The craft of Graffing and planting of trees,  
  

TO graff fruit that shall have no core. Take a graff and bow it both ends combing, & cut both ends graf wise, & so fasten them into the stoke. And if it grow so with the tree cut a way the great end, and let the smaler end grow, and his fruit shall have no core.  
if thou wilt make apples read, take a grafe of an apple tree and graff it in a stoke of elm or allere and it shall bear red apples.  
Also another for the same, bore an hole in an apple tree to the pith and temper it with water what colour thou wilt, and then put it in the hole and stoup it with a pin and the apple shallbe of the same colour that thou puttest in the tree.  
It is to be noted that every tree that is planted and set on. S. Lambardes' day in the earth, shall not perish but prove and come to profit.  
if thou wilt have a Pere tree full of fruit or else as much as it hath been wont to bear, temper scamony with water and put it into an hole that is pierced to the pith of the tree, & stop the hole with a pin of that same tree or of another, and it shall bear as it was wont and much more.  
And if thou wilt have them to smell like spices or as musk or balm or other spices, make an hole in likewise in the tree and stop it again, and the fruit shall smell & savour after the spices that thou puttest into the tree.  
If an old tree begin to wax dry, do in this wise quicken him a gain. See that the ears that is 'bout the roots be done a way, & cleave ii or iii of the greatest, roots with an axe, and put a wedge in to the cleaving, and cover the root again with the same earth.  
Another for the same, pierce the tree through with apercer crosswise or with a wimble, & the strength of the tree shall begin to wax young.  
If thou wilt have a fruit tree that is sour, to be made sweet fruit, delve the tree round about, & dung the roots with pigs dung, and so shall the fruit be made sweet.  
Also another for the same, make an hole in the sour tree with a piercer to the pith, and into the hole put water tempered with honey, and stop that hole again with a pin of the same tree.  
And if thou wilt plant an almond tree or a wall not tree, or a Therye tree or a Peche tree, put the kernels of which thou wilt in water four days, and than put many kernels together into the earth or severally & when they spring & be grown out and hath stand so an hole year, than take them out of the ground, and set them than where thou wilt, and it is to be noted that every tree the branches must be cut in setting time, save the peach tree which must have his dry branches cut only.  
if the peach tree begin to droop, let him be well moist at the rote with dregs of wine, and the same moisting shall keep him from shedding of his fruit, and some say that and the roots be moist with water of the decoction of beans, it shall quicken the tree greatly, and if he casle his fruit or they be ripe, make holes with a wymbel in the rotees, & mayke pings of wylowe and smite them fast in, & the fruit shall abide on fast enough.  
If an apple tree begin to rote or any of the apples begene to wax rosty, than the bark of him is sick than cut it with a knife, let it be opened, and when the humour there of is sum what flown over, let dung him well and stop diligently his wound with clay.  
The quince tree all the time that he is able to be translated, he would be removed every four year, & that shall make him bear great plenty of fruit after ward.  
The cherry tree loveth cold air & moist ground but sum cherry trees be full liking in hilly places the best setting of cherry trees is in the month of Novembre, and if nedebe in the latter end of januari And if the cherry tree rote, in anywise make an hole with a piercer under the rote, that the water that causeth the rotting may have issue out, it is to suppose that this medicine is good for all manner of trees that begeneth to rot.  
Also it is good for all manner of trees when a bough is cut a way, that the place that is cut be covered with clay or some other defensible plaster for the defence of the rain, that it make note the tree to rot.  
The playnting of prunes, in old and moysti places is best in february & March & the stones must beset a hand breed in the earth, & when they have stand so an hole year, take up the springs of them, & set them deeper in the ground, and the stones must lie in water three days or they beset.  
The meddler will bear well if he be planted, but graff him in a white thorn called an hawthorn, and they will be are the more plenteously.  
If thou wilt have any roses in thy garden, thou must take the hard pepyns of the same roses, that be right ripe, and sow them in the earth in Febuary or in March. And when the spring, temper them with watersand after the space of a year thou must translate them, and departed them farther from other in whrt other place ye will.  
