THE Estate of the Church, With the discourse of times, from the Apostles until this present: Also of the lives of all the Emperors, Popes of Rome, and Turks: As also of the Kings of France, England, Scotland, Spain, Portugal, Denmark, etc.  
With all the memorable accidents of their times.  
Translated out of French into English by Simon Patrick, Gentleman.  
LONDON Printed by Thomas Creed. 1602.   

TO THE RIGHT Worshipful Sir William Wray of Glentworth, in the County of Lincoln Knight.  
THis work (Right Worshipful) called the Estate of the Church, from the beginning of the reign of the Emperor Augustus, to the first year of Rodolph the second, now living; First written in French, by I. Crispinus, and lately translated into our mother tongue by a Gentleman of desert: at the request of my very friends, I have been entreated to propagate to this present time. For him, although some hold, that translation is not capable of that elegance, as is the original, because the one hath full liberty of invention, the other is by necessity tied to observation: yet in my opinion the Author hereof, for his faithful & significant endeavour therein, hath deserved to be ranked with the choicest inventions. For myself in the continuation, as I have always in matters of small consequence, showed the mighty perturbation of my mind, fear; so in this labour of extraordinary moment, especially in presuming of protection under your worship's patronage, I am confounded, since the show of my devotion is begun with so mean a sacrifice: for to this heap I have only added an handful. In the whole discourse is set down at large, the original of Papacy (that slaughter-house of consciences) the advancing & increasing thereof, the beginnings of all heresies, the persecutions of the faithful, the change of religions, the decrees and councils of Bishops, the Canonie and laws of the Church. The judicial knowledge whereof is a light, illuminating the blindness of souls, and delivering them from the more than Cimmerian darkness of ignorance. This rectifieth the judgement of man, and teacheth him rightly to distinguish between true Religion and superstition, who both have one ground, which is his soul. This prospective showing the spots and errors of the Church of Rome, with the dark & sullen colours of hypocrisy & heresy, (which two venomous worms like snakes do poison and infect the flourishing estate of a settled Church,) will manifest the right Diaphonia and concord thereof. But jealous of this overboldness I take my leave: humbly dedicating my poor labours to your Worship's true-iudicial consideration, desiring withal, your gentle hand of approbation to this essential testimony of my most duteous love.  
Your Worships humbly at command,   

JOHN CRISPIN to the Church of jesus Christ.  
Such as apply their spirits to collect Histories ought to look unto this principal mark, 
The true end of histories.  to propose as in a glass, the power, wisdom, justice, and admirable bounty of the living and eternal God, to the end he may less nothing among men, of that which appertaineth unto him. As indeed he proposeth and setteth out nothing in the world, be it in the person of kings or of such as be of base condition, 
For what purposes changes do serve us.  wherein he means not to show that it is he which setteth his hands to all things, that men may learn to depend upon him, to hope for all good things at his hands, and to honour and tremble under his judgements.  
When we see an History, 
A glass for the comfort of such as be afflicted.  that some kingdom hath been established and brought into good estate, which before was dissipated & divided: or else that some man hath been delivered from some great calamity, and hath recovered some prosperity: behold here is a glass to let them know which read such things, what good and happy issue they may attend at God's hands, after long and troublesome calamities, if they trust in him. Again, if we encounter such an example, 
A glass for them of Geneva.  that a Commonwealth, which otherwise was of no great force to resist many enterprises attempted against it; yet it standeth fast, only making itself strong upon the succours it looked for at God's hands: behold here a Painter to represent unto us lively, with what wisdom God worketh, breaking the counsels of the proud which abuse their power, to confound and oppress such in the midst of which he hath established his seat to be honoured.  
Moreover when such witnesses appear, as the greatness, force, magnificence, the long spreading & stretching of great Monarchies, cannot often hinder, 
A glass to contemplate the incomprehensible judgements of God.  but all this hath been overthrown, or at the least comen to some decay; this is an other portrait which should make us think upon the admirable judgements of God reigning, who therein show evidently has strong and outstretched arm from above: and would give men to know, that if he can reduce and bring to nothing pours established in so apparent assurance, far more easily can he overthrow every arrogant and proud head: to the end there may be no humane creature of what condition or estate soever it be, which trembleth not in the consideration of such wonderful judgements.  
Moreover, so many changes and strange mutations which the discourse of time bringeth us, do demonstrate unto us what may be the assurance and felicity of all the frame of the world, and what may be the common condition of men. 
Things here below subject to changes.  As indeed there is nothing so well governed under the Sun, be it never so well ordained and established, which is not subject to divers changes. We see the Crowns of kings fall down to the earth: the sceptres of Emperors bruised, yea broken in pieces; the glory of Commonweals fade and decay, but ambition, 
The causes of changes and mutations.  proud ingratitude, insatiable avarice of such as were ordained to rule and acknowledged not God, are the cause of such overthrows and mutations.  
But since all men seek to find some firm estate wherein they may subsist & stand the reading of such examples should bring them to behold their God who is the firmity & assurance of all things, and without whom, 
The alone Church of God remaineth firm.  nothing can remain firm one minute of time. And as he hath showed this assurance in the midst of his Church against all tempests and storms, and against all the assaults & machinations of Antichrists, as is clearly showed in this present collection, so should this be the refuge of every one to find out that he would seek for. The Church may well be shaken, 
The Church may be shaken, but not overthrown.  but it can never be overthrown: for it leaneth upon the foundation of the truth of God: It may be tossed by tempests, waves & storms, but her ancre ascendeth even to heaven, and is sure held by the hand of him which cannot be removed out of his place. 
The condition of the kingdoms of the world.  But contrary, men perceive not the storms and tempests which are to settle and sink the great kingdoms of the world: yet it is so, that without being shaken they fall & vanish away as of themselves. But the spiritual kingdom of the son of God, which is his Church, ought not to be esteemed after the dangers of this present life: for it is preserved in the midst of the fiercest waves. As is said in Esay 60. Thou shalt have no more the Sun to shine by day: neither shall the brightness of the Moon shine unto thee: For the Lord shall be thine everlasting light, and thy God thy glory, and thy Sun shall never go down, neither shall thy Moon be hid: for the Lord shall be thine everlasting light, and the days of thy sorrow shall be ended.  
The assurance then of the Church ought not to be considered according nor in regard of things present, 
The Church of God is subject to change  because it is established in God and feareth no changes: For God is her light: so that she hath no need to borrow any brightness from either Sun or Moon. And although the faithful be not deprived of the commodities of this present life, but rather there is nothing either in heaven or earth which God hath not created for the love of them: seeing he hath a particular care of them: yet is there one thing much more excellent which the children of God do enjoy; namely the heavenly light: which from all times hath been cast on it. We must then lift up our spirits unto God, who governeth all both above and below, 

The heavenly light peculiar to the children of God.  
How examples written in histories are to be taken.   and not attribute any thing to Fortune, as profane men do: hereunto men pretend to bring all the faithful.  
Therefore hither men come not to feed the spirit of foolish curiosity, or here to learn any thing to babble with vain ostentation, or to take pleasure to hear a well adorned language: and assoon as the eyes are taken from off the book, all fruit of that reading is lost: but there is neither fact, nor chance, nor issue, 
Examples of prosperity.  which every man ought not to borrow for himself. If he find that some virtuous and well living man hath been well beloved of God and honoured of men, that virtue ought to be unto him as a flame to lighten his heart, that following such a man he may come to a like felicity. 
Examples of adversity.  If contrary he encounter and light on one who for his vices fell into some grievous inconveniences, it is an example to serve him for a bridle, that he do not precipitate and throw himself headlong into the same ditch: and above all, such as have great dignities and are called to do great things, so much more as their ruin is dangerous, so much more also ought they to be careful to look how faithfully they acquit themselves in their charge committed unto them.  
But well hath one said, that The History is a treasure which should never depart from the hands, 
The advertisement that we h●u●●y like histories.  wherewith men being aided▪ may more commodiously handle their affairs like to such as they find registered in histories: seeing that almost always alike causes happen and come to pass This small advertisement may profit, if it light not upon crooked and brutish spirits, unto whom this labour will not be profitable, but only unto such as with an honest pleasure will join a good desire to carry an humble reverence to all the works of God.  
But then O Church of God, seeing all things come and are done for the love of thee, it is good reason that thy little estate (or rather glass of thy condition & of that thou hast endured since the coming of thy espouse) be dedicated and consecrated unto thee. On the one side thou shalt know the heretics, schismatics, mockers & contemners, with the tyrants and violent oppressors which have done unto thee a thousand evils: but on the other side thou shalt see jesus Christ the stronger: who hath not declared himself thy head for a world or two: but for ever a protector of thine. And now is there any understanding that can comprehend, & less tongue to express what he hath done for thee in these last days: when from thy renting and treading under foot we see so many children each where of so fruitful a mother. O admirable bounty! O indicible joy and consolation, to see the marvels of the Lord in these last times: Let us pray that he will continue that he hath begun and advanced, to his glory and honour. So be it.  
Thine in the Lord, john Crispin.   

The order of the Bishops and Pope of Rome, after this Book.  

SAint Peter upon false tokens called the first in number of the Bishops of Rome.  
Linus.  
Cletus.  
Clement.  
Anacletus.  
evaristus.  
Alexander.  
Sixtus or Xistus.  
Telesphorus.  
Higinus.  
Pius. 1.  
Auicetus.  
Soter.  
Eleutherius.  
Victor.  
Zephirin or Seuerin.  
Calistus.  
Vrbain.  
Pontian.  
Antherus.  
Fabian.  
Cornelius.  
Lucius.  
Stephanus.  
Zistus. 2.  
Denis  
Felix.  
Eutichien.  
Caius.  
Marcellin.  
Marcel.  
Eusebius.  
Melchiades.  
Silvester.  
Marcus  
julius  
Liberius.  
Felix.  
Damasus.  
Siricius.  
Anastasius. 1.  
Innocentius 1.  
Zozimus.  
Boniface. 1.  
Celestinus 1.  
Sixtus 3.  
Leo 1.  
Hilarius  
Simplicius.  
Felix 3.  
Gelatius  
Anastasius 2.  
Simmachus  
Hormisda.  
john 1.  
Felix 4.  
Boniface 2.  
john 2.  
Agapetus.  
silverius.  
Vigilins'  
Pelagius 1.  
john 3.  
Benit 1.  
Pelagius 2.  
Gregory 1.  
Savian or Sabinian.  
Boniface 3.  
Boniface 4  
Deus dedit  
Boniface 5  
Honorius  
Severin  
john 4  
Theodorus 1  
Martin 1  
Eugenius 1  
Vitalian  
Adeodatus  
Donus  
Agathon  
Leo 2  
Benit 2  
john 5  
Conon  
Sergius  
john 6  
john 7  
Sisinius  
Constantine 1  
Gregory 2  
Gregory 3  
Zacharie  
Stephen 2  
Paulus 1  
Constantine 2  
Stephen 3  
Adrian 1  
Leo 3  
Stephen 4  
Paschal  
Eugenius 2  
Valentine 2  
Gregory 4  
Sergius 2  
Leo 4  
john 8  
Benit 3  
Nicholas 1  
Adrian 2  
john 9  
Martin 2  
Adrian 3  
Stephen 5  
Formosus  
Boniface 6  
Stephen 6  
Roman  
Theodorus 2  
john 10  
Benit 4  
Leo 5  
Christopher  
Sergius 3  
Anastasius 3  
Lando  
john 11  
Leo 6  
Stephen 7  
john 12  
Leo 7  
Stephen 8  
Martin 3  
Agapetus 2  
john 13  
Benit 5  
Leo 8  
john 14  
Benit 6  
Donus 2  
Boniface 7.  
Benit 7  
john 16  
john 17  
Gregory 5  
john 18  
Silvester 2  
john 19  
john 20  
Sergius 4  
Benit 8  
john 21  
Benit 9  
Silvester 3  
Gregory 6  
Clement 2  
Damasus 2  
Leo 9  
Victor 2  
Stephen 9  
Benit 10  
Nicholas 2  
Alexander 2  
Gregory 7  
Victor 3  
Vrbaine 2  
paschal 2  
Gelasius 2  
Calixtus 2  
Honorius 2  
Innocent 2  
Celestine 2  
Lucius 2  
Eugenius 3  
Anastasius 4  
Adrian 4  
Alexander 3  
Lucius 3  
Vrbain 3  
Gregory 8  
Clement 3  
Celestine 3  
Innocent 3  
Honorius 3  
Gregory 9  
Celestine 4  
Innocent 4  
Alexander 4  
Vrbain 4  
Clement 4  
Gregory 10  
Innocent 5  
Adrian 5  
john 22  
Nicholas 3  
Martin 4  
Honorius 4  
Nicholas 4  
Celestine 5  
Boniface 8  
Benit 11  
Clement 5  
john 23  
Benit 12  
Clement 6  
Innocent 6  
Vrbain 5  
Gregory 11  
Vrbain 6  
Clement 7  
Boniface 9  
Benit 13  
Innocent 7  
Gregory 12  
Alexander 5  
john 24.  
Martin. 5.  
Eugenius 4.  
Felix 5.  
Nicholas 5.  
Calixtus 3.  
Pius 2.  
Paul 2.  
Sixtus 4.  
Innocent 8.  
Alexander 6.  
Pius 3.  
julius 2.  
Leo 10.  
Adrian 6.  
Clement 7.  
Paul 3.  
julius 3.  
Marcel. 2.  
Paul 4.  
Pius 5.  
Gregory 13.   
FINIS.   


A Table of the Roman Emperors, with the declaration of the years which every one reigned.  
AVgustus reigned 56. years, that is to say, 12. with Antonius and Lepidus, and 44. alone.  
The year 42. of his Empire, was our Saviour jesus borne.   years. months. Tiberius' 23.  The 18. year of his Empire, was Christ crucified. Caligula 3. 10. Claudius' 13.  Nero 14. 7. Galba 14 7 Otto  3 Vitellius  8 Vespasian 9 or 10.  Titus 2  Domitian 15  Nerua 1  trajan 19 6 Adrian 22 or 20  Antonius Pius 23  Marc Antonin 18  Commodus 13 or 12  Pertinax  6 julian  4 or 3 Severus 18  Antonius Caracalla. 6  Macrin 1  Heliogabalus 4  Alexander 13  Maximin & his son. 3  Gordian 6  Philip 6. or 5.  During the reign of this Emperor one 1000 years is accounted since the building of Rome. Decius' 2  Gallus & his son 2  Eucilian of some is not accounted Valerian 6  Gallien 9  Egnatius saith he reigned 15 years, namely 8. alone, and 7. with his father Valerian. Claudius' 2  Aurelian 5. and a half.  Tacitus 6  Florian  2 Probus 6 4 Carus with his two sons, Carin and Numeran Diocletian and Maximini, or Maximinian 15  These two freely resigned the Empire. Constans & Maximin 2  Maxencius 2. alone, and with Licinius and Constantin 16.  Constantine the great alone 13. years.  Constantine, Constant, and Constans, his 3. sons, divided the Empire. The first reigned 3  The second 13  The third 24  julian the Apostate 1 7 jovinian or jovian  7 Valentinian 11 with Valence his brother 3  Gratian with his father, Valentinian 8 with Valens his uncle 3  Theodosius 4 or 6  Theodosius alone 11  Arcadus and Honorus his brother. Theodosius 2 26  Valentinian 5  Martian 7  Leo 1 18  Leo the young. 1  Zeno 17  Anastatius 27  justin 9  justinian 38  justin 2 11  Tiberius 2 7  Mauricius 20  Phocas 8  Heraclius 29. or 31 after some. Constantine  4 Heraclenas' 2  Constans 28  Constantine the bearded.   justinian after some 10.  Leoncius 3  Absimarus, or Tiberius 7.  Phillippicus 1 5 Anastasius 3. after some one year and 3. months. Theodosius 1  Leo Isaurian 24  Constantine Coproninius 35.  Leo 4. 5. after some one year. Constantine 10  His mother Himene alone 3. years.  Charlemaigne made Emperor.  
We account from Augustus till Charlemaigne was crowned Emperor, about 843. years. From the building of Rome, 1550. or as some say, 1530.  


The names of the Emperors of Constantinople, after Charlamaigne.  
NIcephorus, and Stauracius his son. 9 years.  
Michael Curopleus. 11 years.  
Leo Armenian. 7 years.  
Michael le Begne. 8 years.  
Theophilus. 12 years.  
Michael his son. 14 years.  
Basile. 20 years.  
Leo the Philosopher. 25 years.  
Alexander. 1 years.  
Constantine. 39 years.  
Roman Lecapen. 26 years.  
Roman Leon. 13 years.  
Nicephorus. 6 years.  
john Zimiscus. 6 years.  
Basile and Constantine. 53 years.  
Romain Argiropilus. 5 years.  
Michael de Paphlagonia. 7 years.  
Constantine Monomache. 12 years.  
Theodora the sister of Zoe. 2 years.  
Michael. 1 years.  
Isaac. 2 years.  
Constantine Ducas. 7 years.  
Roman Diogeves  
Michael, Constantius son. 6 years.  
Nicephorus Botoniate. 3 years.  
Alexius Commene. 27 years.  
Calcian. 25 years.  
Manuel. 38 years.  
Alexie. 3 years.  
Andronice. 2 years.  
Isacie Angel  
Alexie  
Alexie the younger.  
Baldwin Earl of Flanders.. 6 years.  
Henry. 11 years.  
Peter of Auxerre  
Robert his son  
Balwin.  
Michael Paleologus. 11 years.  
Andronicus  
Andronicus the younger  
john Paleologus  
Manuel  
john  
Constantine.    


The rest of the Roman Emperors after Charlamaigne.  
LEwis the gentle his son, reigned 26. years.  
Lotharie 15 years.  
Lewis 2 19 years.  
Charles the bald 2 years.  
Lewis the stutter 2 years.  
Charles the gross 10 years.  
Arnulphe 12 years.  
Lewis 3 12 years.  
Conrade 7 years.  
Henry 1 17 years.  
Otthon 1 37 years.  
Otthon 2 10 years.  
Othon 3 18 years.  
Henry 2 24 years.  
Conrade 2 15 years.  
Henry 3 10 years.  
Henry 4 1 years.  
Henry 5 20 years.  
Lothaire or Luder 13 years.  
Conrade 3 16 years.  
Frederic Barberosse 37 years.  
Henry 6 8 years.  
Philip 8 years.  
Othon 4 4 years.  
Frederic 2 44 years.  
Some say 33. years, others 37. years.  
A Schism in the Empire 23. years as some say: others say 28. years.  
William of Holland 2 years.  
Rodolph 1 18 years.  
Adolphe 1 6 years.  
Albert 1 10 or thereabouts. years.  
Henry 7 5 years.  
Lewis 6 33 as some say. years.  
Charles 4 33 years.  
Wencelaus 22 years.  
We pass over josse and Robert, because of the schism in the Empire.  
Sigismond 29 years.  
Albert 2 2 years.  
Frederic 3 53 years.  
Maximilian 1 25 years.  
Charles 5 29 years.  
Ferdenand 1 years.  
Maximilian 2 14 years.  
Rodolphe 2. at this present reigning. years.    
FINIS.   

THE ESTATE OF THE Church, with the discourse of times, since the Nativity of our Lord jesus Christ, until this present year, 1601. 
Augustus.   
IT was foretold by Daniel that the Messias should be borne under the fourth Monarchy, which julius Caesar constituted about 47. years before the Nativity of our Lord: after he had brought the Roman Empire under his subjection. Pompey before took by force and peeled the Town of jerusalem: and then the Sceptre and politic government of the jews began to stoop. See josephus in the 14. book of Antiq. Chap. 2. This came in the year of the world, 3903. and threescore years before Christ.  
Augustus' the son of julius Caesar's Sister, succeeded his Uncle being adopted of him. Under whose Empire the eternal son of God was borne, taking flesh of the Virgin Mary in Bethelem, a Town of jury, the year of the world's creation, 3963.  
This is the seed which burst the Serpent's head, and delivered us from the mortal sting thereof. This is the sovereign head of the Church, without which the body thereof can have no form. He takes a particular care thereof, and causeth his presence to be there felt with efficacy: And in the midst thereof will be invocated, served, honoured and glorified. The state whereof is to be deducted in this discourse.  
So soon as Christ the true anointed of God was borne and manifested in the world, Herod stirred great persecution. The occasion thereof was by the wise men which came from the East, which brought news of the Messias to them of jerusalem. He caused all the children in the coasts of Bethelem to be slain, which were two years old and under.  
This Herod who obtained of Augustus the title and dignity of King in judea, was the son of Antipater the Idumeen, son of an other Herod which was a Secretary in the Temple of Apollo, in the Town of Ascalon. Philo the jew rehearseth, that in the 13. year of his kingdom, he killed the ordinary judges of the house of David, and substituted others in their places. He was brought into such a rage, that he made slay his own son, which he had of a wife of the line of juda. Macrobius reciteth, that when Augustus heard it rehearsed he said. It were better to be Herod's Swine then his Son.  

Behold the judgement of God.  His execrable deeds remained not long unpunished, and it is profitable we should know the issue worthy of such a Tyrant. josephus in the 8. book of Antiq. Chap. 17. describeth it thus. The king's malady increased, and God showed openly that he would punish his impiety. For he was burned with a slow heat, yet without, none could perceive it, only he felt it within, because it grated & wasted his entrails. He was so hungry that he took no leisure to chaw his meat, but devoured all that entered into his mouth: and so still some must cast meat into his mouth. His entrails were wounded and ulcerated, and he was tormented with colic passions. His feet were swelled with phlegmatic humours, through which you might see the day. His shamefast parts were rotten and full of worms: his breath was stinking that none durst approach unto him. And in the 21. Chap. of the first book of the jews wars, the same Historiographer writeth thus. All his body was taken with a disease, and he was tormented with divers dolours. He had a burning and intolerable heat in him. The Colic tormented him incessantly: his feet were swelled betwixt the skin and the flesh: he sought to advance his own death; and calling for a knife lifted up his right hand, but Archilaus his cousin-german perceiving it, 
Tiberius.  ran to him and held his hand: he died 5. days after he made his son Antipater die, having enjoyed the kingdom the space of 34. years after he had caused Antigonus to die, and 37. years after he was declared King by the Romans. In all other things he was happy, yea if ever King were; for a man of so base condition to acquire that Kingdom and keep it so long a time, and at last leave it to his children. But concerning his domestic affairs, none could be more unlucky, etc. Hitherto josephus.  
This History is worthy of memory, that all that read such a vengeance of God, may learn to fear his judgements.  
After the death of this Herod, the Jews not being able to support the ruling of a stranger, sought to raise up seditions, but they were repressed by Archilaus. 
Archilaus Herodes successor, of whom there is spoken. Math. 2.  But whilst Archilaus and Herod Antipas pleaded one against an other in Rome, again other troubles arose in jewrie; In so much as Augustus divided Herod's kingdom.  
He constituted Archilaus the Tetrarch of Idumea, judea, and Samaria, and the revenue of those Regions amounted yearly to six hundredth Talents. 
A division of the kingdom of judea.  He divided the other part into two tetrarchs. He gave also to Herod Antipas, Galilee and Perea, out of which Regions he had yearly 200. Talents. And to philip's he gave Bathania, Traconite, Aucanite, & Calcide, of which places the revenue came by year to an hundredth Talents. This Archilaus was chased from judea, and finally banished to Vienne, which is in Gaul nigh to Lions, where he died.  
At this time the administration of the Kingdom was again changed in judea. The Romans placed Governors there, one after an other, as Coponius, Marcus, Anius, Rufus, Valerius, Gracchus, Poncius Pilate.  
Tiberius' succeeded Augustus his father in law, and reigned 33. years. He gave himself to Idleness and drunkenness, so that in mockery he was called Claudius Biberius Nero, in place of Claudius Tiberius Nero. See Suetonius and Cor. Tacitus, Historiograph.  
john Baptist began to preach the presence of the Redeemer, showing with his finger the Lord jesus: he reprehended the false services invented by men, so that persecutions began to arise. The most enraged persecutors were the pharisees, I mean such as were great in the Church of jerusalem. These crimes they laid against him: namely that he usurped the ministery to teach without the will of such as had charge in the Church. That he brought a new doctrine, diverse from the use of the Synagogues. That he showed a Messias, who had no appearance of a King, but abject and poor. That he used hard and sharp words, and affirmed that the government of Moses was come to an end, and that they must have a new Religion. That he foretold the rejection and ruin of the jews, and the vocation of the Gentiles. Mat. 3. Luk. 3. john. 3.  
But because the people came every day in great multitudes to him, and was held for an excellent Prophet, his enemies were bridled.  
But he endured an other persecution of Herodes Antipas (the first king Herod's son) the Tetrark of Galilee, who took Herodias, his brother Philip Herod's wife, and made him die, to please the appetite of that Herodias and her daughter Salome, after she had danced at a banquet. As it is Mark. 6.  

Three Sects in jerusalem.  There were amongst the jews at this time three Sects; namely pharisees, Saducees, and Esses, as appeareth.  

Touching the Temple.  All the Nation of the jews had but that only Temple which was in jerusalem, called the Temple of God. Mat. 21. It was 46. years in edifying. joh. 2. Nabuchodonoser peeled and burned the stately Temple of Solomon, and razed it by Nabuzardam General of his Army, when the rest of the people were carried into Babylon.  
Cyrus' the first of that name King of the Persians, at the persuasion of Daniel, gave leave to re-edify it. And the second year of Cyrus' reign, the jews began to build it, but they had great hindrances. The death of Cyrus followed. Cambyses followed him, a man full of impiety and cruelty, he caused the building to cease. Darius Hislaspes succeeded after him, who made an end of the Temple. And this was the cause it was so long in building.  
This Temple was situated in an imminent and high place, therein was great magnificence, and great gifts were given for ornaments thereof, as may be gathered in the 24. of S. Math. Mark. 14. Luk. 21. See joseph. in his last chap. of the 15. book of Antiquit.  
The Ecclesiastical government of the jews was this. 
The Ecclesiastical government which was then.  They which held the pre-eminence in the Church of the jews were called principal high Priests.  
It was ordained of God that there should be one high Priest, 
Sovereign high Priest.  who might remain in that office until the end of his life, & after his death an other was substituted, Exod 29. Nomb. 20. When Christ came, all was confused, all was sold for money, or by deceit and stealth. As john. 11. It is said that Cayphas was chief Priest that year.  
After the high Priest, 
Priests.  there was a great troop of other Priests, which were distinct amongst themselves. For David distributed the successors of Aaron into 24. orders. Therefore it is said, Luk. 1. that Zacharie was a Priest of the Family of Abia, which had the eight Lot. 1. Chro. 24.  
There were after Levites, whereof is spoken, 
Levites.  john. 1. and 10. Chap. There were also Scribes, which were Doctors of the Law. Luk. 5. There was the Master of the Synagogue, who was the principal Doctor. Mark. 5. Luk. 13.  
There were they which were called Rabbi or Master, 
Masters.  which was an estate or office of teaching. john. 3. Art thou a Master in Israel and knowest not these things?  
The Elders of the people, 
Ancients.  were they which they chose from among the people, having charge of things which belonged to the Temple, to justice, and the government of the Church. When jesus had chased from the Temple the buyers and sellers, the next morning the high Priests and Elders of the people came to him, ask by what authority he did those things. Math. 21.  
About the 20. year of Christ, and the fifth of Tiberius, as Eusebius saith in his Chronicle, 
Caligula.  thirteen Towns of Asia were overthrown by an Earthquake: namely, Ephesus, Sardis, Mesthenes, Megechiere, Caesarea, Magnesia, Philadelphia, Hincel, Tenus, Cume, Mirthina, Apollonia, Diahyrcania.  
Such judgements of God ought to serve for advertisements and instructions unto us.  
Our Lord jesus Christ exercised his ministery and office the space of three years, three months, and ten days: and the beginning is taken from his thirtieth year, because in S. Luke, it is said, that jesus began to be about thirty years of age.  
He suffered death and passion the year 34. according to the supputation of many authors.  
Caius Caligula was an horrible Monster, who by his wicked life despited heaven and earth, uttering his fury through all the jurisdictions of the Roman Empire, and by his Edicts would needs make himself a God. But finally he was taken with a strange death. josephus maketh a singular recital thereof in the 1. Chapter of the 20. book of Antiquities. Chareas', Sabinus, Aquila and others, which of long time had conspired his death, slew him cruelly after he had reigned three years, ten months, and eight days. His body as Suetonius rehearseth, was secretly carried to the Gardens of Lamius: and being half burnt, was covered with a little earth. He was of the age of 24. years.  
Such a Tyrant who had provoked both God and men against him, could no otherwise end his days.  
Caligula banished Herod the Tetrarch (who went to Rome at the persuasion of Herodias, the year 40.) into the Town of Lions in Gaul, where he died in poverty with the said Herodias his harlot.  
The same year the jews endured great afflictions. One was at Alexandria upon this occasion. Caligula had ordained that through all the jurisdiction of the Romans, there should be builded unto him Temples and Altars, where they should worship him as God. The jews alone resisted his impiety. Then were there many Grecians in Alexandria who wished death unto the jews, therefore than they took occasion to make them odious unto the Emperor except they obeyed his ordinance. When it came to proof, the jews resisted it strongly, and the sedition about it was such, that many were slain on both sides. The cause was finally debated at Rome: and Caligula a perverse man made chase away Philo the jew, who pleaded the jews cause. Who then said. 
Naucle.  It behoveth us whom the Emperor hateth to take courage. For it is necessary that God should help, when human succours faileth. Caligula used to say; Would to God the Roman people had but one Head.  
The jews also were greatly afflicted in Babylon of the Chaldeans, and in Seleucia of Syria. 
Two brethren jews.  There were two brethren Jews of base condition: the one named Asniens, and the other Anileus: the which being Robbers and thieves, they gathered together a great number of Rake-hells and disordered persons. Artanabus seeing this evil increase, thought good to remedy it. But it was too late. And finally moved with the prowess of these two young men, received them into amity, and gave them the government of the Kingdom of Babylon. See joseph. in the 18. Book and last Chapter.  
jesus Christ ascended visibly into Heaven to confirm his Resurrection the better, and the glory of his Kingdom, 40. days after his Resurrection. His Disciples yet dreamt of an earthly kingdom of Messias, & asked of him if he would not begin it. But jesus Christ after he had spoken of the eternal Kingdom and had blessed them, was lifted up aloft, and a bright Cloud received him into Heaven, where he sitteth at the right hand and power of God.  
Now than we must consider what advancements and increase the Primitive Church made by the Apostles and their Disciples; that all the faithful may know that jesus Christ the King of glory remaineth not Idle in Heaven: but by an admirable manner maintained, governeth, and aideth his, that his Gospel may be sown through the world.  
But as God showed that honour to the Land of Canaan, as to give it the promises touching the Redeemer, so there also by his death he obtained salvation unto mankind. 
Churches in Asia the less.  Above all Countries Asia the less had at that time the most flourishing Churches. After the Ascension of Christ, there was an excellent Church in jerusalem. In the first of the Acts it is recited that there were about six score persons at the beginning.  
The holy scripture calleth Churches the public assemblies of many faithful.  
Ten days after the Ascension, was the Feast of Pentecost. The Lord jesus then reigning in Heaven at the right hand of his Father, powered visibly and sensibly the holy Ghost upon the Apostles which then were assembled at jerusalem.  
The word of the Lord took his course, and the number of the faithful by little and little increased in jerusalem, by the preaching and miracles of the Apostles. Behold the book of the Acts, for the first preachings and the persecutions which came after the death of our Lord.  

Steven stoned.  The 34. year after the Nativity of Christ, and the 19 of the Kingdom of Tiberius, after the death of S. Steven, the high Priests of jerusalem stirred more and more grievous persecutions against the Church.  
Saul (which is also Paul) was chosen to persecute the faithful: for before his conversion he burned with false zeal, espying into each house, and drawing into prison all he could catch. S. Jerome reciteth that S. Paul his parents dwelled in Sischal a Town of juda, but when the Romans took the Country they went into Tharsis, which is in Cilicia, where Paul was borne. His father was a jew of the Tribe of Benjamin, and a Burgess of Rome. Act. Chap. 22.  
Many then were Martyred, others were constrained to retire themselves into Countries adjacent, which occasioned the Gospel to be further spread abroad.  
About the year forty and five after the Nativity of our Lord jesus Christ, and twelve years after his Resurrection, the third year of Caligula, a great persecution was stirred by Herode Agrippa against the Christians, wherein james the brother of john was beheaded. Peter put in prison, but the Angel of the Lord drew them out most miraculously.  
Soon after the Lord revenged the death of his. For it happened that this Herode went to Caesarea. The cause was for that he had enterprised a war against the Tyrrians and Sidonians, which they prevented by gaining the Chamberlain Blastus, and demanding of a peace. One day Herode sumptuously adorned sat down in Throne and spoke to them, and the people made an acclamation as if GOD himself had spoken unto them. But Herode was incontinently strooken by the Angel of the Lord, and was consumed with vermin and died miserably, because he yielded no glory unto God, and so the persecution ceased.  
here is a second mirror of God's judgement against such as oppress the Church.  
Saint Paul after his conversion returned five times to jerusalem. At his last being there, he recited the History of his ministery in the assembly of the Elders of the Church.  
His preachings were greatly spread abroad, neither ceased he to plant the Gospel wheresoever he went, as it appeareth in the Acts. He preached at Rome by the space of two years, although he was a prisoner. Where before there was an assembly of the faithful as the Epistle to the Romans witnesseth.  
Philippe the Apostle preached in Samaria, where there was a Church: which retired thither after the death of Saint Steven. In Azote the Church assembled; from thence it went into the Maritine Towns.  
Peter the Apostle also preached the Gospel in many Towns, as is at large seen in the History of the Acts. Origine in his Tome upon Genesis saith, it seemeth that Peter preached in Pontus, Galatia, Asia, Bithynia, and Cappadocia, to the dispearced jews.  
There was also a Church in Babylon, as he himself witnesseth in the fist of his first Epistle. In Phinicia and Syria, in tire, Sidon, Serentia, Silicia, Pamphilia, Pisidia, Attalia, Lycaonia. Also in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, Bithynia, Misia, and Phrigia. Unto these did S. Peter write.  
The seven Churches of Asia are named in the apocalypse: namely, Ephesus, Smirna, Pergamus, Thyatirus, Sardis, Philadelphia, and Laodicia.  
Above all, the Church of Antioch was most famous, where the Disciples were first called Christians. Some say this was the thirty and eight year after Christ: others forty. Paul and Barnabas remained there one whole year. Acts. 11. and 13.  
Saint john the Apostle and Evangelist, after he had preached the Gospel through all Asia, he finally retired into the Town of Ephesus, where he remained many years. From thence the Church might easily spread itself into Europe, which was nigh thereunto.  
Now we see the beginning of the Kingdom of Christ, and as it were a renewment of the world.  
About the year 42. the vengeance of God fell upon Pilate. For after the jews had accused him of too great cruelty, Lord Vitellius then Governor of Syria, commanded him to go to Rome, to answer the accusations that were to be laid against him. But as he was in the way he died. Tiberius as josephus reciteth in the eighteenth of Antiquities, Chapter five. Eutropius in his seventh book saith, that Pilate was nipped and pinched with so great anguishes, because Caligula troubled him, that striking and beating himself with his own hands, he sought to destroy himself. 
Claudius.  See Eusebius in his 2. book, Chap. 7.  
This same year it is held that Saint Matthew writ his Gospel in judea. The same year the Tetrarch ship of Herodes was delivered to Agrippa, and a great discomfiture now the second time was made of the jews in Babylon. See josephus in the last Chapter of his Antiquities.  
Claudius' the fifth Emperor was chosen to the Imperial dignity the aforesaid year, and reigned fourteen years and nine months.  
Herodes Agrippa the year 15. and the third of Claudius, held the Kingdom of judea, of the gift of Caligula and Claudius. Being departed from Rome to come to jerusalem, he thought good to make a show to the jews that he loved their Religion, and after to gratify the high Priests, he put to death certain of the faithful.  
At this time Churches were governed by the Apostles which were instructed in the school of the son of God, and therefore there is no government to be compared to this.  
Yet in this time the dwell had his instruments in Church's government; that is to say, false Apostles and false brethren. Even already wrought he the secret of Iniquity by his Antichrist. 2. Thessa. 2. and 1. john 2. and 4.  
There were Heretics, Titus 3. Dogs, Philip. 3. Wolves and men speaking perverse things. Acts 20. People which were neither hot nor cold. Apoca. 3.  
If at this time Satan had such licence, how bold think we will he be now that they are gone?  
Amongst them which now governed the Church, 
Difference of degrees in the government of the Primative Church.  some were given Apostles to visit Churches. Their charge was to sow the Gospel throughout the world. They had no place assigned. Besides the twelve, Paul and Barnabas are called Apostles. Acts 14. Epaphroditus is called the Apostle of the Philippians. Philippians 2. Andronicus and junia, are called notable amongst the Apostle. Romans. sixteen.  
Prophet's are they which had the gift not only to Interpret scripture, but also to apply it to the true use. S. Paul preferreth Prophecy before all other gifts.  
Evangelists had an office which came nigh unto the Apostleship. The difference was only in the degree of dignity. 
1. Cor. 12. Ephe. 4.  Of this estate was Timothy, and his like, which succoured the Apostles. 2. Timoth. 4.5. Philip is called an Evangelist. Act. 21. b. 8.  
Doctors were for the conservation of the purity of Religion, that the holy doctrine might be kept and published. Saint Luke joineth Prophets with Doctors. Acts. 13. a. 1.  
Priest signifieth Ancient; not for that they were of an age, but because age commonly hath with it more wisdom, experience, and gravity. Under this name, are comprehended as well Pastors, as such as were ordained for the Regiment of the Church. 
1. Pet. 5.  S. Peter calls himself Priest, showing thereby, that it was a common name.  
Deacons is a general name of service, but is taken for such as had the charge to dispense the Almesses. Acts. 19 a. 22.  
Ministers or servants are called Adjoints, or such as accompanied the Apostles in their viands. Timothy and Erastus ministered to S. Paul. Act. 19 a. 22.  
Bishop and Priest was then one same name and office. Saint Hierome in his Epistle to Euagoras witnesseth it. But afterward whilst Schisms endured, one was chosen from amongst the Priests and set in the most principal place, and called Bishop, or superintendant. And therefore the office of Bishop was after held to be higher than the Priests.  
Saint Paul commanded Titus to place in every Town Priests or Bishops. Titus. 1. a. 5.6.7. See Acts 20. f. 28.  
With the good seed which was all over as is said dispersed, there began also heresies to be cast into the Lord's field. 
Heresies at this time.  The first and most pernicious were the Simoniaques. The original whereof was Simon Magus, borne in a Town of Samaria, which justin calleth Triton, and Eusebius Gitton; a man exercised in Letters, who by his Arts enchanted many in Samaria before Philip had converted them. As is recited in the Acts. Chap. 8.  
After S. Peter had discovered his wicked Hypocrisy, he went away in such despite, that making a mingle-mangle of the dreams of Philosophers and paynim with the religions of the jews, and that which he learned of the Gospel he corrupted, and transferred to his own person, that which was spoken of jesus Christ, of the holy Ghost, and of the salvation of man. And as the light of the Gospel got above his mists and clouds, he came to Rome in the time of Claudius the Emperor, leading with him an whore called Selene or Helena, which he had drawn out of the common Stews of tire in Phinicia, he called her the first conception of his understanding, and the mother of all, by whom from the beginning he had conceived to make Angels and Archangels. He attributed also unto her, almost all things which the holy Scripture yieldeth, unto the eternal word of God, in the creation. He said also of himself, that he was the sovereign God which descended, and was transfigured to correct things which had been evil administered by the Angels. And although he appeared in an human form yet was he not man, and although men thought he suffered in judea, yet he suffered not. So promised he salvation to all them which would trust in him and in his Selene, and full liberty to do whatsoever their appetite desired. For men should be saved by his grace and not by their own good works. For such works were not after his nature but from his Angels, which by his permission had made the world, and had imposed such works upon men to draw them into bondage. Behold here the doctrine of this Master, who afterward brought out the like fruit, as pailliardizes, adulteries, thefts, drunkenness, blasphemies against the true God, and other the like fruits. Briefly Ireneus calleth him the fountain and father of all Heretics, in the Preface of his third book of Heresies. Of his manner of death, Epiphanius acordeth not with Theodoretus.  
Menander the Disciple of this Simon, was also a Magician.  
The year forty four as many think, Saint Peter came to Rome, and governed that Church twenty and five years: but hardly can they show that he was at any time there, nor at what time, nor under what Emperor. For first, if Saint Peter were at Rome, he came not to Rome at the time they say: namely in the year forty four, after the Nativity of our Lord jesus, and that which they say, that he ruled the Church twenty and five years, hath no likelihood. For it may easily be gathered from the Epistle to the Galath. that he was in jerusalem the year 51. where the Apostles great Council was held. Let the years be numbered. The year thirty and five S. Paul was converted, to which add seventeen, even until that Council, and it comes to fifty and two. How could he then before seven years be at Rome? If he were there he returned soon. But S. Luke then would not have concealed it if it had been so: neither is it found in any History of credit, that after Saint Peter was entered Rome, he left that place to return into the Town of jerusalem. Moreover it is certain he was not at Rome the year fifty eight, and three score. And that it is so, when Saint Paul was led thither prisoner, he remained there in an hired house two years. Hereof Saint Luke makes no mention of Saint Peter. And by the second Epistle to Timothy, it may be plainly known that Saint Peter was not at Rome at the time that S. Paul's death was so nigh. For then S. Paul having occasion to make mention of all that was with him, would not have forgotten Saint Peter if he had been there.  
Many wise and good men have handled this matter at large, unto which I refer you.  
The same year Herod the brother of Agrippa, was made King of Calcide.  
The year 45. S. Mark the Disciple of Saint Peter preached jesus Christ in Egypt, and Euodius was first ordained Bishop of Antioch. And there was james the brother of john beheaded, and Peter delivered from prison by the Angel.  
The year 46. which was about the ninth and tenth of the Kingdom of Claudius the Emperor, there was a great Famine through all Greece, at Rome, and in other parts of the earth, and this Famine was foretold in Antioch by the Prophet Agabus. Who being moved with that he heard say of the Church's prosperity of Antioch, departed from jerusalem to come thither with other faithful. Dion and Eusebius make mention of this Famine.  
At this time Helena Queen of the Adiabenians, and the King Isares were accounted to serve God faithfully. josephus speaketh amply thereof in his Antiquities, Lib. 15. Chapter 2.3. and 5.  
The same year Agrippa who was called Herodes, 
Agrippa called God, is strait punished. Act. 12.  died after a strange manner. In an assembly at plays he suffered the people to call him God, and therefore the Angel struck him, for that he gave not glory unto God, and he was consumed with Lice. josephus reciteth it at large: and hereunto agreeth the holy scripture. But it is worthy to be noted, 
The death of Heod Agrippa. Lib. 9 cap. 17.  that when he felt the horrible pangs of death, beholding his friends he said. Look upon your God: I am now constrained to change my life. And the necessity imposed upon me redargueth your lie. You called me Immortal: but now behold how I am drawn to death. josephus reciteth these things more at length in his Antiquities. His Kingdom was changed into a Province, and Cuspins' Fadus was made Governor of the jews.  
The year forty and seven, Abbarus reigned over the Arabians, and Cassius Longinus was made Governor of Syria.  
The year 48. Marry our Lord's mother died after the common opinion of the age of forty nine years. Nancle. See also Epiphanius, Lib. 3. of heresies. If we will believe some dreams, she was in body carried up to Heaven, but that tale is so frivolous, as he that cannot see it is more than blind.  
Upon such foundations Papists began by little and little to build the Articles of their faith: namely upon tales and dreams.  
The Council of jerusalem, recited in the 15. of the Acts, was about this year, and the 6. of the Kingdom of Claudius, and the 14. year after the conversion of S. Paul, as appeareth by that which is rehearsed in the Galath. 2.  
The same year during the said famine, Tiberius Alexander was made Governor of the jews.  
The year 49. which was the seventh of the Emperor Claudius, there was so great a sedition in jerusalem upon Easter day, that twenty thousand men were stifled betwixt the gates, as josephus saith, but as others, thirty thousand. The same year Cumanus was Governor of judea, and Quadratus of Syria.  
In the 50. year, a numbering was made of the people of Rome, and there were found three score and four hundredth thousand, an hundredth three and forty. The same year Herod the brother of Agrippa died, and his Kingdom was given to Agrippa the younger. This was he that gave audience to S. Paul. Act. 25.  

Oros. ch. 6.  The same year were seen three Suns, which by little and little joined themselves together. There was also an horrible Famine in Greece, and the jews were chased from Rome by Claudius.  
The year 52. S. Paul did that which is contained in the 21.17. and 18. Chap. of the Acts. This year he came first to Corinthe, 
Act. 18.  where he remained a year and six months. At this time the Emperor appeased the seditions which were betwixt the jews and the Samaritans.  
The year 53. the Emperor Claudius took the Kingdom of Chalcide from Agrippa, which he had held four years, and gave him the tetrarchy of Philip, with Traconite, 
Nero.  Bathane, and Abele: 
Felix.  and constituted Felix Governor of the jews.  
judea was marvelously afflicted about this time by intestine conspiracies and robberies, which was committed by the greatest men of jerusalem. jonathan the high Priest had admonished the Governor Felix, to acknowledge the true God. But Felix was so grieved hereat, that he ordained an other high Priest, namely joseph, who was a familiar friend of the said jonathan. joseph assembled together a band of thieves and slew jonathan. These thieves which remained unpunished for this, in an assembly of people fell upon all they thought good, neither carrying reverence to any persons nor places, how holy soever. And the true cause of all this mischief was, that some false Prophets and seducers joined themselves with these thieves. But so soon as they were come unto them, Felix made them die as seditious persons. Amongst them was a renowned Egyptian, of whom josephus makes mention in his Antiquities. This deceiver persuaded the common people to ascend with him into the Mount Olivet; saying that from thence he would show himself to them, and that by his commandment the walls of jerusalem should fall: 
Act. 4.21. towards the end. lib. 1. 2. Chap. 29. of the jews wars. Eusebius.  and promised them that thereby they might enter. Felix hereof advertised, made arm certain people, and with a great number of horsemen rushed upon that disguised band, which was of thirty thousand, and slew about 400. of them, and took 500 alive. In the mean while this abuser escaped and was never after seen. Those thieves again persuaded the people to make war against the Romans, and no more to yield them obedience. They burned and peeled such Villages as resisted them.  
The year 56. S. Paul went to jerusalem, 
Act. 19.20.21.22.23. & 24.  where he was taken and led to the Governor Felix.  
Domitius Nero succeeded in the Empire, and reigned fourteen years, two months, and certain days. He was as very cruel man, and insatiable in whoredom and Homicide, even in slaying his own mother, his sister, his brother, 
Church.  his wife Octavia, and an other wife called Pompeia, whom he slew with a blow of his foot. He killed also his Schoolmaster Seneca, and a Roman Consul, named Atticus, the better to enjoy his wife called Statilia.  
The year 57 after the death of of Aziarius, King of the Emesicians, 
Chap. 2. of the judaik war.  his brother succeeded him. See josephus. And Nero gave the principality of the less Armenia, to Aristobulus the Son of Herode King of Calcyde: and the Kingdom of Agrippa the younger, was thereby greatly increased.  
The year 58. after Felix was departed from judea, there was a great sedition in Cesaria, which is in Palestine, where a great number of jews were slain. The same year S. Paul was sent prisoner to Rome. There was a sedition also in the other Cesaria. 
Act. 27. Festus.  And Festus succeeded Felix in the government of judea.  
The year 59 in the Town of Thoulouze which is in Gaul, there was a very renowned Rhetorician called Statius Surculus. The same year the Town of Magunce was repaired by the romans.  

Chro. Eus.  The year 60. In Rome was a great earthquake, and an Eclipse of the sun, at the time when Nero exercised his Parricides and whooredomes.  
The year 61. a boy of eight years of age in Italy, in the time of Fonteius and Vispanus Consuls, 
julius. Solinus. Chap. 6.  did run forty thousand paces, from noon till the evening. The same year there was an Eclipse of the Sun the last day of April.  
The year 62. Albinus was made Governor of judea.  

Hist. Eccle. Lib. 2. Chap. 23.  The year 63. james the brother of the Lord jesus, which was called Just, accounted Bishop of jerusalem, was slain by the jews. The high Priest Ananias thinking to recover liberty, caused him to be called into judgement, and accused him as a corrupter of Moses' Law. Some say he was cast down from the top of the Temple, and as he prayed for them which put him to death, he was strooken with a Fuller's Bow on the head, whereof he died. Then did Albinus govern judea, succeeding Festus.  
The year 64. a thunderbolt fell before Nero his Table. The same year Saint Mark the Evangelist died, 
Osnald. Mic.  which was the eight year of the reign of Nero, he was burnt for the Gospel in Alexandria which is in Egypt, where he preached. At this time Agrippa augmented the Town of Cesaria Phillippe, and called it Neronia.  
The year 65. after S. Mark his death, 
Hist. Eccle. Lib. 2. ch. 23  Annianus was ordained the first bishop of Alexandria, and governed the Church 22. years.  
The year 66. began the first persecution, which was the tenth year of Nero, and endured till his death. By the commandment of this tyrant, 
Crime imposed upon the Christians.  fire was lightened in the Town of Rome, and that none should say it was his act, he laid the fault upon the Christians, and made them die of many kinds of deaths. They that called themselves Christians (which name was as odious unto all men as if they had been enemies of mankind) and they also which were accused by the prisoners besides all other evils done unto them, endured also this opprobry, 
The first persecution against the Christians.  that being covered with Beasts skins, they were with dogs torn in pieces; Some were fastened to Crosses and Gallows. Others burnt with fire, in so much that of them they made fires to clear and lighten the night. Cor. Tacitus rehearseth this.  
After Festus under Nero, succeeded in the government of judea, Albinus, and after Florus, under whom the jews began to fall into such rebellions and dissensions, that neither menaces nor torments, exactions, nor occasions, could repress them.  
In Asia three Towns perished by an Earthquake: namely Laodicea, Hierapolis, and Colossa. All Towns which had received the Gospel whilst S. Paul 
Linus.  lived, who had instructed them partly by writings, partly by his Disciples, as by Epaphras.  
A mirror of God's judgement, who cannot endure the despising of his word.  
The year 60. the Church of the Lord jesus in jerusalem, as it was assembled was divinely admonished and transferred into the Town of Pella, which is beyond jordaine. This same year Vespasian was ordained by Nero to set an order in the Country of judea: who did many things worthy of memory.  
The year 68 began the wars of the jews under Florus, because of his great cruelty, whereof josephus makes mention, Lib. 2. Chap. 13. & Egesippus, Lib. 3. Chap. 4.  
The year 70. if we will believe the catalogue of the romans.  
Linus succeeded S. Peter. S. Hierome, Nicephorus. Euthalius Deacon and others say, that S. Peter was crucified the 14. year of Nero, which was the last of his reign, and the 27. year after the conversion of S. Paul. How then could this be, that Linus should succeed him in the Apostolic Sea as they say, seeing Linus was Martyred a year before S. Peter? For so is it rehearsed by a certain Monk restorer of the papalty, who made two great books of Counsel in the Town of Colongne. Hereby may we see how assured the foundation of Popery is. If Linus were the high Priest or sovereign Bishop of Rome in the time of Nero, it is certain S. Peter was not there. But to prove the Institution of Popish ceremonies by the example of the Elders, they say that Linus ordained that women should not enter into the Church unless their heads were covered: yet that was not an ordinance of Linus, 
1. Cor. 11.  but of S. Paul.  
There is a great diversity in the Romish Catalogues of Bishops, that hardly can the writers thereof be agreed in their differences, which is a great argument that the papalty of Rome leans upon uncertain arguments. 
Galba.  You may also see this in Cletus.  
This year Vespasian war sent by Nero against the jews.  
Nero hated of all, and searched to be slain, killed himself, of the age of thirty and two years, and the year of his Empire fourteen.  
Galba Sergius succeeded, of the age of 43. years, and reigned seven months. He became cruel, Avaricious, a Glutton, and a Sodomite.  
He was slain of his soldiers by his successor Otho, in the place where men pleaded causes. His head was presented to the soldiers, and exposed for a derision and mockery.  
Otho the eight Emperor, like in all vices to Nero. 
Otho.  He reigned three months. He slew himself with a stroke of his Poinard in his left Pap, after the battle he lost against Vitellius.  
Vitellius Spinter the ninth Emperor, 
Vitellius Spinter.  reigned about seven or eight months. He was a great whooremoonger, cruel, bloody, and a Glutton. It is rehearsed of him, that at one supper he was served at his Table with two thousand sundry sorts of Fishes, and seven thousand sorts of flying Fowl, he was so excessive.  
He was miserably slain and drawn naked through the streets. And after he had been lanced and pierced with many Darts, was cast into Tiber. He was of the age of 57 years.  
The year 71. Ignatius was ordained the second Bishop of Antioch. And in this time all Mathematicians were driven out of Italy. Fabius Quintilianus was drawn from Spain by the Emperor Galba, and brought to Rome.  
Vespasian the tenth Emperor of Rome reigned nine years: 
Vespasian.  a man wise, prudent, loyal and affable, modest and patient: one only vice brought dishonour unto him, namely Avarice, 
Covetousness or inordinate desire.  and covetousness of silver, yea even to impose tribute upon urine, saying. That of all things the smell of gain is good. As he died he said; that an Emperor should die sitting.  

Vespasian.  The year 72. the City of jerusalem was besieged by the Romans. 
Suetonius.  There hath been no Nation (that we can gather by any History) that hath been so much tormented as that of the jews. So much the more familiarly the Lord declared his mercies towards this ingrate and hard hearted people, so much the more was it needful he should visibly show horrible signs of his anger upon it. No woe nor trouble could be imagined, whereof God gave not some proof unto this miserable Natition. The recital whereof may serve us for a glass to show us what end such may attend as are obstinate and mockers of the grace of God, such also as enharden themselves against his bounty. After their revolt which was the 12. year of Nero, the Romans ceased not by the space almost of six years to power horrible evils upon the Country of judea. Although a man speak not of the waste of the country, who can possibly esteem as belongeth thereunto the only miseries of that Town? For before it was besieged by the Romans, it was horribly afflicted by domestic enemies, with so many factions of audacious thieves which fought one against an other which of them should commit most rapines, 
Three bands in jerusalem.  murders, oppressions: And not one of all those bands (which were divided into three principal: that is to say Zelators, 1. such as followed Ilium, & thirdly them of Simon the Gadarean, and of his son Eleazar) thought he maintained his place well, but in surmounting one an other in all manner of wickedness. And finally, their rage was so overflown, that there needed no more but only to have an opinion of modesty and true religion, for to be put to death. They sought one with an other who should be the first to slay the Rich, to rob them of their goods. To slay the common people, such as were poor and of base condition, was but to take away such as were unprofitable, and such as were like to be but a charge to the Town already threatened with a siege, and to prepare the Town to sustain a longer siege. To give to know by any one word, or to show any countenance of grief at such unbridled licence to all evils which were then, this was called treason, and to complot with the Romans. When any lamented his parent or friend wrongfully slain, he was strait brought to some grievous torment. To pollute the Sanctuary by slaughters and murders, this was to combat for the conservation of the Temple and the Country's Religion. To take away the sacred money out of the Temple and dispend it upon dissolute villains, was to borrow their necessaries for the defence of the Ceremonies ordained of God. It was held a crime worthy of death, to seek to withdraw himself out of the midst of these evils. And they which remained in the Town besides other miseries and public griefs, were constrained to see before their eyes, their wives, their children, and their goods, to serve the appetite of all sorts of villains. Finally, this miserable people needed not fear any new oppression of the Romans, wherewith before they had not been tormented even by themselves, which called themselves their defenders. But after the Town was besieged by the Romans, 
Horrible famine.  there was so horrible a famine that during the siege eleven hundred thousand men died. Besides such as were slain by the enemies at assaults, and such as were slain when the Town was taken: and during that war, there was about 97. thousand taken. Some part of them were sold, others were carried to great Towns to serve for Prince's pastimes, in exposing them to beasts to be torn in pieces: Others were put into some paled park, where they fought till they slew one an other: Others were led into ●ands, there to spend their lives. The 14. day of April of the foresaid year, Titus laid siege before jerusalem, during the feast or Easter, the year of Christ 73. upon which day in respect of the solemnity, there were infinite people assembled. The 22. of that month he made platforms and Rams, and began to beat the Town. The 7. day of May he took the first wall, and the new Town called Bezeth. The 12. day of the said month the second wall was again taken, with the base part of the town, 
The taking of jerusalem.  from whence the Romans had before been chased. The 21. of the said month having gotten 2. parts of the town, he gently invited them to require peace, but seeing they would not, he caused his platforms to be set up against the fort called Antonia, nigh the 3. wall which the jews burnt: but a new wall was made by the Romans, environed all the Town to hinder the Jews from flying and seeking victuals. The first day of july Titus moved with compassion for the people which suffered and endured so much by the hard obstinacy of some, began to beat Antonia and the third wall. The sixth day fell one part of the wall of the Fortress, on that side where the jews had a conveyance out of the Town. The eight day of the month of August, the jews repressed by great outrages and blows of arrows, Heralds were sent by Titus to make them hearken unto peace, that the Temple might have been spared. The temple was taken by force, and against the Edict and defence of Titus, it was burnt. The 20. day he began to batter the high Town, which is called the City of David, after the jews had again refused peace. The seventh day of September this high Town was taken, whereof the Temple was the Fortress, as Antonia was the defence of the Temple. The eight day of the said month, all the Town was put to fire and blood.  
The 24. day of October, Titus celebrated the day of his brother Domitian his Nativity, in a Taritine Town of Cesaria: and there he made pastimes of divers sorts, wherein were brought about three thousand Jews Captives. Some were dispatched by beasts, others were set in order of battle to slay one an other. The like was done in Berith, a Town of Syria, the 27. of November. Where Titus celebrated the Nativity of his Father Vespasian.  
When we hear this summary recital (which is not the tenth part of the evils and fearful calamities that this miserable Nation endured, 
Rom. 10. ) let us not stray into foolish imaginations, but think with ourselves, if God spared not the natural branches, what shall become of us. Let us behold the benignity and severity of God. His severity upon them that are fallen: his benignity upon us, which are planted in the place of the jews.  
This same year Vespasian caused them to be sought which were of the family of David: for that there was a great persecution against the jews.  
Cesennius Governor of Syria, chased Antiochus King of Comageniens out of his kingdom, & sent him captive to Rome. 
Titus.   
In this time Lucilius Bassus was sent Ambassador into judea.  
There happened a sedition in Alexandria, wherein many jews were slain.  
Achaia, Licia, Rhodes, Bizantum, Samathrachia, Cilicia, and Comagene, which before were free and under the jurisdiction of Kings, friends, and confederates of the Romans, were made servants and reduced into Provinces.  
Ascanius Pedianus an Historiographer flourished at this time, who in the 73. year of his age became blind, and lived yet 12. years in great honour.  
An Earthquake overthrew three Towns in Cyprus.  
Titus the eleventh Emperor Vespasians son, reigned two years and twenty days. He was liberal and gentle, eloquent in the Greek tongue. He used to say that none ought to go from the presence of a Prince sad or desolate.  
Linus Bishop of Rome by the commandment of the Consul Saturnine was beheaded upon false accusation for Art Magic. 
Linus. Naucler.   
The 2. year of Titus, horrible things happened in Campania (which is now called Terra Dilavoro, the Land of labour.) The mount Vesnue which looks toward the Sea on Naples Coast, and hath coming out of it as it were great springs of fire, burst in sunder at the top, and cast out so great flames that it burned the Towns adjacent, with the men therein.  
There came also at Rome a little time after when all men were ignorant of that which happened in Campania, great and horrible calamities, in so much that many were of opinion that all things would be overthrown and the Sun would fall on the earth, for the multitude of ashes and smoke which were dispersed in the air.  
The year following Titus went to see the calamity which was come, and in the mean while many things were burnt at Rome, and the fire came out of the earth. For the Baths of Agrippa, the Temple of Serapis and Ifis, the Theatre of Balbus, 
Cletus.  the Pantheon, the Parks and many other places were altogether consumed with fire, whereby may be conjectured of others which perished by the same fire. Dion reciteth all this at large.  

Chro. Euseb.  The Amphitheatre was now builded at Rome by Titus.  
These things are recited, to the end that by the knowledge of such judgements of God, we may learn to fear him.  
Cletus a Roman Bishop of Rome, governed a 11. years. He approved the visitation of Saint Peter, saying that such visitation was much better than a fasting two years. This was the first Bishop that put in his Letters Salutem & Apostolicam benedictionem.  
There are none of the Elders which make mention of this Cletus, neither do they sufficiently expound, if Cletus and Anacletus were two, or both one. Only Damasus speaketh, but yet so confusedly, that there can be no agreement of the time.  
Titus the Emperor, of the age of 42. years, nigh to his death lamented sore; Saying, must I die and never deserved it? He was deified by the authority of the Senate after his death.  
There you may see how the Panim God's came, created, and forged by the wills of men.  
josephus an Historiographer and a jew, flourished at this time. He was Duke of the Hebrews Host, and being Titus his prisoner, was set at liberty: which he used, in composing seven books of the jewdaicall History, which he presented to Vespasian and Titus, who set up an Image of him at Rome.  
The 72. year, which was the second year of the reign of Titus, Linus having governed the Church of Rome 12. years, resigned the office to Anacletus, who was the second Bishop of Rome. Ireneus and Eusebius do witness this, without making any mention of Cletus, 
Anacletus.  which some say was the successor of Linus.  
Domitian the 12. Emperor, reigned 15. years and six months. This man was exceeding wicked, cruel, adulterous, choleric, a coward, proud, a ravener. 
Domitian.  He committed Incest with his brother's daughter, whom he ravished and took out of her husband's hands.  
Three Virgin Vestals were buried alive for whoredom. 
Euseb.   
Domitian having by public Edicts commanded that he should be called Lord and God, caused Images of himself of gold and silver to be erected.  
He cast out of Rome all Philosophers: 
Fasc. Tem.  he sent into exile many Senators and Nobles, and some he slew. He builded the Pantheon at Rome.  
He stirred the second persecution against the Christians, 
The second persecution against the Christians.  and caused all such to be put to death as he found to be of the stock of David. For he feared the coming of Christ. Afterward he caused the persecution to cease.  
S. Denis, Rusticus, and Eleutherus, preached the Gospel in France.  
The year 87. Albilius was constituted the second Bishop of Alexandria, and was Bishop 12. years.  
The year 88 Domitian by the conduction of Fuscus passed over Danaw, and led his Army against Dorpaneus, King of the Goths or of the Dares. The Goths overcame the Romans, and Fuscus was slain, and the Camp peeled or spoiled.  
Clement a Roman the fourth Bishop of Rome, ruled nine years. He instituted notaries to write the acts of the Martyrs, 
Notaries and pronotaries,  their constancy and patience, for example and perpetual remembrance.  
Domitian of the age of 45. years was slain in his Palace by the conjuration of his familiar friends, & consent of his wife. He was buried without any honour, & all his Images cast down.  
The Senate disannulled all his ordinances, and called again such as he had exiled.  
S. john the Evangelist from his exile of Pathmos (which is an I'll in the sea Egea: which is betwixt Asia the great, 
The death of S. john the Evangelist.  & the less) returned into Ephesus, where he died of the age of an hundredth years or there abouts, and was there buried.  
Nerua Cocceius now old, was made the 13. Emperor, 
The Chron. of the Emper.  and reigned one year, 4. months. He died at the age of 71. years. 
Clement.  Being Emperor, he pronounced all Christians absolved, whether accused or banished, and called them back. He was wont to say that men must rather respect a man's virtue then his race or country. He was by the Senate deified.  
Now rose there many heresies in the Church after the death of the Apostles.  
trajan a Spaniard the 13. Emperor, reigned 19 years, 6. months, and 15. days.  
He was greatly praised of Historiographers as a debonair and gentle Prince, yet he persecuted the Christians. Under him was Clement martyred.  

Eusebius.  Four Towns perished in Asia, and two in Greece, with Earthquakes.  

The third persecution. Suppl. Chro.  The third persecution made against the Christians in the time of trajan. He feared some hurt should have come to the Roman Empire by the increase of Religion.  
There were each day a great number of Martyrs slain. In so much that Pliny the younger having than the administration of a Province, namely Bithynia, and seeing the great number of men which then died, writ to the Emperor how each day many thousands of persons were put to death, yet was there not found that they committed any fault, neither did any thing against their Roman laws: but only for that they sung certain Hymns and Psalms afore day, 
Singing of Psalms ancient.  to a certain God they called Christ. And finally, that Adulteries, Homicides, Thefts, and other crimes, were prohibited them, and did keep themselves from such faults, living carefully according to common Laws. Whereunto the Emperor gave answer and commandment to make no more any Inquisition against Christians. Yet was not thereby the occasion taken away from them, which had a will to show cruelty against Christians.  

