain Dutch practisce.  

TO Graft one Vine upon another.  
Chosen days to graft in, and to choose your Cions,  
How to gather your Cions.  
Of Worms in the Trees or fruit.  
The setting of stones, and the ordering thereof.  
How to gather Gum of any tree.  
To set a whole Apple.  
The setting of Almonds.  
The watering of Pippins.  
To Plant or set Vines.  
To set or plant the Cherry tree.  
To keep Cherries good a year.  
Remedy against Pismires or Ants.  
The Setting of Chestnuts.  
To make all stone fruit taste, as ye shall devise good.  
The Graffing of the Medlar or Misple.  
The bearing of fruit of the Figtree.  
The Planting of the Mulberry and Figtree.  
The tree that beareth bitter fruit.  
To help barren trees.  
Another way for the same.  
To keep fruit after they be gathered.  
The Mulberry-tree liking his earth.  
Of Moss on your trees.  
To keep Nuts long.  
To cut or prune the Peach-tree.  
To colour Peach-stones.  
If Peaches be troubled with Worms.  
Peaches without stones.  
Another way for the same.  
Which way to help trees that do not prosper.  
Graffing Apples to last on the tree till Alhallontide.  
Making Cherries and Peaches smell like spice.  
Graffing an Appletree half sweet and half sour.  
Graffing the Rose on the Holly-tree.  
Keeping of Plums.  
Altering of Pears.  
Making of Cider and Perry.  
How to help frozen Apples.  
How to make Apples fall from the tree.  
Watering trees in Summer, if they wax dry about the root.  
How to cherish Appletrees.  
How to make an Apple grow in a Glass.  
How to graft many sorts of Apples on one tree.  
How to colour Apple; of what colour ye list.  
How to graft and to have Apples without Core.  
Setting of Vine Plants.  
How to proine or cut a Vine in Winter.  
Grape and Vine how to order them.  
How to have Grapes without stones.  
Making a Vine to bring a Grape to taste like Claret.  
Gathering of your Grapes.  
How to know if your Grapes be ripe enough.  
How to prove or taste Wine.  
Setting, Planting, and ordering of Hops.  
How to choose your Hops.  
How to sow the Seeds.  
Setting your Poles.  
How to proine the Hop.  
How to gather your Hops.  
What Poles are best for your purpose.  
How to order and dress your Hills.  
Best Ground for your Hop.  
A note or all the rest abovesaid.  
Packing and keeping your Hops.    

The Author's Conclusion of this Table.  
TO God be praises on high  
in all our Worldly Planting,  
And let us thank the Romans' also,  
for the Art of Graffing, and Gardening.   

A Table for the Hop-Garden.  

A Perfect Platform of a Hop-Garden.  
Of unapt and apt ground for Hops.  
Of the Situation.  
Of the quantity.  
A proportion of the charge and benefit of a Hop-Garden.  
Of the preparation of a Hop Garden.  
The time to cut and set Hop Rootes.  
Rules for the choice and preparation of Rootes.  
Of the good Hoppe.  
Of the unkindly Hoppe.  
Of the wild Hoppe.  
Of setting of Hop Roots.  
The distance of the Hills.  
A description of the Line.  
Abuses and Disorders in Setting.  
Provision against annoyance, and spoil of your Garden.  
Of Poles.  
Of the erection of Poles.  
Of ramming of Poles.  
Of Reparation of Poles.  
Of pulling up Poles.  
The way to make the Instrument wherewith to pull up the Hop Poles.  
The manner of pulling up the Hop Poles.  
Of the preservation of Poles.  
Of tying of Hops to the Poles.  
Of hilling and hills.  
Abuses in hilling.  
Of the gathering of Hops.  
What there is to be done in Winter herein.  
When and where to lay Dung.  
The order for reforming your Ground.  
The order of cutting Hoppe Roots.  
Of divers men's follies.  
Of Disorders and maintainers thereof.  
Of an Host.  
Of the several rooms for an Host.  
Of the Furnace or Keele.  
Of the bed or upper floor of the Host, whereon the Hops must be dried.  
The orderly drying of Hops.  
Other manners of Drying not so good.  
The very worst way of drying Hops.  
Of not Drying.  
Of the packing of Hops.  
The Reformation of a Garden of wild Hops.  
The Reformation of a disordered Garden.  
Needless Curiosities used by the unskilful.     
The end of the Table.   

THE COUNTRYMAN'S Recreation, or the Art of Planting, Graffing, and Gardening.  

CHAP. I. This Chapter treateth of the setting of Curnels, young Plum-trees, and Peartrees, of Damsons, and Service-trees.  
FOR to make young trees of the Pippins of Apples, Pears, Plums, and Service. First, ye must prepare and make a great bed or quarter well replenished, blend or mixed with good fat earth, and placed well in the Sun, and to be well laboured and digged a good time before you do occupy it: and if ye can by any means, let it be digged very deep the winter before, in blending or mixing it well together with good fat earth, or else to be mixed almost the half with good dung: and so let it rot and ripe together with the earth. And see always that plot be clean unto the pressing of Cider, that no wild Cions or Plants do spring or grow thereon. Then in the month of September, December or , take of the Pippins, or Rome's of the said fruit at the first pressing out of your liquour, before the Kernels be marred or bruised: then take out of them and rub a few at once in a cloth, and dry them betwixt your hands, and take so many thereof as you shall think good: then make your bed square, fair and plain, and sow your seeds thereon, then take and cover them with a rake lightly, or with earth, not putting too much upon them. This done, divide your beds into quadrants or squares, of four foot broad or thereabout, that when ye list ye may cleanse them from the one side to the other, without treading thereon. Then shall ye cover your Seeds, or Pippins with fine earth, so sifting all over them, that then they may take the deeper and farer root, and will keep them the better in Winter following, and if ye list ye may rake them a little all over, so that ye raise not your Pippins above the earth.  

Another way, how one may take the Pippins at the first coming of the liquour or pressing.  
Which is, ye shall choose the greatest and fairest Kernels or Pippins, and take them forth at the first bruising of your fruit, then dry them with a cloth, and keep them all the winters until St. Andrew's tide: then a little after sow them in good earth, as thin as ye do Peason, and then rake them over as the other.   

How one ought to use his earth to sow Pippins without dunging.  
But in this manner of doing (in the Spring) it is not so great need for to raise or dig the earth so deep as that which is dunged in winter: but to divide your quarters, in covering your Pippins not so much with earth, as those which be sown with good dung, but when ye have sown them, a little rake all them over.   

How ye ought to take heed of Poultry for scraping of your beds or quarters.  
AS soon after as your Pippins be sown upon your beds or quarters, let this be done one way or other, that is, take good heed that your Hens do not scrape your beds or quarters: therefore stick them all over light and thin with boughs, or thorns, and take good heed also to Swine, and other Cattles.   

How to weed or cleanse your Beds and quarters.  
AND when the winter is past and gone, and that ye see your Pippins rise and grow, so let them increase the space of one year, but see to cleanse weeds, or other things which may hurt them as you shall see cause. And in the Summer when it shall wax dry, water them well in the evenings.   

How one ought to pluck up the wild Cions,  
AND when these wild Cions shall be great, as of the growth of one year, ye must then pluck them up all in Winter following, before they do begin to spring again. Then shall ye set them and make of them a wild Orchard as followeth.    

CHAP. II. Treateth how one shall set again the small wild trees, which come of Pippins, when they be first plucked up.  
FOr the Bastard or little wild Trees incontinent assoon as they be plucked up, ye must have of other good earth well trimmed and dunged and to be well in the Sun, and well prepared and dressed, as it is said in the other part before of the Pippins.  

How to dung your Bastard or wild young Trees which come of Pippins.  
ABout Advent before Christmas, ye must dig and dung well the place whereas ye will set them, and make your square of earth even & plain, so large as ye shall think good, then set your wild trees so fare one from another as ye think meet to be grafted, so that they may be set in even ranks and in good order, that when need shall require, ye may remove or renew any of them or any part thereof.   

How ye ought in replanting or setting to cut off in the midst the principal great roots.  
IN what part soever ye do set any Trees, ye must cut off the great master root, within a foot of the stock, and all other big roots, so that ye leave a foot long thereof, and so let them be set, and make your ranks crossewise one from another half a foot, or thereabouts, and ye must also see that there be of good dung more deep and lower than ye do set your Trees, to comfort the said roots withal.   

How you ought to set your Trees in rank.  
YE shall leave between your ranks, from one rank to another, one foot, or thereabouts, so that ye may set them with good fat earth all over the roots.   

How to make the space from one rank to another.  
YE shall leave between your ranks, from one rank to another, one foot, or thereabouts, so that ye may pass between every rank for to cleanse them if need require, and also for to graft any part or parcel thereof when time shall be meet. But ye must note, in making thus your ranks, ye shall make as many allies as ranks. And if ye think it not good to make as many allies, then divide those into quarters of five foot broad, or thereabouts, and make and set four ranks (in each quarter of the same) one foot from another as ye use to set great Cabbage, and assoon after as ye have set them in ranks and in good order as is aforesaid, then shall ye cut off all the sets even by the ground. But in this doing, see that ye do not pluck up or lose the earth what is about them: or if you will ye may cut them before ye do set them in ranks. If ye do so, see that ye set them in such good order, and even with the earth, as is aforesaid And it shall suffice also to make your ranks as ye shall see cause. And look that ye furnish the earth all over with good dung, without mingling of it in the earth, nor yet to cover the said Plants withal, but strewed betwixt; and ye must also look well to the cleansing of weeds, grass, or other such things which will be a hurt to the growth of the Plants.   

How to water Plants when they wax dry.  
IT shall be good to water them when the time is dry: in the first Year. Then when they have put forth of new Cions, leave no more growing but that Cion which is the principal and fairest, upon every stock one: all the other cut off hard by the stock, and ever as they do grow small twigs about the stock, ye shall (in the Month of March and April) cut them all of hard by the stock. And if ye then stick by every Plant a pretty wand, and so bind them with Willow bark, Bryer, or Osiers, it shall profit them much in their groweth. Then after five or six years groweth, when they be so big as your finger, or there abouts, ye may then remove any of them whereas ye will have them grow and remain.   

How one ought to remove Trees, and to plant them again  
THe manner how ye ought to remove trees, is showed in the sixth Chapter following: then about two or three years after their removing, ye shall graft them▪ for than they will be the better rooted. As for the others which ye leave still in ranks, ye may also graft them where as they stand, as ye shall see cause good. When ye have plucked up the fairest to plant in either places (as is aforesaid) also the manner how to Graft them, is showed in the fift Chapter following But after they shall be so grafted, in what place soever it be, ye shall not remove or set them in of her places again▪ vn●ill the grasses be well closed upon the head of the wild stock.   

When the best time is to replant, or remove.  
When the head of the stock shall be all over closed about the grasses, than ye m●y when ye will transplant and remove them (at a due time) where they shall continue, For with often removing, ye shall do them great hurt in their roots, and be in danger to make them die.   

Of negligence and forgetfulness.  
IF peradventure ye forget (through negligence) and have let small Cions two or three years grow about the roots of your stocks unplucked up, then if you have so done, ye may well pluck them up and set them in ranks, as the other of the Pippins. But ye must set the ranks more larger that they may be removed without hurting of each others roots: and cut off all the small twigs about as need shall require, though they be set or graffed. Order them also in all things as those small Cions of a years growth.   

It is not so convenient to Graft the Service Tree, as to set  
Whereas ye shall see young Service Trees, it shall be most profit in setting them, for if ye do graft them, I believe ye shall win nothing thereby.  
The best is only to pluck up the young Bastard trees when they are as great as a good walking-staff: then Prune or cut off their branches and carry them to set whereas they may be no more removed: and they shall profit more in setting then graffing.   

Some trees without graffing bring forth good fruit, and some other being graffed be better to make Cider of.  
IT is here to be marked, that though the Pippins be sown of the rome's of Pares and good Apples, yet ye shall find that some of them do love the tree whereof they came: and those be right, which have also a smooth bark, and as fair as those which be graffed: the which if ye plant or set them thus growing from the master root without graffing, they shall bring as good fruit, even like unto the Pepin whereof he first came. But there be other new sorts commonly good to eat, which be as good to make Cider of, as those which shall be graffed for that purpose.   

When you list to augment and multiply your trees.  
AFter this sort ye may multiply them, being of divers sorts and diversities, as of Pears, or Apples, or such like. Notwithstanding, whensoever ye shall find a good Tree thus come of the Pepin as is aforesaid, so shall ye use him. But if ye will augment trees of themselves, ye must take Graffes and so graft them.   

Of the manner and changing of the fruit of the Pepin-tree.  
Whensoever ye do replant or change your Pepin trees from place to place, in so removing often the stock, the fruit thereof shall also change; but fruit which doth come of graffing, doth always keep the form and nature of the tree whereof he is taken: for as I have said, as often as the Pepin trees be removed to a better ground, the fruit thereof shall be so much amended.   

How one ought to make good Cider.  
HEre is to be noted, if ye will make good Cider of what fruit soever it be, bearing Pears or Apples, but specially of good Apples, and wild fruit, have always a regard unto the ryping thereof, so gathered dry, than put them in dry places, on boards in heaps, covered with dry straw, and whensoever ye will make Cider thereof, choose out all those which are black bruised, and rotten Apples, and throw them away, then take and use the rest for Cider: But here to give you understanding, do not as they do in the Country of Mentz, which do put their fruit gathered, into the midst of their Garden, in the rain and misting, upon the ba●e earth, which will make them to lose their force and virtue, and doth make them also withered and rough, and lightly a man shall never make good Cider that shall never come to any purpose or good profit thereof.   

To make an Orchard in few Years.  
SOme do take young strait slips, which do grow from the roots, or of the sides of the Apple Trees, about Michaelmas, and do so plant or set them (with Oats) in good ground, whereas they shall not be removed, and so graft (being well rooted) thereon. Othersome do take and set them in the Spring time, after Christmas, in likewise, and do graft thereon when they be well rooted: and both do spring well. And this manner of way is counted to have an Orchard the soon. But these Trees will not endure past twenty or thirty years.    

CHAP. III. Is of setting Trees of Nuts.  

How one ought to set Trees which come of Nuts.  
FOr to set trees which come of Nuts: when ye have eaten the fruit, look that ye keep the Stones and Curnels thereof, then let them be dried in the wind, without the vehemency of the Sun, to reserve them in a box and use them as before.   

Of the time when ye ought to Plant or Set them.  
YE shall plant or set them in the beginning of Winter, or afore Michaelmas, whereby they may the sooner spring out of the earth. But this manner of setting is dangerous: for the Winter then coming in, and they being young and tender in coming up, the cold will kill them. Therefore it shall be best to stay and reserve them till after winter. And then before ye do set them, ye shall soak or steep them in Milk, or in Milk and water, so long till they do stink therein: then shall ye dry them and set them in good earth, in the change or increase of the Moon, with the small end upward, four fingers deep, ihen put some stick thereby to mark the place.   

For to set them in the Spring time.  
IF ye will plant or set your Nuts in the Spring time, where ye will have them still to remain and not to be remooved, the best and most easy way is, to set in every such place (as ye think good) three or four Nuts nigh together, and when they do all spring up, leave none standing but the fairest.   

Of the Dunging and deep digging thereof.  
ALso whereas ye shall think good, ye may plant or set all your Nuts in one square or quarter together in good earth and dung, in such place and time as they use to plant. But see that it be well dunged, and also digged good and deep and to be well meddled with good dung throughout, then set your Nuts three fingers deep in the earth, and half a foot one from another: ye shall water them often in the Summer when there is dry weather, and see to weed them, and dig it as ye shall see need.   

Of Nuts and Stones like to the Trees they came of.  
IT is here to be noted, that certain kind of Nuts and Kernels which do love the Trees whereof the fruit is like unto the Tree they came of, when they be planted in good ground, and set well in the Sun, which be, the Walnuts, Chestnuts, all kind of Peaches, Figs, Almonds and Apricocks all these do love the Trees they came of.   

Of Planting the said Nuts in good earth, and in the Sun.  
ALL the said Trees do bring as good fruit of the said Nuts, if they be well planted, and set in good earth, and well in the Sun, as the fruit and Trees they first came of.   

Why fruit shall not have so good savour.  
FOr if ye plant good Nuts, good Peaches, or Figs in a Garden full of shadow, the which hath afore loved the Sun, as the Vine doth, for lack thereof their fruit shall not h●ve so good savour, although it be all of one fruit: and likewise so it is with all other fruit and Trees, for the goodness of the earth, and the fair Sun doth preserve them much.   

For to set the Pine-trees.  
FOr to set the Pinetree, ye must see or plant them of Nuts, in March, or about the shoot of the sap, not lightly after, ye must also set them where they may not be removed after, in holes well digged, and well Dunged, not to be transplanted or removed again, for very hardly they will shoot forth Cions, being removed, specially if ye hurt the master root thereof.   

For to set Cherry-trees.  
FOr to set sour Cherries which do grow commonly in gardens, ye shall understand they may well grow of stones, but better it shall be to take off the small Cions which do come from the great roots: then plant them, and sooner shall they grow then the stones, and those Cions must be set when they are small, young and tender: as of two, or three years groweth, for when they are great, they profit not so well: and when ye set them, ye must see to cut off all the boughs.   

Trees of bastard and wild Nuts.  
THere be other sorts of Nuts, although they be well set in good ground, and also in the Sun, yet will they not bring half so good fruit as the other, nor commonly like unto those Nuts they came of, but to be a bastard wild sour fruit, which is the filbert, small Nuts, of Plums, of Cherries, and he great Apricocks: therefore if ye will have them good fruit, ye must set them in manner and form following.   

How to set filberts or Hasell-trees.  
FOr to set Filbirds or Hasels, and to have them good, take the small wands that grow out from the root of the Filbird or Hasell-tree, (with short hary twigs) and set them, and they shall bring as good fruit as the Tree they came of: ●t shall not be needful to proin, or cut off the branches thereof when ye set them, if they be not great, but those that ye do set, let them be but of two or three year's growth, and if ye shall see those Cions which ye have planted, not to be fair and good, or do grow and prosper not well, then in the Spring time, cut them off hard by the root, that other small Cions may grow thereof.   

To set Damsons or Plum-trees.  
IN setting Damsons or Plum-trees, which fruit ye would have like to the Trees they came of: if the said Trees be not grafted before, ye shall take only the Cions that grow from the root of the old stock, which groweth with small twigs, and plant or set them: and their fruit shall be like unto the Trees they were taken of.   

To take Plum Graffes, and graft them on other Plum-trees.  
ANd if your Plum-trees be grafted already, and have the like fruit that you desire, ye may take your grasses thereof, and Graft them on your Plum-trees, and the fruit that shall come thereof, shall be as good as the fruit of the Cion, which is taken from the root, because they are much of like effect.   

To set all sorts of Cherries.  
TO set all sorts of great Cherries, and others: ye must have the grasses of the same Trees, and graft them on other Cherry trees, although they be of sour fruit, and when they are so graffed, they will be as good as the fruit of the Tree whereof the graft was taken: for the stones are good, but to set to make wild Cions, or Plants to graft on.   

The manner how one may order both Plum-trees, and Cherrie-trees.  
FOr so much as these are two kind of Trees, that is, to understand, the Cherry, and the Plum-tree, for when they be so grafted, their Roots be not so good, nor so free as the Branches above, wherefore the Cions that do come from the roots, shall not make so good and frank trees of. It is therefore to be understood, how this manner and sort is to make frank trees, that may put forth good Cions in time to come, which is; when they be great and good, then if ye will take those Cions, or young springs from the roots, ye may make good trees thereof, and then it shall not need to graft them any more after: but to augment one by the other, as ye do the Cions from the root of the Nut, as is aforesaid, and ye shall do as followeth.   

How to graft Plum-trees and Cherry-trees.  
YE may well graft Plum-trees and great Cherry-trees, in such good order as ye list to have them, and as hereafter shall be declared in the fifth Chapter following: for these would be graffed while they are young and small, and also grafted in the ground, for thereby one may dress and trim them the better, and put but one graft in each stock of the same. Cleave not the heart, but a little on the one side, nor yet deep or long open.   

How you must proine or cut your Trees.  
FOr when your grasses be well taken on the stock, and that the grasses do put forth fair and long, about one year's growth, ye must proine, or cut the branch off commonly in Winter, (when they proine their Vines) a foot lower, to make them spread the better: then shall ye mingle all through with good fat earth, the which will draw the better to the place, which ye have so proined or cut.   

The convenientest way to cleanse and proine, or dress the roots of Trees.  
ANd for the better cleansing and proining Trees beneath, is thus: ye shall take away all the weeds, and graft about the Roots, then shall ye dig them so round about, as ye would seem to pluck them up, and shall make them half bore, then shall ye enlarge the earth about the Roots, and whereas ye shall see them grow fair and long, place or couch them in the said hole and earth again: then shall ye put the cut end of the Tree where it is grafted, somewhat more lower than his roots were, whereby his Cions so grafted, shall spring so much the better.   

When the Stocks is greater than the grasses.  
When as the tree waxeth, and swelleth greater beneath the Graffing, then above; then shall ye cleave the roots beneath and wreathe them round, and so cover them again: But see ye break no root thereof, so will he come to perfection. But most m●n do use this way: if the Stock wax greater than the grasses, they do slit down the bark of the grasses above, in two or three parts, or as they shall see cause thereof: and so likewise, if the grasses wax greater above than the stock, ye shall slit down the stock accordingly, with the edge of a sharp knife. This may well be done at any time in March, April, and May, in the increase of the Moon, and not lightly after.   

The Remedy when any Bough or Member of a Tree is broken.  
IF ye shall chance to have Boughs, or Members of Trees broken, the best remedy shall be, to place those Boughs or Members right soon again, (than shall ye comfort the roots with good new earth) and bind fast those broken boughs or members, both above and beneath, and so let them remain unto another year, until they may close and put forth new Cions.   

When a Member or Bough is broken how to prune them.  
Whereas ye shall see under or above superfluous boughs, ye may cut or proine off, (as ye shall see cause) all such boughs hard by the Tree, at a due time, in the winter following. But leave all the principal branches, and whereas any are broken, let them be cut off beneath, or else by the ground, and cast them away: thus must ye do yearly, or as ye shall see cause, if ye will keep your Trees well and fair.   

How one ought to enlarge the hole about the Tree roots.  
IN pruning your Trees, if there be many roots, ye must enlarge them in the hole, and so to wreathe them as it is aforesaid, and to use them without breaking, then cover them again with good fat earth, which ye shall mingle in the said hole, and it shall be best to be digged all over a little before, and see that no branch or root be left uncovered, and when you have thus dressed your Trees, if any root shall put forth, or spring hereafter out of the said holes, in growing, ye may so proine them as ye shall see cause, in letting them so remain two or three years after, unto such time as the said grasses be sprung up and well branched.   

How to set small Staves by, to strengthen your Cions.  
TO avoid danger, ye shall set or stick small staves about your Cions, for fear of breaking, and then after three or four years, when they be well branched: ye may then set or plant them in good earth, (at the beginning of Winter) but see that ye cut off all their small branches hard by the stock, than ye may plant them where ye think good, so as they may remain.   

In taking up Trees, note.  
YE may well leave the master root in the hole (when ye dig him up) if the removed place be good for him, cut of the master roots by the stub, but pair not off all the small roots, and so plant him, and he shall profit more thus, than others with all their master roots. When as Trees be great, they must be disbranched, or boughs cut off, before they be set again, or else they will hardly prosper. If the Trees be great, having great branches or boughs, when ye shall dig them up, ye must disbranch them afore ye set them again, for when Trees shall be thus proined, they shall bring great Cions from their Roots, which shall be frank and good to replant, or set in other places, and shall have also good branches and roots, so that after it shall not need to graft them any more, but shall continue one after another to be free and good.   

How to couch the Roots when they are pruned.  
IN setting your Trees again, if ye will dress the roots of such as ye have proined, or cut off the branches before, ye shall leave all such small roots which grow on the great root, and ye shall so place those roots in replanting again, not deep in the earth so that they may soon grow, and put forth Cions: which being well used, ye may have fruit so good as the other , being of three or four year's growth, as before is declared.   

What Trees to prune.  
THis way of pruning is more harder for the great Cherry (called Healmier) then for the Plum-tree. Also it is very requisite and meet for those Cions or Trees, which be grafted on the wild sour Cherrytree, to be proined also, for divers and sundry causes.   

Why the sour Cherry dureth not so long as the Healmier or great Cherry.  
THe wild and sour Cherry, of his own nature will not so long time endure, (as the great Helm Cherry) neither can have sufficient sap to nourish the grasses, as the great Helm Chery is grafted; therefore when ye have proined the branches beneath, and the roots also, so that ye leave roots sufficient to nourish the Tree, than set him.  
If ye cut not off the under roots, the Tree will profit more easier, and also lighter to be known, when they put forth Cions, from the root of the same, the which ye may take hereafter.   

To graft one great Cherry upon another.  
YE must have respect unto the Helm Cherry, which is Graft on the wild Gomire (which is another kind of great Cherry) and whether you do proine them or not, it is not material: for they dure a long time. But ye must see to take away the Cions, that do grow from the root of the wild Gomire, or wild Plum-tree: because they are of nature wild, and do draw the sap from the said Tree.   

Of deep Setting or shallow.  
TO set your Stocks or Trees somewhat deeper on the high grounds, then in the Valleys; because the Sun in Summer shall not dry the root: and in the low ground more shallow, because the water in Winter shall not drown or annoy the Roots. Some do mark the stock in taking it up, and to set him again the same way, because he will not alter his nature: so likewise the grasses in Graffing.    

CHAP. IU. This Chapter doth show how to set other Trees which come of wild Cions, pricked in the earth without roots: and also of proining the meaner Cions.  

Trees take root pricked of Branches.  
THere be certain which take root, being pricked of Branches proined of other Trees, which be, the Mulberry, the Figtree, the Quince-Tree, the Seruice-tree, the Pomgranad-tree, the Appletree, the Damson-tree, and divers sorts of other Plumtrees, as the Plum-tree of Paradise, etc.   