If thou wilt that a vine bear white grapes, and on the other side reed, purvey that a white vine and a read he set near together. And when they be rooted measurably both like much, and of either  away half endlong upon the pith, and twine them together and bind them so, that either sap met without disjoining, and wrap it together with a supple linen cloth. and every three day moist it with water till it grow. And after that they be grown together thou mayst cut a way the one rote. And the other may bear it, and that vine shall bear both red grapes & white not with standing the one rote be done a way, & also thou mayst do so with tow pere trees tow apple trees branches.  
Also if thou wilt have grapes grow in a plomtre or a therie tree, set a vine under one of thou trees which thou wilt, and when the vine beginneth to grow, bore the other tree through with a piercer, according to the greatness of the vine, them draw through the tree and pair a way the upper end of the same vine as far as it shall be in the hole, and so suffer it to grow, & when both be joined together cut away the rote end of the vine by the tree and sowed that place well of that cutting & drawing of the vine through the hole & the cutting away of the root of the vine & that must be done in march, & some men will say it must be done or the knots be give to burgyne, that for that straet drawing the burgeos be not hurt, & than mayst thou dow the same with divers trees & divers fruits, & make one tree bear to divers fruits of divers colours.  
Also it is to wite that at the vine be good earth, & syred itself of to many scourges, it is good to ent that of with a knife, & if it lack yet overmuch delve the stock a boutand fill the pitiful of gravel of a flood meddled with ashes. Also sum men say, do in to the pit a good quantity of small stones, & that is good therefore.  
Item it is to wit that when the moan is in Tauro, it is good time to plant trees of graeves and pippins, & when she is in Lancro Leo or Libra it is good working of trees that be new sprung, and when the moon is virgo, it is good time to sow all manner things. And from the mids of Septembre unto the mids of December is open time of planting, and right so from the mids of januari to the mids of March, but yet in thes times it is good to those when thee moon is .v. vi. seven. viii. or ten days be fore the full moan. And after the full in cone when she is xxi. xxii. xxiii. xxiiii. or. xxv. days old, for this quarter of the moan is most temperate.  
Item every planting is to dispose it so that the son beams may come to the rote or to the earth from the hour of terce unto none. And be planted in the best manner. And that the trees that be bearing and of great height that party that stood toward the north he be set against the northwind, and the northwest wind. For the height, northwind, & the northwest wind hath kind to kill and dry to much the trees that be new set for their unmeasurable greatness, the earth must be ordained so that it be neither to fat nor gravelly but proportionably.  
All manner of pepyus carnels and grains must be set in the earth in deepness of four or five fingers breed that each be from other half afore. Always keeping this special rule that the end or grain of the pepin that stands next the rot be north-east in the setting & that other end upward toward heaven. And that thou moist them twice or thrice in the day, not rotting but dewing or springling, this is a privity among cunning men that in vere is most convenable time for sedes. graeves & pepyns, and Autumn of springs and plants.  
When thou wilt take a setteleng that springeth cut of an other tree rote, make a delve there about after the quantity thereof & so deep, till thou come to the great rote that the spring groweth out of, and thou must cut it of, and holding the edge of the knife toward the tree ground, and cut it so with a slope draft & leave as much of the earth about the root and stock of the setting as thou may, and set it in a good ground ordained therefore, and in a convenient time as it is before said, & if any spring so groweth out of any tree chose it that groweth right out that be not over long, but even without any small branches, holding the knife in the cutting always toward the tree as is above said.  
Also if thou wilt remove a tree that is great or bearing fruit, chose the a full moon from the mids of Octobre to the mids of Dicembre, having up the roots as hole as thou may, leaving as much of his own earch about the rote as thou may with the same manner and other as thou dost with setting of small trees & settling it is no force though the moon be not even in the full so she be in the ii or iii quarter, the governail of these plants is doubling of bearing of fruit.  