Fasci. temp.  Timotheus a Martyr in this time.  
Anacletus 5. Bishop of Rome borne in Greece, an Athenian, ruled two months and ten days.  
We now enter into the times which were incontinent after the Apostles, and take their beginning in the kingdom of trajan.  
Anacletus ordained that no Clerk should wear a beard, 
Anacletus  

Naucle, Now none but the Priest communicateth.  
Suppl. Chro.   and commanded all the faithful that were at the administration of the Lords Supper, either to communicate or to be driven out of the Temple.  
Eusebius placeth Anacletus in the place of Cletus, after Linus; and after Clement, immediately he makes mention of evaristus, which is the cause of the discord that is found amongst Historians in this place.;  
Anacletus ordained that the Clergy two times in the year should have Synods or Congregations, 
Synod.  for the affairs of the Church.  
In his writings amongst other things he admonisheth the people to carry honour and reverence to their Ministers, and to support them. He that speaketh evil of a Minister saith he, 
In the first volume of Council.  speaketh evil of Christ; and he judgeth him to be separate from Christ. He was put to death under trajan.  
Heresies at this time grieved the Church within, 
Heretics.  and public persecutions without.  
1. Cerinthus the Heretic, 
Suppl. Chron.  held that Moses' law must be kept alone.  
Also that Christ was not risen again, 
S. Aug.  but that he should rise again.  
He made the Kingdom of Christ carnal. 
Eusebi, Sup. Ch.   
2. Ebion held Christ to be a pure man, engendered as others: And he called S. Paul, the Apostle of the Law.  
3. Menander, a Nigromancian, etc.  
4. Basilides, 
Eusebi.  these did infinitely spread their imaginations touching the procreation of their Gods and Angels. And to yield the more astonishment, they used disguised and barbarous words.  
5. The Nicholaites would women to be common. 
Histo. Ecclec. Lib. 3. cap. 26.   
6. Saturnin following Simon Magus, said also that men might use women indifferently, as the Nicholaites.  
Papias Bishop of Hierapolis, Policarpus Bishop of Smirna, Ignatius Bishop of Antioch, good and Catholic Pastors, Disciples of S. john the Evangelist. 
evaristus.   
See how God destituted not his Church of true Pastors to withstand Heretics.  

Anno. Christ. 121.  evaristus the 6. Roman Bishop ruled 8. or nine years.  
He ordained that seven Deacons should be chosen in every City, 
Euseb.  which should mark and keep by the Bishop as he preached and taught the people. He appointed them also for witnesses of the word of God, 
Fasci. Temp.  that none might impose that he had preached evil against the truth.  
He ordained that marriages should be publicly solemnised in Churches. 
marriage pub. like.   
That the Church should obey his Bishop, and that the Bishop should not leave his Church during his life, no more than the woman her husband.  
There be two Epistles found of him. In the first he makes that Apostolic seat head of the Church: whereunto he wils that all doubtful affairs should be brought: yet in his second Epistle he contradicts it.  
In Gallatia three Cities perished with an Earthquake. Eusebius.  
evaristus was Martyred the last year of the Empire of trajan.  
The Pantheon of Rome burnt with lightning.  

Euseb. Lucian.  Lucian the Apostate and Atheist composed his dialogues under trajan.  
The town of Antioch was so shaken, that even the Mountains nigh did shake and quake, yea even the Mount Cassius, the highest in Syria, the Floods there dried up, and the earth sounded in a strange manner. Tiles falling clattered in such sort, and the cries of men overthrown were so fearful, and with dust the obscurity was so thick, that there was never seen or heard speak of so strange things. The Emperor trajan was then there, and likewise people of all Nations of the Roman Empire.  
Dion writeth this horrible confusion, 
Alexander  & the calamities which proceeded this Earthquake which happened at Antioch.  
Ignacius Bishop of Antioch was led prisoner to Rome to be cast unto beasts, and so to be aspectacle unto the people. 
Euseb.  As he went from Syria to Rome, and passed through the Country of Asia, in all places where he came he preached to the people and Churches the Christian faith, exhorting them to persever and keep themselves from the infection of Heretics which then began to spring, in carefully keeping the doctrine received of the Apostles.  
The cause was, that in Antioch having reprehended the Idolatry of trajan, he was apprehended as one seditious & guilty of treason, & was given in charge to 10. soldiers, or rather torments, to be led to Rome and be put to Lions: whereof Ignacius himself saith. I have had to fight with beasts from Syria to Rome, by sea, by land, night and day amongst 10. Leopards, etc. Ireneus in his fifth book speaking of Ignacius, being condemned to beasts, he said (saith he) I am the wheat of jesus Christ, and shallbe grinded with the teeth of beasts, to the end I may be made the bread of God.  
Alexander the 7. Bishop of Rome, was a Roman, and governed 10. years; namely from the 12. year of trajan, till the third of Adrian.  
Many things are spoken of the integrity of his life, whereby many of the Roman Senators were drawn to the Christian faith, seeing in him virtues truly Episcopal: 
De cense. dist. 2. cap. in Sacramento. Dist. 10.102. to. Si quib. 10, Dist. cap. Relatum.  yet it is attributed unto him, that he should first bring in new ceremonies of the Church, as the holy water so keep in houses and Churches against the devil, and for remission of sins: Also to mingle wine and water together at the Lords supper: Also the Asperges upon the people: Also that Bread should be without Leaven, and not common bread as before. They make him the first, which by decree excommunicated them who resisted Apostolic messengers. 
The first addition to the Lords Supper.  He ordained that no Clerk should be accused and drawn before a secular judge: he is said to be the first which added to the Lords supper (Caena pridie quam pateretur,) & made that overture to his successors to add thereunto: 
Adrian.  which have not since ceased until the whole Supper of the Lord was corrupted and changed. 
2. Tess. 2. de conse. dist. 2. cap. Sufficit.  Also he ordained to celebrate but once a day.  

The Pope's afterward forged their decretals.  Note here generally for the Bishops which were first at Rome, that many Epistles have been attributed unto them, which mention greater number of Ceremonies then there is in other Churches, and such as were unknown to them which writ in that time, which made them then suspected. For the Popes which came after, have made those first Bishops their buckler for authors of their lies and dreams.  
Alexander received the Crown of Martyrdom under the Emperor Adrian, by the command of his Governor Aurelian, who demanded of Alexander why he held his peace when the fire was lightened about him to burn him. He answered that he was speaking to God (signifying that he prayed) and therefore it was not lawful for him to speak unto men. Honorius and Nauclerus Dion rehearseth of the Emperor trajan, that before he died his members were retracted, and all his body senseless. His senses also were dulled, and after that, he became to be full of the dropsy, and greatly swelled. He finally died in Selinion, a Town of Cicile. Some say his body was brought to Rome and deified by the Senate after his death, after the manner of the Romans.  
Although this Prince had great politic virtues, yet is he to be placed in the third rank of the cruel enemies and persecutors of the Church of God.  

Anno Christ. 101.  Adrian the 16. Emperor, reigned 22. years, gentle, and cunning in all knowledges. He persecuted the Christians. But when he knew the truth of their life, he caused the persecution to cease.  

Suppl. Chro.  Quadratus Bishop of Athens, the Apostles Disciple, presented an Apologeticke book to the said Adrian, in defence of the Christian Faith.  
Aristides a Philosopher of Athens, a faithful man, made a like Book: whereupon Adrian sent to Minutius Fundanus, 
Sixtus.  Proconsul of Asia, that he should no more persecute the Christians. But if they did any thing against laws, he would that he should therein deal according to the quality of the crime. And if any slaunderoufly accused them, he commanded such should be chastised for their malice.  
Nicomedia and Nice were ruinated by an Earthquake, and afterward restored by the liberality of Adrian. Euseb. Chro.  
All evils which came to men were laid upon the Christians, saying they came all for their cause, whether they were Earthquakes, war, or other calamities.  
Sixtus or Xistus a Roman, 8. Bishop of Rome, ruled about 10. years. 
Not to touch Chalices.  He decreed that none should touch the consecrated ornaments, Vessels, Chalices, etc. unless they were Churchmen.  
He added to the Communion of the Eucharist. Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus, Dominus Deus Sabaoth.  
He granted this privilege to Clerks, that they might appeal from their Bishop to the Apostolic Sea.  
In his decretals he is called Archbishop of the Roman Church. Item universal Bishop of the Apostolic Church.  
About this time, those words Archbishop, Metropolitan, and Clergy, began to be used in Epistles.  
He appointed certain punishments for Priests or Ministers that were negligent in baptizing Children before their deaths.  
At this time the Supper of the Lord was called Eucharist: The words Sacrifice or Mass were not yet brought in. And although Ireneus sometimes called the Eucharist, Oblation, he declares his meaning therein in his 4. Book and 34. Chapter. 
The word Oblation.  We make unto him an Oblation saith he: not as to him which stands in need thereof; but as giving him thanks for the good he hath done unto us. And again he wills also that we give offerings at the Altar: and often, and without ceasing. But the Altar is in heaven (saith he) and thither must we address our prayers and Oblations.  
It may well be that then this word Oblation was in common use, because the custom than was to offer Loaves of bread in great abundance for the use of the Supper: wherewith the Ministers lived, and the poor were nourished.  

The last destruction of the jews.  The jews surprised with a new rage, began again to take arms against the Romans. Dion saith the occasion thereof was for that Adrian had builded there a Temple to jupiter, and placed there Idols of the Gentiles. The jews chose for their Captain, 
Barrochabas the jewe.  Barrochabas, who named himself the son of the Star. This man exercised great cruelty against Christians, because they would not join with the jews: But Adrian repressed those seditious people, and famished them, and took away their waters, and finally discomfited them nigh to Bethera, a little Town by jerusalem, and in one only battle he slew fifty eight thousand men. After Nicephorus Ancelme, speaketh of fifty thousand jews slain, fifty holds taken, and nine hundred eighty five Villages destroyed, as well by famine, as by fire and blood, and all the rest of the jews miserably driven from jerusalem into far Countries, and sold over all the world.  
The Emperor Adrian would not that the City of jerusalem should any more retain his ancient name, but having again made it, he called it by his own name Aelia Capitolina. Honorius and Eusebius say that he made Edicts be published, whereby it was not lawful for the jews, no not so much as to regard a far off their Country of judea.  
The first so terrible a destruction might have sufficiently taught them that the kingdom was taken from them as the Prophets had foretold. But God would that a second time they should feel a punishment almost as horrible as the first.  
The Christians after dwelled in Palestine with some assurance, and there had Churches.  
Sixtus sent many to preach the faith in France, he was afterward martyred under Adrian. 
Telesphorus.   
Pernicious heresies now did spring, Saturnin, Basilides, 
Heresies in the Church.  Carpocrates, Valentia, and Tatien, tore in pieces the doctrine of God, forging many Gods, & denying the humanity of Christ.  
Valentine and Martian forged that Christ brought from heaven his human flesh.  
Martian said there was two beginnings, the one good, and the other evil.  
Montanus denied the Divinity of Christ, and affirmed of himself that he was the holy Ghost.  
They admitted and allowed whoredoms and villainous filthiness against marriage. 
Epiphanius.   
Many were turned from the true doctrine by these heresies & blasphemies which proceeded from those horrible monsters, Instruments of Satan.  
Telesphorus 9 Bishop of Rome a Grecian, ruled sixteen years of the time of Adrian and Antonine. It is attributed unto him that he should enjoin Churchmen to abstain from flesh 7. weeks before Easter. The Decretal likewise attributed unto him, makes mention of Clerks, but not of lay people; yet after by succession of time, Lent became observed of all. He instituted three celebrations of Christ's nativity, one at midnight, an other at the point of day, and the last at three. He added Gloria in excelsis Deo etc. Some say it was S. Hillary others Symmacus. This hymn seemeth to have been written against the Arrians, as shall be said hereafter. And the fourth Council of Toledo, Chap. 12. makes mention that this Cauticke was made by the Ecclesiastical Doctors. Henry Bullinger Lib. 2. of the beginning of his Decad. Chap. 7.  
He ordained also that none should presume to celebrate in the morning before 3. a clock. In this Decretal he is called Archbishop of Rome.  
Carpocrates an heretic, was the inventor of a Sect & manner of people called Gnostici: 
Gnostics.  For he taught them secrets of Magic, & dreams of love, which came by divellishillusion. Many hereby were deceived & led to destruction. They which were not yet instructed, seeing the execrable life of those villains which called themselves Christians, would therefore abolish the Christian faith as if all were alike. 
Adrian.  And all the slanders wherewith they charged the Christians, namely that they were cruel, and that they meddled with all women carnally without any regard of blood or parentage, yea that they did eat little children, came not but from those pernicious heretics.  
So it falls out at this day: For the errors of Anabaptists and Libertines are without difference attributed unto such as follow the Gospel, and with a common name they are wrongfully called Lutherans.  
Adrian builded a Temple and a Sepulchre unto Antinous, whom he had wickedly abused in his life, and ordained that men should every year celebrate the plays and pastimes called with his name Antinoens. He also founded a City of the said Antinous name, 
A Buggerer, worshipped as God.  which he called Antinoe. Where for fear of the Emperor, Antinous is worshipped as God, although men knew what a man he was.  
Adrian died very miserably; There came unto him a great flux of blood: he was also taken with great pain and fell to the dropsy: he assayed by Arts Magic to draw that water out of his body: but nothing helped him, neither ceased the bloody Flux. Sopartianus reciteth, that he called of his Physician for poison, and seeing he would not give it him, he demanded a knife, promising great things to him that would deliver him one. 
The death of Adrian.  He died of the age of 62. years, having no member in his body which was not vexed with torments. Aurelius' Victor.  
He was punished with blood, for the blood he shed.  
The persecutions in Asia were exceeding great. See Euse. Lib. 5. Chap. 15. where at length he describeth the Martyrdom of Policarpus. Lib. 4. Chap. 23. The Athenians offended at so great persecutions wherein they had lost Publius their Bishop, almost revolted from the faith.  

Torments and cruelties against Christains.  There was no torment nor punishment that the Instruments of the devil could devise, whereof the Christians were not judged worthy: 
Pius.  for they were espied in and without their houses. They cried against them in all public places. They whipped them, trailed them, stoned them, peeled their goods, imprisoned them, plates of iron were applied to their naked flesh: They locked them in an Instrument of Torture even to the fifth point, they were put in obscure and low places in prison: Some strangled them, some exposed them to beasts, and other infinite torments. The dead bodies in prison, after they were cast into the fields, they set Dogs there to keep them that they might not be buried.  
In these hard torments Christians gave courage one to another, and were very careful to take such order as none should fall from their profession, either by infirmity, or for want of ability to endure the torments.  
The number of Martyrs of this time were too great to be recited in this little Treatise. But justine, Eusebius, Basile the great, and other ancient Doctors, have carefully set them down in writing.  
These examples ought to encourage us constantly to maintain the truth of the Gospel.  
Antonius Pius a Gentile, 

An. Christi. 123.  
In the book he writ to Strapula.   Emperor 16. reigned 23. years or thereabout, a man benign and modest. He said often that he had rather save a Citizen, then to slay a thousand of his enemies.  
Tertullian witnesseth that he was not altogether gentle towards the Christians, and especially in the beginning of his reign: When Arrius Antonius (saith he) ceased not to persecute in Asia, the Christians assembling in a company, presented themselves before the judicial seat. And after he had sent some few of them to the jibbet, he said to the rest, O miserable men, If you have an affection to die, have you not cords to hang yourselves? or high places to cast yourselves down?  
Higinius an Athenian, a Philosopher's son, 
Higinius.  governed the Church of Rome 4. years.  
He ordained that Churches should be dedicated by solemn ceremony. Item that the number of Temples should neither be augmented nor diminished without the consent of the Metropolitan. See the Decretal. De conse. dist. pri. ca Omnes Bacilicae. 
Pope.  This was the first who entitled himself Pope, in his second Decretal.  

De conse. dist. 1. ca Lignae.  He for bad that Summers, Sparres, Tiles, and other matter of Temples, should be after applied to any profane use, but burnt or given to other poor Churches and Monasteries, and not to the uses of Lay men.  
He instituted that at Catechism, Baptism, and confirmation, there should be a Godfather or Godmother. De conse. dist. 4. ca In cat.  

36. Hom, 10. cap. 1. Si qua nud.  He ordained that if any woman came to the second marriage by whom she had issue, that that issue could not be married to the consanguinity of the first husband until the fourth degree.  
Item, that no Metropolitan except the Pope, shall condemn any of his Clergy, Priest, suffragan or Bishop of his Province, unless first the cause be handled and known in the Council of other provincial Bishops, otherwise the sentence not to be available. 8. q. 3. c. Salus in omnibus.  
Galen the Physician flourished at this time.  
Valentine the heretic a Platonician, denied the resurrection of the flesh.  

S. August.  He affirmed that Christ took no human flesh off the Virgin's womb, but that he passed through it as through a conduit.  
Cerdon the Stoic, said at Rome that the holy Ghost descended not upon the Apostles, but upon himself.  
Note here the saying of Tertullian, namely, that the Philosophers are patriarchs of heretics.  
Martian the Stoic a follower of Menander, made two contrary principles.  
This Pope (seeing he named himself so) was a learned man, 
Anicetus.  
Sup. Chro.  and made a book entitled De Trinitate & unitate Dei.  
Pius first of that name 11. Pope of Rome, an Italian of Aquilia, ruled at Rome a 11. years.  
Some say he ordained that Easter should be celebrated upon the Sunday, by the persuasion of Hermes, 
Easter celebrated upon a revelation made to Hermes.  who said it had been revealed unto him by an Angel, in likeness of a shepherd. And this ordinance was after confirmed by many Pope.  
That he decreed punishments for Ecclesiastical persons which administered the Sacraments of the body and blood of Christ negligently. That is to say, that he that by imprudency & negligently, let fall upon the earth any of the blood of Christ (so speaks he) should do penance 40. days. If it fell upon the Altar, 3. days. If upon the Chalice cloth, 4. days. If on any other cloth, 9 days. And that the said blood so fallen, should be licked, scraped or washed, and after all burnt, and kept for the Sacristeres.  
By little and little than the Roman seat began to forge ordinances.  
Also that Virgins or Nuns should not take upon them the vail before the age of 25. years.  
Item, 
Swearing and blaspheming.  that if any Ecclesiastical person did swear or blaspheme he should be deposed, and every Lay person excommunicated.  
Anicetus' 12. Pope a Sirian, ruled 10. or a 11. years, wise, and of good life.  
Some attribute unto him that he ordained the Crown for Priests. 
priests Crown.   
He was martyred under Marcus Aurelius.  
In his time Egesippus an Hebrew came to Rome, & dwelled there until Eleutherius.  
justinus a Christian Philosopher, writ a book in defence of Faith and Religion, to the Emperor Antonius Pius, who also was much inclined to maintain it.  
He writ against Martian.  

Marcus Aurelius.  Policarpus Bishop of Smyrna in jonia, which is in Asia the less above Ephesus, came to great age. Ireneus saith that he was ordained Bishop by the Apostles, and it is likely that he began his ministry the 2. or 3. of trajan. S. Jerome in his Catalogue saith he was placed there by S. john the Evangelist, who died the year 68 after the passion of jesus Christ as most say. Ireneus reciteth of him, that one day as Marcian encountered him and said unto him; Take knowledge with us. Policarp. answered him: I know thee for the first son of Satan. And Ireneus saith further: There are some have heard him say that john the Disciple of jesus went into Baths to wash himself, and seeing Cerinthus the heretic there, 
The company of heretics dangerous.  he went out, and washing himself saying: Let us fly from hence lest this house fall upon us, where Cerinthus enemy of the truth washeth.  
Note how the Disciples of the Apostles had this rule, not to communicate with them which falsify the truth of the Gospel.  
Whilst Policarpus was at Rome, he withdrew many from their heresies.  
Marcus Aurelius, Antoninus Verus the brother of Antonius Pius, obtained the Empire 18. years.  
Lucius Verus his son in law, gave himself to dice, and to haunt the Stews. Therefore was he sent into Syria, by Marcus Aurelius, 
Chro. of Emper.  and at last as some say poisoned. After some, he died of an Apoplex. So Marcus Aurelius Antoninus reigned alone.  
The fourth persecution after Nero was stirred against the Christians by Marcus Aurelius. 
The fourth persecution.  And as Eusebius saith, many evils happened in Italy: great pestilence, war, earthquakes, Inundations of waters, and a multitude of Grasshoppers.  
In the mean while by the persecutions as it were continual, the Christians affairs increased from day to day by the doctrine of the Apostles Disciples. Whereof yet many than did live: that the Christian Religion took strong root being thus bedeawed with the blood of Martyrs.  
We must not here forget the sentence of justine spoken in a colloquy with Trypheus'. He saith thus; 
Soter.  Men may each day perceive that we which believe in Christ cannot be astonished nor turned back. Let them cut off our heads; Let them crucify us: Let them expose us to beasts, to fires, or other torments: and so much more as men torment us, so much more do the number of Christians increase. Even as when a Vine is cut, it is but to make it more fertile: So the Vine which God hath planted and the Saviour jesus, that is his people, cannot but multiply by torments, etc.  
Melito Bishop of Sardis, writ to the Emperor for the Faith and Christian Religion.  
Apollinaris Bishop of Hierapolis, was at this time.  
Theophilus' Bishop of Antioch, writ against Martian.  
Denis Bishop of Corinthe.  
justus Bishop of Vienne, a Martyr for the Faith. Attalus, Blandina, Photin Bishop of Lions, a Martyr also for the Faith.  
Persecution in Asia.  
The end of the life of Policarpus was at this time.  
Marcus Antonius Verus, and the chief Governors of the Empire, caused such a persecution that it came even to the Christians which dwelled in the Town of Smyrna, whereof Policarpus was Bishop, and had been a long time, and was there burnt, having served the Church of God about three score and ten years, which was the seventh of this Emperor. Some say he was of the age of four score and six years.  
The Prayer of Policarpus before his death, is in the Eccleciast. History, Book 4.  
His bones taken out of the fire were laid in a Sepulchre.  
Pionius Martyr.  
Soter an Italian, 13. Pope, 
Anno Dom. 169.  held the seat about ten years. He endured many adversities, and in the end was Martyred.  

Montanus.  He ordained that none should celebrate without two men present.  
That Nuns should carry Veils on their heads.  

Not to touch Chalices.  That they might not touch sacred Ornaments, as Chalices, corporals, and that they should not Incense in the Temple, nor about Altars.  
In his second Decretal he calleth himself Pope.  

7.9.1. ca Illud Divini.  He instituted that each Priest doing his Office should have with him an other Priest: If there chanced some sudden necessity to happen.  

22. q. 4. ca 51 quid.  He said that an oath made imprudenly which redounded to an evil end ought not to be kept. For it were better saith he to perjure himself, then for keeping his oath to fall into a greater crime.  
At this time Peregrine a Philosopher, did publicly at Pisa cast himself into the fire upon vainglory.  

Cataphryges'  At this time began the Cataphryges' heretics by Montanus with Priscilla, and Maximilla.  

S. Augustin.  They used in their Sacrifices a Child's blood, which they mingled with Flower or with Bread. If the Child whose blood was drawn out died, they held him for a Martyr. If he lived, for a great Priest.  
Montanus was of Phrygia, of a Town called Ardaba.  
He called himself the Paraclet. He forbade marriage, and invented and instituted Fasts.  
Against those Heretics writ Apollinaris Hierapolitaine, and before him Milciades and Apollonius.  
Appelles' the Disciple of Marcian, (whom Theodotius, called the great Heretic) put a beginning to God. Also that Christ appeared in a fantastic body.  
Tatianus and his followers, Encratites and Severians, in this time.  
These abstained from all kinds of flesh, and drunk no wine.  
They blamed Marriage as well as fornication. They cast off the Epistles both of S. Paul and S. Peter.  
The Doctrine of Christian liberty began at this time to be greatly obscured, and by little and little the error took increase.  
For although yet there was no forbidding to use the good things or God, 
The use of things indifferent.  yet the History of Alcibiades recited in Eusebius, Book 5. Chap. 3. showeth that by little and little men began to place a certain Religion in services forged at pleasure.  
This Alcibiades was one of the Martyrs which suffered death in Gaul, under Marcus Antonius Verus the Emperor. 
Alcibiades.  He used to live so austerely as he did eat only bread, and drunk water. In so much that being in prison he would use no other diet.  
Attalus a Roman (a man renowned amongst the Martyrs) being also imprisoned, showed Alcibiades a better way, and brought him to this point, that after he used indifferently the creatures of God, without scruple and with thanksgiving.  
Eleutherius borne in Greece at Nicopolis, 
Anno Domi. 179.  ruled at Rome 15. years and more.  
He made a commandment against the heresy of the Severans which then reigned, that no Christian for any ceremony should reject any sort of meats whereof there is an accustomed use.  
Also that none should be dismissed of his Office, unless first he be accused and convinced of crime. That Bishops should finish nothing in an accusation intended against a Bishop, without knowledge of the Pope: but they might determine by Sentences the causes of other Church people.  
That a Clerk may not be drawn into any cause but before his Bishop, from whom (if there were cause of suspicion) he might appeal.  
Christian Religion then greatly augmented, and came into far greater surety than before. 
Commodus   

Lucius. Naucle.  Lucius' King of England and his Country, received the Faith.  
Many Nobles of Rome with their wives and children were converted and Baptized.  
The said Lucius left his Kingdom, and went to preach the Faith first in France, after in Almain, where he was martyred.  

Chroni. Euseb.  Smyrna in Asia, whereof Policarpus was Bishop, was overthrown by Earthquake: and for the repair of it, tributes and tallages were laid.  

Naucler. Chron. of the Empe.  Commodus the 18. Emperor, reigned 13. years, cruel, luxurious, incestuous of his own Neeses: he held in his Palace three hundredth Concubines, and three hundredth buggering boys.  
In a wicked rage he slew Lucilla his sister. Being at the hot houses, and but pricked with a Flea, he cast the master of the house into the Furnace.  
Ireneus Bishop of Lions, flourished.  
The Temple of Serapis burnt in Alexandria.  
The Capitol at Rome, and the Library, burnt by lightning.  

Chro. Euse. Sup. Chro.  Apollonius a Senator of Rome, accused to be a Christian, presented to the Senate a book, containing a defence of the Christians. He was beheaded, because the Imperial law had so ordained it.  
Hereby appears that Popes or Bishops of Rome were not as at this present they are. Apollonius a man of authority could not shun the sentence of death: only because he was a Christian, having so many friends at Rome.  

Edict Imperial.  The Imperial Law than was, that such as were in judgement convicted to be Christians, should be punished with death.  

Persecution.  Commodus made die many Noble persons.  
It is recited in the History of the Martyrs of Gaul, 
Pertmax.  that the paynim solicited, and by torments constrained the servants of Christians to confess of their masters things impossible once to be imagined. Namely, that they did eat the flesh of little children: that they committed paldiardizes and whoredoms, such as is unlawful to name. In so much as they which before had used some moderation in Christians causes, gave themselves greater licence to exercise cruelty against them. This happened at Lions, and at Vienne. Eusebius reciteth it in his Epistle of the faithful of Lions, and of Vienne, in Chap. 1. of the 5. book.  
At Rome the Palace and the Temple of Vesta, and of Peace, and the greatest part of the Town was consumed by fire.  
Commodus the 13. year of his Empire was strangled, of the age of 32. years, by the counsel of Martia his chief Concubine, who favoured the Christians and other her friends which he had condemned to death, because they showed him certain his insolencies, but they by this means prevented him: and little there wanted that the body of this Tyrant was not drawn into Tiber by the common people.  
Aelius Pertmax the nineteenth Emperor, held the Empire by the space of six months. His covetousness caused his death for retaining his soldiers wages. He was of the age of seventy years.  
Didius Inhanus of Milan, 20. Emperor, reigned four, 
Didius.  or seven, or two months as some say. Having slain his predecessor, he was slain of his Successor of the age of 56. years. For his avarice he was hated of all. Some say he was slain by a soldier of little estimation within his Palace.  
Victor Bishop of Rome, borne in Africa, ruled ten years.  
He ordained, 
Reconciliation  that such as would not reconcile themselves should be deprived of the Table of the Lord.  
He instituted, that unless it were in cases of necessity, Catholic Baptism should be celebrated in the time of the feast of Easter. As we may see in the first Decretal Epistle attributed unto him. 
Severus.   
It were incredible (if all Historians did not witness it) that for the day of celebration of the feast of Easter, so great a schism should happen in the Church, that of a dissension and question thereof, so terrible a war should come, and all by this Victor's means, who would needs have the feast of Easter celebrated on the Sunday, because of the mystery of the resurrection: and would not have the Fasts broken but on that day. Victor writ to Polycrates, who was a Ruler amongst the Bishops of Asia, and gave commandment in his Letters, whereat all the Bishops of Asia were greatly offended.  

Severus.  Septimus Severus Pertinax borne in Africa, 21. Emperor, reigned 18. years, and died of the age of 70. years in England.  
Many Synods were held in divers Provinces touching the Feast of Easter, upon what day it should be celebrated: and by common accord it was agreed that the said Feast of Easter should be celebrated upon the lords day, on which was his Resurrection, and on no other day.  
But the Bishops of the Country of Asia were of a contrary opinion: saying that they should keep the customs of of their Ancestors touching that.  
Which Victor seeing, would needs have deprived generally all the Churches of Asia, and the nigh Provinces thereof, of the Church's communion and society, and sent out Letters to declare them excommunicated: 
Ireneus Bishop of Lions.  whereof he was greatly blamed and reprehended. And especially of Ireneus Bishop of Lions, by Letters which he sent unto him. That there was great folly for the difference of a Ceremony to break the peace and union of Churches, and to stir up Schism therein. Alleging to his purpose that the diversity of Fasts never broke the union of Churches, and so no more should they in this. Eusebius in the Ecclesi. Hist. Lib. 5. Chap. 5.  
With this war the tranquililtie of Churches are troubled, and the doctrine of Christian liberty obscured. The Romans ceased not to molest them of Asia to subscribe to their opinion, and they became so outrageous therein, that they which observed the Feast of Easter the fourteenth of the Moon, were called Quatorzian Heretics, 
Quatorzians.  condemned as Nicepho. reciteth. Lib. 4. Chap. 39  
This Schism gave Montanus and other heretics occasion and overture to lift up themselves at this time in Phrygia. They published certain laws touching Fasts. Also to break marriages. Affirming that the holy Ghost had not taught all to the Apostles, and that he had in himself the gift to confer the graces of the holy Ghost. And other such blasphemies whereby he looked to come unto some Primacy.  
The Roman Bishops now became more audacious to forge new Ceremonies, yea and that to force them upon other Churches.  
The authority to excommunicate, converted into abuse, and so became despised, because of not observing certain humane traditions.  
The dissension touching the observation of Easter, caused six principal councils to be assembled. Euseb. Lib. 5. Chap. 23.  
Victor in his second Decretal calls himself Archbishop of the Roman and universal Church. 
In the volume of councils. Of Tertullian   
Tertullian a Priest of Carthage, who otherwise did well serve the Christian Church, finally revolted, and drew himself unto the enraged Prophecy of Montanus.  
Saint Hierome allegeth this the occasion: That Tertullian being led with envy and hatred of the Church of Rome, could not at the last endure the arrogancy thereof.  
He held one error touching the Kingdom of Christ, and the voluptuous life of the faithful in this world before the consummation of all things.  
He maintained the superstitious and ridiculous Fasts of Montanus, calling him in many places the Comforter.  
He brought in extreme unction after Baptism, the sign of the Cross, offering for the dead, and for feasts of Nativities, and other the like dreams of the Montanists. His writings witness that he was very desirous of Martyrdom, and that a Christian man ought not only to bear it constantly, but to purchase and seek it also.  
Ammonius the Philosopher, origen's Schoolmaster, persuaded in the Christian faith even until death. Although Porphirius say of him that he revolted.  
Victor with good cause deprived of the communion of the Church, an heretic called Theodotus, who was a blasphemer and prince of the heresy, which afterward Antemon followed, and Paul Samosathonus revived. For he was the first that durst say publicly at Rome that jesus Christ was but pure man, of man's seed procreated as well as others. See Nice. Lib. 4. chap. 21.  

A Schism by the occasion of Montanus.  another Schism or diversity of judgements touching the heresy of Montanus and his companions, and also of Prisca and Maximilla Prophitesses, which Montanus had filled with his fury. Some said they were taken with a Spirit of Prophecy, and that, that they said were Oracles. Others maintained that contrary to the custom of true Prophets, they were transported and carried away in their minds, and taken with fury and ecstasy; they were also given to covetousness and ambition, contrary to the scripture, which forbids Prophets to take gold or silver. The faithful of Asia assembled many times to examine those doctrines, and so newly forged Prophecies. The faithful of Gaul writ their opinion touching the furious errors of Montanus, and sent Ireneus into Asia with Letters. See Euseb. Lib. 5. Chap. 4.  
This Schism as it was to the condemnation of Montanus and his complices: so the true Church was advertised more nearly to try spirits whether they were of God or no.  
Whatsoever heavy chastisements the jews before had, the Lord forgot not his mercy, but gave sufficient witness that he calleth his enemies to repentance.  
He preserved Doctors and Pastors, and a little number of faithfuls in jerusalem, which honoured the true God. From the sacking or destruction that Titus made, until that of Adrian, 
The Bishops of jerusalem. The Church of the Gentiles in jerusalem.  the Church of jerusalem had successively 15. chief or high Bishops. Euseb. numbereth them. Lib. 3. Chap. 5. After the destruction made by Adrian the Emperor, there was no more any Church gathered of the jews at jerusalem, but only of the Gentiles, and of them were there Bishops ordained. All the jews were driven away (as it is said) by Adrian. Marcus then issued of Gentiles, was chosen the 16. Bishop, the 10. year of the Emperor Antoninus, after Cassianus the 17. Publius' the 18. Maximus the 19 julian the 20. Gaian the 21. Symmachus the 22. Caius the 23. julian 2. the 24. Capita the 25. Thus doth Eusebius rehearse it. Lib. 5 Chap 12.  
And in this time wherein we now are (that is under the Emperor Commodus, Maximus the 2. was the 26. Antoninus' 27. Valens 28. Dolichian 29. Narcissus' 30. Elius 31. Garmanian 32. Gordius 33. Narcissus. 2.34. or rather Narcissus the first returning from the Desert, whither he withdrew himself (for that his enemies had accused him to live unchastely) of whom Eusebius saith, that he had the gift to work miracles, and that his false accusers were punished according to the Imprecations which every one made. As for the time of all these Bishops, Euseb. saith that he could not well discern, namely in what time every one of them governed the Church.  
Seeing then the Church of the Gentiles had already their habitation in this place, the Lord would declare that the true Messias was come, and so we need look for no other.  
This numeration here made of the Bishops of jerusalem, showeth that other Churches may well number their Bishops, as that of Rome glorifieth herself in the continuation of hers.  
After the fifth persecution raised by Severus against the Christians, came civil wars amongst the Romans. 
The fifth persecution.   
Ireneus had lived long enough in the midst of so many persecutions. 
Zephyrim.  The greatest renown that he had was under the Emperor Commodus. As for the contention concerning the feast of Easter, the time in the which it was most lighted, was the 4. year of the Empire of Severus. He then bore the Office of a Minister 23. years. The error of the Chiliasts was attributed unto him, yet it is not expressly seen in his writings we have at this day. 
The death of Ireneus.  The manner of his death is uncertain. They which have written of the Martyrs say that he and a great multitude of his sheep were finally slain for the confession of the name of Christ, under Severus.  
Leonides the father of Origenes, martyred for the Faith: unto whom Origenes his son being but of the age of eighteen years said; O good father take heed that for us you change not your purpose. This Origen after his father's goods were confiscated for the Faith, he nourished his mother and 6. brethren by being a School master.  
Zephyrim a Roman, the 14. Bishop of Rome, ruled seventeen years as Eusebius saith.  
In the first Tome of councils we find two of his Decretal Epistles, one unto the Bishops of Cicilie, the other to them of Egypt, which represent unto us no other form of government then that we see described almost in all the Epistles attributed unto the Bishops of Rome. In the first he makes mention of judgements, which ought to be constituted by 12. judges, in causes of patriarchs and Primates.  
Not to admit indifferently all such as accuse Priests. He sought to establish the Supremacy, and that men should appeal unto the Apostolic seat of Rome: And therefore he called himself Archbishop.  
In the second he establisheth certain ceremonies in Priests orders, to elect such as were wise and approved, and in the presence of all.  
Damasus attributed unto him the decree to use in the Eucharist Cups of Glass or Tin, and not of wood. Also to receive the Eucharist once at the least in the year, from the age of 12. and above.  
It shall afterward be showed what estimation men ought to make of those things, and of the Epistles called decretals, 
Bassianus.  which are attributed unto the Roman Bishops.  
He excommunicated Natalius the Confessor for joining with Heretics; over whom he suffered himself to be made Bishop. Zephyrim would not receive him to his repentance, unless openly he showed good tokens thereof.  
Bassianus Antoninus surnamed Caracalla, the 22. Emperor of Rome, 
Execrable Incest.  reigned six or seven years (after some) Incestuous and cruel, he took his mother in law to wife, called julia: and slew his brother Geta, and his uncle. Of his Cousin called Saevis or Seva, or Semyamira, or Seulasyra, he engendered Heliagabalus, who was after Emperor.  
He was slain of the age of 43. years by the Ambush of Macrinus his successor as he descended from his horse, and drew aside to make water.  
Papinianus a Lawyer was slain by the Emperor, because he allowed not the murder committed against his brother Geta.  
Macrin Optius the 23. Emperor borne at Marusia, reigned a year and two months, a man lascivious, 
Macrin.  shameless in words, impudent, sacralegious, and bloody: he was slain with Diadumenus his son, of the age of 50. years and more.  
Heliogabalus called Varius Heliogabalus the 24. Emperor, 
Heliogabalus.  reigned four years. He was rather a Monster then a Prince, as given to all uncleanness & filthiness, a contemner of all Religion, except he reverenced the Sun, whose high Priest he had been, and therefore called himself Heliogabalus. He died of a death worthy his life, slain by a military tumult with his mother, and their bodies were drawn through the streets, and after cast into Tiber.  
He reigned two years, eight months, and adopted Alexander Severus.  
He builded a City called Oresta, where he commanded to sacrifice human Hosts and reasonable creatures. 
Calixtus.   
Calixtus or after Eusebius, Calistus a Roman, the 15. Bishop of Rome, ruled six or seven years.  
The Epistles attributed unto him, show the form of his government. One unto Benit the Bishop, and the other unto the Bishops of Gaul. There is attributed unto him an Edict common to all Bishops, that no accusation should be received against Clerks: and commanded that each one should take heed they made no conspiration against Bishops.  
It is credible, in the time wherein persecutions were continually kindled, that such an Edict should be commanded the faithful, which scant durst show themselves.  
Item that none might communicate with such as were excommunicated. And that marriages of Cousin-germaine should not be admitted, and if they were made, to break them.  

A place of S. Paul evil Interpreted.  In one of his Epistles there is an evil exposition; that the wife of a Bishop is interpreted a Church or a Parish, of which it is not lawful during his life to dispose any thing without his will, nor to enjoy the company; that is to say, ordination of an other.  
The first decretal, suiteth the Fast of the four times and seasons of the year.  
Damasus saith that he ordained a Fast of three times, because of Corn, Wine, and Oil. And further: That Calixtus made three times orders in December, and ordained sixteen Priests, four Deacons, and eight Bishops in divers places, and finally, that he suffered Martyrdom under Alexander the Emperor.  It is uncertain whether it was this Calixt that made the ordinance for the single life of Priests. For concerning this, the two decretals attributed unto him, make no mention thereof, neither is it found in the first volume of councils. Again in the Council of Nice, there is nothing alleged of the said ordinance: yea and that more is; 
Alexander.  there was made there a statute to the contrary, at the exhortation of Pathuntius, as shall be said after. 
Alexander Severus the son of Mamea, the 25. Emperor, was excellent and virtuous, he reigned 13. or 14. years, a friend of the Christians: his mother had been instructed by Origen: he was slain with his mother of the age of 19 years by treason, by thieves which in the time of Heliogabalus having been in honour, had been cast out from their dignities and offices.  
He caused to be published this law, to be inviolably kept. Do to an other no other thing, than thou wouldst should be done unto thyself.  
Porphirius of Cicile a Philosopher, left the Faith, 
Porphirius.  and was an Apostate in despite of the Christians, of whom he said he had been injuried.  
Vlpianus a Lawyer in this time.  
Vrban a Roman, Bishop of Rome, ruled eight or nine years. Damasus saith he, was of an holy life. So that he drew certain Gentlemen, as Tiburcius, and Valerian, S. Cecile her husband, to the Christian faith.  
Some attribute unto him a Decretal Epistle to all Bishops speaking of a common life, such as was in the time of the Apostles, but he speaks not as it was. Some attributes unto him Edicts to assure the Gods of the Church, as they call them. And he speaks a little of the vow of such as promise to possess nothing of their own. He Instituted the confirmation after Baptism by imposition of the Bishop's hands to obtain the holy Ghost, and that they are made full Christians, etc.  
There is none but he may see herein not only a Sacrilege but also an execrable blasphemy forged in the shop of this slavish Decretists.  
Damasus attributeth unto him the ordinance, that the Communion Cups should be no more of Glass, but either of Silver or at the least of Pewter. 
Maximin.  Whereupon Boniface Bishop of Magunce said. In old time golden Priests used wooden Chalices, 
Wooden Priests.  but now wooden Priests use Golden Chalices.  
That Confirmation ought to be with Cream.  
That the four times Fast aught to be observed.  
That Churches should have lands, meadows, and possessions, and their goods should be common, and distributed to nourish Ministers, 
Notaries, and Protonotaries.  the poor, and Notaries called Protonotaries which writ the Acts of the Martyrs.  
Origines the tenth year of the Empire of Alexander, fled from Alexandria into Cesaria of Palestine, for a popular sedition there.  
Some say he was marteried under Alexander. For although Alexander favoured the Christians, yet were many martyred by his Officers. For he made no Edict to provide for the affairs of the Christians. 
Pontian.   
Pontian a Roman, Bishop of Rome, ruled 6. years, or nine, after Damasus.  
Two Decretal Epistles are attributed unto him, which have this common argument with many others, not to molest nor accuse Priests. By Damasus it is attributed unto him, that he should ordain six Priests, 5. Deacons, and 6. Bishops.  
Martian the Scottish Historiographer saith, that Pontian was sent into exile into Sardinia, the first year of Maximin.  
At this time at Rome were 36. Priests, Cardinals (that is to say, 
The beginning of the Cardinals.  eminent and principal amongst others) which especially had care of the salvation of souls. Of which they say Marcellius ordained 15. to bury the dead and to baptise Children.  
Our Cardinals of this time would here take their original. But indeed they began in the time of Innocent the fourth, about the year of Christ, 1244.  
julius Maximin, borne in Thrace, 26. Emperor, without authority of the Senate, but by the Soldiers: because he was a great and puissant man: he reigned about three years. A man inhuman and furious, he was slain of the soldiers at the age of 60. years, with his son of the age of 19 years, and their bodies cast into the River.  
He raised the sixth persecution against the Christians, 
The sixth persecution.  and especially against the Doctors of the Church, for hatred to Manea the mother of Alexander his Predecessor, of whose death he was culpable, and with his own hands murdered the household servants of the said Alexander.  
The Roman Senate for hatred it bore unto Maximin, chose new Emperors to maintain the Commonwealth, namely, Pupian, Balbin and Gordian. The two first were slain in the Palace at Rome by a sedition of warriors, and Gordian remained alone Emperor.  
In this time some Historiographers of small authority, say that Syriac was the successor of Pontian as Fasciculus tempo. Henry de Hereford, Bergomensis and Naucler: yet is there not one approved Author or Historiographer which makes any mention of this Siriake.  
They say that he occupied the state a year, three months and 13. days; and that after he went to Almaigne into Colongue, with a great number of Virgins, and that there he was Martyred with them.  
And the reason why he was razed out of the Catalogue of the Bishops of Rome; they say it was because that willingly he forsook his dignity, against the will of the Clergy.  
Let every one judge what faith such Historians merit, or such authors or forgers of Decretal Epistles attributed to Roman Bishops.  
Celsire an Epicurian Philosopher, 
Celsus the Heretic.  writ then a book which he Entitled, The Truth: wherein he pursued the Christians with villainies & lies. Origen writ eight books against him.  
Anter Damasus saith, that by Nation he was a Grecian. Isnarda writeth that he came to be Bishop of Rome, because Pontian going away substituted him. There is great difference in the supputation of the time of his government. Euseb. giveth him a month. Damasus 12. years and a month.  

Fabian.  A Decrerall Epistle is attributed unto him, unto the Bishops of Betique and Toledo, wherein he pronounceth it lawful for Bishops to remove from one place to an other if necessity require it, and the profit of the Church: he was Martyred under Maximin.  
Fabian Bishop of Rome after Anter. a Roman, governed 13. or 14. years. His election is described too miraculous; namely by a Dove. See Eusebius. 51.6. Chap. 19 Three Decretal Epistles are attributed unto him, that the Constitutions of the seven Subdeacons, which ought always to be with the Notaries which gather together the deeds of the Martyrs.  
He was Martyred and his wife Darfosa under Decius, unto whom he was married before his being Bishop.  

Gordian.  Gordian chosen by the Senate, was a Prince of a noble heart: we find not that he made any cruel Edicts against the Christians. After he had reigned six years he was subtly slain by Phillippes, which succeeded him.  

Proclus an heretic.  Many heresies which rose up in former times renewed at this time. At Rome Proclus maintained the heresy of the Cataphrygians.  
Berillus who otherwise was an excellent Doctor in Arabia, fell into the heresy of Artemon, which denied Christ to have been before his Incarnation. Origines disputed against him.  
Under Gordian there was so great an Eclipse, that the daylight seemed an obscurity as dark as the night. There was also so terrible an Earthquake that some whole Towns were swallowed with the overturn of the earth.  

Sapor King of the Persians.  Gordian obtained many victories against the Persians, and chased Sapor King of the Persians even to Antioch, which then was held of the Persians. He recovered both Cares and Nisible, and by this means came it to pass that the East was brought subject unto the Roman Empire, julius Capitolin rehearseth it in Gordians life.  

The Council of Philadelphia  To confute Berillus, a Council was held under Gordian at Philadelphia in Arabia, where Origenes was, who overcame him and brought him into a good way. 
Philip.   
M. julius Phillippus an Arabian, with his son also called Philip, succeeded Gordian in the Empire. 
The first Christian emperors.  They were Christians converted unto the Faith by Pontian or Pontius a Roman Senator, and baptised by Fabian. He, his mother Severa, and his son Philip, desirous to resort into the company of the Christians, Fabian would admit them unto the last Vigiles of Easter, although he had great desire to persist in the congregation and prayers of Christians until he had confessed his sin (which was a murder as is thought) and joined himself with them of whose sins Inquest was made, and so placed amongst the Repentants. Eusebius. Lib. 6. Chap. 34. This Philip refused not to do, but accomplished whatsoever was enjoined him by the Bishop.  
In the reign of this Philip there were Heretics in Arabia, which maintained that the souls die with the bodies, and that together they shall rise at the day of judgement. Origines went towards them being sent thither, and confounded them.  
There are at this day certain Anabaptistes which say that when man dieth, his soul sleepeth until the day of judgement, which is an execrable heresy.  
There were other Heretics called Helchescites, 
Helchesites Heretics.  as Eusebius saith, Lib. 6. Chap. 38. or Elsecians after Epiphanius and Saint Augustine, which dwelled in Arabia in the Region of the Moobites; They rejected the Epistles of Saint Paul, and maintained that in the time of persecution it was no sin to renounce the Faith with the mouth, if so be the heart remained faithful. This Heresy was before sown by Basilides, and confounded by Agrippa Castor, an excellent Doctor.  
O what great hurt this wicked heresy hath brought to the Church in persecution.  
Philip and his Courtiers received the doctrine of the Gospel, and renounced all Painim Idolatries. But this felicity endured not long for the Church. 
The death of Philip.  For as Philip did to his predecessor, so was done unto him by his successor Decius: yea and to his son who was slain at Rome, and the Father at Verone. This was their end after they had reigned 7. years.  
Decius Philip Decius borne at Bubalie a Town of base Panonia, was chosen after Philip. He was a Prince worthy praise, but that he stirred the seventh persecution against the Christians, because of the evil will he bore to his predecessor Philip. Euseb. Lib. 6. Cap. 39 This hatred as Sabellicus and Bergomensis say, proceeded hereof, that the two Phillips being in peril of death, gave their treasures to Fabian. Saint Cyprian rehearseth other more urgent causes. And these be his words in his fourth book and fourth Epistle. 
The cause of this seventh persecution under Decius.  We must needs confess that this waste which hath peeled our Flock, and the theft yet at this day practised, comes because of our sins: for that we hold not the way of the Lord, but give ourselves to gain, to pride, to envies and dissensions, etc.  
Of this persecution Nicephorus saith in Lib. 5. Cap. 29. that it was as possible to number them that suffered in this persecution, as to account the sand of the sea.  

Alexander Bishop of jerusalem.  Alexander Bishop of jerusalem honoured for his piety, once was drawn before the governors seat in Cesaria, and after he had made a confession of his faith he died in prison. Babilus Bishop of Nichomedie, Asclepiades of Antioch, Germany, Theophile, Cesarius, Vital, Polychronius Bishop of Babylon, Serapion, Apollonia a Virgin, and infinite others, were martyred in this horrible persecution.  
Above all other Towns Alexandria then was as a scaffold when the faithful mustered. See Eusebius Lib. 6. Chap. 40.  

The torments of the Martyrs.  divers kinds of torments were used against the Martyrs, as Eusebius saith. As sharp needles against the face and eyes, bursting betwixt stones, burning, piercing the entrails, casting down from high places to lower, tearing in pieces by cards of Iron, plates being applied to their sides, the rage of savage beasts, condemnation to dig metals, etc.  
Saint Cyprian being in exile, writ very consolatory Letters to them which suffered such evils. And as Tertullian, in his time defended the Christians against Scapula: So also did Saint Cyprian the like against Demetrian a Painim Governor, showing thereby that the calamities of the world are fully imputed unto the Christians.  
Denis of Alexandria writ, that after the publication of Decius Edict confirmative of this horrible persecution, many of the most excellent showed themselves so fearful, that of their own motion they made abiurations and sacrificed unto Idols. Cyprian made a Sermon of such as fell, namely of such as persevered not in the confession of jesus Christ. There he sets down examples of God's punishment of such as abjured; he affirmeth that many of them were tormented with evil spirits. He saith one became dumb incontinent after he had renounced. An other also after his renouncing, coming to take the Supper with others, found in stead of bread, ashes. Also a maid taken with a devil, bit off her tongue with her teeth.  
Many things are attributed to Fabian contained in Gratians decree, which are not worth rehearsing, and as unworthy that Bishop.  
Beda and Eusebius write, that Fabian suffered Martyrdom at the beginning of Decius reign. For he bore him evil will, because Philip gave him his treasures.  
Eusebius in his Chronicle saith that Fabian governed the Roman Church, 13. years. Damasus and Marian the Scot say, 14.  
origen writ to Fabian touching the purity of doctrine, as Euseb. Lib. 6. Chap. 6.  
Decius died miserably before he had reigned two whole years. Pomponius writeth, 
The death of Decius.  that in a war against the Goths he was swallowed up of a Gulf, into the which he cast himself, 
Gallus.  that he might not fall into his enemy's hands.  
Hereupon note the saying of S. Cyprian.  
Cyprian in his book against Demetrian toucheth it saying: Certain we are that all that we endure shall not long be unpunished: And so much more as the outrage of persecution shall be great, so much the greater shall the vengeance be for that persecution, and so much the more manifest. Although we keep not in memory things of old, yet the doctrines of things newly happening do suffice, that in very little time and so suddenly, so horrible a vengeance hath followed, etc.  
Gallus and Volucian his Son, jointly succeeded in the Empire. He was otherwise called C. Verus Trebonian of Gaul.  

This persecution counted the eight. The death of Gallus.  He was happy enough at the beginning as Denis writeth, but continuing the persecution which fell into his hands by his predecessors, he prospered not. For before two years were passed, he and his son Volusian were miserably slain in a war against Emilian, 
The Romans tributaries.  having before gotten an opprobry unto the Roman people to make them tributary unto the Scythians by an alliance he made with them, as Eutropius and Pomponius Laetus write.  
Cornelius a Roman, was three years Bishop of Rome. By the Epistle of the Roman Clergy written to Saint Cyprian, we may know that the Roman seat was vacant certain time, and that Cornelius succeeded the Bishop Fabian, at the beginning of the reign of Gallus and Volusian.  
Saint Cyprian defended his election against the calumniations of Novatus the heretic, saying in his fourth book and Epistle to Antonian, that he occupied not his Bishopric by bribes, nor of his own desire, neither by violence, as many do, which are swelled with their own pride: but that he came thither by the will of God, then, when the Tyrant envenomed with mortal hatred against Priests the servants of God, uttered horrible menacies.  
The things then attributed unto Cornelius in his Decretal Epistles: how can they agree with so excellent a Doctor, 
Lucius.  
decretals examined.  who always was at the combat? As that which is written in his first Epistle; that at the request of a noble woman he caused to be transported the body (or rather the rotten bones) of S. Peter and S. Paul, which long time had been kept in a Sepulchre.  
The second Epistle is to Ruffinus a Bishop of the East, touching the manners of Priests.  
Eusebius and Saint Hierome who most diligently writ of this holy person, make no mention of those Epistles, but they mention his determination to have a Council held at Rome against Novatus.  
Damasus and others have written that Cornelius was banished, and finally Martyred under Decius: but S. Hierome transferreth his administration to the time of the emperors Gallus and Volucian, whose authority we have followed.  
Eusebius 51.7. cap. 2. writeth that Cornelius governed the Church of Rome three years: yet in his Chronicle he giveth him but two.  
Lucius succeeded Cornelius, he was a Roman. Eusebius saith he, was not a Bishop 8. whole months. Nauclerus, Platina and Sabellicus giveth him 3. years and more.  
Gratian attributes unto him this decree; that Priests, 
decretals attributed unto Lucius.  Deacons, and other Ministers of the Altar, aught to be chosen such, as they can keep themselves without marrying, and that no Clerk should frequent the company of women.  
There is attributed unto him an Epistle written to the Bishops of Spain and France: wherein is proposed a kind of government, which seems not to agree with the time of Lucius. Therein is ordained that in all places there should be two Priests, and three Deacons, with a Bishop, to keep him company wheresoever he went, as witnesses of his life.  
As if then there had been so great tranquility, as a Bishop might go take his pleasure or show himself with great companies.  
The year 257. the heresy of Noetus and Sabellius after Theodoret, 
Noetus and Sabellius.  got a passage, although before it had been debated in Africa by Praxeas and Hermogenes. They said that God the Father suffered, and therefore S. Augustine saith, they were called Patripassians.  
Many Histories make mention of an horrible pestilence in the time of Gallus; the infection whereof came into Aethiope, and after it had consumed the Southern people it came into the East, and there laid hold on the other parts of the world, so that many places were left desolate. And this wound endured so long time, that scant it finished before the end of ten years.  
Of this so terrible and extraordinary an evil, S. Cyprian took an argument to make his book, Entitled Of the cruelty.  
Emilian succeeded Gallus and Volusian after he had slain them. He was a man of base condition, issuing from Mauritaine, and was Emperor but three months.  
Valerian Licinius Valerianus chosen Emperor, a man of noble race, excellent in knowledge and honesty, an examplary of a true Censor and Senator in all his life. But in him all these virtues were defaced. First for that he joined with him in the Empire his son Galen, who was a monster in all abhominarion.  
Item by the persecution that he stirred against the Christians.  
Of all the Emperors there was not one before him which at the beginning had been so soft and mild towards Christians, yea familiar, in so much as his Court was full of them. But after he gave himself to Divines and Egyptian Enchanters, he was persuaded to put to death the servants of GOD, 
The Art Magic overthrew Valerian.  as they which hindered those wicked Enchanters; to kill poor children, and to offer up the sons and daughters of their miserable parents.  
A little after he had begun to persecute the Christians, he went to make war upon the Persians, and in a battle he was taken alive. 
Lucian.  
The misery of Valerian.  Sapor King of the Persians used such cruelty towards Valerian, who was of the age of seventy years, that when he mounted on horseback, he served himself with Valerians back to get up. Eutropius, Pollio, Aurelius Victor, Sabellicus and Laetus, do recite this, and say he used his age in this miserable servitude, Eusebius in the Oration which he made hereof to the whole congregation of the faithful, saith that Sapor commanded that Valerian should be scorched and salted.  
Gallienus reigned then alone and gave himself to Idleness, dissolution, and whoredom.  
In his time there was no place in all the Roman jurisdiction, except Italy alone, wherein there were not seditions and rebellions. Trebellius an Historiographer, accounteth thirty, all which at one time were named Emperors; some in one Region, and some in others.  
Cilicia, Cappadocia, and Syria, were peeled and wasted by the Persians, under Sapor.  
The Almains after they had tormented the Gauls, entered by force into Italy.  
The Goths peeled Pontus, Asia, Macedonia, and Greece. See the Roman Histories.  
Under his rule monstrous things came to pass, horrible overtures and Earthquakes, whereof many there were which died of excessive fear. Rome was shaken, Libya trembled.  
Aurelius' Victor saith, that Gallien was slain with his son at Milan, or with his brother Valerian, as Eutropius saith.  
They which have set down in writing the Roman affairs, were of opinion that these mischiefs happening to the Roman Empire, came by the wicked government of the Princes. But we think that the judgement and vengeance of God provoked by the former persecutions, as well of others as of himself, fell upon them.  

Lucius.  
Ed. 9 The death of Saint Cyprian.  S. Cyprian having been sent into exile under Valerian and Gallien, by Paternus governor of Africa, and under Maximus, who succeeded him in the government, was finally beheaded in the time of Lucius after Sabellicus.  
Marianus Scotus saith, that Lucius Bishop of Rome was banished for the confession of Christ in the persecution of Valerian and Gallien, 
The death of Lucius.  and that afterward he was permitted to return unto his ministery; and that finally he was beheaded, and so might he be Bishop the space of three years and more.  

Athenodorus Gregor, of Neocesaria.  Theodorus and Athenodorus, Bishops of Pontus in this time.  
Theodorus was after called Gregory, as Eusebius saith, Lib. 6. Cap. 30. These two hearing the great renown of the learning of Origine, came to Cesaria, where Origine read publicly, having forsaken Alexandria, and were persuaded by Origen to let go their Philosophy, and to apply themselves unto the holy scriptures.  

The heresy of Sabellius buried.  Basile the great said, that the heresy of Sabellius was extinguished by this Gregory the great.  
If Nicephorus deserve credit, Theodorus or Gregory lived very long, namely unto the time of Dioclesian. Yet Basile in his 62. Epistle, which is to the Neocesarians, writeth that he was not very old when he died.  

Paul Samosatane.  Paul called Samosatenus of the Town of Samosate, which is in Mesopotania of Syria upon the flood Enphrates, was ordained Bishop of Antioch after Demetrius, the thirteenth year of Galen.  
The Bishops which assisted the Council of Antioch to refute his wicked doctrine and blasphemies against God and the Lord jesus, have sufficiently witnessed of him.  

The end of Origenes.  We may not here let pass the History of Origines end: that is, that after the year wherein Demetrius ordained him in the office of Catechist, until the time he died, it seemeth he traveled fifty two years and more, and the most part of that time he employed in teaching, writing, busy in the affairs of the Church, and refuting of heresies; In so much that Athanasius saith of him, that he was admirable of great labour. Finally, 
Stephen.  
Suidas. counteth this of Origen and Nicephorus after him.  after he had constantly endured many grievous torments, he was led before an Altar, unto which they had brought a wicked Aethiopian, and there was proposed unto him two things, the one, either to offer up sacrifice unto the Idol, or else abandon his body to the villainous Aethiopian. Origen made a sign that he had rather offer sacrifice. 
The fall of Origenes.  Then they thrust a Sensor into his hand. For which Impiety he was after excommunicated out of the Church of Alexandria, from whence he retired into judea, and being come to jerusalem, the Priests and Elders requested and after constrained him to speak in the congregation of the faithful, because he was a Priest. Origen rose up as if he should make a Sermon, but he only recited his Theme of the 50. Psalm. And God said to the Preacher; Wherefore preachest thou my justifications? And wherefore takest thou my Testament in thy mouth? etc. And incontinently shut the book, than sat he down shedding tears, and lamenting with great cry being not able to speak, and all that were present wept with him. Suidas addeth, that he was buried in the Town of tire. Euse. Lib. 7. cap. 1. saith it was under the Emperor Gallus, 255. or thereabouts: and then was it betwixt the year 50. of his age, or 69. after Nicephorus. And as it may be thought he died in great poverty and misery, if not in despair.  
S. Jerome although he sometimes handled him rudely, yet he admireth him, and praiseth him, because of his great knowledge, in the Epistle to Pammathus and Ocean. He praiseth his spirit, but not his faith.  
This should make us walk in fear and care in our vocation.  
Stephen borne at Rome, was Bishop of Rome, and the successor of Lucius.  
The greatest pain that he had in his government was that he opposed himself forcibly against S. Cyprian and all the Council of Africa, 
The difference of rebaptizing heretics.  touching the difference that then was moved to rebaptise heretics, as it is recited by Eusebius. Lib. 7. ca 2. & 3.  
The contents of the two Decretal Epistles attributed unto him deserve no credit. The one to Hilary Bishop, and the other to all the Bishops of the Provinces touching accusations made against Priests. For it seems not that the Roman Church was in such prosperity then, that Stephen Bishop thereof, had no other thing to do and ordain, but with what reverence a man must handle the Chalice and holy garments, or (as Isidore and Polydore witness of him) that he was the first Inventor of the coverings of the Altar.  
Damasus attributes unto him two ordinances, in which six Priests, five Deacons, and six Bishops were ordained: and saith that after he had governed seven years and five months he was martyred. But Euseb. Lib. 7. cap. 5. showeth that he was but two years in his office.  
S. Cyprian writ unto him certain Epistles which are in his works.  

The death of Denis Bishop of Alexandria.  Denis Bishop of Alexandria, excellent in doctrine, although he suffered not martyrdom but watched in the midst of the Church, therefore God preserved him from Martyrdom as Niceph. speaketh. Li. 15. ca 28. Notwithstanding he endured terrible afflictions & divers banishments in two violent persecutions under Decius, and after under Valerian. He died very old, and it happened at what time the two councils were held against Paul. Samosaten. An. 12. of Gallien, and of Christ, 288. having governed the state of Alexandria 16. years, and the Church 17.  
About this time many Nations cast themselves upon the marches of the Romans. The Country of Denmark was taken out of their hands. Likewise the Almains came even to Ravenna, putting all to fire and blood.  
This was the first waning and decreasing of the Roman Empire: For the Country was never after recovered. Egypt revolted, France was lost: Macedonia, Pontus, Asia, wasted by the Goths: Pannonia by the Sarmates. Zenobia Queen of the Persians ruled in the East. To understand all this diminution and fall of this Empire, See Trebellio Pollia, a Roman Historiographer.  
Philip Bishop of Alexandria martyred, and his daughter Eugenia at Rome.  
The great Temple of Diana in Ephesus, 
Sixtus.  was peeled and burnt by the Goths.  
A second Cerinthus heretic, 
Chiliasts renewed.  promised in the kingdom to come, great store of meats and women, and that after a thousand years should be the resurrection, and the kingdom of Christ should be on earth.  
Xistus or Sixtus, the second of that name, succeeded Stephen, he was of Athens. He was ordained Bishop of Rome by the election of the Clergy coming from Spain where he was preaching. There are attributed unto him two Decretals, the one to Gayus Bishop, the other to the brothers of Spain: the which contain nothing but the form of the common government which they make us believe was them. Item touching the vows of Priests. But we may easily see that all is forged at pleasure. Damasus after his manner reciteth that he made orders twice, ordaining, Priests, Deacons, and Bishops.  
Bergomensis & Sabellicus recite, that Xistus traveled much to take away the heresies of the Sabellians, Cerinthians, and Nepotians. Finally, that he was accused by them before Gallien: and upon his commandment beheaded, and with him 6. Deacons. S. Ambrose in his Offices li. 1. cap. 41. reciteth, that as he went to death, 
Laurence a Deacon of Rome.  it is said that one Laurence a Deacon spoke to him in this sort. Father wilt thou go without thy son? And Xistus answered him. My son I shall not leave thee. There are greacombattes for the Faith prepared for thee: thou shalt follow me three days after. In the mean while if thou hast any thing in thy treasure distribute it to the poor.  
This Laurence was the chief of the seven Deacons of the Church of Rome, which had the handling of the goods deputed for alms.  
The Governor of Rome being hungry of silver, and persuaded that the Church had gold, silver, & movables, 
The history of Laurence.  as Candlesticks, Chalices, and such like things, would needs have forced Laurence to have told him where those treasures were. Laurence to do this having taken the term of three days, distributed it all to the poor whatsoever he had.  
Then having gathered together on an heap all the poor, lame and diseased, which were maintained of alms, At the day assigned, 
Denis.  he prayed the Governor to go with him to that place, and showing him all those poor and diseased people he said. Behold the vessels of silver, yea the Talents in order, receive them, and thou shalt adorn the City of Rome, and enrich the revenue of the Emperor and thine own. The Governor seeing himself mocked, commanded he should be stretched on an Iron grate red hot, and soon after the tormentors laid him on it, who with great courage endured that cruel and long torment, and finally prayed and invocated the Lord, and so yielded his happy soul. Prudencius a Christian Poet in his book of Crowns describeth this martyrdom.  
Denis succeeded Xistus, and as Damasus saith of a Monk, was made Bishop. But it appeareth rather by that which Eusebius Lib. 7. Ca 7. and S. Hierome, say, that he was a Priest of the Church of Rome, the year of our Lord 266. and the 10. year of Gallien.  
Two Decretal Epistles are attributed unto him. In the first he exhorteth Vrbain to follow the true Religion. The second distributeth and makes partitions of Churches into Parishes and Dioceses.  
Item that two several times he held orders.  
But Eusebius saith, Lib. 7. Cap. 30. that Denis died without martyrdom, having governed 9 years. Others say six years, and six months.  