How one ought to set them.  
FOr to set these sorts of Trees, ye must cut off the Cions, twigs, or boughs, betwixt Alhallontide and Christmas, not lightly after. Ye shall choose them which be as great as a little staff or more, and look whereas ye can find them, fair, smooth, and strait, and full of sap withal, growing of young trees, as of the age of three or four year's growth or thereabouts, and look that ye take them so from the Tree with a broad Chizell, that ye break not or lose any part of the bark thereof, more than half a foot beneath, neither of one side or other: then proine or cut off the branches, and prick them one foot deep in the earth, well digged and ordered before.   

How to bind them that be Weak.  
TH●se Plants which be slender, ye must prune or cut off the branches, then bind them to some stake or such like to be set in good earth, and well mingled with good dung, and also to be well and deeply digged, and to be set in a moist place, or else to be well watered in Summer.   

How one ought to dig the Earth for to set them in.  
ANd when that ye would set them in the earth, ye must first prepare to dig it, and dung it well throughout a large foot deep in the earth. And when as ye will set them every one in his place made (before) with a crow of Iron, and for to make them take root the better, ye shall put with your Plants, watered Oats, or Barley, and so ye shall let them grow the space of three or four years, or when they shall be well branched, than ye may remove them, and if ye break off the old stubby root and set them lower, they will last a long time the more. If some of those Plants do chance to put forth Cions from the root, and being so rooted, ye must pluck them up though they be tender, and set them in other places:   

Of Cions without Roots.  
IF that the said Plants have Cions without any Roots, but which come from the tree root beneath, then cut them not of till they be of two or three year's growth, by that time they will gather roots to be replanted in other places.   

To Plant the Figtree.  
THe said Plants taken of Figtrees graffed, be the best. Ye may likewise take other sorts of Figtrees, and graft one upon the other, for like as upon the wild Trees do come the Pippins, even so the Fig, but not so soon to prosper and grow.   

How to set Quinces.  
LIkewise the nature of Quinces, is to spring, if they be pricked (as aforesaid) in the earth, but sometimes I have grafted with great difficulty, saith mine Author, upon a white Thorn, and it hath taken and borne fruit to look on, fair, but in taste more weaker than the other.   

The way to set Mulberries.  
THere is also another way to set Mulberries as followeth, which is, if you do cut in Winter certain great Mulberry boughs or stocks asunder in the body (with a Saw) in troncheons a foot long or more, than ye shall make a great furrow in good earth well and deep, so that ye may cover well again your Troncheons, in setting them an end half a foot one from another, then cover them again, that the earth may be above those ends, three or four fingers high, so let them remain, and water them in Summer, if need be sometimes, and cleanse them from all hurtful weeds and roots.   

Note one of the same.  
THat then within a space of time after, the said tronchions will put forth Cions, the which when they be somewhat sprigged, having two or three small twigs, than ye may transplant or remove them where ye list, but leave your troncheons still in the earth, for they will put forth many motions, the which if they shall have scanty of root, than dung your troncheons within with good earth, and likewise above also, and they shall do well.   

The time meet to cut Cions.  
Understand also, that all trees the which commonly do put forth Cions, if ye cut them in Winter, they will put forth and spring more abundantly, for than they be all good to Set and Plant.   

To set Bush-trees, or Gooseberries, or small Raisins.  
THere be many other kind of Bush-trees, which will grow of Cions pricked in the ground, as the Gooseberry-tree, the small Raison-tree, the Barberry-tree, the Black Thorne-tree, these with many others to be planted in Winter, will grow without roots: ye must also proine them and they will take well enough, so likewise ye may prick, in March, of Oziers' in moist grounds, and they will grow, and serve to many purposes for your Garden.    

CHAP. V Treateth of four manner of Graffing.  
IT is to be understood that there be many ways of Graffing, whereof I have here only put four sorts, the which be good, both sure and well proved, and easy to do, the which ye may use well in two parts of the year and more, for I have (saith he) graffed in our house, in every month, except October and November, and they have taken well, which I have (saith he) in the Winter begun to graft, and in the Summer grafted in the Scutchine or shield according to the time, forward or slow; for certain Trees, specially young fair Cions have enough or more of their sap unto the middle of August, than other some had at Midsummer before.  

The first way to graft all sorts of Trees.  
ANd first of all it is to be noted, that all sorts of frank Trees, as also wild Trees of nature, may be grafted with grafts, and in the Scutcheon, and both do well take, but specially those Trees which be of like nature: therefore it is better so to graft. Howbeit they may well grow and take of other sorts of trees, but certain trees be not so good, nor will prosper so well in the end.   

How to graft Appletrees, Peartrees, Quince-trees, and Medlar-trees.  
THey graft the Peare-graffe, on other Peare-stockes, and Apple, upon Apple stock, Crab or Wilding stock, the Quince and Medlar, upon the white Thorn, but most commonly they use to graft one Apple upon another; and both Pears and Quinces, they graft on Hawthorne and Crabstock. And other kind of fruit called in French Saulfey, they use to graft on the Willow stock, the manner thereof is hard to do, which I have not seen, therefore I will let it pass at this present.   

The Graffing of great Cherries.  
THey graft the great Cherry, called in French Heaulmiers, upon the Crab Stock, and another long Cherry called Guiniers, upon the wild or sour Cherrytree, and likewise one Cherry upon another.   

To graft Medlars.  
THe Misple or Medlar, they may be grafted on other Medlars, or on white Thorn, the Quince is grafted on the white or black Thorn, and they do prosper well. I have grafted (saith he) the Quince upon a wild Pear Stock, and it hath taken and borne fruit well and good, but they will not long endure. I believe (saith he) it was because the graft was not able enough to draw the sap from the Pear stock. Some graft the Medlar on the Quince, to be great. And it is to be noted, although the Stock and the Graft be of contrary natures: yet notwithstanding, neither the Graft nor Scutcheon, shall take any part of the nature of the wild stock so grafted, though it be Pear, Apple, or Quince, which is contrary against many which have written, that if ye graft the Medlar upon the Quince-tree, they shall be without stones, which is abusive and mockery. For I have (saith he) proved the contrary myself.   

Of divers kind of Graffes.  
IT is very true, that one may set a Tree, which shall bear divers sorts of fruit at once, if he be grafted with divers kind of grafts, as the black, white, and green Cherry, togegether, and also Apples of other Trees, as Apples and Pears together, and in the Scutcheon (ye may graft) likewise of divers kinds also, as on Pears, Apricocks, and Plums together, and of others also.   

Of the graffing of the Fig.  
YE may graft the Figtree upon the Peach tree or Apricock, but leave a branch on the stock, and there must be according for the space of years, for the one shall change sooner than the other. All Trees abovesaid, do take very well being grafted one with the other. And I have not known, or found of any others; howbeit (saith he) I have curiously sought and proved, because they say one may graft on Coleworts or on Elms, the which I think are but jests.   

Of the great Apricocke.  
THe great Apricocke they graft in Summer, in the Scutcheon or Shield, in the sap or bark of the lesser Apricock, and be grafted on Peach-trees, Figtrees, and principally on Damson or Plum trees, for there they will prosper the better,   

Of the Service-trees.  
OF the Service tree, they say and write, that they may hardly be grafted on other Service-trees, either on Appletrees, Pear, or Quince-trees: and I believe this to be very hard to do, for I have tried (saith he) and they would not prove.   

The Setting of Service-trees.  
THerefore it is much better to set them of Curnels, as it is aforesaid, as also in the second Chapter of planting of Cions, or other great Trees, which must be cut in Winter, as such as shall be most meet for that purpose.   

Trees which be very hard to be grafted in the Shield or Scutcheon.  
ALL other manner of Trees aforesaid, do take very well to be graffed with Cions, and also in the Shield, except Apricocks on Peaches, Almonds, Percigniers, the Peach-tree do take hardly to be graffed, but in the shield in Summer, as shall be more largely hereafter declared. As for the Almond, Percigniers and Peaches, ye may better set them of Curnels and Nuts, whereby they shall the sooner come to perfection to be graffed.   

How a man ought to consider those Trees, which be commonly charged with fruit.  
YE shall understand, that in the beginning of graffing, ye must consider what sorts of Trees, do most charge the stock with branch and fruit, or that do love the Country or Ground whereas you intent to plant or graft them: for better it were to have abundance of fruit, then to have very few or none.   

Of Trees whereon to choose your grasses.  
OF such Trees as ye will gather your grasses to graft with, ye must take them at the ends of the principal Branches, which be also fair and greatest of Sappe, having two or three fingers length of the old wood, with the new, and those Cions which eyes somewhat nigh together, are the best; for those which be long, are fare one from another, and not so good to bring fruit.   

The Cions towards the East are best.  
YE shall understand, that those Cions which do grow on the East, or Orient part of the Tree, are best: ye must not lightly gather of the evil and slender grasses which grow in the midst of the Trees, nor any grasses which do grow within on the branches, or that do spring from the stock of the Tree, nor yet graftes which be on very old Trees, for thereby ye shall not lightly profit to any purpose.   

To choose your Tree for Graffes.  
ANd when the Trees whereas you intent to gather your graftes, be small and young, as of five or six years' growth, do not take of the highest grafts thereof, nor the greatest, except it be of a small Tree of two or three years, the which commonly hath too much of top or wood, otherwise not, for you shall but mar your graffing.   

How to keep grasses a long time.  
YE may keep graftes a long time good, as from Alhallontide (so that the leaves be fallen) unto the time of graffing, if that they be well covered in the earth half a foot deep therein, and so that none of them do appear without the earth.   

How to keep grasses before they are budded.  
ALso do not gather them, except ye have great need, until Christmas or , and put them not in the ground nigh any walls for fear of Moles, Mice, and water, marring the place and graftes. It shall be good to keep graftes in the earth before they begin to bud, when that ye will graft betwixt the bark and the Tree, and when the Trees begin to enter into their sap.   

How one ought to begin to Graft.  
ALso ye must begin to graft (in cleaving the stock) at Christmas, or before, according to the coldness of the time, and principally the Helm or great Cherry, Pears, Wardens, or forward fruit of Apples: and for Medlars it is good to tarry until the end of january and February, until March, or until such time as ye shall see Trees begin to bud or spring.   

When it is good Graffing the wild Stocks.  
IN the Spring time it is good Graffing of wild Stocks, (which be great) betwixt the bark and the tree, such stocks as are to be of later Spring, and kept in the earth before. The Damson or Plum tarrieth longest to be grafted: for they do not show or put forth sap, as soon as the other.   

Mark if the Tree be forward or not.  
ALso consider you always, whether the Tree be forward or not, or to be grafted soon or lateward, and to give him also a graft of the like haste or slowness: even so ye must mark the time, whether it be slow or forward.   

When one will graft, what necessaries he ought to be furnished withal.  
Whensoever ye go to graffing, see ye be first furnished with grafts, clay and moss, clothes or barks of sallow to bind likewise withal. Also ye must have a small Saw, and a sharp knife, to cleave and cut grasses withal. But it were much better if ye should cut your grafts with a great Penknife or some other like sharp knife, having also a small wedge of hard wood, or of Iron, with a hooked knife, and also a small Mallet. And your wild stocks must be well rooted before ye do graft them: and be not so quick to deceive yourselves, as those which do graft and plant all at one time, yet they shall not profit so well, for where the wild stock hath not substance in himself, much less to give unto the other grafts, for when a man thinks sometimes to forward himself, he doth hinder himself.   

Of grasses not prospering the first year.  
YE shall understand, that very hardly your grasses shall prosper after, if they do not profit or prosper well in the first year, for whensoever (in the first year) they profit well, it were better to graft them somewhat lower than to let them so remain and grow.   

For to graft well and sound.  
ANd for the best understanding of Graffing in the cloven, ye shall first cut away all the small Cions about the body of the stock beneath, and before ye begin to cleave your stock, dress and cut your grasses somewhat thick and ready, then cleave your stock, and as the cleft is small or great (if need be) part it smooth within, then cut your incision of your grafts accordingly, and set them in the clefts as even and as close as ye can possible.   

How to trim your grasses.  
ALso ye may graft your grasses full as long as two or three truncheons or cut Grafts, which ye may likewise graft withal very well, and will be as good as those which do come of old wood, and often times better, as to graft a bough, for often it so happeneth, a man shall find of Oylets or eyes hard by the old slender wood, yet better it were to cut them of with the old wood, and choose a better and fair place at some other eye in the same Graft, and to make your incision there under, as aforesaid, and cut your grafts in making the incision on the one side narrow, and on the other side broad, and the innerside thin, and the outside thick, because the outside (of your Graft) must join within the cleft, with the Sappe of bark of the wild Stock, and it shall so be set in. See also that ye cut it smooth as your clefts are in the Stock●, in joining at every place both even and close, and especially the joints or corners of the grasses on the head of the stock, which must be well and clean pared before, and then set fast thereon.   

How to cut grasses for Cherries and Plums.  
IT is not much requisite in the Helm Cherry, for to join the Grafts (in the stock) wholly throughout, as it is in others, or to cut the grafts of great Cherries, Damsons, or Plums, so thin and plain as ye may other grasses, for these sorts have a more greater sap or pith within, the which ye must always take heed in cutting it too nigh on the one side or on the other, but at the end thereof chief, to be thin cut and flat.   

Note also.  
ANd yet if the said incision be more straighter and closer on the one side then on the other side, part it where it is most meet, and where it is too strait open it with a wedge of Iron, and put in a wedge of the same wood above in the cloven, and thus may ye moderate your grasses as ye shall see cause.   

How in graffing to take heed that the Bark do not rise.  
IN all kind of cutting your grasses, take heed to the bark of your grafts, that it do not rise (from the wood) on no side thereof, and specially on the out side, therefore ye shall leave it more thicker than the innerside: Also ye must take heed when as the stocks do wreath in cleaving, that ye may join the graft therein accordingly: the best remedy therefore is to cut it smooth within, that the graft may join the better: ye shall also unto the most greatest Stocks, choose for them the most greatest grasses.   

How to cut your Stock.  
HOw much the more your stock is thin and slender, so much more ye ought to cut him lower, and if your stock be as great as your finger, or , ye may cut him a foot or half a foot from the earth, and dig him about, and dung him with Goat's dung, to help him withal, and graft him but with one Graft or Cion.   

If the wild Stock be great and slender.  
IF your wild Stock be great, or as big as a good staff, ye shall cut him round of, a foot or  above the earth, then set in two good grasses in the head or cloven thereof.   

Trees as great as ones Arme.  
BUt when your Stock is as great as your arm, ye shall saw him clean off and round, three or four foot, or there abouts from the earth, for to defend him, and set in the head three grasses, two in the cloven, and one betwixt the bark and the Tree, on that side which ye have most space.   

Great Trees as big as your Leg.  
IF the Stock be as big as your leg, or , ye shall saw him fair and clean of, four or five foot high from the earth, and cleave him a cross (if ye will) and set in four grafts in the clefts thereof, or else one cleft only, and set two grafts in both the sides thereof, and other two grafts betwixt the bark and the Tree.   

When the grasses be pinched with the Stock.  
YE must for the better understanding, mark to graft betwixt the Bark and the Tree, for when the sap is full in the wood of wild Stocks being great, than they do commonly pinch or wring the grafts too sore, if ye do not put a small wedge of green wood in the cloven thereof, to help them withal against such danger.   

How ye ought to cleave your Stocks.  
Whensoever ye shall cleave your wild Stocks, take heed that ye cleave them not in the midst of the heart or pith, but a little on the one side, which ye shall think good.   

How to graft the branch of great Trees.  
IF ye would graft great Trees, as great as your thigh, or greater, it were much better to graft only the branches thereof, than the stock or body, for the stock will rot before the grafts shall cover the head.   

How to cut Branches old and great.  
BUt if the Branches be too rude, and without order (the best shall be) to cut them all off, and within three or four years after they will bring fair young Cions again, and then it shall be best to graft them, and cut off all the superfluous and ill branches thereof.   

How ye ought to bind your grasses throughout for fear of Winds.  
ANd when your grafts shall be grown, ye must bind them, for fear of shaking of the wind, and if the Tree be free and good of himself, let the Cions grow still, and ye may graft any part or branch ye will in the cloven, or betwixt the bark and the Tree, or in the Scutcheon, and if your bark be fair and lose.   

To set many grasses in one cleft.  
EVer when ye will put many grafts in one cleft, see that one incision (of your Graft) be as large as the other, not to be put into the cloven so slightly and rashly, and that one side thereof be not more open than the other, and that these Grafts be all of one length: it shall suffice also if they have three eyes on each graft without the joint thereof.   

How to saw your stock before you leave him.  
IN sawing your stock, see that you tear not the bark about the head thereof, then cleave his head with a long sharp knife, or such like, and knock your wedge in the midst thereof, (than pair him on the head round about) and knock your wedge in so deep till it open meet for your grafts but not so wide, then holding in one hand your graft and in the other hand your Stock, set your Graft in close, bark to bark, and let your wedge be great above at the head, that ye may knock him out fair and easily again,   

If the Stock cleave too much, or the bark do open.  
IF the Stock do cleave too much, or open the bark with the wood too low, then softly open your stock with your wedge, and see if your incision of your Graft, be all meet, and just, according to the cloven, if not, make it until it be meet, or else saw him off lower.   

How Graffes never lightly take.  
ABove all things ye must consider the meeting of the two saps, betwixt the graft and the wild stock, which must be set in just one with another: for ye shall understand, if they do not join, and the one delight with the other, being even set, they shall never take together, for there is nothing only to join their increase, but the Sappe, recounting the one against the other.   

How to set the grasses right in the cleft.  
When the bark of the Stock, is more thicker than the graft, ye must take good heed, of the setting it in of the graft in the cloven, to the end that his sap may join right with the sap of the stock, on the inside, and ye ought likewise to consider of the sap of the stock, if he do surmount the grafts in the outsides of the cleft too much or not.   

Of setting in the grasses.  
ALso ye must take good heed, that the grafts be well and clean set in, and join close upon the head of the stock. Likewise than the incision which is set in the cloven, do join very well within on both sides, not to join so even, but some times it may do service, when as the Grafts do draw too much from the Stock, or the stock also on the Grafts do put forth.   

Note also.  
ANd therefore, when the stock is rightly cloven, there is no danger in cutting the incision of the graft, but a little strait rebated to the end thereof, that the sap may join one with the other, the better and closer together.   

How ye ought to draw out your wedge.  
When your grasses shall be well joined with your stock, draw your wedge fair and softly forth, for fear of displacing your grasses, ye may leave within the cloven a small wedge of such green wood as is aforesaid, and ye shall cut it of close by the head of your stock, and so cover it with a bark as followeth.   

To cover your clefts on the head.  
When your wedge is drawn forth, put a green pill of thick bark of Willow, Crab, or Apple, upon your clefts of the stock, that nothing may fall between: then cover all about the clefts on the stock head, two fingers thick with good clay, or nigh about that thickness, that no Wind nor Rain may enter. Then cover it round with good Moss, and then wreathe it over with clothes, or pills of Willow, Briar, or Oziars, or such like, then bind them fast, and stick certain long pricks on the grafts head amongst your Cions, to defend the Crows, jays, or such like.   

How ye ought to see to the binding of your grasses.  
BUt always take good heed to the binding of your heads, that they wax slack, or shag, neither on the one side or other, but remains fast upon the clay, which clay remains fast (likewise on the stock head) under the binding thereof, wherefore the said clay must be moderated in such sort as followeth.   

How ye ought to temper your Clay.  
THe best way is therefore, to try your clay betwixt your hands, for stones and such like, and so to temper it as ye shall think good, if so it require of moistness or dryness and to temper it with the hair of beasts: for when it drieth, it holdeth not (otherwise) so well on the stock, or if ye knead of Moss therewith, or mingle Hay thin therewith: some do judge that the Moss doth make the trees mossy. But I think (saith he) that cometh of the disposition of places.   

To bush your graft heads.  
When ye shall bind or wrap your Graft heads with band, take small Thorns, and bind them within, for to defend your grasses from Kites, or Crows, or other danger of other Fowls, or prick of sharp white sticks thereon.   

The second way to graft high Branches on Trees.  
THe second manner to Graft, is strange enough to many: This kind of Graffing is on the tops of branches of Trees, which thing to make them grow lightly, is not so soon obtained: wheresoever they be grafted, they do only require a fair young wood, a great Cion or twig, growing highest in the Tree top, which Cions ye shall choose to graft on, of many sorts of fruits if ye will, or as ye shall think good, which order followeth.  
TAke grafts of other sorts of Trees, which ye would graft in the top thereof, then mount to the top of the tree which ye would graft, and cut off the tops of all such branches, or as many as ye would graft on, and if they be greater than the grafts, which ye would graft, ye shall cut and graft them lower as ye do the small wild stock aforesaid. But if the Cions that you cut be as great as your graft that you graft on, ye shall cut them lower betwixt the old wood and the new, or a little more higher, or lower: then cleave a little, and choose your grafts in the like sort, which ye would plant, whereof ye shall make the incision short, with the bark on both sides a like, and as thick on the one side as the other, and set so just in the cloven, that the bark may be even and close, aswell above as beneath, on the one side as the other, and so bind him as is aforesaid. It shall suffice that every graft have an eyelet, or eye, or two at the most, without the joint, for to leave them too long it shall not be good, and ye must dress it with Clay and Moss, and bind it as it is aforesaid. And likewise ye may graft these, as ye do the little wild Stocks, which should be as great as your grasses, and to graft them, as ye do those with Sappe like on both sides, but than you must graft them in the earth, as three fingers of, or .   

The manner of Graffing, is of grasses which may be set betwixt the Bark and the Tree.  
To graft betwixt the Bark and the Tree.  
THis manner of graffing is good, when Trees do begin to enter into their Sap, which is, about the end of February unto the end of April, and specially on great wild stocks which be hard to cleave, ye may set in four or five grafts in the head thereof, which grafts ought to be gathered afore, and kept close in the earth till then, for by that time aforesaid, ye shall scantly find a Tree, but that he doth put forth or bud, as the Apple called Capendu, or such like.  
Ye must therefore saw these wild stocks more charily, and more higher, so they be great, and then cut the grasses, which ye would set together, so as you would set them upon the wild stock that is cleft, as is afore rehearsed. And the incision of your grafts must not be so long, nor so thick, and the bark a little at the end thereof must be taken away, and made in manner as a Launcet of Iron, and as thick on the one side as the other.   

How to dress the head, to place the grasses betwixt the Bark and the Tree.  
ANd when your grafts be ready cut, then shall ye cleanse the head of your stock, and pair it with a sharp knife round about the bark thereof, to the end your grafts may join the better thereon, then by and by take a sharp penknife, or other sharp pointed knife, and thrust it down betwixt the bark and the stock, so long as the incision of your grasses be, than put your grasses softly down therein to the hard joint, and see that it do sit close upon the stock head.   

How to cover the head of your stock.  
When as ye have set in your grasses, ye must then cover it well about with good tough Clay and Moss, as is said of the others, and then ye must incontinent environ or compass your head with small thorny bushes, and bind them fast thereon all about, for fear of great Birds, and likewise the wind.   

Of the manner and graffing in the Shield or Scutcheon.  
THe fourth manner to graft, which is the last, is to graft in the Scutcheon, in the sap, in Summer, from about the end of the month of May until August, when as trees be yet strong in sap and leaves, for otherways it cannot be done; the best time is in june and july, some years when the time is very dry, and that some trees do hold their sap very long; therefore ye must tarry till it return.   

For to graft in Summer so long as the trees be full leaved.  
FOr to begin this manner of graffing well, ye must in Summer when the trees be almost full of sap, and when they have sprung forth of new shoots being somewhat hardened, then shall ye take a branch thereof in the top of the tree, the which ye will ha●e grafted, and choose the highest and the principallest branches, without cutting it from the old wood, and choose thereof the principallest eyelet or eye, or budding place, of each branch one, with which eyelet or eye, ye shall begin to graft as followeth.   

The big Cions are best to graft.  
Chief ye must understand, that the smallest and naughty oylets or buds of the said Cions be not so good to graft; therefore choose the greatest and best you can find, first cut of the leaf hard by the eyelet, than ye shall trench or cut the length of a barley corn beneath the eyelet round about the bark, hard to the wood, and so likewise above: then with a sharp point of a knife, slit it down half an inch beside the eyelet or bud, and with the point of a sharp knife softly raise the said Shield or Scutcheon round about, with the eyelet in the midst, and all the sap belonging thereunto.   

How to take of the Shield from the wood.  
ANd for the better raising the said Shield or Scutcheon from the wood, after that ye have cut him round about, and then slit him down, without cutting any part of the wood within, ye must then raise the side next you that is slit, and then take the same Shield betwixt your finger and thum, and pluck or raise it softly of, without breaking or bruising any part thereof, and in the opening or plucking it off, hold it with your finger hard to the wood, to the end the sap of the eyelet may remain in the Shield, for if it go off (in plucking it) from the barks, and stick to the wood, your Scutcheons is nothing worth.   

To know your Scutcheon or Shield when he is good or bad.  
ANd for the more easier understanding, if it be good or bad, when it is taken from the wood, look within the said shield, and if ye shall see it crack, or open within, than it is of no value, for the chief Sappe doth yet remain behind with the wood, which should be in the ●hield, and therefore ye must choose and cut another Shield, which must be good and sound as aforesaid, and when your Scutcheon shall be well taken of from the wood, then hold it dry by the eyelet or eye betwixt your lips, until ye have cut and taken of the bark from  other Cion or branch, and set him in that place, and look that ye do not foul or wet it in your mouth.   

Of young Trees to graft on.  
BUt ye must graft on such Trees, as be from the bigness of your little finger, unto as great as your arm, having their bark thin and slender, for great Trees commonly have their bark hard and thick, which ye cannot well graft this way, except they have some branches with a thin smooth bark, meet for this way to be done.   