Also if thou wilt keep late set plants, keep them from velpertyn rains & from winds, namely in harvest for it is not great difficult in vere, against the coming of winter set or stick about the settling many bows that the northern wind or greatness of other winds destroy it not, put dung meddled which straw about the stock toward the root of a good thickness that frost & snow congyle not on the rote, and make a deep valley about the rote the space of vi or vii foot that the water abide not and freeze about the rote, in harvest, that is between summer & winter, that when winter cometh it may be filled with dung and solet it stand all the winter, and in ver put under the dung new earth and cut a way all the unprofitable branches & mayke it clean about the stock, and the roots from worms scurfs and mosses and evil weeds going about the braynches. all the close of thine or charred will be set a bout with other hithe trees that bear on fruit, that the flevers mygte be kept safe from winds. And beware that no fruit be gathered of no tree before the time, for that is a right great and at privy harming to the tree.  

The manner of graffing.  
The great stock must be chosen in good ground, and it must be smooth and even, and cut it with out the earth the length of a fout or more, if it be as great as thy thumb or moor, if it be greater look that the cutting be even overthwart the stock and a side and it must be cloven a 'bove in the mids of the pith the length of two fingers bread, and in the cleft set thy graff which must be chosen of the best tree. The stock is of the chief graff that standeth right upward, that hath a knot of the forne year. And an inch beneath that said knot cut thy graff & white it on both sides even in manner of a wedge as far as it shall go in to the clift of the stock, it must be so even twhiten that the air may not come be between the clyfte and the graff, and then close it with good temperate earth a bout the graff for defence of rain and wether.  
If thou wilt graff divers fruits upon one stock that hath as many branches as thou wilt have graffs on, & in every branch set agraffe in manner & form as it is said before, & evermore chose thy graff on the sun side of the tree that beareth it, & next the top if you may, & than mayst thou graff diverse fruits in one clift, but none of them may be thicker than other as thy reason will tell them the working.  
To have fruit without cores, look thou have a sufficient graff stock. & there which as I said before chose a graff of good merle tree, and cut it on this manner that the end of the graff that was upward next the firmament must be twhiten like the neder of a common graff, & the neither end turned upward it is to be done slelye, this rule is true in all trees that have stones & kernels, but a vine it behoveth to cut that is down ward next the earth with great cunning and fleyghte.  
If thou wilt have a vine grow on a cherry tree & have the taste of cherries. set a vine by a cherry tree till it grow, and in the begenning of severel what time it be, make an hole through the cheritre, in what place thou wilt, & as often as thou wilt and draw through the hole a branch of the vine, so that it fill the hole, & shave a way the old bark of the vine as much as shallbe in the hole. And put it in so that the shaven place of the branch stop full the hole of the cherry tree, and than cut away the rot end of the vine and wrap it well a bout with good earth & bind it well with a little cloth, & keep it well in all things it is said in other graffings, but some men leave the rote end on cut a year till it be soldered with the cherry tree, and than cut it away, and this is a good manner and a sure, and so it may be done with divers trees of divers fruits, and the grape and the vine shall have savour of them: And so of every tree may be graffed in other, and it is a marvelous graffing.  
If thou wilt have a tree bear divers fruits and of divers colours, and divers savour, in the first year graff in divers branches of a cherry tree, diverse apylies to thy liking, & cleave some of the brauches ungrafted, the second year make holes through the cherry tree, and draw through that hole vine branches, the utter end shaven of as is before said and in the same manner through another hole, read rose and therewith as is be foresaid of the vine, and this diversity thou may do after thine own liking.  
If thou wilt have fentes of divers colours thou shalt make an hole in a tree nigh, to the root even to the pith of the tree, and a none do in the hole good a sure of almain, so that it be nigh full, and than stop the hole well and just with a shorth pin, and wrap it well with tempered earth and bind it well as thou dost a graff, and the fruits shall be blue colour, and this may be done with all colours.   

¶ Also here beginneth a little treatise of the four seasons of the year, and also of the four elements, which they be and of what nature, and of the canyculer days.  
THe four elements be these, air, fire, earth and water, also there been four himours in man, & they be these, blood, red colour, black to lolour, & fleweme. Also there be four seasons in the year, in which a man ought and behoveth to be governed. The first is vere and that beginneth the viii. I'd of february, & endureth to the vii I'd of may in this thime waxeth blood, this is the first humour of man and accordeth with the air, that is the first element, for it is watery & hot as is vere, that is the first time of the year. And that time books of medicine learneth us to take drinks solyble for to purge the body of evil humours, & to eat flesh, & drink drinks that be wholesome for manes body, as young pork & clean moton and lambs flesh, & kids and fowls that be of the land, but no water fowls And fresh water porttes, tame neps and parseley, and other herbs of medicine, & to drink good clean ale, and no strong ale. And these things make clean blood, so they be not surfetly taken.  