The Council of Antioch.  The Council of Antioch against Paul Samosetaine was celebrated in his time, wherein the said Paul was condemned, and cast out of the communion of the universal Church, and Donus a man accomplished with virtues was ordained in his place. He was the son of Demetrian, who had ruled in that Church without reproach. Hist. Eccle. Lib. 7. Chap. 17.  

Married Bishops. Hist. Eccle. Lib. 5. cap. 15.  Note how the Son succeeded the Father in their Bishoprics. And so in Victor's time Polictates a Bishop of Asia, said that he himself was the 8. Bishop of his Ancestors.  
Some say that Galen seeing the long & horrible servitude of his Father under Sapor King of Persia (as is said) caused to cease the persecution by public Edicts, 
Claudus.  permitting every one to live after his own law.  
He was so given to his pleasures, that when it was told him that many Countries were revolted from him, he did but laugh. In so much that his soldiers slew him at Milan, at the age of 50. years, having reigned 15. years: that is to say, seven with his Father, and eight alone.  
Thirty Tyrants rose up which sore afflicted the Roman Commonwealth. Ignatius saith it.  
Claudus the Emperor reigned almost two years. Trebellius saith that in his kingdom the Goths and divers other people of Scythia, peeled the Roman Provinces, and that there were three hundredth thousand men of barbarous Nations, which by force entered into the Roman Territories, against which people as well by sea as by land, the Emperor Claudus obtained victory the first year of his kingdom, and finally chased them away.  
After him Quintilius his brother was chosen of the Roman Senators, and reigned but seventeen days, 
Quintilius.  and was slain: or as some say, he caused his own foot to bleed in water, having understood that Aurelian was chosen Emperor.  
Aurelian the Emperor, 
Aurelian.  is rather to be numbered amongst necessary Princes then good: for so much praise as his military Art deserveth, so much his domestic cruelty takes from him, which he exercised even against his sister's son.  
Vopiscus witnesseth, that the Emperor Aurelian the first year of his kingdom recovered Gaul, after he had vanquished Tetrike who before occupied it: this was in the year of Christ, 274. after Eusebius.  
He also delivered from the Barbarians the Inhabitants of Auspourge, which were besieged by the said Barbarians. After this he triumphed over Zenobia, and the Persians, having vanquished them.  
Some say he founded Orleans and Geneva, renowned Towns.  
Eusebius saith of him, that he was towards Christians very peaceable at the beginning, but soon after he changed his good opinion at the persuasion of wicked people: 
Aurelian.  Insomuch that he determined to persecute the Churches: and letters of his Edict were written, and wanted but his signet and hand for to send them unto the Provinces: but God by his divine clemency hindered it. For he died suddenly before he could execute his will. Some say a Thunderboult light nigh unto Aurelian and such as followed him, even when he began to persecute the Christians, and that soon after he was slain by one of his household and familiars, as he was going the second time to war upon the Therikes.  
Herein would God give his to know, that his chosen are not executed at the pleasure of men, but when it pleaseth him.  

The ninth persecution.  This was the ninth persecution against the Christians, which endured not long for the death of the said Tyrant.  
It should also be noted, that even whilst Aurelian the Emperor reigned, four Tyrants invaded the Empire, namely Firmian, Saturnin, Bonosus, and Proculus. As Vopiscus saith.  
After the death of Aurelian, the Empire was void seven months.  

Tacitus.  And after him Tacitus was chosen Emperor, a wise and grave man, but he was slain the sixth month of his Empire.  

Florian.  Florian his brother took from him his Empire, not by the Senate's authority but of his own will, thinking it belonged unto him by hereditary right; yet notwithstanding a while after he was slain nigh Tharsus, having reigned 60. days. Some say he caused his own veins to be opened.  

Probus.  Probus issued from Dalmatia, was declared Emperor, a man excellent both in peace and war, he reigned 6. years and four months. The first year of his reign he recovered Gaul, which the Barbarians and Almains had again occupied, and brought them under the first obedience of the Romans. He reduced all Germany into a Province. He took away old Tyrants and brought peace into the world: So that he said there should be no more any need of soldiers, which caused them so to malice him, that they conspired to slay him.  
Manes the heretic at this time composed many books, 
Felix.  and almongst others, one he Entitled, The Mysteries of Maniche. He was a Persian by Nation. And seeing many abhorred his lies and blasphemies, sought all means to give authority to his doctrine. He made the King of Persia believe that he would heal his son, who was grievously sick. But after the King's son was taken from the Physicians and put into the hands of Manes, he died. The King of Persia caused him to be apprehended, and made him to be broiled alive upon an hot Iron. Suidas and Epipha. recite it.  
He was a great Magician, and S. Augustine saith, that the books of the Manichees are full of fables of Astronomy. S. jerom in the preface of the Dialogues against the Pelagians saith, that the Manicheans affirmed that when they are come to the highest degree of perfection, they can no more sin, no not in thought, nor by ignorance.  
Felix borne at Rome was ordained Bishop after Denis, the year of Christ, 280. after Eusebius, and the first year of the reign of Probus.  
The last Author's attribute unto him two Epistles Decretals, without authority of the Elders. The first is written to Paternus Bishop. The 2. to all the Bishops of France: wherein he declareth that he had determined in a Council that Messes should be celebrated upon the memory of Martyrs, lest it might be quenched.  
The word Messe, doth manifestly enough show the deceit and forging of those decretals. For it was not yet used, neither are there found any Authors of that time which have written thereof.  
Felix finally suffered martyrdom after he had been bishop of Rome 5. years: after Euse. But after Dama. 4. years, 3. months & 5. days  
eutychian a Tuscan of the town of Lunes, succeeded him, the year of Christ, 284. & the 1. year of the reign of the Emp. Probus.  
Two decretal Epistles are attributed unto him: the 1. to them of Boetia, containing certain doctrines of the Incarnation of Christ, of his body, of his Cross, of his death, of hell, & of our salvation.  
Damasus attributeth unto him, a ceremony touching the oblation of Gums & fruits, as Beans, Pease, Raisins, and such like.  

Probus.  The same Damasus saith of him (if we must needs believe him) that with his own hands he buried 342. Martyrs, and that he ordained that none should bury any Martyr without a Damaltike or a Sacerdoll coat, and without fire.  
Whosoever understands the horror of the persecutions of this time, way easily conjecture the lies of such ceremonies.  
Gratian the great Forger, reciteth that eutychian made many constitutions: That Abbesses and Nuns should not put veils upon widows or maidens which should be Nuns.  
Item that such as came to councils about deliberation of the Church's affairs, aught to take oaths: and after he reciteth others:  
He suffered Martyrdom after he had governed the Roman Church almost ten months, as Eusebius witnesseth, Lib. 7. cap. 32. Damasus and Platina say one year and a month. Volareran, 8. years.  
Many things are recited of the conquests of Probus the Emperor, which the Roman Historiographers describe.  
Carus succeeded him the year of Christ, 284. and associated his two sons in the Empire, Numerian and Carinus.  
He began new war against the Persians, which Probus had left imperfect. He sent Carinus to the Gauls, to maintain them, and led with him Numerian. He recovered in that war Mesopotamia, and having wasted all the Region of the Parthians, he got all the kingdom of the Persians. See Vopiscus. Carus strooken with lightning died suddenly. Numerian was of great modesty, given to study, especially of Poesy. His Father in law having laid ambushes, 
Numerian slain. Carinus.  slew him as he was in his Coach. His brother Carinus a man given to all wickedness, defiled himself with the blood of the faithful, having the Empire alone. These three than reigned not long. For all their times endured not three whole years, as Eutropius Victor and Latus recite.  
The government of those aforesaid Emperors brought some release to the Christians, and so things happened favourable unto them: 
Dioclesian.  Insomuch that some of them were advanced to Offices and government until the reign of Dioclesian, and shall be seen in his place.  
Caius' Bishop of Rome was of Dalmatia, of the family of Dioclesian the Emperor after Damasus. Eusebius saith he was ordained Bishop the same year that eutychian was, who with much ado remained but ten months Bishop.  
There is attributed unto him a decretal Epistle, wherein he speaketh but meanly of Christ the Mediator, and of justification. He after saith, that to ascend unto the dignity of a Bishop, men must go by degrees, and by Ecclesiastical orders, as first he must be Portier, then Lector, etc.  
Damasus witnesseth, that he lived during the time of Dioclesian the emperors persecutions, from which he hid himself and dwelled under vaults; yet finally he was drawn to death the 12. year of the said Dioclesian, after he had governed the Church 15. years after Eusebius, or eleven and four months after Damasus.  
The Lord (as hath been said) gave some release to his Church, until the kingdom of Dioclesian, as Euseb. Lib. 8. Cap. 1.  
Dioclesian Emperor, borne at Dalmatia, the second year of his kingdom, associated to the Empire, Maximiam Herculean, in which year he brought under the Empire the Gauls, which had been occupied by the Rustics, which were called Bagaricles, from thence he went into Africa, and vanquished the Gentians.  
These two seeing the affairs of the Empire might be better decided by many, named two Caesar's to govern under them, namely Galerian, and Constantinus, who was Father unto Constantine the great. Every of them were employed in conquering that which was lost; & above all to recover Egypt, which Achillas had gotten. And this was the year of Christ, 298. The East also which Narsus had gotten. They brought under the yoke five Provinces beyond the flood Tigris, which revolted from the Romans since Traian's time. Also Britain (which is now England) ten years after her revolt, and after having chased away Garesius or Cranssius, 
Marcelline.  who had made himself King. Euseb. and Pomp. Laetus.  

Dioclesian's pride.  After that things were thus ordered, in the place to acknowledge this good of the Lord, Dioclesian caused himself to be worshipped as GOD. Laetus in his Abridgement of Roman Histories saith; Whereas the first Emperors contented themselves to be called Consuls, and to be saluted of the people by that name, this man was the first that would be adored, naming himself brother of the Sun and of the Moon. Before Emperors gave to kiss their hands to Nobles, 
Kissing of shoes.  and their knees to the common people. But Dioclesian made an Edict that all men without difference of whatsoever race, should kiss his feet: upon which also he placed certain marks of adoration, and had his shoes garnished with gold and precious stones, which also Caligula had done as is said.  
The Popes and Antichrists of Rome have bend Imitators hereof, and have well held this ordinance of Dioclesian to conserve their dignity.  

The tenth persecution.  The tenth persecution raised against the Christians, endured ten years in the West Countries. This was the greatest and cruelest persecution of all. For in less than thirty days, through divers Provinces were martyred about 18. or 20. thousand persons, as well men as women.  
Marcelline borne at Rome, succeeded Caius in the government of the Roman Church, his Father was called Proiectus. During this persecution he was very grievously pressed by the Tormentors, under Dioclesian and Maximian Emperors, wherein being taken, with fear of torments and punishments, he offered a grain of Incense in the honour of Idols, but afterward he acknowledged his fault in a full Synod assembled at Sinnesse, & did penance: and after came even to reprove Dioclesian, and voluntarily presented himself to death. He was martyred with Claudius Cyrinus and Antonius, after he had governed the Roman Church nine years after Damisen, eight after Marianus, and four after ursperge. This was the year of Christ 303.  
There are attributed unto Marcelline as to others, two decretal Epistles. The first written to a Bishop called Solomon. 
Dioclesian.  And the other unto the Western Bishops.  
Dioclesian was of opinion that there was no mean more mere to pacify the world, and to bring the Roman Empire into the face and brightness of his ancient majesty, them to abolish all new religions. His determination then was to begin to take away from the midst of the people the dissimilitude of the Christian Religion: and many Sophisters and Philosophers drew him on hereunto. As for the faithful, Euseb. in his 8. Book, Chap. 1. saith, that the too great peace and liberty of the Church made them degenerate, and brought debates and questions about words, so that at last they came to flames, and there could not be found a more singular mean to extinguish and bring it to nothing then this persecution.  
Dioclesian might have been numbered amongst the Prince's worthy of praise, if he had not contaminated and obscured the virtues he had, with the Christians blood he shed. His companion in the Empire, was Maximian Herculeus, a man meet to exercise all cruelties.  
The chief seat of the Eastern Emperors was then at Nichomedia in Bithynia; wherein the Imperial Palace was consumed by fire. This being imputed to the Christians, he sent commandments all over to persecute them, yea & to burn the books of holy scripture, & to take from the place of Magistracy with ignominy all them that were Christians.  
Dioclesian persecuted the East, and Maximian the West. Cruelty was sharp in Syria, and it began at the Bishops. See Euseb. lib 8 cap. 6. This fury spread into Mesopotamia, Cilicia, Pontus, Phrigia, Armenia, Egypt, yea even to the Isles of Lesbos, as witnesseth Sabellicus, Enne. 7. lib. 8.  
Arithimus Bishop of Nichomedia, after he had made a confession of his Faith, he was beheaded with a great troop of Martyrs.  
Serena, Dioclesian's wife, endured constantly martyrdom. 
The Empress Martyred.  This persecution was so cruel that none were spared. Hermanus Gigas.  
In Europe, at Rome above all places was there greatest number of Martyrs. The Provost Rictiovarus in Gaul, made a great massacre, especially at Cullaine, at trevers, and towards Moselle. Beda writeth, that this persecution came even into England, and then that Saint Alban, a man very renowned, received the crown of Martyrdom. From this time they began to find out divers kinds of torments, but how much the more horrible they were, so much more exquisite appeared the constancy of Martyrs. Eusebius saith he beheld the persecution made at Thebaida; and saith that the glaves, axes and sword of Tormentors were blunted and turned again with so great slaughter, and were altogether tired, when the Christians with joy of hart singing Psalms presented themselves to death. Sulpitius in the holy history, li. 2. saith that Christians then more ardently desired martyrdom, than the ambition of the Clergy afterward demanded Bishopprickeses. Beda de temptat. and Orosius lib. 7. cap. 25.  
Dioclesian crooked with age, after he had assayed all cruelties that could be devised to extirpate the Christians, willingly dismissed himself of the charge of the Empire, and went to Nichomedia, and being tossed with rage and fury led a private life. Maximian his companion, who obeyed him, as the lesser the greater, deposed himself at the same time in the Town of Milan. Dioclesian at Solone passed his time as a Gardener. This change was made after they had reigned together the space of twenty years. What deaths they had shallbe told hereafter.  
Marcel borne at Rome, one Benet's son, was chosen Bishop, about the 20. year of Dioclesian, after the Chronicle of Henry the first. He was a true Pastor of the Lords Church. In the book of councils there is attributed unto him two Epistles. The one to them of Antioch, wherein he exhorteth to follow the Roman Church, and that without authority thereof no Synod can be called. But any body may see it is but a counterfeit, and not agreeing with the time which then was. The other written to Maxentius, is altogether impertinent: wherein after he hath commended Christian charity, he reciteth things which are as pertinent so the time of that Church, as convenient to have been written to a Tyrant who afterward was named Emperor. 
Constantius.   
Such Epistles do sufficiently show that they wore forged by them which after thrust themselves into the sheepfold of the Lord, not to feed, but to rule.  
He confirmed in the faith, Maurice, as he came from Syria to go into Gaul, with the Legion which was called of Thebes.  
Constantius Chlorus and Galerius Maximin, or Maximian, were made Augustes to go through with the wars which their predecessors Dioclesian and Maximian Herculeus left. Eutropius the Father of Constantius a Roman knight, of a noble house was descended from Aeneas. The Empire as thus parted, that Constantius governed Gaul, Spain, Italy, and Africa: and Galerius, which Dioclesian had adopted (giving him his daughter Valeria) the rest, namely Slavonia, Greece, and the East. Yet Constantius who was neither ambitious nor covetous, refused Africa & Italy, contenting himself with Spain & Gaul, which he governed well and peaceably, was well beloved of his subjects, and no enemy of the Christian faith. He had two wives: the first Helena, which was of base condition, of whom he had Constantine the great: which wife he was constrained to leave, and take Theodora, the daughter of the wife of Maximian Herculeus. He died of a malady in England, two years after Dioclesian had deposed himself from the Empire: for long time before had he been made Caesar, and adopted by Dioclesian. Some attribute unto him those two years of reigning, beginning from the nativity of our Lord, 505. See Pomp. Laet. During his reign there was stirs of war. He was called Chlorus, for the colour of his bright shining face. Ignat. Lib. 1.  
He had of his wife Theodora, Constantius, who was father of Gallus and julian.  
Maximian Herculean solicited Dioclesian to take again the Empire: Some say Dioclesian answered, if he once understood the pleasure of Gardens he would never think of reigning. The Historiographers write that Dioclesian died in a rage and fury, feeling an infection in all his members. 
The death of Dioclesian.  See Nicepho. lib. 7. cap. 20.  
Some say he poisoned himself ten years after he deposed himself from the Empire, fearing Constantine and Licinius who bitterly reprehended him as a favourer of Maxentius. See Eutrop. lib. 9 and Bapt. Igna. lib. 1.  
Severus was adopted and made Cesar by Galerius, when Constantinus had left the administration of Italy and of Africa, and to Severus was given the charge of the said Countries. But at Rome Maxentius was made Emperor by the Praetorian soldiers, and without contradiction of the Senate, Severus not thinking himself strong enough to resist Maxentius, thought to retire into Slavonia to Maximin, but he was entrapped and overcome at Ravenna. Pompon. Laet.  
Maxentius son of Maximian Herculean, being chosen Emperor by the Praetorian soldiers in a tumult, and having gotten the victory upon Severus, waxed proud, and gave himself unto pleasures & cruelties. Then Maximin or Maximian the sister's son of Galerius, who also by him was made Cesar with Severus, and had once the charge of the East, adopted Licinius which he left in Slavonia, after coming to make war upon Maxentius was told of the treason of his people, and so retired. See Pomp. Laet. in the life of Constantine and Galerius.  
Galerius then having made Licinius Cesar as is said, a little time after fell into a terrible disease which fretted his entrails, whereof he died. This was because of his exceeding great lechery towards all, and horrible cruelty towards Christians. For an ulcer he had in his bladder did eat his privy members, and as all that part of his body rotten, worms came out, and no remedy could be found for it. So the Physicians abandoned him: For the stench was so intolerable, that neither Physician nor other durst approach unto him. Wherefore in the end he died of a death worthy such a man, 
The end of Galerius.  after he had reigned two years alone, and with the Caesar's and companions of his Empire the space of 16. years.  
In the persecution moved by Maxentius, Marcel Pastor of the Church of Rome was apprehended to sacrifice unto Idols, and to renounce his office, but he despised all threatenings, and smiled, which the Tyrant Maxentius seeing, commanded he should be beaten and chased out of the Town. He retired into an house of a widow named Lucine, and there secretly maintained a Church. Which the Tyrant hearing, made a stable of it for horses and other beasts of the house, & there locked up Marcel. Being thus condemned, he left not to do the office of a true Pastor, by Epistles which he writ to many. But finally being tormented by the filthiness and stench of the place, in the end he yielded his spirit to God, the year 308.  
Eusebius a Grecian by Nation, a physicians son, after Damasus succeeded in the government of the Roman Church, in the great persecutions in the time of Maxentius the horrible Tyrant. The Authors of the Ecclesiastical history make no mention of this Eusebius.  
The book of councils attribute to him three Decretal Epistles. The first to the Bishops of Gaul. The second to the Egyptians. The third to the Bishops of Tuscan, and Campania. His ordinances contained in those Epistles are these in effect. That sheep shall not draw their Shepherd or Bishop into Law, unless he deny the Faith. That a maid which shall be espoused only by words of the present time, may enter into Religion. That the Sacrifice of the Altar be consecrated, not in cloth of silk, but in linen cloth, and such like babbles which the infamous favourers of the seat of Popes, have not been ashamed to assign to those good and faithful Ministers of the Lord, to disfigure and defile with their orders this honest face of the primitive Church (which follow his head jesus Christ in continual persecutions) to establish their seat of perdition, and to pollute the blood of those holy Martyrs.  
But contrary Eusebius travailed much in the harvest of the Lords word, as well at Rome as other where in the time of persecutions under Maxentius, until that (as Christianus Mattoens saith) he finished his life by martyrdom, the year of the Lord 309. But amongst Histogoriographers, there is great diversity for the number of years.  
Licinius born in Dare, was made Augustus, & companion of the Empire with Maximin Galari, after the death of Severus, the year of our Lord, 
Constantin the great.  308. He was a warlike man, and Slavonia was first given him to govern after the East: he was noble, although he came of a peasant: he showed himself cruel towards the children of Galerius, his ally. He was an enemy unto letters, as having no knowledge, no not to write his own name. And he called the liberal Arts a public poison and pestilence. Euseb. lib. 4. ca 13. He deserved praise, in that he repressed abuses, the boldness & insolencies of the bravest of his Court, which he called the Moths and Rats of his Palace. He reigned 14 years, lived 60. See Pomp. Laet.  
Constantine the great, son of the Emperor Constantius and Helena, S. Ambrose in his funeral Oration of Theodosius saith, that he was a servant in a stable, and was borne in England. He was instructed in the Military Art under Galerius. He tamed the Sermates a fierce Nation & barbarous, brought their Duke captive to Galerius, who conceived envy at the glory of this young Prince, whereof being advertised, he retired from Rome towards his Father into England, who died soon after. By the favour of Princes he was declared Emperor, the year 309. The Senate writ unto him Letters to advertise him of the evil government Maxentius, for the great cruelties he exercised at Rome, whereupon he marched towards Rome, and pursued Maxentius, who retiring into the Town, made cover Tiber with Boats, nigh the bridge Miluius, which by subtle deceit (as he thought) he made join together to deceive Constantine, and to have drowned him when he followed him. But he himself as furious first coming out to fly, & not remembering his own stratagem that he practised for an other, entered on horseback with a few people upon the bridge, 
The death of Maxentius.  where he was drowned in Tiber, the 6. year of his Empire. For this happy deliverance, honours were given to Constantius, so he acquitted Italy and Africa. For his Father had only left him the Gaulois and Spain, and would so have contented himself, had it not been for the war that Licinius raised, making himself Cesar, and was established in the East.  

The issue of Maximinian  Maximian (as we have said) with his great grief had forsaken the Empire, being grieved so long to lead a private life, did his best by the means of Maxentius his son chosen Emperor, to return to the Empire, but because he succeeded therein not well, he retired towards his son in law Constantine, unto whom he had given his daughter Fausta, and sought by ambushes to cast him out of the Empire. Which Fausta perceiving well, revealed to her husband, preferring him before her father. Wherefore the son in law besieged him at Marseilles, 
Maximian chose his own death.  took him alive, and bade him choose whatsoever kind of death he would. He strangled himself with a cord or girdle. And so this wicked and bloody man which had shed so much Christian blood, unluckily finished his life: of his age sixty.  
Licinius at the first had some great familiarity with Constantine, and to please him made a show to love the Christians, in so much that he married Constance the sister of Constantine, and by a mutual consent together, caused to publish laws for the Christians, but afterward coming again to his nature, and forgetting the honour that Constantine had done him, began to conspire against him, because Constantine so favoured Christians, whose enemy he declared himself, alleging this cause, that in their assemblies they prayed for Constantine, and not for him. Licinius then began the persecution by his own house; after he stretched it far by Laws and Edicts, into the Provinces of the East, forbidding, especially Bishops to make assemblies and Synods. Secondly, that men and women to avoid scandals and offence, not to assemble at prayers. Thirdly, that such as were appointed prisoners, as transgressors of Edicts, should not be visited nor succoured, in pain to incur the like condemnation, etc. He then set himself against the Bishops, not openly for fear of Constantine, but made them die secretly by his Committees. Euseb. Lib. 10. Chap. 8.  
In the Town of Sebasta, Losias killed in a pool forty soldiers, whose Martyrdom, Basile the great described, and other Martyrs which were cruelly murdered.  
Licinius increased more and more his cruelty: but the Lord sent Constantine to repress him, who experimented against him the Forces of the Gauls and Italy, having overthrown him in Hungary, and pursued him into Macedonia, where he repaired his forces. He was chased into Asia, and in the end yielded himself, seeing he was vanquished by sea and by land, and was sent into Thessalonica to live privately, yet could he not so escape the true vengeance of his boldness, cruelty, and infidelity: For he was slain by Constantine's soldiers, about the year of our Lord three hundred twenty and four, after some writers.  
Melchiades the thirtieth Bishop, succeeded in the Church of Rome, and was of Africa, after Damasus: A man of great piety, and a true servant in the holy ministery of the Gospel, and in the affairs of the truth of God, until he was put to death under Maximin Galerius, the year of the Lord, 314. Read hereupon the Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius, where he reciteth divers cruel kinds of death wherewith the Saints of that time were persecuted.  
Carsulan, Platina, Stella, and other of the Pope's flatterers, attribute wrongfully to these holy Martyrs of the Lord jesus, whole Chariots full of lying decrees; to the end the devilish ordinances of their ceremonies or rather blasphemies might be approved by their authority.  
They attribute unto him the forbidding of Fasts on the Sundays or Thursdays, because on them the paynim celebrated the solemnities of their God Saturn. Item a decretal touching Baptism and the Confirmation. De consecratione distinct. 5. cap. Spirit. sanct. & cap. De his etc.  
Note this for the Bishops of the Roman Church, until Silvester the first.  
But what man would think that poor and simple Ministers of the word and Pastors of the Church, such as then were the Bishops of Rome, inhabiting in ditches and caves, attending nothing under those Tyrants from day to day, but only death, could have thought upon this pride & arrogancy, which after those Popes used in buildings and other ordinances, seeing they had neither Temples nor houses whether they might retire? Peace was not yet given to the Church. They yet enjoyed not that unprofitable Idleness, nor the sovereign delights of this world: nor that whore which by little and little rose up, had not yet her bed ready, yet such have been the inventions of false Prophets, to set out the whores body: and so is the Pope's Synagogue founded upon so evident lies, as nothing more.  
Assuredly it were great folly to give faith to such ridiculous dreams of Satan, forged for the gain and profits of Priests. Better therefore it is in this case to prove the spirits; namely, whether they be of God or not, as it is said, 1. john. Chapter 4. seeing many false Prophets are come into this world.  
Until this time Pastors were as Stars in the Firmament of the Church, shining as well in doctrine as in good example: they were also guarded by the right hand of him that walked in the midst of the seven Candlesticks. 
Apocal. 1. li 16  Hitherto men esteemed them as Angels, preaching the word of the Almighty God, without fiction, yea that more is, 
Apo. 1.2.  hitherto they were figured by the white horse: because in the ministery they carried the victorious jesus Christ, as well in their hearts as in their bodies, and as well in mouth as work.  

Ceremonies in the celebration of the Supper.  
The memory of the Lords Supper was not performed but in public assemblies, and therefore the Synod of Gangre under the Emperor Constans, condemned Eustace Bishop of Seluste in Armenia, because contrary to the order of the use of the Church, he permitted some which disdained to come into the Church to Communicate in particular houses. Socrat. Lib. 2. Cap. 43. Neither was it lawful to celebrate the Supper in a profane place, as appear by Athanasius in the Epistle to them of Antioch. Hierome against jovinian reprehendeth the manner of doing in other Christians at Rome, which Communicated in houses. Wherefore said he entered they not into Churches? etc.  
Deacons distributed the Supper of the Lord, Priests being present, with one dividing the Eucharist, and this was after the Canon of the Council of Nice.  

Epist. ad Rusticum. Momacum.  The Priests distributed the Cup of the blood of the Lord; Doctors of this time often call it Cup or mystic vessel. S. Hierome writing of vessels to distribute the Lords Supper in, saith of a Bishop of Tholouze called Exuperius; There was nothing so rich as that which carried the body of our Lord in an Osier basket, and the blood in a Glass.  
By the first book of Euseb. of the evang. 92. Demonst. Chap. 10. One may easily know that Christians daily celebrated the memory of the body and blood of jesus Christ. And S. Ambrose in his fifth book of Sacraments, Chapter. 4. reprehendeth the Eastern Churches, because they communicated but once a year.  

Vigils.  In the Churches of Africa, they which should communicate, passed the night in watchings & prayers. As Athanasius reciteth in the Apology of his flight: adding, that all mutually aught before to be reconciled together. And in the Western Churches, all communicated except the Catechumenistes, and such as did penance: as appeareth by Hierome upon the 7. Chapter of the 2. to the Corinthians.  
About this time water was given with wine, as appear by S. Ambrose first Chapter of his fist book of Sacraments. They put saith he into the Cup wine & then water, etc. which being mingled, was consecrated with the wine.  
The manner of the Churches was, to give the Eucharist in the hand of him that took it, as appear by the words of S. Ambrose to the Emperor Theodosius. Reachest thou out thy hands which yet are bloody, and which yet distil the blood by thee shed, to take the holy body of the Lord? Darest thou apply to thy mouth the precious blood of the Lord? etc.  
The Priest as he distributed the bread, said. Take the body of the Lord: and in distributing the wine; Take the blood of Christ: and at both, the Communicant answered, Amen. Ambrose in the 4. book of Sacraments, Chap. 5.  

The Eucharist given to sick persons.  To such as were nigh their deaths they brought the Eucharist. Horatius a Priest of the Church of Verseil, carried it to Ambrose nigh his death. Paulinus in the life of S. Ambrose reciteth it.  
May abuses began in this time to arise. Such as made any great voyage either by sea or land carried the Eucharist, 
Abuses of the Supper.  as appeareth in the Oration of Saint Ambrose upon the death of Satyrius.  
Touching the ceremonies used in administering the Sacrament, Denis hath left by writing that which followeth. 
Ceremonies in administrating the Supper.  The Bishop having ended the prayers before the Altar, began to perfume and compass all the place, after returning to the Altar, he began to sing Psalms, and all followed. This done, the Ministers in order read something of the holy scripture. That read, they caused the Catechumenistes with the Enenguinians to go out, and such as were admitted to penance. One part of the Ministers kept themselves before the portal of the Temple shut, the others did such things as belonged to their charge; Such as are elected to minister with the Priests, presented the bread before the Altar, and the Cup of blessing.  
Whilst all the Churchmen sung praises and Hymns to the Lord, the Bishop which said the prayers pronounced peace to all. And after every one had saluted one an other, the Priests and the Bishop washed their hands with water. After the Bishop in the midst of the Altar, environed with Priests and Ministers, began to praise and magnify the works of the world, and propose to the people the signs of the Supper, and to declare them unto them, and invite them to the participation thereof, which finally ended in thanksgiving, etc.  
The word Messe was not found amongst the writers of this time. 
The word Messe unused.  And as for the two preparative prayers of the Priest meaning to say Mass, which are shuffled into the works of Ambros; Erasmus himselfelfe judgeth them not to be S. Ambroses. They contain also errors contrary to the doctrine of him: As the adoration of the Sacrament, the Invocation of Saints, and chiefly of the Virgin Marie.  
The Emperor Constantine having overcome all these tyrants, namely, Maxentius, Maximian, and Licinius, the Lord gave rest to his Church, which was almost ruinated and trodden under feet; and gave a gentle spirit to Constantine to repair by a Monarchy, the great dissipation and discord which the misgovernment of many had brought.  
Constantine was long ere he could unwrap himself out of his ancient and Ethnic superstitions, his wife Fausta maintaining him therein; but after he saw himself peaceable in his Empire, there was courage given unto him to apply his power unto the matters of the Church.  
True it is, as for Baptism, that he deferred it a long time, because he always determined to go against the Persians, and upon devotion without knowledge to be baptised in jordain. Eusebius reciteth it in his life: yet after all, he honoured it, and authorised it by Edicts and Laws which he caused to be published.  
He had a burning heart to the Faith, and was marvelous careful to help the necessities of the Church: he was of nature soft and benign, and delighted in all good works: and not only revoked the tyrannic and cruel laws that were before made against Christians, but gave to Churches great privileges. It was not enough for him to account Ministers equal to himself, but he honoured and preferred them before him, as representing the divine Majesty. And by such means he was both loved, honoured and cherished, not as an Emperor, but as a Father. Euseb.  
Silvester a Roman, was constituted Bishop of Rome after Melchiades, and governed the Church a long time.  
Being ordained Bishop, he exercised not only the office of a Pastor in teaching, but also in reprehending the vices of the Clergy.  
There are attributed unto him certain miracles, by which he drew many to the Christian faith.  
When Maxentius reigned at Rome, to shun his cruelty, Silvester retired out of Rome, and remained a certain time at the Mount Soracte: and returned under Constantine, after the death of the said Tyrant.  
Constantine established many laws. First that Christ should be worshipped of all, as the true God.  
Item that whosoever should do injury to any Christian, the half of his goods should be confiscated.  
He permitted all such as were under his Empire, not only to be Christians, but also to found and build Temples.  
The word Martyr, was used in the time of Constantine, 
Martyr.  then when in remembrance of the martyrs men builded Temples, and about the thirtieth year of Constantine, a Temple called Martirium Magnum, was builded in jerusalem, 
Temple.  in the place called Cranium. See Sozom, Ich. 2. Cap. 26.  
Constantine caused to be made a Tabernacle in form of a Temple, which he commanded to be carried when he went to the wars, wherein he held the assemblies of the Christians. Sozom. Lib. 1. Chap. 8.  
Touching the Donation attributed unto him: 
Donation of Constantine.  that is to say, that he gave Rome, Italy, and other Western Provinces to Silvester, as the Roman Bishops pretend, it is a matter invented, or at least doubtful: and even the Popes own decrees are against it.  
The two last Chapters make no mention of other Provinces, but only of the Town of Rome, 
96. Dist. c. Constantinus. c. Fundamenta. De. electio. Lib. 6 12. q. 1. c. Futuram.  no nor in the ancient volumes of decrees, is there any mention, nor any thing found in any Author of that time, as Antonine saith in his Chronicles. See Naucler.  
Of this matter see Laurencius Valla, and john le Maire in his Treatise of the difference of Schisms and councils of the Church.  
Constantine determined to build a Town of his name, and elected Byzantium for it, which he compassed with ditches, and the Town builded in the midst he called Constantinople of his name, there establishing the Imperial seat of his Empire.  
Bizanzium was an ancient Town, 
Byzantium Constantinople.  which a little before was destroyed by Gallien and Pertinax, but Constantine restored it, and adorned it with rich ornaments, brought from all the parts of the world: in so much the Hierome writeth that Constantine stripped naked as it were all the Towns of the world to embellish this new Rome. For he transported from the Castle which was at Ilium, the chief Town of Troy the Palladium, and from Troas the Image of Apollo, which was of Brass, and of a marvelous greatness. From Rome a pillar of Porphire called Coclis, which he environed with divers metals, and placed it in the market place paved with stones.  
Before we come to the successors of Silvester, we will briefly touch the estate of the Church at that time. And first;   

Of the Ecclesiastical degrees.  

Bishop's Priests.  There were of old three Ecclesiastical degrees; namely, the Bishop, the Priest, and the Deacon, with the Ministers and company of the faithful. Ambrose in his book of the Sacerdotal dignity. Hierome to Nepotian saith, that Bishops and Priests were all one, saving that the Bishop was a name of dignity, and Priest was a name of age: but in respect of schisms and necessities happening in the Church, there was made a distinction. Ambrose in the aforesaid book witnesseth, that the ordination is alike; for both are Priests: but the Bishop is the chief Priest. Other names, as Subdeacons, Acolites, and Exorcists, came after.  

Clergy.  The name of Clergy was received in this time, to signify all Ecclesiastical offices and dignities. Euseb. Lib. 10. Chap. 2. Hierome to Nepotian yieldeth this reason of the name. Cleros saith he in Greek, signifieth Lot in Latin; therefore are Clerks named, 
Clerks.  because they are of the lot and of the inheritance of the Lord; or for that the Lord is their Lot, that is to say, their part and heritage. Afterward men called Clerks such as every Church nourished at the own charge, to serve after for the ministery of the Church.  

metropolitans.  metropolitans were so called by reason of the principal and chief Towns whereof they were Bishops, and so Zozomen. Lib. 3. Cap. 16. He calleth Basile Metropolitan of Cappadocea. And the same in Lib. 2. Chap. 8. saith the like of an Archbishop's name.  
Patriarch was named the Bishop of all the Province, Socrates Lib. 5. Chap. 8. 
Patriarch.   
The office of a Bishop was to teach the people, 
The office of a Bishop.  as also the Priests. But in the Church of Alexandria, after the poison of Arrius, the Bishop alone had that charge. Socrates lib. 5. chap. 22.  
The ordination of Ministers appertained to the Bishop, 
Ministers.  which is all the right of pre-eminence that they had above Priests, as S. Jerome saith to Euagrius.  
Vicars of Bishops are found in the Canons of the Council of Ancyra, Neocesaria and Antioch, Chorepiscopi, 
Vicars or Bishops particulars.  and Basile useth that name in the Epistle fifty and four. Amongst the general Epistles, there is one found under the name of Damasus to Prosper, wherein Damasus being asked, answereth, that Vicars called Chorepiscopi, were no more but Priests, and that they could not consecrate Priests, Deacons, Subdeacons, nor Virgins, nor Altars; neither dedicate Churches, or like things contained in the Epistle, whereof let each man judge, considering that time wherein Damasus was.  
To Priests or Lords it appertained also to take up debates and controversies. It appeareth by Epiphanius, Lib. 2. Tom. 2. Heresy 69. that they were also sent Ambassadors to councils to accuse Heretics, The custody of Ecclesiastical goods belonged unto them. Sozomen, Lib. 5. Chap. 8. saith, that Theodoretus a Priest of Antioch, was Guardian of the precious vessels.  
Deacons administered only, and executed Ecclesiastical charges. They were carried unto public disputations to play the Notaries, and gather together the Acts. As appeareth in the example of Athanasius, who came with his Bishop Alexander then an old man, to the Council of Nice, and did greatly help and aid Alexander to discover and confute the fallacies of heretics. Rufin. lib. 1. chap. 14.  
The constitutions of Silvester (as is contained in the 1. Tom of councils, makes those degrees. 
Deacons. New degrees  A commandment of Subdeacons to obey Deacons and Acolites, Subdeacons, Exorcists to obey Acolites: Lectors, Exorcists: Porters, Lectors: and to Porters, the Abbot: and to the Abbot, the Monks. Exorcists after Epiphanius, were such as interpreted one tongue by an other, either at Lectors, or at Colloquies.  

Diaconesses.  In the Code of Theodosius there are certain constitutions which make also mention of Diaconesses, which was a ministry of women, for the visitation and inspection of bodies.  
Each Town had his Bishop. Ruffin. lib. 1. cap. 6. saith, that in the 10. Canon of the Council of Nice, it was forbidden that in any Cities should be two Bishops: to the end that the order of Ecclesiastical government (as proceeding from one head) might be distributed into divers actions to Priests and Deacons, whereof the number was indifferent, although ordinarily it was of seven, according to the 14. Canon of the Council of Neocesaria.   

The Eccclesiasticall administration.  

divers sorts of Auditors.  Basile divideth the Auditors of God's word into two companies: the one, of such as were rude: and the other, of such as had made some progress therein. Ambrose distinguisheth them into Laymen & Clerks, in his book of the Sacerdotal dignity. chap. 2. Hierome upon the exposition of the 7 chap of the 2. to the Cor. divideth them into 3. that is, Catechumenes, faithful, and penitent.  

Prayers.  Prayers were ordinarily made for all things necessary; for the prosperity of the Empire, for the health of the Church, for public tranquility, for enemies, and for such as were not yet converted. See Socrates, lib. 2. cap. 37.  

Confession taken from the common people.  Nectarius first took away in the Church of Constantinople the ceremony ordained for penance and confession; wherein a Priest particularly applied absolution, & ordained that each one after the witness of his conscience, should approach the communion. The occasion of this defence came of a woman of a noble house, who having confessed to a Priest that she had had the company of a Deacon in the Church: the Priest revealed this scandal to the said Bishop, and the ceremony of confession was abolished. Socrates lib. 5. chap. 9  

Ceremonies invented.  In the time of Constantine, many ceremonies unnecessary and evil agreeing with the word of God, were brought in; as candles lighted in the day time; which this Costantine instituted in Temples, newly by him builded, and consecrated worthy ornaments and other things altogether superfluous and superstitious, which other Churches than took up.  
Bishop's also at this time denounced to their people feast-days. As Basile rehearseth of himself, 
Feasts.  that he denounced in a Sermon the feastday of a Martyr julitta.  
One new thing not used in times past, 
The Immunity of Clerks began.  was now brought in. The Emperor Constantine gave power to Clerks, to appeal from civil Magistrates to Bishops: which thing was the first that gave occasion to Antichrist to change & transform the kingdom of jesus Christ into a politic kingdom, & by little & little to lift himself up above Magistrates, & of Ministers and Doctors, to become Dictator's and King's, leaving the charge of souls.  
A new thing also of this time, 
Building of Temples.  the care to build Temples was committed to Bishops. As Constantine committed to Macarius Bishop of jerusalem the building of a Temple, which he willed should be builded in the place where the Sepulchre was, Sozomene in his 4. book and 13. chap, rehearseth, that Basile builded the Temple of the Town of Ancyra in Gallatia.  
A new charge also was given to Bishops of this time, to consecrate Temples, to seek out & transport from place to place, relics of Saints. As we may see in the 85. Epistle of S. Ambrose.  
Such grants perverted the true office of a Bishop, which is to teach and feed the flock with the pure word of God.   

Of the goods of the Church.  
The Church of this time began to be enriched by gifts, largitions & munificences of Princes. Maximin feeling himself taken with a grievous disease made an Edict for the Christians, 
Edicts for the Christians.  that the houses, lands & possessions taken away in times of persecutions should be restored to the true possessors, Euseb. li. 9 ch 10.  
The Emperor Constantin, not only caused that which had been taken from the Christians to be again restored, but also caused to be sold for the commodity of the poor of the Church, all the most precious Images of the Heathens. Sozomene, lib. 2. chap. 5. 
Revenues assigned to the Church.  Moreover he withdrew from the Revenues of every Town a certain Impost, and ordained it for the profit of the Church and clergy thereof, commanding by Edict that that gift should pass to them successively for ever. The same Sozomene li. 1. chap. 3. & li. 5. chap. 5. He commanded further, to bring to the treasury of the Church their goods who had been martyred, which left no children nor kinsfolks their heirs. As Eusebius reciteth in the life of Constantine, li. 2. He willed also that men should distribute Corn in common to the poor. Basile in his Epistle 104. witnesseth that many dedicated whole houses to the profit of Churches: yea some of their own motion all their substance unto Churches, which not being permitted daring the reign of other Emperors, was permitted and lawful by the constitution of Constantine, contained in the law Ei eod. De sacro. sanct. Eccles.  

The use of the goods of the Church.  The use of the goods of the Church, was applied to sustain the poor pilgrims. Yet Ambrose in his first book of Offices, chap. 56. excepteth such as had any goods and revenues of their own to maintain them. And Hierome in the Epistle to Damasus, admonisheth that amongst Clarks there should be none but such as were nourished at the charges of the Church, and that had no patrimony, or that had no other means to sustain themselves.  

Immunities.  Besides, the wages and oblations which Constantin gave, he also granted in all places Immunities to Priests, which also the heirs of Constantine ratified. See the Code, de epischo & cleris.  

The poor.  After Ministers, the chief care was of the poor, whose Proctors the Deacons were. Cyrillus Bishop of jerusalem, is praised, because in a great dearth for the succour and help of the poor, he caused the vessels, veils, and other precious things of the Temple to be sold, Sozomene lib. 4. cap. 25. And Hierome ad Rusticum accuseth Bishops which usurp and make proper that which is common. If the liberality of Emperors failed, the Churches defrayed the charges of Bishops and all others that went to Synods. Theodoret. lib. 2, cap. 16.   

Libraries.  
The books of the holy scripture, which for the most part were lost during the persecutions at this time by the beneficence of the Emperor Constantine, were written in great dilidence, and with magnificence worthy of such an Emperor. By the witness of Athanasius it is plain enough, that in the Chrians Temples there were Libraries, 
Libraries.  and therein he accuseth the impiety of the Arrians, which took out these books & burned them. Hierome against Rufin makes mention of the Library at Cesaria. It appears by the Acts, 
Notaries at Rome.  of a Roman Synod held under Siluister, that the Roman Church maintained certain Notaries to write the acts of the Martyrs.   

Schools.  
There were also Schools of two sorts. Ethnics or Philosophical, and Ecclesiastical. Nazianzenus in the death of his brother Cesarius, makes mention of the Schools of Palestine, wherein he learned Rhetoric. Lactantius held that of Nicomedia. Ephiphanius a Sophister, kept that of Laodicea. That of Cesaria in Cappadocia was renowned, because Constantius caused Gallus and julian his children to be taught there. But above all, that of Alexandria was most famous, for blind Didimus, who ruled there. Rufin. Lib. 2. Cap. 7. And Basilius calleth it a goodly shape of all doctrine. In Europe that of Athens because of letters, was of most account: wherein julian had for condisciples, Basile and Gregory Nazianzenus, as the said Gregory witnesseth in his invective against julian. Victorinus African, taught at Rome rhetoric. 
Reward of profess.  See Hierome in his Treatife of Illustrious men. The Salary or reward was to professors paid after the law of Constantine, contained in the title de profess. & med. in the Code.  
At this time there was a man called Arrius, 
Arrius a professor.  a professor in the school of Alexandria in Egypt, whose Heresy did miserably torment and distract the union of the Church. He was a man swelled with ambition and presumption. One day having heard in the congregation of the faithful, Alexander Bishop of Alexandria, subtly and learnedly disputing of the divine essence, after he had showed that the unity thereof was in a privity, Arrius Logician, rather than a Theologian, began to dispute and vomit out the p●ison he had long time gathered. Epip. Lib. 2. Tome 2. Necesie. 69. rehearseth, that Arrius was now found in an error: that Melitius a Bishop in Thebaide accused before Alexander his Bishop, who after that, looked to him more narrowly, and took heed to his subtleties.  
Such a care had Bishops at this time one of an other, that no evil should go forward.  

Arrius.  Arrius maintained the Son of God to be a creature, and the holy Ghost created of him. But with what arguments and babble of words he used to confirm his error, it should be superfluous to rehearse. There are long Epistles of Arrius to Alexander, and of Alexander to all Churches, by which one may more at large know the spring of all this infection. Alexander at the beginning sought to stop this evil by silence. But seeing that Eusebius Bishop of Nicomedia took upon him the cause of Arrius in hatred of the Church of Alexandria, Alexander not only published the Apostasy of Arrius, but also excommunicated him and his adherents as Heretics and schismatics, which would maintain that God was sometimes without being Father, and that the Son was a creature and made, who knew not perfectly and exactly the Father.  
It is strange how so cursed an error should in so little time subvert so many Bishops, yea the most learned, not only of the East Church, but of the West also. Epiph. saith, that Arrius being chased away, went into Palestine. But Alexander hasted Letters every where to the number of seventy, to advertise the Bishops of Arrius his doings, who was received of his Protector Eusebius. Arrius in the mean time sent Letters to Alexandria, naming him Pope and his Bishop.   

The great Council of Nice. Anno domini. 320.  
These debates and contentions brought great dolour and care unto the good Emperor Constantine, and incontinent to give order therefore, seeing this evil from day to day got the upper hand, sent Hosius Bishop of Corduba in Spain to Alexander, a man of great piety and authority, with his Letters Patents to the Church, to find means to extinguish this fire whose flames were blown all over. Eusebius reciteth the Tenure of Constantine's Letters full of all piety, in the life of the said Emperor. Lib. 2.  
Hosius furnished with these Letters came into Egypt, and did all that he could to agree Alexander & Arrius, but in vain. Whereof the Emperor being advertised, was more grieved then before, at the request of the Bishops, and instance of Alexander, as witnesseth Rufin. lib. 1. cap. 1. ordained at his own charge an universal Synod at Nice, a town of Bithynia, the year of Christ. 320. after some, and the year of his Empire 17. At which Synod, from all the parts of the earth came Bishops, and the number was 250. after Socrates. li. 1. ca 8. besides Priests, Deacons, A colites, & other multitudes. Theodoret. li. 1. ca 7. saith 318. Bishops; and this is about the number whereof the most part of the Elders agree, that have written thereof.  
Some say, that the Emperor before he assembled this general Synod, had caused Arrius to come unto him, and in the presence of some Bishops having inquired of his heresy, Arrius with an oath answered that he bred no heresies, then strait the Emperor in the presence of all said: If thou hast sworn with a good conscience, & that thy oath be made with a full faith, than departest thou an Innocent. But if falsely thou callest God to witness, let him whom thou hast offended take vengeance. So many spoke for him which he before had gained. Notwithstanding the Emperor writ large Letters that men should take heed of Arrius that they builded not their Faiths upon his heresies. These letters began with these words. Constantine the great Augustus, etc. The place for the Synod was in the emperors Palace, wherein he had placed seats covenable and convenient for each state and degree. The emperors seat was in the first rank, and it was covered with Gold, as Eusebius saith in his life. Liber. 3. He himself made the first exhortation to enter into the matter, whereunto by consent of all, Eustachius Bishop of Antioch had charge to answer. The Emperor the better to agree with them, proposed the great cruelty and tyranny of the persecutions passed: that now peace was open unto them, and that it should be a strange thing, the outward enemies being vanquished, to stir up wars within. Theodoret. Lib. 1. Cap. 7.  
Amongst the Bishops which were there assembled against Arrius was Macarius' Bishop of Jerusalem, Eustachius Bishop of Antioch, 
Hist. Eccle. Li. 10. Chap. 4.  Hosius Bishop of Corduba in Spain, Pathuntius of Egypt, and Maximus, (these two had their eyes put out for the Faith) and many other persons which had suffered persecution under the aforesaid Titants. 
Spiridian.  There was also Spiridian, Bishop of Tremythe in Cyprus, and Nicholas Bishop of Mirme in Licia, a very grave man. Also Athanasius then a Deacon of the Church of Alexandria, Theophilus Bishop of the Goths, and Alexander Bishop of Alexandria, etc. Spiridian was he that in Lent presented flesh to a Pilgrim as he passed by, and did eat himself, and caused him also to eat, saying that to pure Christians all things are pure. Hist. tripart. lib. 1. Chap. 10.  
After that licence was granted to the two parties, Eusebius Bishop of Nichomedia, the Patron of Arrius, presented a Libel full of blasphemies, containing briefly that which hath been before said. That God who is for ever, was not always the Father. And seeing all things were created of God, the son also must be a work made, and many other blasphemies. This Libel was recited and read with great sorrow of most part of them which were there, because of the blasphemies contained therein, and was torn in pieces, to the great confusion of the Author. There followed a very sharp contention of both parts, which the Emperor hearkened unto with great patience. But finally Eusebius and his consorts fearing to be banished, made a countenance to renounce their errors, and to subscribe to the determination of the Fathers, except Secundus and Theon, as Athanasius reciteth in the decrees of the Synod of Nice. But the Bishops after they knew their fraud, and how they disguised the truth with words, began to use the word Essence and Homousios', that is to say, of one same substance. Then the Eusebians abhorred these words, Homousios' and Essential, as strange & unused in the holy scripture. The Fathers declared, that necessarily they were constrained to use these words, to signify that the Son was engendered of the substance of the Father, according to which, be was consubstantial to the Father, that is to say, of one same substance and essence.  
A Philosopher who by no Arguments could be surmounted, was finally converted by a simple Bishop, who said unto him: hearken Philosopher, there is one God which made all things in the power of his word, and by the sanctification of his holy spirit confirmed them. This word which we call the Son of God, hath redeemed mankind, which was in the bottomless pit of hell, by his death and resurrection. Torment nor trouble thyself too much with thine own arguments and demonstrations in this matter which must be apprehended by faith, and that jesus Christ himself and his Apostles hath taught us. Answer me, dost thou believe it is so? The Philosopher astonished said unto him, I believe, and confess to be vanquished, & after exhorted others of his profession, with him to believe the doctrine.  
At the said Council, Constantine having received diffamatory Libels, accusations, debates, and particular quarrels of Bishops one against an other, caused them all to be cast into the fire, that none might understand their debates or errors. God hath ordained you Bishops (saith he) and hath given you power to judge of yourselves, by means whereof we yield ourselves to your judgement. Men may not judge you but God alone, unto whom we refer the deciding and determination of your controversies.  
This humility of Constantine, afterward brought great damage to his Successors.  
The said Council would have forbidden Priests and Deacons to dwell with their wives: 
Pathuntius.  but Pathuntius whom Constantine had in such reverence, that he often caused him to come into his Palace, and embraced, yea kissed the place from whence his eye was plucked out, rising up, confessed that marriage was honourable amongst all men and the bed undefiled: and said that the company of the husband with the wife was chastity, and persuaded the Council not to set out such Laws which might give occasion of fornication both to them & their wives. The Council approved his opinion, and so dealt nothing upon that matter, but left to every one liberty to marry or not: according as to every one should seem expedient: wherefore as before, so now also was it lawful for Priests to retain their wives and to marry. But after Siritius & Gregory the seventh, forbade such marriage, and commanded continency: which notwithstanding the Eastern Priests never received.  
It is not then true which some write, that Calixus who was before this Council, commanded continency: For then there would have been some mention of him in the said Council and of his decree. Eusebius.   

Extract out of the Acts of the Council of Nice.  

Hist. Eccle. Lib. 10. cha. b.  We believe in God the Father Almighty, Creator of all things, as well visible as invisible, and in our Lord jesus Christ, the only son of God, borne & engendered of him, that is to say, of his proper substance, and therefore God of God, borne and not made, of the same substance of the Father: by which son all things were made, as well in heaven as in earth: who also for the love of us men and for our salvation descended from heaven & took our humane flesh & was made man. He suffered death & passion, and after rose again the third day, than he ascended into heaven, and finally must come to judge the quick and the dead. We also believe in the holy Ghost.  
All such as say that there was a time that the son was not, and that before be was borne in the earth he was not, and that he was created of nothing, or of other substance then of the father, or that he is the son of God, but convertible & mutable, the holy Catholic and Apostolic Church, excommunicateth and anematizeth them.  
It was also amongst other things ordained in this Council, that no Bishop ought to receive any of them which an other Bishop hath excommunicated or thrust from his Church, were he Clerk or Lay man. But if we unjustly, for hatred or anger were excommunicated or chased away, It was ordained that in each Province the Prelates there should assemble every year twice, to hold their provincial Council, 
Provincial Counsels each year.  to know and judge of such matters: to the end that if any man had done any thing unjustly it might be retracted by others, and that if he had done well, it might be approved.  
That in Alexandria and Rome, the ancient custom should be kept; namely that the Bishop of Alexandria should have care of the Churches of Egypt, and that of Rome, of such Churches as are about Rome.  
That if two or three Bishops strive or do not agree to consecrate one elected for some dissension: In this case they must hold themselves to the determination of others of the province, and especially of the Metropolitan.  
That the prerogative which before times hath been given to the Bishop of jerusalem, shallbe kept for him, without prejudice notwithstanding of the Metropolitans dignity.  
That the Cathares heretics called Novatians, if they would repent themselves & come again to the Church & confess the faith according to the belief of the church, should be received into the order thereof. And if their Bishop come with ours let them sit with our Priests: And let the name of a Bishop remain only to them which have always held the catholic faith & to no others.  
That in one City there be but one Bishop.  
That if any of them which indiscreetly have been ordained Bishops, being accused of crime, do confess it, or be by others convicted, let them be deposed; and likewise such as have erred in the faith, and by error have been promoted, if after they be known.  
That such as in time of persecution have received the faith, and with a good hart repent themselves, do 5. years make their penance with the Catechumenes, (that is to say, such as learn the faith) to communicate with them in prayers only: after which term they may be received to the Sacraments of the Church.  
That such as for the Faith have renounced the Camp, and after return thither again, do there penance 13. year, and after to be received to the Sacraments if a true repentance might be seen in them. And notwithstanding that it should be in the faculty & power of the Bishop to abridge the term, if he see their penance to be fruitful and hearty.  
That if that foresaid penitents come to peril of death before their penance be ended, that then the Sacraments should be administered unto them: yet if they escaped, they should be bound to end their penance.  

Catechumenes.  That the Catechumenes which had likewise erred, should be three years separated from others, and do their penance apart, and after be received with them.  
That no Bishop nor Clerk presume to climb up from a little Church to a greater.  
That the Clerk which shall leave his Church without lawful cause, going vagrant and running here and there, be not received to other Churches to the Communion.  
That no Bishop ordain any who is not of his own Diocese without leave of his Diocesan.  

Unlawful gain.  That none take any usury, nor gain or advantage, upon Wine or Corn, as customably men do, giving new for old, or taking the sixth part of the gain, or the tenth half, and if he do it, let him be driven away as one that taketh unlawful gain.  
That Deacons be not preferred before Priests, nor sit in their rank, nor in their presence do distribute the Sacraments but only minister unto them, and assist when they do distribute: but when there are no Priests there, in that case they may depart them.  
That the Diaconesses because they are not consecrated, be accounted amongst Laie-people.  
There were many Canons made and discerned in that Council and forms of confessions of Faith touching the divine essence really distinguished, truly and eternally into three persons, the Father, the son, and the holy Ghost, which are one only God, alone eternal, infinite, and all perfect in himself. Which persons are coessential and coeternal, without confusion of properties and relation, and without any inequality, etc. But here it should be too long to recite the said confessions, which many good Bishops presented in this Council. And for the most part they are found in the books they have left unto their posterity. The Fathers then united in the true doctrine touching the person of the son of God, concluded this Article as is above said. The Emperor Constantine also gave out a decree and ordinance thereof: And even as Porphirius an enemy to Christian religion, in times past received the salary and reward of confusion for his impiety. So Arrius and his complices, true Porphirians, were to all an horror, and abomination. He added further, and denounced the pain of death to all such as hid the writings of Arrius, without descrying them and burning them in the fire.  
As for the other occasion and cause for which this Synod was assembled: namely touching the celebration of Easter, 
Ordinances against Arrius.  the Emperor being grieved that the inequality of the observation thereof troubled so many Churches, proposed to the Fathers, that the decision thereof was made, that all men should celebrate it on one same day. It seemed unto him unfit that so sacred a feast as that should be celebrated after the imitation of the jewish nation, the enemies of jesus Christ. So having made these remonstrances unto the Council, he asked of Acesius Bishop, what he thought thereof: but Acesius durst not say contrary to him. This question than was decided after they had ordained of things Ecclesiastical, and it was agreed thereupon that the celebration of Easter should be observed on one same day throughout all the world.  
The difference also which was betwixt Miletius Bishop of Licia, a Town in Thebaide, and Peter Bishop of Alexandria, was agreed. Epipha. saith: Lib. 2. Tom. 2. Heres. 68 that the aforesaid Peter held that they which in time of persecution were fallen into renouncement, returning to the Church and confessing their fault, if they demanded pardon, that they ought not to be suspended from the communion. Miletius maintained that we may not receive them until the persecution cease, lest others by too great facility of pardoning offenders, should be offended, or elf thereby might be provoked or induced to fall into like infirmity. Socrates saith, that for many other causes Meletius had been deposed by Peter of Alexandria, and that for this ignominy, he always after bare evil will unto Peter and his successors, Achilles and Alexander: which Theodorus also reciteth. Lib. 1. Chap. 8.  
This is briefly that which may be said in this history of the Council of Nice, which although it was as a thunderbolt to confound that wicked Arrian heresy, yet was it not so destroyed, but after it lifted up the head again. And that more is, it was never more pernicious to all the Church, than after the death of Constantine, when especially it had gotten for the defence some of the Emperors which lifted up her head; notwithstanding that which Athanasius in his Epistle to Epictetus, Bishop of Corinth saith is true: The faith which the Fathers have expounded by the holy scripture in that Synod, is sufficient to confound all impiety, etc.  
Eusebius in his chap. 27. lib. 3. reciteth that the machinations & ambushes laid by the sectaries of Arrius and Eusebius against Athanasius, gave occasion to the Emperor to convocate in his time many councils and assemblies of Synods.  
There was a Priest who got favour of Constantia, widow of the Tyrant Licinius and the sister of Constantine: whom this Priest made believe that great wrong was done unto Arrius at the Council of Nice, and that his faith was not repugnant from that of the said Council. A little after, the said Constantia, taken with a mortal disease, sent for her brother Constantine, and gave witness of the innocency of Arrius, whereby this Priest having gotten access to the Emperor by the means of Constantia, he himself then persuaded touching Arrius, namely, that he thought no otherwise then the Council did.  
Constantine then sent Letters to call again Arrius, who came to Constantinople with Euzoius a Deacon, 
Arrius giveth in his confession.  who also had been deposed by Alexander. They by the emperors commandment gave in a disguised and covert confession, the beginning whereof was.  
We believe in God the Father almighty, and in our Lord jesus Christ his son, begotten of the Father before all worlds. God and Word, by which all things were created, as well in heaven as in earth, who came down and took human flesh, and suffered death, was raised again and ascended into heaven, & should come again to judge the quick & the dead, etc. The rest is in Sozomen. lib. 2. chap. 27.  
After Constantine had seen this confession, he asked them if with a good hart they thought as they spoke? Arrius affirmed yea: Constantine mistrusting his own judgement, sent Arrius with his adherents to an assembly of Bishops which then was at jerusalem, commanding them diligently to examine the confession of Arrius: that is, if he had revoked his error, & if Alexander did him wrong or no. 
Synod of jerusalem.  The Synod of jerusalem advertised of the Emperors will, sent Letters to the Bishops of Egypt, Thebay, and Libya, exhorting them, that according to the witness of the Emperor, Arrius might be received into the Communion. The Arrians strengthened with these witnesses, came again into Alexandria, and thrusting themselves into company, Athanasius who then had the charge of Alexandria, would not admit them. Arrius returned to Constantinople to make his complaints against Athanasius: there likewise he sought to bring himself by force into that Church: but Alexander who had the government thereof opposed himself against him, saying: that the author of such an heresy, 
A tumult of the Arrians.  and a perturber of so many Churches ought not to be received. This came to a great contention, the Eusebians threatening they would cause Alexander to be banished.  
Certain days following, the Arrians concluded to introduce Arrius by force into the Church. But Alexander placing his force in the Armour of piety, entered over night into the Temple, accompanied with two of his household, and with tears passed all the night in Orisons and prayers to the Lord, that he would not suffer that ravishing wolf lately covered with a lambs skin, to thrust into his flock.  
Some say that he added these words in his prayer: O Lord if it be thy will, and that by thy just judgement (which is investigable) this wolf be admitted into thy Church, deliver me thy poor servant from this present life. The next morning of this determination, Arrius environed with a great multitude of Eusebians, was led to be brought into the Temple as in a triumph: but when they were come to the place called the Market place of Constantinople, Arrius was suddenly taken with a fear and an astonishment within him, which caused a pain in his belly, so that leaving the company, he was constrained to go into a secret place to purge his belly: the company which should accompany him to the Temple, attended him in the mean while: but seeing him tarry long, some went to the easing place and found Arrius dead upon the siege, his entrails being come out at his fundament. This was the end of Arrius, which greatly feared his companions; who to cover so foul and infamous a death, said he was suddenly suffocated and choked with a disease of the stomach. Others, that he was poisoned. Some said, that too great joy had stifled him; yet none could say, but this was a just judgement of God upon him. Athanasius, Lib. I. against the Arrians, and the Epist. to Serapion. Sedulius a Christian Poet reciteth it in his Verses.  