How to set or place your Shield.  
YE must quickly cut of round the bark of the Tree that ye will graft on, a little more longer than the Shield that ye set on, because it may join the sooner and easier, but take heed that in cutting of bark, ye cut not the wood within.   

Note also.  
AFter the incision once done, ye must then cover both the sides or ends well and softly withal, with a little bone or horn, made in manner like a thin skin, which ye shall lay it all over the joints or closings of the said shield, somewhat longer and larger, but take heed for hurting or crushing the bark thereof.   

How to lift up the bark and te set your Shield on.  
THis done take your Shield or Scutcheon, by the eyelet or eye that he hath, and open him fair and softly by the two sides, and put them strait way on the other tree, whereas the bark is taken off, and join him close bark to bark thereon, then plain it softly above, and at both the ends with the thin bone, and that they join above and beneath bark to bark, so that he may feed well the branch of that Tree.  
moist place, the which then it were best for to tarry until january, or February, to plant in the Frost is not good.   

To Plant or Set towards the South, or Sunny place is best.  
AFore you do pluck up your trees for to plant them, if ye will mark the Southside of each tree, that when ye shall replant them, ye may set them again as they stood before, which is the best way as some do say. And if ye keep them a certain time, after they be taken out of the Earth, before ye replant them again, they will rather recover there in the earth, so they be not wet with Rain, nor otherwise, for that shall be more contrary to them then the great Heat or Drought.   

How to cut the Branches of Trees before they be Set.  
Whensoever ye shall set or replant your Trees, first ye must cut of the boughs, and specially those which are great branches, in such sort that ye shall leave the small twigs or sprigs, on the stocks of your branch, which must be but a shaftment long, or somewhat more, or less according as the Tree shall require, which ye do set.   

Appletrees commonly must be disbranched before they be replanted or set.  
ANd chief the Apple Trees, being Graffed ot not Graffed, do require to be disbranched before they be set again, for they shall prosper thereby, much the better: the other sorts of Trees may well pass unbranched, if they have not too great or large branches, and therefore it shall be good to transplant or set, as soon after as the grasses are closed, on the head of the wild Stock, as for small Trees which have but one Cion or twig, it needs not to cut them above, when they be replanted or removed.   

All wild Stocks must be disbranched when they are replanted or set.  
ALL wild ttees or stocks, which ye think for to graft on ye must first cut off all their Branches before ye set them again: also it shall he good, always to take heed in replanting your Trees, that ye do set them again, in as good or better Earth, than they were in before, and so every Tree, according as his nature doth require.   

What Trees love the fair Sun, what Trees the cold Air.  
COmmonly the most part of Trees, do love the Sun at Noon, and yet the South Wind (or vent d'aval) is very contrary against their nature, and specially the Almond-tree, the Apricocke, the Mulberry-tree, the Figtree, and the Pomgranade-tree. Certain other Trees there be which love cold Air, as these: the Chesnut-tree, the wild and eager Cherrytree, the Quince-tree, and the Damson or Plum-tree, the Walnut loveth cold Air, and a stony white ground. Peartrees love not greatly plain places, they prosper well enough in places closed with walls, or high Hedges, and specially the Pear called bon Christien.   

Of many sorts and manner of Trees following their nature.  
THe Damson or Plum-tree doth love a cold fat earth, and clay withal, the (Helm) great Cherry doth love to be, set or planted upon Clay. The Pinetree loveth light earth▪ stony and sandy. The Medlar cometh well enough in all kind of grounds, and doth not hinder his fruit, to be in the shadow and moist places. Hasell-nut-trees love the place to be cold, lean, moist and sandy. Ye shall understand, that every kind of fruitful Tree doth love, and is more fruitful in one place then another, as according unto their nature. Nevertheless, yet we ought to nourish them (all that we may) in the place where we set them in, in taking them from the place and ground they were in. And ye must also consider when one doth plant them of the great and largest kind of Trees, that every kind of Tree may prosper and grow, and it is to be considered also, if the Trees have commonly grown afore so large in the ground or not, for in good earth the Trees may well prosper and grow, having a good space one from another, more than if the ground were lean and naught.   

How to place or set Trees at large.  
IN this thing ye shall consider, ye must give a competent space, from one Tree to another, when as ye make the holes to set them in, not nigh, nor the one tree touch another. For a good Tree planted, or set well at large, it profiteth oftentimes more of fruit then three or four Trees, set too nigh together. The most greatest and largest Trees commonly are Walnuts and Chestnuts, if ye plant them severally in rank, as they do commonly grow upon high ways, besides hedges and Fields, they must be set xxxv. foot asunder, one from another, or , but if ye will plant many ranks in one place together, ye must set them the space of xiv. foot one from another, or thereabouts, and so fare ye must set your ranks one from another. For the Peartrees and Appletrees, and of other sorts of Trees, which may be set of this largeness one from the other, if ye do plant only in ranks by hedges in the Fields, or otherwise, it shall be sufficient of xx. foot from another. But if ye will set two ranks upon the sides of your great Allies in Gardens, which be of ten or twelve foot broad, it shall be then best to give them more space, the one from the other in each rank, as about xxv. foot, also ye must not set your Trees right one against the other, but intermeddling or between every space, as they may best grow at large, that if need be, ye may plant of other smaller Trees between, but see that ye set them not too thick. If ye list to set or plant all your Trees of one bigness, as of young Trees like rods, being Peartrees, or Appletrees, they must be set a good space one from another, as of twenty or thirty foot in square, as to say, from one rank to another. For to plant or set of smaller trees, as Plum-trees, and Appletrees, of the like bigness, it shall be sufficient for them fourteen or fifteen foot space in quarters. But if ye will plant or set two thanks in your Allies in Gardens, ye must devise for to proportion it after the largeness of your said Allies. For to plant or set eager or sour Cherry-trees, this space shall be sufficient enough the one from the other, that is, of x. or xii. foot, and therefore if you make of great or large Allies in your Garden, as of x. foot wide, or thereabouts, they shall come well to pass, and shall be sufficient to plant your trees, of ix. or x. foot space and for the other lesser sorts of trees, as of Quince-trees, Figtrees, Nut-trees, and such like, which be not commonly planted, but in one rank together.   

Ordering your Trees.  
When that ye plant or set ranks, or every kind of trees together, ye shall set or plant the most smallest towards the Sun, and the greatest in the shade, that they may not annoy or hurt the small, nor the small the great. Also whensoever ye will plant or set of Peartrees, and Plumtrees, (in any place) the one with another, better it were to set the Plum-trees next the Sun, for the Pears will dure better in the shade. Also ye must understand, when ye set or plant any ranks of trees together, ye must have more space betwixt your ranks and trees, (then when ye set but one rank) that they may have room sufficient on every side.  
Ye shall also scarcely set or plant Peartrees, or Appletrees, or other great Trees, upon dead or mossy Barren ground unstirred; for they increase (thereon) to no purpose. But other lesser Trees very well may grow, as Plum trees, and such like: now when all the said things above be considered, ye shall make your holes according to the space that shall be required of every Tree that ye shall plant or set, and also the place meet for the same, so much as ye may convenient, ye shall make your holes large enough, for ye must suppose the tree ye do set, hath not the half of his roots he shall have hereafter; therefore ye must help him and give him of good fat earth, (or dung) all about the roots when as ye plant him. And if any of the same roots be too long and bruised or hurt, ye shall cut them clean off a slope-wise, so that the upper side (of each root) so cut, may be longest in setting, and for the small Roots which come forth all about thereof, ye may not cut them off as the great roots.   

How ye ought to enlarge the holes for your Trees when ye Plant them.  
FOr when as ye set the Trees in the holes, ye must then enlarge the roots in placing them, and see that they take all downwards, without turning any roots the end upward, and ye must not plant or set them too deep in the earth, but as ye shall see cause. It shall be sufficient for them to be planted or set (half a foot, or ) in the earth, so that the earth be above all the roots half a foot or more, if the place be not very burning and stony.   

Of Dung and good Earth, for your Plants and Trees.  
ANd when as ye would replant or set, ye must have of good fat Earth or Dung, well mingled with a part of the same earth whereas ye took your plants out of, with all the upper crests of the earth, as thick as ye can have it: the said earth which ye shall put about the roots, must not be put too nigh the roots, for doubt of the dung being laid too nigh, which will put the said roots in a heat, but let it be well mingled with the other earth, and well tempered in the holes, and the smallest and slenderest Cions that turns up among those Roots, ye may plant there very well.   

If ye have worms amongst the Earth of your Roots.  
IF there be worms in the fat Earth or Dung, that ye put about your roots, ye must mingle it well also with the dung of Oxen or Kine, or slekt Soap-ashes about the Root, which will make the worms to die, for otherwise they will hurt greatly the Roots.   

To dig well the earth about the Tree Rootes.  
ALso ye must dig well the earth, principally all round over the roots, and more oftener if they be dry, then if they be wet, ye must not plant or set Trees when it raineth, nor the earth to be very moist about the roots. The Trees that be planted or set in Valleys, commonly prosper well by Drought, and when it raineth, they that be on the Hills are better by watering with drops, than others, but if the place or ground be moist of nature, ye must plant or set your Trees not so deep thereon.   

The nature of Places.  
ON high and dry places, ye must plant or set your Trees a little more deeper, then in the Valleys, and ye must not fill the holes in high places, so full as the other, to the end that the Rain may better moisten them.   

Of good Earth.  
Understand also, that of good earth, commonly cometh good fruit, but in certain places (if they might be suffered to grow) they would season the Tree the better. Otherwise they shall not come to proof, nor yet have a good taste.   

With what ye ought to bind your Trees.  
Whensoever your Trees shall be replanted or set, ye must knock by the root, a stake, and bind your Trees thereto for fear of the wind: and when they do spring ye shall dress them and bind them with bands that may not break, which bands may be of strong soft herbs, as Bulrushes or such like, or of old linen clouts, if the other be not strong enough, or else ye may bind them with Oziers', or such like, for fear of fretting or hurting your Trees.    

CHAP. VII. Of medicining and keeping the Trees when they are planted.  

The first council is, when your Trees be but Plants, in dry weather, they must be watered.  
THe young trees which be newly Planted, must sometimes (in Summer) be watered when the time waxeth dry, at the least the first year after they be planted or set. But as for the greater trees which are well taken and rooted a good time, ye must dig them all over the roots after Alhallontide, and uncover them four or five foot compass about the roof of the tree: and let them so lie uncovered until the latter end of Winter. And if ye do, then mingle about each tree of good fat earth or dung, to heat and comfort the earth withal, it shall be good.   

With what Dung, ye ought to Dung your Trees.  
ANd principally unto Mossy trees, dung them with Hog's dung mingled with other earth of the same ground, and let the dung of Oxen be next about the roots, and ye shall also abate the Moss of the Trees with a great knife of wood, or such like, so that ye hurt not the bark thereof.   

When ye ought to uncover your Trees in Summer.  
IN the time of Summer, when the earth is scantly half moist, it shall be good to dig at the foot of the Trees, all about on the root, such as not have been uncovered in the Winter before, and to mingle it with good fat earth: and so fill it again, and they shall do well.   

When ye ought to cut or prune your Trees.  
ANd if there be in your Trees certain Branches of superfluous wood, that ye will cut off, tarry until the time of the entering in of the Sappe, that is, when they begin to bud, as in March and April: Then cut off as ye shall see cause, all such superfluous Branches hard by the Tree, that thereby the other Branches may prosper the better, for than they shall sooner close their sap upon the cut places then in the Winter, which should not do so well to cut them, as certain do teach, which have not good experience. But for so much as in this time the Trees be entering into the Sappe, as is aforesaid. Take heed therefore in cutting then off your great Branches hastily, that through their great weight, they do not cleave or separate the Bark from the Tree, in any part thereof.   

How to cut your great Branches, and when.  
ANd for the better remedy: first you shall cut the same great Branches, half a foot from the tree, and after to saw the rest clean hard by the body of the Tree, then with a broad Chizell, cut all clean, and smooth upon that place, then cover it with Ox Dung. Ye may also cut them well in Winter so that ye leave the trunk or branch somewhat longer, so as ye may dress and cut them again in March and April, as is before mentioned.   

How ye ought to leave these great Branches cut.  
OTher things here are to be showed, of certain grafts and old Trees only, which in cutting the great branches thereof truncheon-wise, do renew again, as Walnuts, Mulberry-trees, Plum-trees, Cherry-trees, with others, which ye must disbranch the boughs thereof, even after Alhallontide, or as soon as their leaves be fallen off, and likewise before they begin to enter into Sappe.   

Of Trees having great Branches.  
THe said great Branches, when ye shall disbranch them ye shall so cut them off in such Truncheons, to lengthen the Trees, that the one may be longer than the other, that when the Cions be grown good and long thereon, ye may graft on them again as ye shall see cause, according as every arm shall require.   

Of barrenness of trees, the time of cutting all branches, and of uncovering the Roots.  
SOmetimes a man hath certain old Trees, which be almost spent, as of the Peartrees, and Plum-trees, and other great Trees, the which bear scant of fruit: but when as ye shall see some Branches well charged therewith, than ye ought to cut off all the other ill Branches and Boughs, to the end that those that remain, may have the more Sap, to nourish their fruit, and also to uncover their roots after Alhallontide, and to cleave the most greatest roots thereof (a foot from the trunk) and put into the said clefts, a thin state of hard stone, there let it remain, to the end that the humour of the Tree may enter out thereby, and at the end of Winter, ye shall cover him again, with as good fat earth as ye can get, and let the stone alone.   

Trees which ye must help, or pluck up by the Roots.  
ALL sorts of Trees which spring Cions from the Roots, as Plum-trees, all kind of Cherry-trees, and small Nut-trees, ye must help in plucking their Cions from their roots in Winter, as soon as conveniently ye can, after the leaf is fallen. For they do greatly pluck down and weaken the said trees, in drawing to them the substance of the earth.   

What doth make a good Nut.  
BUt chief to plant these Cions, the best way is to let them grow, and be nourished two or three years from the root, and then to transplant them, or set them in the Winter, as is aforesaid. The Cions which be taken from the foot of the Hasell-trees, make good Nuts, and to be of much strength and virtue, when they are not suffered to grow too long from the Root, or foot aforesaid.   

Trees eaten with Beasts must be graffed again.  
When certain grasses being well in Sappe, of three or four years or thereabouts, be broken or greatly endamaged with beasts, which have broked thereof, it shall little profit to leave those grasses so, but it were better to cut them, and to graft them higher, or lower than they were before. For the grasses shall take as well upon the new as old Cion being graffed, as on the wild stock: But it shall not so soon close: as upon the wild stocke-head.   

How your wild Stocks ought not hastily to be removed.  
IN the beginning when ye have graffed your grasses on the wild Stock, do not then hastily pluck up those Cions or wild stocks so graffed, until ye shall see the grasses put forth a new sheute, the which remaining still ye may graft thereon again, so that your grasses in hasty removing, may chance to die.   

When ye cut off the naughty Cions from the Wood  
When your grasses on the stocks shall put forth of new wood, or a new sheute, as of two or three foot long, and if they put forth also of other small superfluous Cions (about the said members or branches that ye would nourish) cut off all such ill Cions, hard by the head, in the same year they are graffed in, but not so long as the wood is in Sappe, till the Winter after.   

How sometimes to cut the principal Members.  
ALso it is good to cut some of the principal Members or Branches in the first Year, if they have too many, and then again, within two or three years after, when they shall be well sprung up, and the grasses well closed on the head of the stock: ye may trim and dress them again, in taking away the superfluous branches, if any there remain, for it is sufficient enough to nourish a young Tree, to leave him one principal Member on the head, so that he may be one of those, that hath been grafted on the Tree before, yea, and the Tree shall be fairer and better in the end, then if he had two or three branches, or precidence at the foot. But if the Tree have been graffed with many great Cions, than you must leave him more largely, according as ye shall see cause or need to recover the clefts on the head of the said graft or stock.   

How to guide and govern the said Trees.  
When that your Trees do begin to spring, ye must order and see to them well, the space of three or four years or more, until they be well and strongly grown, in helping them above, in cutting the small twigs, and superfluous wood, until they be so high without branches, as a man, or more if it may be, and then see to them well, in placing the principal branches if need be, with forks or wands pricked right, and well about them at the foot, and to proine them, so that one branch do not approach too nigh the other, nor yet fret the one the other, when as they do enlarge and grow, and ye must also cut off certain branches in the Tree, where as they are too thick.   

A kind of Sickness in Trees.  
LIkewise when certain Trees are sick of the Gall, which is a kind of Sickness that doth eat the Bark, therefore ye must cut it, and take out all the same infection with a little Chizell, or such like thing. This must be done at the end of Winter, then put on that infected place of Ox Dung, or Hog's Dung and bind it fast thereon with Clouts, and wrap it with Oziers', so let it remain a long time, till it shall recover again.   

Trees which have Worms in the Bark.  
OF Trees which have Worms within their Barks, is where as ye shall see a swelling or rising therein, therefore ye must cut or cleave the said bark unto the wood, to the end the humour may also distil out thereat, and with a little hook ye must pluck or draw out the said worms, withal the rotten wood ye can see, then shall ye put upon the said place, a Plaster made of Ox Dung, or Hog's Dung, mingled and beaten with Sage, and a little of unsleckt Lime, then let it be all well boiled together, and wrap it on a cloth, and bind it fast and close thereon so long as it will hold. The Lees of Wine shed or poured upon the Roots of Trees (the which be somewhat sick through the coldness of the Earth) which Lees doth them much good.   

Snails, Aunts, and Worms, doth mar Trees.  
ALso ye must take heed of all manner of young trees, and specially of those grasses, the which many Worms and Flies, do endamage and hurt in the time of Summer, those are the Snails, the Pismires, or Aunts: the field Snail, which hurteth also all other sorts of Trees that be great, principally in the time that the Cuckoo doth sing, and betwixt April and Midsummer, while they be tender. There be little Beasts called Sows, which have many Legs, and some of them be grey, some black, and some hath a long sharp snout, which be very noisome, and great hurters of young grasses, and other young Trees also, for they cut them off in eating the tender top (of the young Cions) as long as ones finger.   

How ye ought to take the said Worms.  
FOr to take them well, ye must take heed and watch in the heat of the day (your young Trees) and where ye shall see any, put your hand softly underneath, without shaking the tree, for they will suddenly fall when one thinks to take them: therefore so soon as you can (that they fly not away nor fall) take them (quickly on the Cion) with your other hand.   

To keep Aunts from young Trees.  
FOr to keep the young Trees from Snails and Aunts, it shall be good to take Ashes, and to mingle unsleckt Lime, beaten in powder therewith, then lay it all about the root of the tree, and when it raineth, they shall be beaten down into the Ashes and die: but ye must renew your Ashes after every Rain from time to time: also to keep them moist, ye must put certain small Vessels full of water, at the foot of your said Trees, and also the Lees of Wine, to be spread on the ground there all abouts. For the best destroying of the small Snails on Trees, ye must take good heed in the Spring time before the Trees be leaved, then if ye shall see as it were small warts, knobs or branches on the Trees, the same will be Snails. Provide to take them away fair and softly, before they be full closed, and take heed that ye hurt not the wood or bark of the said Tree, as little as ye can, then burn those Branches on the Earth, and all to tread them under your feet, and then if any do remain or renew, look in the heat of the day, and if ye can see any, which will commonly be on the clefts or forks of the Branches, and also upon the branches lying like tostes or Troops together, then wrap your hands all over with old clothes, and bind of leaves beneath them, and above them, and with your two hands rub them down therein, and strait way fire it, if ye do not quickly with diligence they will fall, and if they fall on the Earth, ye cannot lightly kill them, but they will renew again: these kind of Worms are noisome Flies which be very strange, therefore take heed that they do not cast a certain redness on your face and body, for where as they be many of them, they be dangerous: it is strange to tell of these kind of Worms, if ye come under or among the Trees whereas be many, they will cast your face and hands, your covered body (as your neck, breast, and arms) full of small spots, some red, some black, some bluish, which will so tingle and trouble you like Nettles, sometimes for a day, or a day and a night after: they be most on Plum-trees, and Appletrees, nigh unto moist places, and ill airs: yet nevertheless, by the grace of God there is no danger, that I understand, to be taken by them. Ye shall understand, that if it be in the evening, or in the morning, when it raineth, they will remain about the graffing place of the Tree, therefore it will be hard to find them, because they are so small: Moreover, if such branches do remain in the upper part of the boughs all under, then with a wisp on a Poles end, set fire on all, and burn them.   

A Note in Spring time of Fumigations.  
HEre is to be understood and noted, that in the Spring time only, when trees do begin to put forth leaves and Blossoms, ye must then always take heed unto them, for to defend them from the Frost, if there come any, with Fumigations or smokes, made on the windy side of your Orchards, or under your Trees, with straw, Hay, dry Chaff, dry Ox dung, of Saw dust dried in an Oven, of Tanner's Ox dried likewise, of galbanum, of old shoes, thatch of Houses, of hair and such like, one of these to be blend with another: all these be good against the Frost in the Spring time, and specially good against the East wind, which breedeth (as some say) the Caterpillar worm.   

To defend the Caterpillar.  
ANd some do defend their Trees from the Caterpillar when the blossoming time is dried (if there be no Frost) by casting of Water, or salt Water, every second or third day upon their Trees, (with Instruments for the same, as with Squires of Wood or Brass or such like) for in keeping of them moist, the Caterpillar cannot breed thereon; this experience have I known proved of late to be good. For to conclude, he that will Set or Plant Trees, must not pass for any pains, but have a pleasure and delight therein, in remembering the great profit that cometh thereby: Against scarceness of Corn, fruit is a good stay for the Poor, and often it hath been seen, one Acre of Orchard ground, worth four Acres of Wheat Ground.    
FJNJS.   

HERE FOLLOWETH A LITTLE TREAtise how one may Graft, Plant, and Garden, subtle or artificially, and to make many things in Gardens very strange.  
FOr to Graft a subtle way, take one eyelet or eye of a Graft, slit it round, above and beneath, and then behind down right, than wreath him of, and set him upon another Cion, as great as he is, then dress him, as is aforesaid, and he shall grow and bear.  

To graft one Vine upon another.  
BUt for to graft one Vine upon another, ye shall cleave him as ye do other Trees, and then put the Vine graft in the cloven, then stop him close and well with Wax, and so bind him, and he shall grow.  
YE shall uncover his root, and make a hole with a Piercer, or small Auger in the greatest root he hath, without piercing through the root, then put in a pin (in the said hole) of dry Wood, as Oak or Ash, and so let it remain in the said hole, and stop it close again with wax and then cast earth and cover him again, and he shall bear the same year.   

For to have Peaches two Months before other.  
TAke your Cions of a Peach-tree that doth soon blossom in the Spring time, and graft them upon a frank Mulberry-tree, and he shall bring of Peaches two months before others.   

To have Damsons or other Plums unto Alhallontide.  
FOr to have Damsons all the Summer long, unto Alhallontide, and of many other kind of sorts likewise, ye shall graft them upon the Gooseberry-tree, upon the frank Mulberry-tree, and upon the Cherrytree, and they shall endure on the Trees till Alhallontide.   

To make Medlars, Cherries, and Peaches in eating to taste like spice.  
TO make Medlars, Cherries and Pears, to taste in the eating pleasant like spice, the which may also keep until the new come again: ye shall graft them upon the frank Mulberry-tree, as I have afore declared, and in the graffing, ye shall wet them in Honey, and put a little of the Powder of some good spices, as the Powder of Cloves, of Cinnamon, or Ginger.   

To make a Muscadel taste.  
TO make a Muscadel taste, take a Gouge or Chezill of Iron (and cut your Sap round about) then put in your Gouge or chesil under your Sappe on your Cion, and raise three eyes or oylets round about, and so take off fair and softly your bark round about, and when he is so taken off, do anoint it all over within the bark, with powder of Cloves, or Nutmegs, then for it on again, and stop it close with Wax round about, that no water may enter in, and with within thrice bearing, they shall bring a fair Muscadel Reison, which ye may after both graft and plant, and they shall be all after a Muscadel fruit: some slits the bark down, and so put in of Spice.   

To set Apples and Pears to come without blossoming.  
FOr to make Apples and Pears, and other sorts of fruit to come without blossoming, that is, ye shall graft them (as ye do other kind of fruit) upon the Figtree.   

To have Apples and Chestnuts rath and also long on Trees.  
FOr to have Apples called (in French) de blanc durel, or the Yroall, and of Chestnuts very rath, and long (as until Alballontide) on the trees; and make such fruit also to endure, the space of two years, ye shall graft them on a laterward fruit, as Pome-Richard, or upon a Peartree, or Appletree of Dangoisse.   

To have good Cherries on the trees at Alhallontide.  
TO have Cherries on many trees, good for to eat until Alhallontide, ye shall graft them upon a frank Mulberry Tree, and likewise to graft them upon a Willow or Sallow-tree, and they shall endure unto Alhallontide on the Trees.   

To have rath Medlars two Months before others.  
FOr to have Medlars two month's sooner than others and the one shall be better fare than the other, ye shall graft them upon a Gooseberry-tree, and also a frank Mulberry-tree, and before ye do grafted them, ye shall wet them in Honey, and then so graft them.   

For to have rath or timely Pears.  
FOr to have a rath Pear, the which is in France, as the Pear Cailonet, and the Pear Hastimean. For to have them rath or soon, ye shall graft them on the Pinetree: And for to have them late, ye shall graft them on the Pear called in French Dangoisse, or on other like hard Pears.   

To have Misples or Medlars without Stones.  
FOr to have Medlars without Stones, the which shall taste sweet as Honey, ye shall graft them as the other, upon an Eglantine, or sweet Bryer-tree, and ye shall wet the grafts (before ye graft them in Honey,   

To have Pears betimes.  
ALso to have the Pear Anguisse, or Permai●, or Satigle, (which be of certain places so called) a Month or two before others, the which shall endure and be good until the new come again, ye shall graft them upon a Quince-tree, and likewise upon the frank Mulberry-tree.   