The second time and season of the year is summer, and beginneth the vi Ide. of May and lasteth unto the vii of August. In that time waxeth red colour to the second element, that is fire for that is hot and dry. I that time men should not drink herbs nor let blood, but if it were for great nedenor much fast.  
It is good in that time to eat well sudden flesh of all manner of beasles and all manner of fowls, save pork in May is good to forbear, and eat all manner of fish with vinegar, or use of grappes of ver gius made with good herbs, sage, and savoury, and seed of anneys. fennel sede and coming, & it is good to drink wormoode, three times in the week tempered with wine, all so temper it with water and drink no strong ale, and use lovage seed and letous and they shall temper well the red colour & keep them from sickness.  
The thyred time of the year is Autumpnus or harvest, and it be gineth the vii I'd of August. & lasteth unto the vii I'd of Novembre, & in that time wax the black colour, that is the third humour in man, and accordeth to the iii element, that is earth and that is could and dry. In that time is it good to take drink solyble that purgeth the body of every black colour that much is in a man, & he may some time be let blood in that season. And eat little fish flesh, and namely fruits beef and milk is good to drink and good wine measurably and good stale ale, and new ale, & eat scaled fish & pepper with ginger and galingale, & eat bays and stanmarchesed and common, & browort roots with wine or with other liquor fasting, and eat not an hour or two after.  
The four time and season in the year is hiems or winter, & begeneth the vii I'd of Novembre and lasteth to the, seven. I'd of February, & in that time entereth phlegm, & that is the fourth humour in man. & accordeth to the fourth element that is water, for that is cold and most as is winter, and in that time men should let them blood in their bodies by grafing, but not no veins, but if it be the more need. And a man must keep him from drinking of strong drinks And powdered flesh is good to eat, and for as much as all fishes after water be flumattike, therefore they be better roast than sudden, and use mustard and pepper and oft time chew in thy month pellater of spain and such other things as will cause the flew me to void, and also eat fenelsede, common, & each of these seeds destroy phlegm that all the evils in man's body beginneth of.  
THe Laniculer days beginneth the xu kalem, des of August and endure to the four Nonas of Septembre in which season is great peril to take sickness, and it is perilous to take drinks or medicines or to be let blood but if it be great need and that must be after the mids of the day.   

¶ The form and the measure to meet land by.  
THe length of a barlei corn three times make an inch, so that the barley grow in common sort not to leaven to much composted, and xii inches make a foot, and four foot maketh a yard, & .v. quarters of the yard make an elle, five foot make a pace a hundred xxv pace make a forlonge, and eight furlongs make an english inyle, and sixteen furlongs make a french lewge, five yards din make a perch in London to meet land by, and that perch is xv. foot din long, in divers other places in this land they meet ground by poles, gads and r●ddes, so me be of xviii, foot, some of twenty & some of xxi But of what length so ever they be c lx. perches make an acre. for as a mark of english money containeth on c lx. pence, so every acre of land containeth c lx. perches, & as a noble containeth lxxx pence, so half an acre of land containeth lxxx perches and as the half a noble containeth xl, pence. so a road land coteyneth xl perches, & a perch of ground shall contain in length of that perch every way in the manner of a chequer, so that it be as long as broad.  
xvi ●ote & a half maketh a perch as is a 'bove said that is .v. yards and a half vi L. foot by livescore to the hundred maketh a furlong, that is xxviii perches save two foot, viii. furlongs make an english mile that is .v. M. foot, & so. LL. & iii perches all so are an english mile.   
¶ Here endeth this little treatise that speaketh of planting and graffeing of trees, and divers other matters, and also of divers medicines for man's health.   

¶ Imprinted at London in Lothbery over agaynnst S. Bargarets' church by me William Lopland.