The names of days.  Silvester called the days otherwise then before, for the day of the Sun, le Dimanche: the other days, Feries, 2.3.4.5.6. and Samedi for the day of Saturn.  
Antony being in Egypt in the wilderness, Constantine writ unto him, 
Donatist. 3.  to pray to God for him, and for his children. Victorinus of Africa an Orator, was also of this time, and Donatus, of whom came the Donatist heretics, against which S. Augustine writeth.  
The constitutions attributed to Silvester touching the consecrattion and use of cream, to mark such as were baptised, and anoint such as were nigh death, and such other inventions, are in the book of Counsels: whereof Luitprandus, Platina, and Sabellicus make mention in their books, and speak of them after their own judgement.   

councils in divers places.  
After the Council of Nice, Silvester at the commandment of Constantine, made assemble a Synod at Rome of 277. Bishop's: wherein there was condemned Arrius, Photinus, Sabellius, with one Calixtus, as the book of Counsels shows. And again by a Synod following, the decrees of the Council of Nice were confirmed, and the solemnity of Easter established to be observed on the Sunday from the 14. of the Moon, until the 21.  
The multitude of Counsels and Synods, multiplied traditions upon traditions, and brought in great errors, and the good and holy constitutions of Nice were soon after by such means contradicted.  
1. At Neocesaria in Pontus' Polemoniake, betwixt Paphlagonia and Armenia, was instituted, that none should be a priest before the age of 30. years.  
2. At Elebert in Spain, Bishops, Priests, Deacons, and Subdeacons, were commanded to abstain from their wives, and not to have children, otherwise that they should be deposed.  
That there should be no Images in the Temples of Christians. If any broke an Image and were murdered: 
Images chap. 60,  because it is not written in the Gospel; neither is there read that it hath been done by any of the Apostles, it pleased the Council that such a one be not admitted nor received into the number of Martyrs.  
3. At Rome it was ordained for Churchmen, that none should accuse them, nor draw them into law.  
4. At Arles the first, counsel was given to young people by no means to marry again, if by chance for adultery they be separated from their wives.  
5. At Gangia in Paphalagonia, they excommunicated and anathematized, such as condemned them that eat flesh, so that it were not offered unto Idols, etc. Item, they excommunicated such as judged a married Priest ought not to excercise his ministery because of his marriage: and likewise such as abstained from their ministery.  
At this time under the shadow of chastity and virginity, men began to despise marriage; as appeareth by the first, ninth, tenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth Chapter of the said Council: where all such as blame marriage and leave their children, or the wife her husband, or the husband his wife, to live in continency, are excommunicated.  
6. At Arles the second, was ordained the contrary, that none should be admitted into the Ecclesiastical estate, unless he promised to renounce the bonds of marriage.  
The Iberians were converted to the faith (they are of Asia, under the climate of Pontus) namely, the King, the Queen, the Nobility, and all the people, by the preaching of a woman, a captive there.  
Paul the Hermit the younger, having taken his wife in adultery, left her and went into the Desert, and said to the adulterer: keep her for thyself. Hist. trip.  
Silvester died without martyrdom, having 7. times made orders, at which he created 25. Priests, 36. Deacons, and 45. Bishops. He governed the Church 23. years: or after Marianus, 24. Others give him but 19  
Marcus succeeded him, & governed the Roman Church 2. years, or 8. months after Jerome: Damasus saith he was a Roman. His father was called Priscus.  
Some say he gave to the Bishop of Ostia that privilege above all others to consecrate the Bishop of Rome, and the right of the Archipiscopall pall, called Pallium. And would that the Creed which was made at the Council of Nice, should be sung by the Clergy and people, after the reading of the Gospel. Platina, Bergomensis, and Polidorus.  
If he builded Temples and adorned them with divers gifts and presents, let their faith be examined which have written thereof.   

Synods for the cause of Athanasius.  
The Emperor Constantine considering the number of the accusers of Athanasius, and the crimes wherewith he was charged, published a Synod at Cesaria in Palestine, whereat Athanasius not appearing, there was doubted if was for fear of the Bishop of that place, or of the Eusebians; and for that cause he caused a Council of the Nations to be assembled at tire, calling Athanasius to it by Letters full of indignation. Socrat. li 1. chap. 28. Theodoret. lib. 1. chap. 27. Sozom. lib. 1. chap. 25. and Athanasius himself in his second Apology.  
At the said Synod were found 60. Bishops, the most part orientals. 
Athanasius called to the Synod.  Athanasius came thither accompanied with Timotheus a Priest. The Eusebians to begin their wicked part, brought in a woman of dishonest life, whom they had suborned, who feigning to have vowed chastity, maintained that Athanasius in the night would have ravished her: being then pressed to answer to that accusation, he spoke not a word. Timotheus' perceiving why Athanasius held his peace, turned himself towards the woman and said unto her. Had I ever acquaintance with thee? Did I ever lodge nigh thee? The woman cried more than before. And pointing at the said Timotheus with her finger, she said. It was thou and no other which by force hast violated me. This calumniation being thus made known to the great confusion of them that invented it: notwithstanding, the judges which governed and sufficiently knew Timotheus and Athanasius, let the said woman go, saving the good right of Athanasius, who maintained that at the least she should have named them of whom she was hired.  
another impudent accusation was again attempted against him. The adversaries brought forth the hand of one who was named Arsenius, whom they maintained to have been murdered by Athanasius. He demanded if any amongst them knew Arsenius: to which question, many answered that they knew him very well. Arsenius was then brought before their presence. Being again asked if it were that Arsenius whose hand was cut off, they confessed all that it was he. Hereupon Athanasius discovering his cloak, showed he was whole of both hands which God had given him.  
This so lively a refutation made the adversaries infamous: but their refuge was, to trouble the Synod by tumult and sedition. Theodoret. li. 1. cap. 29. One of the said adversaries called Achab, or john, got from the judicial seat, and escaped in this tumult. Socrat. lib. 1. chap. 30.  
Athanasius seeing that the tumult fell to great sedition, withdrew himself. The Synod in his absence condemned him, and deposed him from his Bishopric. He than got him to Constantinople, and showed the Emperor the injuries that this Synod had done unto him: And be sought him that he himself would take the knowledge of the cause. The Emperor then by his Letters Patents called again all the Bishops of the Synod of tire to Constantinople, that they might yield a reason of the sentence given against Athanasius. And as Sozomene. Lib. 2. Chap. 28. saith, that Eusebius. Theognes', and other heretics arriving at Constantinople, did assuredly affirm to the Emperor, all that they had devised against Athanasuis, and hired witnesses which deposed that all that which was brought against Athanasius was true.  
The Emperor moved rather with a desire to pacify the Churches, them with the accusation of his adversaries, banished Athanasius into Gaul, into the City of hearers. But the Emperor by certain Letters written to the people of the Catholic Church of Alexandria, witnesseth himself to have confined him thither only to the end his bloody enemies should not grieve nor touch the sacred head of such a person (these be his words.) And in the mean while all things necessary were sent to Athanasius.  
julius the first of that name was ordained Bishop after Marc. the 25. year of Constantine. After the Chronicle of Hierome, he governed the Church about 16. years. He was the son of one rustic; who had great combats to maintain the quarrels of Athanasius, and of other faithful Doctors against the Arrians. The tripartite history saith, that the Council of Nice was in the time of julius. And is it possible that he was there as being Bishop of some other place? Howsoever it is, it is plain enough that the last age of the Emperor Constantine, is reported by Jerome to be in the time of this julius.  
The ordinance is attributed unto him, that a Priest should plead no where but before a judge Ecclesiastical. That he reprehended the Bishops of the East, that they assembled counsels without his authority. There is an Epistle gratulatory of this julius, for the restitution of Athanasius. Socrates reciteth it, Lib. 2. Chap. 23. & Sozo. lib. 3. cap. 20.   

The beginning of Pilgrimages.  
Under Constantine the land of Palestine being purged of Ethnic Idolatries, began to be in devotion for the memory of the great and memorable things done in it. Constantine caused an Oratory to be builded in the place where the Sepulchre of the Lord had been. Helena his mother went thither upon devotion to worship, and having found the Cross, 
Temples builed in Palestine.  caused to be built two Temples, the one where the Lord was borne, the other where he ascended into Heaven. Ruffin. Lib. 1. Chap. 7. After that, Constantine caused to be builded in the place called (Cranium) a Temple, with solemnity and authority of a Synod assemble at tire, This gave the first occasion of Pilgrimages, and anwersatie solemnities. And it came to a superstition to have seen the holy land and the holy places, as appear by the Epistle of Gregory Nyssene, wherein he learnedly refuteth that superstition.  
The Roman and imperial Eagle took the two heads, when Constantine after he had established the Townne of Constantinople the new Rome, made it the seat of the Empire, and the chief of all people which acknowledged the Roman Empire, and inhabited the parts oriental, Northern and Southern, and towards the Mediterranean sea. Sozomene lib. 2. chap. 3. Nicepho. lib. 8. cap. 4. saith that the Town was dedicated by him the year of his Empire 28. and as he had taken the Empire, divided; and united it in his person: so he divided it again as a paternal heritage, 
Constantin the second.  and made a partition thereof amongst his children: whom whilst he lived he created Caesar's, one after an other: that is to say, Constantine his eldest son. Anno. 10. Constantius the second, Anno. 20. and Constans the youngger, Anno. 30. Whose Empires were very turbulent, and endured but 24. years, 5. months, & 12. days: according to the Chronicle of Hierome. 
The death of Constantine the great.  Constantine the Father died at Nicomicha, after he had lived 66. years, and reigned 31. years. Pompon. Laet.  
Licinius the son of Constantia, sister of Constantine the great, and Crispus son of the said Constantine the great, with his said son Constantine the eldest, were created Caesar's the year of the Lord, 316. But the wickedness of Fausta, the wife of Constantine the great, caused the death of Licinius and Crispus, and many other noble personages. See Aure. Victor and Pompo. Laet. Crispus was instructed by Lactantius.  
Constantine the eldest son of Constantine the great, was Emperor, with his two brethren, after the father the year of our Lord, 338. The Empire was thus parted, namely, that Constantine should enjoy Gaul, Spain, and England. Constance should have Italy, with Slavonia and Greece. And Constantius should hold Constantinople, with the East. This partition contented not Consantine: he raised war against his brother Constance, being proud of his Army of Gaul, but warring more covetously then warily, was overthrown by an ambush nigh to Aquilea: and being wounded in divers places, died there, having reigned but three whole years, and lived 25. See Bapt. Egnat. and Pomp. Laet.  
Constance after he had vanquished his elder brother, passing the Alpes, came to make war in Gaul, and in two years with great difficulty conquered the Country which his brother had in partition. He at the beginning governed well, but after gave himself to pleasures, and at last became odious to all men. So that in the end they conspired against him as he was at hunting, and was slain by the device and treason of Magnentius who usurped his Empire, yet he had saved this Magnentius his life. Constance lived thirty years, and reigned fourteen. See Pomp. Laet. 
Constance. Constantius.   
Constantius had for his part the Empire of Constantinople, with the East. He vanquished Vetranio who made himself Emperor in Hungary after the death of Constance. Moreover, to revenge the death of his said brother Constance, he made great war against Magnentius. In the first battle there were slain of one part and the other, 53000. fight men: 
53000. slain.  Magnentius had the worst. And again making head, was overcome nigh Lions. Constantius was suspected upon envy and ambition to have made away Dalmatius his Cousin-germain, a virtuous man, who better resembled Constantine the great, than his own father; and who was appointed for a copartner with the said Constantius, when he had his partition. But Constantius lived not long after. For as he was going the second time against the Persians, understanding that julian had made himself Augustus, he took a Fever and died, the year of his age 40. and of his Kingdom 24. See Eutrop. Aurel. Vict. Pompon. Laet. and Bapt. Egn.  
The Synod of Sardis in her Sinodall Letters, calleth julius their friend and companion. Theodoret. lib. 2. chap. 8.  
It followeth, that the Bishop or Archbishop of Rome had not the pretended superiority.  
It seemeth that julius was dead, when Constantius having tamed the tyranny of Magnentius and sylvanus, he was in Italy to appease the discords of Athanasius his cause.  
Liberius borne in Rome, his father being called Augustus, succeeded julius the year of Christ after S. Hierome, 352. about the 12. year of Constance Empire: his confession was agreeing unto the Catholic faith, and writ to Athanasius very Christianly of God the Father, God the Son, and God the holy Ghost, as may be seen in his Epistle, which is affixed to the works of Athanasius.  
Athanasius in the Epistle to them which lead solitary lives, rehearseth how Liberius was subverted.  
The Emperor Constans sent to Rome one named Eusebius an Eunuch with Letters, whereby he threatened him exile, and on the other side tempted him with presents to induce him to consent with Arrius, and to subscribe to the condemnation of Athanasius. Liberius despised both his menaces and gifts as a sacrifice of blasphemy. Whereat the Emperor being exceedingly grieved, found means to get him out of Rome: and being come to him, threatened him with death. But Liberius manfully answered. 
The constancy of Liberius.  I am ready to endure all, rather than of Christians we should be accounted Arrians. Why what art thou said the Emperor, that with one wicked man troublest all the world? The word of Faith (said Liberius) dependeth not upon multitude. He was then banished by this Emperor Constans into Berrea, which is a Town in Thrace. Where after he had been two years, he was called home (as saith Theodoret) his restitution after some, was accorded by the Emperor, at the request of many Romans, and of the Western Bishops. The same saith Athanasius in the before alleged Epistle. Also that Liberius after his two years exile feared with threatenings and apprehension of death, sealed to the condemnation of Athanasius. Ruffin saith the same: and Hierome (as Baleus saith) writeth that by ambition Liberius fell into the heresy of Arrius, being once fallen from the integrity of faith.  
We find some constitutions of Liberius, namely, not to make noises in fasting time, that times of fasting and Lent be not polluted by the act of marriage: that in time of famine and pestilence, men should appease the Lords anger by fasting, alms, and prayers.   

An advertisement.  
The principal felicity and ornament of the Church of this time, was the multitude of excellent Doctors, which by their doctrine sought so far as in them lay, to conserve & multiply the purity of doctrine. But this felicity was greatly obscured, partly by the multitude of heretics, and partly by the rage of seditious people, and schismatics: In so much, that since the time of the Apostles, there was no Church that hath endured more dissensions, combats and divisions within it, then that of this world. Whereupon by good right, Basile the great in a certain poem, writing of the judgement of God, complaineth, saying. I have lived the age of a man, and I have seen great concord amongst the Arts and Sciences. But in the Church of God alone, for which jesus Christ died, I have observed so many dissensions that it is altogether dissipated and wasted. And coming to the cause; As I searched saith he the cause, I remembered the place of the book of judges, where it is written; That then every one did whatsoever he thought good in his own eyes.  
Great persecutions were under Constantius after the death of Constans, against the Catholic Doctors and Bishops, 
Heretics cruel.  by the Arrians. Many were put to death even within the Temples, others were exiled, others put in prison, virgins imprisoned, and the houses of Christians peeled and sacked.  
S. Hilary was sent into exile.  
At this time for the great persecutions without, and heresies within, many retired into the Deserts. 
Monks at this time.  They write of two which were called Amon. The one was the Father and chief of three thousand Monks. The other Amon, with two hundredth and fifty Clerks and Monks, was slain by the Arrians. Eusebius.  
Sarmatha and Amathas Disciples of S. Anthony, were slain by the Painimes. Macarus the Egyptian, an other Macarus of Alexandria, Hylarion the Disciple of S. Paul, the Hermit Theodorus, Entichian, Pachomius, Moses, Benjamin, Helias.  
Serapion was the father of 2000 Monks, whom he made work for the necessity of their lives, and to help the needs of other poor, Paemen & other infinite. Martin renounced his military estate. Hist. trip. lib. 8. chap. 1. john Cassian in the Collatine of Fathers. Naucl,  
A conjuration was made by the Arrians after the Council of Sardis, against two Catholic Bishops, Eufrates and Vincentius. They caused an whore in the night time to come into their chamber, and by Apostate people which suddenly went after the said strumpet, and so proffered to accuse them to have been surprised in whoredom. But the harlot disclosed the conjuration.  
A Council was held at Milan in favour of the Arrians against Athanasius, the which resisted, Paulinus Bishop of Treners, Denis Bishop of Milan, Eusebius Bishop of Verceil, and Rhodamus: whereupon they were cast out of the Church, and with them Liberius, Lucifer Metropolitan of the Isles of Sardine, and Osius of Spain sent into exile, Anno Christi, 361.  
The said Osius in his age by many torments, beat and wounds, was forced to consent to the exposition of the Arrians, and thereunto to subscribe in the first volume of Counsels. Tritenius saith, that Osius being rich, fearing either banishment or loss of his goods, consented to the Arrians, and being about to depose a Catholic Bishop called Gregory, he fell down out of his Chair, and so died.  
Hereby are we advertised, that it is nothing to begin well, unless we persever unto the end.  
Under Constantius many Counsels were held, namely in tire, Sardis, and Milan, as is said in Arimine, in Syrmion of Pannonie, in Nicaea, which is in Tharse, in Seleucia, which is in Isauria, wherein the faith of the Fathers of Nice was condemned.  
Felix borne at Rome, son of one named Anastasis, having been the Deacon of Liberius, was thrust into his place by the Arrians, hoping he would consent with them in doctrine: but he became a true Catholic in the confession of the Council of Nice, and gave no place either to the heretics, or to Constance himself, declaring him an heretic, and was rebaptized by Eusebius of Nicomedia. We find in the book of Counsels, an Epistle of the Bishops of Egypt to Felix, and Felix his answer to them, with certain constitutions: namely, that none might accuse a Bishop before a civil Magistrate. Item, to restore a Bishop who is cast out by force. Item, 
Liberius.  not to admit witness of profane people against religious persons. Item, that Bishops should frequent Synods, or send thither if they could not go.  
Some say, that Felix governed with Liberius a certain time: But Theodoret saith that Felix withdrew himself into an other Town. Socrat. lib. 2. chap. 37. saith, that Felix was driven away by the Roman people in a sedition, and that the Emperor thereby was constrained to send for Liberius thither. Others say, that Felix was beheaded with many others, for that he proved the Emperor.  
Hilary Bishop of Poiteer was revoked from exile: 
Hilary Bishop of Poiteer.  and Paul Bishop of trevers died in exile in the Country of Phrygia. Anno Christi. 363. Lucius' Bishop of Adrianople, died in prison.  
Paulus Bishop of Constantinople sent into exile, was strangled by the way.  
Nicomedia by an earthquake was wholly subverted, and the Towns nigh were also afflicted.  
After the death of Constance, Constantius again pursued Athanasius, and then was the great persecution against the faithful.  
Liberius returned from exile the year of Christ, 363.  
About this time three Sects of Arrians rose up. That is to say, Macedonians, Eunomians, and new Arrians.  
1. The Arrians held the Son to be like unto the Father but by grace, not by nature.  
2. The Macedonians, that the Son is altogether like the Father, but not the holy Ghost.  
3. The Eunomians, that the Son is altogether unlike the Father.  
Eusebius Bishop of Verceil endured great torments of the Arrians, 
Eusebius Bishop of Verceil.  because in council at Milan he tore in pieces a schedule, whereunto the western Bishops had subscribed to the Arrians in the Council of Arimine.  
Some say he was seven days without bread and water in a Cave, and afterward was kept in a very strait place. But after the death of Constantius he was delivered and returned to Verceil, 
julian.  into his Bishopric under jovinian. Finally, after the death of the said jovinian, under Valens, who was an Arrian, he was stoned by the Arrians the year of Christ, 388.  
Note Reader, that at this time in each Town there were both Catholic Dostors and Arrians. Temples for the one, and Temples for the other: so the Church was divided.  
Achatius Bishop of Cesaria in Palestine an Arrian, was in great reputation with Constantius.  
julian borne at Constantinople, the son of Constantius, brother of Constantine the great, he was fair of face, subtle and of good spirit, given both to Letters and Arms: he set France at liberty, which the Almains had wasted: he took the King an the first conflict, beyond the hope of all. Colleine was taken of him when he was very young: of which prize he got great renown, and rejoiced the hearts of the soldiers. In so much that they named him Emperor in Paris. Whereof his Cousin Constantius being advertised, died in despite: about the age of 45. years, 
The death of Constantius.  as he prepared to make war upon him. Yet when he died, he made him his heir. Anno Domini 363.  
Athanasius returned into Alexandria. George who ruled in his absence, was slain, and his body burnt.  

A Synod in Alexandria.  A Synod was in Alexandria of good & Catholic Bishops, wherein they that fell into heresy, were permitted not only to return into the union and communion of the Church, but even into their offices and Bishoprics.  
There was also concluded and declared, that the holy Ghost is of one same substance with the Father and the Son, and that in the Trinity there was nothing created or less, or after an other. 
Essential.  Item that God hath but one essential substance, 
Substance.  but real subsistence of three persons. This word (Substance) differeth from the word (Subsistence) when we speak of the persons of the Trinity. For substance concerneth the essential nature of a thing: after which, the three persons of the Trinity are but one alone, substance and nature. But this word (Subsistence) showeth in one same divine substance three persons and different proprieties, 
Subsistence.  not only in name (as the Sabellians say) but really.  
julian was instituted in his youth in piety, under Eusebius Bishop of Nicomedia, as Laetus saith: but after he had tasted the Schools of Philosophy and Rhetoric, under Libanius the Sophister, and Maximus the Philosopher, (whom Valentinien the Emperor after caused to be executed, for exercising Magical Arts) all that godliness which he had learned, 
julian instituted in piety.  was changed into Ethnic superstition: yea, Eutropius saith, that julian in his youth was a Reader in the Church of Nicomedia. Moreover, he was a man learned in human Letters, and exercised in deeds of war, ambitious and cruel: which he showed, having been cause of the death of his brother Gallus. Jerome in the Epistle to Nepotian saith, that julian denied jesus Christ in France.  
Being then altogether revolted from Religion, 
human Letters prohibited  he was surnamed the Apostate. He first forbade Christians to keep no schools of human Letters, nor books of Philosophy or Poesy. For he had often this word in his mouth. These Galleleans (so called he Christians) will make war upon us with our own writings, if they be once armed.  
He liked better to proceed against Christians by long torments and insupportable griefs, then by great effusion of blood. For he knew well enough, that the former persecutions were the cause of the multiplication and glory of Christians. Socrat. lib. 3. chap. 13. Theodoret. lib. 3. chap. 8. The chief persecution that he could devise, was to do the same in the Temples of paynim, that the Christians did in their Churches at their ordinary assemblies in Churches, Lectors, prayers relieving of poor hospitals, and such like things which he opposed in the name of Painim Gods.  
Valentinian entering one day into the Temple of Fortune with julian, 
Holy water.  being angry at the casting of certain holy water upon him, (saying that it rather defiled than cleansed him) struck him that cast it: But julian would have constrained him to sacrifice unto the Idols: but he chose rather to forsake all, then to commit such a villainy. julian then banished him the Court, alleging this for a show, that he had negligently governed his soldiers. For julian the most that he could, dissembled that the cruelty he exercised was for the Christian Religion.  
He took from Christian Churches all their goods, Immunities, honours, and the provision of revenues which Constantine had assigned them. He destroyed their churches & took away their treasures and vessels, and caused the Temples of the paynim to be repaired, he suffered not them to dwell in towns but banished them unto the extreme and outward parts of the Empire, and gave licence to use unto them all contumelies and shames. Wherefore in Ascolon and Gaza, towns in Palestine, great outrages were done unto them. For Christians there were beaten even to death. 
Extreme cruelties.  They of Gaza stoned many of the faithful, opened women, and filled their bellies with barley, & then made them be eaten with swine. Theoret. li. 3. cha. 7. The sacred virgins were exposed naked, and after they had showed unto them all kinds of reproaches, they were cut in pieces, and then cast to beasts. In some places the Christians were laid, & alive sacrificed upon the Altars of the paynim. It is recited by Nicephorus, li. 10. chap. 13. And when the Christians by their ambassadors would have showed these injuries unto julian, to take order therefore, they had no audience allowed. And if at any time he made a countenance that he would chastise them that did such outrages, by countenance again, he rather incited then repressed them. Sozom, lib. 5. chap. 15. Yea he fell into such impiety and malice to vex the Christians, that the fountains in Antioch by his commandments were dedicated unto Idols in sacrifices and oblations: thinking thereby to pollute the Christians, and to make them to be partakers of such abominations whensoever they used these fountain waters: yea the flesh that came to the Butcher's stall, bread, fruits, and other such like things which were necessary for life, he made them be sacrificed to Idols by the Priests.  
The Christians with great sorrow were constrained to see a detestable and abominable profanation: yea and to use these fountains and viands thus infected and polluted, being instructed by the doctrine of S. Paul to take with a good conscience whatsoever came to the Butchery, 
1. Cord. 10. fol. 25.  and that which is necessary to the common life. These were two excellent Captains, Inuentius and Maximianus, who at a certain banquet, deploring this profanation of the goods of God, applied the complaint of the captive children in Babylon, to the time of julian.  
Lord thou hast delivered us unto a wicked King, and we are made slaves upon the earth, etc. Which thing being revealed unto the Emperor, he made them come before him. They there declared their just complaint more at large then before, seeing they had the mean given them to speak unto him. The Emperor condemned them to grievous torments, not as Christians, but as injurious and offering opprobry and shame to his Majesty: 
julian's envy for the name of Martyr.  for he greatly envied that word and honour of Martyr. And this envy made him assay all means to torment them before he would come to execute them by judgement.  
julian burnt with desire to go against the Persians who had cruelly afflicted the East, and affected the name of Partrike. But before he enterprised that Act which was his last, he promised his Gods, that at his return from this expedition, he would yet commit more grievous things against the Christians then before. Ruffin. Lib. 1. Chap. 36. Doret. Lib. 3. Chap. 21.  
Of this evil will he showed sufficient witness; for in the midst and as it were in the heat of this Persian war, he took leisure to vomit out seven books against jesus Christ, although before he contented himself to write against Christians, as Eutropius saith. And indeed being in this expedition, he prepared a Scaffold in the Town of jerusalem, at his return to place there the Bishops, Monks, and the faithful of these places, and to expose them unto beasts. Basile and other good Doctors did all their duties to go hither and thither to comfort & exhort Christians, both publicly and particularly, nor did meddle nor pollute themselves with the abominations of the Gentiles, 
jovinian.  but to detest them, yea the gifts and honours which the Emperor proposed to such as renounced Christianity.  
Here we must not forget the Prophetic answer which a Schoolmaster in Antioch made to Libanius a Sophister, when julian went against the Persians. Libanius demanded of him, mocking Christ; What thinkest thou doth the Carpenter's son at this time? The Schoolmaster answered: O Sophister, the Creator of all things whom thou called'st the Carpenter's son, makes a coffin to enclose julian. Soon after news came that julia was slain.  
But behold what was the end of this cursed Apostate julian. 
The horrible death of julian.  After he had passed the Sea Bosphore, he wintered in Antioch: As soon as the Spring came, passing by Hierapolis, he went into Mesopotamia: and after he had passed the flood he fought against the Persians, and received a mortal wound; and casting a full handful of blood into the air, he uttered this blasphemy against jesus Christ. Thou hast overcome o Gallelean. In the end thou art vanquisher: and as he had lost much blood, being in a burning Fever, he called for water about midnight, and drank it cold, and expired the year of his age 31. having governed the Empire the space of a year and seven months. Of the public joy they of Antioch made for his death, see the Tripartite history. lib. 6. chap. 48.  
jovinian or Iwian borne in Hungary, was created Emperor with great joy of the Army, the next morning after the death of julian. 
A Christian Emperor.  He was a Prince naturally liberal, and who under julian had showed well, that he loved better to lose all dignities then to obey one wicked commandment, and against Christian religion.  
Being importuned by the soldiers to accept the election, he said he was a Christian, and that he would not be the Emperor of Ethnics and idolatrous people. He accepted not the Empire, until all with a common voice had protested they would be christian's. Eutropius Lib. 10. Socrat. Lib. 3. Chap. 22.  
One called Lucius an Arrian, whom George Bishop of Alexandria had promoted, accusing Athanasius when he returned from exile. jovinian would not hear him, 
Athanasius came from exile.  but knowing Athanasius, commanded silence to Lucius. Sozomen. li. 6. cap. 5. He customably said to flatterers, that they rather worshipped purple then God.  
The Church had rest under him, and he restored whatsoever julian had taken away.  
There was a Council held at Antioch under him, 
Council at Antoiche.  to establish the faith of the Council of Nice, Sozom. lib. 6. chap. 4.  
He made peace with the Persians to his great dishonour, 
Peace with the Persians.  and to their great advantage: yielding them five Provinces beyond Tigris: also he promised to give no succours unto the King Arsaces allied with the Romans. He died soon after of an evil of the stomach as he was in his chamber, wherein for cold he caused to be made a great fire of coals all the night. He lived 23. years, and reigned seven months.   

The original of Monks and Monasteries.  
The Monastike life began first in Egypt, Antonius and Macarus were the first and most renowned Authors of this manner of life, which incontinent was disperse into Palestine, Armenia, and Paphlagonia. Sozomen. li. 3. chap. 14. It is greatly to be marveled at, how this world which in it had so many excellent Doctors, did strait admit this manner of life, which was never instituted of God: and not only allowed it, but even themselves instituted it, and so made a new service of God by their own traditions.  
It seemeth at the beginning there were two kinds of Monks, some in sollititude, and others in Cities and companies: 
Two kinds of Monks.  Sozom. li. 3. ch. 16. Basilius at large writeth the Oeconomie and laws of this Monkish life: namely, that a Monk before all things ought to possess nothing, to be peaceable: that he ought to have an honest habit, a moderate voice, words well disposed, to take his refection peaceably, and with silence: and that his glory ought to be patience in tribulation, humility and simplicity of heart, watchings, tears in prayers, sobriety in his speech and eating. 
Valentinian.  Ambrose in his 82. Epistle of his book saith, that Monasteries were shops of virtue, abstinence, fasting, patience and labour. Out of which they drew Bishops that were accustomed and trained in these virtues. Hierome ad Ruffinum Monachum saith that the Monasteries of the Egyptians received none without doing some labour or work. And this was their rule, and as it were their Symbol. He that traveleth not, ought not to eat. The same in his Epistle ad Eutychium, speaketh of three sort of Monks in Egypt. 
Cenobites.  The first were called Cenobites, Sansos' in that country language, as we might say, living in common. The second Anacharites, 
Anachirites. Remoboth.  because they dwelled alone in the Deserts, far from men. The third they called Remoboth: these dwelled two with two, or three with three at the most, and lived at their discretion and of that which they laboured for; they nourished themselves in common, but often had they debates amongst them.  
Before the time of Hierome, it is not like there were any Monasteries in Europe: but that Ambrose (in whose time began persecutions of virgins) makes often mention of companies of sacred virgins: 
Europe had not yet received Monks.  otherwise there is no Latin Author of this time in whose writings the name of Monk is found. Certain it is, that Sozomen. lib. 3. chap. 14. affirmeth them of Thrace, the Illirians and they of Europe had yet no Monastike assemblies.  
Valentinian borne also in Hungary, was made Emperor by the soldiers in the principal Town of Bithynia, Anno. 366. He and Valens were the sons of Gratian, borne in Hungary, of a mean place: and in favour of him, Valentinian was chosen to the Empire, which he refused, but after accepted and made his brother Valens partaker with him, who had the Country of the East, and made his son Gratian Augustus. In their time Procopius who usurped the Empire, was by them discomfited. After, Valentinian chased away the Goths and other barbarous people of Thrace: The Saxons were brought to their duty and obedience accustomed: Germany being tossed with continual troubles, was set at rest and quietness by the happy success of Theodosius.  
Valens then being chosen a consort of the Empire, was at first of like piety and will with his brother as he had also showed under julian: but after he was infected with the Arrian heresy, at the persuasion of his wife, and of Eudoxius Bishop of Constantinople, an Arrian, of whom he was baptized.  
During the life of Valentinian, the western Church was peaceable, and agreeing to the decrees of the Council of Nice: But Valens did what he could to advance the Arrianisme, against such as were called Homousiastes: that is to say, the true Catholics: and stirred great & horrible persecutions, and above all, in Antioch and Laodicea, his brother Valentinian reprehended him, and admonished him by Letters to desist, as Zonoras' writeth: but hereby was he stirred so much the more, and determined to chase away Basilius Bishop of Cesaria, because at his commandment he would not communicate with Eudoxius: but the Lord sent a disease to his only son (who knowing it be God's vengeance) turned him from his evil will, and certain days he was an auditor of Basiles Sermons.  
Athanasius after he had procured the good of the Church 46. years, and sustained many persecutions in great constancy and patience, died about this time.  
After his death, persecution in Egypt and Alexandria was moved by Valens, Hist. Trip. lib. 8. chap. 7.  
Damasus a Spaniard (some write him to be of Rome) the son of one called Antonius, succeeded Liberius: his election was turbulent and bloody, because of a competitor he had called Vrsin a Deacon of the Roman Church.  
Hereby may you see a first fruit of the riches of the Church, and of the pretended donation of Constantine.  
Of the writings of Damasus, see Suidas and Hierome in his Epistle ad Eustochium. Tom. 4. makes mention of Damasus. Of Virginity saith he, read the books of that Pope Damasus composed in verse and prose.  

Valens.  He reverenced the Synod of Nice, and condemned Auxentius Bishop of Milan an Arrian. Theodor. lib. 4. chap. 30. saith that with S. Ambrose he fought strongly against the Arrian heretics, expressly condemning Sabellius, Arrius, Eunomius, the Macedonians, Photin, Marcellius, and the heresy of Apollinaris. Hierome writeth unto him often, and in his Apology against jovinian, he calleth Damasus a singular man, well instructed in the scriptures, and Doctor of the Virgin Church. Athanasius in his Epistle to the Bishops of Africa, calleth Damasus his dear companion, praising his diligence, that he assembled a Synod at Rome against the Arrians. He was charged to have committed whoredom: whereof being accused by two of his Deacons, namely Concordius and Calitxtus, he defended his cause in a full assembly of Bishops, and was absolved, and his accusers proscripted. Sabelli. Enu. 7. Lib. 9  

Monks.  There were many virtuous Monks in this time, as Paulus, Pior, Isidorus, Apsius, Pierius, Enagrius, Ammonius, etc. Hist. Trip. lib. 8. chap. 10. One of the Monks said: that the Monk which laboured with his hands, was like a thief.  
Some were cruelly slain by Valens, because they would not go to war.  

A Prophetic Dream.  Anthony of the age of an hundredth and five years, died at this time. He saw in a Dream as it were swine which destroyed and plucked down Altars with their feet: and when he awaked, he said that the Church should be once dissipated and wasted by whoremongers, adulterers, and men disguised.  
P. Melancton noteth this prophesy against the whoredom and voluptuos life of Priests and Monks.  

Heretics.  Amongst other heretics at this time, there was Photinus, Hebionite, Ennomius an Arrian, and Priscilian a Bishop in Spain, who confounded the persons in the Trinity. They which they called Donatists, said that Christ is less than the Father, and the holy Ghost less than the Son, and rebaptized the Catholics. The Luciferians and Apollinaries said that Christ received an human body without a reasonable soul. The divinity supplying the place thereof.  
Athalarike King of the Goths, persecuted greatly the Catholics against his own people.  
The Burgonions gathered themselves together in number 80000. towards Rhine, which afterward received the faith. Paul. Diac.  
In the Town of Arras in the County of Artois, the 4. year of Valentinian, fell wool from Heaven with the rain. Hierome in his Chronicle. Paul. Diac. and Orosius Lib. 7. Herman Gigas saith that it was in the third year of Valentinian.  
For (Lana) some Historiographers have set down (Manna) wherefore yet at this day they of Arras unluckily do worship it for the Manna of Heaven. 
Adolatrie at Arras.   
The Hungarians cast themselves upon the West Country in great numbers.  
The Arrians made burn and drown many faithful and Catholic people. Hist. Trip. lib. 8. chap. 2.  
The Huns cast themselves upon the western parts, and drove away the Goths which were constrained to give place and pass beyond Danubia, and came into Thrace, and from thence into Pannonie.  
Vulphilas a Bishop of the Goths in Sarmathia, 
Vulphilas Hist. Trip. lib. 8.  translated the Bible into the Gothike tongue for the use of his people. As Jerome did into the Dalmatic for his people. And in Creatia, which is in the lower Pannonie, the Churches there and the Bishops, used the scriptures translated into their vulgar tongue.  
Auxentius an Arrian Bishop deceasing at Milan, there fell a great sedition betwixt the Arrians & the Catholics, for the election of their Bishop The Proconsul his deputy then, was Ambrose a Citizen of Rome, who hearing such a noise, 
The election of S. Ambrose.  by reason of his office, went hastily to the Church where the people were assembled, and after he had made many reasons to reduce the people to concord, suddenly rose there up a common and an agreeing voice, that Ambrose must needs be baptised (who was yet a Catechumene) and after be consecrated Bishop, whereunto he would not consent, but by the commandment of the Emperor Valentinian who incited him thereunto, he accepted the office. And then the Emperor gave thanks to God that he had called this person from the government of the body, to the government of souls.   

councils held at this time.  
1. In Aquilege where S. Ambrose assisted against Palladius, and Secondianus, Arrians.  
2. In Valentia in Dalphine, wherein it was ordained that Bigami might not be consecrated.  
3. In Laodicea, whereof is before spoken, etc.  
4. At Rome, against Apollinaris. Hist. Trip. lib. 9 chap. 16. Valentinian, of the age of 55. years, died of a flux of blood of a vain breaking.  
He reigned 17. years, 6. with Gratian, and 11. after, his body was carried to be buried at Constantinople. S. Aurel. Vict. and Pomp. Before his death he again declared his son Graiian Emperor.  
Procopius the Tyrant vanquished by Valens, was taken, and having his two feet bound unto two trees and let go, they tore him in pieces. Naucle.  
Valens gave a blow unto the Governor of the Town of Edesse in Mesapotamia, because he had not chased away the Christians which daily assembled in this Temple of S. Thomas. It grieved him to put the emperors commandment in execution, and to cause such a multitude to die: wherefore he secretly sent them word that they would assemble no more there. But leaving his counsel, and searing nothing the emperors Edict, the next morning all assembled in the said place, as they accustomed to do. So then as the Provost of the Town, with a great company of soldiers, went to the said Temple to put in execution Valens his command: he encountered a woman who ran with a little child of hers to the assembly of the faithful; to whom he said, Whether runnest thou? Thither said she whether all others haste to go. How said he? 
Gratian.  
The constancy of the faithful.  hast thou not heard that the Provost goeth thither to slay all he finds there? I understand it said she, and therefore do I make so much haste to be with them. And whither leadest thou that little child? That he may also receive the Crown of Martyrdom quoth she. When the said Provost understood these things, and the courage of the Christians which ran thither, he returned towards the Emperor Valens, & showed him this story, how they were ready to endure death for their faith; & that he thought it very unreasonable to slay so great a multitude of people. Upon these words Valens moderated his anger. Socrat. lib. 1. cap. 18. Theo. lib. 4. cap. 17. Sozom. lib. 7. cap. 18.  
Affrates a very old Monk, departed from Antioch, being sent into exile. Valens seeing him from his Palace said to him; whither goest thou? I go said he, to pray for thine Empire. Thou shouldest have done that in thy house said Valens. Yea, answered Affrates if thou wouldst permit it, and so did I when Christ's sheep were in peace.  
Valens in the end fought unluckily against the Goths, Viscoths, Huns, and Scyths, who having passed Danubia, ran upon Hungaria, Epire, and Thessalia, endamaging much the country, and burning certain Towns. He was overcome, and flying, was wounded with a Dart, and so fell from his horse, and was put in a little strawe-house to be healed. Alanus the Victor pursued him, & the house whereinto he went was burnt, none knowing he was retired thither. This was the reward of his tyranny and cruelty against the faithful. 
The death of Valens.  And this came to him three years after the death of his brother, having reigned fourteen years.  
This battle was the beginning of great war that the Roman Empire after sustained.  
Gratian son of Valentinian, reigned eight years, with his Uncle Valens three, and with Theodosius 4. But his true Kingdom began after the death of Valens, the year of our Lord, 380. He revoked from Exile the Catholic Bishops, and put back the Arrians. He made Valentinian his little brother on the father's side, his companion of the Empire. Having called Theodosius out of Spain, he gave him part of the East Empire, establishing him as a Ram-part against the Goths and Huns, which occupied Thrace and Daceas as their hereditary countries. Theodosius handled them hardly. At his coming he obtained a great victory against the Almains. But as he cherished too much some of those barbarous Nations, which he caused to come with him hiring them with Gold: his own soldiers bore him evil will; insomuch that Maximus was chosen Emperor in England, and passing into France with the Roman Army, overcame Gratian at Paris, who fled to Lions, where he was taken and killed traitorously by Androgius. See Pomp. Laet. Aurel. Vict. Bapt. Egn. lib. 1. Paul. Diac. lib. 1. and Oros. lib. 7. chap. 33.  
Theodosius began his true Kingdom after the death of Gratian, the year 386. He was of the line of trajan, who was also sent by the Emperor Nerua to help the Commonwealth, Theodosius maintained and amplified the Empire: he put to flight the Huns and Goths in divers battles, which came very far into the Empire: he also granted peace to the Persians.  
Valentinian the second of that name, the brother of the aforesaid Gratian on his father's side, being chased from Italy by Maximus, with justin his mother Arrian which had wrought great troubles to Ambrose, fled into the East towards Theodosius, who received him and gave him part of the Empire: after having showed him his fault, and that because he rebelled against religion, and persecuted the Catholics, he fell into this peril.  
Valentinian was strangled seven years at Vienna in France by his Chamberlains, at the suggestion of Eugenius, and of Arbogastes: So that it seemed he had strangled himself. Theodosius tarried not long before he overcame Maximus usurper of the Gaulois, and Victor his son, and Androgius their Colonel, which caused Gratian to die. Avenging the death of Valentinian: he overcame Eugenius the Tyrant, and Arbogastes his companion in a notable victory: 
Damasus.  For the time, the winds, the snow and hail ranged themselves on his side, who had few people in respect of the Army of Eugenius. Claudians' Latin verses with exclamation witness it saying: O well-beloved of God, who gave thee a winter armed for thy successors, and made come to thy wages the Tempests and the winds, etc.  
The said justin having drawn into her error Valentinian her son, sought also to have deceived Ambrose, but in vain. One day she sent a sort of soldiers to environ the Temple to make Ambrose come out: who spoke to them and said: he would not so easily forsake his place, and that to wolves he would not expose the sheepfold, nor the Temple to blasphemers. And that if they determined to slay him, let them do it within the temple, and so should death please him. Theodo. li. 5. chap. 13.   

Relics.  
The beginning of adoration of Relics, may be reduced to this time. Ruffin writeth of Theodosius, before he enterprised war against Eugenius, the tyrant himself went with the Priests visiting the Churches, and before the Sepulchers of the Apostles made his Orisons and Prayers.  
The contention betwixt Hierome and Vigilantius, priest Bishop of Bercolne in Spain, doth sufficiently show that superstition was then come forward. By the writings of Hierome (which are stuffed rather with injuries & outrages then sound reasons out of the holy scriptures) we may know that Vigilantius had reason to oppose himself to such Idolatry, rather than veneration of the Martyrs. The words of Hierome writing to Riparius, are: Thou sayst that Vigilantius openeth again his stinking mouth, and spiteth his infection against the relics of holy Martyrs, calling us (which receive them) Cendrier Idolaters, which do reverence unto dead men's bones. And in the book which he particularly writ against Vigilantius, saith: One Vigilantius is risen up, which with an unclean spirit against the spirit of Christ, denieth that we must honour the Sepulchers of Martyrs, condemneth Vigils, etc. then addeth: And thou sayest in thy book, that as long as we live we may pray one for an other: but after we be dead, that the prayers are not heard, and yet they pray for the vengeance of their blood and cannot be heard. 
Apoc. 6 2.10.11.  In which thou proposest unto me an Apogryphas Book, which thou and the like readest under the name of Esdras, where it is written, that after death none dare pray, etc. And thou darest out of the gulf of thy breast, vomit so filthy a mockery, as to say the souls of Martyrs than love their own ashes, and fly about them: for being absent they cannot hear a poor sinner, who by chance resorteth thither, etc. Briefly he allegeth for great marvels whatsoever Vigilantius said, but refuteth it not.  
He addeth also that Vigilantius heretic said, that Alleluia should not be sung but at Easter. That continency of single life commanded, is heresy, and the seed of whoredom: It is also reported unto me (saith he) that against the authority of Paul (unto whom Peter, john, and james, gave the right hands) who commands to remember the poor, thou forbiddest that any should send any comfort of money to jerusalem for the use of the Saints, and maintainest that they do better which use their own, and which by little and little distribute fruits of their possessions, than they which having sold their possessions, give all at once. He saith yet: Thou fearest and turnest away (viperous tongue) Monks from their application and study, and sayest by way of argument; If all men should shut themselves up, or go into solitude, who should celebrate Churches, or who should gain and win secular men? etc.  
We may know by this rehearsal, that Vigilantius and other good Doctors of this time, maintained that the adoration of Saints was drawn from the Ethnic superstition of the Gods, into the Church of the Lord.  
The abuse came first from the too great praise of Saints. It increased afterward by the false persuasion of the intercession, confirmed by signs and lying miracles. 
Theodosus   
The same ceremonies which were at the burial of bodies, 
Translation & elevation of the bodies of Saints.  were also in this age observed in the translation and elevation of holy bodies. The Priests of Apollo heretofore made that Apostate Emperor julian (as he sacrificed in Antioch nigh the fountain Daphne) believe that the sepulchre of Babyla Martyr nigh unto the said place, was the cause that Apollo gave no answer. julian then commanded the Christians which he called galileans to take away the said sepulchre: then all the Church came thither, young and old, virgins and mothers, and with great joy drew out and conducted the Coffer of the bones of Babila, singing as high as they could. Ruff. lib. 1. chap. 35. And Toch. lib. 3. cap. 18. Ambrose in his 85. Epistle to his sister, showeth how this manner of taking up and translating of the Martyr's bodies, was observed in the west Churches. The Relics saith he of a Saint being found either advisedly or by chance, first they are showed the people, and declared it is by some, of what Martyr those relics are: after, having laid them in order they are carried into some Temple, 
Vigils or watches of Saints.  and there vigils & watches are made all night, than the next day a Sermon is made of the life of that Martyr. See what Ambrose saith, who also witnesseth (if we must give faith unto him) that miracles were done there.  
Behold how a new devotion transporteth not only the common people, but also the Pastors and Bishops.   

The doings of many paynim of this time.  
As for the Gentiles of this time and their superstitions, we will here touch one word, as we pass by. Certain it is that Idolatry drew after it all kind of wickedness. From the Gods they have drawn out all that infection: of jupiter, adulterers, ravishments, and stuprations of children: of Venus, the art of whoredom: of Rhea, all filthiness: of Mars, murders: and so of the other bodies. It is then no marvel if their manner of doings be so strange. In Phenicia women were prostituted before Idols. Athanasius reciteth it the women before marriage, being delivered of proof to their husbands. Sozo. li. 1. chap. 8. They also accustomed to chastise adultery with an other whoredom and public constupration. Socrat. lib. 5. chap. 18. The Indians had many wives. Hierom. lib. 1. contra iovinianum.  
The schools of Magicians had certain prayers for the dead; whereunto they attributed so great efficacy, that the powers of the air by them appeased, let souls fly so into Heaven. Arnobius. Lib. 2.  
From hence hath Antichrist drawn the hunting of his indulgences to set up his seat and enrich it.  
Some Grecians on the days they call (Pandemi) that is to say Populary, carried viands and wine to the Sepulchers of their dead. They burned the meat, and presented the wine, calling the dead by their names. Rise up (cried they) and eat, and drink, and be merry. Epipha. in Ancorato.  
And what other thing is this then the offertory of the Mass for the quick and the dead?  
Many Nations had no marriage nor lawful conjunction, but rather brutal and common.  
And what is that single life which Antichrist would bring in, but a burning fire breaking into all abominable whoordomes?  

Observation of days.  In those days men superstitiously observed the days of the Moon, and enterprised nothing the first day thereof. Ambrose Lib. 10. Epist. 83.  

Observation of Letters.  When there was a question to know who should reign after Valens, janulicus, and Libanius, Sophisters and true supporters of Satan, writ in dust the 24. letters of the Greek Alphabet, and laid upon every one of them a grain of wheat and barley. After they caused a Cock to come, and after the recital of certain charms they let him go, to know by the Letters whereon he took the grains, the name of the successor. The Cock took the grains upon the Letters, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. The Emperor Valens after he knew this, made many to be slain whose names began with these Letters. Zonara's reciteth it.  
They used violence against Christians, 
Three arguments against false religion.  with calumniations and slanders. The first defence of their superstition was, that it had been of long time, and that their Elders had always maintained it Arnol. lib. 8. against the Gentiles; and so did Simmachus argue against Prudentius.  
The second, that it had always been profitable to the Roman Commonwealth, and that thereby the Empire of the world had been conquered, and therefore it worshipped all the Gods which were adored in the world: yea the unknown Gods, Arnob. Lib. 8. And so argueth Maximinus in Eusebi. Lib. 9 Chap. 7.  
The third, was of the discommodities that came by leaving the Religion of the Idols. Maximinus the tyrant, in his Edicts impureth all public calamities to the changing of sacrifices. Euseb. Lib. 9 Chap. 7.  
1. And contrary, they calumniated the Christian Religion, 
Slanders against true doctoctrine.  that it was new, and that their predecessors were ignorant thereof. Sozom. Lib. 1. Chap. 18.  
2. That the Authors thereof were seditious and desperate persons. Arnob. lib. 1.  
3. That the Christians were but heaps of poor Idiots, and women that used to sly the light, and only loved night assemblies.  
4. That by secret and hid marks they loved before they knew one an other, and that to cover their whoordomes, they commonly called one an other brothers and sisters.  
5. That they are without Altars, without Temples, and without Sepulchers. In the said book, 8.  
The Papists at this day, which shame not to change the truth with the same slanders, what other thing do they else but either borrow or renew the old ethnics arguments.  
The Ethnics also say of the Christian doctrine that which our mockers and Epicures say at this day, that it is contrary to all reason. For to say that God seeth and makes enquiry not onty of out affairs, but also of our most secret cogitations, 
Accommodation  and that he is present every where: this is not only impertinent and evil becoming God: but also it is to grieve and trouble him, and to say he is curious and without rest. The same Author.  
That to say, God loveth not them who willingly come unto him, but his Elect only. This say they, is to do injury to God, and to accuse him of injustice.  
That Christians agree not in their doctrine.  
This same did the Philosopher's object in the Council of Nice against the Fathers.  
That the scripture is full of contradiction, and therefore uncertain. Porphirius and julian the Apostate used this slander. Socrat. 3. chap. 23.  
That all sorts of calamities came upon them, and that God punished them because they believed that man is God, and after he was crucified, to say he liveth and reigneth. Arnob. Lib. 1.  

Such Princes as opposed themselves against Paganism.  Many Princes and Magistrates of this time opposed themselves against these Ethnic impieties. And after, Constantine the great and his son jovinian, caused to shut the Idol Temples which julian had set open, and forbade sacrifices. Socrat. lib. 3. chap. 24.  
Valentinian in Europe took away the service of Idols. Theodoret. lib. 5. cap. 20.  
He forbade that none should learn the Magic Art by the law: Culpasimilis. Cod. de maleficis & mathematicas. Finally the Lord ordained this Emperor Theodosius as a second josias, wholly to root up all the Idols Temples. Thod. li. 5. ch. 20.  
On the other side, the Doctors of the Church were exceeding careful to refute all this false religion of the paynim and ethnics. Arnob. Lactantius, Theodoret, and the most part of them which writ in that time; unto whose books we send them that will know more at large.  
Damasus builded certain Temples, and adorned them with gifts: he gave fields and possessions, and baths to the Clergy. He augmented certain strange fashions of serving of God. He approved S. Hieromes translation of the Bible. 
S. Hieromes Translation.  The hearts of the Archbishops of Rome, began to be taken with too much ambition. After this, Damasus as he could diligently calculate times, to the end that in time to come, in the Roman seat might be placed Bishops of renown, he drew briefly in writing the lives and statutes attributed to his predecessors Bishops of Rome, yet this was not without manifest lies.  
As for his faith and doctrine Theodoret giveth great witness: he had a good opinion of the Trinity, and by his Epistle to the Bishops, assembled at a Synod at Constantinople, exhorted them to maintain the holy doctrine of the son of God.  
But in his Epistles, although he call the Bishops unto whom he writ, his brothers; yet he showeth himself too much given to elevate the dignity of the Roman seat. For he thus beginneth his aforesaid Epistle to them of Constantinople. In the reverence dear children which you owe to the apostolic seat, you do much for yourselves, etc. Theod. Lib. 5. Chap. 9  
He had many combats to maintain the doctrine of the Council of Nice; especially against Auxentius of Milan. He condemned many heretics, and amongst others, the Apollinaries, at a Council of many Bishops at Rome.  
He had firm amity with Hierome, who in his writings gave great witness of him. Virgin, Doctor of the Virgin Church, in his Preface upon the four Evangelists, calleth him great Priest. Athanasius in his Epistle to the Bishops of Africa, calleth Damasus his very dear companion in the ministery, etc. Gregory Nazianz▪ calleth Damasus (happy) in his Epistle to Clidonius.  
Damasus died of the age of 80. years, in the reign of Theodosius: 
Syricius.  witnesses Hierome and Suidas, after he had administered his Bishopric 18. years, the year of Christ after Naucle, 385. but after Prosper, the year 387.   

Advertisement.  
From the time of Silvester the first and others after him, the Bishops or Archbishops of Rome being enriched by gifts & munificences of many, began to live at their ease, and to receive unused apparel, as Mitres and other pontifical ornaments, to make themselves to be accounted of, and to prepare the seat for the great Antichrist by their traditions and canons: yet neither Silvester nor his successors till Boniface the 9 (who was about the year, 1390. were Lords of Rome, much less did they hold the domination of the West. For we have seen that Liberius was sent into exile by Constantius: 
The successors of Silvester had not the rule of Rome.  that julius implored the aid of Constantius for Athanasius against the fury of the Arrians: and that Damasus by virtue of the Letters of Theodosius, called the Eastern Bishop unto the Synod of Rome.  

The right of choosing and crowning the Emperors.  And as for the right to choose the Emperors to Crown them, and put on their Imperial purple and such other solemnities requisite, it was partly done by ordinary soldiers. And the emperors Constantine the great, julian, jovinian, Valentinian the first and second, were created Emperors and Caesar's by the Camp of soldiers: Constantine ordained his three sons. Valens was ordained by his brother. Theodosius by Gratian. Arcadius, and Honorius by the Father. It is not read in any approved Author of this time, that any Roman Bishop thrust himself in, to choose or crown an Emperor. Theodo. lib. 5. chap. 6. saith, that Theodosius in a dream saw Meletius Bishop of Antioch, who gave unto him the Mantle, and the Imperial Crown.  
Syricius a Roman, the son of one Tiburtius, succeeded Damasus. There are attributed unto him many ordinances. He put such as were Bigami, that is, such as were married twice, from the mysteries of the Mass, and was the first that admitted Monks to receive Ecclesiastical orders, because of their continency: which before were not accounted, no not amongst Clerks.   

Fast and abstinencies.  
The varieties and multiplications of Fast certain days, at this time engendered great disputations and contentions. Augustine in his Epistle to Casulan, writeth that some men fasted on the Wednesday, because jesus Christ was sold that day. And on the Friday, because he was then on the Cross. As for fasting on Saturdays, there was great strife. They of Milan and of the East, maintained that none ought to fast on it, because jesus Christ rested that day in the Sepulchre. And contrary, the Romans and Africans and others fasted it, because Christ was cast even to the ignominy of the Sepulchre. P. Martyr.  
Monicha S. Augustine's mother, 
Monicha S. Augustine's mother.  coming from Africa to Milan, seeing none fast there on the Saturday, marveled greatly. Augustine her son being then not yet baptized, came to Ambrose, and prayed him in the name of his mother to expound what were best to be done therein. Do, answered Ambrose, as I do. Augustine by this answer thought he should not fast upon Saturday, because Ambrose fasted not: but he declared his meaning more plainly in these words. When I am at Rome, I fast on the Saturday because there they fast: but when I am returned to Milan again, I there fast not.  
Men attribute to Melchiades Bishop of Rome, above mentioned, the ordinance not to fast on the Sunday nor Thursday, because Christians fasts should be far from the fasts of ethnics and heretics. Epiphan: also bringing the reason wherefore we should fast on the Wednesday, saith: 
The Papist hold that it was upon Thursday.  because Christ that day ascended into heaven. And that it is written, when the Spouse shallbe taken away, that then the Apostles shall fast, etc. and this he affirmeth to be a tradition of the Apostles.  
I leave other Fasts of Angaria, that is to say, of torment, 
Fasts of Angaria.  when some calamity comes and other differences and abstinences and meats which were after invented, 
Arcadius Honorius.  as these discourses in their place shall show.  
Superstition hath perverted the exercises of piety: despite or negligence hath caused them to be forgotten in the Church, which are two extremities that all the faithful must shun.  
Theodosius after he had established peace in the Church, and caused many public Synods to be assembled, died at Milan, of the age of 50. years, and reigned 17. that is to say, 6. with Gratian, and 11. after. The same year his body was carried to be buried in Constantinople. See Aurel. Vict. Pomp. Laet. Paul. Diac. lib. 12.  
Ambrose lamented his death, and made a funeral oration, wherein amongst other things he said: I loved this Prince who when his soul was ready to depart from his body, had more care of the state of the Church, then of the dolours of his death.  
This care for Religion is a singular virtue, worthy of a Christian Prince.  
Archadius and Honorius, the children of Theodosius, and of Placille his wife a virtuous Lady, reigned after their mother the year 397. Arcadius was Emperor of the East, and Honorius of the West. Their father ordained them Tutors before he died: to Arcadius, Rufin; and to Honorius, Stillico; and Gildo was also Instituted Governor of Africa.  
Honorius then ruled the Empire at Rome, his brother governing that of Constantinople. Three years after this, Gildo Governor of Africa carried himself as Master and Lord, but afterward he was overcome by Mascezel his brother, whose children he had slain.  

Singing received into the Western Church.  The Western Church about this time received the fashion to sing. Augustine in his Confessions, the 9 book saith, it was by the means of Ambrose. For in the time of the Arrian fury, this holy person being constrained by the people to remain in the Temple, yea even in the night time, fearing it should have been delivered to the Arrians, accustomed the people to sing Psalms and Hymns, to put off griefs, and pass away the time. The East Church from the beginning received singing, as appears by Pliny to the Emperor trajan, who was at the time that john the Evangelist lived.  
But Augustine in the same book confesseth he failed therein, in that he gave more attention to the Song then to the words that in it are passed, and accused that sin, 
Singing received in assembly from the time of the Apostles.  for that the voice and the Song are made for the word; but not the word for the Song. In that place likewise he reciteth the manner of the Church of Alexandria under Athanasius. See also Hierome upon the Epistle to the Ephesians.  
Whensoever you assemble as S. Paul saith; if each one sing Psalms, or Doctrine, or Revelation, or Language, or interpretation let all be done to edification. 1. Cor. 14. f. 26.   

The appellation of the Mass.  
The communion of the Eucharist at this time to be called Missa. It is twice found in S. Augustine, namely, in his Sermon of Time, 237, wherein having exhorted men to pardon injuries done to one another, saith: You must come to the Mass of the Catechumenes. There we pray: Pardon us our offences, as we pardon them which we have offended, etc. And in an other Sermon 91. he saith; In the history which is read at Masses, etc. Many doubt whether these Sermons be S. Augustine's. But Peter Martyr a Divine of Zurike saith, 
In his Commentary upon the judges.  the stile and sentences seem to be S. Augustine's. I am of opinion saith he, that in that time of S. Augustine it began only to be usurped. For if it had been usual, S. Augustine would have oftener made mention of it: seeing he used to apply his Sermons after the common manner of speech.  
john Cassian lived in this time under the Emperor Honorius. The heretics chased him from the Church of jerusalem: he came to Marseilles and lived there a Monastike life.  

Contenti somno qui a missa vigiliarum usque ad lucem conceditur, ctc.  The word Mass is found in his writings, Lib. 3. Chap. 7. and 8. but in an other signification then for the holy Communion; that is, for the accomplishment and the end of the congregation of the faithful. For speaking of the sleep of Monks, he saith. Being contented with the time that is permitted to them to sleep: that is, from the Mass of the Vigiles until the light of the day, etc. understanding by these words, the time wherein they ended the Vigiles.  

Remissa peecatorun, for remission of sins.  As for the derivation of the name, even as the Latin Doctors which were before this age, used the word (Remissa) for remission. Tertullian Lib. 4. against Martion in the leaf 24. and Cyprian in his book of the good of patience, so it seemeth afterward they said Missa for Missio, or Demissio, that is, sending away, when the Catechumenes went out of the Temple. For after the holy scripture was read in the assembly, and that the Sermon was done, the Deacon with a loud voice pronounced Go: or go out Cathechumenes. After this, 
Euergumenes  the Cathechumenes went out with the Euergumenes; that is to say, they which were handled with evil spirits: and thirdly such as did penance.  
Dionysius in his Hierarchy makes mention of these orders, and so the Latin Church called the celebration of the Eucharist Messe, because it was done after the dismission or sending away of the Catechumenes and such as were not capable to be admitted thereunto. And in this signification, Ambrose saith Missas facere, 
Missas facere, to let go.  for sending or letting go. This is the opinion of Peter Martyr in his Commentaries upon the judges.  
Some have said that the word Missa was derived of the Hebrew word Mas, because the gifts which the faithful offered, were said to be presents and sent. And the occasion hereof came of the oblations which the jews offered at their feast of Pentecost.  
If it were so, the Papists abused the word Mass: for they will not name it of the alms and gifts which are given there: but of the oblation they make of the body and blood of Christ for the quick and dead. P. Martyr.  
Catechumenes, 
Catechumenes which were not yet baptized. Auditor's Competitors.  signified such as were instructed in the faith and were not yet baptised. The word is derived from the Greek word which signifieth to teach, especially by lively voice. Tertullian calleth them sometimes Hearers or Auditors. Augustine calleth them Competitors. For before they were admitted to be baptized at Easter, they gave up their names 40. days before. During which time, the Pastors not only got information of their faith and doctrine, but also of their life. P. Martyr.  
The Papists, Apes of antiquity, had it in custom to send their children to school in Lent.  
Rufin before named, French by Nation, tempted with pride, sent presents and silver to Alarike King of Goths, and stirred him to raise up war against Archadius, persuading him that that young Prince affrighted would leave him the Empire. His practice was dicovered, and Stilico pursued him. The soldiers cut off his head and his right hand, and after carried them into Constantinople for a show. See Pomp. Laet.   

Devastation of the fourth Monarchy.  
The year of the Lord 405. the Goths entered into Italy with a great and fearful company. But because there is often mention of them, we will briefly touch the history of their original. The appellation of Goths doth not only comprehend one people, but many; that is to say Goths, Vandals, Rugians, Huns, etc.: but the Goths properly were they which from the I'll of Gothland occupied a great part of Lifsland. Procopius an Historiographer saith they were Cymmerians and greeks. Being come into Thrace and Hungary, the Roman Emperors sought to drive them back but could not. The first & greatest battle of the Romans against them, was under the Emperor Decius, wherein he was slain. But after the Vandals and Huns coming from Scythia, did drive away the Goths, and placed their seats in Hungaria.  
The Goths than entered into Italy by the disloyalty of Rufin (which as it is said fell upon his own head by the just judgement of God.) Stillico a Vandal by Nation, hoping to lift up Euchere his son to be an Emperor, raised up the Suevians, Vandals, and Alenems, and other people, to the number of 200000. conducted by their King Redegastus or Radagastus, 
Radagastus.  who afterward was discomfited in the strait of Appenin.  
After Radagastus, a new Army of Goths came into Italy, having for their Captain Alricus, or Alaricus, who was solicited by the Emperor Honorius to leave the Country of Italy, and to descend into France, which then was so occupied with French Burgonians and other Nations, that Honorius despaired to hold it. But as Alaricus prepared his departure, Stillico thought to have surprised him on the sudden being upon Easter day, there being a truce betwixt them not yet expired.  
Alaricus the next morning came against Stillico, and to be revenged besieged the Town of Rome, Honorius being at Ravenna.  
The treason of Stillico being disclosed, he caused him to be beheaded; so received he the reward of his infidelity. Then was there found no Captain for the war to levy the siege before Rome, wherefore the Town was taken by Alaricus after it had endured long time the siege. 
Rome taken by Alaricus.  This was about the fifteenth year of the Empire of Honorius, and of the Lords Nativity, 412. and from the foundation of Rome, 1164. Alaricus neither burnt nor wasted Rome, but gave commandment that they should be spared which fled unto the Temples of the Christians. He died soon after. Adolphus succeeded him and came to Rome, but by the means of Placidia the sister of Honorius, he spared Rome, and took his way towards Gaul and Spain, and so the Goths left Italy and occupied Spain, (which Alaricus before had invaded) and got the domination thererof. 
The Kings of Spain descended of the Goths.  In so much that the kings of Spain that came after, descended of them.   