To have ripe or frank Mulberries very soon and late.  
FOr to have frank or ripe Mulberries very soon, ye shall graft them upon a rath Pear tree, and upon the Gooseberry-tree, and to have very late, and to endure unto Alhallontide, ye shall graft them upon the Medlar-tree.   

To keep Pears a Year.  
HOw for to keep Pears a year, ye shall take of fine salt very dry, and put thereof with your Pears into a barrel, in such sort that one Pear do not touch another, so fill the barrel if ye list, then stop it, and let it be set in some dry place that the Salt do not wax moist, thus ye may keep them long and good.   

To have your fruit taste half Apples, half Pears.  
IF ye will have your fruit taste half a Pear, and half an Apple, ye shall in the Spring take Graffes, the one a Pear and the other an Apple, ye shall cleave or pair them in the Graffing joint or place, and join half the Pear Cion, and to set them into your stock, and see well that no rain do enter therein upon your joint, and that fruit shall bring thee half a Pear, and the other half an Apple in taste.   

Times of Graffing.  
IT is good also to graft one or two days before the change, and no more, for look so many more days, as ye shall Graft before them, so many more years it will be ere your Trees shall bring fruit: also it is good graffing all the increase of the Moon, but the sooner after the change, the better.   

To Graft the Quine Apple.  
IF ye graft the Quine Apple, upon an Apple stock, he shall not long continue without the Canker, but to graft him on a knotty young Crabstocke, he shall endure long without the Canker.   

To destroy Pismires or Aunts about a Tree.  
TO destroy Emmets or Aunts, which be about a Tree, if ye remove and stir the earth all about the root of the said Tree, than put thereon all about, a great quantity of the foot of a Chimney, and the Aunts of Pismires will either away or else shortly die.   

Another for the same.  
TO destroy Aunts another way, ye shall take of the Sawdust of Oak would only, and strew that all about the Tree root and the next rain that doth come, all the Pismires or Aunts shall die there: For Earwigs, shoots stopped with Hay, and hanged on the Tree one night, they come all in.   

To have Nuts, Plums, and Almonds.  
Nuts greater than other.  
TO have great Nuts, Plums, and Almonds greater than others, ye shall take four Nuts, or of any of this fruit abovesaid, and put them into a pot of earth, joining the one to the other as near as ye can, then make a hole in the bottom of the pot, through the which holes, these Nuts shall be constrained to issue, and being so constrained shall come to perfection and grow together as in one Tree, the which in time shall bring his fruit more greater and larger than others.   

To make an Oak or other tree green in Winter as in Summer.  
ALso to make an Oak or other Tree to be green as well in Winter as in Summer, ye shall take the Graft of an Oak tree, or other Tree, and graft it upon the Holly Tree; the best and most surest way is, to graft one through the other. And who so will edify or make an Orchard, he ought (if he can) to make it in a moist place, where as the South winds, or Sea winds may have recourse unto them.   

The time of Planting without Roots, and with Roots.  
ALso the best time to plant or set without roots as with branches or stevering of all sorts of Trees which hath a great pith, as Fig trees, Hasell-ttees, Mulberry-trees, and Vines▪ with other like Trees, all which ought to be set from the midst of September (if the leaves be of) unto Alhallontide, and all other Trees with roots, aught to be set in Advent until Christmas, or anon after, if the time be not very cold and dangerous.   

To keep fruit from the Frost.  
ALso to keep fruit from the Frost, and in good colour, until the new come again, ye ought so for to gather them when the time is fair and dry and the Moon in her decreasing, and that they lie also in very dry places by night, covered thin with Wheat straw, and if the time of Winter be cold and very hard, then put of Hay above them in your straw, and take it away when as a fair time cometh, and thus ye shall keep your fruit fair and good.   

The days to Plant and Graft.  
ALso (as some say) from the first day of the new Moon, unto the xiii. day thereof, is good for to plant, or Graft, or sow, and for great need, some do take unto the xvii, or xviii. day thereof, and not after, neither graft nor sow, but as is , a day or two days afore the change, the best signs are, Taurus, Virgo, and Capricorn.   

To have green Roses all the year.  
FOr to have green Roses, ye shall (as some say) take your Rose buds in the Spring time, and then graft them upon the Holly-stocke, and they shall be green all the year.   

To keep Raisins or Grapes good a year.  
FOr to keep Raisins or Grapes good all a whole year, ye shall take of fine dry Sand, and then lay your Raisins or Grapes therein, and it shall keep them good a whole year. Some keep them in a close Glass from the air.   

To make fruit laxitive from the Tree.  
FOr to make any fruit laxitive from the Tree, what fruit soever it be, make a hole in the stock, or in the master root of the Tree, (with a great Piercer slope-wise) not through, but unto the pith, or somewhat further, then fill the said hole with the juice of Elder, of Centory, of Seny, or of Turnith, or such like laxitives, then fill the said hole therewith of which of them ye will, or else ye may take three of them together, and fill the said hole therewith, and then stop the said hole close with soft Wax, then lay it thereon, and put moss very well over all, so that nothing may issue or fall out, and all the fruit of the said Tree shall be from thenceforth laxitive.   

A Note for all Grafters and Planters.  
ALso whensoever ye shall Plant or Graft, it shall be meet and good for you to say as followeth. In the name of God the Father, the Son and the Holy Ghost, Amen.  
Increase and multiply, and replenish the earth: and say the Lords Prayer, then say: Lord God hear my prayer, and let this my desire of thee be heard. The holy Spirit of God which hath created all things for Man, and hath given them for our comfort, in thy name O LORD we set, Plant and Graft, desiring that by thy mighty power they may increase and multiply upon the earth, in bearing plenty of fruit, to the profit and comfort of all the faithful people, through Christ our Lord, Amen.    

 a man grafting a tree Hear followeth certain ways of Planting and Graffing, with other necessaries herein meet to be known.  Translated out of Dutch, by L. M. 

To graft one Vine on another.  
YOu that will Graft one Vine upon another, ye shall (in january) cleave the head of the Vines, as ye do other stocks, and then put in your Vine, Graft or Cion, but first ye must pair him thin ere ye set him in the head, than Clay and Moss him as the other.   

Chosen days to Graft in and to choose your Cions.  
ALso whensoever that ye will Graft, the best chosen time is on the last day before the Change, and also in the Change, and on the second day after the change 〈◊〉 if ye Graft (as some say) on the third, fourth, and fifth day after the change, it will be so many years ere those Trees bring forth fruit. Which thing ye may believe if ye will, but I will not. For some do hold opinion, that it is good graffing from the change unto the xviii. day thereof, which I think to be good in all the increasing of the Moon, but the sooner the better.   

To gather your Cions.  
ALso such Cions or grasses, which ye do get on the other Trees, the young Trees of three or four years, or five or six years are best to have grasses. Take them of no under boughs, but in the top upon the East side, if ye can, and of the fairest and greatest. Ye shall cut them two inches long of the old Wood, beneath the joint. And whensoever ye will graft, cut or pair your grasses taper-wise from the joint, two inches or more of length, which ye shall set into the stock; and before ye set it in, ye shall open your stock with a wedge of Iron, or hard wood, fair, and softly; then if the sides of your clefts be ragged ye shall pair them with the point of a sharp knife on both sides within and above, then set in your grasses close on the outsides, and also above; but let your stock be as little while open as ye can, and when your grafts be well set in, pluck forth your wedge, and if your stocks do pinch your grafts much, than ye must put in a wedge of the same wood to help your grasses: Then ye shall lay a thick bark or pill over the cloven, from the one Graft to the other, to keep out the clay and rain, and so clay them two fingers thick round about the cliffs, and then lay on Moss, but wool is better next to your clay, or else to temper your Clay with wool or hair, for it shall make it bide closer, and also stronger on the stock-head, some take wool next the clay and wrappeth it all over with linen clouts, for the wool being once moist will keep the clay so a long time. And other some take  clouts, that have been laid in the juice of Wormwood, or such like bitter thing, to keep creeping Worms from coming under to the Grafts. If ye graft in Winter, put your clay uppermost, for Summer, your Moss. For in Winter the Moss is warm, and your clay will not cleave. In Summer your clay is cold, and your Moss keeps him from cleaving or chapping. To bind them take of Willow pills, of cloven Briers, of Oziers', or such like. To gather your grasses of the East part of the tree is counted best; if ye gather them below on the under boughs, they will grow ●●●ggie, and spreading abroad: If ye take them in the top of the tree, they will grow upright. Yet some do gather there Cions or grasses on the sides of the trees and so graft them again on the like sides of the stocks, the which is of some men not counted so good for fruit. It is not good to graft a great stock, for they will be long ere they cover the head thereof.   

Of Worms in Trees or fruit.  
IF ye have any trees eaten with Worms, or do bring Wormy fruit, ye shall use to wash all his body and great branches, with two parts of Gowpisse and one part of Vinegar, or else if ye can get no Vinegar, with Cowpisse alone, tempered with common Ashes, then wash your trees therewith before the Spring, and in the Spring or in Summer. Anniseeds sown about the tree roots, drive away worms, and the fruit shall be the sweeter.   

The setting of Stones and ordering thereof  
AS for Almond-trees, Peach-trees, Cherry-trees, Plum-trees, or others, ye shall thus plant or set them. Lay first the stones in water, three days and four nights until they sink therein, then take them betwixt your finger and your thumb, with the small end upward, and so set them two fingers deep in good earth. And when ye have so done, ye shall rake them all over, and so cover them: and when they begin to grow or spring, keep them from weeds and they shall prosper the better, specially in the first year. And within two or three years after, ye shall set or remove them where ye list, then if ye do remove them again after that, ye must proine of all his twigs, as ye shall see cause, nigh the stock: this ye may do of all kind of Trees, but specially those which have the great Sappe, as the Mulberry or Figtrees, or such like.   

To gather Gum of any Tree.  
IF ye list to have the Gum of an Almond-tree, ye shall stick a great nail into the Tree, a good way, and so let him rest, and the Gum (of the Tree) shall issue thereat, thus do men gather Gum of all sorts of Trees: yea, the common Gum that men do use and occupy.   

To set a whole Apple.  
ALso some say, that if ye set a whole Apple four fingers in the earth, all the Pippins or Kernels in the same Apple, will grow up together in one whole stock or Cion, and all those Apples shall be much fairer and greater than others: but ye must take heed, how ye do set those Apples, which do come in Leap-year, for in a Leap-year (as some do so) the Kernels or Pippins, are turned contrary, for if ye should so set as commonly a man doth, ye shall set them contrary.   

Of setting the Almond.  
ALmonds do come forth and grow commonly well if they be set without the shell or husk, in good earth or in rotten Hogs dung: If ye lay Almonds one day in Vinegar, then shall they (as some say) be very good to plant or lay him in milk and water, until he do sink, it shall be the better to set, or any other Nut.   

Of Pippins watered.  
THe Pippins and Kernels of those Trees, which have a thick or rough bark, if ye lay them three days in water, or else until they sink therein, they shall be the better, then ●et them, or sow them, as is , and then remove them, when they be well rooted, or three or four years' growth and they shall have a thin bark.   

To Plant or set Vines.  
IF ye Plant or set Vines in the first or second year, they will bring no fruit, but in the third year they will bear, if they be well kept: ye shall cut them in january, and set them soon after they be cut from the Vine, and ye shall set two together the one with the old wood, and the other without, and so let them grow, plucking away all weeds from about them, and when ye shall remove them in the second and third year, being well rooted, ye shall set them well a foot deep, (in good fat earth) with good dung, as of one foot deep or thereabouts, and keep them clean from weeds, for than they will prosper the better, and in Summer when the Grape is knit, than ye shall break off his top or branch, at one or two joints after the Grape, and so the Grape shall be the greater, and in the Winter when ye cut them, ye shall not leave past two or three leaders on each branch, on some branch but one leader, which must be cut betwixt two joints, and ye shall leave the young Vine to be the leader. Also ye shall leave thereof three or four joints at all times, if a young Cion do come forth of the old branch, or side thereof, if ye do cut him ye shall cut him hard by the old branch, and if ye will have him to bring the Grape next year, ye shall leave two or three joints thereof; for the young Cion always bringeth the Grape: ye may at all times so that the Grape be once taken and knit, ever as the superfluous Cions do grow, ye may break them of at a joint, or hard by the old branch, and the Grapes will be the greater: thus ye may order your Vine all the Summer long without any hurt.   

To Set or Plant the Cherry.  
CHerry-trees, and all the trees of stonefruit, would be planred or set of Cions, in cold grounds and places of good earth, and likewise in high or hilly places, dry and well in the shade: if ye do remove, ye ought to remove them in November and january, if ye shall see your Cherrytree wax rotten, then shall ye make a hole in the midst of the body two foot above the ground, with a big Piercer, that the humour may pass forth thereby, then afore the Spring shut him up again with a pin of the same Tree: thus ye may do unto all other sorts of trees when they begin to rot, and is also good for them which bear scant of fruit or none.   

To keep Cherries good a year.  
FOr to keep Cherries good a year, ye shall cut off the stalks, and then lay them in a well leaded pot, & fill the said pot therewith, then put into them of good thin Honey, and fill the said pot therewith, then stop it with Clay that no air enter in, then set them in some fair Seller, and put of Sand under and all about it, and cover the Pot well withal, so let it stand or remain; thus ye may keep them a year, as fresh as though they came from the Tree, and after this sort ye may keep Pears or other fruit.   

Against Pismires.  
IF ye have Cherry-trees laded or troubled with Pismires or Aunts, ye shall rub the body of the Tree, and all about the root with the juice of Purslane mingled half with Vinegar. Some do use to anoint the Tree beneath all about the body with taro and Birds lime, with wool, oil boiled together, and anoint the tree beneath therewith, and do lay the Chalk stones all about the Tree root, some say it is good therefore.   

The Setting of Chestnuts.  
THe Chesnut-tree, men do use to plant like unto the Figtree. They may be both planted and graffed well, they wax well in fresh and fat earth, for in sand they like not. If ye will set the Kernels, ye shall lay them in water until they do sink, and those that do sink to the bottom of the water be best to set, which ye shall set in the Month of November and December, four fingers deep, a foot one from another, fo● when they be in these two Months set or planted they shall endure long and bear also good fruit, yet some there be that plant or set them first in dung, like Beans, which will be sweeter than the other sort, but those which be set in these two Months aforesaid, shall first bear their fruit, men may prove which is b●st, experience doth teach.  
This is another way to prove a●d know, which Chestnuts be best to plant or set, that is, ye shall take a quantity of nuts, then lay them in Sand the space of thirty days, then take and wash them in water fair and clean, and throw them into water again and those which do sink to the bottom, are good to plant or set, and the other that swim are naught; thus may ye do with all other Kernels or Nuts.   

To have all stone fruit taste, at ye shall think good.  
IF ye will have all stone fruit taste as ye shall fancy or think good, ye shall first lay your stones to soak in such liquour or moisture, as ye will have the fruit taste of, and then set them, as for the Date tree (as some say) he bringeth no fruit except he be a hundred year old, and the Date-stone must soak one Month in the water before he be set, then shall ye set him with the small end upward in good fat earth, in hot Sandy ground four fingers deep, and when the boughs do begin to spring, then shall ye every night sprinkle them with rain water, (or other if ye have none) so long till they be come forth and grown.   

Of Graffing the Meddler and Misple.  
FOr to graft the Meddler or Misple: men do use to Graft them on the White Hawthorn Tree, they will prove well, but yet small and sour fruit, to graft one Medlar upon another is the better, some men do graft first the Wilding Cion upon the Medlar stock, and so when he is well taken and grown, than they graft thereon the Medlar again, the which doth make them more sweet, very great and fair.   

Of the Figtree.  
THe Figtree in some Country, beareth his fruit four times a Year, the Black Figs are the best being dried in the Sun, and then laid in a Vessel in beds one by another, and then sprinkled or strawed all over, every lay with fine Meal, then stop it up, and so it is sent out of that Land. If the Figtree will not bear, ye shall dig him all about, and under the roots in February, and take out then all his earth, and put unto him the dung of a Privy, for that he liketh best: ye may mingle with it of other fat earth, as Pigeons dung mingled with Oil and Pepper stamped, which shall forward him much to 'noint his roots therewith: ye shall not plant the Figtree in cold times, he loveth hot, stony, or gravelly ground, and to be planted in Autumn is best.   

Of the Mulberry-tree.  
IF ye will plant the Mulberry-tree, the Figtree, or others which bring no seed, ye shall cut a twig or branch (from the tree root) of a years growth, with the old wood or bark, about a cubit long, which ye shall plant or set all in the earth. save a shaftment long to it, and so let it grow, watering it as ye shall see need. This must be done before the leaves begin to Spring, but take heed that ye cut not the end or top above, for than it shall whither and dry.   

Of Trees that bear bitter fruit.  
OF all such trees as bear bitter fruit, to make them bring sweeter, ye shall uncover all the roots in january, and take out all that earth, then put unto them of Hog's dung great plenty, and then after put unto them of other good earth and so cover them therewithal well again, and their fruit shall have a sweeter taste. Thus men may do with other trees which bring bitter fruit.   

To help barren Trees.  
HEre is another way to help barren Trees, that they may bring fruit, if you see your Tree not bear scantly in three or four years good plenty, ye shall boar an hole with an Auger or Piercer, in the greatest place of the body, (within a yard of the ground) but not through, but unto or past the heart, ye shall boar him a slope: then take honey and water mingled together a night before, then put the said Honey and water into the hole and fill it therewith, then stop it close with a short pin made of the same Tree, not stricken in too fare for piercing the liquour.   

An other way.  
IN the beginning of Winter, ye shall dig those Trees round about the roots, and let them so rest a day and a night, and then put unto them of good earth, mingled well with good store of watered Oats, or with watered Barley or Wheat, laid next unto the roots, then fill it with other good earth, and he shall bear fruit; even as the boring of a hole in the master root, and striking in a pin, and so fill him again, shall help him to bear, as before is declared.   

To keep your Fruit.  
ALL fruit may be the better kept if ye lay them in dry places, in dry straw or Hay, but Hay ripeth too sore, or in a Barley-mow, not touching one the other, or in Chaff, or in vessels of juniper or Cipers' wood: ye may so keep them well in dry Salt or Hony, and upon boards, whereas fire is nigh all the Winter, also hanging nigh fire in the Winter, in Nets of yarn.   

The Mulberry-tree.  
THe Mulberry-tree, is planted or set by the Figtree: his fruit is first sower, and then sweet, he liketh neither Dew nor Rain, for they hurt him, he is well pleased with foul earth and dung: His branches will wax dry within every six years, then must ye cut them off, as for other Trees they ought to be proined every year, as ye shall see cause, and they will be the better, and to plant them from the midst of February, to the midst of March is best.   

Of Moss of the Tree.  
OF the Moss on your Trees, ye must not let it too long be unclensed, ye must rub it off with a grate of wood, or a rough Hair, or such like, in Winter when they be moist   

To have the Peach without stones.  
FOr to make the Peach grow without stones, ye shall take a Peach-tree newly planted, then set a Willow hard by, which ye shall boar a hole through, then put the Peach-tree through the said hole, and so close him on both sides thereof, Sappe to Sappe, and let him so grow one year, than the next year ye shall cut off the Peach stock, and let the Willow feed him, and cut off the upper part of the Willow also three fingers high: and the next Winter saw him off nigh the Peach, so that the Willow shall feed but the Peach only: and this way ye may have Peaches without stones.   

Another way for the same.  
YE shall take the grasses of Peaches, and Graft them upon the Willow stock, and so shall your Peaches be likewise without stones.   

If Trees do not prosper.  
IF ye see that your Trees do not wax nor prosper, take and open the roots in the beginning of january or afore, and in the biggest root thereof, make an hole with an Auger to the pith or more, then strike therein a pin of Oak and so stop it again close, and let it be well waxed all about the pin, then cover him again with good earth, and he shall do well, some do use to cleave the root.   

How to graft Apples, to last on the Tree till Ahallontide.  
HOw ye may have many sorts of Apples upon your Trees until Alhallontide, that is, ye shall graft your Apples upon the Mulberry-tree, and upon the Cherrytree.   

To make Cherries and Peaches smell and taste like spice.  
HOw to make that Cherries and Pears, shall be pleasant and shall smell and taste like spice, and that ye may keep them well, till the new do come again, ye shall graft them on the Mulberry-tree, as is aforesaid: But first ye shall soak them in Honey and Water, wherein ye shall put of the powder of Cloves, Ginger, and Cinnamon.   

To graft an Apple which shall he half sweet and half sour.  
TO graft that your Apples shall be the one half sweet, and the other half sour, ye shall take two Cions, the one sweet and the other ●ower, some do put the one Cion through the other, and so griffes them between the bark and the Tree; and some again do p●re both the Cions finely, and so sets them joining into the stock, enclosing Sap to Sap, on both the outsides of the grasses, unto the outsides of the stock, and so sets them into the head as the other, and they shall bring fruit, the one half sweet and the other half sour.   

To graft a Rose on the Holly.  
FOr to graft the Holly, that his l●aves shall keep all the year green; Some do take and cleave the Holly, and so grasses in a white or red Rose bud, and then put clay and ●●osse to him, and lets him grow, and some do put the Rose bud into a slit of the bark, and so patteth Clay and Moss and binds him featly therein, and lets him grow, and he shall carry his leaf all the year.   

Of keeping of Plums.  
OF Plums there be many sorts, as Damsons, which be all black and counted the best: All manner of other Plum: a man may keep well a year, if they be gathered ripe, and then dried, and put into Vessels of Gl●●●●. If ye c●●not dry them well in the Sun, ye shall dry them on hu●dels of Oziers' made like Lattice Windows, in a hot Oven after Bread is drawn forth, and so reserve them. If a Plum-tree like not, open his roots, and power in all about the dregs of Wine mixed with Water, and so cover him well again, or pour on them stolen Urine or old piss of old men, mixed with two parts of water, and so cover him as before.   

Of altering of Pears, or stony fruit.  
IF a Pear do taste hard or gravelly about the core, like small stones, ye shall uncover his roots (in the Winter, or afore the Spring) and take out all the earth thereof, and prick out all the stones as clean from the earth as ye can about his root, then sift that earth, or else take of other good fat earth without stones, and fill all his roots again therewith, and he shall bring a so●t and gentle Pear to eat, but ye must see well to the watering of him often.   

The making of Cider and Perrie.  
OF Apples and Pears, men do make Cider and Perry, and because the use thereof in most places is known, I will here let pass to speak any furthet thereof, but this (in the pressing your Cider) I will counsel you to keep clean your vessels, and the places where as your fruit doth lie, and specially after it is bruised or broken, for than they draw filthy air unto them, and if it be nigh the Cider shall be infected therewith, and also bear, the taste after the infection thereof, therefore as soon as you can, tun it into clean and sweet vessels, as into vessels of white Wine, or of Sack, or of Claret, and such like, for these shall keep your Cider the better and the stronger a long time after: ye may hang a small bag of linen b● a thread down into the lower part of your Vessel, with Powder of Cloves, Mace, cinnamon, and Ginger, and such like, which will make your Cider to have a pleasant taste.   

To help frozen Apples.  
OF Apples that be frozen in the cold and extreme Winter. The remedy to have the Ice out of them, is this. Ye shall lay them first in cold water a while, and then lay them before the fire, or other heat, and they shall come to themselves again.   

To make Apples fall from the Tree.  
IF ye put of fiery coals under an Appletree, and then cast of the powder of Brimstone therein and the fume thereof ascend up, and to●ch any Apple that is wet, that Apple shall fall incontinent.   

To water Trees in Summer if they wax dry about the Root.  
WHereas Appletrees be set in dry Ground and not dead in the Ground, in Summer if they want moisture ye shall take of Wheat straw, or other, and every evening (or as ye shall see cause) cast thereon water all about, and it will keep the Trees moist from time to time.   

To cherish Appletrees.  
IF ye use to throw (in Winter) all about your Appletrees or the roots thereof, the Urine of old men, or stolen piss long kept, they shall bring fruit much better, which is good for the Vine also, or if ye do sprinkle or anoint your Appletree roots with the Gall of a Bull, they shall bear the better.   

To make an Apple grow in a Glass.  
TO make an Apple grow within a Glass, take a Glass what fashion ye list, and put your Apple therein when he is but small, and bind him fast to the Glass, and the Glass also to the Tree, and let him grow, thus ye may have Apples of divers proportions, according to the fashion of your Glass. Thus may ye make of Cucumbers, Gourds, or Pomecitrons the like fashion.   tree 
THese three branches and figure of graffing in the shield in Summer is, the first branch showeth how the bark is taken of, the middle place showeth, how it is set too, and the last branch showeth how to bind him on, in saving the eyelet or eye from bruising.   

To graft many sorts of Apples on one Tree.  
YE may graft on one Appletree at once, many kind of Apples, as on ever, branch a contrary fruit, as is afore declared, and of Pears the like; but see as nigh as you 〈◊〉, that all your Cions be of like springing, for else the one will not grow and shadow the other.   

To colour Apples.  
TO have coloured Apples, with what colour ye shall think good, ye shall boar slope a hole with an Auger, in the big-Tree part o● the body of the Tree, unto the midst thereof, or , and then look what colour ye will have them of. First ye shall take water, and mingle your colour therewith, then stop it up gain with a short pin made of the same wood or tree, then wax it round about; ye may mingle with the said colour what space ye list, to make them taste thereafter: thus may ye change the colour and t●st of any Apple. Your colours may be of Saffron 〈◊〉 soul, Bra●ell ●●●unders, or other what ye shall see goo●. This must be done before the Spring do come: So●e do ●●ay, 〈◊〉 graft on the Olive stock, or on the Alder stock, they 〈…〉. Apples. Also they say, to graft to have 〈…〉 shall graft in both the ends of your Cion into the 〈…〉 when they be fast grow●e to the stockade shall 〈…〉 midst, and let the smaller e d grow upward, or else 〈…〉 Cion and graft the small end of the stock downward, 〈◊〉 so shall ye have your Appletree on St. L●●berts day (wh●●● is the xvii of September) they shall never waste, consume, ●or wax d●y, which I doubt.   

The setting of Vine Plants.  
 diagram of setting vine plants  
THese figures do show how ye ought to plant and set your Vines, in two and two together, the one to have a p●r● of the old Tree, and the other may be all of the last Cion, but when ye plant him with a part of the old tree, he shall commonly take root sooner than the new Cion; ye must weed them every month, and let not the earth be too 〈◊〉 above their roots at the first, but now and then lose it with 〈…〉 as ye shall see a rain past, for than they shall enlarge 〈…〉 forth better. Further herein ye shall 〈…〉.   

How to prune or cut a Vine in Winter.  
 diagram of pruning a vine  
THis Figure showeth, how all Vines should be proined and cut, in a convenient time after Christmas, that when ye cut them, ye shall leave his branches very thin, as ye see by this figure, ye shall never leave above two or three leaders at the head of any principal branch, ye must also cut them off in the midst between the knots of the young Cions, for those be the leaders which will bring the Grape, the rest and order ye shall understand as followeth.   

Of the Vine and Grape.  
SOmewhat I intent to speak of the ordering of the Vine and Grape, to plant or set the Vine: the Plants or Sets which be gathered from the Vine (and so planted) are best, they must not be old gathered nor lie long unplanted after they be cut, for than they will soon gather corruption, and when ye do gather your Plants ye must take heed to cut & chose them, where as ye may with the young Cion, a joint of the old wood with the new, for the old wood will soonet take root then the new, and better to grow then if it were all young Cion, ye shall leave the old wood to the young Cion, a foot or half a foot, or a shaftment long, the young Cion ye shall cut the length of three quarters of a yard or thereabouts, and ye shall choose of those young Cions that be thickest jointure, or nigh joints together, and when ye shall Plant or set them, look that your ground be well digged in the winter before, then in january ye may both cut and plant, but cut not in the Frost, for that is danger of all kind of trees, or ye m●y plant in the beginning of February, and when ye do plant, ye shall take two of those plants, and set or lay them together, a foot deep in the earth, for two plants set together will not ●o soon fall, as one alone, and lay them a foot longwise in the earth, so that there may be above the earth three or four joints: ye may plant a young Cion with the old, so that it be thick or nigh jointed, for than he is the better to root, and also to bring fruit: then when ye have set or laid them in the earth, then cover them well therewith, in treading it fast down unto the plants, but let the ends of your Cions or Plants be turned upright, above the earth, three or four joints, if there shall be more when they be set, ye shall cut them off, and ye shall cut them always in the midst between the two joints, and then let them so grow, and see that ye weed them always clean, and once a month lose the earth round about them and they shall prove the better, If it be very dry and hot in the Summer after, ye may water them, in making a hole with a crow of Iron to the root and there ye shall pour in water in the evening. As for the pruning of them is, when the Grape is t●ken and clustered, than ye may brake the next joint or two frer the Grape, of all such sup rfluous Cions as ye shall see cause, which will cause the Grape to wax bigger: Ye may also break away all superfluous buds or slender branches, which cometh about the root, or on the under branches, which ye think will have no Grape, and when ye proi●t or 〈◊〉 them in Winter following, ye shall not cut the young Cion ●ight the old, by three or four joints, ye shall not cut them like 〈◊〉, to leave a sort of heads together on the branch, which doth kill your Vine, ye shall leave but one head, or two at the most of the young Cions upon the old branch, and to cut those young Cions three or four knots or joints of, for the young Cion doth carry the Grape always, and when ye leave upon a great branch many Cions, they cannot be well nourished, and 〈◊〉 ye 〈◊〉 ●o cut them in Winter, ye shall bind 〈…〉 Oziers', in placing those young branches as ye shall 〈…〉 vine, when the branches are tender, ye shall bind them so, that the stormy tempest or wind do not hurt the● 〈◊〉 to bind them withal, the best is, great ●oft Rushes and when the Grape is clustered, than ye may break of all such branches as is afore declared, upon one old branch three or four heads be enough, for the more heads your branch ●●th, the worse your Grape shall be nourished, and when ye cut off a●y branch, cut him of hard by or nigh the old branch; if your Vine wax old, the best remedy is, if there grow any young ●ion about the root, ye shall in the Winter cut off the old Vine h●rd by the ground, or as nigh as ye can and let the young Vine lead, and he will continue a long time, if ye cover 〈…〉 about the root with good Earth again. There is also upon or by every cluster of Grapes, a small ●ion like a Pig's Toil, turning about, which doth take away the Sap from the Grape, if ye pinch it of hard by the stalk of your Grape, your fruit shall be the greater. If your Vine w●xe too ra●ke and thick of branches, ye shall dig the root in Winter and open the earth, and fill it up again with Sand a●d Ashes mingle together, and whereas a Vine is unfruitful a●d doth not bear ye shall boar a hole (with an Auger) unto the heart or pith, in the body or thickest part thereof, then p●● in the said hole a small stone, but fill not the hole close therewith, but so that the sickness of the Vine may pass thereby. Then lay all about the root of good earth mingled w th' good Dung, and so shall he not be unfruitful, but bear well ever after: or also, to taste of old men's urine or piss, all about the root of the barren Vine, and if he were half lost or marred he should grow again and wax fruitful as before: This is to be done in Winter.   

To have Grapes without stones.  
FOr to have Grapes without stones, ye shall take young Plants or Branches, and shall set or plant the top or small end downward in the earth, and so ye may set two of them together for failing, as I have afore declared of the others, and those branches shall bring Grapes without stones.   

To make your Vine to bring a Grape to taste like Claret.  
TO make your Vine to have a Grape, to taste like Claret Wine, and pleasant withal: ye shall boar a hole in the stock unto the hart, or pith thereof, then shall ye make a Lectuary with the Powder of Cloves, of cinnamon mingled with a little Fountain or running water, and fill the said hole therewith and stop it fast and close with wax, and so bind it fast thereon with a Linen cloth, and those Grapes shall taste like Claret-wine.   

Of gathering your Grapes.  
ALL Grapes that men do cut, before they are through ripe, the Wine shall not be natural, nor yet shall long endure good: But if ye will cut or gather Grapes, to have them good, and to have good Wine thereof, ye shall cut them in the Full, or soon after the full of the Moon, when she is in Cancer; in Leo, in Scorpio, and in Aquarius the Moon being in the wain and under the earth.   

To know if your Grape be ripe enough.  
FOr to know if your Grape be ripe enough, or not, which ye shall not only know in the taste, but in sight and taste together, as in taste if they be sweet, and full in eating, and in sight, if the stone will soon fall out being chafed or bruised which is t●e b●st knowledge, and also whether they be white or blue, it is all one matter: The good Grape is he, which cometh out all watery, or those which be all clammy as Birdlime: by these signs ye shall know when to cut, being through ripe or not, and whereas you do press your Wine, ye must make your place sweet and clean and your Vessels within to be clean also, and see that they have strong heads, and those persons which do press the Grape, must look their hands, feet and body be clean washed, when as they go to press the Grape, and that no woman be there having her terms: And also ye shall eat of no Chebols, Scallions, Onions, or Garlic, Annisceds, or such like: For all strong savours your Wine will draw the infection thereof, and as soon as your Grape is cut and gathered, you shall press your Wine after, as soon as ye may, which will make your Wine to be more pleasant and stronger, for the Grapes which tarrieth long unpressed, maketh the Wine to be small and ill; ye must see that your vessels be new, and sweet within, and to be washed with sweet water, and then well dried again, and to perfume them with M●sticke, and such sweet vapour, and if your Vessel chance not to be sweet, then shall ye pitch him on the sides, which pitch will take away all evil, and such stinking savour therein.   

To prove or taste Wine.  
ANd whensoever ye will prove or taste any Wine, the best time is, early in the Morning, and take with you three or four sops of bread, then dip one after another into the Wine, for therein ye shall find (if there be any) sharp taste of the Wine. Thus I leave (at this present) to speak any further hereof the Wine and Grape.  
If this my simple labour be taken in good part (Gentle Reader) it shall the more hereafter encourage me, to set forth another Book more at large, touching the Art of Planting and Graffing, with other things necessary to be known.   

Hear followeth the best times how to order or choose, and to Set or Plant Hops.   diagram of setting hop plants 
IN this figure ye shall understand, the placing and making of Hoppe hills, by every Cipher over his head, the first place is showed, but one Pole set in the midst, and the Hop beneath: The second showeth, how some doth chop down a Spade in the midst of the Hills, and therein lays his Hop roots. The third place showeth, how other some do set out one Pole in the midst, and the Hop roots at holes put in round about. The fourth place showeth, how some chaps in a Spade cross in the top, and there lays in his roots. The fifth place showeth, how some do set four Poles therein, and puts the Hop round about the Hill. The sixth place showeth, that some use to make crosse-holes in the sides, and there lays in the Hop roots. Thus many practices have been proved good: Proved always, that your Hills be of good fat earth, specially in the midst down unto the bottom. This I thought sufficient to show by this figure, the diversity in setting, whereof the laying of the Hop is counted the surest way.  
THe best and common setting time of Hops, is from the midst of November, to the midst of February, then must ye dig and cleanse the ground of weeds, and mix it well with good mould and fat earth. Then divide your Hills a yard one form another orderly, in making them a yard a sunder, and two foot and a half broad in the bottom, and when that ye plant them, ye shall lay in every Hill three or four roots: Some do in setting of them lay them crossewise in the midst of the Hill, and so covers them again: some sets the roots in four parts of the Hill, other some do make holes round about the hills, and puts of the roots therein, and so covers them again light with earth; of one short root in a year ye may have many plants, to set and lay as ye shall see it good, and it shall be sufficient for every plant, to have two knots within the ground, and one without: then some do chop a Spade cross into the Hill, and lays in cross Hop, and so covers it.   

To choose your Hoppe.  
YE shall choose your roots best for your Hop, in the Summer before ye shall plant them, for than ye shall see which bears the Hop, for some there is that brings none, but that which bears, choose for your plants, and set of those in your Hills, for so shall ye not be deceived and they shall prosper well.   

To sow the Seeds.  
SOme do hold, that ye may sow among other Seeds, the Seeds of Hops, and they will increase and be good to set, or else to make beds, and sow them alone, whereby they may increase to be set, and when they be strong, ye may remove and set them in your Hills, and plant them as the other before mentioned.   

The Setting your Poles.  
THe best time is in April, or when your roots be sprung h●l●● a yard long or more, then by every Plant or Hop in your hills, ye shall set up a Pole of xiii. or xiiii. foot long, or thereabouts, as cause shall require. Some do use to set but four Poles in every Hill, which is thought sufficient, and when ye shall set them, see that ye set them so fast that great Winds do not cast them down.   

How to prune the Hop-tree.  
YE shall mark when the Hop doth blossom, and knit in the top, which shall be perceived to be the Hop, then take and cut up all the rest growing thereabouts (not having Hop thereon) hatd by the earth, that all those which carry the Hop might be the better nourished: thus shall ye do in Summer as ye shall see them increase and grow, until the time of gathering.   

To gather the Hoppe.  
AT such time afore Michaelmas, as ye shall see your hop wax brown, or somewhat yellow, than he is best to be gathered in a dry day, in cutting your hop by the ground, then pluck up your Pole therewith for shaking of your hop, so carry them into some dry house and when ye have so plucked them, ye shall lay them on boarded lofts, or on hurdles of , that the wind may dry them, and the air, but not in the Sun, for the same will take away the strength thereof, nor with fire, for that will do likewise, and ye shall daily toss and turn them till they be dry: to try them when they are dry, hold them in your hand a space, and if they cleave together when ye open your hand, they are not then dry; but if they shatter a sunder in opening your hand, than ye may be sure they are dry enough. It not let them remain, and use ye them as is before said. Ye shall understand the dryness of them is to preserve them and long to last, but if need be, ye may occupy them well undried with less portion to sow.   

What Poles are best.  
YE shall prepare your Poles of such Wood as is light and stiff, and which will not bow with every Wind, the best and meetest time to get them is in Winter, when the Sap is gone down, and as soon as ye have taken of your Hop, lay your Poles in sundry places until the next Spring, whereby they may endure the longer.   

How to order and dress your Hills.  
AFter the first year is past, your Hop being increased to more plenty of roots in your Hills, ye shall after Michaelmas every year open your Hills, and cast down the tops unto the roots, uncovering them, and cut away all the superfluous roots, some doth pluck away all the roots that spreads abroad without the Hills, then opens the Hills and puts of good new earth unto them, and so covers them again, which shall keep them from the Frost, and also make the ground fat, so shall ye let them remain unto the Spring of the year in February or March, than again if ye shall see any superfluous roots, ye may take them away, and cut them up and your Hop shall be the better, than again cast up the earth about your Hills, and cleansing them from all weeds and other roots, which will take away their strength, if the herbs remain, so let them rest till your Poles may be set therein.   

Of ground best for your Hoppe.  
THe Hop delighteth and loveth a good and reasonable fat ground, not very cold, nor yet too moist, for I have seen them prove well in Flanders, in dry Sandy fields, the Hop-hills being of good fat earth, ye may (as some say) for great need make your Hop grow and bear on any kind of Rocky ground, so that your Hills be great and fat earth, but the lower ground commonly proveth best, so that it stand well and hot in the Sun.   

A Note of the rest abovesaid.  
YE shall mark and understand, all this order above said, is to have many Hops and good, with a few roots and Plants placed in a small plot of ground. Ye shall understand, that wild Hoppe that groweth in the hedges is as good to occupy as the other to set or plant, in any other places but look that ye take not the barren Hoppe to plant, some Hoppe will be barren for want of good earth, and lack of good dressing which ye shall perceive (as I have told you) in the Summer before, that when they should bear they will be barren, which is for want of good fat earth, or an unkind year, or lack of weeding and good ordering. Therefore such as are minded to bestow labour on the ground, may have as good Hoppe growing in this country, as is in other countries: but if ye will not go to that cost to make Hoppe yards, ye may with a light charge have hops grow in your hedge-rowes, to serve as well as the other, and shall be as good for the quantity as the other in all respects: ye may (for lack of ground) plant Hoppe roots in Hedge-rowes, when ye do quick set, set up Poles by them when time shall require in the Spring and to bestow every winter after the gathering your Hoppe, on every hill head, a shovel full of dung to comfort the earth for then will they bear the more plenty of Hops the next year following. To conclude, you that have Grounds may well practise in all things aforementioned, and specially to have Hops in this ordering, for yourselves, and others: also ye shall give encouragement for others to follow hereafter, I have heard by credible persons, which have known a hundred Hills, (which is a small plot of Ground) to bear three hundred pound of Hops, so that the commodity is much and the gains great: and one pound of our Hops dried and ordere●, will go as fare as two pound of the best Hops that cometh from beyond the Seas. Thus much I thought meet, and necessary to write, of the ordering and planting of the Hoppe.   

How to pack your Hops.  
When your Hops be well tossed and turned on boarded flowers, and well dried (as I afore have showed) ye shall put them into great Sacks, according to the quantity of your Hops, and let them be trodden down hard together, which will keep their strength longer, and so ye may reserve them, and take at your pleasure. Some do use (which have but small store) to tread them into dry Fats, and so serve them for their use, which is counted the better way, and the less portion doth serve, and will longer kee●pe their virtue and strength.   
Wishing long life and prosperous Health,  
To all furtherers of this Commonwealth.  
FJNJS.   

A PERFECT PLATFORM OF A HOPPE-GARDEN.  
And necessary Instructions for the making and maintenance thereof, with Notes and Rules for reformation of all abuses, commonly practised therein, very necessary and expedient for all men to have, which in any wise have to do with Hops.  PROVERB. II. 
Who so laboureth after goodness, findeth his desire.  
LONDON. Printed by B. alsop and T. FAUCET, and are to be sold by MICHAEL YOUNG, at his Shop in Bedford-street in Coven-garden near the New Exchange. 1640.   

A PERFECT PLATFORM OF A HOPPE Garden.  
AT what time necessity, or any other good consideration shall move you to devise for a Hop Garden, you are to consider of these three things.  
First, whether you have, or can procure unto yourself any Ground good for that purpose.  
Secondly, of the convenient standing thereof.  
Thirdly, of the quantity.  
And this I say by the way, if the ground that you deal withal, be not your own inheritance, procure unto yourself some certain term therein, lest another man reap the fruit of your travail and charge.  

Of apt and unapt Ground for Hops.  
SOme hold at this day (and ancient Writers witness the same) that earth being salt and bitter of taste, 
Virgilius.  is neither good, nor apt to be made good.  
It is also often written, and generally received, that such earth as you shall see white and bare (that is to say) wholly chalk, or all sand lacking a mixture of perfect earth, or if it be clay, 
Didymus. Plinius.  or so dry, as thereby it shall gape or coane in the Summer, is nought for this or any like purpose.  
It is further said, that if you shall feel a clod (being dissolved with water) to be very clammy, or cleaving like Wax to your fingers in kneading it, the same to be profitable land, etc.  
I for my part rely not upon other men's opinions, neither mean to dispute with any man herein, I like not to make my mouth an arbitrater in this matter, mine eye may be deceived and my feeling may err in the precise distinction of good or bad land, but mine experience hath never failed in this thing (that is to say) that a barren, a moory, or wet soil (though it perhaps do content a wild Hoppe) shall never please nor maintain a good Hoppe.  
I will not say with Varro, that a good ground yields Walwoorts, nor with Collumella, that where Crabs or slowes grow, there the ground is rich. I can say nothing of Florentines experience in digging a hole, and filling it up again, and by the swelling to judge the strength, or by the gaping to define the weakness thereof; but I can say again by sure experience, that a dry ground, if it be rich, mellow, and gentle, is the soil that serveth best for this purpose, and such a mould must either be sought out, or else by cost and labour be provoked.  
If it be a very shallow rock (except you raise it with greet or good earth) you shall not set your Poles deep, steady and fast enough, to withstand the force of the wind.  
But to redress the convenience hereof, you shall be taught in the title of Poles.  
A light mould (though it be very rich) is not very apt for this purpose, for it is a received and a proved rule, that the heaviest ground will bear the most weight of Hops, I say, so as it be a ground apt for this purpose.   

Of the Situation.  
IT were good to place your Garden so as the Sun may have free recourse into it, either the whole day, or the greatest and warmest part thereof, so also as it may be armed against the violence and contagion of the wind; but thus I would wish to be considered rather in the situation of the place, naturally defended with hills, then artificially be set and guarded with Trees. Howbeit, if you be driven hereunto, provide so (if you can) that your trees may stand aloof, even that the shadow of them, reach not into your Garden, but in any wise that they drop not upon the hills.  
There be many which (to purchase the favour and benefit of the Sun) lay their Gardens very open and bleak to the South, the which I would not wish to be done, for as the forepart of the year admitteth into your Garden the cold Easterly winds, whereby ensue frosts, the which engenders Blasts, etc. So the latter part of the year maketh it subject to Southerly storms, the which do much annoy a Hoppe Garden when the Poles are loaden with Hops, and then commonly no other wind hurteth.  
It should also be placed near to your house, except you be able to warrant the fruit thereof from such fingers as put no difference between their own and other men's goods.  
Also your Garden being thus placed, there may be made thereunto the more speedy and continual recourse, besides that, that the Master's eye shall many times withstand and prevent the Servants negligence.  
By this means it may be with most ease and least charge helped with Dung.  
Finally (if it may be) let it not stand bleak to the East, West, North, or specially to the South.   

Of the quantity.  
THe quantity of your Garden, must either be measured by the proportion of your yearly expenses of Hops in your house, or by the cost you mean to bestow in the preparation and keeping thereof, or by the pains and business that you are disposed, or able to employ upon it, or else according to the profit and gains, that you mean to levy and win by it, which later consideration pleaseth and flattereth much a covetous man's conceit, whose vain or humour, (or rather vain humour) is so resisted in the rules appertaining hereunto, as many times the greediness of his desire is the overthrow of his purpose, as shall hereafter appear.   

A proportion of the charge and benefit of a Hoppe-Garden.  
BUt to be resolved in all these points that concern the quantity of your Garden, you must make your account in this wise. One man may well keep two thousand hills, and yet reserve his Winter's labour for any other purpose.  
Upon every Acre you may erect seven, eight, or nine hundreth hills, as hereafter shall be declared.  
Upon every hill well ordered, you shall have three pounds of Hops at the least.  
Two pounds and a half of these Hops will largely serve for the brewing of one quarter of Malt.  
One hundreth pounds of these Hops, are commonly worth xxvi. shillens viij. pence. So as one Acre of Ground, and the third part of one man's labour, with small cost besides, shall yield unto him that ordereth the same well, forty Marks yearly, and that for ever.  
And here is to be noted, that ground orderly used, doth not only yield the more, the greater, the harder, and the weightier Hops, but also they shall go further, they shall endure longer, they shall be holesomer for the body, and pleasanter of verdure or taste, than such as be disorderly handled. And in the savour of the Hop thus much more I say, that whereas you cannot make above eight or nine gallons of indifferent Ale out of one bushel of Malt, you may draw xviii. or xx. gallons of very good Beer, neither is the Hoppe more profitable to enlarge the quantity of your drink, then necessary to prolong the continuance thereof For if your Ale may endure a fortnight, your Beer through the benefit of the Hop shall continue a Month, and what grace it yields to the taste, all men may judge that have sense in their mouths, and if the controversy be betwixt Beer and Ale, which of them two shall have the place of pre-eminence: it sufficeth for the glory and commendation of the Beer, that here in our own country, Ale giveth place unto it, and that most part of our Countrymen do abhor and abandon Ale, as a loathsome drink, whereas in other Nation's Beer is of great estimation, and of strangers entertained as their moist choice and delicate drink Finally, that Ale which is most delicate and of best account, borroweth the Hoppe, as without the which it wanteth his chief grace and best verdure.  
These things considered, you may proceed to the making of your Garden, wherein you are yet to have counsel, for the laying out thereof, for the due season and the right trade to cut and set Hoppe roots, what choice ye shall make of them, what charge you shall be at for them, you are yet also to learn the time, when, and the way how to prepare your ground, and to make it able to entertain and nourish them, to frame your hills, to maintain them, and to pull them down to cut, to fashion, to erect, to pull up, and to preserve your Poles, to gather, to dry, and to pack your Hops, with many other circumstances necessarily appertaining hereunto. Finally, ye must be taught the reformation of many enormities and abuses which are received in most places for good rules, the which (God willing) I will set forth truly according to the notes of experience, although not learnedly after the Rules of Rhetoric.   

Of the preparation of a Hoppe Garden.  
YOu must lay forth the ground which you determine to employ this way, in as level, square, and uniform wise as you may.  
If your ground be grassy, rough, or stiff, it should be first ●owne with Hemp, or Beans, which naturally maketh the ground mellow, destroyeth weeds, and nevertheless leaveth the same in good season for this purpose.  
But in what plight or state soever your ground be, till it in the beginning of Winter with the Plough, if it be great, or with the Spade if it be small, and this do, not only the year before you plant it, but also every year after, even so long as you mean to receive the uttermost commodity of your Garden, assuring yourself that the more pains you take, and the more cost you bestow hereupon, the more you do double your profit, and the nearer you resemble the trade of the Fleming.  
Howbeit in some cases these pains may be spared (that is to say) where the mould is not deep, and the hill made both good and great, in this case (I say) the hills being pulled down, the earth contained in them, will cover the whole Garden, and all the weeds growing therein, and the same shall with help of dung maintain your hills for ever.   

The time to cut and set Hoppe Rootes.  
IN the end of March, or in the beginning of April, repair to some good Garden orderly kept, as wherein the Hops are all of a good kind, all yearly cut, and wherein all the Hills are raised very high, (for there the roots will be greatest) then compound with the owner or keeper thereof for choice roots, which in some places will cost six pence an hundreth, but commonly they shall be given unto you, so as you cut them yourself, and leave every hill orderly and fully dressed, but what order you shall use herein, I will hereafter show.   

Rules for the choice and preparation of Rootes.  
ANd now you must choose the biggest roots you can find (that is to say) such as are in bigness three or four inches about.  
And let every root which you shall provide to set, be nine or ten inches long.  
Let there be contained in every such Root, three joints.  
Let all your roots be but the Springs of the year last passed.  
You must have great regard that you cumber not your Garden with wild Hops, the which are not to be discerned from the good, by the roots, but either by the fruit, or by the stalk.   

Of the good Hoppe.  
THe good and the kindly Hoppe beareth a great and a green stalk, a large, a hard and a green bell, it appeareth out of the ground naked without leaves, until it be half a foot long.   

Of the unkindly Hoppe.  
THe Hoppe that likes not his entertainment, namely his seat, his ground, his keeper, his dung, or the manner of his setting, etc. cometh up green and small in stalk, thick and rough in leaves, very like unto a Nettle, which will be commonly devoured, or much bitten with a little black fly, who also will do harm unto good Hops where the Garden standeth bleak, or the Hop springeth rath, but be not discomforted herewith, for the heat of the Summer will reform this matter, and the latter springs will be little annoyed with this Fly, who (though she leave the leaf as full of holes as a Net) yet she seldom proceedeth to the utter destruction of the Hoppe.   

Of the wild Hoppe.  
OF the wild Hop, the fruit is either altogether seed, or else lose and red light bells, the stalk is red, howbeit, herein the difference between the good and the bad Hop is not to be discerned, until the stalk be two or three yards high, for at their first coming up, the one as well as the other appeareth red, and the best Hoppe is then the reddest.  
Provide your roots therefore, where you are beforehand assured of their goodness.   