Diminution, or the Roman Empire.  
From henceforward the fourth Monarchy received such calamities, that in place to rule, and have strange people in subjection, itself was made a servant unto barbarous Nations. The Town of Rome the seat of the said Monarchy, in less than 139. years, was four times taken by the Goths, Vandals, and other barbarous people. The first is that already recited by Alaricus. The 2. by Gensericas the Vandal under Martinian, the year 456. The 3. by Totila King of the Goths, which was the most grievous oppression that ever Rome endured. For it was taken and burnt the year 21. of justinian, and from the foundation of Rome 1300. and of Christ, 548. The 4. it was sacked three years after the other, namely, the year of Christ 551. as shall be seen in this History.  
The Pope Siricius added the Anthems to the Psalms. 
Antiphonae Anhemes Orders.  He made a Law that orders (that is to say, the ceremonies and observations which they use in the consecration of their Church-people) should be celebrated and given by certain spaces of time betwixt one an other.  
Ambrose Bishop of Milan was his familiar, and writ unto him some Epistles which are amongst his works. One in the number 49. and the other in the number 54. wherein he calls him his Father. He died about the year 399. having occupied that seat 15. years, after Socrat. lib. 7. chap. 9 and Sozom. lib. 8. chap. 25.  
Anastasius the first of that name borne at Rome, succeeded him, and governed about three years. He ordained that every one should hear the Gospel standing and not sitting.  
He cast out of the ministery such as wanted or were maimed in any of their members, or subject to any disease.  
He ordained that none beyond the Seas should be admitted to any Ecclesiastical estate, without having a Testimonial sealed with five Bishops. This was because of the Manechies which came from Africa, to corrupt Churches.  

john chrysostom.  chrysostom borne at Antioch, disciple of Libanius the Sophister, and an Auditor of Andragatius a Philosopher, forsook the estate of an Advocate, and followed Euagrius, with two other his companions, Theodorus and Maximus, which after were Bishops, after they had well profited in holy scriptures in the Monasteries. 
Monasteries.  For than Monasteries were public Schools, and Abbots, or Priors, which governed them, did publicly teach the holy scriptures.  
Innocent, the first of that name borne at Albe, preferred the seat at Rome before all others, and ordained that it should not be subject to any other. He commanded the faithful to fast on the Saturday, to the end that that day they might with Mary Magdalen mourn for jesus Christ being in his grave. He ordained that the Pax should be given at Mass: and that a Temple which once had been consecrated, should be so no more. He made certain laws concerning the jews, paynim, and Monks, and made the Sacrament of Unction of such as were sick.  
chrysostom was often sick of a disease of the stomach: therefore he abstained from eating in company. He was hardy and liberal in reprehension, and above all in his public Sermons, and therefore was he hated of the Clergy. He resisted Gaivas an Arrian, who begged of the Emperor a Temple in Constantinople for his people. See the Tripart. Hist. Chap. 6. Lib. 10.  
Constantinople was divinely aided against Gaivas, who sending soldiers in the night to burn the emperors Palace, a great multitude of armed men were seen come against them three nights; which made them desist and leave off their enterprise. chrysostom was sent in embassage towards the said Gaivas, (who had wasted all the country of Thrace) who met the said chrysostom, and commanded his own children to kiss his knees, and he himself kissed his hand.  
Certain Monks Egypt, Antropomorphites maintained that God had a body whereabouts came many contentions amongst the Bishops: Insomuch that the Arrians and Catholics in the night slew one an other.  
There was an earthquake in Constantinople.  
The silver Image of Eudoxia was placed nigh to the Temple of S. Saphie, and plays celebrated in her honour. chrysostom crieth out against it, and in a Sermon under the name of Herodias, taxeth Eudoxia: whereof being angry, she suborned people to slay chrysostom: but the people guarded him both day and night: he was afterward exiled into Pontus.  
The Church of Constantinople so increased by the Chrysostonites, that many of them were put to divers torments. After his exile, there happened at Constantinople in September a great hail, and four days after died Eudoxia. See the forealleadged book. Chap. 15.16. &. 20.   

The Pernicious error of Pelagius.  
In the time of Innocent Pope of Rome, there was in the Country of England one called Pelagius, 
Pelagius the heretic.  who began to teach that we are not justified by God's mercy for jesus Christ's sake without Merit, but that through our own works and natural virtues, we acquire true and perfect righteousness before God. Against this Pelagius, many good Doctors of this time writ: but above all, Augustine hath showed, that by faith only we are justified, because by it we embrace him that justifieth us: that is to say, Christ our Lord, with whom it uniteth and joineth us. In such sort, that we are made partakers of him and all the goods he hath; and that from thence good works should come; that is from jesus who is within us, by the force and free efficacy of whom we begin, to will that which is good, 
justification of faith.  and to employ ourselves therein.  
Zozimus a Grecian by Nation: he ordained that on the Saturday before Easter wax should in every Parish be blessed. That Deacons shoule hide their windows with a cloth. And that Clerks should not publicly drink. He ruled about two years.  
The Pelagian heresy was condemned of the Bishops at the councils of Ephesus, Carthage, and Mitivitaine.  

Arcadius Henorius.  Before Pelagius, England knew not what superstitious Monkery meant, neither yet learned to prefer by vain and frivolous allegories, the righteousness of works before the merit of jesus Christ. But this Pelagius begun to broach this pestilent heresy under Maximus King of England, the year of Christ. 390.  
The Doctors which were before this Pelagius, used in their writings this word Merit, in the signification to obtain or attain. Peter Martyr.   

The beginning of the Kings of France.  
THe Frenchmen are said to be issued of the Troyans', and as Histories say, came after the destruction of Troy, with the Duke Frantion, 
Frantion.  to the pools of Meotides, which at this day is called the golf de la Tana, above and something far from Constantinople, as men draw towards the North: near there they builded a Town which they inhabited until the time of Valentinian the Emperor, son of Valentinian, and the brother of Gratian also Emperors.  
They were honoured by the said Emperor, and made free of paying tribute for 10. years, in consideration that they reduced the Almains under the obedience of the Romans. But afterward when the tribute came again to be laid upon them, and they unwilling to subject themselves, they forsook the Country, and came with their Duke Marcomir into Franconia, which is betwixt Saxe and Almain.  
Pharamont the son of Marcomir, was chosen for their King, and began to reign over them the year of the world 4383. and of jesus Christ 420. under whom first they used Laws, and appointed four Nobles which judged of causes and differences betwixt men. Then was the Salic Law made which stood upon many articles, amongst which there was one which took from daughters the right to succeed in the Crown and Realm of France. He reigned 11. years. Paul. Emil. the first book.  
Boniface the first of that name a Roman, ruled at Rome 4. years. His Father was a Priest called jucundus.  
The fourth schism was by a Priest called Enlalius, 
The fourth schism.  who was also ordained: whereof came great dissension and schism which endured 7. months, but finally Boniface was approved.  
The sixth Council of Carthage after some, & the seventh.  
S. Hierome died of the age of 91. years.  
The African Council was now, which is a confirmation and recapitulation of the Counsels of Carthage. The titles of the Canons are in the number 105.  
Boniface renewed certain decrees attributed to his predecessors. Amongst others, that none should be ordained a Priest before the age of 30. years, etc.  
Also that no woman or Nun might touch or wash the Priests ornaments which are holy.  
The Huns a cruel and barbarous people which came out of Scythia, did great hurt all over, and at their coming into Italy many fled towards the Adriatic sea, and took place in those little Isles which were in great number, and lived as they could of fishing.  
After they began to make certain buildings in these Isles, and principally in that which is called Miroalto, 
The beginning of Venice.  it being the chiefest of them.  
There was at this time many Churches in Italy. Sozom. reciteth them, lib. 4. cha. 24. where he makes mention of the faithful which retired into the places where is now builded the Town of Venice, in the Adriatic Sea. There is also hereof made mention in the Epistle of the Roman Synod which was held under Constantine. Theodor. Liber 2. Chapter twenty and two.  
The Emperor Honorius being at Milan, and understanding the dissension for the election of the Roman Bishops, deposed them both, and writ to Boniface that when two were elected he would ordain that neither should be allowed, notwithstanding for this time he allowed the election of Boniface.  
Boniface by his Legate Faustin Bishop, a fierce and proud man, and Philip and Esellus Priests, proposed to the sixth Council of Carthage, that it might be granted that appellations of Bishops might be sent to Rome: and that no Council should be allowed unless he send thither his Legate to do it; and alleged for his speech the decree of Nice. The Bishops caused the books to be searched, and the Registers of the Council if it were so. Also they caused to come from Constantinople a Copy of the said Council: but finding it not to be so as the said Boniface had alleged by his Legate, his request was rejected. See the Epistle of the said Council of Africa to Boniface, and to Celestine in the first volume of the councils.  
Note here by what means the Popes sought to obtain their primacy.  

The introitus of the Mass.  Celestine first of that name a Roman, or of Campaine after some. He ordained that the Introitus of the Mass should be of some Psalm David, yea and the Gradual which they call the Offertory, and added unto the then Prayers with the song. Naucler.  
Also that the Priest should say before the Introitum the 43. Psalm. Indica me Deus. Supl. Chron.  
Item that they should sing three Sanctus. Abb. Vsp.  
This said year 426. the Emperor Honorius died.  
The third general Council at Ephesus against Nestorius' Bishop of Constantinople, of 200. Bishop's: It was there concluded that jesus Christ is one alone person in two natures, and that the Virgin Marie by good right is called the mother of God. Cyrillus Bishop of Alexandria assisted there.  
Theodosius the younger, alone obtained the Empire, and reigned 26. years.  
Celestine gave commandment to all Ecclesiastical persons to know and observe the Canons.  
He sent Palladius a Greek and Patricius, into Scotland and Ireland preach the faith.  
He sent into England Saint german Bishop of Anxerce, against the Pelagian heresy. 
Valentinian   
He ordained that none should attempt any thing in an others parish.  
Item that no Bishop should be ordained against the will of the people, but that the consent of the Clergy and of the people was requisite.  
The Church in that time was greatly troubled, and especially in Africa: the Ecclesiastical people were cast into exile, and martyred by Gensericus of the Vandals.  
Palladius composed the life of S. john chrysostom.  
S. Augustine Bishop of Hipone, of the age of seventy six years died, after he had governed the said Church forty six years, the third month after his Town was besieged by the Vandals, even when he writ against julian a Pelagian Bishop.  
Possidonius writ his life.  
Sedulius, Possidonius, Sozomenus, Socrates, and Theodoriretus, were Authors of the Tripartite History, which afterward was brought into one by Cassiodorus.  
Valentinian was made Emperor with Theodosius, and they reigned together, the one in the East & the other in the West.  
Clodio a Painim, King of France, reigned 18 years. He recovered from the romans Torney and Cambray, where he was buried.  
Superstition was now far entered into the houses of great men: In so much as Eudoxia the wife of Theodosius the younger went unto jerusalem, and from thence brought the chains wherewith S. Peter was bound by Herode, which were joined with them of Nero, whereupon afterward was instituted the feast of S. Peter in bonds.  
Item the Relics of S. Steven.  
S. Hierome in his Epistle to Eustochius counteth them otherwise. 
Abb. trip. Naucler.   
Sixtus the third of that name a Roman, governed the state of Rome, 8. years.  
He was accused by a Priest of great credit called Bassus, to have committed Incest, and to have violated a religious woman named Chrysogonus, and so did Bassus understand of a servant of the said Sixtus called Peter. But in a full Synod of 55. Bishops, by Valentinian Augustus, liberty was left to Sixtus to judge himself. For it is not lawful saith he to judge nor give sentence against the high and great Bishop. He then took his oath that he was innocent of the matter, and so was absolved by the Synod, and Bassus banished, and all his goods confiscate and given to the Church.   

The beginning that the Pope should not be judged.  
Sixtus then instituted the feast of S. Peter in bonds, the first day of August, in place of an other Feast which was before made, for the victory of Augustus Caesar which he obtained against Marcus Antonius and Cleopatra.   

Suspicion or Idolatry changed but not abolished.  
The Vandals which from the outward parts of Almain under Gratian came into France, and after into Spain, finally, under the conduction of Genserich, came into Mauritania, and after sell upon Carthage, and there occupied Africa more than 77. years.  
Victor Bishop of a Town in Numidia which is in Africa, called in Latin Cattena, made a book against the Arrians, and presented it to Genseric King of the aforesaid Vandals an Arrian.  
Polychronius Bishop of jerusalem is chased away. He in the time of a famine sold all his goods and gave it to the poor. For which charity and mercy he was after restored again.  
Sixtus ordained that none should be promoted in the Clergy into another's Diocese or Parish.  
He also before his death gave all his goods to the poor.  

Sup. Chro.  Hilary Bishop of Arles, left all his goods and went into an hermitage, where he composed the life of Saint Honorius. Abb. Tritem.  
He had done better if he had preached constantly, and opposed himself against the people's vices.  
Arcadius, Probus, Paschasius, and Eutichius, were in great estimation and honour with Gensericus, but seeing he could not draw them unto arianism, after many evils, finally he martyred them with others: yea he cast certain Bishops out of their places, and books of Religion and the Christian faith were burnt.  
The Council of Ephesus the second, was assembled by Theodosius, wherein Eutiches the heretic was restored, and Flavianus a true Catholic condemned, by a false accusation: For there was Dioscorus Bishop of Alexandria Precedent, who was of the sect of the said Eutiches.  
This Council was corrected by the Council following which was assembled under Leo the Pope, first of that name, as followeth.  
The Town of Rheims was taken by Attila, and put to fire and sword. Nicasius Bishop of the said place a very ancient man was slain, and his sister Eutropia put to death. 
Blund. lib. 2.   
Leo a Tuscan first of that name, 
Naucler.  governed the Roman Church 21. years.  
He ordained, that whosoever unreverently should handle the Images of Saints, should be separated and deprived of the communion of the faithful.  
He added to the Mass, Orate pro me fratres, etc.  
Also the Deo gratias is attributed unto him.  
He added to the Canon, Sanctum sacrificium, immaculatam hostiam. Item, hanc igitur oblationem, etc.  
Attila sacked all Italy.  
At the sacking of Aquilia, one of the honourablest women called Digna, cast herself from an high Tower into the water, for fear to be ravished by the Barbarians. For the fairest women were reserved from death, that they might be forced of those barbarous people. Naucler.  
Merovee the third King of France reigned ten years. He also was a Painim: and was not the son of Clodio, but the master of his horsemen. Yet to him the king Clodio recommended the government of his kingdom, of his wife, & of his three children, trusting unto his loyalty, which he had sworn and promised unto him in the presence of his Princes. But soon after the death of the said Clodio, Merovee chased away his said three children, and caused himself to be chosen King. When the three children came to age, they made war upon him, and took from him all the Country of Austria, Lorraine, Brabant, Namure, and Hainault.  

Sureties.  Leo ordained that there should be but one Godfather or God mother at Baptism, and at confirmation.  
Some attribute unto him the ordinance that Alleluya and Gloria in excelsis Deo should not be sung from Septuagesima until Easter.  

Invention of Litanies.  Litanies were first in Constantinople, and after in the West by Lupus Bishop of Troy received and approved. Item by Mamerus Bishop of Vienna, for an Earthquake that happened and further to appease it; was sung the Sanctus Deus, Sanctus Fortis, Sanctus immortalis miserere nobis.  
From henceforward thou shalt see infinite superstitions, traditions, and heaps of councils and Relics.  
He ordained fasting the three Rogation days.  

The sea of histories.  Attila Captain of the Huns took Rome: before whom Leo came at the first and obtained of him to touch nothing at Rome. And Attila being asked wherefore so easily he agreed thereunto, answered that he saw the Angel of God with a sword drawn, who threatened him, if he granted not his request. Paul. Diaconus.  
The general Council of Chalcedon of 630. Bishops against Eutiches' Abbot of Constantinople, under Martian.  
In this Council 16. Chap. this decree is set down. If any Virgin vow and dedicate herself to God, and likewise a Monk, it shall be no more lawful for them to marry: but if they be found to marry, 
Valentinian  then to remain excommunicated, yet we ordain that the Bishop of the place, if he think good, may show the same humanity and favour.  
The Narration or Fable of the 17. sleepers, named Malchus, Maximianus, Martinianus, Dionysius, joannes, Serapion, and Constantinus, raised again as it were 200. years after their death, and preaching the resurrection of the body against certain heretics affirming the contrary, is forged about this time.  
Long & great persecution was against the Christians in the Country of Persia: In so much that Theodosius made peace with them that they would cease the persecution. Abb. Vsp.  
The Tripartite History, lib. 9 chap. 43. and others, make mention that S. john Baptist revealed his head to two Monks which were hid nigh an house: and after that, the said head was transported into Edissa, a City in Phinitia, where he was honoured.  
Monks bear witness in their own cause. But how came this head from thence unto Amiens in Picardy where he is adored? See john Calvin in his book of Relics.  
Leo made many Epistles, even 66. in number.  
Saint german Bishop of Anxerre, Severus Bishop of Treners, Lupus Bishop of Troy▪ were again sent into England against the Pelagian heresy.  
Many Counsels were held at this time, after that of Chalcedone.  
The first at Auranges, a Town in the Province of Narbone. The second at Valens. The third Council of Carpentras. The fourth at Arles. The fifth at Venice. The sixth at Tours.  
In the Council of Tours the censure Ecclesiastical against Priests marriages was moderated, 
1. Volume of Counsels.  which was to be excommunicated and deprived of the Communion, which was permitted them only, upon condition they should not come to higher degree or dignity, and that they should abstain from celebrating and administering to the people.  
Archephali heretics in this time, which cast off the Council of Chalcedone.  

Martin.  Eucherius Bishop of Lions, in this time sent a book containing the praise of Hermit's lives, to S. Hilary Bishop of Arles, who went into an Hermitage as is said. Item an other book De contemptu mundi.  
In this time the wisest gave themselves to write the praises of virginity, and of a contemplative and monastike life.  
The books of the Manicheans were burnt in Rome.  
Theodosius died of the pestilence at Constantinople.  

Abb. trip. Naucler.  Earthquakes, Comets, and other tokens were seen in heaven.  
Anian Bishop of Orleans, Lupus Bishop of Troy, Nicasius Bishop of Rheims, were martyred.  
Valentinian the Emperor, slain at Rome of his people, by the fraud of Argobastus.  
Martian chosen Emperor, reigned 7. years, he made alliance with the Vandals.  
It was he which was wont to say that a Prince ought not to take arms as long as it is lawful to live in peace.  
Rome was taken again by Gensericke, towards whom also went Leo, and entreated of him that the Town might not be put to fire and sword. Some say he entreated nothing at this time.  

The sea of Histories.  Orleans was besieged by Attila about this time, after he had wasted Almain and a great part of France: but before Orleans his people were discomfited by Merovee King of France, and there was slain 180000. men.  
That which is said of Geneviesue virgin at Paris, is reported of this time.  
This is now the great Diana of the Parisians.  
Martian the Emperor was slain at Constanstinople, by the conspiracy of his own men.  

Childeric.  Childeric the fourth King of France, a Panim, reigned 26. years, a man subject to lechery, which to maintain, he laid great taxes upon the people, whereupon he was rejected from the kingdom. A Governor of Soisson, and Meion of called Giles a Roman, 
annuals of France.  succeeded in his place, and reigned eight years: but after Childeric was restored.  
After Childeric was called again, 
Leo, the first.  he governerned wisely vertuoufly, and valiantly: he put to flight his enemy Giles, and sacked the Towns of trevers and Coloigne, and he retired to Treuers. After also he conquered Orleans, and all the Country along the River of Loire until Angiers, and then brought all the Country of Angiou under his subjection. He took also the City of Trect, and all the Country along the River of Rhine, and greatly increased the Kingdom of France.  
He used great ingratitude towards Basin King of Lorraine called Thoringe, who had kindly entertained and maintained him, all the time he was deprived of his kingdom. For he received the wife of the said Basin, and took her for his own wife.  
Leo Emperor, first of that name a Grecian, left for his successor Leo, who was of Ariadne his daughter and of Zenon. He sent Basalike a warrior against Gensericke King of the Vandals. Constantinople and a great part of Italy, was as it were in perpetual trouble under this Emperor, who reigned about 17. years.  
Hilary borne at Sardes, Bishop of Rome, ruled 7. years. His time was full of troubles. These ordinances are attributed unto him: That no Roman Bishop should choose him a successor. And this constitution stretched to all Ecclesiastical dignity. Naucler. and Suppl. Chronic.  
That a Clerk should receive no Inuesture of a Lay person.  
That none should be admitted unto orders if he were not learned, and having all his members.  
In a Synod at Rome of fifty Bishops, it was ordained that the Decrees of the apostolic seat should be received and published universally.  
There also it was ordained that the Bishop might correct that which his predecessor had evil ordained.  
This Pope confirmed the domination and principality of the apostolic seat. 
Suppl. Chro.   
He made three Epistles.  
He deprived a Bishop of his dignity called Ireneus, because by ambition he had left his Church to go into an other, 
Leo.  which was by Canons forbidden.  
Remy Bishop of Rheims, and Patricius his brother, was Bishop of Soissons.  
Simplicius Tiburtin succeeded Hilary, and governed the Roman Church 15. years, and more after some.  
He declared (as his predecessor) that the Roman Church was the chief and principal.  
He builded many Temples and dedicated them.  
He instituted that in the Church of Peter and Paul there should be seven Priests to hear the penitents and to Baptizm them. In the first volume of councils.  
Leo the younger was left a child, successor of the Empire, by his Grandfather on the mother's side, and having governed a year, he was content that his Father Zeno should reign for him. In so much that with his own hands he placed the Diadem upon his Father's head.  
That which is said of king Arthur is of this time.  

Zenon.  Zenon Isaurike Emperor, reigned 16. or 17. years. He was an Arrian, a cruel man. He was buried alive being drunk, by his wife Arriadne.  
The English men came far into France.  
The Arrians exercised great cruelties.  
Honorius an Arrian king of Vandals, persecuted greatly the Christians in Africa, & more than 4976. were exiled in divers places, without sparing sex or age, & afterward at divers times and with divers punishments were put to death. Some had their hands cut off, some their tongues. Certain times after, under the shadow of a Council, he made assemble all Bishops, Doctors, and other Catholics, to the number of 324. after Paulus Diaconus, but after others 444. he sent into exile, & caused the Temples to be shut up against Catholics, & gave them to the Arrians. One Bishop called Laetus was burnt, to the end to fear others. The Bishop of Carthage Eugenius, with more than 500 of the Clergy were banished. But 2. years after Honorius died miserably of vermin. And Gonthamundus succeeded him. He revoked Eugenius from exile. At the request also of whom, all the others were called home and the Churches opened.  
An horrible famine in Africa. Naucler. 
Zenon.   
It is a thing worthy of remembrance, the great constancy of a woman called Device, 
Device.  and the exhortation she made to her son called Maioricus. Remember said she my son, that we were baptized in the name of the Trinity: wherefore let us not lose the garments of our salvation. Also an other called Victoria, 
Victoria.  who neither by the solicitation of her husband, nor the tears of her children could be persuaded, etc. Naucler.  
Epiphanius Bishop of Pavia, a very grave man, brought into peace and concord the people of Liguria, and brought from Burgonie many Captives, as well by his Silver as his holy life, whereby he entreated the redemption of 6000. Captives. Paul. Diaconus and Naucler. after him.  
Severin an Abbot in Noric, was now of great renown. Odoacer King of the Goths, as he passed by Noric into Italy, went unto him for his blessing.  
Odoacer occupied Italy, and was made King thereof, and the Goths reigned there by the space of 70. years.  
The West Empire takes here an end after Augustulus had deposed himself, the year of Christ. 472.  
Sidonius Bishop of Awerne a famous Poet in this time.  
Clovis the fifth King of France, and the first Christian King, reigned 30 years. That is, fifteen a Painim, and fifteen a Christian: He revenged himself of them which cast out his Father Childerike out of his kingdom. Going to Soisons he took it by force, and drove away Siagre the son of Giles the Roman, who occupied the kingdom against Childeric, as hath been said: And at his return took Melum, and chased away the Romans.  
He amplified the kingdom of France, having subjecteth to it all the Cities and Towns which the Romans held betwixt the Rivers Rhine and Seine, also all such as were betwixt Seine and Loire.  
The histories of France say, that in a certain battle against the Almains, being at a straight, he remembered the admonitions which Clotilde his wife had often given him, to embrace the Christian faith and religion: In such sort, that being pressed he lifted up his eyes to heaven and said; Lord God deliver me from this peril wherein I am thus environed with mine enemies: and I will believe in thy name, I & all my people. It came to pass not only that he was delivered from peril, but also that he had victory upon his enemies; wherefore he was baptised by Remy Bishop of Rheims, his two sisters and more than 3000. of the noblest of his people besides women and children.  
The invention and fable of the holy Ampoule (as they call it) wherewith the kings of France are anointed, is reported of this time.  

Churches began to become rich.  Clovis for recompense, gave to the Church of Rheims many great gifts, lands, signories and rents.  
S. Remy afterward had great authority, and was principal councillor of king Clovis.  
Some say he builded the Church of Laon, and that having erected it a Bishop's place, gave unto it the land of Laon.  
Patricius the brother of S. Remy, Earl of Soissons, was after Bishop of Soissons, and also gave to the said Church the Earldom, which the Bishop there holds at this day. For you must understand that S. Remy and his brother were children of the Duke of Laon and of Soissons, of a noble and ancient race.  

Visigots'.  The Annals of France make mention that Alaric King of Visigots, then occupied a great part of Gaul, namely all the country along the River of Loire, from Orleans even to mount Pirene's, which do separate France and Spain. Item the countries of Berry, Awerne, Limosin, Quercy, Perignex, Angolmois, Agenois, Languedoc, Provence, and other nigh places; against which Clovis willing to make war as he passed nigh Tours, he sent to make his offerings to S. Martin, to have his succours against the said Visegoths, and that after the victory he himself came to Tours, and offered great gifts to the Temple of S. Martin.  
If this be so for a first Christian king, he was partly instructed in the Christian faith, and felt yet his Paganism, because in the place of his old Gods, he reclaimed & called now upon Saints.  
The fault may be imputed to the Bishops & Pastors, which then were more superstitious than religious, and more foolishly devout, then well and divinely instructed in the word of God. As S. Brice, Patrice, Fourcy, Medard, Gildard, Vaast, Remy, Severin, Germany, Loupe, Nicaisius, Aguien, and other Saints of like bran were canonised after their deaths.  
Under Zenon there happened such a fire in Constantinople that the greatest part of the Town was brought into ashes, and more than six score thousand volumes were lost and consumed.  
Clovis had in marriage Clotilde, the daughter of Chilperic, King of Burgonie, who was slain by his own brother called Gondobaldus, and his wife mother of the said Clotilde was drowned.  
Felix the third of that name borne at Rome, governed the Church of Rome 8. or 9 years, his Father was a Priest called Felix.  
The consecrations of Temples and their dedications, 
Dedication.  yearly are attributed unto him.  
german Bishop of Capua in this time.  
Vaast, Bishop of Arras, Vedastus in Latin.  
Fulgence Bishop of Rupe in Africa.  
Auitus Bishop Vienne.  
Solemus Bishop of Chartres, preached Christ, and Fourcy that came new from Ireland.  
The Council of Orleans the third at this time after john le Maire. In the first Melanius was Precedent. 
In the first volume of councils.   
In the said Council which was under Clovis, it was agreed that the goods of the Clergy should be employed for the maintaining of Priests, for the relief of the poor, for the deliverance of prisoners, and for the repairing of Churches.  
In the Council of Tarrascon in Spain, Churchmen were enjoined not to buy good cheap, with intent to sell the same thing dearer, for than they should be deposed.  
Mean cares occupied the assemblies of Bishops.  
Anastatius the Emperor called Dicorus, 
Anastatius.  for the change of colours which appeared in his eyebrows succeeded Zeno, and reigned 27. years: 
Anastatius  he commanded straightly to worship a quaternity, 
quaternity.  that is to say four persons in the Divinity: which pernicious heresy was by him maintained.  
Gelatius of Africa governed the Roman Church five years: his Father was a Bishop named Valericus. Naucler.  
The distinction of authentic and Apocrypha books of the scripture are attributed unto him.  
He declared many books Apocryphaes, as the book called the Assumption of the Virgin Mary. Item the Canons of the Apostles, & such like. In the 1 volume of the Counsels.  
The Manicheans again are condemned and exiled, and their books burnt.  
He showed how Anastatius the Emperor might be excommunicated.  

Naucler.  He is numbered amongst them which chiefly ordained the Canon, Te igitur clementissime, etc.  
Some attribute to him the ordinance of Bigamies, that is, of such as have been twice married, that they should not be promoted to orders, unless it were by ordinance of the apostolic sea.  
That orders should be made four times a year, and on the Saturday only.  
He made Hymns, Collects, Responds, Graduels, Prefaces of the Mass, and brought all into order.  
He added to the Mass Vere dignum & justum est.  
The Canons than was made at divers times, & in divers times; It is then no marvel if it be evil sowed, and patched with rags and tatters, without any certain Author.  
He made 5. books against Nestorius & Eutiches. Item two against the Arrians, and a Treatise of excommunication.  
He restored Messenus Bishop, after the knowledge of his penance.  
He excommunicated the Emperor Anastatius because he favoured Acarius and other heretics.  
He excommunicated the king of Vandals, & all his people which them in Africa afflicted the true faithful in favour of the Arrias.  
He commanded Priests that they should not communicate but in both kinds, and not under one alone.  
The Clergy greatly loved, waxed rich in this time and increased.  
Gelatius in full Council at Rome, 
Gelasius.  
Bread and wine of the Supper.  declared that in the Eucharist, neither the substance of the bread and wine, nor their natures are changed, but that in them as in an Image, the flesh and blood of the Lord are represented: and that in the Sacrament both are exhibited to the faithful. He also declared them to be excommunicated which gave not nor took the Sacrament of the Eucharist whole. In the first volume of the Counsels.  
Gennaduis at this time was Bishop of Marceil.  
Anastatius a Roman, second of that name Pope, governed the Church of Rome two years.  
This is the second Pope noted of heresy, whose beginning was reasonably good, and excommunicated the Emperor Anastatitius, an Eutechian heretic: but afterward he himself did all he could to revoke Acetius from exile, and stuck unto him. He proved also very favourable unto the Nestorians, and communicated with Photin, a Deacon of Thessalonica; wherefore many Clarks, Priests, and Bishops, refused to communicate with him. See the Chap. Anastatius. distinct. 9  
In the month of September he created 12. Priests and 16. Bishops.  
He died very miserably (as it is said) being upon the privy, where he voided all his bowels, as did Arrius. Naucler.  
Acatius Bishop of Constantinople an heretic, was at this time murdered. Sigeb.  
Simmachus borne in the I'll of Sardive, ruled in Rome 16. years.  
The first schism in the Roman Church.  
The election of Popes consecrated with blood.  
When Simmachus was chosen, an other likewise called Laurence was ordained: Simmachus in the Temple of S. john de Latran, and Laurence in the Church of S. Mary the greater: for which election, there was great division in the Church: In so much, as the people and the Roman Senate were divided. Wherefore a Council was held at Ravenna, the King Theodoric being present, 
Simmachus  wherein the election of Symmachus was confirmed, & Laurence was recompensed with the Bishopric of Nycerre by Symmachus: but by some of the Clergy of Rome this same sedition began again about four years after. In so much that Theodoric being grieved thereat, sent to Rome one Peter Altin Bishop of Ravenna to be Pope the other two rejected. But Symmachus assembled the Council, and there in the presence of all, 102. Bishops, made his Oration, and therein so purged himself of all vices and crimes laid against him, that he was again elected and approved of all, and Laurence and Peter Altin were rejected, yet the noise at Rome was greater, and the sedition more inflamed then before. For at every faction there was bloud-shead: 
bloodshed.  As well Priests as Laymen slew one an other in the streets. Finally, Faustin the Consul appeased the sedition, laying hand to Arms against such as were chief Captains of so many evils.  
See the fruits of the riches of the Roman Church.  
Symmachus ordained that on Sundays and solemn days of Martyrs, they should sing Gloria in excelsis Deo, adding to the Cantic. the rest, which are more than the words of the Angel.  
Item, that whilst the Pope liveth, none should hold talk of choosing a new Pope, upon pain of excommunication.  

Hospitals.  He caused certain houses to be builded nigh the Church of S. Peter, for the ease of the poor, and provided them of all things necessary for living.  
Under Trasimundus King of Vandals, many Bishops of Africa were put to exile and sent into the I'll of Sardine: to the number of 202. Amongst the which was Fulgentius: which this Symmachus helped with silver, and redeemed many Captives.  
Olympus Bishop of Carthage an Arrian, being at the Baths and blaspheming the Trinity, was suddenly burnt. Naucler.  
Boetius a Poet of this time, 
Hormisda.  whose wife was named Elf; was sent into exile by Theodorice King of the Ostrogothes, and after sent to prison, where he made his books, De Consolation Philosophiae.  
In this time Abbeys and Temples began to be founded in France, and to be dedicated to the honour of Saints, and called by their names. 
Clovis founder of Temples.  The King Clovis vowed to build a Church if he obtained victory against Allaricus King of Visegothes.  
He caused to be builded the Church of S. Geneurefue at Paris, then called Saint Peter and Paul's, where he was buried.  
He founded the great Temple of Strasbourge.  
Gerard Bishop of Laon was married, and of his wife had a son, who succeeded him in the Bishopric.  
Symmachus cast out of Rome the Manecheans, and caused publicly their books to be burnt. And made a book Entitled, The excess of Clerks.  
He created 92. Priests, and 107. Bishops.  
Many Synods were held at Rome, and one Council at Valence in Spain, whereby they sought to force Ecclesiastical persons to leave their wives.  
Childebert, the sixth King of France a cruel man, reigned 45. years.  
He founded the abbey of S. german des prees, nigh Paris, where he was buried; and the abbey Du Mont at S. Michael's; the Church of S. german del; Auxerrois at Paris. But the book called Le mer des histoires, saith otherwise.  
Hormisda Pope, borne at Fresselon, a City of Campania, governed the Roman Church 9 years.  
He ordained that Priests should address no Altars without the licence of their Bishop.  
That marriages should be made publicly and solemnly. Suppl. Chron.  
That no Layman should be chosen to be Bishop.  
A Council was at Rome against the Eutechians, wherein it was ordained that he that had done his penance, 
justin the old.  and made an honourable amends, should not be admitted into any Ecclesiastical estate. Sup. Chro.  
Many Monks corrupted with the Nestorian heresy, not leaving it by the exhortations of Hormisda, but rather sowing diffametory speeches against him, were banished from Rome, against the hypocrisy also of which, he writ.  
He solicited by Letters and messengers, john Bishop of Constantinople, companion of Acarius, and even the Emperor himself to leave the Eutechian heresy: but not only Anastatius despised his admonitions, but injuried his four Ambassadors, saying that it belonged to an Emperor to command, and not to a Pope.  
Paulus Diaconus addeth, that the Emperor Anastatius besides all this, caused them to mount on the Sea to go into Italy in a light and worn ship, forbidding them to take no land in Greece, 
The death of Anastatius.  but quickly pass away without taking any port. Anastatius a little after died with lightning: he was of the age of 88 years, the 25. year of his Empire.  

Hormisda.  Hormisda was renowned for his great alms done to the poor, and for condemning the Manichean heresy which sprung again, and for burning their books.  
Boetius was put to death by the commandment of Theodorike the Arrian.  

justine of a swineherd became an Emperor.  justine the ancient Emperor reigned nine years. In his youth he kept swine, than he kept oxen; after he was a Carpenters man. About the age of 16. years he began to follow the war, and by craft came to the Empire. For having received a great sum of silver to buy the suffrages of Princes, Captains and other, for an other, he subtly bought them for himself, and so was chosen, but he caused all them to die for whom he had received the said silver.  
A Council at Gerone in Spain at this time.  
A Council at Satragosse. In the 7. Chapter of the said Council, it is said: Whosoever receiveth the Eucharist and eateth it not, let him be excommunicated for ever. This is in the second volume of councils.  
In the 16. Chapter. If any Clerk upon presumption of vanity, or by dissolution make himself a Monk, let him be excommunicated.  
Brigide a virgin in Scotland, died the year 524. of whom, many fabulous things are invented.  
justin after his election sent Ambassadors unto Hormisda the Pope, to confirm the apostolic authority, and to bring peace to all Churches. He cast out of Constantinople all the Eutechian Heretics and Arrians, and revoked from exile all such as Anastatius the Emperor before had banished; and Temples were taken from the Arrians, and given to the Catholics.  
Theodorice much grieved that justin should again drive away the Arrians, in despite determined to torment the Town of Rome.  
john, Pope, the first of that name a Tuscaine, 
john, Pope, first of that name.  governed the Church three years at Rome.  
He with the Bishop of Ravenna, 
In the first volume of the councils.  and certain Senators and Councillors of Rome, were sent to Constantinople by Theodorice King of Italy, to the end that the Emperor should restore to the Arrian Bishops and Priests their Churches, otherwise he would put Rome and Italy to fire and sword. As this company approached near the town, the Emperor justin with all his Clergy and all the people of the Town met them, and the Emperor casting himself at the Pope's feet, saluted him.  
john then being received in such honour, expounded the cause of his coming, and seeing he could not bring justin to Theodorics will, began to weep, and besought him to help the ruin of Italy, and of the Catholics. Then rose there up a great lamentation on the Ambassadors side, and of the Auditors, every one seeing Religion to be in so great hazard if the Arrians were restored: and on the other side, the great dissolation of Rome and Italy.  
Finally the request of the Ambassadors obtained, 
The faith put behind.  the opinion of which was, that for a time the cause of the faith might tarry behind to procure the salvation of the Town, and of Italy. 
justinian.  The Emperor consented to the restitution of the Arrians, suffering them to live after their own laws and statutes: but for all this, the Pope john and his companions got nothing hereby. For the honourable entertainment which the Emperor gave them was suspected of Theodorice: 
He that endures not what he should, must endure that he would not.  wherefore he put the Pope in prison at Ravenna, where he finally died in great misery, poverty, and infection, and the other Ambassadors were likewise with him.  
This was a notable judgement of God, upon such as set behind, the cause of Faith, for a temporal commodity.  
Peace restored to the Catholics in Africa by Hilderic King of Vandals; who revoked from exile, all such as his father had banished: notwithstanding his father on his deathbed had charged him that he should never give help nor support unto Catholics.  
Africa was afflicted until this time, namely, about 74. years.  
Some histories say, that the Town of Antioch was by an earthquake wholly destroyed.  
justinian, the Emperor justins' Nephew by his sister, reigned 38. years.  
He set his study to repair the estate of the Commmon-wealth by Bellisarius.  
Felix the fourth Pope of that name, ruled four years. Sup. Chron.  
He was great Grandfather of S. Gregory's father.  

Eztreame Unction.  There is attributed unto him the ordinance of extreme Unction, grounding his ordinance upon the words of S. james, the 5. Chapter.  
He caused to be builded at Rome, the Temple of S. Cosme, and of S. Damian, and repaired the church of S. Saturnin, which was burnt.  

Dedication.  The Feast of the Dedication every year ought to be observed and celebrated.  
In this time Cassiodorus compiled in one the History which is called Tripartite.  
Boniface ruled at Rome two years and more. There was great contention and dissension in his election. For some had chosen Discorus, but he died about a month after, and so ceased the division: wherefore having proved the fear thereof, he ordained that three days after the Pope's death if it were possible there should be an other elected to shun sedition.  
This was he which did separate the people from the Clergy as they were hearing the divine Service as they called it.  
john, the second of that name, called Mercurius, borne at Rome, governed the Church three years.  
The Vandals took end in Africa, 96. years after it was occupied by Gensericus the Tyrant, an Arrian. And Africa was made tributary to the Roman Emperor by Bellisarius.  
justinian sent the confession of his faith, with his own hand and seal, to john the second. In the second volume of Counsels.  
Item he sent unto him a Cup of Gold, and two of Silver, and certain Chalices.  
Gregory Bishop of Langres, was married. Fascicul, Temp.  
The Council of Toledo the second.  
Agapetus a Roman, ruled one year. His father was a Priest, called Gordian.  
justinian was seduced by Athemius the Eutychian, Bishop of Constantinople.  
Agapetus was sent to Constantinople by Theodatus King of the Ostrogothes in Italy, to appease the Emperor, 
The treason of Theodatus.  and to have pardon for the fault he had committed in putting to death Queen Amalasontha, the wife of Theodorice, by whom he was admitted into the Kingdom.  
Agapetus coming to Constantinople, contention arose between him and the Emperor. And after many threatenings against Agapetus, justinian finally left his error, was quieted, and cast Anthemius out of his Bishopric, and there appointed one Mennas in his place at the exhortation of Agapetus.  
Unto Agapetus is attributed the ordinance of Processions on Sundays about the Temples.  
The Temple of S. sophy was builded at Constantinople by justinian.  
german Bishop of Paris, excommunicated the King of France Herebert, because he left his wife jugebergne. Abb. Vrsp.  
Eleutherius Bishop of Tornay. Medard Bishop of Noion. Gildard Bishop of Rovan in this time.  
jordain a Monk, after came to be a Bishop of the Goths, a Chronicler of the jeastes of the Romans, and of the Goths. Abb. Trit.  
Syluerius Pope, or Liberius, borne in Campania in Italy, the son of Hormisda Bishop (who as is said was Pope of Rome) governed the Roman Church a year, five month, and 12. days. Naucler.  
He was by force promoted to his dignity by Theodatus King of Italy, who corrupted by silver, constrained the Clergy to choose Syluerius, without the consent of the Emperor.  
Theodora the wife of the Emperor justinian, at the instigation of Vigilius Deacon, required Syluerius to call again from exile Anthemius, and to restore him to the dignity from which he had been cast and deprived for his heresy, and so to put out Mennas. Syluerius would not do this.  
Bellisarius had commission to deprive him of the Popedom, and to appoint unto it Vigilius, who suborned false witnesses, which affirmed that Syluerius had intelligence with the Goths, and that he would have delivered them the Town of Rome. Wherefore Syluerius was constrained to give place and go into exile. In the second volume of councils.  
At this time Italy was greatly afflicted with an extreme famine.  
Maurus a Roman, and Faustus an Italian, Disciples of Saint Benet, were sent into France to teach the Monastike life, 
justinian. Vigilius.  and at the request of the French men, 
Monks first in France.  who sent messengers to S. Benet, to the Mount Cassim.  
Amator a Bishop, sent some silver to silverius to maintain him in exile.  
Syluerius gave sentence of excommunication against Vigilius.  
The Feast of Purification was at that time instituted in Constantinople, to appease a great pestilence. Abb. Vrsp.  
This is Candlemas, which then was called Hypapanthy: that is to say, an encounter or meeting: For then Simeon found Christ, whom he had so long attended.  
Liberius made five books of the Incarnation of out Lord and Saviour jesus Christ, and a book against the Bishops of Africa.  
justinian compiled the Roman laws: first the Code, 
The civil Law of justinian.  containing 12. books.  
Secondly, the Digests. Thirdly, the Institutes. Fourthly, an Epitome of Laws.  
The war in Italy against the Ostrogothes by Bellisarius. Leonard Attelin.  
justinian in his new Constitutions, ordained that all Bishops and Priests should celebrate the prayers of Baptism, and of the Lords Supper with an high voice, and with words understood of all Christians, to the end that the spirits of the Auditors might be lifted up with greater devotion to sing praises unto the Lord.  
Vigillius borne at Rome, governed the Roman Church 14. years, after Naucier. or 8. years 6. months, and 26. days, after others: he entered wickedly into the papacy. It was he also that ordained that the Mass should be said towards the East.  
Rome was taken and burnt by Totila at this time.  
The first universal Council was now held at Constantinople, of 165. Bishops, by the commandment of justinian the Emperor, and at the request of Vigilius, against Anthemius, Severus, Peter of Antioch, Zona, and other heretics, who said that the Virgin Marie brought forth jesus Christ only Man, and not God and man. There again it was agreed, that it is well said, Marry the mother of God.  
The year of Christ, 551. Rome was taken the second time of the Goths, by Totila the scourge of God: before whom came Vigilius, or after Nauclerus, Pelagius.  
In this time besides the war and famine which was in Italy, there was also a sore plague, in so much, that houses were inhabited by savage beasts.  
Benet the younger was cast into a burning furnace by the commandment of Totila. Herculien Bishop of Peruse, had his head sawn off, by the same.  

2. Volume of Counsels.  In this time were held the Counsels of Orleans, the second and third: or fourth and fifth after some. In the 10. Chapter of the second Council, it was ordained that a Christian should not take a jew to wife, nor that a Christian woman should marry a jew, and such communication was unlawful, and if they were joined, they ought to be separated. In the third Council wherein Honoratus Archbishop was Precedent, Chapter 2. it was ordained that no Priest, Deacon, or Subdeacon, should have the company of his wife; otherwise, that he should be deposed from his office and remitted into the communion of Lay-people.  
In the 16. Chapter it was ordained that the Deacon before 25. and the Priest before 30 years should not be ordained.  

Priscillian heresy.  Many in this time were infected with the Priscillian heresy, abstaining from eating flesh.  
A Council held now at Awerne.  
Vigillius being come to the Popedom by the deceit and subtleties of the Empress Theodora, she commanded him to come unto Constantinople and to restore Athemius, as he had promised: but he refused to do it: saying, that justly he was cast out by Agapetus and Syluerius, and that therefore he was not bound to keep his promise which he made against all right and reason.  
Theodora very angry hereat, sent an Embassage to Rome to draw Vigillius into Law for the injury done by him, in casting Syluerius into exile. Item, for the plot by him laid for the death of a young man of the chief Nobility, called Asterius, and of one which was his Secretary.  
Upon these matters the Ambassador arriving at Rome, was aided of the Romans, and they took Vigilius and lead him to Constantinople, and as he embarked, the people cast stones at him, with these Imprecations. A famine be with thee: a mortality be with thee: thou hast done a thousand mischiefs to the Romans: evil enough mayest thou find where thou goest. Do (said he) what you will unto me, for I have well deserved it. And as he approached nigh unto Constantinople, a great multitude of the Clergy met him and conducted him into the Town. Theodora in the mean while ceased not to solicit Vigillius of his promise, and to restore Anthemius. To whom Vigilius said, that he would rather endure all things whatsoever, then do it. He was grievously afflicted, injuried, and outraged, and drawn out of the Temple of S. sophy, or euphemy, 
Vigilius buyeth the Popedom dear.  whereinto he was fled for safety and refuge. One put a rope or cord about his neck, and led him all over the Town from morning till night. This done, he was put in prison, fed with bread and water, and finally sent into exile with the Clergy which accompanied him at his entry. After the death of Theodora he was called again with all such as went with him, at the request of the Captain Narses: but in the way he fell sick and died in Sicily, at the City of Siracusa.  
Denis Abbot, a Roman, made the great paschal Cycle in this time. Item, a book of the reason of the Feast of Easter. Abb. Trit.  
Arator a Subdeacon at Rome, wrote the Acts of the Apostles in Hexamiter Verses.  
Radegonde Queen of France, the wife of Clotharius, who was King of France, 
Pelagius.  after the death of his brother Hildebert.  
Pelagius a Roman, governed the seat 12. years: he was accused to have been the principal cause of all Vigilius his evils: But in the presence of the Clergy and people, and in the presence of Narses, he mounted the Chair, and publicly swore that he never did any evil unto Vigilius, and so escaped and was absolved  

Punishment of heretics.  It is he who ordained that heretics and schismatics should be punished with sword, power, and temporal justice. And that none should be admitted to Ecclesiastical orders by ambition or gifts.  

Canonical hours.  That Cleargie-men should each day, say or sing the seven Canonike hours.  

Universal.  That no Patriarch should use this word Universal, but only the Bishop of Rome.  
That none might ordain an Abbot, unless he were first chosen Canonically.  

Memory of the dead.  He added to the Mass, the Commemoration of the dead.  
In this time was the fourth Council of Orleans held, where it was ordained, 
Lent.  that Lent should be universally kept through all Churches. In the second volume.  
The second Council of Tours in this time.  

Each City should nourish his poor.  In the said Council, Chap. 5. it was ordained that every City should nourish his poor and strangers, every one according to his power, that no poor might go about from Town to Town.  
In the third Chapter. That the Bishop should hold his wife as his sister, and that he should govern as well his house and family as his Church, in such sort as there might be no evil opinion of him.  
In the 20. Chapter, because Priests were suspected to communicate with their wives, it was there ordained that wheresoever they went, they should have for adiacents some of the Clergy who might lie in their Chambers to witness their chastity. In the twenty and seven Chapter. That judges and rich men which oppress the poor, 
john the 3  
Oppressions of the poor.  after they have been advertised thereof by their Pastors not to do it, that they should be excommunicated if they amended not.  
The first Council of Paris was held in this time.  
Clotaire, the seventh King of France, reigned five years; and being pressed with necessity, he took the third part of the revenue of the Church, against which, the Archbishop of Tours and others opposed themselves.  
Upon a Friday called S. he slew one Gualther Divitot a Knight, in the Temple: whose heir for satisfaction, was exempted from all service and homage, as free as the King. annal of France.  
john, Pope, the third of that name a Roman, reigned 12. years. This Pope ended the building of the Church of S. Philip and S. james, which Vigilius had begun. Sup. Chron.  
justinian the Emperor, after his falling into a frenzy, finally died, and his Nephew succeeded him. Abb. Tri.  
justine the younger Emperor, reigned 12. years. 
justine the younger.  He was infected with the Pelagian heresy, avaricious, and a contemner of God & men, who upon great lust to have more, became out of his wits, and so died. sophy his wife governed long the Empire; but by her imprudency, Italy came into the hands of the lombards. Upon false reports she began to hate the the Captain Narses, and said she would send that gelded merchant to spin with her maids. But Narses answered that he would spin such a web, as she should not undo all her life. Abb. Vrsp.  
A great plague in Italy.  
Here began the reign of the lombards in Italy, 
The kingdom of the Lombard's.  whereof Albionus was the first King.  
Sophorachus Bishop of Paris, was sent into a Monastery by the authority of a Council at Paris.  
Cherebert, or Aribeet, the eight King of France, reigned 9 years, he was much given to women.  
Armenia again received the faith.  
Albinus King of the Lombard's, 
justin the younger. Benet 1.  was slain by his wife Rosimonde the daughter of Gondimanus King of Gepilles, for that he made her drink in a dish or masor made of her father's scalp.   

The beginning of exarchs.  
Longin a Grecian, the first exarch in Italia, after all Italy as it were was occupied, reigned in Ravenna a 11. years, appointed by the Emperor justin. 
exarchs in Italy.  This office of Exarchate endured in Italy 124. years, and was a sovereign Magistrate, as a Lieutenant General for the Emperor.  
Chilperic the ninth King of France, reigned four years.  
He was slain by his own wife called Fredegonde, as he returned from hunting, because he had perceived her whoredom.  
He before had strangled his wife Galfonde, the daughter of the King of Spain, at the request of the said Fredegonde. See the Annals of France.  
Benet Pope, the first of that name a Roman, ruled at Rome four years.  
He helped the necessity of many in the great famine aforesaid, especially at Rome, yea even to bring victuals from Egypt for the poor.  
Gregory was sent by him to preach to the English men. Abb. Vrsperg.  
The Lombard's took and occupied all Italy, at the instigation of Narses, whom the Empress sophy had angered, as is said, and they entered Milan.  
Aman Bishop of utrect, or of Liege, and Maglorius Bishop of Dole, were in this time. Abb. Vrsp.  
Fortunatus an Italian, after Bishop of Poiteer, made 77. Hymns, and the miracles of S. Martin. Also he made the life of S. Hilary Bishop of Poiteer, and the life of S. Mauril Bishop.  
When Bishops are thus given to superstition, 
Tiberius' 2.  what will the people be?  
S. Vaast of Arras died in this time.  
Tiberius, the second Emperor of that name, surnamed Constantine, reigned 7. years. He was gentle and liberal towards the poor, even to lay out largely the treasures of the Empire for their use.  
Engippius an Abbot, writ the life of S. Severin a Monk, and a rule for his Monks. Abb. Trit.  
Sigebert King of Lorraine, the brother of Chilperike King of France, was traitorously slain at Tornay, at the solicitation of Fredegonde. The sea of Histories.  
Pelagius Pope, second of that name a Roman, 
Pelagius 2.  ruled at Rome 10. years.  
He was elected and ordained about the commandment of the Emperor, at the time when the Lombard's held the siege before Rome. But when the siege was levied, Gregory (a Deacon who after succeeded Pelagius) was sent to Constantinople towards the Emperor Maurice to excuse the Pope's election: and the Emperor seeing the willingness he had to come unto him, contented himself.  
This Pelagius ordained, that in all the Masses of the year there should be but nine Prefaces, after the ancient order of the Romans: that is to say, Easter, Christmas, of the Kings, 
An heap of superstitions.  Pentecost, of the Trinity, of the Ascension, of the Apostles, of S. Cross, and of Lent Fast.  
Yet this is nothing in respect of the abominations which by succession of time came into the Mass.  
In this time there was great Rains, in so much that men thought there would have been a second deluge.  
Great strifes and contentions arose for the Roman seat, against john Bishop of Constantinople.  
Pelagius transported the Patriarkship of Aquilea unto Grad. and constituted it the Metropolitan of all the Province of Venice, 
Mauricius.  which the Emperor Tiberius confirmed.  
Mauricius Emperor, reigned 21. years. He was son in law to Tiberius Cappidocian a magnanimous man; a good Catholic, and profitable to the Commonwealth.  
He made war upon the Armenians and Persians, and overcame them. The Huns also were brought under him. Sup. Chro.  
Clotaire, the second of that name, the 6. King of France, reigned 44 years.  
At this time Antioch was founded and subverted for the most part.  
The Council of Siville: and at Toledo the 3. time.  
In this Council it was ordained in the 2. Chapter, that in Churches the Apostles Creed should be recited every Sunday with an high voice, that the people might be better disposed to the Communion after they had made a confession of their faith.  

Visegothes converted.  The Visegothes converted to the Catholic faith, left the Arrian heresy, by the means of their king Recaredus, or Richandus, and Leander Bishop of Sivile. The confession of their faith was sent to the said Council of Toledo.  
The Council of Mascon, first and second, wherein the oblations and offerings of bread and wine are commanded for remission of sins.  
This ordinance is wholly against the word of God, and the merit of jesus Christ, by whom alone comes remission of sins. And this is the beginning of the establishment of merits.  
Great abundance of waters were in Italy, and principally at Rome, wherewith many were drowned, and of the corruption of the dead bodies, came a great pestilence.  
Pelagius died of the plague at Rome.  
Pretextatus Bishop of Rovan, was called from exile.  
Fredegonde was slain in the Church on Easter day, at the solicitation of whom, this Bishop was exiled.  
Gregory Pope, first of that name a Roman, 
Gregory the first Maurice.  ruled at Rome 14. years, or after some 13. years, ten months and six days.  
This man was called one of the four Doctors of the Church, with S. Augustine, S. Hierome, and S. Ambrose.  
His Father was a Senator of Rome, and of the estate of Seneschal or Captain. The said Gregory was a Monk, after a Deacon, and finally the Roman Bishop.  
In this time the Emperors confirmed the election of Popes and Churches.  
There arose in this time a great contention for the primacy of the Church. 
Combat for the primacy.  For john Bishop of Constantinople, was in a full Synod of the Grecians published and declared the universal Patriarch: and the Emperor Maurice commanded the said Gregory to obey that Patriarch of Constantinople. But Gregory could not endure that any Bishop should be universal over all others: 
Servant of Servants.  whereupon it came that he called himself Servant of the Servants of God. See Gregory in the 32. Epistle to Maurice, and 38. to john Patriarch. See john Calvin in the Institution of Christian Religion.  
Note here Reader, that after the persecutions before Silvester, and the heresies before Gregory, now the Church lifteth itself up by ambition of pre-eminence, which engendered such a combat betwixt the East Church and the West, that since that time that schism is not yet ended.  
The Emperor Maurice was sharply reprehended by Gregory, for that he constrained Ecclesiastical persons to go to the wars, the which Gregory resisted greatly.  
Gregory sent into England (after Naucler.) or Ireland, certain great persons, to preach the Faith, and amongst others, one called Augustine: and Melitus and other Monks, Instituted in the rule of S. Benet, to plant that order there: and their labour proved so well, that from thence came great troops of Monks into France and Almain. 
Monks.  Of the number of these Irish Monks was Colomban, and his Disciple Gallus, who after preached in divers places of Almain: and finally, he retired into a solitary place which at this day is called S. Gaul in Suisse.  

S. Gaul. The Monks of S. Benet privileged.  Great liberty and immunity was granted unto Black Monks by the Pope Gregory, at the Council of Lateran, by the consent of the assembly.  

Images.  In this time reigned Severus Bishop of Marseil, who caused the Images of Saints and of Christ to be broken, seeing the people worshipped them. Gregory reprehended him for breaking them, but praised him that he forbade the worshipping of them. See the Register or the book of his Epistle the 10. part, Epistle 4. And Pollidorus Virgil. lib. 6. chap. 13.   

The building of the Mass.  

The ceremonies of the Church.  The greatest part of the ceremonies thereof came from this Gregory. For he brought the office of the Church (as they call it) into a form. So that at this day it is called the Gregorian Office. 
S. Gregory's Mass.  He brought all the Mass into certain laws, and almost such as it is at this day. And therefore many say he was the Author thereof. And although he constrained none to follow the Roman form, as he testifieth to Augustine Bishop of Canterbury, yet all Churches followed the manner to celebrate their Masses after the Roman Church: the English men by the said Augustine, the Spaniards, France, and after Almain, by Boniface Bishop of Magunce, who was of great renown.  
He made the Antiphones and Introite of the Mass, of some verse of the Psalms. Item the Kyrieleison should be sung nine times, the Alleluia, in the end of the Offertory of the Communion. At the beginning of the Canonical hours (Deus in adiutorium; and in the end of every Psalm, Gloria patri & filio, etc. Item that the Pater Noster should be sung with an high voice over the consecrate host.  
He added to the Canon of the Mass, Diesque nostros in tua pace disponas, etc. And made the Supper with his people in the language of his Country, which was Latin, common and intelligible to all, as he witnesseth in the preface upon Ezechiel.  
In the Register of his Epistles, in the 8. part and 7. Epistle he saith, the Canon (that is to say the prayer which the Priest saith in secret over the Eucharist) was made by one called Scolasticus. This word Mass was invented in his time, 
The word Messe.  although as above, the Supper of our Lord be called Mess of the writers, who called it with a common name of their time, as is said.  
But you must here note, that so oft and wheresoever the Church was assembled, the Bishops preached to the people, and principally at Mass: And this custom endured yet in Gregory's time, but after it was omitted by ignorant Bishops: a multitude of ceremonies were brought in, in the place of preaching. Henry Bullinger.  
He instituted it Rome the great Litanies on S. Marks day against the pestilence which was then, 
The stations at Rome.  with the Procession of order. The first contained all the Clergy. The 2. the Abbots and Monks. The 3. the Nuns. The 4. the Children. The 5. Laie-men. The 6. Widows. The 7. married women. And caused there to be carried the Image of the virgin Marie.  
The people died neezing, whereof comes yet at this day, that when one neezeth, they say God bless you.  
He instituted a great part of the stations at Rome, & chiefly such as are made to S. Peter.  
He ordained for the great multitude of people which resorted to Rome to the said stations and patrons, certain Priests to keep the Sepulchers of the Apostles, and called Chamberlains which afterward were deputed to keep the Pope's Chamber. And Leo the tenth made a College of them.  
Briefly this Pope Gregory upon devotion (which was not according to knowledge) brought into the church a great mass of superstition; which by little and little suffocated and choked the true Religion which remained. In his time in a certain Synod of twenty four Bishops assembled at Rome, 
Counsels.  the four general councils were approved to be observed as the Gospel, which is a sacrilege to compare human ordinances with the eternal word of the living God.  
It was there also ordained that no Bigamus should be ordained Priest: and that Priests accused of the people should have this authority, & that by oath they might purge themselves, and approve their innocency.  
By this means they would be all innocent.  
Monks were forbidden to carry any to baptise, and women that they should not enter into any Monastery of Monks.  
In Italy after a great drought there came an innumerable multitude of Grasshoppers which consumed all the grain and fruit, whereof came a great famine in Italy, which endured two years. Chro. Euseb.  

Legends.  The Legends of Saints were forged at this time, of such lives as these Father's writ. Many Relics were found out by the subtleties of Satan: As Christ's Coat upon which the soldiers cast Lots, is said to be found in a Coffer of Marble, in the Town of Zapha, and from thence carried into the town of jerusalem. Abb. ursperge, and Naucler.  
Such foul absurdities merit no recital, but that the greatest of the world have been deceived with these inventions of Relics: Argentuel nigh Paris, made a Banner of this Coat.  
Agilulsphus king of the Lombard's, was 2. years before Rome, and the Arrabian Sarrasins, entered into Sicily, and by fire wasted it.  
Mauricius otherwise a good Prince, who had many victories, especially against the Persians, in the end became odious to his soldiers, because of his infinite covetousness, which is a very detestable vice in a Prince. He by his avarice dissembled rapines and murders, and paid not his soldiers: but not them especially which served upon the Frontiers of Sarmatia. to resist the fierceness of the Scythians. They remained in barren places enduring great necessities. For this cause the soldiers conspired against him, and Phocas was designed Emperor. 
Maurice punished for his covetousness.  Who caused his M. Maurice his head to be cut off in Chalcedone, the heads also of his wife & three Children, Theodorus, Tiberius, and Constantine: the rehearsal thereof is worthy memory: that Maurice seeing his children murdered by Phocas, and that he himself straightway must be put to death, he often cried in this voice which is in 145. Psalm, 
Phocas.  and verse 12. Lord thou art just, and thy judgements are also. And so died of the age of 63. years, and the 20. year of his Empire.  
We may learn by the example of the Emperor who was not of the worst: in great & cruel temptations in such sort to bridle our thoughts, that the justice of God may always have his praise, and be unto us a buckler against all temptations.  
Colomban of Scotland, a very renowned Bishop, died the year 598. Abb. Trit.  
The Lombard's were converted to the Faith by S. Gregory, who writ his Dialogues and presented them to Theodelinde the wife of Agilulphus their King. Supplem. Chron.  
Eutropius a Bishop at this time. Abb. Trit.  
Phocas 42. in number, and the 19 of the Grecian Emperors of Constantinople, which ruled in the East from a Governor of Scythia, after he had wickedly slain his master, was chosen by the unlucky Army whereof he had charge: a very slave of covetousness, who handled secret matters with Courtiers after the manner of the Persians, and sold the Offices of Magistrates & judgements, and dearly loved such as tormented the people by rapine and extortion.  
This is he who first ordained that Rome should first be the chief of all Churches: yea though it were Constantinople.  
Gregory the first, besides so many ceremonies and superstitions, made certain ordinances, and gave permissions and lycences: Amongst others, he suffered divorces for the long disease of a woman, which cannot yield her duty to her husband, if he cannot contain: upon condition notwithstanding that he help and succour his said wife in her disease. This is in the second Epistle to Augustine the English man. And in the second volume of councils.  
But why then did he not rather use moderation towards men and women which were cast into Monasteries, when they cannot contain? wherefore constrain they them not to marry? See the same Epistle.  

Savinian. Boniface 3.  He made many books: amongst many others the Dialogues of the miracles of Saints in four books, which are full of Fables, whereby he pretendeth to prove that the souls of the dead return again, and that we must pray for them.  
These Fables invented to pray for the dead, gave great authority to Masses, which after came in great credit.  
Savinian, Pope, a Tuscan, after Gregory governed the Church of Rome two years.  
He is accounted the third Pope noted of abominable infamy, an insatiable man, and a sworn enemy of his predecessor Gregory, even to cause his books to be burnt. He being once admonished to follow the liberality of the said Gregory towards the poor, he answered that he dissipated and wasted the goods of the Church to get a good report, and the favour of the people.  
He passed not his Popedom without inventing and ordaining something, namely that there should be burning Lamps kept continually in the Temple, 
Lamps. Hours of the day distinguished.  and the hours of the day should be distinguished and rung in Churches. The sea of Histories.  
Boniface Pope, the third of that name a Roman, after Naucler. ruled in the Church of Rome one year five months.  

Election of the Pope.  In a Synod at Rome of 72. Bishops, 30. Priests, and some Deacons, it was ordained under pain of excommunication, that none should be elected Pope or Bishop but three days after the death of his predecessor, and by the consent of the Prince, or of the Lord of the place.  
It was also ordained, that all such as by gifts & favour came to any Episcopal dignity, should be excommunicated.  
Then it followeth that all their Bishops at this day are excommunicated.  
This Pope ordained that the Altar should be covered with clean clothes.  
That the corporal of the Altar should be kept clean.  
This Phocas (as is said) the murderer of his M. the Emperor, ordained Boniface Bishop of Rome, 
Phocas. Boniface 4.  
The Roman Bishop made universal.  the sovereign Bishop of all Chistianitie, and the Roman Church chief of all the Churches of the world. Abb. Vrsp.  
The primacy then of the Roman Church was established by an homicide and a traitor, who died miserably.  
Cosroes King of the Persian, understanding his Father in law Maurice was put to death by the ambushes of Phocas, detested so that treason that he rebelled against the Empire: In such sort that he wasted Syria and took jerusalem, where there were ninety thousand men slain. And the Chronicles add that the wood of the holy Cross was then taken and carried into Persia, and the Bishop Zacharie was also prisoner.   

The East Empire began to decline.  
The Hans likewise revolted against the Empire, 
Declination of the Empire  and with their great multitude they overran the Roman Provinces.  
The Persians occupied Mesopotamia and Assiria, and from jerusalem ran even to Cappadocia and Gallatia, and succoured all the Country even to Chalcedone.  
On the other side the Sarrazins wasted Egypt.  
Boniface Pope, 4. of that name, borne of the Country of Marses, in the City of Talleric, a physicians son, governed the Roman Church the space of seven years.  
At the request of this Pope, the Emperor Phocas commanded that the old Temple of Pantheon wherein were all the Gods and Goddesses of the paynim, should be consecrated and dedicated to the honour of the virgin Mary, and of all Saints. And then was insttiuted the Feast of All-Saints in the month of May, 
The Feast of All-Saints.  which after was brought to the first of November.  
See how those Fathers rather changed then chased away superstitions.  
Leontius Bishop of Naples, in the I'll of Cyprus, made a book of the life of S. john the Alms giver, Bishop of Alexandria. Abb. Tris.  

Heraclius.  After the death of Boniface the fourth, the seat was vacant 7. months, and 25. days, for the great dissensions which were at Rome.  
The year of Christ 612. Phocas was miserably slain by the soldiers of his guard. Abb. Vrsperg. Others say that Heraclius and Priscus slew him, cutting off his hands & feet. Others add that his privy member was cut off. Finally after his head was cut off, his body was burnt.  
See the end of this wicked Tyrant, who caused so many good people to die. All his brethren and parents had like end, and his race was utterly extinct. The Roman seat is worthy to have had such a monster to authorize his primaty above all Churches.  
Heraclius the son of Heraclien, succeeded Phocas. When his Father a Captain in Africa marched from Africa into Egypt and Asia, with a great Army, the Persians being out of fear of him assailed Africa, and brought it into their subjection.  
Corfrees King of the Persians, would never receive any conditions of peace, unless they renounced Christian Religion.  
The Bishop Didier of Vienna, was stoned at the command of Theodorus King of Soissons.  

Deus dedit.  Deus of dedit, or Dorothea a Roman, Pope, ruled three or four years. His Father was a Subdeacon, after some.  
He ordained that no Christian should take in marriage his Gossip. Item, that the son of a Gossip or Surety should not take in marriage the daughter that his Father had held at the Font: And ordained this so straightly, that if the Father or Mother carried their child to Baptism, that they should be separated: notwithstanding that the wise might receive her dowry, and that after a year she might marry again in any other place.  
There happened a great Earthquake at this time in the month of August, and after a great mortality. The Council of Auxerre in this time, wherein it was decreed that it was a thing unlawful, that the Estrenes should be given the first day of the year, calling them devilish ceremonies, 
Boniface 5. Heraclius.  because of the observation of the day.  
In the 12. Chapter there was forbidden to give unto dead bodies the Eucharist or the Pax to kiss.  
In the 21. Chapter, it is not lawful for a Priest to lie with his wife, nor for Subdeacon, nor Deacon.  
In the 24. and 25. Chapter, it is not lawful for Abbots nor Monks to go to marriages, nor to have commothers, nor to present children to Baptism.  
In the 31. Chap. it was forbidden to take his cousin German, or the issue of cousin German in marriage.  
In this time were Loup Archbishop of Sens, Amand, and Bavon in Flaunders. And Priscian, after Abb. Trit, and Eloy Bishop of Noyon, after the Sea of Histories.  
Cosroes King of the Persians, was vanquished by Heraclius: And Anastatius a Persian Monk, was martyred for the faith, with 70. others. He was hanged three hours by one hand, and after be headed. Abb. Vrsp.  
Boniface Pope, 5. of that name, borne at Naples, governed the Church five years.  
This was he who first ordained that offenders which saved themselves in Churches, 
Privileges of Churches.  should have Immunities and privileges, and that from thence they should not be delivered by force; but that such as committed Sacrilege in all places should be excommunicated.   

The wain and decay of the Roman Empire.  
The Roman Empire began to fall. For whilst Christians were at wars one with an other, the Sarrasins occupied Egypt and Africa, and do yet hold them. And in the space of an 120. years all Asia was lost from the Christians. 
Asia lost.  Also the best part of Europe was occupied because of the covetousness, dissension, and carelessness of the Emperors and Popes, which mused and studied upon less matters, namely to forge naughty inventions, and ordinances upon ordinances.  
Cyrus' Bishop of Alexandria, seeing the Sarrasins came into Egypt, and that there was no succours on the part of the Emperor Heraclius a careless man, yielded himself tributary to the said Sarrasins at a certain annual sum, 
Honorius. Heraclius.  upon which condition they returned back. He was after accused before the Emperor, as he who transported the riches of Egypt to strangers. Wherefore he was deposed, and Manuel of Armenia ordained in his place: who would not pay the said tribute; whereupon the Sarrasins came again into Egypt and occupied it. Which the Emperor understanding repent himself, and sent Cyrus in Embassage towards the Sarrasins, to cause them to go out of Egypt, and they should have their said annual tribute. But one of them answered in these words: Canst thou Cyrus (said he) pluck down this pillar? He answered no. As impossible (said he) it is that we should leave Egypt.  
By like pride many Countries have been lost. Many commonwealths by tributes have been maintained in peace. Faith promised even to enemies must be kept.   

The increase of the kingdom of France.  
From the year of salvation 514. hitherto, the kingdom of France was divided into certain kingdoms, because the kings of France had many heirs. One kingdom was called Austrasia, 
Austrasia.  & comprehended Lorraine and Brabant: and that which is between Rhine and Mensae, from Culloine to the Country of Alsasia. The other called Neutria, 
Neutria.  which comprehends the Regions which are betwixt Mensae and Loire: and Paris was the chief Town thereof. The third was called the kingdom of the Soisons. 
Soisons.  In this division of Gaul, the kingdom of Arles took also his beginning, which had under it Savoy, the Country of the Switzes, Zepingen, Haspurge, and Dauphine, but at this time those particular kingdoms returned into a Monarchy. Car.  

Gaul began to be called France.  Dagobert the 11. King of France, possessed first Austrasia, after he joined unto it the kingdom of Burgoine, and finally was made Lord almost of all France: and the name of France was then universal for all those kingdoms. When Dagobert dwelled in Austrasia, his Palace was in Alsatze. And he builded a Castle at Rufach called Eisenburge: he also builded many Monasteries of S. Benet, whereunto he gave great revenues, and chiefly to that of Wittenburge, within 8. leagues of Strasbourge on the side of Rhine: An other at Surbourge, two leagues from Wittenburge. Item an other at Haselach, hard by Strasburge in the West mountain. He also brought the church of Strasburge to a Bishopric, and enriched it with great revenues.  
Hereby note that France was then augmented when the Roman Empire in the East diminished: So the Lord giveth vicissitude, courses and changes to the things of this world.  
The Histories of France say that the bodies of S. Denis, S. Rhut, and S. Pleutherius, were found at this time by the means of an Hart, hunted by Dagobert.  
It is no great marvel if the Kings of France be given to superstitions, seeing savage Beasts teach them, where holy bodies are.  
Honorius Pope, born in Campania, ruled in Rome 13. years. He caused the Temple of S. Peter to be adorned withal precious things, & enriched it with goodly Tables, covering them richly. He ordained processions on the Saturday with Litanies.  
Pyrrhus' patriarch of Constantinople, a Monothelite heretic, was sent into exile into the Country of Africa. The Emperor Heraclius was seduced by him: 
Heraclius seduced.  and so gave himself to believe divinations and enchantments: and took his Niece to wife, his brother's daughter, making a law that it should be so lawful for all persons.  
Yet even in this time was the Church greatly divided by the Artian Sect: 
The Artians yet.  In such sort that almost each Town had two Bishops, the one an Arrian, the other a Catholic: and during those dissipations came Mahomet in the Eastern parts.  
Mahomet an Arrabian, of a Merchant became a false Prophet, and finally a Captain of thieves and Robbers: with a Monk called Sergius, who was an Arrian & Nestorian, & with one john of Antioch an heretic, and a Necromantian jew, he compiled the Alcoran, unto which the Sarrasins and Turks show obedience.   

The Sect of the Mahometists.  
In the said Alcoran is contained that they of his Sect shall be circumcised, that they shall abstain from Swine's flesh, that they shall drink no wine, and that certain whole months they shall fast. They take as many wives as they can maintain, and if they keep company with others they die for it. Friday is their Sunday. No woman goeth in public, unless she have her face covered. They hold Christ for a true & great Prophet, and make Moses and Mahomet Christ's companions. Vadianus.  

Their Paradise.  The Alcoran promiseth to his followers a Paradise, where there are sweet waters and of all sorts of fruits, and goodly and fine women, also floods of wine and honey; yea briefly all that sensuality can wish; and there they shall enjoy all good things eternally. Azoara. 2. and Naucler.  
They confess the Resurrection of the dead.  
By Testament they leave and do great Alms.  
The Alcoran forbiddeth to take silver or victuals for advocating or pleading in judgement. They like to take no wives of an other Religion than their own: neither to give their daughters to men of divers Religions, unless they convert unto theirs. Azoara. 3. And although by their Alcoran they be commanded to root out all such as contradict their law, yet they constrain no man to renie his Religion. Women must nourish and give suck to their own children, and that by the space of 2. years. They are also commanded to defend their religion by Arms and strong hand. Azoara. 5. chap. 5. And by force of Arms to force the Christians and jews to agree. Azoara 18. Every one may take & slay him whom he knoweth to be incredulous and an heretic in their law. Azoara. 10.  

Reproach to Christians.  They reproach Christians because they worship others then one only God, as the virgin Mary. & Images of Saints. Azoara. 13. In the 18. cha. he bringeth in God speaking to his prophet Mahomet, & promising him the 20. of their men shall resist against 200. & the 100 of theirs, 
Infamous ceremonies.  shall overthrow a 1000 of others. They are also commanded to wash themselves, yea the privy places after they have done their natural necessities, and after they have lain with their wives: and this must they ever do before they pray unto God. 
Pilgrimages.  Upon commandment they go on pilgrimage into certain places. Azoa. 2. They have Saints unto whom they commend themselves and their beasts. See their Alcoran which reciteth great miracles. 
Their Priests and Religious men.  They have Priests and Religious men. Some Recluses and contemplatives which do nothing but pray & meditate, and these are most esteemed.  
According to their four Sects, they have also four opinions touching the salvation of souls. 
divers opininions of salvation.  1. Their Priests are of opinion that none are saved but in the law of Mahomet. 2. Some of their Religious are of opinion that the law profiteth nothing: but that every man shall be saved by the grace of God, which alone is sufficient to salvation, without the law and merits. 3. The spirituals and Speculatives are of opinion, that every one shall be saved by his own works and merits, with grace and the law. 4. There are others amongst them, which say that every one shall be saved in his own law.  
Where jesus Christ is not known, all Religion is vain & uncertain.  
Touching jesus Christ they hold him to be the son of a virgin. 
What they hold of Christ.  In the 5. Chap. There they make mention of the virgin Marie, and of her parents. Of S. john Baptist, and of his Father Zacharie. In the 3. chap. at the beginning God is brought in speaking and calling jesus Christ, his soul conferring his force and virtue upon him. In the 11. chap. he calleth him Sent of God, the Spirit of God, and the word divinely sent to Mary, etc. They fast every year one whole month, 
Fasting.  and one week very straightly without eating or drinking in the day time: but after the Sun set, they eat & drink even till the day following. On the Friday they assemble all together, 
Friday.  and observe it as carefully as the jews do the Saturday, or others the Sunday: and in each Town there is a principal Temple which they called (Meschat) into which they come that day after noon, as well Kings & Princes as the common people, and attentively pray unto God. They which come not to this Church, or pray not when they come, are condemned in a certain sum of silver when they are accused by the Guards which they commit for that business. See the Alcoran.  
As they pray, they torment themselves piteously in the continual agitation of their bodies, and cries without ceasing.   

The Pope and Mahomet.  

Two Horns.  Antichrist his two horns are there set up one after an other, namely that of the Pope & of Mahomet: It were easy to confer one of them with an other, both in doctrine and domination.  
Heraclius had victory against the Persians, and brought again Zacharias Patriarch of jerusalem and the holy Cross, first to jerusalem, and then to Constantinople: whereupon the feast of the exaltation of the cross was ordained & celebrated.  
councils were about this time at Sivil and Toledo. 4.5. and 6.  
At the Council of Toledo. 4. it was ordained that all the Churches of Spain should follow the form of the Roman Church touching prayer, the Sacraments, and Mass.  
One manner of singing Mass all over after the manner of Rome.  
See Bullenger of the spring of errors. Lib. 2. chap. 8.  
In the 16. chap. of the said Council, it is ordained that the apocalypse should be accounted Canonical.  
In the said Council Priests were reprehended, because after the lords prayer, they communicated and blessed the people: 
That Priests might not communicate apart.  wherefore in the 17. Chap. they are forbidden to communicate alone, but with all the assembly, after the ordinance of jesus Christ. It was also ordained that after the Lord's prayer the blessing should follow. And then only they should receive the Sacrament of the body and blood of Christ in this order: that is, the Priests and the Deacons should make the Communion before the Altar, the Clerks in the hearts, and the people out of the heart.  
The Mass yet was not as is at this day, wherein Priests communicate alone.  
In the Council of Bracare 1. and 2. held in Spain, it was ordained that if any did not confess the Father, the Son, and the holy Ghost, three persons to be one same substance, virtue and power, as the apostolic & Catholic Church teacheth, should be excommunicated and accursed.  
In the 19 chap. If any believe souls and bodies to be subject to the Stars as the paynim say, and the Priscillianists maintain, let them be excommunicated and accursed.  
In the 36. chap. that they should bury no dead bodies in Churches, but without. 
Burials.   
The Council of Bracare, 2. in the 14. chap. All they are anathematized which abstain from eating flesh upon superstition.  
The same was ordained in the Council of Toledo. 13.  
Note by this which is said, that the Spaniards more than any other, resisted the forbidding of meats and of single life.  
Dagobert King of France, reigned 14. years, and during his reign he gave great revenues to Churches, and caused to be builded the Abbey of S. Denis in France, and placed there the three aforesaid bodies, of S. Denis, Eleutherius, and Rusticus, in Tombs covered with fine gold, and enriched with precious stones. And it would hardly be believed the great riches of gold, silver, and precious stones, the Towns and other goods which he gave to the said Church and Abbey of S. Denis, which they yet possess at this day.  
He founded also the Abbey of S. Amande, nigh Tournay, and endowed it with great revenues. All his study was to gather, and wheresoever he went to take Relics to enrich the Abbey of S. Denis. In so much that for that cause he was called the Thief of Relics: 
Thief of Relics.  And as Clovis the first of that name had his trust in S. Martin of Tours, so this had in the body of S. Hilary of Poitiers; In so much that having taken and razed the said Town & destroyed the Temples, yea that of S. Hilary, he caused to carry the Coffin with other Relics to S. Denis in France. The cause of this sacking & spoil was, because the Poitiers had given succours, of people and silver to the Gascoignes which rebelled against him.  
Moreover Dagobert was a man so given to women, that he Instituted a College, 
A College of fair women.  whither he caused to resort the fairest women, and appareled them like Queens: for which thing being reprehended of S. Amand, he sent him to exile. But Gaguin saith he was after revoked.  
Severin Pope, ruled at Rome two years. His study was to repair Churches, to endow them with many ornaments, and increase the revenues thereof. Sup. Chron. & Fasc. Temp.  
His election was ratified by Isacheus' exarch. For then the election of Popes was nothing, unless it were authorised by the Emperor or his Lieutenant. Naucler.  
The treasures of the Church of S. john de Lateran, were peeled by Maurice Governor of Rome, & Isacheus exarche of Italy: one part of the booty was sent to Constantinople to Heraclius. This was the year that the said Heraclius endured that great wound of the Sarrasins. Naucler.  
In the time of this Pope died Mahumet, the year 637. and after began to be worshipped of his followers. Mahumet signifieth Fury or Indignation.  
Aman Bishop of Traict baptised Sigebert, the son of Dagobert King of France. Chron.  

john Pope 4.  john Pope, 4. of that name, borne in Dalmatia, ruled at Rome about two years. He ordained that whosoever should take away any Church goods should be bound to restore fourfold. Naucler.  

First Lent in England.  The year 640. Lent began to be kept in England. Chro. Sigeb.  
Rotharis King of Lombard's was an Arrian, and all his people after his example. In so much that there was almost no City nor Town which had not two Bishops, the one a Catholic, and the other an Arrian. Suppl. Chron.  

Theodorus.  Theodorus a Grecian, the son of Theodorus Bishop of jerusalem, governed the Roman Church 6. years, 5. months, and 18. days. Sup. Chron.  
Dagobert gave to the Abbey of S. Denis a Fair and Market, 
Le Lendy.  called Le Lendy, betwixt Paris and S. Denis.  
The Emperor Heraclius being aged, 
Theodorus. Constantin.  gave trust to Divinations, and Enchantments of devils. This is the first Emperor that ruled in the East since the Empire was transferred thither, who hath had that infamy to have lost the Empire of Asia, and to have been of the heresy of the Monothelites and Eutechians. After he had thus polluted himself by these arts, heresies, and incest of his niece, 
The strange death of Heraclius.  he died of a new and strange disease; namely, that the purses of his testicles turned upside down, with the privy member always stiff. Insomuch that whensoever he uttered his urine, it sprinkled his face, if a table had not been placed about his navel to drive it back. Egnatius and others recite the same.  
Constantine his son of his first wife Eudoxia, succeeded in the Empire, but his mother in law Martin, caused him to be poisoned before he had reigned a year, and so she reigned with her son Heracleonas about two years.  
Nauclerus rehearseth that the said Martin committed that fact, by the Council of Pyrrhus' Bishop of Constantinople an heretic, who returned from his exile of Africa, after the death of the said Heraclius. The Senate of Constantinople made the tongue of the said Empress to be cut out, and the nose of the said Heraclionas, and cast them both into exile. They also caused Pyrrhus to be most shamefully put to death, whom Paul succeeded, as wicked an heretic as his former predecessor.  
The Pope Theodorus in the Church of S. Peter, the Clergy and the Church being present, excommunicated and declared the above named Paul Patriarch of Constantinople, an heretic, and his adherents: and having mingled wine with Ink in a Chalice, he writ with his own hand the excommunication, to signify that it was inviolable, as if jesus Christ had writ it with his own blood.  
Consider here how much the Church then, although it was wholly given to superstitions, did abhor such as confounded the two natures in Christ.  

Constance.  
The Serge at Easter.  This Theodorus instituted the blessing of the Sierge on Easter Saturday.  
Constance Emperor, son of the said Constantine and of Gregory his wife, (called otherwise by some, Constantine the 3.) reigned 28. years. He was a tyrant and an heretic and persecuted the Catholics. He favoured the heresy of Paul, Bishop of Constantinople, & tirannized over the faithful, by imprisonment, exile, and other torments. Naucl. Chron. Abb. ursp, and Fascic. temp.  
At this time were Vincent Bishop of Beanuais, and Foursy the King of Ireland his son, who came into France with two of his brethren. Aubert Bishop of Cambray, Gertrude & others, all which after their deaths were called Saints.  

Relics sold to give to the poor.  Clovis the 12. King of France, reigned 17. years. This King in a time of famine took all the gold and silver wherewith his father Dagobert had adorned the Chapels of Martyrs, yea, and one of the Arms of S. Denis, to give to the poor to relieve them.  
For that cause the Monks devised, that he became a fool, and out of his wits in the end of his days. Chron. de Regib. Fr.  
Martin Pope, first of that name, an Italian, ruled at Rome six years and more. At the beginning of his Popedom he sent Messengers to Constantinople to Paul the Patriarch, to reduce him from his heresy: but so much wanted therein his amendment, that even abusing the authority of the Emperor (an heretic like himself) he caused the said messengers to be thrown out: 
A Council against the Monothelite heretics.  whereat the Pope Martin being moved, assembled a Council at Rome, of 150. Bishops, and condemned Paul the heretic, agreeing with the condemnation of Pyrrhus, Cyrus, Sergius, and others. Then the Emperor Constance sent olympus Exarke into Italy, and commanded him to make haste, either to slay Pope Martin, or to take him and bring him. Again, Constance sent to Rome Theodorus Calliopa, who by subtlety took the Pope, and having bound him in chains brought him to Constantinople, and from thence was he banished and sent into a City of Pontus, where he finished his days after many and great miseries, 
Eugenius.  
The death of Pope Martin. Collation of benefices. Profession and habits for Nuns invented.  and the seat was vacant three months. Sup. Chron.  
In this time were held the Council of Toledo, 8.9. and 10. In the 10. there was an ordinance against Bishops which gave Monasteries and benefices Ecclesiastical to their parents, which was now made of no value. In the 4. Chap. it was ordained that Nuns should make a profession and vow of chastity, and that they should be appareled in an other sort from others, to be known.  
jerusalem was taken by the Mahometists; 
jerusalem taken  Some (as Nauclerus) say that it was in the time of Agathon Pope, and of the Emperor Constantine the son of this Constance.  
Rhodes taken by the Sarrasins; The Isles Ciclades were wasted by them, and Sicily foraged. Naucl.  
At Rome there appeared great signs: fire fell from heaven, and great thunder, lightnings, and inundations of waters: whereof great pestilence followed. Fasci. Temp. and Nauclerus.  
Eugenius Pope, the first of that name, a Roman, ruled at Rome about three years. He ordained that Bishops should have prisons to punish crimes and faults of Clerks. That Priests houses should be situate, and builded nigh Churches. 
Prisons Ecclesiastical.  Sup. Chron. That none be kept in Monasteries against their wills.  
One named Peter succeeded Paul the heretic at Constantinople, and was of the same heresy. His Letters were recited at Rome: and the Pope was hindered by the people from celebrating, until he had cast them away: because they denied two natures in Christ. Naucler.  
Claudus Archbishop of Besancon, 
S. Claud.  afterward Abbot of the Abbey of S. Eugenius, was renowned about this time through Burgoine. Fasci. temp. And after his death, they made that abominable Idol which is at S. Claud. in the County of Burgoine.  
The children of Arikert King of the Lombard's, whilst they strove one with an other, the one was slain, and the other a fugitive: first into Baviere, after into France. Naucl.  

Constantin. Vitalian.  At the Council of Calibone, in the Province of Narbone, held in this time. Theodoric Bishop of Arles, was accused to have done somewhat against the Ecclesiastical statutes and Canons, and because he appeared not, he was suspended out of his Bishopric until the next Council.  
Vitalian Pope, an Italian, ruled at Rome 14. years, and more.  
It was he who first ordained singing in the Roman Church, and agreed it with Organs by the consent of Rodoaldus, King of the Lombard's, 
The King of Hungary slain in adultery.  who being taken in adultery with a wife of Lombardie, was slain by her husband.  
It is not found that hitherto the Roman Church had full domination in the Town of Rome, other goodly things it pretendeth since the death of Constantine the great, unless it were under certain too soft Emperors, 
Rome hitherto was not in the rule of Popes.  and yet than not much. But to this Vitalian, the Emperor by singular grace confirmed the privileges of the Church, which notwithstanding he after brake, and made them of no force, Fasci. temp. and Naucler.  
Constant the Emperor, caused to be assembled a Synod, and abjured his heresy, and after came to Rome with a great company with Cierges in their hands, and so entered into the Temple, but he showed well it was not upon devotion, but to see where the Treasures were, to take and carry them away. He was there to visit it five days. Afterward he took away all that was delicate in his eyes. He took away more ornaments and riches, he alone in 7. days, than the Barbarians had done in 258. years. Naucl. and Sup. Chron.  
He was greatly hated at Constantinople for his cruelties, and for causing to die in exile Pope Martin in such misery, and for cutting the tongue and hand from Maximin: Wherefore he sought again to bring the Imperial seat to Rome, and kept his Court six years in Sicily, Abb. Vrsperg. where he did many great evils, as is recited by Paulus Diaconus.  
He was slain in Sicily being in the Baths, this year, 669. and of his Empire, 27.  
Mizizius' otherwise called Mitius, or Missessius, 
Constantin the fourth. Adeonatus.  was constituted Emperor, and reigned about six months.  
Constantine the fourth son of Constant, 
Pogonatus.  commonly called Le Barbu, the bearded, came against him and caused him to die, and all such as had been of the conspiracy against his father. After these things were done, he reigned from the beginning with his brethren, Tiberius and Heraclius. Abb. Vrsp. But after, according to Naucler. alleging Blundus and Pius his abbreviator, he caused their noses to be cut off, lest they should after come to the Empire: so that his son justinian might reign.  
The Council of Toledo, 11. in this time.  
Dado Bishop of Ruoan, writ three books of the life of S. Eloy Bishop of Noyon. Abb. Trit.  
Clotaire, the third of that name, and the 13 king of France, reigned four years.  
Note Reader, touching the Kings of France which follow, that from this Clotaire until Pipin and Charlemagne, they did nothing worthy of any great memory, but became unprofitable and full of cowardice, so that they had not like authority, as either their predecessors or successors.  
They had as it were nothing but the bare names and titles of Kings. For the Majors or Provostes of the Palace, which then were as it were the Constables, or great Masters, had the administration of all matters of the Kingdom, as well those of war, as of peace; and all was done by their commandment and ordinance.  
Childeric second of that name, the 14. King of France, reigned two years. He was by treason slain for his cruelty; and his wife big with child, was also slain. The Annals of France.  
Adeonatus or Deodatus Pope, borne at Rome, ruled there four years and more. His father was a Monk called jovian or jovinian. He amplified the Monastery of Saint Erasmus, in the Mount Coelius, wherein he was a Monk. He instituted against Thunders and Tempests (which then happened) many Supplications and Litanies. 
Constantin the fourth Agathon.  Sup. Chron.  
Donus Pope, a Roman, ruled at Rome three years. After some a year and five months. He caused S. Peter's Court to be paved with Marble, and so dedicated the Church of the Apostles, and of S. Euphemia, and greatly augmented the honour and dignities of the Clergy.  
The sixth Council of Constantinople, was called under this Pope, began under Agathon, and ended under Leon the second.  
Here the Church of Ravenna agreed not with the Roman Church, being not subject unto her, but called chief of itself, did willingly subject herself for the integrity of this Pope, and that with the consent of Reparatus, than Bishop of Ravenna. 
Ravenna subject to the Roman sea by force.  In the second volume of Counsels. But their successors afterward would have recovered this liberty and ancient freedom again. Wherefore there was a great and long contention betwixt the said Churches of Rome and Ravenna. Finally the Church of Ravenna was made subject by violence. For justinian the second, inducted and invited by the Pope, besieged the Town, and their goods were peeled, many banished, and their Bishop which then was, called Felix, had his eyes put out with an hot Iron, and was after sent into exile into the I'll of Pontus. Some say this happened in Agathons' time.  
Theodorike the fifteenth King of France, reigned fourteen years: he was drawn out of the Monastery of Saint Denis, where he had been a Monk. He founded the Abbey of S. Vaast at Arras, and was buried there, as shall be said.  
Agathon Pope, a Sicilian, a Monk before, ruled at Rome two years and an half, or four years after Naucler. It was he that ordained that the decree of the Roman sea should be served as proceeding from the mouth of S. Peter, Dist. 19 Chap. Sic omnes.  

The beginning if leaden seals.  In this time the Roman Church increased much, and the Letters of that sea were sealed yet with wax, but after with lead.  
The sixth general Council held at Constantinople, 
Constantin the fourth Adeonatus.  was of 289. Bishops against the Monothelites, which denied two wills and natures in Christ.  
Gregory or George, Bishop of Constantinople, left his heresy▪ but Machirus Bishop of Antioch, left it not. Wherefore he was cast out of his Bishopric. The Pope Agathon sent to the Council, john Bishop Portuensis, and john Deacon. And the dissension that then was betwixt the East church and the West, was appeased. In this Council, 
The approbation of the Mass in Latin Marriage permitted to some, and forbidden to others.  john Bishop Portuensis, celebrated the first Mass in Latin, and the use and order thereof was allowed of the said Council. There also the Priests of Greece were permitted to live in marriage, and to have lawful wives; but not the Priests of the West Churches.  
The Author of the book called Fasciculus temp. yieldeth a reason thereof; saying that willingly he had already vowed chastity under Gregory. But what should they do if they had not the gift of continency? And moreover, could they vow for others that came after them? Lastly, they vowed upon constraint and authority of councils, as appears above.  
It was there also ordained, 
Who ought to carry children to Baptism.  that none should bear a child to be baptized, unless he knew the Lords prayer, and the belief of the faithful.  
In the second volume of councils. Item, not to vow not to marry, and that Priests which separate themselves from their wives because of their sacred orders, should be excluded from the Communion. Peter Viret in the Dialogue to them of Orb.   

A Brief of the six general councils.  
Hitherto there hath been held six general Concells. The first at Nicene was of 318. Bishops, against Arrius, under Silvester and Constantine the great. The second at Constantinople, of 150. Bishops, under Gratian and Theodosius Emperors, 
Constantin the fourth. Agathon.  and Damasus, against Macedonius Bishop of Constantinople, and Eudoxius, who denied the spirit of God. The third was in Ephesus, 
One person in Christ.  of 200. Bishops, under Celestine, Sixtus, and Theodosius the great, against Nestorius' Bishop of Constantinople, who called the virgin Mary the mother of Christ, man, but not God. The fourth in Chalcedon, of 360. Bishops under Leo the Pope, and Martin the Emperor, against Eutiches' Abbot of Constantinople, who denied two natures in Christ. The fifth was under justinian the Emperor, 
Two natures in christ, divine, and human. The virgin Marie the mother of God.  and Vigilius Pope, against Theodorus and other heretics; who said that the virgin Marie did only bring forth a man, and not God and man. There it was ordained that justly and truly the virgin Marie is called the mother of God. The sixth Council was at Constantinople against Gregory or George, and Machairus, and Cirus, Sergius, 
Two wills in Christ.  Honorius, Pyrrhus, Paulus, Petus, Bishops which denied two wills, as it is said, Abb. Trit.  
Theodorus Archbishop of Ravenna, was a great Almes-giver, and very desirous to keep the Clergy in good order: for the which he was hated. In so much, that on a Christmas day as he was going to celebrate Mass, he was left of all, whereat being much grieved, he went towards Agathon and willingly subjecteth his Church to the Romans. Nauclerus.  
Leger Bishop of Anthun was in this time.  

Persecution in France.  Ebroine Prince of the Palace of France under Theoderic, caused Legier his eyes to be plucked out, the soles of his feet taken away, and his tongue and lips cut off, and at last cut off his head, and his brother Guerin was stoned to death. This Ebroine cast Lambert out of the Bishopric of utrich. Am Bishop of Sens was banished by Ebroine. Chron. 519. In this time there was a great pestilence at Rome, whereof Agathon died, and the Sea was vacant a year, seven months, and five days.  

Leo the 2.  Leo Pope, the second of that name a Sicilian, reigned two years, or thereabouts. Abb. Vrsp.  
After his death the Sea was vacant 11. months. Sup. Chron.  
This Pope was cunning in Greek and Latin, 
Constant. 4.  and made many Epistles and Homilies. He ordained that after the Agnus Dei of the Mass, they should give the Pax to kiss unto the Assistants. Sup. Chron. Fasci. Temp.  
He permitted to baptise at all times in case of necessity.  
He ordained by the authority of the Emperor, that the election of the Bishop of Ravenna should not be good, if the Roman Pope did not approve it: but that the Archbishop should pay nothing for his Inuesture; 
The use of the Mantle.  for many mischiefs came of this largition. Sup. Chron. and Fasci. Temp.  
The Council of Toledo 12. and 13. in this time, 
Such as forbade eating of flesh are excommunicated.  wherein such were anathematized as forbade eating of flesh. P. Virel.  
This is meant as it was ordained in the 14. Chapter of the Council of Bracar. 2. See above.  
Benet Pope, second of that name, a Roman, 
Benet. 2.  ruled at Rome 10 months. He was humble and soft. Naucler.  
He restored at his great charges, the Churches of S. Peter and S. Laurence: of S. Valentin, and S. Marry: aux Martyrs. Sup. Chron. and gave to the said Churches, many Vessels of Gold and Silver, and many vestments and ornaments.   

The election of the Pope taken from the Emperor.  
The Emperor Constantine moved with the Pope's sanctity, 
The election of the Pope.  ordained that the election of the Pope from thence forward made of the Clergy and Roman people, should be stable and sure without any more attending the authority of the Emperor, or of his Lieutenant Exarche of Italy; without whose authority before it was not ratified. Naucl. and Sup. Chron.  
john Pope, fifth of that name, of Antioch in Syria, 
john. 5.  governed the Roman Church a year: a man moderate, and subject to diseases.  
He was consecrated (as also was Leo the second) by three Bishops, 
another ceremony of consecrating the Pope.  of Ostia, Portensis, and Veliterus. And this manner was always after observed. The Bishop of Ostia as he sung Mass put the Crown on his head.  
Before he was only led to the Chair of S. Peter, and being there set, he was holden the true Pope, without other ceremony.  
The Emperor Constantine died at Constantinople, having reigned 17. years.  
Conon Pope, borne at Rome, governed the Church of Rome one year. 
Conon.  Fasci. temp.  
After the death of Pope john the fifth, there was great contention about the Pope's election: for the people (or the Clergy) elected one called Peter, Archbishop. The Roman Gendarmie corrupted by silver, did choose Theodorus a Priest, a pernicious man: After long strife betwixt these two, Conon by all their agreements was confirmed.  
He fell sick incontinently after his election: whereupon he died. Some said he would never occupy himself in secular matters.  

justinian, or justin. 2.  justinian, or justin, Emperor, second of that name, son of Constantine the fourth, began to reign of the age of 16. years. He governed himself so ill, that after ten years of his reign he was banished. See the Sea of Histories.  

A second Herodias.  Quilian, an holy Scottishman, preached in Franconia. He converted Gosbertaine Duke of the same Country, who kept Ceilam, (Sillam or Gelana) his brother's wife. And for that he preached that he ought to leave her, she made him secretly be slain. Fasci. temp. and Sigeb.  
Beda the Venerable in this time, made many books, and wrote the lives of many Saints, Abb. Trit.  
Sergius Pope, a Sirian, ruled at Rome ten years; 
justinian.  after Chron. Euseb. a noble restorer of Churches.  
There was a great contention and debate for the election of the Pope after the death of Conon. 
Sergius Pope.  Some had chosen Theodorus, a very rich man. Others, paschal archdeacon, who had promised a great sum of money to john Platina, Exarche, if he were chosen. Each of them maintained his election ambitiously. But the Clergy and Roman people seeing that this sedition would cause effusion of blood, took counsel to remedy it. Wherefore they chose Sergius, rejecting the two others.  
The said Sergius was carried into the Church of Lateran, and having broken the gates, they cast out the factious, and constrained Theodorus and paschal to salute Sergius Pope, and approve his election. Pascal accused and convicted of Art Magic, was sent to a Monastery, and there died obstinate Naucler.  
It is attributed unto him, to have founded a good part of the holy Cross, which every year they worship at Rome. Nauclerus.  
Believe this who list. For in the time of Heraclius the Emperor, it was carried to Constantinople.  
The Church of Aquilea not wholly approving the first, after Naucler. Chron. Segeb. Paul. Diac. or sixth, after (Fasci. Temp.) Council of Constantinople, was reduced by Sergius.  
In this time the Saxons, yet paynim, 
Saxons.  received the Christian Faith by the means of this Sergius. After Suppl. Chron.  
The year 688. Ebroine a French Tyrant was slain in his bed.  
Theodoricke the King of Franc, was buried in the Abbey of S. Vaast of Arras, whereof he was founded, with his wife, called in her Epitaph, Doda.  
Clovis, third of that name, King of France, 16. reigned 14. years.  

The Frisons converted to the faith.  Sergius sent Vmbred to the Frisons to convert them to the faith. Rabed their Duke would not accord thereunto: alleging that it were more meet to follow many than few. But afterward being vanquished in war by Pippin Grand-maister of France, the Frisons received the Faith, being instructed by Willibrot Bishop, or Clement after some.  
The Emperor justinian broke his faith given to the Sarrasins, and fought against them, wherein he was not happy. And after without necessity broke the peace which his father had made with the Bulgarians, and entered into the one and the other Misia, where he put all to fire and sword: 
justinian Disloyal and cruel.  but the Bulgarians ceased upon the passages and straits, and shut them in so well, that they constrained them to do what they would. He being returned to Constantinople, did so many evils to the Christians that every one hated him, so that they conspired against him, and chased him away.  
Leontius usurped the Empire, took justinian, and cut his nostrils, 
Leontius.  and sent him into exile into Pontus, and reigned three years. Some call him Leond second. Emperor. 68  
The Sarrasins seeing such troubles among the Christians, came into Africa.  
Childebert, second of that name, 17. King of France, reigned 18. years. He founded the Abbey of S. Alban in Angiers.  
Lambert Bishop of Liege, was revoked from exile, but because he reprehended the adultery of Pippin, he was cruelly slain by Dodon, brother of the Adulteress. The said Dodon and his complices perished miserably within a year. Hubert succeeded the Bishop of Liege. The Histories of France.  

Absimarus  Absimarus, otherwise called Tiberius, borne at Constantinople, was chosen Emperor by the Soldiers for the negligence which they saw in Leontius, 
john 6.  that no aid was sent unto them for the guard of Africa, which they had recovered of the Sarrasins. Absimarus then came from Constantinople and took Leontius, and cut off his nose, and imprisoned him in a Monastery. He reigned seven years. Naucler. Abb. Vrsp.  
john Pope, sixth of that name, a Grecian, ruled at Rome 3. years. After the manner of other Popes, 
The devotion of Popes.  he was very curious to repair Churches, to adorn Altars, and redeem captives with the papal treasure. Some write him a Martyr, under the kings of Lombardie, for defending the rights of the church. Fasci. temp.  
The Venetians at this time began to have a Duke to hinder quarrels and disorders of such as governed, 
The first Duke of Venice.  and the envy which the Lombard's bare to their liberty: but after, as it were repenting themselves, they caused many of their first Dukes to die. Moreover, the Duke's ornaments differed not from those of a King, and all the Senate's Letters, the publication of them were in the Duke's name: yet he had not the bridle loose for a full authority.  
Westfalia after some, was converted to the faith about this time.  
john Pope, 7. of that name, ruled at Rome two or three years, diligent to adorn and repair Churches.  
This is from henceforth the chiefest study of Popes and Papists.  
justinian having had succours from Bulgaria and Turkey, came to Constantinople, and again obtained the Empire and reigned six years. He caused to be set out of prison, Leontius and Tiberius being bound with chains, which he made to be tied to the tails of horses, and being so drawn through the streets, were brought again and trodden under feet, and finally caused them to be beheaded. All their partners were put to divers torments, and great vengeance used towards them. He put out the eyes of Gallinicus Patriarch of Constantinople, and sent him to Rome into exile, 
justinian.  and in his place appointed Cyrus' Abbot, who had assisted him when he was in exile, and foretold him his restitution.  

Sarrasins in Graneda.  The Sarrasins understanding the debates betwixt the Emperors, occupied again Africa and Libbia, and a part of the kingdom of Spain, and the kingdom of Graneda. Sup. Chrn. and Naucl.  
The faith began almost to be clean extinct in the East, because of the Law of Mahomet.  
Beda the Venerable, writ then to the Christians Princes, to drive the Sarrasins out of Spain, but he spoke to the deaf.  
Sisinnius Pope, otherwise Sosinus a Sirian, ruled only 20. days. 
Sisinnius.  For being tormented with the Gout both in feet and hands, and not being able to eat, he died suddenly.  

Schism the seventh.  The 7. schism was betwixt him and Dioscorus, and a great combat for the Papacy. The said schism continued long time by his successors.  
A Famine at Rome by the space of three years, sharp and rude.  
Constantine Pope, a Sirian, ruled at Rome seven years, greatly beloved of every one; 
Constantine.  for he helped the people much during this famine.  

justinian. kisseth the Pope's feet.  justinian commanded him to come to him to Constantinople, which he did, and being arrived the Emperor embraced him, and falling on the earth kissed his feet, and demanded pardon of him for all his faults, and that he would pray to God for him: and after received the Eucharist of him, and then were renewed and confirmed the privileges of the the Roman Church. Sup. Chron. Abb. Vrsp.  
justinian changed nothing his life passed, but that he bore himself otherwise towards the Roman Sea than he was wont to do, and maintained it. For understanding that Felix Archbishop of Ravenna, would not yield accustomed obedience to the Pope, that was, to send a certain breviat, wherein he should acknowledge his obedience due, and a certain sum of money: the Emperor sent a Captain to Ravenna called Theodorus, who reprehended Felix, and sent him bound to Constantinople; who was afterward sent into exile into Pontus, and after, both his eyes were put out. Many Citizens also of Ravenna were exiled with him, and others put to death, and their goods confiscate, and the Town taken by force, as it is above said. Naucl.  
Constantine admonished justinian to attempt nothing against Phillippicus who was exiled into Pontus; whereunto notwithstanding, after he obeyed not, but sent against him: but his people followed the part of Phillippicus, and they came to Constantinople, whom justinian met.  
Phillippicus Bardanius, Captain of the war, had the victory of justinian, 
Phillippicus.  and caused his and his sons head to be cut off, and reigned Emperor a year and five months. He was of the Sect of the Monothelites, and sent Cyrus a Catholic Bishop into exile into Pontus: or as Paul Diaconus saith, into his Abbey, and appointed Archbishop in his place, one john, a Monk of his Sect. Sup. Chron.   

The beginning of the contention for the Images of Saints.  
Phillippicus made an Edict, 
Against Images.  that all the Images of Saints should be taken from Churches, and that by the consent of john, Patriarch of Constantinople; for which cause Constantine Pope excommunicated them, and declared them heretics in a Synod at Rome: he likewise ordained that the Image of the said Emperor should not be received, nor engraven in Gold, Silver, Brass, or Lead; no not his name nor his figure should not be received, nor mention made of him in the prayers of their Mass. Abb. Vrsp.  
Idolatry finds the Pope his Defender. But it is no marvel: Seeing the second Commandment, Thou shalt make thee no graven Image, etc. is omitted in the Commandments which the Roman Church approveth, which is a sacrilege against the word of God.  

Anastatius Theodosius the 3. Leo the 3.  Note that from henceforward the Romanists condemn for heretics such as agree not to their opinions.  
On the even of Pentecost, the Emperor Phillipicus after he had dined, as he was about to repose himself, was taken and bound, and his eyes put out. Vrsp.  
Anastatius, or Arthemius, was chosen Emperor, and reigned three years.  
He having sent an Army into Egypt against the Sarrasins, the soldiers created an other Emperor called Theodosius, who coming to the Empire, caused Anastatius to be made a Priest, to the end he might no more think of the Empire. Yet after, thinking to return thither by the help of the Bulgarians, he was drawn out.  
Dagobert, second of that name, the 18. King of France, reigned 14. years.  
Gregory Pope, second of that name, a Roman, ruled 16. years and 8. months. Naucler.  
He sent Boniface (otherwise called Winifred) an English Monk, into Frisia to preach the faith, where he was martyred, and where before one called Vuillibrordus had preached in the time of Pope Sergius. Nauclerus.  
Tiber overflowing his banks at Rome, destroyed the country. Gregory over all the Town made often supplications and processions.  
Theodosius, third of that name, borne at Constantinople, obtained victory against Anastatius, and constrained him to leave the Empire, and make himself a Monk, and reigned one year. Paulus. Diacon.  
He caused again Images to be restored unto Temples, which Phillippicus had taken away, and therefore he was held for a good Catholic.  

He is the 37. Emperor.  Leon, an Isaurian by Nation, third of that name, chief of the Army which was in the East against the Sarrasins, deprived Theodosius of his Empire, and reigned 24. years. 
Gregory. 2. Leo 3.  He was called Iconomachus, that is to say, an Impugner of Images.  
Constantinople was besieged three years by the Sarrasins and Arabians, but they which besieged them bare as much evil, 
The Sarrasins besieged Constantinople.  as the besieged, because of famine and pestilence. There was also a great famine in the Town: In so much that some write that there died 30000. persons. After the siege was levied, 
Images taken away.  Leon went into Sicilia and Italy, and began to cast Images out of their Churches. This was the 10. year of his Empire.  
The Emperor Leon made an Edict to take away & burn all the Images, Gregory opposed himself against it, 
Sedition at Ravenna for Images.  and gave commandment to all Christians not to obey the said Edict: In so much that they of Ravenna and the Venetians, rebelled, wherein the exarch and his son were slain. Sup. Chro. Rome and as it were all Italy, withdrew their obedience from the Emperor, and would pay him no taxes nor tributes. Leo notwithstanding caused to be published again; That all Images and statues of gold, silver or brass, marble & wood, should be brought into the Market place, and incontinently burnt, ordaining the pain of death to the gainsayers. He deprived germane Patriarch of Constantinople of his dignity.  
here begin Popes to lift up their horns against Emperors, and to oppose themselves against them. For this Pope durst excommunicate the Emperor Leo the third, in full Synod, because he desired to abolish the adoration of Images.  
The office of Exerchate ceased then in Italy, 
The end of the Patriarkeship in Italy.  which had endured 164. years or thereabouts, and was occupied of the Lombard's. Sup. Chron. and Naucler.   

Touching the Kings of France.  
Because of the great troubles which at this time were in the kingdom of France, the greatest part of the kings of France was created after the appetite of him who was master of the Palace. 
Leo. 3. Gregory. 2.  The kings had but the title & their pleasures to build Monasteries and Temples as they thought good. This Master of the Palace had the Gendarmie in his power, 
The great Master of the Palace.  as the Guardian and Protector of the dignity royal. This endured until these manner of kings were extinct; and that the administration Royal was devolved into the family of Pippin le Court, which is the 22. king of France, the son of Charles Marteil, Master of the Palace, bastard son of Pippin le Gros Duke of Austrasia, a valiant man, and an excellent warrior.  
Theodoricke Cala, the 20. king of France, had the title and dignity of a king, and reigned 15. years.  
The Sarrasins of Spain (which they had occupied) came into France, being called by Erido king of Aquitane, who felt himself too weak to resist Charles Martel: These Sarrazins descended in number 400000. with their wives, children, and servants, as meaning to occupy all France: wasting & destroying all places where they came. Endo who was their host to invite them thither, seeing so great a multitude, made an agreement and retired on the side of France: And Charles Martel met these Sarrasins in Tourrain, and made an incredible slaughter of them: So that their king Abdirama was there slain: and on the side of France there were no more slain but 1500.  
It should be an incredible thing, if besides the Historiographers of France, strange writers had not witnessed the same, this so miraculous a deliverance from so barbarous and horrible a multitude, being so authentic and so generally known.  
The Eccleciastical people of France durst make the world believe (with lie and all) that this Charles Martel was damned, because he exacted certain tenths of the goods of the Church, to help the charges of this so dangerous a war.  
Can there any Ingratitude or Covetousness be greater than is in this Papal Priesthood?  
Eucherius Bishop of Lion, of great authority, a little after the death of Charles Martel, namely the year 742. saith, he saw in a vision Charles Martel in the pains of hell: 
Leo. 3.  because he had usurped the goods of the Church, and had not restored them as he promised. Fasci. temp. And others recite it.  
A lie which is for the profit of the Priest's kitchen, Incontinently finds his witnesses, yea by horrible absurdities.  
john Damascene was in this time. Eutrop. and maintained the Pope's quarrels touching Images.  
Gregory Pope, third of that name, a Sirian, governed at Rome 10. years and more. 
Gregory. 3.   
This Pope was cause that all Italy departed from the domination of the Empire, because Leon the Empeour would that in Churches there should be no Images of Saints. And therefore the Pope made a Council at Rome to be held, where were assembled as many Bishops as he could get: And there it was decreed, that we may lawfully honour Images. And a general sentence was pronounced against all violators and gainsayers of their Canonike conclusion and they excommunicated the Emperor, and deprived him of his dignity.  
emperors here may take a good example, that they suffer not themselves to be led by Popes, least finally they lose their Empires.  
Gregory restored many Monasteries, and builded new, adding great lands and revenues unto them, for the Monks living.  
He commanded Priests to make a commemoration of the dead, and to pray for them: 
Praying and offering for the dead.  and writ to Boniface Archbishop of Magunce, that Christians might offer for their Parents which died faithfully. Naucler. Some attribute this to Gregory. the 2. in the 2. volume of the councils.  
He added to the service of the Mass (Quorum solemnitas hody in conspectu tuae maiestatis celebratur, etc. Domine Deus noster in toto orb terrarum. Chron. Sigeb.  
Some Monasteries were richly founded in Almaigne, at Fulden, 
Leo 3. Gregory 3.  at Herfelden, and other places. Fasci. Temp.  
Rome was besieged by Luitprandus, King of lombards: wherefore Gregory sent to Charles Martel, King Pippins Father, the keys of the holy Sepulchre, and S. Peter's bands, with other goodly gifts, to the end it would please him to deliver and take the Roman Church from the servitude of the Lombard's. Charles Martel writ to Luitprandus, and entreated that which the Pope desired, Naucler.  
Before when the City of Rome endured any violence by other Princes, she used to demand help of the Emperor of Constantinople; but Gregory the third would not do this. So that the tutorship of the Roman Church was transported from the Emperor of Constantinople to other Princes; & by that mean came it to pass that Rome is retired and exempted from the obedience of the Emperor of Constantinople. Naucler.   

The Mass began to be sung.  
Paulus Diaconus, lib. 6. chap. 17. saith, that Luitprandus king of Lombard's, was the first of those kings which out of Singers did elect Priests and Clerks to sing Mass, which fashion afterward was augmented in the time of Gregory the fifth, by the invention of Robert Bishop of Chartres, whereupon the Song was called of the said Gregory, Gregoriall Song.  
Note that Singing came into the Church by the Lombard's, which Gregory the first of that name had renounced. Hen. Bullenger.  
Lieven an English Priest, preached in the Country of Westphalia. Fasci. temp.  
They of the Town of Gaunt in Flaunders use great Idolatries unto him.   

The Popes come now as into their chief force.  
Childeric third of that name, 21. King of France, having reigned nine years was chased away, 
Zacharie.  and constrained to make himself a Monk.  
So from Pharamont unto Pippin we account 331. years: From Merovee 302. From Clovis the first, made a Christian, 252.  
Zacharie Pope, borne in Greece, ruled at Rome 10. or a 11. years, an Inventor of caps and other ornaments tissued of Gold and stones.  
He assigned certain rents and lands to Priests to live on, and for Lamps in Churches.  
He forbade the Venetians under pain of excommunication, 
Christians slaves.  that they should no more sell Christians as slaves to the Sarrasins, as they accustomed to do.  
Pippin, surnamed le Court, of a Master of the Palace, 
The ambition of Pippin.  became by ambition the 22. King of France, and besought the Pope, that by his authority he would confirm the kingdom unto him.  
Chilperic then King of France, 
The King of France deposed and made a Monk.  after he had reigned nine years became a Monk, by the advice and authority of Pope Zacharie, and his wife, was put into a Monastery: and in his place the said Pippin son of Charles Martel, and Father of Charlemaigne was made King, and consecrated at Soisons by Boniface, Archbishop of Magunce, by the election of all the Barons of France, and by the consent and Council of Pope Zacharie, being thereunto required: Who not only commanded and confirmed the said election, but also absolved Pippin of the oath which he had made to the King and to the Crown of France. Abb. Vrsp.  
This Pope did as much with the King of Lombard's called Lachis. 
Lachis King of Lombard's deposed.  For he found means that he left his kingdom & made himself a Monk, and his children and wife, and his brother Astulfe, succeeded him. In the 2. volume of Counsels.  
Carloman, Pippins brother, was also shaven and made a Monk at Rome, by the persuasion of Zacharie, and remained in the Abbey of the mount S●rap in Lombardie, and after in the mount Cassin.  
Constantine the fifth of that name, 
Constantine the fifth.  Emperor 74. son of Leon, 
Constantine the fifth.  reigned 35. years.  
This as he was baptised made water in the Font, and therefore was he called in Greek Copronymos.  
What necessity was there to hold a naked Child over the Font?  
This gave a forewarning that he should be an evil Christian. Naucler. And indeed many crimes were imposed upon him, because he constantly maintained his Father's opinion against the Pope, touching Images: and from thence came also that they say he died desperate, when he said I am delivered from the fire eternal. Fasc. temp. Chron. Sigeb. and others.  
They which consent not to the Pope's Decrees are judged damned.  

Synod in France under Pippin.  Under Pippin a Synod was held in France, by Boniface Archbishop of Magunce, Bucardus, Guntarius, and other Bishops, which had not been in 80. years before: In so much that men said that Religion in France was dissipated and laid under feet. Naucler.  

Synods each year.  It was then ordained that each year there should be a Synod in France. That no Churchman should bear Arms. That none of them should use hunting, nor keep Dogs nor Birds of prey.  
That every Priest and Bishop should hold himself in his Parish, and do their diligence to root out ancient heresies: that is to say, 
Paganism.  Paganism, and errors of the sacrifices of the dead: divinations, enchantments, and other Immolations which are yet done after the manner of paynim nigh Churches, under the name of Martyrs and Confessors. Naucler.  
Paganism of the Gods, was persecuted in France: but true Religion was not therefore established.  
In this time the Huns called Hungarians, occupiped Pannonia. They were divided into seven bands: every band builded a Castle, which yet at this day are called Septem Castra in Latin, which is a strong place against the Turks. 
Seven Castles   
Edward King of England, who otherwise was reputed an upright man, left his wife, and entertained Nuns, who was admonished by Letters from Boniface, to leave off that vice. Naucler.  
These be the fruits and enticements of that cursed single life.  
Pippin le Court died at Paris, after he had reigned 17. or 18. years after some, leaving his two sons, Charlemaigne in Soisonnois, and Carloman at Noyon.  
Stephen Pope, second of that name a Roman, ruled at Rome six years. 
Stephen. 2.  He was carried upon men's shoulders unto the Church of S. Lateran: and thereof it comes that at this day Pope's cause themselves to be carried.  
The Emperor Constantine, the 14. year of his Empire, assembled a Council at Constantinople of 330. Bishops, 
A Council at Constantinople against Images.  where it was commanded that all Images of Saints should be taken and burnt. Also he caused all his subjects to swear, no more to honour any Image of God, nor of Saints, but condemned to die all such as called to the Virgin Mary for help, and that had in their houses any Relics of Saints.  
They commanded Monks to Marry, 
To marry.  and Nuns to follow the estate of marriage. Sigeb.  
After this the Emperor sent the defruition of this Council to the Pope, commanding him to cast Images out of Churches.  
Sabin King of Bulgaria, throughout his Kingdom caused all Images to be taken away, after the example of Constantine, whereby he came in grace with the Emperor. Naucler.  
Stephen went into France towards King Pippin, demanding aid and succours against Astulphus King of the lombards. This King Pippin went and met the Pope, and descended from his horse, took the bridle of the Pope's horse in his hand, and so led him to the Palace. Suppl. Chron.  

Stephen.  Stephen consecrated him and his two sons, Charlemaigne, and Carloman, in the Church of S. Denis in France, and confirmed them in such manner as he and his posterity should hold the kingdom of France in heritage for ever, and excommunicated all such which should set themselves against it. Fasci. temp.  
Also he transported the Empire of Constantinople into France: which afterward Pope Leo approved, ratified, and put in execution. And therefore the Empire was parted into East and West. Sup. Chron. Fasci. temp. & Naucler.  
From whence came this authority to bestow kingdoms of the world, but from the devil, who is called the prince thereof?  
Pippin went into Italy to the Pope's succours, and obtained victory against the Lombard's. Astulphe was constrained to agree to the Popes will. Sigeb.  

The Exarchate given to the Pope.  The Exarchate which was occupied by the Lombard's, and appertained to the Emperor, is given to the Pope by Pippin without any right. For the estate of such as held that dignity and office, were assigned the Towns that follow: Ravenna, Imola, Boulonge, Mutina, Rhegin, Parma, Placentia, etc.  
At this time happened an horrible thing in the Abbey of S. Martin at Tours. For all the Monks which were given to pleasures and wickedness, died suffocated and choked, except one. Fasci. temp.  
The Parliament Instituted in France.  
Constantine the Emperor sent gifts to Pippin, praying him to render unto him the Exarchate. Pippin answered, that he came not the second time into Italy for any temporal profit, but in duty to guard the Church against the Lombard's, and to take from them Ravenna, and the Exarchate and other goods of Italy, to give them unto the Pope. Naucler. Abb. Vrsp.  
Thassido Duke of Bavier, did homage to the King of France.  

Paul.  Paul brother of the former Pope 94. governed 10. or a 11. years: In whose election there was great debate. For some had chosen one called Theophilactus.  
Buggandus' Bishop of Metes, at this time was very affectionate towards holy bodies and heaped up Relics. He transported from Rome into France the bodies of S. Gorgon, and Saint Nazare, and of many others.  
Rome which before was the butchery of Martyrs, now sells bodies and bones.  
Constantine seeing the foolish superstition of Christians at the Sepulchers of Saints, 
Saint's bones taken out of their graves and cast into the sea.  kissing and worshipping their Relics, caused their bones to be taken out of their graves and to be cast into the Sea.  
At this time it was that Sigebert reciteth, that in Berithe a City of Syria, was found an Image of jesus Christ, whereunto the jews did many outrages, piercing his feet, hands, and side, from whence blood came, wherewith many maladies were healed. This thing being declared to the Bishop of the said place, he made that blood to be preciously kept, and showed it, and carried it hither and thither: And thereupon ordained each year a feast, called the Passion of the lords Image, the eight of November.  
Of this blood there was brought to Mantova. Sup. Chron.  
Who sees not that this Fable was invented, to the end that under the shadow of miracles, the service of Saints and Images might be set forward against the Grecians & Emperors. When men have no authority from the holy scripture, they cry, Miracle, Miracle.  
Note hereby the refuge of Papists.  
There was a Synod held in France against the Grecians touching Images, by the authority of King Pippin. Abb. Vrsp.  
In this time Saints lives were forged on all sides.  
Verus Biship of Sivil, wrote the life of S. Eutropius Bishop. Abb. Trit.  
Wibaldus composed the life of S. Boniface his master, Bishop of Magunce. Tritem.  
Constantine Pope, second of that name a Roman, governed at Rome one year. 
Constantin. 2.   
By ambition and force he occupied the Papacice. And from the estate of a Laie-man being made Priest, he was chosen Pope by store of money and Arms, but after was taken and cast into a Monastery, and his eyes put out.  

Philippicus an Antepope.  In this time likewise there was an Antepope called Phillippicus, or Philip, who also was deposed, and Stephen the third constituted.  
Sergius Bishop of Ravenna, and Christopher, Authors of the former schism, had their eyes put out.  

Stephen. 3.  Stephen Pope, third of that name, Monk of Sicily, ruled at Rome four years.  

One Pope condemneth an other.  This Pope assembled a Council at Rome, where all that was revoked, which Constantine his predecessor had ordained: even in disgrading them, which by him were consecrated. In the said Council assisted 12. Bishops of France. Naucler.  
There was also ordained, that no Laie-man should be made Pope or Bishop, but successively by order and Ecclesiastical degrees. 
Gloria in excelsis.  Naucler. Item, that every Sunday the Gloria in excelsis should be sung at Mass.  
There was condemned the Council of Constantinople. 7. wherein the Emperor Constantine the 2. and the Bishops of Greece, had ordained that Images should be laid down. This Council was declared heretical, and again Images commanded, as worthy of honour and veneration. This thus agreed upon, the next morning there was made a great procession, where the Pope went on foot in great devotion, and all others. Naucler, and Sup. Chron.  
A great token of repentance for a Pope.  
Charlemaigne the son of Pippin, 22. King of France, had this surname of great, for his prowesses and virtues. He had marvelous wars. 
The wars of Chalemaine.  The first in Aquitane. The second against the Lombard's. And the third against the Saxons. He had also war in Spain, in Baviere, and in Hungary against the Hunois: which Historiographers declare in their order.  
Adrian Pope, a Roman, 
Constant. 5. Adrian.  governed the Roman Church 24. years.  
This Pope showed himself cruel against such as impugned the service of Images, and made a book Entitled, Of the worshipping of Saints. Chron. Sigeb. and Abb. Trit.  
Dedier 22. and last king of Lombard's, desired the love and friendship of this Pope, but he would not consent thereunto: Saying that he would not accord with him which so often had broken his promise: wherewith Didier being moved, 
The end of the kingdom of the Lombard's.  practised many evils against the Church of Rome, In so much that Adrian was constrained to demand aid in France. Supplim. of Chron.  
Charlemaigne came into Italy at the request of Adrian, against Didier, and obtained victory against him: after he had reigned 18. years he sent him prisoner into France, with his wife and children. And the kingdom of the Lombard's finished in Italy, which had endured 224. years, or 213.  
After he had overcome the Lombard's, he instituted the University of Pavia, and adorned it with learned people.  
Charlemaigne came to Rome and kissed the Pope's feet. 
Kissing the Pope's feet.  Blundus and P. Emilius.  
He restored to the Roman Church his revenues & privileges, and ratified all that which his Father Pippin had given to the said Church. Wherefore this Adrian caused a Council to be held of 153. Prelates: by which was given to Charlemaigne the right of Inuesture, placing Bishops in possession of their seats, and to elect the Pope of Rome from hence forward. Distinct. 63. cap. Adrianus.  
This privilege endured not long, and was but feigned & hypocritical. And the succeeding Popes observed it not: saying it was but courtesy and a personable privilege which could not exceed the person of the Emperor which then was.  
Leon Emperor, fourth of that name, son of Constantine Emperor, reigned five years, his wife was of Athens, 
Leon. 4.  named Hirene (otherwise also Theodora) a fair woman, and of great spirit. Naucler.  
He loved precious stones, and having seen a Crown full of precious stones in the Treasury of Saint sophy, put it upon his head: but by the coldness thereof, he fell into a Fever, whereof he died. Chron. Sigeb. Fasc. temp. Naucler. Sup. Chro. After his wife Hirene reigned.  
Charlemaigne enterprised war against the Saxons, Infidels, and paynim: and this endured 33. years. Naucler. For they often revolted and feigned themselves to be Christians, abusing Charlemaigne. Abb. Vrsp. Finally they were made subject.  
Adrian builded certain Towers and walls at Rome, and gave great gates of Brass to the Church of S. Peter: and adorned the Altar with a covering of Gold.  
He ordained that an hundredth poor people should be nourished in the Court of Lateran. He restored S. Anastatius, and other ruinated Churches. He was puissant and noble of race, and none of his predecessors came to like temporal glory and riches. Sup. Chro. Fasci. temp.  
Charlemaigne displeased at the discord of the Church Music, betwixt the Romans and the French, sent two Clerks to Rome to learn the Song of the Roman Church, which first instructed the Church of Metes in Lorraine, and after all France, in the same singing. Sup. Chron.  

Constantine. the 6.  Constantine 6. of that name, Emperor 76. of Leon the 4. reigned ten years with his mother Hirene, but being come to age, he deprived her of the Empire, exhorting her rather to deal in domestical affairs, without meddling with governing the Empire. Sigeb.  
Charlemaigne made war in Spain against the Sarrasins. Naucler. Where the Peers of France were betrayed Ganelon.  
Hirene had her devotion towards the virgin Mary, and all other Saints: And at the request of Pope Adrian, and of Therasius Archbishop of Constantinople, she assembled after Sigeb. a Council at Nice, called the seventh, of 350, after some: or of 325. Bishops, Naucler. Wherein it was decreed, that not only in Temples should be Images: but also that they should be worshipped of right, & that all gainsayers should be excommunicated: but this decree was after abolished by Constantine. Chro. Euseb. 
Constantine the 6.   
Here took the University of Paris her beginning, by the care of Alenin an English man, who was charlemagne master. 
Erection of the University of Paris.   
Constantine the 11. year of his Empire, deprived his mother of the Imperial government, and caused all Images to be cast down in Temples, and reigned above 7. years.  
At this time a Synod was held in Spain, 
Images prohibited. Images forbidden in Spain.  in a Town call- Eliboris or Granado, where were congregated nineteen Bishops, and thirty six Priests. Felix Bishop of Aquitaine, was Precedent there. Amongst other points, there was principally concluded that there should be no Images nor paintings in Churches.  
The year 793. an other Synod was held at Francford, by the Bishops of Almaigne & Franconia. The Pope Adrian knowing this, sent two Bishops, Stephen and Theophilacte, to urge the Decree made for Images at the Council of Niece, by the means of Hirene. In so much that the Synod held at Eliboris in Spain, was at the said Francford condemned. Abb. Vrsp.  
Seeing now jesus Christ was left to be portrayed by the preaching of his pure word, Images were admitted into the Temples of Christ: therefore no marvel if so many contentious follow.  
Hirene grieved to be deprived of the Empire, by presents, solicited certain Captains to kill her son. They watched him and put out his eyes, upon such a day as he had put out the eyes of his Uncle (after Nicephorus) five years before, then put him in prison, where he deceased few days after. Hirene then his mother, governed alone by the space of three years.  
She also caused to be taken out of his grave the body of Constantine the fifth, Father of her dead husband, and made it publicly to be burnt, and the Ashes thereof to be cast into the Sea, because in his life time he had broken Images. This did she at the Instigation of Theodorus Bishop, who favoured the Pope touching Images. Henry Bullenger.  

Hirene. Adrian.  Alcuin, or otherwise Albin, Disciple of Beda the Venerable, Monk, and after Abbot of S. Martin of Tours, charlemagne master, made three books of the Trinity, and many other books. Also the life of S. Vaast Bishop of Arras. Abb. Trit.  

councils in the time of Charlemagne.  Charlemagne during his reign, caused 6. or 7. Counsels and Synods to be held: whereof five, that is to say, at Magunce, Worms, Rhein's, Tours, & Arles, were assembled against the abuses of Ecclesiastical persons which then were very great, and did much displease the Emperor Charlemaigne.  
Ansegisus Abbot of this time, made four books of the Decrees of Charlemaigne, and of his son Lewis. Amongst other things, and above all, he would that Bishops should preach to the people the true doctrine drawn out of the holy Scriptures, and not otherwise: Thereupon alleging the saying of Gregory. That the Priest which goeth without the care of preaching, lightly, lighteth against himself the wrath of the hid judge.  
He also ordained that no man should make profession of Monachisme, without demanding the King's licence to shun many frauds. He would few Feasts should be ordained. He repressed the superfluity of Priests, and ordained that they should be nourished of the Ecclesiastical revenues with the poor.  