Of setting of Hoppe Rootes.  
HAving made your provision of roots in this wise, return therewith to your Garden speedily, and either set them immediately, or lay them in some Puddle near thereunto, or bury them in the ground until conveniency of wind, weather, and leisure (the want whereof may sometimes prevent good expedition) shall serve. Provided always that you leave them not in water or puddle above xxiiii. hours, but in the earth you may leave them as long as the time of setting endureth, that is to say, till the midst of April.  
Your Garden being dressed, as before I advise you, it shall be easy for you to direct your hills aright, and that in equal distance with a Pole, or rather with a line (that will not stretch) tying thereupon short threads, or placing in it pins, according to the proportion of space which you mean to leave between your hills, whereof if one be placed out of order, it shall blemish and hurt a great part of your Garden.   

The distance of the Hills.  
IF your Garden be one Acre in bigness, and lie square, leave between every hole three yards, or eight foot at the least in space, as well that the hills may be made the greater, and that the Hops of one Pole reach not to another, as also that the Sun may the more freely and universally pass through your Garden, which by this means may yearly be ploughed betwixt the Hills, whereas otherwise it must be digged, which is a more tedious and costly business.  
If your Garden be very little, you may set the hills somewhat nearer together, namely, seven foot asunder.   

A Description of the Line.   diagram of a level line or rope 
YOur line being laid level, you must dig underneath every thread or pin placed upon the same, a hole like a Pitfall, one foot square, and one foot deep.  
When you have made twenty or thirty holes, take up so many roots; from where you bestowed them, as aught to be set therein, and go to work on this wise, always watching a time (if you may) that the wind be in some part pf the South or West, but be not so scrupulous herein, that you overslip the month of April, lest salomon's saying, be spoken of you: He that regardeth the Wind shall not sow, and he that hath respect to the Clouds shall not reap. For he that neglecteth the Month of April, shall have a bad season to cut or plant Hops.   diagram of a line or rope used as to measure planting 
Take two or three of your roots (which by this time will yield forth green sciences or white buds, and will also have small roots or beards growing out of them, the which must be, all saving the smaller sort of white buds, pared away by the old root) join them close together, so as (in any wise) they may be even in the tops: set them also together bolt upright, directly under the foresaid thread or pin, holding them hard together with one hand, while you fill the hole with the other with fine mould prepared and made ready before hand, regarding that the tops of the roots be level with the face or uppermost part of the ground.  
Take good heed also that you set not that end downward, that grew before upward, which you shall know by the buds that appear in the knots of each root, and let no part of the dead remain upon the uppermost part of the joint thereof.  
And when you have thus done, press down the earth with your foot hard to the roots, not treading upon them, but driving the lose earth close to the corner where the roots are set.  
And here is to be noted, that the readiest and evenest way, is always to set your roots at one certain corner of the hole, which corner should always be right underneath the said pin or thread, as is afore showed.  
At this time you must make no hill at all, but only cover the tops of your roots about two inches thick, with the finest mould you can get.  
When you are driven to set your roots late, if there be any green springs upon them, you may take the advantage thereof, leaving the same spring uncovered, otherwise you both destroy the spring, and endanger the root.   

Abuses and Disorders in Setting.  
SOme use to set at every corner of the hole one root, but this is a naughty and a tedious trade, because a man shall be longer in dressing one of these, then about four other. To be short, you shall this way so cumber both yourself and your Garden, that you will soon be weary with working, and your Garden as soon weary of bearing.  
Some wind them, and set both ends upward, and herein both the cunning of the workman, and the goodness of the roots, are together very lively expressed, for if the roots were good, they could not be so wound, or if the workman were skilful, he would not be so fond to set them in that order.  
Some use to lay them thwart or flat, but I say flatly that the same is an overthwart and preposterous way, for they can neither prosper well, (as being set contrary to their nature and kind of growing) nor be kept as they ought to be.  
Some use to make hills, and then set their roots therein, but these conclude themselves from ministering succour unto them at any time after, besides many inconveniences hereby ensuing.  
Some set their roots, and then bury them with a great hill made upon them, and this is all one with the other, saving that the hill so choketh these, as most commonly they grow not at all▪  
Finally, there be as many evil ways to set, as there be ignorant men to devise.   

Provision against annoyance, and spoil of your Garden.  
IF your Garden be small, and very nigh to your house, you may arm every hill with a few thorns to defend them from the annoyance of Poultry, which many times will scope and bath among the hills, and so discover & hurt the springs, but a Goose is the most noisome vermin that can enter into this Garden, for (besides the Allegory that may be applied in this case) a Goose will knabble upon every young science or Hop bud, that appeareth out of the ground, which never will grow afterwards, and therefore as well to avoid the Goose, as other noisome cattles, let your closure be made strong, and kept tied.   

Of Poles.  
IT remaineth that I speak now of Poles, because Poaling is the next work now to be done.  
If your hills be distant three yards asunder, provide for every hill four Poles, if you will make your hills nearer together, three Poles shall suffice.  
And note that in the first year you may occupy as many Poles as in any year after, the reason whereof I will declare in the title of Hills.  
Alder Poles are best for this purpose, as whereunto the Hops seem most willingly and naturally to incline, because both the fashion of these Poles being as a Taper, small above, and great below, and also the roughness of the Alder-ryne, stayeth the Hop stalk more firmly from sliding down, than either Ash or Oak, which for continuance be somewhat better, howbeit, these with the order that I shall prescribe, will endure six or seven years.  
These are also best cheap, and easiest to be gotten in most places, and soon grown ready for this purpose.  
There is in the Springs of these, least danger in growing, or in being destroyed, or bitten by cattles.  
Finally, by the expense of these, there ensueth the least annoyance to the Commonwealth, as well for the causes aforesaid, as also because they grow not in so great quantity, to so good timber, nor for so many purposes as either Oak or Ash.  
The best time to out your Poles, is between Alhallontide and Christmas, but you must pile them up immediately after they are cut, sharped, reform in length, and smoothed, lest they rot before you occupy them.  
You may not leave any scrags upon them, the reason whereof you shall conceive in the title of gathering Hops.  
Your Poles may not be above xv. or xuj. foot long at the most, except your ground be very rich, or that you added thereunto great labour in raising up your hills, or else except your hills stand too near together: if any of these chance to be, or if all these three things meet in one Garden, the best way of reformation, is to set the fewer Poles to a hill, or to let them remain the longer. Otherwise the Hops will grow from one Pole to another, and so  your Garden, the fault thereof being especially to be imputed to the nearness of the hills. Therefore chief you must measure your Poles by the goodness of your ground.  
The Hoppe never stocketh kindly, until it reach higher than the Pole, and return from it a yard or two, for whilst it tendeth climbing upward, the branches which grow out of the principal stalk (wherein consisteth the abundance of increase) grow little or nothing.  
Let the quantity of your Poles be great (that is to say) nine, or ten inches about the lower end, so shall they endure the longer, and withstand the wind the better.  
To describe the price of Poles, or what it will cost you to furnish a Garden containing o●e Acre of ground, it were a hard matter, because the place altereth the price of Wood But in a Wain you may carry a hundreth and fifty Poles, and 〈◊〉 small cause why a load of these should be much dearer than 〈◊〉 of any other Wood  
After the first year, Poles will be nothing chargeable unto you, for you may either pick them out of your own provision of Fuel, or buy them of your Neighbours that have no occasion to apply them this way. For the yearly supply of two loads of Poles, will maintain one Acre continually.  
Your rotten and broken Poles will do you good service, for the kindling of your fires in the Host, whereupon you should dry your Hops, and they should be preserved chief for that purpose.  
At Poppering (where both scarcity and experience hath taught them to make careful provision hereof) they do commonly at the East and North side of their Gardens, set and preserve Alders, wherewith they continually maintain them.  
Before you set up your Poles, lay them all alongst your Garden between every row of hills by three or four together, I mean beside every Hill so many Poles as you determine to set thereon, so shall you make the more speed in your work.   

Of the erection of Poles.   iron-tipped wooden forked tool 
You must set every Pole a foot and a half deep, and within two or three inches at the most of the principal root.  
If your ground be rocky and shallow, tarry the longer before you set up your Poles, so as your Hops may be grown two or three foot high, that you may adventure to make a hill or bank at every pole to stay and uphold the same, without burying any of the younger Springs, which may afterward be covered with less danger and annoyance of the principal root.  
Let the Poles of every hill lean a little outward one from another.   

Of Ramming of Poles.  
THen with a piece of wood as big below as the great end of one of your Poles, ram the earth that lieth at the outside of the Pole thereunto, but meddle not within the compass of your Poles, as they are placed, lost you spoil the Springs.   

Of Reparation of Poles.  
IF any of the Poles chance to break in many pieces when the Hop is grown up, undo and pull away the same broken Pole, and tie the top of those Hops to the top of a new pole, then winding it a turn or two about according to the course of the Sun, set it in the hole, or besides the hole where the broken Pole stood, but some being loath to take so much pains, turn it about the other Poles that stand upon the same hill, and so leave it. But if it be not broken above the midst, the best way is, to set a new Pole or stalk beside the broken pole to the same, which may uphold the said broken pole, and preserve the Hop. If the pole be only broken at the nether end, you may shove the said pole again into the hill, and so leave it.   

Of pulling up Poles.  
ANd because, when the hills are made great, and raised high, you can neither easily pull up any, nor possible pull up all your poles except you break them, etc. especially if the wether or the ground be dry, or else the Poles old or small, I thought good to show you an Instrument wherewith you shall pull them up without disease to yourself, destruction to your poles, or expense of your money the charge being  pincers or tongs only fourteen or fifteen pound of Iron, wherewith the Smith shall make you a pair of tongs, (or rather you may call them) a pair of pinsers, of the fashion here set down, the which may also be made with wood if you thiake good.   

The way to make the Instrument wherewith to pull up the Hoppe Poles.  
THey must be one yard in length, whereof six or seven inches may be allowed for the mouth or lower end of them, which serveth to clasp or catch hold on the Pole, the same nether end should be the strongest part thereof, and the mouth somewhat hollow in the midst, and there also bending downward, whereby the extreme point may rise a little upward.  
Upon the upper edges of the inside thereof, the Smith should hack or raise a few small teeth, whereby your tool may take the surer hold upon the Pole.  
He must also fasten upon every side of this Instrument a riding hook, the which may clasp and stay both sides together when they have caught hold on the pole.   

The manner of pulling up the Hoppe Poles.  
YOu shall lay a little square block upon the top of the hill, and the better to remove the same from hill to hill, you may thrust therein a pin. Upon the same block you may rest your pinsers when they have clasped the very lowest part of your Pole, and then holding the upper part of each side in your hands, the hook being clasped, and pulled up hard towards you● you shall easily weigh up your Poles.   

Of the preservation of Poles.  
ANd although we are not yet come to the laying up of Poles, I am bold herein, as I began too late, so to make an end too quickly, because I would touch the whole matter of Poles together, laying them by themselves, (I mean) comprehending under one title, the business appertaining unto them.  
For the preservation and better continuance of Poles, some make houses of purpose, and lay them up therein.  
Some set them upright to a Tree, and over them make a penthouse of boughs or boards.  
Some lay a great heap of Hopstalkes upon the ground, and upon them a great heap of Poles, and upon the Poles again lay another heap of stalks, etc.  
These men do hereby express no great experience, although by their diligence they signify a good desire.  
You shall need to do no more but thus. At the ends or sides of your Garden, take three Poles standing upon three hills placed directly one by another, and three like Poles upon three other hills of the next row right over against them, constrain them to meet together by two and two in the tops, and so hold them till one with a forked wand may put three Withes (like unto three Broome bands, which may be made of the stalks of Hops) upon each couple of the said six Poles, so shall the same six Poles being so bound by two and two together, stand like the roof or rafters of an house.  
To keep the Poles that shall lie nethermost from rotting, by the moistness of the ground: within the compass of your said six hills, (underneath the Poles that you have fastened together in the tops,) raise three little banks cross or thwart from hill to hill, as though you would make your six hills to be but three.  
Upon those banks lay a few Hopstalkes, and upon them your Poles, observing that one stand at one end of the room, and another at the other end, ordering the matter so, as the tops of the Poles lie not all one way, but may be equally and orderly divided: otherwise one end of the room would be full before the other, whereas now they shall lie even and sharp above, like an Haystacke, or the ridge of an house, and sufficiently defend themselves from the weather.  
If you think that you have not Poles enough to fill the room, pull down the Withs or bands lower, and your room will be less, and this do before you lay in your Poles.   

Of tying of Hops to the Poles.  
When your Hops are grown about one or two foot high, bind up (with a Rush or a Grass) such as decline from the Poles, winding them as often about the same Poles as you can, and directing them always according to the course of the Sun, but if your leisure may serve (to do it at any other time of the day) do it not in the morning when the dew remaineth upon them.  
If you lay soft green Rushes abroad in the dew and the Sun, within two or three days, they will be lythie, tough, and handsome for this purpose of tying, which may not be fore-stowed, for it is most certain that the Hop that lieth long upon the ground before he be tied to the Pole, prospereth nothing so well as it which sooner attaineth thereunto.   

Of Hilling and Hills.  
NOw you must begin to make your Hills, and for the better doing thereof, you must prepare a tool of Iron fashioned somewhat like to a Cooper's Adds, but not so much bowing, neither so narrow at the head, and therefore likest to the nether part of a shovel, the paul whereof must be made with a round hole to receive a helve, like to the helve of a Mattock, and in the paul also a nail hole must be made, to fasten it to the helve.  
This helve should bow somewhat like to a , or to the steal of a , and it must be little more than a yard long.   cutting and digging tool, similar to a cooper's adze, hoe, mattock or brush hook 
Some think it impertinent and not necessary to make hills the first year, partly because their distrust of this year's profit quallifieth their diligence in this behalf, and partly for that they think that the principal root prospereth best, when there be no new roots of them forced and maintained. But experience confuteth both these conjectures, for by industry, the first year's profit will be great, and thereby also the principal sets much amended, as their prosperity in the second year will plainly declare.  
But in this work you must be both painful and curious, as wherein consisteth the hope of your gains, and the success of your work. For the greater in quantity you make your hills, the more in number you shall have of your Hops, and the fewer weeds you shall have on your ground, the more Hops you shall have upon your Poles.  
In consideration whereof I say, your labour must be continual from this time almost till the time of gathering, in raising your hills and clearing ground from weeds.  
In the first year that you plant your Hop garden, suppress not one science, but suffer them all to climb up to the Poles, for if you should bury or cover all the springs of any one of your three roots, which you did lately set, the root thereof perisheth, and perhaps out of some one root there will not proceed above one or two springs, which being buried, that root I say dyeth, and therefore the more poles are at this time requisite.  
After the first year you must not suffer above two or three stalks at the most to grow up to one Pole, but put down and bury all the rest.  
Howbeit, you may let them all grow till they be four or five foot high at the least, whereby you shall make the better choice of them which you mean to attain, whereby also the principal root will be the better, etc.  
Some suffer their Hops to climb up to the tops of the Poles, and then make the hills at one instant in such quantity as they mean to leave them, which is neither the best nor the second way.  
But if (for expedition) you be driven hereunto, begin sooner (that is to say) when the Hops be four or five foot long, and afterwards if leisure shall serve, refresh them again with more earth.  
But to make them well, and as they ought to be made, you must immediately after your poles are set, make a little bank or circle round about the outside of them, as a mention how wide your hill shall be, and as a receptacle to retain and keep moisture, whereof there cannot lightly come too much, so it come from above.  
If your Garden be great, by that time that you have made an end of these circles or banks, it will be time to proceed further towards the building up of your hills.  
Now therefore return again to the place where you began, or else where you see the Hops highest, and with your tool pair off the uppermost earth from the Allies or spaces between the hills, and lay the same in your Hops, upon and within the circle that you made before, always leaving the same highest of any part of the hill, and so pass through your Garden again and again, till you have raised your hills by little and little, to so great a quantity as is before declared, and look how high your hill is, so long are your new roots, and the greater your new roots or springs be, the more larger and better your Hops will be.  
Great and overgrown weeds should not be laid upon the hills, as to raise them to their due quantity, but when with diligence and expedition you pass through your Garden, continually paring away each green thing assoon as it appeareth, you shall do well, with the same, and the uppermost mould of your Garden together, to maintain and increase the substance of your hills, even till they be almost a yard high.  
In the first year take not your hill too rath, lest in the doing thereof you oppress some of those springs which would otherwise have appeared out of the ground.  
It shall not be amiss now and then to pass through your Garden, having in each hand a forked wand, directing aright such Hops as decline from the poles, but some in stead of the said forked wands, use to stand upon a stool, and do it with their hands.   

Abuses in Hilling.  
SOme observe no time, and some no measure in making their hills, but (having hard say that hills are necessary) they make them they care not when nor how.  
Some make hills once for all, and never after pluck down the same, but better it were to make no hill, than so to do, for after the first year it doth derogate, and not add any comfort to the root, except the same be every year new made and dressed, etc.  
Some use to break off the tops of the Hops when they are grown a xi. or xii. foot high, because thereby they burnish and stock exceedingly, wherein though I cannot commend their do, yet do they much better than such as will have their Poles as long as their Hops.  
But if your Pole be very long, and that the Hop have not attained to the top thereof before the midst of july, you shall do well then to break or cut off the top of the same Hop, for so shall the residue of the growing time serve to the maintenance and increase of the branches, which otherwise would expire without doing any good in that matter, because that whole time would then be employed to the lengthening of the stalk, which little prevaileth (I say) to the stocking or increase of the Hoppe,  
And here is to be noted that many covetous men thinking (in haste) to enlarge their lucre, do find (at leisure) their commodity diminished, whilst they make their hills too thick, their Poles too long, and suffer too many stalks to grow upon one Pole, wherein (I say) while they run away flattering themselves with the imagination of double gains, they are overtaken with treble damage (that is to say) with the loss of their time, their labour, and their cost.   

Of the gathering of Hops.  
NOte that commonly at St. Margaret's day, Hops blow, and at Lammas they bell, but what time your Hops begin to change colour (that is to say) somewhat before Michaelmas (for then you shall perceive the seed to change colour, and wax brown) you must gather them, and for the speedier dispatch thereof, procure as much help as you can, taking the advantage of fair weather, and note that you were better to gather them too rath then too late.  
To do the same in the readiest and best order, you must pull down four hills standing together in the midst of your Garden, cut the roots of all those hills, as you shall be taught in the title of Cutting, etc. Then pair the plot small, level it, throw water on it, tread it, and sweep it, so shall it be a fair floor, whereon the Hops must lie to be picked.  
Then beginning near unto the same, cut the stalks asunder close by the tops of the hills, and if the Hops of one Pole be grown fast unto another, cut them also asunder with a sharp hook, and with a forked staff take them from the Poles.  
You may make the Fork and Hooke (which cutteth asunder the Hops that grow together) one apt instrument to serve both these turns.  
Then may you with the forked end, thrust up, or shove off, all such stalks as remain upon each Hop pole, and carry them to the floor prepared for that purpose.  
For the better doing hereof, it is very necessary that your Poles be strait without scrags or knobs.  
In any wise cut no more stalks than you shall carry away within one hour or two at the most, for if in the mean time the Sun shine hot, or it happen to rain, the Hops remaining cut in that sort) will be much impaired thereby.  
Let all such as help you, stand round about the floor, and suffer them not to pingle in picking one by one, but let them speedily strip them into Baskets prepared ready therefore.  
It is not hurtful greatly though the smaller leaves be. mingled with the Hops, for in them is retained great virtue, insomuch as in Flanders they were sold, Anno Domini 1566. for xxvi shillins viij. pence the hundreth, no one Hop being mingled with them.  
Remember always to clear your floor twice or thrice every day, and sweep it clean at every such time, before you go to work again.  
If the weather be unlike to be fair, you may carry these Hops into your house in Blankets or Baskets, etc. and there accomplish this work. Use no linen hereabouts, for the Hops will stain it so, as it can never be washed out.  
If your Poles be scraggie, so as you cannot strip the stalks from them in this order, you must pull them up with main force before the Hops be gathered, and this is painful to yourself, hurtful to your Hops, and a delay to your work.  
Then must you lay these poles upon a couple of forked stalks driven into the ground, being two or three yards distant one from another, as Spits upon Ranges, and so dispatch this business if the weather be fair, if it be like to be foul, you must be feign to carry the Hops together with the Pole into your Barn or house.  
In any wise let not the Hops be wet when you cut them from the hills, neither make any delay of gathering after the same time of cutting, for in standing abroad they will shed their seed, wherein consisteth the chief virtue of the Hop, and hereof I cannot warn you too often, nor too earnestly.  
Now by order I should declare unto you the manner of drying your Hops, but because I must therewithal describe the places meet for that purpose, with many circumstances appertaining thereunto, I will be bold first to finish the work within your Hop-garden, and then to lead you out of the same, into the place where you must dry your Hops, etc.  
When your Hops are gathered, assoon as you have leisure, take up your poles and pise them (that remain good) as I have showed you in the title of Poles.  
Then carry out your broken Poles, and the Hop-straw to the fire.  
Now may you departed out of your Garden, till the March following, except in the mean time you will bring in dung or good earth to the maintenance thereof, towards the heightening of your hills, or else will plough it, etc.   

What there is to be done in Winter hereen.  
TO be curious in laying Dung upon the hills in Winter, as to comfort or warm the roots (as some do) it shall be needless, rather pluck down the hills, and let the roots lie bare all the Winter season, and this is usually done where Hops are best ordered, especially to restrain them from too rath springing, which is the cause of Blasts and many other Inconveniences.  
If the ground be great that you keep, you shall be driven so to do, otherwise you shall not be able to overcome your work in due time.  
In any case you must avoid new horse-dung as a very noisome and pernicious thing for your Hops.  
Stall dung is the best that can be wished for to serve this turn, so it be throughly rotten.  
Rather use no dung than unrotten dung about the dressing of your Hops, but omit not to bring into your Garden dung that may there be preserved till it be good or needful to be used.   

When and where to lay Dung.  
ABout the end of April (if your ground be not rich enough) you must help every hill with a handful or two of good earth, not when you cut your roots, for than it will rather do harm then good, but when the Hop is wound about the Pole, then should you do it.   

The order for reforming your Ground.  
IN March you shall return to your Garden, and find it replenished with weeds, except by tillage, etc. you have prevented that matter already. It must (as well therefore, as because the earth may be more fine, rich, and easy to be delivered unto the hills) be digged over or ploughed, except in the case mentioned.   

The order of cutting Hoppe-rootes.  
When you pull down your hills, (which if you have not already done, you must now of necessity go about to do) you should (with your Garden tool) undermine them round about, till you come near to the principal roots, and then take the upper or younger roots in your hand, and shake of the earth, which earth being again removed away with your said tool you shall discern where the new roots grow out of the old Sets.  
In the doing hereof, be careful that you spoil not the old Sets, as for the other roots which are to be cut aw●y, you shall not need to spare them to the delay of your work, except such as you mean to set.  
Take heed that you uncover not any more than the tops of the old sets in the first year of cutting.  
At what time soever you pull down your hills, cut not your roots before the end of March, or in the beginning of April, and then remember the wind.  
In the first year (I mean) at the first time of cutting and dressing of your roots, you must (with a ●●●rpe knife) cut away all such roots or springs as grew the year before out of your sets, within one inch of the same.  
Every year after you must cut them as close as you can to the old roots, even as you see an O●●e●s head cut.  
There groweth out of the old sets certain Roots, right downwards not jointed at all, which serve only for the nourishing and comfort of those sets or principal roots which are not to be cut off. There be other like unto them growing outward at the sides of the sets. If these be not met withal, and cut asunder, they will encumber your whole Garden.  
Because it may seem hard to discern the old sets from the new Springs, I thought good to advertise you how easy a thing it is to see the difference thereof; for first you shall be sure to find your Sets where you did set them, nothing increased in length, but somewhat in bigness enlarged, and in few years all your Sets will be grown into one, so as by the quantity that thing shall plainly appear: and lastly, the difference is seen by the colour, the old root being red, the other white, but if the hills be not yearly pulled down, and the roots yearly cut, than indeed the old sets shall not be perceived from the other roots.  
If your Sets be small, and placed in good ground, and the hill well maintained, the new roots will be greater than the old.  
If there grow in any hill a wild Hop, or whensoever the stalk waxeth red, or when the Hop in any wise decayeth, pull up every root in that hill, and set new in their places, at the usual time of cutting and setting, or if you list, you may do it when you gather Hops, with the roots which you cut away, when you make your picking place.   

Of divers men's follies.  
MAny men seeing the springs so forward, as they will be by this time, are loath to lose the advantage thereof, and more unwilling to cut away so many goodly Roots, but they that are timorous in this behalf, take pity upon their own profit, and are like unto them that refrain to lay dung upon their Corn land, because they would not betray it with so uncleanly a thing.  
And some that take upon them great skill herein, think that for the first year they may be left unhilled and uncut, etc. deceiving themselves with this conceit, that then the Sets prosper best within the ground when they send least of their nature and state out of the ground. In this respect also they pull away or suppress all such Springs (as soon as they appear) which grow more, and besides them which they mean to assign to each Pole, as though when a man's fingers were cut off, his hand would grow the greater. Indeed if there be no hill maintained, than the more Springs are suffered to grow from out of the principal root, the more burden and punishment it will be to the same. But when the Springs are maintained with a hill, so much as remaineth within the same is converted into roots, which rather add than take away any state from the principal root, in consideration hereof, the suppressing of the Springs may not be too rath, for whatsoever opinion be hereof received, the many Springs never hurt the principal root, if the hills be well maintained, but it is the cumbring and shadowing of one to another that worketh the annoyance.  
When you have cut your Hops you must cover them as you were taught in the title of Setting, and proceeding according to the order already set down,   

Of Disorders and Maintainers thereof.  
SOme there be that despise good order, being deceived with a show of increase, which sometime appeareth in a disordered ground, to them I say, and say it truly, that the same is a bad and a small increase in respect of the other.  
I say also that although disorderly do at the first may have a countenance of good success, yet in few years the same, and all hope thereof will certainly decay.  
Some other there be that despise good order, satisfying themselves with this, that they have sufficiently to serve their own turn, without all these troubles, and surely it were pity that these should be troubled with any great abundance, that in contempt of their own profit, and of the Commonwealth, neglect such a benefit proffered unto them.   