This was S. Boniface then accounted the Apostle of Almaigne.  He one day sharply reprehended the Archbishop of Magunce called Boniface, because he had usurped a Cross all covered with gold, and enriched with precious stones, as an Imperial Sceptre. For occasion thereof being offered in a public assembly, he said to him in choler; Is it thus you make profession of the Cross of Christ? Do you thus feed the flock, being rather in order of an Emperor than a shepherd? An other which on S. Martin's even was made Bishop, and for joy thereof forgetting to come the next day to the Temple, was dismissed by Charlemaigne, saying: What will he do hereafter, when at first he is so forgetful of his office? Also one other having received a great benefice, for joy, being upon horseback, cast himself down with great agility before the Emperor. To whom the Emperor said: So far as I see you are an able man, and a good horseman, I have need of you: Leave hardly this benefice to some weaker man. aventinus the Historiographer in his books of the Annals of Bavaria.  
We may see by the recital hereof, that Popes had not that sovereign power which afterward their successors usurped. The Emperors called Synods, and proposed statutes and decrees, and conferred and bestowed benefices.  
At Francfort whilst Charlemagne wintered there, a Council was held, wherein the decree of the Council of Niece held by Hirene touching Images (as is said) was declared false, and altogether condemned. And although the Pope's Factors, as Vrspergensis and others do pass and dissemble it, yet so is the truth. And that the Pope Adrian sent thither his Ambassadors, Stephen and Theophilacte Bishop. There also was condemned the heresy of Felix and Eliphandus, which acknowledged their fault, and ask pardon were restored to their dignities.  
Charlemaigne caused a book to be published in his name, which agrreed with the Articles of the said Council. Yea and moreover, he answered two books which were found written by Adrian, to Therasius Patriarch, and to the Emperor of Constantinople. By this writing Charlemaigne taxeth, and covertly condemneth Adrian, without naming him Idolater.  
There was also a Council held at Cavaillon, under Charlemaigne, wherein amongst other superstitions which were there condemned, that of Pilgrimages in respect of Religion, was sharply repressed in the 45. Canon. Alleging that saying of S. Hierome. Men should not be praised because they have seen jerusalem, but because they have lived well.  
Leo the third of that name, borne at Rome, 
Leo. 3.  after he had received the Papal dignity, Incontinently sent to Charlemaigne the Keys of S. Peter, the Ensign or Gonfanon (as they call it) of the Town of Rome, with other presents: requiring him that he would do so much, that the people of Rome might yield themselves subject to the Pope in delivering him their oath of fidelity. For he feared the people one day would not stoop under his tyranny.  
But Charlemaigne willing to do a thing pleasing Leo, 
Constantine the 6.  sent a certain Abbot called Agilbert, who by the emperors commandment constrained the Roman people to swear fidelity to the Pope.  
For this cause the people conceived such an hatred against the Pope, that having found some which stirred them more to execute their fury, and to serve them for guides & Captains: as one day he went a procession, having cast him from his horse they spoilt him of his pontificial apparel, and beat him well. In which tumult none put out his eyes nor cut out his tongue (as the Papists affirm, teaching that straightway he was divinely healed, by so manifest lies to amplify his authority): but indeed he was only put in prison in the Monastery of Saint Erasmus, as Mantuan saith in his fourth book, des Fasts.  

Charlemagne Emper. 801. the first name of treschristian, the first of Emperors that were Crowned by the Popes.  Finally, as Charlemaigne came to Rome, the people knowing how he was affectioned towards the Pope, for the fear they had of him, changed the anger they had conceived against Leo into favour, and durst not enterprise to prove the crimes whereof they accused him. After than they had been examined touching his life, they cried all with one voice, That the apostolic seat ought not to be judged by a Lay person. By which answer Charlemaigne being appeased, after also that Leo had affirmed by an oath that he was not culpable, he declared him absolved and innocent.  
The Pope for these benefits, willing to yield some pleasure on Christmas day, assoon as the King was come from the Church, he put the Crown on his head, and pronounced Charlemaigne Emperor of the Romans, without that, he had aspired to receive the Imperial Crown. And all the Roman people cried saying; Life and victory be to the thrice Christian Charles, always August, Crowned of God; great and peaceable Emperor. And whereas before they used to call him by the name of Patrician, he was called Emperor: the year of his reigned 23. and of our salvation eight hundredth and three.  
Hirene Empress of Constantinople, 
Charlemagne.  
Hirene.  hearing what had been done at Rome, sent three Ambassadors towards Charlemaigne to confirm the peace. Charlemaigne on his side also sent his Ambassadors towards the Empress for a greater confirmation of peace, demanding her in marriage; whereunto she had consented, but for the hindrance by ambushes laid against it: as if she would have sold the Empire by her marriage to strangers.  
Nicephorus then was crowned Emperor, 
Nicephorus.  and Hirene chased away; who passed the rest of her life in exile. Nicephorus sent his Ambassadors to Charlemagne, 
Division of the Empire.  to renew the alliance upon those conditions; That both should be called Augustes and brethren together: the one of the East, and the other of the West: That in Italy which is on the side beyond Naples, 
Accord of division.  and on the other side beyond Sipont: namely, all that which stretcheth towards the Sea, should belong unto the Greek Emperor, and the rest to the French Emperor.  
That Venice should be in the midst, and as the limit and border betwixt those two Empires, and acknowledge the Majesty of them both. That the Venetians should be subject neither to the one nor the other, but should use their own laws, and be the friend of both, whether in peace or war. Some say, that the Emperor after his Coronation said, that if he had known the Pope's enterprise, he would not that day have entered into the Church.   

Advertisement.  
Although successively there were always Emperors of Constantinople, which kept the Roman Empire until the Town was occupied by the Turks: yet because the true brightness and Majesty of the name and of the tuition of the Empire, and of Italy, was in Charlemagne and his successors, we leave in Nicephorus the Greek Emperors, because they have not been like these. Therefore leaving the East, namely, that of Constantinople, we will set down in order the Emperors of the West; namely of Rome.  

Charlemagne.  Charlemaigne then delivered the Roman seat from all molestations of foreign Princes, and achieved that for which principally he came into Italy: that is to say, at the siege of Pavia, having constrained Didier the last King of the Lombard's to yield himself, he got possession of all Lombardie. And to the end they should no more molest Italy, he drove them away as seditious persons, and sent Didier Captive with his wife and children into the Town of Liege. Paul. Diaconus, an Historiographer, and Secretary to the said Didier, was led with him; and from that time Charlemaigne made his the Kingdom of Lombardie, leaving all the Towns of Italy in their accustomed liberty, to the end he might give no occasion of trouble unto the Greek Emperor.  

The alliance of Scotland with France.  About this time, Acayus the 65. King of Scots, made the first alliance with King Charlemaigne, and with France, which hath endured ever since, and yet at this present is maintained betwixt these two Nations.  

Baviere conquered.  Tassilo Duke of Baviere, moving war against Charlelemaigne, lost his Country, and was put in a Monastery with his son; and although he was charlemagne kinsman, yet for his faith before violated, he used this severity towards him.  

Nicephorus.  Nicephorus reigned at Constantinople eight or nine years, whom the Romans would not acknowledge for Emperor: whereupon there rose great envy and hatred betwixt them of the East, and of the West.   

A Schism betwixt them of the East, and of the West.  
Whatsoever agreement was made, there was still envy and enmity betwixt the East and the West Emperors, and they could not suffer one an other: yet this dissension happened not only betwixt them, but also betwixt the East and the West Churches; whereof altogether the Pope was cause, in intent to withdraw and exempt himself from the obedience of him of whom he held all his good.  
Charlemaigne enriched many Churches, Abbeys, and Bishoprics; especially in Almain, the Bishoprics of Magunce, Strasbourge, Colongne, and trevers, giving them great privileges. Briefly, there were few renowned Churches in Germany, nor in all the two Frances, which he endowed not with some goods and revenues.  
johannes Scotus, a Monk of S. Benet, a Disciple of Beda, and a companion of Albin or Alcuin, charlemagne master, wrote upon S. Mathewe three books, and other things. Abb. Trit.  
Hinmarus' Bishop of Rheims, before Monk of S. Devis, wrote two books of the life of S. Remy Bishop. Tritem.  
Charlemaigne at the last got the upper hand of the Hungarians, and took great riches from them: for it had been two hundredth years that they did no other thing but pill and spoil all other Nations, without being peeled themselves. After, he tamed the Bohemians, having overcome their King called Lechon. And so in the end Charlemaigne was peaceable of Italy, France, Almain, Hungary, and Bohemia.  
So oftentimes the Lord sends puissant monarch to repair things confused, 
Wherefore God sends great monarchs  as also to repress the insolency and disordinate dealings of great persons dispersed on the earth.  
Charlemaigne of the age of 72. years, died at Aix in Almain, of a Fever and a Pleurisy, the year of his reign, 46. of his Empire 14. and the year of Christ 814. having instituted the University of Paris and Pavia.  
Lewis, charlemagne son, by his wife Hildegarde, surnamed Le Debonair, because he was of a soft and gracious spirit, 
Lewis surnamed the Debonair, Emperor Stephen. 4. A subtle Fox.  was after the death of his father, pronounced Emperor by the chiefs of the Kingdom.  
Stephen, fourth of that name, a Roman, being substituted in the place of Leo, three months after went into France towards Lewis Debonair the Emperors, to the end to purge himself concerning his election: 
Lewis.  for that against the decrees of Adrian and Leo his predecessors, he had been chosen and confirmed Pope by the Clergy and the people of Rome, without the counsel and authority of the Emperor. Wherein we see that the Roman seat is so faithful an observer of her own laws and ordinances, that the first that succeeds him which made them, breaks and transgresseth them. But to the end that this flatterer using hypocrisy might the rather for a time abuse Lewis, he set on his head a fair Crown (which he brought with him) and an other on the head of the Queen Hirmingarde, calling her august, or Empress. But the subtle Fox being recompensed by the Emperor, returning, and the Church of Reate in Italy, even then falling vacant, he would not consecrate the Bishop who was chosen there, unless he would first acknowledge that the Emperor should approve his election. But see what followed after. As soon as he was come to Rome, he began to think that the right and pre-eminence given to Charlemagine and his successers, might bring with it many mischiefs, therefore taking the greater hardiness, by the softness and benignity of Lewis, thought it good to abolish such a right: and there upon pronounced that the Pope's election ought to be in the power of the Clergy, of the Senate, and of the Roman people; yet fearing to provoke the emperors anger against him, he added this Interpretation: namely, that it should be very lawful for them to elect the Bishop of Rome without the authority of the Emperor, but that it should not be lawful to consecrate him without the emperors presence, or his Ambassadors. So by this means for a certain time were the Emperors kept from the election of the Pope. Yet because Stephen occupied not the seat past eight months, he could do little of that he forethought to increase his authority. But he died in his accustomed superstition. Anno domini. 817.  
Pascal first of that name, a Roman Monk, following the train of Stephen his predecessor, was chosen Pope by the Clergy and people of Rome, without the consent of the Emperor. And as the Emperor complained of this election, Pascal subtly purged himself by his Ambassadors sent thither. By tract of time this subtle and malicious Pope seeing there was danger if he longer deferred to augment his authority, so strangely enchanted the Emperor Lewis, 
The right of choosing and Inuesture of Bishops, belonged to the Emperors.  insomuch as he bore great honour to the Roman Church, that he consented to remit into the hands of the Clergy and the people, the right of electing of the Pope, which had been given before to Charlemaigne; and also that he should by his Letters confirm all Donations made by his predecessors, although they were made of things acquired by unjust & unlawful violence. This he did as one ignorant of their cautelous and deceitful dealings, and sealed them with his seals. But after he had Crowned at Rome Lotharie his son Emperor, (to the end that by that means he might more easily compass that which he sought) he did so much by treason and secretly, that Theodorus and Leon, officers of the emperors house, which faithfully held their masters part, had their eyes put out, and after their heads cut off by the means of certain mutinous and seditious people. And although he were accused to the Emperor, as well for the sedition which had been stirred, 
The Pope purgeth himself by oath.  as for the murder against their persons committed: after he had assembled a Synod of a certain number of Bishops, he purged himself by oath. Notwithstanding he accused of treason them which were slain, and pronounced that by good right they had been slain: declaring them to be absolved which murdered them.  
Behold the holiness of these holy Fathers in their kingdom of perdition.  
Pascal honoured with a most magnifical Sepulchre in the Town, two thousand bodies (if he fail not in his account) of Saints before dead, which were buried in Church yards. He builded all new the Temple of S. Praxides, and set in it the bodies of S. Cecilie, Tiburcius, Valerian, Maximian, and other Martyrs: also of S. Vrbain and other Bishops: He re-edified some Churches which were like to fall with great age.  
Lewis upon great devotion he had to the apostolic Sea, bestowed upon the people and Clergy of Rome, the power to choose the Pope and the Bishops, which authority belonged to the Emperors. But he reserved this prerogative; that the Pope being chosen, he should always send to the Emperors to confirm amity. Naucler.  
The Emperor also ratified the donation made to the Pope of Rome by his predecessors, and signed it with his own hand, and his three children, ten Bishops, eight Abbots, and fifteen Earls.  
The Copy of these Letters are in Volateran, in the third book of his Geography.  
Pascal then tarried not long after to command under pain of excommunication that none should presume to receive an Ecclesiastical Benefice of a Layman, whosoever he be. Sup. Chro.  
Great signs and marvels happened in this time.  
In Saxe a great Earthquake; so that many villages (as Vrsp. saith) perished by fire.  
In divers places it reigned stones amongst hail, which slew men and beasts. Naucler.  
Eugenius Pope, second of that name, borne at Rome, ruled three years. 
Eugenius. 2. Schism.   
A Schism rose up in the Church, and there was great discord amongst the Cardinals, some choosing Sozimus, but finally Eugenius obtained the Papacy, for he had in him great appearance of holiness.  
At this time a Peace was confirmed betwixt Leo Emperor of Constantinople, and Lewis the Roman Emperor. Naucler.  
The King of Denmark, named Hariolus, cast out of his Kingdom by the children of Godfrey, came for succours to the Emperor Lewis, and obtained help to be restored into his Kingdom. Chron. Sigeb.   

Translation of holy bodies.  
Now was translation of the bodies of many Saints from Italy, into Almain, France, and England. Fascic. temp. This was all the Religion of this time.  
Michael Emperor of Constantinople, 
Michael, Emperor of Constantinople.  sent Ambassadors towards Lewis Debonair, to understand his opinion touching the Images of Saints; namely, whether they should keep them, or reject them. Lewis sent them to Pope Eugenius to hear his opinion. Bonif. Simoneta. This Emperor Michael, sent to Lewis the books of the Hierarchy of S. Denis. Chro. Sigeb.  
Lotharie King of Italy came to Rome, and was royally received of Pope Eugenius: he reform the estate of the Town, and all Italy, and ceased all partialities, 
Rome then, was not yet the Popes.  and appointed at Rome Magistrates to do right to the people. Naucler. Blond.  
Valentine, second of that name, Cardinal and Deacon, a Roman, governed at Rome only forty days, an eloquent man. Bonif. Simoneta.  
Organs became first in use in France about this time, by a Priest called Gregory, who learned his cunning therein in Greece. See the Hist. of France.  
Gregory Pope, fourth of that name, a Roman, ruled at Rome 16. years. 
Gregory. 4.   
This Pope would never accept the Popeship, unless first the Emperor would approve his election, and thereof he was certified by an Embassage which the Emperor sent to Rome, to examine the said election. Naucl. and Abb. Vrsp.  
The Sarrasins with the soldan of Babylon, came into Rome, and of the Church of S. Peter, made a stable for horses, 
Rome.  and wasted Poville, Calabria, and Sicily, and peeled and spoiled all where they went. Chron. Euseb. and Naucler.  
Naucler. saith, that in the Council held at Aixle Chapele, 
A Council at Aix wherein the superfluities of Bishops were cut off.  under this Pope, the year of Christ, 830. there was ordained a mean and rule for Monks, Nuns, Canons, and others to live in.  
There was also ordained that every Church should possess rents and revenues, that so Priests might have whereon to live, and so to keep them from applying themselves to any profane thing, or dishonest gain. Prebends were ordained for Monks, that for necessity they might not be withdrawn from holy things. There was also granted Franches and liberty to Monks, Clerks, and Priests, that they should not be subject unto temporal Lords, etc.  
The body of S. Mark was transported from Alexandria to Venice. Naucl.  
After this Council, there were ambushes laid for the Emperor Lewis: even his own children, angry at the second marriage of their father, with one called judith, an audacious woman. He sent them far from him; namely, Lotharie into Italy, Pippin into Aquitane, and Lewis into Baviere. Notwithstanding he was imprisoned in the Monastery of S. Modard at Soissons.  
john le Maire declareth this History as followeth. In the time of Gregory the fourth (saith he) was held a Council at campaign, which was detestable and pernicious, by the disordinate Prelates of France, who grieved that at the former Council the Emperor had corrected their pomps and disordered superfluities; having caused them to leave their Rings, they conspired against him, and caused the children to take Arms against their father, and to take him and hold him in strait guard at Soissons; the Pope Gregory aiding in this exploit. Moreover, at the said Council (or rather conventicle and monopole) the said Bishops and Prelates conjured, condemned their sovereign Prince and Lord to lay away Arms and his military Girlde, and to despoil himself of his Imperial dignity, and in the place thereof, to take the Monks Cool or Frock. O false, wicked, and pharasaical Priestly hypocrisy (saith he). This is not the first time that thou hast conspired in great disdain against such as reprehend and correct thee. For thou begannest at the head, that is, at our Lord jesus Christ. But afterward this said Emperor was again established into his Kingdom by an other better Council of Bishops and Prelates of France, and by the conduct of certain good Barons and loyal Captains of his kingdom, being nigh touched with his troubles and griefs. His sons which had imprisoned him, demanded pardon for their fault and villainous enterprise, and obtained it. See john le Maire. Ebdo Archbishop of Rheims, and many other Prelates which had conspired against the king, were deposed from their dignities, condemned and banished out of France, Chron. Sigeb.  
Gregory the fourth instituted the Feast of All-saints, upon the first day of November.  
Rabanus first Monk of S. Benet, and Abbot of Fulden, 
Rabanus.  after Bishop of Magunce, flourished at this time. He expounded all the Bible, as well the old as the new Testament, and made many other books.  
Strabus a Monk of Fulden, a Disciple of Rabanus, 
Strabus. The Ordinary Close.  was the first which made the ordinary Close, which after was augmented. Tritem.  
Bertramus Priest, a learned man, and well instructed in true piety, made a book of Predestination, and an other of the body and blood of the Lord, wherein he speaketh very properly of the Lords Supper.  
He served for a light to illuminate others in this dark time.  
Turpin, Archbishop of Rheims, wrote two books of the acts of Charlemaigne. Abb. Trit.  
Lewis Debonair died of the age of 64. years, having reigned 26. and was buried at Mets in the Sepulchre of his mother Hildegarde. After his death, rose up a cruel time: for whilst his children Lotharie, Charles, and Lewis, were in debates and wars, the Sarrasins on the other side lifted up themselves, as also the Saxons, with others. At a battle given at Fountenay, a Town of Auxerrois, Lotharie fled to Aixle Chapelle, and and from thence to Vienne.  
Lotharie or Loather obtained the Empire 15. years. The felicity of that Kingdom, acquired by Charlemaigne, 
Lotharie.  soon finished in this man, whose Empire was divided. He had such debates with his brethren, 
Lotharie.  that one day at an Easter Feast, almost all the Nobility of France perished at a combat, wherein Charles had the victory. Finally, there was means found of agreement; namely, that Charles surnamed Le Chaune, should be King of France, Lewis King of Germany, and Lotharie who was then the eldest, should have Gaul, Belgic, Province, and that portion of the Country which of his own name was called Lotharinge: that is to say, Lorraine. He already possessed Italy.  
Lothaire left three sons, Lewis, Lotharie, and Charles, unto which he made a partition: to Lewis, the Empire, with Italy: to Lothaire, Austrasia and Lorraine: and to Charles the youngest, the Kingdom of Province. This partition was during his life, in the presence of the greatest of his Kingdom. After, he took him to a Monastery.  

Sergius. 2.  Sergius Pope, the second of that name, a Roman, ruled three years. His election was confirmed by Lewis, the Emperor Lothaires son, who sent to Rome for that purpose, and the said Lewis was crowned King of Italy by Sergius. Nauclerus.  
This Sergius was before called Swine's Snout, and therefore changed his name, and so gave first occasion to his successors to change their names in their election.  
He then, and they which followed, esteemed more of the name which they receive at their cursed unction, then that they receive at their baptism: wherein there is an apparent mark of Antichrist.  

A mark of the beast.  Some there are, which by reason of certain mysteries and secrets which were then revealed, count the number of the Beast from this change of the name, until the 7. year of julius the second of that name: who casting S. Peter's keys into Tiber, took Saint Paul's Sword: whereof we shall speak in his place.  

Benefices sold to them which would give most.  This Pope had a brother called Benet, who outrageously usursped to himself the Church goods: and there was so great covetousness at Rome, by the carelessness of Sergius, that Bishopprickeses were publicly sold to him that would give most: and no man in authority sought any remedy for such an enormity: which they said came because of the Sarrasins coming into Italy.  
Yet he was very diligent to adorn and repair Churches, and to place many holy bodies in them. Sup. Chron.  
He builded a Monastery nigh the Church of S. Silvester. Sup. Chron. He added to the private Mass, the breaking of bread into three pieces.  
Leo, Pope, 4. of that name, a Roman, ruled 8. or 9 years. 
Leo. 4.  He was presently chosen, even before his predecessor was buried.  
He repaired many Temples which the Sarrasins had destroyed.  
He ordained that no Layman should presume to enter into the Quire of the Church, 
The people separated from Priest in the Church.  nor to come nigh the Priest when he sung Mass, unless it were to the offering. For that place is ordained for them which do divine service. Chron. Euseb. He also made many Collects and Orisons: as Deus cuius dextra beatum Petrum ambulantem in fluctibus, etc. Item, Deus quibeato Petro collatis, etc. Item, Deus quiab ipso huis mundi principio, etc. Item, Presta quaesumus, omnipotens & misericors Deus, etc. against the assaults of the Sarrasins and Earthquakes.  
He builded the Castle of S. Angelo at Rome, 
The Castle of S. Angelo.  repaired the walls and gates, and builded fifteen Bulwarks for the defence of the Town. And he himsefle went to war against the Sarrasins.  
It was he which enriched the Cross with precious stones, the which the Deacons used to carry before the Popes.  
The year of Christ 849. Leo Emperor of Constantinople was slain in his Palace, he being in his Chapel, by a conspiracy of his Nobles, and especially of Count Michael, who after obtained the Empire nine years. Naucler. Chron Sigeb.  
A Synod at Rome of 64. or after some, 47. Bishops, was assembled by Leo: wherein a great Cardinal was condemned and deposed, because he had left his Parish five years, and for other crimes. Notwithstanding, after this, the same Pope ordained that a Bishop ought not to be condemned unless he were evicted by 72. witnesses.  
A great mutation happened in France by the normans, Frisons, Britons, and others: which wasted it.  
Adulphus (after the Chronicle of Eusebius) or Ethelwolphus, or Alidulphus, or Adolphus after some, the first Christian King of England, 
S. Peter's pence in England.  went to Rome on Pilgrimage with his son Alfredus. Nauclerus. And granted to the Pope Leo of each house in his Country a certain piece of Silver for tribute, payable to the Popes of Rome every year, in the honour of Saint Peter, which custom was long time after kept.  
This Tribute was called S. Peter's pence, or guilt, and so was all England made subject to the Pope's seat. Functius.  
The body of S. Helena, mother of Constantine the great, from Rome, was transpoted into France. Chron. Sig. and Fasc. Temp.  
In Almain upon the coast of Rhine, a great famine came, and after that, a great earth quake: whereby S. Albon's Church at Magunce fell.   

An Advertisement.  
As for the Popes on the Roman seat, from Phocas the Emperor hitherto, they have still multiplied, new traditions, ceremonies, buildings, pleasures, pomps, and wars, they have devised and practised murders, alterations and changes of Kingdoms; in such sort, as finally the Church under their governmenment became altogether the whore whereof is spoken in the apocalypse: and the better to discover the thing, the Lord hath manifested the truth thereof to all the world in this Pope that followeth, john. the 8. who being a woman, and an whore, hath showed in her body the true portrait of the great spiritual whoredom of the Roman Popes, which after, still more and more is manifested.  
john, 8. of that name, 
john. 8. The great whore.  took the name of an English man, because of a certain English monk of the Abbey of Fulden, which he loved singularly: as for his office he was a Pope: but for his Sex he was a woman. This woman, being an Almain by Nation, borne at Magunce, and first called Gilberte, feigned herself to be a man; having taken on her man's apparel, went to Athens with her amorous Lover the Monk: In which place she profited excellenty in all kind of Sciences; and after the Monks death came to Rome, still dissembling she was a woman: But because she was of a very sharp spirit and had a notable grace, well and promptly to speak in disputations and public Lectures, so that many marveled at her knowledge, every one was so affectioned towards her, and so well she gained the hearts of all, that after the death of Leo, she was chosen Pope. Into which office being brought, she bestowed holy orders (as they call them) after the manner of other Popes: she made Priests and Deacons: she ordained Bishops and Abbots: she sung Masses: she consecrated Temples and Altars: she administered the Sacraments: she presented her feet to kiss; and did all other things which the Popes of Rome used to do, and yet her Acts were then of very little or no value.  
Whilst this woman was thus in the Papal office, the Emperor Lotharie now old, took the habit of a Monk, and Lewis the second of that name being come to Rome, 
Lewis. 2.  took the Sceptre and Imperial Crown at her hands, with S. Peter's blessing. In doing whereof, this whore of Babylon showed herself to have that power, that she made Kings subject unto her. In her time Ethelwolphus king of England gave cowardly the tenth part of his Kingdom to the Clergy and Monks (as Horeden saith) and his son Ethelbaldus espoused judith his mother in law, his father's widow now dead. But whilst this Pope was in his estate, she was got with child by a Chaplain of hers a Cardinal, who knew well of what Sex she was. And as she went on Procession solemnly to the Church of Lateran, she brought forth this child gotten in whoredom, betwixt the Colosse and the Church of S. Clement, in the midst of Rome in the public street, in the presence of all the people of Rome, and died in the same place, as she delivered her child, the year of our Lord, 857. Because of such a fault, as to bring forth a child in a common street, she was deprived of all honour accustomably done to Popes, and buried without any Papal Pomp.  
here thou mayest see (Reader) how the Roman Church cannot err, after they have caused a Mass of the holy Ghost to be sung. This Act alone certainly doth so evidently show that it is the seat of the great whore, and the mother of all whoredoms, that there is no Apelles whatsoever that can better paint her in her colours.  
But to the end that Popes and anointed Fathers may seem to detest such a sin, they turn from that street, as from a place which they much suspect, because of the evil luck. Functius makes no doubt so say that this was permitted of God, that this woman should be created Pope: and withal, that she should be an harlot publicly proved, because in these times she made kings subjects unto her, (as Ethelwolphus and Alfredus were in England) that they might acknowledge Antichrist for their king. For God in this Papesse harlot would manifest to the world this whore of Babylon, whereof the holy Ghost hath foretold, to the end the faithful I might take heed of her. But to the end those good Fathers should no more fall into such an inconueniency, they have ordained that a Deacon should handle their privy parts in an holied Chair, to the end he may be known whether he be a man or no. But now whilst they be Cardinals, and before they be chosen Popes, they engender so many bastards, that none can doubt if they be males, neither is there any more need of so holy a ceremony.  
Lotharie now old, having divided his kingdom to his children, and made himself a Monk (as is said) died the year 855.  
Lewis, second of that name, the son of Lotharie, 
Lewis. 2.  (unto whom his father had assigned whilst he lived, the Kingdom of Italy and the Empire) was a kind man, and one that feared God. He reigned nineteen years, and died the year, 874.  
Benet Pope, third of that name, a Roman, ruled at Rome about three years. This man when he was chosen Pope, 
Benet. 3.  received the office weeping, taking God to witness that he was not meet for such a charge. He was three days in fasting and prayer, desiring the Lord to give him grace well to govern the Church. Sup. Chron. Naucler.  
The emperors Ambassadors came and confirmed his election.  
He visited the diseased, nourished the poor, comforted the desolate, and defended Widows and Orphans. Sup. Chron.  
He ordained that the Pope by his corporal presence, should honour the obsequies of a Bishop, Priest, and Deacon. Boniface Simoneta. And commanded all the Clergy to assist the Funerals of a Pope. R. Barns.  
He was deposed from his Papacy by the conspiracy of certain wicked persons: and a Cardinal called Annastatius, 
A Pope deposed, and after restored.  usurped the seat: but after, he was rejected and sent to prison, and Benet was restored by the emperors Ambassadors. Chron. Sigeb.  
The English men came into France about this time, and wasted it. Chron. Euseb.  
Nicholas Pope, the first of that name, a Roman, 
Nicholas. 1.  ruled at Rome about ten years: or after Nauclerus seven years.  
He was esteemed so holy, that after S. Gregory the great, there was found none comparable to him.  
He was created Pope in his absence, and placed in the apostolic seat against his will. R. Barns.  
He builded the Temple or Church of the Virgin Marie, which men call Lanove. The same.  
He made many decrees, & amongst others, he ordained that that Emperors and secular Princes should be rejected from the Counells of the Church, unless there were some question of Faith. Dist. 91. Cap. Vbinam. Item, that secular men should not judge the life of Clerks. Dist. 28. Cap. Consulendum. Item, that it should not be lawful for any to prejudice or contradict his judgement, neither to reprehend his sentence and opinion, nor to judge of his judgement. 9 q. 3. Patet. Item, that the Pope may not be bound nor unbound by any secular power, because he is called God. Dist. 96. Cap. Satis evidenter. Item, that Bishops ought not to go on warfare, but occupy themselves in Prayers and Orisons. 23. quest. 8. Cap. Reprehensible. Item, that hone should assist at the Mass of a married Priest. Dist. 32. Cap. Nullus. Item, he commanded to take the Sacraments even of such Priests as were of wicked life, if they be not rejected of Bishops, or excommunicated for some notorious crime. 11. quest. 8. Cap. Sciscitantib. Item, he would that the decrees of his predcessors and their Epistles, should obtain every where virtue and authority.  
By his authority the Sequences were newly added and sung at Mass, at the solicitation of Norgerus Abbot of S. Gall; who after was Bishop of Liege. Abb. Trit.  
He writ a long and very rude Epistle unto Michael Emperor of Constantinople, in maintenance of his apostolic Primacy.  
He ordained that no secular Prince should presume to usurp things belonging unto Priests.  

Lotharie excommunicated.  He excommunicated Lotharius, brother of the Emperor Lewis, because he kept two wives, Theoberge and Galdrada, and sent a writing against him to the Bishops of France, Almain, and Italy. 2. quest. 1. Cap. Scelus. Item, to Charles le Chawe, Uncle of the said Lotharie, 2. quest. 1. cap. An non. Moreover, he excommunicated and deprived of their dignities, the Archbishop of Trevens Theogaldus, and the Archbishop of Coloigene Gontarius, because that consenting to the divorce, they maintained and defended the said Lotharie, 9 quest. 3. cap. praecipue. cap. Thegaldum. Whereupon Lotharie seeing himself accused, and also that they proceeded against him by excommunication, he took again Theberge his wife, and rejected Galdrada: but strait after he again forsook his wife and called again Galdrada, and after could never be separated from her for any correction. Naucler.  
john Archbishop of Ravenna, meaning to maintain the ancient liberty of Ravenna, which Constantine and justinian the two Emperors, and Leo the second Pope, had taken from them, was cited to appear at Rome, and because he appeared not, he was deprived of his dignity. The said Archbishop went to the Emperor and besought him to entreat the Pope's licence to go to Rome to defend his cause without danger: which the Pope granted at the emperors request. The Archbishop admitted to plead his cause before many Prelates, confessed himself guilty of Treason towards the Pope, and therefore demanded mercy and pardon of all them which were present. The Pope received him into grace upon certain conditions: namely that in full Synod he should purge himself of heresy. That each year he should go to Rome: That he should cease consecrating of Bishops although they were Canonically elected, unless it were by the authority of the Pope granted by his Letters. That he should change nothing of Ecclesiastical goods without the Pope's licence, under pain of excommunication.  
The Bishop of Strasburge called Ratholdus, otherwise Radulphus, sent to Rome a Priest of his Diocese, convicted to have slain his mother: unto whom although there was enjoined hard penance, yet the Pope permitted him to keep his wife with him, to avoid the danger of fornication. See 33. quest. 2. chap. Latorem. and Renamus in the annotations upon on Tertullian, in the end.  
But this Pope Nicholas made great haste to publish constitutions and decrees touching the singleness and continency of Clerks, but he could obtain nothing therein. A Bishop also of Aspurge in Almaigne, called Huldric, greatly resisted the said decrees, and writ an Epistle to Pop: Nicholas, which is worthy wholly to be here inserted, to confound the Popish error of the singleness of Priests. I have therefore translated it word by word from his Latin original, as followeth.  

One Epistle of Huldric Bishop, to Pope Nicholas.  Huldric Bishop only in name, as a son promiseth and beareth love, and as a servant fear to Nicholas his Lord, Father and vigilant Pastor of the holy Roman Church. Father and Lord, after I knew thy Decrees made upon the singleness of Priests, lately brought unto me, to be far from discretion, a fear vexed me with a sadness. I say fear, because it is commonly said that the sentence of the Pastor, be it just or unjust, is to be feared. I was also afraid that the weak Auditors of the scripture (which seldom obey a just sentence, yea often cast it off as if it were unjust) will not bind themselves upon commandment unto an error, or an importable transgression, for the pleasure of his Pastor.  
On the other side, heaviness and compassion moved me: For I see not by what means the members can be guarded, when the head is detained with so grievous a malady. For what thing is more grievous, or more worthy of compassion towards all the Church, then when the Bishop of the Seat (unto whom appertaineth the examination of all the Church) withdraweth himself, and strayeth, yea though never so little from holy discretion? Assuredly thou art not a little out of the way when thou wouldst that Clerks (whom thou shouldest admonish to keep chastity of marriage) should be compelled by violence and imperious force, to keep themselves continent.  
For is not this violence, yea even after the common judgement of all that have knowledge, when any is constrained to keep a particular Decree against the Institution of the Gospel and doctrine of the holy Ghost?  
And seeing there are many examples both of the old and new Testament, which teach (as thou knowest) an holy discretion, I beseech it may not be grievous to thy Fatherhood, if of many I bring some few in this my writing.  
The Lord in the old Testament hath constituted and ordained marriage for Priests: and we never read that after he forbade it.  
He saith well in the Gospel, That some are chaste which make themselves chaste for the kingdom of heaven: 
Math. 19 vers. 11.  but he addeth, that all men understand not this word. He that can comprehend it, let him comprehend it. And therefore the Apostle saith, As for virgins I have no commandment of the Lord: 
1. Cor. 7. vers. 25.  but I only give counsel. Which counsel yet all cannot (as thoa mayst consider) comprehend, after the sentence of the Lord. Thou feast notwithstanding many to whom this sentence of the Gospel is pleasant, and flatter themselves, being more willing to please men then God: and under a false appearance of chaslitie, commit many great and enormous sins; do suborn and corrupt other men's wives: and which is more, do not abhor to lie with Males, and with brute Beasts. And to the end the estate of the Church should not be so wasted and corrupted with such a pollution, infection, and contagious a pestilence, the Apostle S. Paul commandeth & faith: To avoid fornication, 
1. Cor. 7. vers. 2.  let each man have his wise. But hypocrites corrupt this sentence, and say falsely that it only appertaineth to Lay people. And yet they make no difficulty nor conscience, in whatsoever holy order they be constituted, to abuse other men's wives. And all those (which we cannot see without weeping) are abandoned to the aforesaid sins and enormities: surely they understand not the scripture. And because they have too rudely pressed the breast thereof, in am of milk they have drunk blood. For this sentence of the Apostle, namely: Let each one have his wife: excepteth no person but him that hath the gift of continency, or him who hath purposed to persever in his virginity after the Lord. Wherefore (o reverend Father) it shallbe your part to see that whosoever either with hand or mouth hath made a vow of continency, and afterward would forsake it, should either be compelled to keep his vow, or else by lawful authority should be deposed from his order. An to bring this to pass, ye shall not only have me, but all other of my order to be helpers unto you. But the you may understand that such who know not what a vow mean, are not to be violently compelled thereunto, hear what the Apostle saith unto Timothy. A Bishop saith he, must be irreprehensible, the husband of one wife. Which setence least you should turn and apply only to one only Church, mark what he inferreth after. He that knoweth not (saith he) how to rule his own house and family, how should he rule the Church of God? And likewise the Deacons (saith he) let them be the husbands of one wife, which have knowledge to govern their own house and children. And this wife how she is wont to be blest of the Priest you understand sufficiently I suppose by the decrees of holy Silvester the Pope. 
This decree is contrary to the Bishops and Prelates in Queen Mary's days.  To these and such other holy sentences of the scripture, agreeth also he, that is the writer of the Rule of the Clergy, writing after this manner. A Clerk must be chaste and continent, or else let him be coupled in the bands of Matrimony, having one wife. Whereby it is to be gathered, that the Bishop and Deacon are noted infamous and reprehensible, if they be divided in more women than one: Otherwise if they do forsake one, under the pretence of Religion, both they together, as well the Bishop as the Deacon, be there condemned by the Canonical sentence, which saith; Let no Bishop or Priest forsake his own wife, under the colour and pretence of Religion: If he do forsake her, let him be excommunicate: and if he so continue, let him be discharged. S. Augustine also a man of discreet holiness, saith in these words; There is no offence so great or grievous, but it is to avoid a greater evil. Furthermore we read in the second book of the Tripartite History, that when the Council of Nice going about to establish the same decree, would needs enact, that Bishops, Priests, and Deacons, after their consecration, either should abstain utterly from their own wives, or else should be deposed: Then Pathuntius (one of the holy Martyrs of whom the Emperor Maximus had put out the right eye & hockt his legs) rising up amongst them, withstood their purposed decreement, confessing marriage to be honourable, and calling the bed of matrimony chastity: and so persuaded the Council from making that law; declaring thereby what occasion might come of it to themselves, and their wives, of fornication. And thus much did Pathuntius being unmarried himself, and the whole Council commending his sentence gave place thereto, and left the matter free without compulsion, to the will of every man, to do therein as he thought good. Notwithstanding there be some which got S. Gregory for their defence in this matter, whose temerity I laugh at, and ignorance I lament: For they know not being ignorantly deceived, how dangerous the decree of this heresy was, being made of S. Gregory, who afterward well revoked the same with condign fruit of repentance. For upon a certain day as he sent to his Fishpoole for Fish, 
More than 6000. heads of Infants found in the Pope's Moat, through the wicked decree Of the single life of Priests.  and did see more than six thousand Infants heads which were brought unto him out of the same Pond or Moat, did greatly repent himself of the Decree before made touching the single life of Priests, which he confessed to be the cause of that so lamentable a murder: And so purging the same with hearty repentance, altered again the things he had decreed before, commending that Council of the Apostle which saith; That it is better to marry then to burn. Adding moreover himself thereunto and saying; It is better to marry then give occasion of death. Peradventure if those men had red with me this which so happened, I think they would not be so rash in their doing and judging, fearing at the least the Lords commandment: Do not judge that ye be not judged. And S. Paul saith; Who art thou that judgest an other man's servant? Either he standeth or falleth to his own master, but he shall stand, for the Lord is mighty and can make him stand. Therefore let your holiness cease to compel and enforce those whom only you ought to admonish, least through your own private commandment (which God forbid) you be found contrary, as well to the old Testament as the new. For as S. Augustine saith to Donatus, 
S. Augustine to Donatus.  This is only that we do fear in your justice, lest (not for the consideration of christian lenity, but for the greatness and grievousness of transgressions committed) you be thought to use violence in the executing punishment, which we only desire you (by Christ) not to do. For transgressions are so to be punished, that the transgressors may repent their lives. Also an other saying of S. Augustine we would have you to remember, which is this. Nilfiat nocendi cupiditate, omnia autem charitate proficiendi, & nihil fiat, crudelitèr nihil inhumaniter. That is, let nothing be done through the charity of profiting, neither let any thing be done cruelly, nor ungently. Item of the same Augustine it is written: In the fear and name of Christ I exhort you, which of you so ever have not the goods of this world, be not greedy to have them. Such as have them, presume not too much upon them: For I say to have them is not damnation, but if you presume upon them, it is damnation. If for the having of them, ye shall seem great in your own sight, or if you do forget the common condition of man through the excellency of any thing you have, use therein due discretion therefore, tempered with moderation: which cup of discretion is drawn out of that fountain of the Apostolic preaching which saith: Art thou lose from thy wife? do not seek to thy wife: Art thou bound to thy wife? do not seek to be loosed from her. Where also it followeth; Such as have wives, let them be as though they had them not. And they that use the world, let them be as not using it. Item, concerning the widow he saith; Let her marry to whom she will, only the Lord. 
What it is to marry in the Lord.  To marry in the Lord, is nothing else but to attempt nothing in contracting of Matrimony, which the Lord doth forbid. jeremy saith also, Trust not to the words of lies, stain not the Temple of the Lord. The which saying of jeremy, Hierome expounding saith thus. This may agree also and be applied to such virgins as brag and vaunt of their virginity with an impudent face, pretending chastity, when they have an other thing in their conscience. And know not how the Apostle defineth the virgin, that she should be holy in body, and also in spirit. 
What a virgin is after the Apostle.  For what availeth the chastity of the body, if the mind inwardly be deflowered? Or if it have not the other virtues, which the Prophetical Sermon doth describe? The which virtues, for as much as we partly see to be in you, and because we are not ignorant that this discretion (although neglected in this part) yet in the other actions of your life to be kept honestly of you) do not despair, but you will also soon amend the little lack which is behind. And therefore with as much gravity as we can, we cease not to call upon you to correct and amend this your negligence. For although touching our common calling, a Bishop is greater than a Priest, yet Augustine being less than Jerome, (notwithstanding the good correction proceeding from the lesser to the greater) was not to be refused or disdained: especially when he which was corrected, was found to strive against the truth to please men.  
For as Saint Augustine saith writing to Boniface, 
Augustine ad Bonifacium.  The Disputations of all men be they never so Catholic or approved persons, ought not to be had in steed of the Canonical scriptures. So that we may disprove or refuse (saving the honour and reverence which is due unto them) any thing that is in their writings, if there be any thing found contrary to the truth. And what can be found more contrary to the truth then this? When as the truth itself, speaking of continency, not of one only, but of all men together (the number only excepted of them which have professed continency) saith: He that can take, let him take, Which saying, these men do turn and say: He that cannot take, let him be accursed. And what can be more foolish amongst men, than when any Bishop or Archdeacon run themselves headlong into all kind of lust, adultery and Incest, yet shame not to say, that the chaste marriage of Priests do stink before them? And as void of all compassion of true righteousness, do not desire or admonish their Clerks or fellow servants to abstain, but command and enforce them as servants, violently to abstain: unto the which Imperious commandment or counsel of theirs, they add also this filthy & foolish suggestion: 
The absurd and filchy saying of Papists.  saying that it is more honest, privily to have to do with many women, then openly in the presence of many men, to be bound to one wife. Which truly they would not say, if they were either of him, or in him which saith: Woe be to you pharisees, who do all things before men. And the Psalmist, Because they please men they are confounded: for the Lord hath despised them. These be the men who ought rather to persuade us to be ashamed to sin in his presence, with whom all things are naked and discovered: rather than to seem pure and neat in the presence of men. These men therefore although through their sinful wickedness deserve no counsel of godliness to be given them, yet we not forgetting our humanity, cease not to give them counsel by the authority of God's word, which seeketh all men's salvation, saying: Thou hypocrite, cast first the beam out of thine own eye: and then thou shalt see clearly to pluck the Mote out of thy brother's eye.  
Moreover this also we desire thee to attend what the Lord saith of the adulterous woman: Which of you that is without sin, let him cast the first stone against her. As though he would say; If Moses bid you, I also bid you. But yet I require you that you be competent Ministers and executors of the law: Take heed what you add thereunto: take heed also I pray you what you are yourselves. For if as the scripture saith thou well consider thyself, thou wilt never defame nor detract from an other.  

Gregorius.  Moreover, it is also signified unto us, that some there be of them which (when they ought like good shepherds to give their lives for the lords flock) yet are puffed up with such pride, that without all reason they seem to rend and tear the Lords flock with whip and beat. Whose unreasonable doings S. Gregory bewailing thus. Quid fiat de onibus, quando pastores Lupi fiunt? s That is, what shall become of the sheep, when Pastors themselves be Wolves? But who is overcome but he which exerciseth cruelty? Or who shall judge the persecutor, but he which gave patiently his back to stripes? And this is the fruit which cometh to the Church by such persecutors, also which cometh to the Clergy by such spiteful handling of the Bishops, or rather Infidels. For why may you not call them Infidels of whom S. Paul thus speaketh and writeth to Timothy; 
2. Timo. 3.  That in the latter days there shall certain depart from the faith, give heed to spirits of error, and doctrine of devils, of them which speak false through hypocrisy, and having their consciences marked with an hot Iron, forbidding to marry, and commanding to abstain from meats. etc. And this is if it be well marked, the whole handful of Darnel and Cockle, growing amongst the Corn: yea this is the accomplishment of all madness, that whilst they of the Clergy be compelled to relinquish the company of their own lawful wives, they become afterward fornicators and adulterers with other women, and wicked ministers of other sinful filthiness. These be they which bring unto the Church of God this Heresy (as blind guides leading the blind) that it might be fulfilled which the Psalmist speaketh of, as foreseeing the errors of such men, and accursing them after this manner. Let their eyes be blinded that they see not, and bow down always their back. For as much then (o Apostolical Sir) as no man which knoweth you, is ignorant, that if you through the light of your discretion had understood and seen, what poisoned pestilence might have come unto the Church through the sentence of your decrees, they would never have consented to the suggestions of certain wicked persons. Wherefore we counsel you by the fidelity of our due subjection, that with all diligence you would put away so great slander from the Church of God, and through your discreet discipline you would remove the Pharasicall doctrine from the Flock of God: So that this only Sunamite of the Lords (using no more adulterous husbands) do not separate the holy people and the kingly Priesthood from her Spouse Christ jesus, through an irreconcilable divorcement: seeing that no man without chastity (not only in the virgin's state, but also in the state of Matrimony) shall see our Lord jesus, who with the Father and the holy Ghost liveth and reigneth for ever. Amen.  
This Epistle, showeth us as it were with a finger, that in all times the truth of the Lord hath found a passage through the midst of the Furies of this world, raising up faithful Ministers to oppose themselves against the horrible discipations of the adversaries.  
The Sarrasins came from Africa into Italy, unto the Territory of Beneuent, before whom went the Emperor Lewis the second, being aided by his brother Lotharie, who died in the way at Plaisans. Pal. Floren.  
The King of Bulgaria received the Faith, made himself a Monk, and left the kingdom to his son, who rejected the Faith: In so much as his Father came out of the Monastery, and went against him in battle, and having obtained victory put out his sons eyes, and held him in prison, giving his kingdom to his younger son, and after returned to his Monastery. Naucler. and Sigeb.  
The body of Saint Innocent Pope, was transported from Rome into Saxony, by the Duke of Saxe. Chron. Sigeb.  
Michael Emperor of Constantinople, made a fellow and companion of his Empire, one called Basile, a Macedonian, a puissant man, by whom afterward he was slain. Nauclerus.  
Lewis son of Lewis de Bonaire, king of Germany, Uncle of Lewis 2. Emperor, obtained a victory against the Clevois, and caused their Duke's eyes called Rastrix, to be put out, because he had falsified his faith. Naucler.  
After the death of Nicholas Pope, the seat was empty eight years, seven months, and nine or ten days, as some say. Abb. Vrsp.  
The Britons were vanquished of the French, under Charles le Chawe, king of France. Naucler.  
The Normains being overcome, received the faith. Naucl.  
The Country of Holland was erected into an Earldom or County, and Flaunders likewise, whereof Baudwin was the first Count  

Adrain. 2.  Adrian Pope, second of that name, the son of Talarus Bishop, ruled at Rome five years. The Emperor having sent his Ambassadors for the Pope's election, the Clergy and Roman people, attended not their coming, but usurping the authority of choosing, proceeded to the election. The Ambassadors mal-contented, the subtle Romanists laid the fault upon the common people, as hard to repress and appease, being stirred. They satisfied with this excuse, saluted Adrian with the name of Pope. Platina. R. Barns.  
Soon after came Letters from the Emperor, signifying that the election pleased him, and because strangers could not know the quality of him which should be elected, he granted the election to the Citizens. Naucler. and Cor. Abb.  
Adrian then ordained that no Layman should thrust himself into the election of the Pope. Naucler. & 63. Dict. Cap. Nullus.  
He sent three Legates to the Bulgarians, who were newly converted, namely, Silvester, Leopard, and Dominic, to ordain the affairs of that Church, after the Roman fashion: but after persuaded of the Grecians, they cast off the Latin Priests, 
Division betwixt the Latin & Greek Church.  and received the greeks: which afterward engendered great hatred betwixt the Latin and Greek Church, and all the division of the aforesaid Churches came only for the Primacy, and for the diversity of Ceremonies. Robert Barns, and Nauclerus.  
Edmond the last King of the East Angles, was slain by the paynim of Denmark, Anno. 871. and was Canonised a Martyr.  
Alfredus, or Aluredus, the 7. English king, was crowned by the Pope Adrian. Polydore. Lib. 5.  
The Grecians used bells by the benefit of the Venetians. Sabell.  
About this time a Council was held at Constantinople, which was called the eight general Council. Adrian sent thither his Legates, Donatus Bishop of Ostia, Stephen, Nephesin, and Marinus, a Deacon of the Roman Church. R. Barns. Ignatius who unjustly was deprived of his patriarchal dignity, was restored: and Photin (some call him Phocas) was rejected and excommunicated. Sabellicus in his 9 book. 1. cap. It was there ordained that they of Bulgaria should be subject to the Roman church, the Emperor Basilius contradicting it.  
Here it was also ordained, that no Layman should be admitted to the election of a Pope, an Archbishop, a Patriarch, or Bishop, but that the Bishop should be chosen by the Clergy, of the Chapter. R. Barns.  
Adrian excommunicated Lotharius King of Lorraine, brother unto the Emperor Lewis, for his adultery: but coming to Rome as he returned from the war against the Sarrasins, (as some say Nauclerus allegeth) to excuse himself, received the Communion with his Princes: but they all died within the year. And the King Lotharius himself died in the way in the Town of Plaisance. Fascic. Temp. Chron. Vrsperg. and Sigeb.  
In Lombardie nigh Brize, it reigned blood three days and three nights, after Nauclerus, and the Chron. Sigeb. And in France there was a great multitude of Graffe-hoppers with six wings, 
Chales. 2.  five feet, and two teeth, which destroyed all grass, herbs and Trees. They were driven into the English Seas, by the force of exceeding great winds: and again by an other wind they were returned upon the Sea sands, upon the putrefaction whereof came such a pestilence, that great multitudes of men died saith Sigeb. Naucler. saith that the third part of men died.  

This is not Friar Scotus.  john Scotus, a learned man, was called from France into to England, by Alfredus, King there, who founded the School at Oxenford, where the said Scotus governed: but after making himself a Monk, he was slain by the Monks of that covent as he was teaching: he was cunning in the Greek tongue, and translated into Latin the Hierarchy of S. Denis. Naucler.  

john 9  john Pope, 9 of that name a Roman, ruled at Rome ten years. Suppl. Chron. being a Cardinal Deacon, he wrote Saint Gregory's life in four volumes.  
Lewis the Emperor being in Italy died, having reigned 19 years, and was buried at Milan. His successor was Charles the second of that name, surnamed, le Chawe, the son of Lewis le Debenaire, of his second wife judith, & uncle of the dead Lewis the second. After he was King 36. years, he heard say that the Emperor his Nephew was dead, and incontinent went to Rome to receive the Crown of the Empire, having ordained Boso his wives brother, King of Province.  
Pope john in a small time crowned three Emperors, and after gave occasion of great contention and war. First he crowned Charles le Chawe, who two years after he came into Italy to drive the Sarrasins out of the kingdom of Naples, was taken with a Fever at Mantone, where he died, being poisoned by his Physician a jew, called Zedechias, the year 878. having been King 36. years, and Emperor two years, and was buried at Verseile: and after (as some say) was transported to S. Denis. The Pope understanding of his death, would that his son Lewis le Begne should be chosen Emperor. But the Romans contradicted it, and would that Charles the third surnamed le Gros, son of Lewis king of Germany it should be chosen.  
The Pope remaining still in his opinion was sent to prison: 
Lewis le Begne.  but he escaped by the help of his friends, and fled into France, where he remained a year, first in Arles, and after at Lions: Finally, some say at Troy in champaign, where he assembled the Council of the French Church, and there created and crowned Lewis le Begne Emperor, and saluted him Augustus.  
In the mean while Charles the third was at Rome & kept it. He sent for the Pope, who returned to Rome, 
Charles. 3.  and pronounced, that the said Charles might dwell at Rome, and crowned him Emperor: And so they reigned together two years. Finally, Lewis was poisoned, and Charles reigned alone 12. years. Plat. Florent. and Robert Barns.  
This Pope at the same Council, gave to the Flemings a Bishop in Tornay.  
Lewis le Begne, two years after he was crowned in France, 1. of that name, died at champaign, and left his wife great with child, who after brought forth Charles le simple. Nauclerus.  
Charles' called le Gros, 
Charles le Gros.  the son of Lewis King of German, being at Rome, occupied the Empire and reigned alone. And by him the Empire or the French men returned to the Almains. Naucler. and R. Barns. and came not at the wish of the French, nor according to the imaginations and subtle devices of the Pope.  
This Pope john, ordained that such as offended in Sacrilege should be excommunicated, & amerced at thirty pound of silver. 22. quest. 4. Chap. Quisquis.  
john le Maire saith that this Pope was a cruel man, and disgraded Formosus, Bishop of Portensis, which was an occasion of many mischiefs. Fasci. temp. Some Historiographers say, it was for that he was the cause that the said john Pope was imprisoned at Rome.  
Finally he was poisoned, or as some say, slain with the blow of a Mallet, upon a conspiracy made against him. Chron. Abb. Vrsp. R. Barns.  
Pascasius about this time was Abbot in Saxony; he writ a Book of the eucharist, and most men followed his opinion, which pleased the Schoolmen more than the opinion of johannes Scotus, 
Charles le gross.  or of Bertramus, which were rejected, as shall be told in his place.  

Martin. 2.  Martin, second of that name, a French man, by evil arts entered into the Popedom. Supple. Chron. and governed a year and five months, before he was called Marin.  
Betwixt Martin Pope second of that name, and Adrian the third. Sigebert and Visperge, place Agapetus: but other Historiographers make no mention of them.  

Adrian. 3.  Adrian Pope, the third of that name, ruled at Rome a year and three months. He ordained that from thenceforth the Emperors should not meddle with the election of the Pope: And that his aurhoritie therein should be no more any thing requisite, but that the election of the Clergy should be free. Dist. 62. chap. Nullus chap. Adrianus. He made this Law whilst the Emperor was occupied in the war against the Normains, which then endured not long. For Leo the eight, Pope, did ordain clean contrary, as shall be said afterward.  

The order of Clugny, Berno, and Odo.  Platina saith here, that William Pyon Duke of Aquitane, and Count Avernus, founded the first Monastery of the order of Clugny, under the rule of Saint Benet, and made Berno Abbot there, after whom Odo succeeded, who having been a physician at Tours, came to be a Monk at Clugny. Chron. Sigeb.  
The Emperor Charles became jealous of his wife for the great familiarity she had with Luitwaldus Bishop of Verseil, who in a full assembly protested that he never had her company. She notwithstanding accepted the divorce, and withdrew herself unto the covent d'Aulaui, where she made an end of her days. Sigeb. and P. Phrig. 9  
At this time the Normains Northern people did great hurt in France, after they had spoiled Artois, Cambray, Liege, Brabant, Gelder's, and trevers, etc.  
Charles being not able to resist them, finally agreed with them, in giving in marriage the daughter of Lotharie his cousin german called Gille, to Geffrey or Rotfrid their King, and assigned for her dowry the Country of Frise, upon condition he should be baptized. Notwithstanding those Normains afterward afflicted France, and besieged the City of Paris, as shall be said.  
The subjects of Charles le Gros grieved at his cowardliness, because he let France be so outraged by the violence and cruelty of the Normains, and that also he had forsaken his wife a good woman, they deposed him as unworthy and unprofitable for the government of the Empire, and gave him a Curator named Arnulfe, or Arnould, 
Curator.  who was his brother's son. Some say that Charles le Gros finished his days in great poverty, in the Abbey of the rich Angel, called in Alemand Richenna, nigh unto Constans by the Lake, 
The end of the Emperor Charles.  without any great honour of Sepulchre. Others say he was strangled by his own people.  
This is a glass for great Princes of the world, and an excellent pattern of the humane condition.  
Arnulphus then his Nephew by his brother Carloman Duke of France, oriental (which then was called the Teutonique Kingdom, comprehending Bavier, Sorabe, Saxe, Turinge, Frise, and Lorraine) was made Emperor. He was a valiant man, and repressed the Moranians and Slavonians, after he made strong war upon the Normains, nigh the River of Mensae.  
Stephen Pope, fifth of that name, 
Stephen. 5.  ruled 6. years & ten months, in the Roman seat. It was in his time that the tale of S. Michael in the Mount Bargamus in Povile is said to be true. 
The sign of the Cross.  There was one of his Decretals to Hubert Archbishop of Manyeance. 2. G. v. c. Consuluisti. ordained the song of Cross, de consecrat, 6. dist. u.c. Nunquid.  
Odo 31. King of France, reigned nine years. He was Tutor unto Charles le Simplo, and crowned King to resist the Normains which then vaunted they would destroy all France.  

Arnulphus.  We must not here forget that Odo brought unto France the noble Armoury of the field, of Flowers-delyce, without number, which endured unto the time of Charles, the sixth king of France.  

Formosus.  Formosus Pope, before Bishop Portuensis was appointed Pope, and ruled five years and six months, against the will of some Romans, which pretended that Cardinal Sergius was chosen. But in the mean while Sergius conceived a mortal hatred against Formosus, and went into France. And therefore there was a great Schism, which was the ninth, cruel and scandalous, 
Schism. 9  and endured a long time, as shall be hereafter seen.  
This Formosus bought the Papacy (as john le Maire saith) during which time he did nothing of account, unless some will say he whitened the Church of S. Peter. Suppl. Chron.  
He called Arnulfe to Rome, and consecrated and crowned him Emperor, who afterward beheaded the chief enemies of Formosus. Chron. Abb. Vrsp.  
In this time was held a Council at Vienna in Dauphine, where two Cardinals of the Roman Sea, Paschal and john, presidented: and yet was it lawful for Priests to espouse wives if they were maids and not widows, to shun bigamy. john le Maire in the second and third part of Schisms and the Counsels of the Church.  
The Priests than had power to marry in France, almost nine hundredth years after the Apostles.  
Arnulphe subjecteth Italy and Burgongne.  

Benafice 6.  Boniface 6. of that name, a Tuscan borne, ruled at Rome fifteen days.  
There was a sharp and great famine in this time. Vrsperge.  
There fell a great debate for the body of S. Denis Ariopagite. The Almains said it was transported by the Emperor Arnulphe, into the Town of Reinsbourge, and there was showed a Bull of Pope Lewis the 10. approving that translation: but the Chronicles of France say the contrary, that it is in the Abbey of S. Denis in France.  
Note again (Reader) the life of these Popes, from Formosus or from john the 9 which excommunicated the said Formosus, until Leo the 8. and consider the sanctity of the Apostatike Sea, the contentions, aemulations, envies, ambitions, and persecutions. O unlucky time saith Fascic. Temp.  
This Pope gave three thousand years of true pardons to all Priests, 
Messe denomine jesus.  which devoutly should sing the Mess of the name of jesus: that is, three thousand years of true pardon for every Mass which should be sung with three Sierges lighted. Missale Rom. witnesseth it.  
Stephen Pope, 6. of that name, a Roman, 
Stephen. 6.  ruled a year and 4. months. R. Barns.  
This Pope did evil recompense his predecessor Formosus, who made him Bishop of Anania. He by Council cut off his ordinances. He caused his body to be drawn out of his Tomb, and put upon it a Papal habit, and after took it off and put upon it Lay-apparell: then finally he buried it in that habit. Platina. Naucler. and R. Barns.  
The Sarrasins of Africa again occupied Sicily. Palen. Florent.  
Stephen Pope, at the last repented his faults, and became a Monk. Sup. Chron.  
Roman Pope, borne at Rome, reigned 3. or 4. months, 
Roman.  and 22. days, a seditious man, and contrary to his predecessor Stephen, for he established the Acts and Decrees of Formosus, and ceased and annulled them of Stephen, Naucler.  
The intention of these Popes (saith Suppl. Chron.) is to abolish the renown one of an other.  
The year of Christ, 900. or there abouts, Arnulphus Emperor being too voluptuous and rebellious against the Clergy men, the Author of Suppl. of Chron. saith he was eaten with vermin. Sigibert saith, that after long sickness and languishment he died. He was carried and buried at Ratisbone in a Monastery. Nauclerus. But Palmerius who added unto the Chron. of Eusebius, saith he died making war upon the normans. Others say he was poisoned the 12. year of his Empire, leaving his sons named Alnulphus, the wicked Duke of Baviers, and Lewis of an other wife, who succeeded in the Empire  
After his death the Hungarians came into Germany, upon a people called Maravani, or Moravians, which Arnolphe had already conquered by the help of the Hungarians as is said, and put all to fire and sword.  
Behold the fruit of calling the enemies of the Faith into Christendom, saith Abb. Visp.  
Charles' le Simple, son of Lewis le Begne, 13. king of France, reigned 27. years. The Sea of Hist.  
In his time the Danes and normans returned in greater companies than ever they did, their Captain was called roll, a cruel man, loving the effusion of Christian blood. He burned on a S. john's day the Church of Naules', & Martyred S. Guiniard, Bishop of the said place, before the Altar as he said Mass, and after burned the City of Angiers, of Tours, and many others. In Aquitaine they destroyed charlemagne Palace, & ceased not to do infinite evils, until by a near accord they had gotten a new habitation; that is to say, Neustria, which of their own name they called Normandy, and roll was called Robert or Rubert, after he was baptized.  

Lewis. 3.  Lewis Emperor, third of that name, the son of Arnolphe, obtained the Empire, and reigned 12. years. Naucler.  
The Hungarians made war in Baeieaire, unto which the the said Emperor Lewis was made tributary, and gave a great sum of silver to escape. Naucler. For in pursuing his enemies which feigned to fly, he was surprised by Ambushes. They to satisfy their rage, ran all over Almain. Chron. Abb. Vrsp.  

Theodorus. 2.  Theodorus Pope, second of that name, a Roman, reigned at Rome 20. or 22. days, a seditious man, a very monster in nature, and wholly adversary unto Stephen. 
Lewis. 3.  He received all such as before had been ordained by Formosus, and greatly esteemed the favourers of the said Formosus. Naucler.  
Who would not marvel that eight Popes should obtain in so little space the Roman seat under the Emperor Lewis the third? that is in the space of 12. years, saith Naucler.  
john Pope, 10. of that name, ruled at Rome two years and more. This also was a very seditious monster, 
john. 10.  and revived contentions already buried: whereby there was great sedition and tumult amongst the Roman people, because some maintained one side, some an other: wherefore for fear he fled to Ravenna. Where he assembled a Council of 74. Bishops in the Emperor Lewis his presence, the King and Archbishops of France, to confirm the ordinances of Pope Formosus, which before were rejected by Stephen. In the said Council was all that disannulled which Pope Stephen had practised against Formosus; yea the ordinances of Stephen were burned. R. Barns. and Sigeb.  
Lewis the 3. was not crowned for the dissension which then was in the Papacy: and withal, that the Popes would not crown for Emperor such as were chosen out of the country of Almain, but only such as came out of Lombardie. Palin. and Sup. Chron.  
Benet Pope, 4. of that name, a Roman, governed 3. years. 
Benet. 4.  Sup. Chron. and 4. months. Naucler. In those great troubles of his predecessors, he did nothing worthy of memory, saith Plat.  
At this time in Italy, Calabria, and Poville, the Sarrasins did infinite mischiefs.  
Leo 5. of that name, governed 40. days. Sup. Chron.  
A Cardinal Priest his familiar, called Christopher, 
Leo. 5.  imprisoned him, and by violence obtained the Papacy. Leo died of grief, seeing himself thus handled of him unto whom he had done so much good.  
In what authority is this Papal seat which is so easily usurped by a private person, by force and faction in a moment? saith Naucler.  