Of an Host.  
NOw have I showed unto you the perfect Platform of a Hop-Garden, out of the which I led you for a time, and brought you in again when time required, and there would I leave you about your business, were it not to show you by description such an Host as they dry their Hops upon at Poppering, with the order thereof, etc. Which for the small charges and trouble in drying, for the speedy and well drying, and for the handsome and easy doing thereof, may be a profitable pattern, and a necessary instruction for as many as have, or shall have to do herein.   

Of the several Rooms for an Host.  
FIrst a little house must be built, of length xviii. or nineteen. foot, of wideness eight, wherein must be comprehended three several rooms.  
The middle and principal room must be for your Host, eight foot square. The forepart which is to contain your green Hops, and the hinder part which must receive your dried Hops, will fall out to be five foot long, and eight foot wide a piece.  
The chief matters that are to be by me described herein, are the Furnace below, wherein the fire is to be made, and the bed above whereon the Hops must lie to be dried: this I have chief to advise you of, that you build the whole house and every part thereof as close as you can, and to place it near to your Garden for the better expedition of your work, and somewhat distant from your house to avoid the danger of fire.   

Of the Furnace or Keele.  
THe floor or nether part of your Furnace must be above thirteen inches wide.  
The depth or height thereof must be thirty inches,  
The length of it must be about six or seven foot (that is to say) reaching from the forepart of the Host almost to the further end thereof, so as there be left no more room but as a man may pass between the wall and the end of it.  
It must be made wide below and narrow above, fashioned in outward shape somewhat like to the roof of an house.  
It must have three rows of holes at each side, the length of one Brick asunder, and the bigness of half a Brick, placed checkerwise. Before you begin to make your holes, you should lay two rows of Brick, and when your three ranks of holes are placed upon them, you must lay again over them another row of Brick, and upon the same you must place your last and highest course, and they must stand long-wise (as it were a tiptoe) the tops of the Bricks meeting together above (the nether part of them resting upon the uppermost course) and note that till then, each side must be built alongst directly upward.  
You should leave almost a foot space between the mouth of your Furnace, and your rows of holes, especially of that row which is nethermost.  
The further or hinder end of your Furnace the which is opposite to the mouth thereof, must be built flat with an upright wall, and there must also be left holes as at the sides.  
The Furnace in the top (I mean from the upper course of h●les) must be daubed very well with mortar.  
And so upon the top of your Furnace there will remain a gutter, (whereupon the Flemmins use to bake Apples, etc.) and the highest part thereof will reach within two foot and less of the Host.  

The hindermost part or further end of the Furnace.   

One side of the Furnace.   

The mouth and forepart of the Furnace.    diagram of a furnace  

Of the bed or upper floor of the Host, wherein the Hops must be dried.  
THe bed or upper floor whereon the Hops shall lie to be dried, must be placed almost five foot above the nether floor, whereon the Furnace standeth.  
The two walls at each side of the house, serve for the bed to rest upon two ways.  
Now must two other walls be built at each end of your Host, whereon the other two parts of the bed must rest, and by this means shall you have a close square room beneath, betwixt the lower floor and the bed, so as the floor below shall be as wide as the bed above.  
These two walls must also be made four foot above the bed (that is to say) about nine foot high.  
At the one end below, besides the mouth of the furnace, you must make a little door into the room beneath the bed. At the other end above the bed you must make a Window to shove off from the bed the dried Hops, down into the room● below prepared for them.  
The bed should be made as the bed of any other Host, saving that the Rails or Laths which serve therefore must be sawn very even one inch square, and laid one quarter of an inch asunder. But there may be no more beams to stay the Laths but one, and the same must be laid flat and not on edge, in the midst from one end of that room to the other, and the Laths must be let into the same beam, so as the upper side of the beam and all the Laths may lie even.  

The Window printed unto may not s●and below in the nether row but above as is before declared.    plan of an oasthouse 
And now once again wishing you to make every door, Window, and joint of this house close, I will leave building, and proceed to the drying of Hops, saving that I may not omit to tell you, that you should either build all the walls of this room with Brick●, or else with Lime and Hair pargit them over: and at the least that wall wherein the mouth of the Furnace standeth be made of Brick.  
And although I have delayed you from time to time; and brought you from place to place, and tediously led you in and out, and too and fro in the demonstration hereof, yet must I be bold to bring you round about again, even to the place where I left you picking, from whence you must speedily convey your picked Hops to the place built and prepared for them, and with as much speed hasten the drying of them.   

The orderly Drying of Hops.  
THe first business that is to be done herein, is to go up to the bed of the Host, and there to receive Baskets filled with Hops, at the hands of one that standeth below.  
Then beginning at the further end (lest you should tread on them) lay down Basketfull by Basketfull, till the floor or bed be all covered, always stirring them even and level, with a Cudgel, so as they may lie about a foot and a half thick, and note that upon this Host, there is no Oste-cloth to be used.  
Now must you come down to make your fire in the Furnace, for the kindling whereof your old broken Poles are very good, howbeit, for the continuance and maintenance of this fire, that wood is best which is not too dry, and somewhat great.  
Your Hop stalks or any other straw is not to be used herein.  
You shall not need to lay the wood through to the farther end of your Furnace, for the fire made in the fore-pare thereof, will bend that way, so as the heat will universally and indifferently ascend and proceed out of every hole.  
You must keep herein a continual and hot fire, howbeit, you must stir it as little as you can.  
Neither may you stir the Hops that lie upon the Host, until they be throughly dried.  
When they are dry above, then are they ready to be removed away, and yet sometimes it happeneth (that through the disorderly laying of them) they are not so soon dry in one place, as they are in another.  
The way to help that matter, is to take a little Pole (wherewith you shall sensibly feel and perceive which be, and which be not dry, by the rattling of the Hops which you shall therewith touch) and with the same Pole of turn aside such Hops as be not dry, abating the thickness to the moist place.  
When your Hops are dry, rake up the fire in such sort as there may be no delay in the renewing thereof.  
Then with expedition shove them out of the window before mentioned into the room prepared to receive them, with a Rake fashioned like a Cole-rake, having in stead of teeth a board, etc.  
This being done, go down into the lower floor, and sweep together such Hops and Seeds as are fallen thereinto, and lay them up among the dried Hops, and then without delay cover the bed again with green Hops, and kindle your fire.  
Lay your dried Hops on a heap together till they be cold, and by this means such as were not perfectly dried through some disorder upon the Host, shall now be reform.  
If they have been well ordered, they will now be thrown, and yet bright.  
If they be black and dark, it is a note that they are disordered.  
The Flemings pack them not up before they sell them to the Merchant, but lay them in some corner of a Loft where they tread them close together.   

Other manners of Drying not so good.  
SOme use to dry their Hops upon a common Host, but that way there can be no great speed in your work, nor small expense of your wood, besides the danger of fire and ill success of your do.  
On this Host you must have an Host cloth, otherwise the Seed and Hops that fall down shall not only perish, but endanger the burning of your Host.  
Upon this Host you may not lay your Hops above eight or nine inches thick, which nevertheless shall not be so soon dry as they which lie upon the other Host almost two foot thick, and therefore this way you shall make more toil in your work, more spoil in your Hops, and more expense in your wood.  
Some use to dry their Hops in a Garret, or upon the floor of a Loft or Chamber, in the reproof whereof I must say, that as few men have room enough in their houses to contain any great quantity or multitude of Hops, so the dust that will arise, shall impair them, the chinks, crevices, and open joints of your Lofts being not close byrthed, will devour the seed● of them, in the end the leaves will endanger them with heating, when they are packed, as being not so soon dry as the Hops, which thereby shall be utterly spoilt in colour, in scent, and in verdure.  
As for any low rooms or earthen floors, they are yet worse for this purpose then the other, for either they yield dust in dryness or moisture in wet weather.  
And therefore if you have no Host, dry them in a Loft as open to the air as may be: sweep, wash, and rub the boards, and let your Broom reach to the walls, and even to the roof of your Loft, for I can teach you no way to divide the dust from your Hops, but so to prevent the inconvenience hereof.  
Stop the holes and chinks of your floor, lay them not above half a foot thick, and turn them once a day at the least, by the space of two or three weeks.  
This being done, sweep them up into a corner of your Loft, and there let them lie as long more, for yet there remaineth peril in packing of them.  
If the year prove very wet, your Hops ask the longer time of drying, and without an Host will never be well dried.   

The very worst way of drying Hops.  
SOme lay their Hops in the Sun to dry, and this taketh away the state of the Hops, and nevertheless leaveth the purpose of drying undone.   

Of not Drying.  
SOme gather them, and brew with them being green and undried, supposing that in drying, the virtue and state of the Hop decayeth and fadeth away, wherein they are deceived: for the verdure is worse, the strength less, and the quantity must be more of green Hops that are to be brewed in this sort.  
In the first Woort which the Brewers call the Hopwort (because the time of seething thereof is short) there goeth out of these Hops almost no virtue at all, and therefore experience hath taught them that are driven to brew with these green Hops, to seethe them again in the Woort, which they call the Ney beer, where after long seething they will leave the state which remaineth in them, and that is not much.   

Of the Packing of Hops.  
IN the making of your Hop-sackes, use your own cunning or invention, for I have small skill therein, howbeit, I can tell you that the Hop-sackes that are brought out of Flanders, may be good samplers for you to work by, the stuff is not dainty wherewith they are made, the Loom is not costly wherein they are woven, the cunning not curious whereby they are fashioned, but when you have them, and are ready to pack your Hops, do thus.  
Thrust into the mouth of your Sack (which must be doubled and turned in strongly lest it break) four strong pins, a foot long a piece, placed in equal distance the one from the other, then lay two Bats or big Poles cross or thwart two Beams or Couple of your house, which two Bats must lie no farther asunder than the wideness of the Sacks mouth. Fasten upon each pin a rope, and knit two of those ropes upon each cross Bat, so as the bottom of the Sack being empty, may hang within half a foot of the floor, then stand within the Sack, and receive the Hops, treading down very hard, and before the Sack be half full, it will rest upon the ground, whereby you shall be able to press them the harder together.  
But the handsomer way were to make a square hole (as wide as the Sacks mouth) in the floor of the Loft, where your Hops lie, and to hang down your Sack at that hole, and with a Scuppet or shovel to shove down your Hops thereinto, and to receive them as is aforesaid: when the Sack is almost full, undo the ropes, and wind those pins about for the harder shutting of the Sack, and fasten them therein.  
If you list, you may sow (over the mouth of this Sack) another piece of Sackcloth, whereof you must leave a little unsowed, until you have thrust as many Hops as you can between the Sack and the same, but in beholding the Hop-sackes sent from Poppering, you shall better understand and learn the do hereof.  
For your own provision you may preserve them in Dry-fats, Barrels, or such like Vessels, for want of room to leave them in, or Sacks to pack them in.  
There is according to the Proverb, much falsehood in packing, I am unskilful in that Art, if I were otherwise, I would be loath to teach such doctrine.  
But to avoid such deceit, and to make the more perfect and better choice, it is usual and lawful in most places where Hops are sold, to cut the Sack that you mean to buy, in seven or eight places, and to search at each place whether the Hops be of like goodness.  
Such places as you shall feel with your hand to be softer than the rest, you should specially cut, where perhaps you shall find Hops of another kind, elder or worse than the rest.   

The reformation of a Garden of wild Hops.  
TO reform a Garden where the Hops be wild, the work is tedious, and none other way remaineth, but to dig over the same with a Spade, so deep as you may search out and throw out every root and piece of root that may be found in, or near thereunto, and then to plant according to the order before declared.   

The reformation of a disordered Garden.  
TO repair a ruinous Garden, which through ignorance was disorderly set, and through sloth suffered to overrun and decay, where nevertheless the Hops remain of a good kind (though somewhat impaired, as needs they must be, by this means) the very best way were to do as to the wild Hoppe.  
The second way is to forget that it is disordered at all, imagining that all were well, and to set your Poles in such order, and so fare asunder as is prescribed in that title, always directing them right with a line, so as a stranger beholding them, may suppose that your Garden is kept after the best manner, then lead unto each Pole two or three stalks which you shall find nearest thereunto, and there erect a hill which you may ever after cut and dress according to the rules before declared, and so by continual digging, paring, and diligence, you shall at leisute bring it to some reasonable perfection.  
If your Garden be very much matted with roots, so as it be too tedious to dig, set your Poles as you are already taught, and bring into your Garden, and lay near to every such place where you mean to make a hill, one Cart load of good earth, with the which, after your Hops are tied to your Poles, begin to make your hill, and proceed as in the title of Hills, always cutting down such Hops or weeds as grow between the said hills.  
If your roots be set orderly, and your hills made accordingly, and yet left undressed by the space of two or three years, it will be very hard (I say) to discern the Sets from the other later roots: nevertheless, if your geound be good, you may yet reform the inconvenience thereof, namely, by pulling down the hill, and cutting away all the roots contained therein, even with the face or upper part of the earth, searching also each side, and digging yet lower, and round about the root which remaineth, and to take away from the same all such roots as appear out thereof.   

Needless curiosities used by the unskilful.  
TO water your Garden, as to make the roots grow the better, it were more tedious than needful, for the hilling thereof serveth for that purpose, and there is time of growing sufficient for them betwixt the midst of April and August, and yet it never hurteth, but rather doth good, if it be before the hill be made.  
To pluck of the leaves, to the end that the Hops may prosper the better, is also needless, and to no purpose, and rather hindereth than helpeth the growth of the Hops, for they are hereby deprived of that garment which Nature hath necessarily provided for them, and clothed them with.  
To flaw the Poles, thereby to prolong their continuance, is more than needeth to be done in this behalf, for it is too tedious to yourself, and hurtful to your Hop, and little availeth to the purpose aforesaid.  
To burn the nether part or great end of your Poles, as some do, to the end they should last or endure the longer, as also endure the longer, is also an unnecessary trouble, only Willow Poles you may so use, to keep them from growing.  
So is it to weed the Hills with the hand, whereas the same weeds shall be buried by the raising of the Hill.   
FJNJS.   

The expert Gardener: OR, A Treatise containing certain necessary, secret, and ordinary knowledges in Grafting and Gardening: with divers proper new Plots for the Garden.  
Also sundry expert Directions to know the time and season when to sow and replant all manner of Seeds. With divers remedies to destroy Snails, Cankerworms, Moths, Garden-Fleas, Earthworms, Moles, and other Vermin.  
Faithfully collected out of sundry Dutch and French Authors.  
LONDON, Printed by Richard Herne. 1640.   

Certain common Instructions how the Stump must be chosen, whereupon you will graft or plant.  
EVery diligent Housholder who will plant, should use thereto a convenient place, to the end that the wild beast chaw not, nor pair the Plants; or if they be young, wholly eat in pieces: which to avoid, is needful to be in a town or closed Orchard where there is not too much shadow, but a sweet ground well muckt, tilled and turned.  

Every Plant will have four things:  
First moistness, so that the seeds or stump be moist or green.  
Secondly a convenient place, which hath such earth as will lightly be rubbed to ponder, and that Sun may come to it: for where there is filthy lome, a lean ground, or sandy, dry, burnt, or salt ground, there is nothing good to be planted, to have any continuance: nevertheless where the ground is lean, there you must give more dung; in a fat ground not so much. Take heed the ground be not too moist nor too dry: and muck the trees with hog's dung.  
Thirdly, a mediate water or nourishing moistness, therefore be those Orchards best which are situated between two waters, for those that are placed by a water side remain still young and fruitful, and have commonly the bark smother and thinner than the others. And those trees are more fruitful than others which are planted in a valley, or in the lower part of a deep hill: for from those hills may come to them nourishment and moistness, and the ground which is so situated is very fruitful. But he that cannot get for his trees such a ground, must with all diligence seek to bring to his trees a little spring or pond, of which the trees may sometimes find some reviving, and if you may not have any of those, and have a garden who by itself is naught, the trees will grow with thick roots, which hindereth the growing of them, and drieth them at length.  
Fourthly, The air is required, which must be agreeable to them, and of complexion to bear; for there be some trees that do prosper in all airs, to wit, apple and pear, cherry and plum-trees. Some will have a cold air, to wit Chessenut trees; & some a very warm air, as the palm and pepper trees: therefore they be rare with us. That plant which hath these four things shall prosper: and if they want one or more of these four things, they will decay, and their prospering perish.   

At what time trees ought to be planted and set.  
ALL kind of trees may be planted, transported, and cut in March, but it is better to turn them in October, for then the frost hurteth them not so much as at other times: for learned men say, that in dry towns and warm countries they plant in October or November, and that in moist towns and cold valleys they plant in February or March: in none other time may you plant or graft. When you will plant or set again wild stumps, if there be any thing broken at the root, cut it off. Every plant must be set two foot one from another, or at the least one foot, especially when they should bear strong fruits: likewise when thou wilt set strong seeds, as nuts, almonds and peaches. When a man will plant two stumps, so must they be of two year old, except the vine.  
These things you must understand of those plants or stumps which are planted with roots.   

How the stumps and plants must be prepared and dressed, which you will plant.  
THe plant or sprout you must cut round about, so that you leave the very end of it, and put it then into an hole, but if the stump be great, cut it clean off, and then put only the undermost part into a hole, long or short as you will: but if you find two stumps grown together, you may cut the lesser away. And above all things you must take heed that the sprout grow upright, and if it will not, you must constrain it, and tie it to a stick.   

Here follow certain instructions how the trees must be kept and how you must labour them.  
SOme trees will have a fat ground, as Fig trees and Mulberry trees, and some lean ground, but all trees be in that point equal, that they will have in the top dry ground, and in the bottom moist earth.  
2 In harvest you must uncover the roots of the trees so deep, that they may partly be seen, and lay dung upon them, which dung must be dissolved of rain in the ground, that it may come to the roots, which mucking giveth good increase to the roots.  
3 If the ground wherein the trees stand be too sandy, then mix among it fair and new lome: and if it be too lomy then mix amongst it sand in place of muck, the which you must not only do hard by the tree, but also four or five foot off from it round about the tree, according as the tree is in bigness, or that the roots are large and great.  
Such diligence giveth to the trees great help, for their nourishment and strength is thereby renewed. Hereafter you shall understand, whereby to know the fruitful soil.  
4 In the fat ground the stumps whereupon you will graf, must be left long, but in lean ground short.  
5 The plants of trees from their youth, till three years must not be cut nor shred, but they may be transported, and if they be too weak you may prick sticks next unto them.  
6 Diligent regard must be taken, that no sprouts spring out of the stump, which might take the nourishment from the tree sprouts, and those boughs which spring from the root of the tree at the first planting.  
7 When thou perceivest the young trees to wax weak, then uncover the roots and put other fresh ground to them.  
8 If the ground be neither too soft nor too hard, then may you choose all kind of stumps in February for to plant, when the green juice is dispersed in the bark, but when the ground is too hard, than the sweat holes or pores of the root do remain closed and stopped, so that they cannot draw to them their nourishment, such hardness of the ground or earth, hindereth the air and moistness which cometh from beneath upward, for it cannot be pierced of the sofr sprouts, with the small heat which is beneath, therefore you must come to help them with a spade, for with a plough you will never come to an end, because of the root.  
9 There is great diligence to be taken for preserving of the trees, when they begin to grow great, to scrape from the bark all rudeness, which is done, when you take from them all superfluity, & sprouts which come out of the tree. You may cut them in February.  
10 It is good for the trees to muck them often, and moderatively to water their roots.  
Also to cleave the roots, and lay stones into them, to the end they may revive again of the dryness which they have suffered, or of the barrenness of the ground, or when the young planted trees for the great heat will perish. Also when immoderate heat is, than you must help them with turning of the ground, and, with watering, but the water wherewith you should water them, must not be altogether fresh nor cold, or newly drawn out of the spring: but out of a ditch, pond, or well, or any other foul ditch water, or with spring water, which hath stood long in the sun, or put a little dung in the water, and stir it once or twice well about, and the water will be fat, wherewith water your trees. You may also keep them with shadows and straw from the heat: or else put (in great heat) fat green herbs at the stump, tempered with loam: some anoint the stump (toward the South or Midday) with chalk, some with oil, or with any other ointment that cooleth.  
11 When you would transpose a plant, or have wild stumps digged out to plant again, then mark the part which standeth towards the South of midday, and put it so again when you graft it.   

How to keep plants, stumps, or trees, from the wild beasts, that they hurt them not.  
WHere the path of the beast is free and remediless, there must be put poles, and with thorns the same young trees must be enclosed.   

That the Deeres spoil them not.  
TAke the piss of a Deer and anoint the Tree therewith.   

That the Hares do not hurt them.  
Spit in thy hand, and anoint the sprouts therewith, and no Hare will hurt them.   

Here follow some instructions of graffing.   a man up a ladder, pruning a tree 
FIrst you must know that imping, graffing, and setting, is all one thing.  
The imping sprous must be young and new, with great bodies, and many eyes: for where many and great buds be, that is a token, that is of a strong fruit.  
2 The imping sprouts must be broken off at the sun rising, although that those of the other side broken off grow likewise: yet those of the other side are most natural and temperate of heat: Some country clowns believe, that if you in cutting the sprouts turn them upside down, that they will never grow right, but be crooked.  
3 All graffing and imping is done by putting one into another by a fast binding, that the little sprout may spread his boughs to the stump or tree, wherein it is graffed, that so it may become one tree.  
4 Over, young imps (which are so weak that they will break before they be put into the earth, or into the stump) are naught, and therefore they may not be imped or set.  
5 When you imp upon a house, or fruit tree, the fruit will be far better: But if you cut of a Garden tree a branch, and imp into it one of his own sprouts, it will bring forth fruit of another taste, form and bigness: for imping maketh all the diversities in pears, apples, and other fruits.  
6 It is far better to imp low in the stump, than in the top in the high branches: yet nevertheless if you will make of wild apple trees garden trees, you may imp them upon the top.  
7 In great trees which have a great bark, it is not so good to imp, for they take not to them so easily the veins of the roots which grow out of the young sprouts, because of their hardness, & especially when the imping sprouts are too weak. Wherefore they which graft trees must seek small and young stumps, wherein they find much liquor and little hardness, and which may endure the binding.  
8 It is best imping or graffing when the liquor is in the bark, if you have a great tree upon the which you would imp, and hath many branches, you may cut them all off, and imp into the stumps all kind of boughs, such as you please: but if the tree be over old, so that her boughs be rankled, and her moistness consumed, then cut the tree clean off, and let the stump stand a whole year: afterward take the sprouts which are sprung out of that stump, and graft them, and cast the others away. Such a stump is like to bear, and therefore nourish as many sprouts as you please: but if it be a wild stump, graft garden sprouts upon it.  
9 If you graft a sprout or bough upon a Hawthorne tree, that same bough will grow great, and the stump will remain small, therefore he that will imp upon such a tree, see he cut it off by the root, then will the imped sprout and the stump grow all of one thickness: but you must have still regard that you Imp kind upon kind, as apples upon apples, pears upon pears: for he that graffeth strange upon strange, as pears upon apples, and apples on pears, and such like, although it be done often for pleasure's sake, yet will it not last: for the natural nourishment is so, that it will hardly nourish a strange kind of fruit.  
10 The tree which is graffed in February, in his fruits grow no worms nor maggots.  
11 When the imping sprouts begin to prosper, and will not grow straight and level, than you must constrain them perforce, that they may grow orderly. Furthermore you must have a care to keep the prospering sprouts well with sticks from the wind, if they stand any thing high, and especially when they have stood a year or two, and where they are pricked in the stump, it is most needful, as shall after appear. And because there be many and divers ways to graft and know how wild stumps & trees are to be made garden trees, we thought it good to set some of them here down.   

Divers fashions and ways of graffing there be.  
HE that will extraordinarily graft all manner of trees, he must know that the more one tree is liker another, the better it will prosper.  
The first sort of graffing is, when the sprout is pricked between the bark and the wood of the stump; which must be done in May or April, when the bark may easily be loosed from the tree, and is done after this sort.  
First take a stump or tree, and cut him off with a sharp Saw, knife, or such like instrument, where he is smoothest and clearest, and full of juice, and polish the place with the bark of the same tree which was cut off. Afterward tie the stump with a piece of bark, and then prick a hole between the bark of the tree with a prick of bone, elder wood, or iron, so that it cleave not, and then put in the place of the prick, the sprout, which you must have broken off a plain and even tree, of a good kind, and one year old, which you shall know by this: every branch have rinckled knots like the joint of a man's finger, cut it at one side under the knot, so that you touch not the heart of the tree: and at the other side you must softly lose the bark, that the sprout may join very close to the stump, then pull out the prick, and take the sprout, and turn the green bark to the bark of the stump, so that it may stand straight.  
The sprout may be four or five fingers, or eight at the most, high above the stump.  
Of this sort of imping, you may see two, three, or more, according to the bigness of the stump, or as he can bear, provided always that they stand at the least the length of a finger one from another.  
Afterward tie it fast (with bark) together, and put over it good muck, and tie over it a cloth, that no rain or air may come between it and hurt it. This sort of imping is commonly used in stumps, which are great and old trees, whose bark is thick and strong as apple trees, pear trees, cherry trees, and willow trees, on which are imped oftentimes apples, also on fig trees, and chestnut trees.  
Such grafting is also done in high stumps, and branches, which be great, but they must be well kept from the wind, that it do not break them.  
After this sort you may graft many sorts and kinds of pears upon one tree, but if you bring pears upon apples, or apples upon pears stumps, it will not last long, as afore is said.  
The first way of grafting prospereth best, and hath a good continuance, there be many other sorts of grafting, as followeth.   

Another way of grafting is, when the stumps are cloven, and the sprouts afterwards are put in, the which do as followeth.  
Take a young tree which is scant of the bigness of a finger, and cut it smooth and even, & cleave it in the midst, then take the sprout which you will imp, and cut it three square, and at the one side leave the bark uncut, and then turn the same bark outward at the stump, and tie it fast as I have taught, that the wind nor rain hurt him not.   

Otherwise.  
When the stump is uncovered and clean burnished at the soft place, then tie him fast, that he cleave no further than ro the length of your sprout, which you must graft upon him, and then leave the prick in it, then make your sprout pointed like a prick, so that the middle be not touched, then put it into the cloven, having cleansed the hole first with the point of a knife, so that one bark may touch the other, and outward one wood another, to the end the moisture may have the more easier his course, then pull out the prick, and that which remains open and bare between the cloven and the sprout, that bind well every where with the bark of the tree, or with hard pressing with a little sand, or with dung of an ox, or with wax, or with a linen cloth washed in wax, that no rain, wind, or worms may hurt it. This helpeth much to keep the moistness in, which cometh from the root, that it cannot break out, but nourisheth the better the new plant: but when the stumps are great, they be cleaved after two ways. The first is, that you cut or cleave the tree with a knife at one side only, even to the heart, and that you graft into it but one sprout. The other is, that you cleave it all over, and that you prick or graft on every side one sprout, or one alone, and leave the other side without.  
When the stump is but a little bigger, than the sprout must necessarily be cloven in two, and you must graft but one sprout into it, as is said in the beginning.  
This cleaving may be done in February, March, and April, than it is good to cut them before they be green, for to keep them the better under the ground, in cold or moist places.   

The third way of grafting.  
THis sort of grafting is very subtle, witty, and ready; and is done as followeth.  
Go to a smooth apple or pear tree, in April, when the trees get liquor, and seek a branch which hath green eyes, and see that the same be less than your little finger, and tear it from the tree, and where you see that the green sprouts will come off, there cut them off wholly, and cleanse the middle thereof, that the little red at the wood may turn about, and draw it not off, until you come unto another good pear or apple tree, and seek there another branch of the same bigness that the other was, and cut it off, and take from it likewise the red, as far as you will put them again, and look where the branches join, that they may well sit together upon the top, and tie the same place gently and well with a little bark, behind and before, that the water may not hurt them: in the first year it bringeth forth leaves and branches, in the second, flowers, which you may break off, for the sprout is yet too tender, so that it may bear no fruit, and in the third year it bringeth flowers and fruit, and by this means you may graft divers kinds of pears and apples upon one tree. I have likewise set such sprouts upon wild stumps, and they have prospered.   

The fourth way of grafting is,  
HOw buds are transported and bound upon another tree, like as a plaster is tied to a man's body: this sort of grafting is called in Latin Emplastrum. We read of such a sort of grafting which is called in Latin Abducellum, and it is much like unto this sort, wherefore we will only speak of it, being done after this sort.  
When you see upon a great fruitful bough, a bud which will prosper without doubt, and wouldst feign plant it upon another tree, take a sharp knife, and lift the bark up two finger's breadth, that the bud be not hurt, then go to another tree, upon the which you will graft, and put into a convenient place, a like hole into the bark, and put the same bud with the bark into it, and tie it with dung (or with a clout which hath lain in a dunghill) over the cut, that it may be kept from the outward damage of weather, and for an especial nourishment and keeping of the inner juice: then cut off the branches round about it, that the mother may the better nourish the new son: within twenty days after take away the band, so that you see that the strange bud hath prospered and joined himself with the tree. This may be done in March when the bark cometh easily from the tree. Also in April, May, and june, and yet she prospereth both before and after a time, when you may conveniently find such buds.  
This sort of planting prospereth best in a willow tree or such like, which is pierced through, and is done after this sort.   

The fifth way.  
When you pierce a willow stick with a sharp piercer, see that between every hole be left the space of one foot, and prick therein branches a little scraped, and put the stick into a ditch, so that the branches stand upright, one part of the stick remaining over the earth; and within a year after take it out of the ditch, and cut the stick asunder, so find you the branches full of roots, and put every one into a hole in the ground, and 'tis fit the holes were stopped with lome, or with wax.  
Some do take in March a fresh Beech tree, which is of a man's thickness, and pierce him overthwart with main and great holes and small holes till unto the lowermost bark, or quite through: then take sprouts or boughs, which be as big and small, that they may fit into the holes: and when you will put them into the Beech stump, you must scrape the uppermost bark off, until the green, and no further: then the bough must remain into the beech, the sprouts must stand a foot or somewhat less asunder, then keep your beech stump with the sprouts in a fresh ground, and scant a foot deep, you must first maim the sprouts, that they may not flourish; then the next March ensuing, dig it out with the sprouts, and cut it asunder with a saw, and every block which is cut off with his branch, you must set in a fresh ground, and so they will bring forth the fruit the same year.   

The sixth Way.  
This way teacheth how to graft, that they may bring forth fruit the first year, which do as follows.  
Pair an old stump of what kind soever it be, the uppermost bark till to the lower green bark, a span long or somewhat less, which do in harvest in the wane of the Moon, and anoint it with Ox dung and earth, and tie it with bark, and after in March when trees are transposed from one place to another than cut the same branch from the tree, and put it into the ground, and it will bring fruit the same year. I have seen that one hath pricked sticks on Alhallow eve, in the earth, and hath pulled them out again upon Christmas eve, and put boughs in the holes, and they have prospered and come out.  
The 〈…〉 that the fruit be without 〈…〉 sprout & graft it into a great stump▪ 〈…〉 thicke● and lower part of the sprout, then take the upper or thinner end o the sprout, and cut it al●o fit to be graffed, and turn it downward, and ●raffe it into the said stump; and when the sprout of both sides prospereth, cut it in the midst asunder, so that which is grown right upward with the tree, the fruit of it hath stones, but that which was the top of the sprout that groweth contrary, brings forth fruit without stones. And if so be the turn●● sprout prosper, you must break off the other▪ to the end that the turned sprout do not perish, which you may try a●●er this sort: for oftentimes it cometh and prospe●eth, and many times it is perished and spoiled.   

How Cherries are to be graffed, that they may come without stones.  
WIll you make that Cherries grow without stones? pair a little Cherry tree of one year old at the stump, and cleave it asunder from the top to the root, which do in May, and make an Iron fit to ●raw the heart or marrow from both sides of the tree; then tie it fast ●●●●ther and anoint 〈…〉   

H● 〈…〉  
PLant a V●●e tree next unto a Ch● 〈…〉 when it groweth ●igh, then pierce a● 〈…〉 Cherry tree right above it, that the ho● 〈…〉 than the Vine is thick, and pair the up●●● bar● of the Vine branch till unto the green 〈…〉 must go through the tree, & look well to it tha● 〈◊〉 branch of the Vine be not bruised, and well anointed. You must not suffer any sprouts to come out o● the vine from the ground up, but unto the tree only▪ that which cometh out of the other side, let that same grow and bring fruit. Then the next March following, if the Vine prosper and grow fast into the tree, then cut the Vine from the tree off, and anoint the place with diligence, and it will bring fruit.   

How a grape of a Vine may be brought into a glass.  
WIll you make that a grape grow into a narrow glass? take the glass before the grape cast her blood, or while she is little, and put her into the glass, and she will ripen in the glass.   

To graft Meddlers on a Pear tree.  
IF you graft a branch of a Meddler upon a Pear tree, the Meddlers will be sweet and durable, so that you may keep them longer than otherwise.   

How apples or other fruits may be made red.  
IF you will graft upon a wild stump, put the sprouts in Pikes blood, and then graft them, and the fruit will be red.   

Otherwise.  
Take an apple branch, and graft it upon an alder stump, and the apples will be red. Likewise if you graft them upon cherry trees.   

Of the Quince tree.  
THe Quince tree cometh not of any grafting, but you must pluck him out by the roots, and plant him again into a good ground or earth.   

Otherwise.  
The Quince tree requireth a dry & sweet ground, and he prospereth therein.   

How to make that Quinces become great.  
TAke a branch of a Quince tree when it hath cast his blood where a Quince groweth at, and put it into a pot, and set it into the ground, and let the Quince grow in it, and it will be very great.  
And if you will show some cunning therewith, cause to be made a pot which hath a man's face in the bottom of it, or any other picture whatsoever, and when the quinces have blossomed, then bow the branch, and put the quince into the pot, and she will grow very big, in the shape of a man, which may also be done in pompons, melons, cucumbers, and other earthly fruits.   

The conclusion of graffing.  
Out of all the forewritten causes (gentle reader) is evidently shown, that although every planting or grafting be better from like to like, and from kind to kind, yet nevertheless it agreeth also with contrary kinds, as now is said, wherefore he that will exercise and use the same, and try divers kinds, he may see and make many wonders.   

What ●oy and fruit cometh of trees. The first.  
THe first is, that you plant divers & many kinds: for every householder who hath care to his nourishment, with all diligence causeth oftentimes, such trees to be brought from foreign countries.   

The second.  
The second is, when the trees be planted and set orderly and pleasantly, they give no small pleasure to a man, therefore every one should cut his trees orderly, and he that cannot, should procure other men to do it, which know how to do it.   

The third is of well smelling and spited fruit.  
Cleave a tree asunder, or a branch of a fruitful tree, to the heart or pith, and cut a piece out of it, and put therein powdered spices, or what spice soever you will, or what colour you will desire, and tie a bark hard about it, and anoint it with lome and ox dung, and the fruit will get both the savour and colour according to the spice you have put in it.   

How sour fruits be made sweet.  
WHich tree beareth sour fruits, in the same pierce a hole a foot or somewhat less above the root, and fill that with honey, and stop the hole with a haw-thorne branch, and the fruit will be sweet.   

How trees ought to be kept when they wax old.  
WHen trees lose their strength and virtue for age, & the branches break off for the weight of the fruit, or when they wax barren for lack of moisture, that they bear not fruit every year, but scant every other or third year, you must cut some of his heavy branches, which he can little nourish, which is done to the end he might keep some moistness to himself for his nourishment, for else the moistness would go all into his branches.  
Wheteby you may mark whether you must give them, or take away from them branches, according to their nourishment, and as the earth where she standeth can abide, that is, you must leave them so much as will nourish them, and no more, which if you do not, the trees will bring so little fruit; that your labour will not be recompensed.  
Which cutting of trees may be done from the beginning of November till to the end of March, in warm countries. But it is more natural to be done from the time that the leaves fall, till the time that they begin to grow green again, except where the frost is very great and sharp.   

How trees must be kept from divers sicknesses, and first how to keep them from the Canker.  
WHen the Canker cometh in any tree, he becometh barren and dry, for it mounteth from the stumps into the top, and when it taketh a pear or apple tree, the bark will be black and barren thereabouts, which must be cut off with a knife, to the fresh wood, and then the place must be anointed with Ox dung, and tied with bark, so that neither wind nor rain may hurt it.   

Against worms which must be driven out of the tree.  
IT happeneth oftentimes, that th● superfluities of moistness in the trees breaketh out like as sometimes to a man or beast between the flesh and skin● and when that beginneth to rot, worms grow out of it, which takes his strength away: wherefore mark.  
When the bark of a tree at any time swells, cut it presently open that the poison may run out, and if you find already worms in it, draw them out with a little iron hook.   

How the worms are to be killed, if they be already grown into the tree.  
IF you will kill the worms which grow in the tree, take pepper, laurel, and incense, and mingle all well together with good wine, and pierce a hole into the tree downward, to the pith or heart of the tree, and pour this mixture into it, and stop it with a hawthorn, and the worms will die.   

Otherwise.  
Take ashes or dust and mingle it with salad oil, anoint the trees therewith, and the worms will die.   

Otherwise.  
Take powdered incense when you graft, and bring it between the bark of the stump, which you will graft, and no worms will eat the fruit.  
When a tree in many places becometh changeable because of worms, or superfluous humours. Cleave the tree at some end from the top of the stump to the earth, that all the foul liquors may come out and dry. Also when a tree becomes sick because of evil humours or fault of ground, so that he becometh worm-eaten, or brings no fruit, take the earth away from the root, and put other sweeter in the place, and pierce a great hole in the stump, and put therein a pin of Oak, and it helpeth.   

A remedy against Caterpillars.  
ALl kind of Caterpillars which eat the green, and blossoms of the tree, do hurt them very much, so that thereafter may come no fruit.  
Therefore their eggs which lie hidden, as it were in a cobweb, must diligently be searched, and burned from the boughs, before they bring forth other Caterpillars, which do in December, january, and February.  
Some were wont to break them off, and tread them with their feet, but therewith they be not wholly killed. The fire consumeth all things, and therefore it is best to burn them.   

Against the Pismires or Aunts, when they will hurt the young trees.  
CVt the leaves off which are eaten or poisoned of the Aunts or Pismires, and where there is any thing made unclean in the top of the tree, of those little worms, that rub in pieces with your hands, that it may not stain the other leaves, and that the young sprouts may grow up without any hindrance.   

How to keep the Pismires from the trees.  
FIrst make a juice of an herb, called Portabaca, and mix it with vinegar, and sprinkle the stump therewith, or anoint the stump with wine dregs. Some take a little weak pitch, but very thin, that it may not hurt the tree.   

Another instruction.  
Take a little bundle of cotton, wool, flax, or tow, and lay it about the stump, and tie likewise a bundle above, about the stump, and draw it out a little, and the Pismires can do no hurt: or put about the stump birdlime.   

In what time of the harvest the fruit must be gathered.  
THe fruits are not altogether at one time gathered, for they are not ripe all at once, as some pears which show the ripeness by the colour, those should be gathered in Summer, and if you let them stand too long, they will not last.  
Pears which are ripe in harvest, those may be gathered in October, when the weather is clear & dry: in harvest in the increase of the moon, fruits may be gathered.   

A short instruction very profitable and necessary for all those that delight in gardening, to know the times and seasons when it is good to sow and replant all manner of seeds.  
CAbbages must be sown in February, March, or April, at the waning of the Moon, and replanted also in the decrease thereof.  
Cabbage Lettuce, in February, March, or july, in an old Moon.  
Onions and Leeks must be sown in February or March, at the waning of the moon.  
Beets must be sown in February, or March, in a full moon.  
Coleworts white and green in February, or March, in an old moon, it is good to replant them.  
Parsneps must be sown in February, April, or june, also in an old moon.  
Radish must be sown in February, March, or june, in a new moon.  
Pompions must be sown in February, March, or june, also in a new moon.  
Cucumbers and Melons must be sown in February, March or june, in an old moon.  
spinach must be sown in February or March, in an old moon.  
Parsley must be sown in February or March, in a full moon.  
Fennell and Annisseed must be sown in February or March, in a full moon.  
White Cycory must be sown in February, March, july or August, in a full moon.  
Cardus Benedictus must be sown in February, March or May, when the moon is old.  
Basill must be sown in March, when the moon is old.  
Purslane must be sown in February or March, in a new moon.  
Margeram, Violets and Time, must be sown in February, March or April, in a new moon.  
Floure-gentle, Rosemary and Lavender, must be sown in February or April, in a new moon.  
Rocket and Garden cresses, must be sown in February in a new moon.  
Savell must be sown in February or March, 〈◊〉 new moon.  
Saffron must be sown in March, when the moon is old.  
Coriander and Borage must be sown in February or March, in a new moon.  
Hart●horne and Sampire must be sown in February, March or April, when the moon is old.  
Gilly-floures, Hearts-ease, & Wall-floures, must be sown in March or April, when the moon is old.  
Cardons and Artochokes must be sown in April or March, when the moon is old.  
Chickweed must be sown in February or March, in the full of the moon.  
Burnet must be sown in in February or March, when the moon is old.  
Double Marigolds must be sown in February or March, in a new moon.  
Isop and Savoury must be sown in March, when the moon is old.  
White Poppey must be sown in February or March, in a new moon.  
Palma Christi must be sown in February, in a new moon.  
Sparages and Sperage is to be sown in February, when the moon is old.  
Lark's foot must be sown in February, when the moon is old.  
Note that at all times and seasons, Lettuce, Radish, spinach and Parsneps may be sown.  
Note also, from cold are to be kept Coleworts, Cabbage, Lettuce, Basill, Cardons, Artochokes, and Colefloures.   

Worthy remedies and secrets availing against the stroying of Snails, Cankerwormes, the long bodied moths, garden fleas, earthworms, and Moles.  
AFricanus, singular among the Greek writers of husbandry, reporteth, that Garden plants and roots may well be purged and rid of the harmful worms, if their dens or deep holes be smoked, the wind aiding, with the dung of the Cow or Ox burned.  
That worthy Pliny in his first book of histories writeth, that if the owner or Gardener sprinkleth the pure mother of the oil Olive, without any salt in it, doth also drive the worms away, and defend the plants and herbs from being gnawn of them. And if they shall cleave to the roots of the plants, through malice or breeding of the dung, yet this weedeth them clean away. The plants or herbs will not after be gnawn or harmed by garden-fleas, if with the natural remedy, as with the herb Rocket, the Gardener shall bestow his beds in many places.  
The Coleworts and all potherbs are greatly defended from the gnawing of the garden-fleas, by Radish growing among them. The eager or sharp vinegar doth also prevail, tempered with the juice of Henbane, and sprinkled on the garden-fleas. To these, the water in which the herb Nigella Romana shall be steeped for a night, and sprinkled on the plants, as the Greek Pamphilus reporteth, doth alike prevail against the garden-fleas.  
Paladius Rutilius reporteth, that the noisome vermin or creeping things will not breed of the Potherbs, if the Gardener shall before the committing to the earth, dry all the seeds in the skin of the Tortoise, or sow the herb Mint in many places of the garden, especially among the Coleworts. The bitter Fitch and Rocket (as I afore uttered) bestowed among the pot herbs, so that the seeds be sown in the first quarter of the Moon, do greatly avail us. Also the Canker and Palmer worms, which in many places work great injury both to the gardens & vines, may the owner or gardener drive away with the fig tree ashes sprinkled on them and the herbs.  
There be some which sprinkle the plants and herbs made with the lee of the figtree ashes, but it destroys the worms, to strew (as experience reporteth) the ashes alone on them.  
There be others which rather will to plant or sow that big onion, named in Latin Scylla or Squilla here and there in beds, or hang them in sundry places of the garden.  
Others also will to fix river Cresses with nails in many places of the garden, which if they shall yet withstand or contend with all these remedies, then may the Gardener apply to exercise this devise, in taking the Ox or Cow urine, and the mother of oil Olive, which after the well mixing together, and heating over the fire, the same be stirred about until it be hot, and when through cold, this mixture shall be sprinkled on the potherbs and trees, doth marvellously prevail, as the skilful Anatolius of experience reporteth.  
The worthy Paladius Rutilius reporteth, that if the owner or Gardener burn great bundles of the Garlic blades (without heads) dried, through all the allies of the Garden, and unto these the dung of Backs added, that the savour of the smoke (by the help of the wind) may be driven to many places, especially to those where they most abound & swarm, and the Gardener shall see so speedy a destruction, as is to be wondered at.  
The worthy Pliny of great knowledge reporteth, that these may be driven from the potherbs, if the bitter Fitch seeds be mixed and sown together with them, or the branches of the trees, Crevices hanged up by the horns in many places, doth like prevail. These also are letted from increasing, yea they in heaps presently gathered are destroyed, as the Greeks report of observation, if the Gardener by taking certain Palmer or Cankerworms out of the Garden next joining, shall seethe them in water with Dill, and the same being through cold, shall sprinkle on the herbs and trees, that the mixture may wet and soak through the nests, even unto the young ones, cleaving together, that they may taste thereof, will fpeedily dispatch them. But in this doing, the Gardener must be very wary, and have an attentive eye, that none of the mixture fall on his face or hands.  
Besides these, the owner or Gardener may use this remedy certain, and easily prepared, if about the big arms of trees, or stums of the herbs, he kindle and burn the stronger lime and brimstone together. Or if the owner make a smoke with the Mushrooms, growing under the Nut tree, or burn the hooves of Goats, or the gum Galbanum, or else make a smoke with the Heart's horn, the wind aiding, by blowing towards them.  
The husbandmen and gardeners in our tune have found out this easy practice, being now common every where: which is on this wise, that when these after showers of rain are cropen into the warm sun, or into places standing against the sun, early in the morning shake either their fruits and leaves of the potherbs, or the boughs of the trees, for these being yet stiff, through the cold of the night, are procured of the same, the lighter and sooner to fall, not able after to recover up again, so that the Palmer worms thus lying on the ground, are then in a readiness to be killed of the Gardener.  
If the owner mind to destroy any other creeping things noyous to herbs and trees, (which Paladius and Rutilius name, both herb and Leek wasters) then let him hearken to this invention and devise of the Greek Dyophanes, who willeth to purchase the maw of a Wether sheep new killed, and the same as yet full of his excremental filth, which lightly cover with the earth in the same place, where these most haunt in the Garden, and after two days shall the Gardener find there, that the moths with long bodies, and other creeping things will be gathered in divers companies to the place right over it, which the owner shall either remove and carry further, or dig and bury very deep in the same place, that they may not after arise and come forth, which when the Gardener shall have exercised the same but twice or thrice, he shall utterly extinguish, and quite destroy all the kinds of creeping things that annoy & spoil the Garden plants.  
The husbandmen in Flanders arm the stocks, and compass the bigger arms of their trees, with wisps of straw handsomely made and fastened or bound about, by which the Palmer worms are constrained to creep up to the tops of the trees, & there stayed, so that, (as it were by snares and engines laid) these in the end are driven away, or thus in their way begun, are speedily or soon after procured to turn bacl again. As unto the remedies of the Snails particularly belongs. These may the Gardener likewise chase from the kitchen herbs, if he either sprinkle the new mother of the oil olive, or soot of the chimney on the herbs, as if he bestowed the bitter sitch in beds among them, which also avails against other noisome worms, and creeping things, as I afore uttered, that if the Gardener would possess a green and delectable garden, let him then sprinkle diligently all the quarters, beds, and borders of the Garden, with the mixture of water and powder of Fenny-greeke tempered together, or set upright in the middle of the garden, the whole bare head without the flesh of the unchaste Ass, as I afore wrote.   

Excellent inventions and helps against the garden Moles.  
THe skilful Paxanus hath left in writing, that if the Gardener shall make hollow a big nut, or bore a hollow hole into some sound piece of wood being narrow, in filling the one or the other with Rosin, Pitch, Chaff and Brimstone, of each so much as shall suffice to the filling of the Nut, or hollow hole in the wood, which thus prepared in a readiness, stop every where with diligence, all the go forth, and breathing holes of the mole, that by those the fuming smoke in no manner may issue out, yet so handle the matter, that one mouth and hole be only left open, and the same so large, that well the nut or vessel kindled within, may be laid within the mouth of it, whereby it may take the wind of the one side, which may so send in the savour both of the rosin and brimstone into the hollow tomb, or resting place of the Mole: by the same practice so workmanly handled, by filling the holes with the smoke, shall the owner or Gardener either drive quite away all the Moles in the ground, or find them in short time dead.  
There be some that take the white Neesewort, or the rind of Cynocrambes beaten and farced, and with Barley meal and eggs finely tempered together, they make both Cakes and Pasties wrought with wine and milk, and those they lay within the Moles de●ne or hole.  
Albertus' of worthy memory reporteth, that if the owner or Gardener closeth or diligently stoppeth the mouths of the Moleholes, with the garlic, onion, or leek, it shall either drive the Moles away, or kill them, through the strong savour stinking or breathing into them.  
Many there be, that to drive away these harmful Moles, do bring up young Cats in their Garden ground, and make tame Weasels, to the end, that either of these through the hunting of them, may so drive away this pestiferous annoyance, being taught to watch at their strait passages, and mouths of the holes coming forth.  
Others there be also which diligently fill and stop up their holes with the red Okare or Ruddell, and juice of the wild Cucumber, or sow the seeds of Palma Christi, being a kind of Satyrion, in beds, through which they will not after cast up, nor tarry thereabout.  
But some exercise this easy practice, in taking a live Mole, and burning the powder of brimstone about him, being in a deep earthen pot, through which he is procured to cry, all others in the mean time as they report, are moved to resort thither.  
There are some besides, which lay silk snares at the mouth of their holes.  
To the simple husbandmen may this easy practice of no cost suffice, in setting down into the earth a stiff rod or green branch of the Elder tree.   
FINIS.   

 a man grafts a tree  decorative motif of an orchard trees  
 garden tools  

A Direction to set or lay your lines or thread to make or draw a simple Knot, without a border.  
You must leave your Lines as they be first set, until your Knot be altogethet finished or done.   diagram of rope-fastening to aid in planning a garden  

The Manner or Ordering to set the thread or line upon another manner of Knot.   diagram of a knot garden laid out with beds and paths  

A Direction to fasten your Lines to make another manner of Knot.   diagram of a knot garden laid out with beds and paths  

A plain Knot without Lines.   diagram of a knot garden laid out with beds and paths  

A plain Knot without Lines.   diagram of a knot garden laid out with beds and paths  

Another plain Knot without Lines.   diagram of a knot garden laid out with beds and paths  

Another.   diagram of a knot garden laid out with beds and paths  

Another.   diagram of a knot garden laid out with beds and paths  

Another.   diagram of a knot garden laid out with beds and paths  

Another.   diagram of a garden laid out with beds and paths  

Another.   diagram of a garden laid out with beds and paths  

Another.   diagram of a garden laid out with beds and paths  

A Direction to fasten Cords or Lines to draw a Knot with a Border; as also to make a Border of Beds parted in the midst.   diagram of rope-fastening to aid in planning a garden  

A Direction of the Cords fastened upon the Border, with a Knot in the midst   diagram of a knot garden laid out with beds and paths  

A Border with a Knot in the midst thereof.   diagram of a knot garden laid out with beds and paths  

A Border or Knot divided or parted, containing five small Knots.   diagram of a knot garden laid out with beds and paths  

The form of the Lines set upon the Knot, whose squares or beds are parted.   diagram of a knot garden laid out with beds and paths  

A Border of Beds or Squares parted; and the midst thereof   diagram of a knot garden laid out with paths and beds  

A Maze.   diagram of a maze  
 fish and eels swim in a pond surrounded by plants