Christopher. To be a Monk the refuge of the miserable.  Christopher Pope, ruled at Rome 7. months, as he acquired the Papacy, so lost he it. For he was deposed and imprisoned. Some say he was constrained to make himself a Monk, which was the only refuge of the miserable. For at this time Churchmen being insolent and given to wickedness, were not sent to the Isles: but for their disorders were detained and enclosed in strong Monasteries. Naucler. and Chron. Abb.  
Sergius then, third of that name, was Pope, and ruled seven years, 
Sergius. 3.  and three months: after some, eight years, and 15. or 16. days.  
This was he, who in the election of Formosus was cast off, and who returning into France, secretly returned into Rome and usurped the Popedom: yet fearing that Christopher should work some treason, he caused him to be drawn out of the Monastery, and put him in a common prison, and yet putting him in a straighter prison, poorly and miserably he finished his days. Suppl. Chron.   

The Western Empire divided.  
The Occidental Empire was at this time divided. For there was one Emperor in Almain, and an other in Lombardie. The first in Italy was Beringer, who made a great Army against the Emperor Lewis the third, and gave him battle in the Plain of Verone, and discomfited him; whose eyes afterward he caused to be put out, so the Lombard's for a time had the Empire by force.  

A Monster represented the estate of that time.  A Monster was presented to Lewis the third, which had a dogs head, and all the other members as a man. A figure of that time. For men were then without an head, and as dogs barked one against an other: yea both the Popedom and Empire were divided. Fasci. temp.  
The Hungarians peeled and destroyed the Countries of Saxe and Turinge. Chro. Abb. Vrsp. And from thence entered into Italy using the like cruelty. Then was there the Duke of Fornil, called Berenger, who usurped the title of the Empire in Italy, and reigned 4. years: against whom, came the Emperor Lewis the third. But he was betrayed by his people, 
Conrade. 1.  who in the night time took Berenger into the Town of Verone; In so much that he was taken and had his eyes put out, so he died soon after. Thus the Empire which had endured an hundredth and ten years in France since Charlemaigne, was transported unto the Lombard's. Chron. Sigeb. and Naucler.  
Conrade first of that name, Duke of Franconia, was made Emperor after Lewis the third, who deceased without a son, so that this Conrade is esteemed the last of the race of Charlemaigne, which had the government of the Empire more than an hundredth years. All the Great men of Germany did elect without consent Otho Duke of Saxe: but Otho feeling himself old, excused himself, and appointed them this Conrade, a magnanimous man, son of Conrade Earl of Franconia and Hesset. And Arnold the wicked son of the Emperor Arnulphe, was Duke in Baviers. In the succession of Arnulphe aforesaid, there are amongst the Historiographers, some uncertain things touching their genealogy.  
But we have here set in order all such as descended of Charlemaigne, to show the marvelous change in the greatest things of this world. Who can read them without being ravished in admiration, when we consider the greatest Kingdoms and dominations to flourish for a time, and in the end being mingled with turbulent devotions, are in such sort debilitated and weakened, as they come to nothing. Wherein we must acknowledge the admirable providence of God.  
Charlemaigne the son of Pippin, left his son Lewis de Bonaire Emperor: who had Lotharie Emperor: who had Lewis of Baviers, King of Germany, who brought under the Bohemians had Charles le Chawe Emperor. Lewis Emper. 1. of that name. Lewis the young king of Germany, Franconia, and Turinge. Lewis Emperor 3. of that name surnamed le Begue, which reigned but two years, had Lothairie King of Austrasia called Lorraine. Charles le gross, Emperor, who took the Empire from Lewis le Begne. Charles' le Simple. 30. King of France. Charles king of Provence. Carloman Duke of Baviere, and of the kingdom them called Teutonique, had Arnulphe Emperor, who was father of Lewis Emperor, 3. of that name; and of Conrade last Emperor of the race of Charlemaigne.  
The Empire then of Germany was transported from the line of Charlemaigne to Conrade, Duke of Franconia: but the kingdom of France remained certain years in the house of Charlemaigne, seeing there was yet some remaining of the race of Charles le Simplo.  

Anastasius. 3.  Anastasius Pope, 3. of that name, governed at Rome two years and two months. Sup. Chron.  
He bore himself honestly without committing any act worthy of reprehension.  

Laudo. 1.  Laudo Pope, a Roman, ruled at Rome five or six months.  
About this time the Venetians obtained a licence and privilege of the Emperor to beat money.  
Hubert in Lorraine flourished now, & was made a Saint.  
The Sarrasins destroyed Calabria, Ponuille, Beneuent, and other Regions of the Romans. The Sea of Hist.  
Beringer, second of that name, reigned in Italy 7. or 8. years. 
Beringer. 2.  Some say he was chased away the third year of his reign by Rodolphe, king of Burgongne; and that the same Rodolphe having reigned three years, was after also driven away by Hugues king of Arles.  
john Pope, 11. of that name, 
john. 11.  before Archbishop of Ravenna, having been deposed by a popularie tumult, ruled after at Rome 13. years and two months. Naucler.  
He was Pope Sergius his son, and proved no better than his father, saving he was a good soldier. For he chased the Sarrasins out of Calabria, with the help of one called Alberic, Marquis of Tuscan. Finally, as the said john gloried in his victory, attributing all by great insolency to his own prowess, he stirred against himself the fury of his own soldiers, who stifled him to death. john le Maire. He had cast out of Rome the said Marquis Albert, who to avenge himself of the Pope, brought the Hungarians into Italy, which peeled and wasted all. Finally he was put to death by the Romans.  
Henry, first of that name, Duke to Saxe, 
Henry. 1.  surnamed the Falconer, son of Otho Duke of Saxe, who had refused the Empire, was chosen Emperor by Conrade his predecessor, who being sick in his bed, sent his brother Eberard towards the said Henry, with the Mantle royal, the sword, the Lance, the Diadem, and other Imperial ornaments, who found him at his pastime with his Hawks, which was cause that he was called the Falconer. For there he was saluted Emperor. Nauclerus.  
He made war against the Hungarians, Slavonians, and Bohemians.  
The combat of Tournois was invented by him.  
Hugues reigned in Italy ten years, whom Lotharie his son succeeded.  
King Charles' the Simple was by treason taken of Hubert,  
Earl of Vermandois, and poisoned in the Castle of Peronne, where he died, 
Henry. 1.  and was buried in the Church of S. Foursi. See the Sea of Histories.  
Rodolphe Bourgongne, 31. King of France, reigned two years.  
Before this time there were not so many degrees amongst Gentlemen and Noblemen, nor so great diversity as there are at this. Dukes, Marquesses, Counts, or Clerks, simple Counts and Knights, were rather names of offices, then hereditary signiories. For Dukes, Marquesses, & Earls, or Counts, were Governors of Countries and Lands: whereupon they were committed by Emperors and Kings.  

Duke.  Duke was a sovereign, chief, or head of soldiers, as may be seen by ancient Letters.  

Count or Earl.  Count or Earl, was a judge and Goveruernour ordained in a certain Town or Region; and so Germany was full of Countess: 
Lantgraves'.  amongst which, some were called Lantgraves, that is to say, Countess of Regions or Countries. Some Maruegraves', 
Marqusses. Palatins.  or Marquis: that is, Countess of certain Marshes or Countries. Some Countess de Palatin, which were Governors of some Kingdom subjugated or conquered. This may be seen in the second book of the Laws of the Lombard's. Some were governors of Bourgages, 
Bourgraves'.  and so were named Bourgraves. The most ancientest name of dignity after Kings and Princes, 
Baron.  is the name of Baron, which signifieth Lord, whose sons were called young Lords. And this say some was the estate of the Nobility before the Othons' reigned. After their time all things changed. For than Counts were made hereditary, and were lifted up above Barons, Marquesses, Lantgraves and Palatins: and that more is, Bishops have been made Princes: yea many Count's Abbots, Abbesses have obtained the title of Prince.  
Lewis 4. of that name, surnamed Vltramarin, 32. King of France, the son of Charles le Simplo, after his father's imprisonment got with his mother Ogine, towards his Uncle King of England: but as soon as he retutned, he was in strife for the Kingdom with Rodulphe of Burgongne, who died about eight years after at Auxerre, Anno. 937. and so Lewis reigned alone.  
Leo Pope, 
Leo. 6.  sixth of that name, ruled at Rome 7. months and 15. days.  
The Danes at this time were converted to the faith.  
Stephen Pope, 7. of that name, a Roman, 
Stephen. 7.  ruled at Rome 2. years and 12. days. Sup. Chron.  
The Duke of Bohemia Spireneus, received the Christian faith at the persuasion of the Emperor Henry. Suppl. Chron.  
john Pope, 12. of that name, a Roman, 
john. 12.  ruled at Rome 4. years, 10. months, and 15. days. Sup. Chron.  
He did nothing worthy of memory, a coward, and is not numbered in the Catalogue of Popes: after some Historiographers.  
Lotharie the son of Hugues, reigned in Italy two years.  
The Sarrasins in Italy took the town of Geans, and spoilt it. Naucler.  
Berenger third, the Nephew of Berenger the first, 
Berenger. 3.  reigned in Italy 11. years, with his son Adelbert.  
In this place Histories are very confused.  
The Emperor Henry the first died of the Palsy, the year of his age 60. and of his Empire seventeen: having ordained  
Otho the great his son, successor of the Empire, 
Otho the great.  by the consent of all the great and Noble men, who after was consecrated by the Archbishop of Magunce, Hildebert. He had three Competitors which would needs hinder him to be Emperor: that is to say, Henry his elder brother, Giselbert Duke of Lorraine his brother in law, and Eberhard Earl of Franconia: but he drove them all away, and reduced all under his obedience.  
Wencelaus Prince of Bohemia, 
Wencelaus.  was slain by his brother Boislans upon ambition to reign. But Otho revenged the death of the said Wencelaus, making war upon Boislans, which endured fourteen years: 
Otho the great.  and finally having vanquished him, he brought the Country into his obedience. Chron. Sigeb. and Sup. Chron.  

Leo. 7.  Leo Pope, 7. of that name, a Roman, ruled at Rome three years, 6. months, and 10. days. Sup. Chron.  

Anthropomorphites.  The heresy of Anthropomorphites (which say that God hath a corporal form) was at this time renewed. Rotherius Bishop of Verone, writ against them.  

Stephen. 8.  Stephen Pope, eight of that name, an Almain, or a Roman, after some, ruled at Rome three years, four months, and 12. days. R. Barns. Some say he was murdered by certain Romans in a sedition: In so much as he was never publicly seen. Chron. Abb.  
France was afflicted by an horrible pestilence and by inward contentions. The faction and puissance of Hugues of Paris, troubled King Lewis exceedingly.  

Martin. 3.  Martin Pope, 3. of that name, a Roman, ruled 3. years, 6. months, and 14. days. He was peaceable, and gave himself to repair Temples and nourish the poor, saith Sup. Chron.  

Agapetus. 2.  Agapetus Pope, second of that name, a Roman, a magnanimous man, ruled at Rome 9 years, 7. months, and 10. days. Sup. Chron.  
He called again the Emperor Otho to Rome, against Berenger.  

Berenger. 4.  Berenger 4. the 7. Emperor of the Lombard's, reigned 13. years. The Sea of Histories.  
The Hungarians again in Italy. Chron. Abb. Vrsp.  

john. 13.  john Pope, 13. of that name, a Roman, ruled 9 years and three months.  
His father called Alberic, seeing himself one of the greatest power at Rome, caused all the noblest and principallest rulers of the City of Rome, to promise and swear that after the death of Pope Agapetus, they should elect his son Octavian. Which promise was kept, and he was called john.  
This Pope was so excessively given to lechery, that he maintained a public stews: for the shame whereof, some Cardinals writ to the Emperor Otho, that he would remedy the public scandal and infamy which the Church then suffered: 
They were called Cardinals, as chief of the Clergy.  and that it was needful he should in haste come to Rome. As soon as the Pope heard of this news, he caused the nose of a Cardinal a Deacon called john to be cut off, being the principal councillor herein: he commanded also that the hand of an other Cardinal a Subdeacon called also john to be cut off, because he writ the Letters. When the Emperor understood that for no admonition the Pope would amend, he caused him to be deposed, with note of infamy.  
Otho was crowned by him, after he having sworn that he would exalt the Roman Church and the Pope, and that in nothing he would hurt him: as more at large is contained. Dist. 63.100. Tibi domino. Otho remained a certain time at Rome after his coronation, and admonished this Pope to change and amend his wicked life, whereof he was blamed. Otho departing, came against Berenger his enemy. Albert the son of Berenger, who with his father retired at Otho his coming, seeing Otho departed, came to Rome, and with the Pope complotted against the Emperor. Two Cardinals advertised Otho of this conspiracy, and of the Pope's wickedness. Otho then returned to Rome, and the Pope fled, after he had revenged himself of the two Cardinals. Otho being at Rome, caused the Pope to be thrice called, commanding him to return and fear nothing, and he should be in surety: but he would not return. Wherefore he caused a Council to be held, wherein the Pope was condemned and deposed for his evil life. And there was substituted in his place, Leo a Roman, 8 of that name, 
Leo. 8.  but soon after the emperors departure, the seditious and inconstant Romans drove away Leo, and recalled the aforesaid john, receiving him in great pomp. Leo got him to the Emperor, who fearing to molest the Church with a greater schism, permitted the said john to hold his seat. But finally being surprised in adultery, he was slain by the woman's husband. Robert Barns. Chron. Sigeb. Nauclerus. and john More.  
Confer (good Reader) these Popes with the first, and see the difference.  
The year of Christ 958. there happened at Venice a memorable thing. The Duke of Venice, Peter of Candie, was besieged in his ducal Palace, and the Venetians angry against him, set fire on the Palace: in so much that not only the Palace burnt, but also the Church of S. Mark nigh unto it, and more than three hundredth houses about it. And as the Duke thus pressed retired into a secret place of the Palace which was not yet touched with fire: the people altogether enraged having found him, holding yet his only son (a young Infant) betwixt his arms, 
Cruelty of the Venetians.  and requiring upon both his knees and in great pity the mercy of the people: they were not content most cruelly to murder him with his innocent son and wife, but after their deaths the bodies of the father and son were carried unto the butchery and hewn in pieces, and after cast unto dogs. john le Maire. and Sup. Chron.  
The cause of this massacre was, because he had constrained his first wife to make herself a Nun, to the end he might with colour espouse the sister of Hugo, Marquis of Hetruria, of whom he had already had one son. Wherefore having married her, the Allies and kinsfolks of his said wife, stirred the people unto sedition, and so they perished unhappily. Sup. Chron.  
About this time flourished Windichinne, a Monk of Corney in Saxony.  
Smaragdus Abbot of S. Michael, of the order of S. Benet, wrote the book called Diadema monachorum, a right Monkish book. Item upon the rule of S. Benet, and upon the Psalter another: two upon the Evangelists and Epistles. Item, one of divers Sermons. Trit. Abb. Spauher.  

Benet. 5.  Benet Pope, fifth of that name, a Roman, ruled (after Nauclerus) 6. months and 5. days, or 2. months and 5. days: after Sup. Chron. he was chosen by the Romans against the emperors will, after john was slain in adultery.  
The Emperor understanding these news, 
Otho. 1.  returned to Rome, besieged the Town, and so afflicted it, that they were constrained to present Benet unto him at his pleasure. The Emperor restored Leo to the seat, and Benet was deprived, not only of the papal dignity, but disgraced also of his Sacerdotal, and after banished and sent into Almain: where he died in the Town of Mamburge: others say he was put in prison and there strangled.  
Leo then eight of that name, a Roman, 
Leo. 8.  was restored into the Popedom, and reigned a year and four months. This Pope minding to shun the fury of the Romans which proceeded to the Pope's election by corruptions, menaces, 
The emperors right to choose the Pope set up again.  and subtle devices, ordained in a full Synod, that none should be made Pope without the consent of the Emperor, unto whom above belonged the right of election from Charlemagne and others. Naucler. and 63. dist. cap. in Sinodo.  
He restored also to Otho all the donations made to the Roman Church. And this was it which they say Constantine, justinian, Pippin, Charlemaigne, Lewis le Debonair, and Arit part had given to the Church. All this he revoked and accorded to Otho the first of that name and to his successors: to the end to keep Italy from oppressors. R. Barns.  
The Abbey of S. Quintin in Vermandois was in this time founded. Chron. Sigeb.  
Richard Duke of Normandy founded and restored many Churches and Abbeys: amongst others the Abbey of Fesanan, of S. Ouan at Rouen, and the Abbey of S. Michael nigh the Sea.   

An Advertisement.  
Note here Christian by the passed and subsequent Histories, how in this time Christian Religion was so annihilated, that it was altogether set to gather dead bones, to build Churches and Monasteries, to rear up and transport dead bodies, to honour relics, to dream miracles, to make themselves Monks and Nuns, to dedicate and consecrate Churches, to compose Hymns, and praises of Saints, to sing and pray for the dead, and such like ceremonies. About this time also began the fourth pestilence of the Church: that is to say, the School Divinity mingled with Aristotle's Philosophy, 
Scholastical divinity.  which after engendered Transubstantiation and other new doctrines by the Questionaries, as thou shalt understand by this discourse.  

john. 14.  john Pope, 14. of that name, an Italian, a Bishop's son called john, governed Rome six years, eleven months, and ten days. Sup. Chron. He being apprehended by Peter Provost of Rome, was put in prison in the Castle of S. Angelo, where he remained a 11. months: but when they heard say the Emperor Otho came against them with a strong hand, they took him out and established him. Some say he was sent into exile & banished into Campania; from whence he came again after 2. months. For the Emperor took ungeance on them that persecuted him; causing many of them to die by divers kinds of death, such as were found culpable of the fact, and banished some into Saxe. As for Peter Provost, he was delivered to the Pope to do with him at his pleasure. Who gave him into the tormenrers' hands: so he was unapparelled, and his beard being cut off, he was set upon an Ass, his face towards the tail, and his hands bound under the tail of the said Ass, and so was led through the Town and beaten with Rods. After this he was again brought to prison, and finally sent into exile in Almain. Naucler.  

Otho. 2.  john Pope, in recompense of the benefit received of Otho, called and declared Otho the second, son of Otho the first, Augustus. Palin.  
In the time of this Pope, Theodorike or Deodorike, Bishop of Mets, caused infinite holy bodies to be transported from Italy into France, with a piece of S. Stephen's Chain, and a part of S. Laurence Grate, which the Pope john gave him. Chron. Sigeb.  
These be the jewels of this dark time.  
The King of Denmark and all his Country were converted to the faith by Popon Clarke. Chron. Sigeb.  
Benet Pope, sixth of that name a Roman ruled a year and six months. He was put in the prison S. Angelo, 
Benet. 6.  wherein he was strangled, by one called Cinthius, or Cincius: Others say he died of hunger: for which injury, he never did justice nor vengeance. Naucler.  
Roger Bishop of Liege, founded the Abbey of S. john the Evangelist, in the I'll of Flaunders. Chron. Sigeb.  
The heroical acts of this Emperor Otho the first, do sufficiently show him to be one of the number of such excellent persons as the Lord giveth to repair and restore things thrown under feet. He I say redressed the Roman Empire, and pacified Europe. By his succours, Italy and Germany were guarded and warranted, having tamed the Hungarians and French. Briefly, during his life the Empire took again a brightness and face of majesty. He founded the silver Mines in Misua, and exercised great munificence towards many Bishops which held the chief place in the Religion which then was. Many Civil Laws were made by him: Amongst which, that of the succession of Nephews in hereditary goods in the place of their Fathers is greatly commended.  
After then in this sort he had delated the Empire, being made stoop with great age, finally he was surprised with a sudden malady, and died the year 973. and of his reign thirty seven: of his Empire thirteen, and was buried at Magdeberge, in Saint Martin's Church, which he had caused to be builded.  
Otho 2. of that name, son of Otho the great, 
Otho. 2.  and of Adetheide, Queen of Burgogne, during the life of his Father, was declared at Aix le chappelle King of the Romans, 
The Duke of Lorraine Vassal of the Empire. Lorraine made less.  he appeased the mutinies which were in Lorraine, and gave the Duchy of Lorraine to Charles, brother of Lotharie King of France, and made him vassal of the Empire; but the limits were cut off: For one good part was adjudged on the one side to the Church of Colongne, and the other to the Church of Liege.  
He espoused the sister of the Emperor of Constantinople.  

Otho. 2.  
Donus. 2.  Donus Pope, second of that name, a Roman, ruled at Rome a year and five months. It was said of him, that he was of great modesty and integrity, and that no injury was done him Sup. Chron.  
Many holy bodies as of Patroclus, Priavatus and Gregory, With S. Peter's Staff, were transported from Rome to Colongne, by Bruno Bishop of the said place, and by the Bishop of Canterbury, called Odo. Fasci. temp.  
Aldebert of Bohemia, Bishop of Prague, went into Pannonia to preach the faith, and baptized the King of Hungaria: From thence he came into Brusse, where he was Martyred.  

Boniface. 7.  Boniface Pope, 7. of that name, governed at Rome 7. months: by unlawful means he entered the Popedom, and by the same means fell out thereof. The greatest of Rome conspired against him. But seeing himself in danger, he secretly peeled the most precious treasures of the Church of S. Peter, and so fled unto Constantinople, where when he had remained 8. months, he sold and turned all into silver, and after returned unto Rome. In his absence they lifted up one of Pavia called john the 15. He ruled 8. months. Boniface then being returned, drew the Citizens unto him, and with silver corrupted the vilest and wickedest persons of Rome. This done, he took the Pope john, and having put out his eyes, made him die with hunger in the Castle of S. Angelo. Again than he occupied and usurped the seat, but incontinently after he died of a sudden death: his corpses was drawn with a cord by his feet through the streets, and pierced with pikes by the Romans: but finally the Clerks buried him. Naucler. Robert Barns. Cor. Abb.  

Benet. 7.  Benet Pope, 7. of that name, governed 8. years and six months. Suppl. Chron. or 10. years and 6. months, after Fasci. temp. 
After some, 77.   
This Pope at the emperors desire, imprisoned many seditious Romans. The Sea of Hist.  
Otho the 2. enterprised a war against the greeks which held Calabria and Poville, 
Otho. 2.  but he sought to reduce them to the Roman Empire, pretending a right by reason of a dowry for Theophaine his wife, who was the Greek Empress: but his enterprise was unlucky. 
Otho the 2. taken by Pirates.  For he was taken by Pirates and brought unto Sicilia unknown. Afterward being ordained by a Slavonian Merchant which knew him, he gathered together the rest of his Army, and returned against the Grecians and Sarrasins, and pursued them very undiscreetly: In so much that he was strooken with an envenomed arrow, so returning unto Rome he died, a little after the tenth year of his Empire, 
The Dukes of Savoy descended from Saxony.  leaving Otho the third, and other his children, and amongst them Frederic and Valderic, Dukes of Saxony, of whom after descended the Countess and Princes of Savoy.  
Otho third of that name, 
Otho. 3.  after the death of his Father was very young when he was designed the Emperor, but of such quickness and moderation of spirit, that for his excellent gifts he was named, The Marvel of the world.  
Lotharie King of France died at Rheimes, being empoisoned (as some say) by his adulterous wife, leaving his son Lewis fifth of that name King of France, last of the line of Charlemaigne, who reigned a year and little more, and died also of poison, and was buried at campaign, leaving only the memory of his name.   

A third sort of Kings began to reign in France.  
From Pharamont a Painim, unto Hugh Capet, are accounted 587. years. From Clovis the first Christian, 487. From Pippin the Father of Charlemaigne, 237. years.  
Hugh Capet, 35. in number, and the first King of France, reigned nine years, and began the third sort of Kings which yet endureth in the kingdom of France. Dantes a Florentine Poet, in his Purgatory saith, that Hugh Capets' Grandfather was a Butcher. Of a Count of Paris by the favour of soldiers he was first saluted king in the Town of Noion. Reigning then newly in France, 
Otho. 3.  he caused a Council of Prelates of the French Church to be assembled at Rheimes in campaign. And because he feared the posterity of Charlemaigne (upon which he had usurped the kingdom) he caused in the said Council to be deposed, the Archbishop of Rheimes called Arnulphe, or Arnoul, bastard brother of the king Lotharie, & set in his place a Monk, a Philosopher, and Magician called Gilbert, or Gerbert: unto this deposition consented all the Prelates of France, except Sergius Archbishop of Sens, who was sent prisoner unto Orleans with Arnulphe, but three years after they were delivered. See john le Maire in the 2. part, and others. Against the said Council, Pope Benet made an other be held in the same City of Rheimes, wherein the said Arnulphe was restored, and Sergius or Serinus, and Gerbert or Gilbert, was deposed: who notwithstanding was after Archbishop of Ravenna, & at last Pope of Rome by devilish means, whose end was miserable. john le Maire.  
Many holy bodies S. Landoul. S. Adrian, S. Amand of Hasban, were transported into the Town of Gaunt. Chron. Sigeb.  
The Abbey of S. Magloire at Paris was founded by the king.  

john. 16.  john Pope, 16. of that name, ruled at Rome 4. months: his Father was called Leo a Priest. He distributed the goods of the Church, to his parents, friends, and Allies. Therefore he was hated of all the Clergy and people: and was enclosed in the Castle S. Angelo, where he died of hunger. Sup. Chron. and R. Barns.  
This custom was afterward much used in the Roman Church.  

john. 17. Naucler. Sup. Chron. Platina.  john Pope, 17. of that name, a Roman, ruled at Rome 9 or 10. years, 6. or 7. months, and 8. or 10. days, after the diversity of writers.  
In this time Crescentius Momentanus, a Consul of Rome, had usurped rule over the Town of Rome, and persuaded the Romans & Italians to take again the Empire. He so persecuted this Pope john, that he was constrained to fly out of Rome, and to sojourn in Tuscan and Lombardie. But when he heard that the said john, had now the third time sent for succours of the Emperor Otho, he sent messengers towards the said Pope to recall him! At whose request the Pope returning, Crescentius demanded pardon of him.  
Otho desiring to have the Imperial crown, having gathered together a great army, and before he entered Rome he made a peace betwixt the Duke of Beneuent and the Duke of Capuae: from thence he came to Rome, and was crowned by  
Gregory 5. of that name, his cofin, before called Bruno, 
Gregory. 5.  son of Duke Otho of Saxony, whom he made Pope in the place of john, maugre the Romans, and by him was crowned Emperor. Certain time after Crescentius Conful of Rome corrupted with avarice, procured 't the Bishop of Plaisance, 
Schism.  who was a Grecian by nation, a very pernicious man, was constituted Pope, 
john. 18.  & was called john 18. and held the seat 10. months. Gregory then retired towards the Emperor, to be revenged of the injury was done him. The Emperor sore moved at that outrage, with great power returned to Rome. Crescentius understanding of his coming, not trusting in the Roman people, caused the Castle de S. Angelo to be fortified. And as these things were in doing, the Emperor besieged the towns. The Roman people more meet for sedition then to fight, desired pardon of the Emperor, & opened the gates unto the Almains.  
Crescentius & Pope john being destitute of Council, retired into the fort of the said Castle. Some by treason promised them assurance if they would demand pardon of the Emperor. 
A true reward of ambition.  They then came down, & as they came were surprised. Pope john after his eyes were put out & his members mutilated he was slain. Crescentius was set upon a Mare, his face towards the tail, & his nose & ears being cut off, he was led before the Town, for a spectacle unto all. Some say he was hanged without the town, others say his head was cut off. R. Barns.  
Therefore Gregory being restored into his Bishopric, seeing the troubles 't in time past had been for the election of Emperors, and the variable issues thereof, assembled a Council, wherein the first ordinance & establishment of Electors was decreed, to the end the dignity Imperial should no more remain in one house & family by succession of line. 
The beginning of Electors.  This election than was given to the Germanike nation, which yet holdeth it at this day. Six Princes were established: three Ecclesiastical, that is to say, the Archbishop of Magunce, of trevers, and of Colongne: the three other secular, were the marquess of Brandeberge, the Duke of Saxony, and the Count of Palatine, unto which was given the right and power for ever to elect the Emperor. With them was joined the Duke of Boheme, (Boheme then had not obtained the title of a kingdom) as the seventh to accord them, if peradventure they were even in years.  
If it be demanded wherefore so high a dignity of election was not rather committed to other Princes, which then were puissant, namely he of Bavieres, Suevia, and Franconia, Historiographers make no mention thereof. But if it be lawful to set down some appearance of cause, it is certain that Boheme was a Country meet to maintain the right of election, as a Country invited by nature. Saxony had that honour, because the Emperor descended out of that house, as also for that it is a very large and puissant Country. The Country of Brandeberge held then also on the house of Saxony, and it is likely the Emperor Otho desired to advance that which was of his own house.  
The Count Palatine sued to have that prerogative, by reason of the posterity of Charlemaigne. For the County of Palatine was then of the line of Charlemaigne.  
After that this election was thus established, the Italians stirred many troubles against the Emperor: new matter of sedition wanted not thereunto.  

john. 18. Invention for the dead.  Whilst john 18. ruled at Rome, and that Gregory the fifth was absent and dejected (as is said) one called odilo a Monk, and afterward the Abbot of Clugni, instituted in his Monastery the day of Allsoules, the next day after All-saints: which institution was incontinently received and approved by all the Church. The occasion hereof was, that this ignorant Monk had understood of an Hermit returning from Sicily, that great noises and lamentations were heard in the Mountain Aetna, who he thought were the souls of the dead which suffered pain in Purgatory: therefore he thought they might be helped by Orisons and prayers. See justine in his book, 3. Chron. Sigeb. and Polyd. Verg. lib. 6. cha. 9  
The house of Savoye issued from the Dukes of Saxony, as is said, is raised into a Count.  
The Emperor Otho espoused the daughter of the King of Arragon, a very intemperate woman, who maintained a young man in woman's array, as one of her Chambermaids: but the thing discovered the adulterer, who was burnt alive, and by intercession of friends the Empress was reconciled: but for all this she desisted not from persevering in her incontinences, often requiring men, before she were required. In the Town called Modena in Italy, she was embraced with the love of a Count very fair and of good grace, and sought by all means to cause him to condescend to her luxutious desire, which he would not, fearing the loss of his estate. She accused him to the Emperor, saying he solicited her of dishonour. The Emperor angered hereat, in his fury caused him to be beheaded. But the truth afterward being known, she was burnt alive, and four goodly places were given to the wife of the said Count in recompense.  
Ammonius a Monk of Fleury, in this time wrote a book of the miracles of S. Benet, and Herigerus Abbot of Job, wrote an other of the dissonance of the Church, & an other book of the divine office. Also of the body and blood of the Lord, and others, Abb. Trit.  
Robert 36. King of France, reigned 34. years, a learned and very studious man. He went to Rome upon devotion. The Sea of Histories.  
Constance his wife founded the Abbey of Poissi, wherein she was buried. The same.  
Silvester Pope, second of that name, 
Silvester. 2.  of the Country of Aquitane, called before Gilbert, or Gerbert, a Magician, & Necromancer (as hath been said) came to the said seat by the art of the devil, unto whom he had done homage, that all his affairs might go after his wish.  
In his youth he was a Monk of Fleury, in the Diocese of Orleans: but for the ardent desire he had of learning, left his Abbey & got him to Sivile in Spain, which then the Sarrasins held, and gave himself to a Magician Philosopher, who had a book none like it in the Art Magic. Gerbert sought often to steal it from him, but by reason his master kept it very carefully, he could not come by it. Yet he persuaded the Philosopher's daughter with whom he had great familiarity, to get the book and lend it him to read, which she did. Having then the said book, he retired, and fearing to be surprised with it, he vowed himself to the Devil, upon condition he would bring him to France. Being returned, he kept a School, and taught the liberal Arts with great admiration of his Auditors. After he was Master unto Otho the the fourth, of Robert, son of Hugo Capet King of France, and of Lotharie, who afterward was Archbishop of Sens: by whose help he was advanced: First to be Archbishop of of Rheimes as is said, and after of Ravenna, and finally Pope. During which time he always dissembled his Art Magic, and the communication he had with the Devil. Of whom once desiring to know how long he should live in the Popedom, the Devil answered him that he should live till he said Mass in jerusalem.  
Silvester then giving himself altogether unto his delights, hoping to live long, and thinking of nothing less than of going to jerusalem, It came to pass that one day in Lent as he celebrated in the Church of the holy Cross of jerusalem, he was suddenly taken with a great Fever than did he remember that the said place was called of the cross of jerusalem, & so had been seduced by the ambiguity of the answer. Strait heard he great tumults of devils in his presence, & being surprised with fear began to lament. And although he was a very wicked man, yet fell he not into despair: but seeing he must needs die, called his Cardinals & told unto them all his life: and the art Magic which he had used to come unto that dignity, exhorting them to live holily: and before all men confessed himself miserable: & ordained that his body should be hewn & cut in pieces, but especially such of his members whereby he had worshipped the devil: and then that they all should be put in a cart, and in what place soever the horses which drew the cart should stay, there he should be buried. And it came to pass that the horses without any conduction of man, carried his body into the Church of Lateran; where he was laid in a Sepulchre. And at this day his Sepulchre is a pronosticke token of a Pope's death. R. Barnes. Suppl. Chron. and Nauler.   

An Advertisement.  
From the time of john the 8. which was the whore, until the year after the Nativity of Christ, Antichrist reigned at Rome a brazen faced harlot, which had despised and trodden under her feet holy marriage. All the Popes which were within this time, which containeth about an 150. years, were plunged in all voluptuousness, impudence, and carnal villainies: in arrogancy, kissing of feet, Sacrileges, horrible dissensions, homicides, & unbridled impudencies, as may easily be perceived by the discourse of those proceedings. In this time now following, after the thousand year, the devil is wholly unchained: And rightly may this time be called The kingdom of the great Dragons. 
Apoc. 20.2.   
Silvester the second by his Necromancies began to unloose Satan, having covenanted with him to have the Popedom. Benet the 9 did homage to the devil in woods & mountains. In Hildebrand or Gregory the 7. and other Popes, thou shalt see what Arts they used.  
Otho the 3. the 18. year of his Empire, was poisoned by a Roman woman (which had been the wife of Crescentius) at the hour of his departing from Rome, by the gift of a pair of presumed gloves being poisoned. And this was in revenge of her husband's death, as saith Crantius.  
Henry second of that name, Duke of Banier, 
Henry. 2.  and Count of Bamberge, surnamed the Lame, obtained the Empire by election, and reigned 22. years. 
After Abb. Vrsp.   
john Pope, 19 of that name, 
john. 19  surnamed le Sec (as john Blundus) by Nation an Italian, succeeded Silvester the Magician, even in the same art and studies which he practised. Berno saith that there were great contentions amongst the Necromancians, such as were favourers of Silvester & this john: but in the end he carried all away. Some say he was poisoned, after he had governed 5. months. This Pope gave himself altogether to idleness & pleasure, as witnesseth Crantius. Hydromany was his study.  

Henry. 2.  He commanded the Feast of the Commemoration of the dead (newly invented and instituted in the Abbey of Clugny, by odilo as is said) which was in the month of March, to be remitted until the second day of November, and then observed also through all Churches. R. Barns, and Sup. Chron.   

The name of a Cardinal appointed as a dignity.  
The Historiographers say, that at this time the name and appellation of a Cardinal began to be in great account, as we see at this day. Baconthorpius Ro. Barns, and carrion.  

john. 20.  john, Pope 20. borne at Rome, called, Fasanus, was suspected to have made away his predecessor. These Popes from Silvester until Hildebrand, gave themselves to nothing but diabolical arts. This man after he had governed four years & five months died. Naucl. not without some suspicion of poison.  
In this time there was an horrible pestilence, yea almost through the whole world. Sigeb.  
Fulbert Bishop of Chartres, wrote these Respondes to the praise of the Virgin Marie. Stirps jesse, etc. Et Chorus novae Jerusalem, etc. and other prayers.  

Salue Regina.  Herman a Monk of S. Gall, wrote that Salue Regina & Alma redemptoris matter. Trit. Abb.  

Sergius 4.  Sergius Pope, the fourth of that name a Roman, governed the Sea two years, and six months. Suppl. Chron.  
Burchardus, first a Monk of Lob, the Disciple of Albert above mentioned, was Bishop of Worms: He compiled the ancient Canons, which afterward were abridged by Gratian: yea rather corrupted, which is easy to judge in comparing them together. Rhenanus in his Annota. upon Tertullian.  
jerusalem was taken, and the Lords Sepulchre destroyed by the Sarrasins and Mahumetists. Nancl. and Suppl. Chron.  

Benet. 8.  Benet Pope, 8. of that name, a Tusculan, governed the Roman Church 12. years, or thereabouts.  
He crowned the Emperor Henry at his coming to Rome, and saluted him Augustus.  
Henry the second builded at Bamberge the Church of Saint George, and prayed Benet it might be a Cathedral Church: 
Conrade. 2.  which the Pope agreed unto, upon condition that the said Church should pay to the Pope every year an hundredth marks of silver, and a white horse with all his furniture. Platina, and R. Barnes.  
Conrade 2. of that name, obtained the Empire, and reigned 15. years. Naucler. He was the son of Herman Duke of Franconians, and was called Salicus, because he came of the Sicambians, from whom came the Salic law. And the French themselves were called Salickes, which used that law, whereof we have made mention in Pharamont.  
After the death of Henry the 2. Benet was dejected from his dignity by violence, and a popular sedition of the Romans, 
Schism 14.  and an other ordained in his place: but after the Antipope was rejected, and Benet established in his Popedom with great honour, who soon after died. Sup. Chron.  
The Historiographers do here allege Peter Damianus a Cardinal of Hostia, who said that this Pope Benet after his death appeared to a Bishop his Familiar, upon a black horse: and the Bishop said unto him, Art not thou Pope Benet which art gone out of this world? He said, I am that unhappy Benet. 
This was to get silver, and to maintain Purgatory.  Being again asked how he did: he answered; I am grievously tormented: but yet I may be helped with the mercy of God, by suffrages, Masses, and Alms deeds. Therefore saith he, go to my successor Pope john, and tell him in such a coffer he shall find a great sum of silver, let him distribute it all to the poor. The said Bishop hearing these words accomplished them, and after dispatched himself of his Bishopric, and entered into Religion. This is recited by Naucl. R. Barnes. Suppl. Chron. Fascitemp. john le Maire. Bonif. Simo. Et Cora. Abb.  
Thus played Satan with his Instruments, to establish his kingdom by Infernal Idolatries, by Purgatories, Masses, and such suggested things.  

john. 21.  john, Pope, 21. of that name, a Roman, the son of Gregory, Bishop of Port. Suppl. Chron. ruled 9 years, 7. months, or about 11. years after Naucler. And was chosen before he was promoted to Ecclesiastical orders, against their rights.  
He had great troubles against the Romans, but finally he was delivered by the Emperor Conrade his help. Sup. Chron. whom also he crowned upon an Easter day: there being present, Rodolphe King of Burgongne, and the King of England. Naucler.  
Henry 31. King of France, reigned thirty years. He had great contentions with his brother Robert touching the kingdom: but they agreed. He founded the priory of S. Martin in the fields nigh Paris, and put therein Regular Canons. He reigned 27. years: some say 28. having caused his son Philip to be crowned.  
At this time flourished in Italy, Guido Aretin, a Monk of the order of S. Benet, an excellent physician, who first invented the Gamma to learn upon the hand, 
The Gamma invented.  and the notes Vt, re, mi, fa, sol, la. See The Sea of Histories. He writ also against Berengarius. Trit. Abb.  

Benet. 9  Benet, Pope, ninth of that name, a Tusculan, before called Theophilact, the Nephew of Benet the eight, surpassed in malice his uncle, and governed the Roman Church ten years, four months, and 9 days, after Suppl. Chron.  
Conrade died at Trect, and was interred at Spire.  

Henry. 3.  Henry the third of that name, surnamed the black son of Conrade the Emperor, and of Giselle, was chosen King of Romans by the Electors: he was a courteous Prince, merry and liberal by nature. He appeased Hungary, which was troubled with divers seditions. He did as much at Rome to the three Popes which were there. His wife was Agnes, daughter of the Duke of Aquitaine, and the marriage was at Ingelheim, at which he did an act worthy of memory. For he cast off all pomps, and put away all Moris' Players, Dancers, and such like: and in their places brought poor people.  
The Pope Benet was accused of many crimes by the Romans, and therefore the third year he was driven from his promotion, 
Henry. 3.  and in his place was ordained the Bishop of Saint Sabine, called Silvester the third: who likewise was rejected after forty nine days, because he was unprofitable. Benet recovered his dignity, but he was again cast off, and it was given to john Archbishop of Saint john Port Latin: who was called Gregory the sixth.  
Others say that Benet after he was again received into his Popedom, sold it for money. And so at one same time, the seventh year of the Empire of Henry the third, there were at Rome three Popes: Benet the ninth, Silvester the third: and Gregory the sixth. One held his seat at Lateran in the Palace. An other at Saint Peter. And the third at Saint mary's.  
A Priest called Gratian, moved with zeal, went unto the Popes, and persuaded them each one to take some good some of money & depose themselves from the Papacy. Which they did. R. Barnes, and Naucl.  
Upon these stirs, the Emperor Henry the third having heard of those tumults and scandals at Rome, to abolish them, was constrained to go into Italy, with a great power.  
Gratian Pope, met the Emperor, and gave him a crown of great price. The Emperor received the Pope honourably, and they came together unto Rome. The Clergy assembled, and showed that Gratian was a Simoniacke: having with money caused others to yield up their rights, that he himself by that means might come unto the Popedom. R. Barnes, and Naucler. The Emperor than caused a Council to be held, wherein all those schismatics and Simoniacke Popes were deposed, and new created.  
See Reader, and note the honour hereof, as true ensigns of the seat of Antichrist.   

The heresy of Transubstantiation commenced.  
At this time Lanfrancus an Italian borne, of Pavia, flourished in France. He was one of the first inventors and authors of Transubstantiation and heretical doctrine, new and pernicious, before wholly unknown of the ancient Doctors, notwithstanding received since the year of Christ 1053. at the Council of Verseil as shall be said.  
The new Doctors which have written touching Transubstantiation, were john Scotus and Bertramus, both which guided with the spirit of truth, writ properly touching the body and blood of Christ in the Supper.  


Abande of such new Doctors as opposed themselves against the true doctrine of the Supper.  
1 Pascasius Abbot of the Abbey of Corbey in Saxony, in the time of Charles le Gros, the year of Christ. 880.  
2 Ratherius Monk of Lob, after Bishop of Verone, under Henry the first.  
3 Herigerus Abbot of Job, of Saint Benet, under Otho the third.  
4 Guido Monk, & Abbot of S. Benet, under Conrade the 2.  
5 Adelmanus Bishop of Brixe, under Henry the third.  
6 Guimondus Monk, and after Archbishop under Henr. 3.  
7 Algerus Monk of Corbey, under Henry the third.  
8 Lanfrancus Archbishop of Canterbury in England, before Monk of S. Benet, under Henry the third.  
9 Hildebert Bishop of Man's, and after Archbishop of Tours, a Disciple of Berengarius, but after a great persecutor of the holy doctrine thereof, under Henry the fourth.  
10 Honorius Priest, under Henry the fifth and others, as Nolsus, Ancelmus, Lomberdus, Petrus Commestor, and Innocent the the third, which came after.    

Silvester. 3.  Silvester Pope, third of that name a Roman, Bishop of S. Sabine, before called john, after Benet was driven away as is said, was chosen by gifts and corruption, and ruled 55. days, or two months.  
Behold the time of horror and confusion. He which then was most wicked, and would give most, obtained the feat soon. Sup. Chron.  
Gregory Pope, sixth of that name, 
Gregory. 6.  ruled two years & six months: in the time of the former Schism, he had been adjudged a Simoniacke and Homicide, yet he bought the Popedom of Benet. R. Barnes.  
There was great trouble in Hungary under the King Andrew, and after under his brother Vela, against such as demanded again to return unto their Paganism and ancient superstition. Naucler.  
Clement Pope, second of that name, 
Clement. 2.  before called Werdigerus, or Singerus, or Sindegerus Bishop of Bamberge, was Canonically elected in full Council, after that the four others above named were deposed. He crowned the Emperor Henry the third, and his wife Agnes, on a day of the Nativity of Christ. Naucler.  
Henry before he departed from Rome, constrained the Romans by oath to renounce their right of election without any more meddling therein thereafter, to avoid Schisms and scandals, which commonly rise of such election. Others say the poor gave them that commandment and defence. Naucler.  
The Romans after the emperors departure forgetting their oath, empoisoned this Pope, after he had governed nine months. Some say that Stephen his successor (who was called Damasus) was author thereof. Benno saith it was Gerard Brazure, a friend of Theophilact, and of Hildebrand, a man expert in poisoning.  
In this time men forged Visions and miracles, 
Sacraments of the Altar.  to establish the Sacrament of the Mass, which then was called of the Altar. Many durst not speak what they thought therein for fear of Popes.  
The wickedness of Popes merited, that the power of election should be taken from Ecclesiastical persons by the just judgement of God, saith Nauclerus.  
This Pope was poisoned soon after the emperors departure.  
Damasus Pope, second of that name, 
Damasus. 2.  otherwise called S. Stephanus Baguiarius, borne in Baviere, Bishop of Brixe, ruled by force the seat 23. days, as Histo, and Chron. say. For he occupied the Popedom without election, either suffrage of people, or Clergy. R. Barnes.  

Leo. 9  Leo Pope, 9 of that name an Almain, of the Country of Alsac, the Earls of Ausperge, and being Count or Earl of Etisheim, called Bruno, Bishop of Tulles, a man of good nature, was sent to Rome by the Emperor, at the request of the Romans, and being chosen Pope, governed five years, two months, six days, after Suppl. Chron. Some say, that as he came to Rome, Hugo Abbot of Clugny, and Hildebrand the Monk, encountered and met him in his pontifical attire: they persuaded him to take off that habit, and to enter into Rome in his usual and private attire; upon this reason, that the Emperor had not given him the right to choose the Pope, but only the people and Clergy of Rome. Bruno agreeing to their speech confessed his fault, and accused himself, that he had rather obey the Emperor then God. At hildebrand's persuasion the Clergy elected him for this, that he confessed that the election ought to appertain to the Clergy, and not to the Emperor. Leo then to recompense Hildebrand, created him Cardinal, and committed unto him the Church of S. Paul.  
The year of Christ one thousand fifty one, Leo assembled a Council at Verseil: where was first handled the opinion of Transubstantiation, (although that word was not invented of long time after) and there was condemned the opinion of john Scotus, of Bertramus, and Berengarius Doctor, borne at Tours, archdeacon of Angiers, who maintained the opinion of Scotus, and of Bertramus, touching the Eucharist. In the said Council Berengarius appeared not, but sent thither two Clerks: and as they would have excused Berengarius, and have told the reason, they were laid hold on and put inprison. Behold how they disputed, O Ecolampadius.  
These be the proceed of the adversaries of the truth, to join tyranny with ignorance.  
Berengarius had Lanfrancus for his adversary, who maintained the opinion of Pascasius, the first author of this doctrine against Scotus and Bertramus.  
Hubert Cardinal, Rogerius & Guimondus maintained Lanfancus his part, which mingled subtleties with outrages against Berengarius, who showed himself little constant. For although he had the truth on his side, yet had he a certain hatred against Lanfrancus & Rogerius, mingled with glory & hope of victory, which made him lose the desire he had to maintain the purity of the doctrine. For he mingled withal certain speeches of marriage & the Baptism of little children, and therefore they stifled amongst some errors by his fault. So cometh it to pass, when without the fear of the Lord we will maintain the cause of the Gospel. O Ecolamp.  
At this time the Emperor caused a Synod to be held of an hundredth and thirty Bishops at Magunce. Some write that Leo was there, and there it was ordained that the Clarks should nourish no dogs for hunting, nor hawks.  
That Clerks should deal with no secular nor profane affairs.  
That none should be admitted or received into a Monastery for a Monk, unless he were of a lawful age, and that he should come in of his own good will without constraint.  
Simony and marriage, was forbidden Priests.  
That the houses of Clerks should be builded nigh unto Temples and Churches, 12. quest. 2. cha. Necessaria.  
Henry the third gave to Leo the Town and Country of Beneuent, to redeem the yearly rent of an hundred marks, paid (as is above said) yearly out of the Cathedral Church of Bamberge: and Leo confirmed the privileges granted to the said church, & accorded to the said Archbishop the Mantle (which they call Palilium) to use three times in the year. At Easter, at the Feast of S. Peter, and S. Paul, and upon S. George his day, the Patron of that Church. Naucler.  
Upon the aforesaid Synod, Nicholas a Monk of Constantinople, writ a Book against the Latins, Entitled De nuptijs Sacerdotum. Of the marriage of Priests: which was condemnemned by Hubert, the said Pope's Legate, and sent to Constantinople. Trit. Abb.  

For the Pope is ignorant of nothing.  This Pope being at Ratisbone, the Legates of Paris being present, approved the Relics of S. Denis, whereof there had been a long doubt, whether they were Saint Denis his Relics or no. Chron. Abb. Vrsp.  
Under Henry the third, the Hungarians returned unto Paganism, and having rejected the Faith, put to death all their Bishops and Clergy. Naucler.  
Upon a Christmas day, Leo the ninth, and Henry the third, being at a great Mass, in the Town of Worms, after the Subdeacon had sung the Epistle in the accustomed manner and Tune, the Pope presently dejected & deprived him of his office: because he sung the Epistle in the Pope's presence, in an other Song and Tune then the Roman Church did.  
The Archbishop of Worms who said Mass that day, grieved that his Subdeacon should be so handled, after the Gospel was sung, retired into his Episcopal seat, leaving his office unperfected, saying he would make no end if the Pope would not restore his Subdeacon to his former state. The Pope because he would not hinder that the service should not be ended, restored his Subdeacon. R. Barn. Albert. Crane lib. 4. Saxo. ca 45.  
Anne Queen of France, wife of Henry the first, founded in the Town of Senlis a Church of S. Vincent, where are Regular Canons, and an other in the suburbs where were Nuns. The Sea of Histories.  
After the death of Leo the third, the Romans fearing the puissance of Henry the third, durst not attempt a news thing against their oath, which they made in the time of Clement the second: wherefore they sent Hildebrand towards the Emperor to choose a Pope: who using the authority of his Legation, designed Henry the fourth, the son of Henry the third Emperor. 
Victor. 2.  And in the mean while Victor was chosen Pope, second of that name, not so voluntarily as to please the Emperor, in electing an Almane borne of Bavier, before called Gebhard, who ruled two years and three months. Naucler.  
He assembled a Council at Florence against Forncating and Simoniacke Priests: 
He calleth married Priest Fornicatiors.  whereat he deposed many Bishops, Prelates, and Priests, which he called Fornicators, which had not left their wives according to the Council of Magunce. There were Clerks threatened with great punishments if they did not obey the Decrees and Cannons of Popes.  
There was also confirmed the opinion of Paschasius, contrary to Scotus, Bertramus, and of Berengarius.  
Hildebrand by authority of the said Council was sent into France to Tours, to assemble a Synod touching the matter of the Sacrament and of Transubstantiation. There was Berengarius permitted to defend his opinion: But seeing all went by affection, and that he could not maintain his opinion without danger, upon pusillanimity and cowardice, he said he held the opinion of the Catholic Church: by which words he rather satisfied the Legates and the said Council, than kept the liberty worthy of a Chistian man. Oecol. lib. 3.   

Plurality of Benefices.  
Plurality of Benefices began about this time, and after never ceased in the Church, Fascic. temp.  
The year of our Lord 1056. Henry the third died the tenth year of his Empire, and of his age 39 leaving 3. daughters and two sons: that is to say, Henry which succeeded him, and Conrade Duke of Baviers.  
Henry Emperor, fourth of that name, 
Henry. 4.  obtained the Empire, and reigned fifty years.  
Stephen Pope, 9 of that name, borne of Lorraine, 
Stephen. 9  Abbot of Montcassin, called Frederick, brother of the Duke of Lorraine, ruled at Rome ten months. Naucler. After others four months.  

Henry. 4.  He brought under the obedience of the Roman seat, Milan: which since the time of the Apostles hath never subjecteth, saith Platin. and R. Barns. Others, as Naucler. and Sup. Chron. say 200. years.  
Stephen accused the Emperor Henry the fourth, of heresy, because he diminished the authority of the Roman seat. Platina. And having heard that the Churches of Italy and Burgongne were corrupted with Simony, he sent Hildebrand to root out that Cockle. Hildebrand and having made his commission returned to Rome, and found the Pope very sick: who thinking to die, caused his Churchmen to come unto him, and made them swear that they should never suffer any to sit in the apostolic seat, unless he were chosen by the consent of all: yet coming again to his health, he came to Florence, and called a Council: but he died there eight months after. Nauclerus.  
A Scottish Monk called Patermis, being in Almain in a Town called Paderbrune, fire was put in the Abbey wherein he was: yet though he might, he would not come out: choosing rather to be burnt for the vow of his obedience, then to shun the danger by going out. Sigeb.  
The opinion or obstination of vows is founded upon such examples.  
Benet Pope. 10. of that name, of Campania in Italy, was a Bishop of Vileterne, before called Mincius, and ruled at Rome 9 months. 
Benet. 10.   
The Romans corrupted by silver, elected him against the Canons, although the Cleagie were against it, but he was constrained to give over the Popedom. For Hildebrand returning from Florence, 
Schism.  brought with him Gerard Bishop of Florence, who after was chosen at Senes. And after his election was assigned a Council in a Town called Sutry, against Benet. And thither came Goafred Duke of Italy, the first husband of Matilde, and Guillebert great Governor. Item, the Bishops of Lombardie and Hetruria, and others. Which thing Benet understanding, fled, putting off his pontifical habit, and after led a private life.  
Nicholas Pope, second of that name, borne of Savoy, 
Nicholas. 2.  called Gerard, Bishop of Florence, governed three years, and six months.  
He was eleced at Senes, by the instance of Hildebrand, because he thought it no sure thing that the election should be at Rome, seeing Benet the tenth and his friends were there present.  
Nicholas coming to Rome, assigned a Council nigh Lateran, of an hundredth and forty Bishops. Wherein it was ordained that the election of the Pope should be made by Cardinals, Clerks, and the Roman people: And that whosoever should attempt to come to the Popedom, by silver, favour, ambition, or other unlawful mean, and not by Canonike election, that he should be held for an Apostare, and an excommunicated person, dejected of every one, without any aid or favour. Dist. 33. cap. In nomine Domini.  
That ordinance endured not long: For afterwards Cardinals alone without either Clergy or people usurped that election.  
In this Council Berengarius Deacon thinking rather to save his life then to maintain the truth, denied it, 
The pusillanimity of Berengarius.  submitting himself to the will of the Council. His confession (or rather recantation) is contained Deconsecrat: dist. 2. cap. Ego Berengarius  
It was at this Council of Rome, that transubstantiation was decreed; that is to say, that after the bread is consecrated, we must believe the bony of Christ to be so in the Sacrament, that sensibly and really he is between the hands of the Priests: broken & bruised with the teeth. And the Pope Nicholas constrained Berengarius so to say & confess: the said Nicholas being so taught and persuaded by Lanfrancus. Vadian.  
But the first opinion of Berengarius which he pronounced for temporal fear, was this that followeth, as Lanfrancus himself reciteth in his book of the Sacrament of the Eucharist, 
The words of Berengarius touching the Sacrament.  against Berengarius. The sacrifice of the Church (saith Berengarius) is made of two things: that is to say, visible and invisible, of the Sacrament, and of the thing of the Sacrament. Which thing yet (that is to say, the body of Christ) if it were before our eyes, if it were present, it should be visible, but being elevated unto heaven, and being set at the right hand of the Father, until the restoration of all things (as saith S. Peter the Apostle) it cannot be drawn from heaven: for the person of Christ consisteth of God and man. But the Sacrament of the Table of the Lord (that is to say) the bread and wine consecrated, are not changed but remain in their substances, having Similitude with the things whereof they are Sacraments, etc. He said moreover, that the bread and wine after the consecration were only the Sacrament, and not the true body nor the true blood of the Lord: and that they could not sensibly, but sacramentally be administered of the Priests, or broken and bruised with the teeth of the faithful. In the same Chapter, Ego Berengarius.  
Golfred, Count of Poville and of Calabria died, leaving his son Bagellard his heir: but Robert brother of the said Golfred, and uncle of the said Bagellard, having taken from him all that his father had left him, usurped Beneuent, which belonged to the Roman seat. Wherefore the Pope excommunicated him. Robert then knowing that he had taken the aforesaid Countries from his said Nephew, did what he could to return into the Pope's favour, and prayed him to come into Calabria for the good of peace. Being come, he absolved Robert of the Bond of excommunication. After, he adjudged him Poville and Calabria, upon condition he would yield him Beneuent and Troy, Towns of Poville, and all that which belonged unto the Roman seat. Item, that he would give him help in his necessities. Robert promised all this, and gave him an Army by which the Pope recovered many places about Rome, and made them subject to the seat. As Prenesta, Tusculum, Numentum, and beyond Tiber certain Castles, even unto Sutri. Rob. Barns.  
The Pope is content to make his profit to the damage of Orphelius: he consented unto the Rapines of Robert, so that he might have his help.  
Ancelmus the disciple of Lanfrancus, succeeded his master in the Priory of Bec, and Lanfrancus was made Archbishop of Canterbury in England. Chron. Sigeb.  
Philip the 38. King of France, son of Henry, 
Philip.  reigned 49. years.  
Alexander Pope, second of that name, of Milan, 
Alexander. 2.  ruled at Rome a year and five months, whose History is this. After the death of Pope Nicholas, one Ancelme Bishop of Luques was chosen for the renown of his virtues, without the emperors knowledge, and was chosen being absent from Rome. For he resided in his Bishopric of Luques. After the election, the Cardinals went for him and conducted him to Rome, and was named Alexander. But some Bishops of Lombardie (whom Alexander pleased not because he was not of their band) stirred a schism, and under shadow that they said he entered by Simony, they would needs have an other, such as they liked: and at the instigation of Gilbert Bishop of Parme, a man mighty amongst others, they drew towards the Emperor, to show that the election hath always appertained unto the Emperors. Briefly, they obtained of him to choose an other Pope at their pleasure, seeing Nicholas the second was chosen without his knowledge. As soon as they were returned into Lombardie, they assembled a Council, and did choose one called Cadolus of Parme, a rich and marvelous puissant man, under whom all Italy bowed, except the Countess Martilde, or Mehaut. Cadolus then being so chosen Antepope, drew towards Rome with a strong band, and the power of the Lombard's.  
The Pope Alexander met him, 
Homicide committed for the Popedom.  accompanied with his Romans, and the batraile was hard and sharp, nigh Neron under the golden Mountain, where was a great slaughter: but finally the victory turned on the part of Alexander. Yet Cadolus for one evil encounter lost not courage, but before a year was passed, by the means of certain friends which held his part (which he had gained by force of silver) entered into Rome. The Romans yet ran to Arms: but Cincius the Provost, his son of Rome, put Cadolus in the Fort of S. Angilo. The war betwixt those two, endured the space of 2. years. Finally, Cadolus was constrained to yield himself, and redeem his life with 600. Marks of silver. After to content the Emperor who favoured the said Cadolus, a Council was assembled at Mantua, where were the Emperor and the Pope Alexander, 
A Council At Mantua.  & there in the presence of all the Prelates, the Pope purged himself both of Simony & Ambition & matters were agreed both of the one party and the other. john le Maire. 11.  

The determinations of the Council.  1 In the said Council was ordained that none should hear the Masle of a Priest that had concubines. 17. dist. c. Preterhoc.  
2. Whosoever wittingly should be promoted by a Simoniake, he should be rejected and deposed. 1. q. 2. c. De caetero.  
3. That Cloister Monks should not be admitted to the offices of Clerks. 16. q. 2. c. juxta calced. tenorem.  
4. That Clerks should take no Ecclesiastical Benefice of a secular person. 16. q. 1. c. Perlaicos.  
5. That men should give Benefices & Ecclesiastical orders to learned people, without selling or buying any of them with any contract. 1. q. 3. c. Exmultis.  
6. That he which should be excommunicated, cannot excommunicate an other. 14. q. 1. c. Audivimus.  
7. That Alleluia should be banished out of the Church from Septuagesima, until Easter.  
Whilst this Council was held at Mantua, Richard the Normane with his son William, took and occupied certain places of the Roman seat, as Capua, Beneuent, and others. Hildebrand was sent against Richard, and constrained him to yield up again such places as he had taken. The Pope attending Hildebrand at Pisa, they returned together from thence unto Rome, R. Barns.  
This Pope Alexander gave Lanfrancus Archbishop of Canterbury, for the victory obtained against Berengarius, touching Transubstantiation, two archiepiscopal Mantles, or Palls, the one of honour, and the other of love.  
Histories recite at length how the Pope Alexander was handled by Hildebrand, who succeeded him, and how finally he detained him in great miseries, after he had been beaten and outraged of him. And after this time Hildebrand retained to himself all the revenues of the Church of Rome, & assembled great sums of silver. After than that Alexander was dead, under the miserable servitude of Hildebrand, the year of our Lord, 1074. the same day at night he was Enthronized in the Papal seat by his soldiers, without the consent of the Clergy or people, lest if he had tarried too long, an other had prevented him. In his election none of the Cardinals had subscribed. Whereunto when the Abbot of Clugny was come, Hildebrand said unto him: Thou hast tarried too long brother. The Abbot answered. And thou Hildebrand hast made too much haste, that occupiest the apostolic seat against the Canons, before the Pope thy Lord be buried.  
But how Hildebrand was put in possession, in what manner he lived, how he drew Cardinals to him which should be witnesses of his life and doctrine, how miserably he tormented them, and with what heresies he infected the world, what perjuries, what great treasons he committed, hardly can many describe them. Yet the blood of so many Christians shed, whereof he was author and principal cause, crieth yet higher than all that. Behold what Benno saith.  
Hanno the second Archbishop of Colongne, caused both the eyes to be put out of certain judges which had condemned a poor woman: of which, one judge lost but one eye, for that he brought the other unto trial. In memory of this judgement, were erected Images without eyes. Naucler.  
Nauclerus also and others do tell here of a rich and mighty man, who was so persecuted with Rats, that finally he was consumed, yet no man touched that was with him.  
Gregory Pope, 7. of that name, before called Hildebrand, 
Gregory. 7.  borne at Siennes in Tuscan, ruled at Rome 12. years, and one month: rather a Monster in nature then a man.  
Having abandoned the Monastery of Clugny, where he was a Monk, and being come to Rome, he insinuated himself into the familiarity of Laurence an Archpriest, of whom he learned Magic Arts and negromancy: which Arts the said Laurence being yet young, had learned of that devilish Monster Sylvester, Pope, second of that name, with certain others. There was a certain particular intelligence betwixt this Laurence Thoaphilacte, john Gratian, and Hildebrand, all Archpriests or Cardinals of the Synagogue of Rome. 
Archpriests & Cardinals.  Wherefore Hildebrand did whatsoever he would with Theophilacte, whilst he was in the Pope's office, under the name of Benet the ninth. But which is more, until he came to be Pope, nothing was done under the other Popes but at his pleasure. When he list (as Benno saith) he would shake his skirts, and fire would come out like sparks: and by such miracles he abused the eyes of simple people, as if it had been some sign of sanctity. And therefore saith Benno, when the devil could not persecute publicly jesus Christ by the paynim, he disposed himself fraudulently to destroy his name by that false Monk, under the show and colour of religion.  
Authors rehearse that this Hildebrand poisoned seven or eight Popes, by the service of Gerard Brazut, to the end by that means he might the sooner come unto the Papacy. Yet during those great troubles, he handled all things so subtly, that none doubted he by any means aspired to the seat. And although he was not Pope by name, yet in effect he was the Organ and only Instrument of him that was ordained Pope, or of all his wicked inventions: and by little and little, he practised under the other Popes, that which he executed in his own Popedom. This notable Hypocrite under the colour of Canons, and a certain piety, he did whatsoever he would, although he was the most unjust and the wickeddest in the world. He accused Alexander the second his Lord and Master, because he had sought succours and help of the Emperor against his adversaries: and said it was not reasonable (according to Canons) that he should enjoy the Papal dignity, which had demanded succours of a profane Prince. Having dismissed the said Alexander of his dignity, he imprisoned him, and caused him secretly to die, and incontinently usurped the Papal seat, whilst men prepared for the obsequies and funerals of the dead. He communicated his silver and counsel with Brazut, and certain jews his familiars, by the means of which, he found many tongues at his hire, which cried with an high voice (yea even before Alexander was buried) S. Peter the Apostle hath chosen Hildebrand: and they placed him in the Papal Chair under the name of Gregory the 7. 
The 1000 year after the destruction of jerusalem.  And this was done the 1000, year after the destruction of jerusalem: In the which year the 6. Vicars of Satan began to attribute unto themselves openly the name of God, and the office and virtue of jesus Christ, true God, and true man. For as soon as the said Gregory had been declared and ordained Pope, the same was proclaimed, that the true Vicar of Christ jesus was chosen. And also the same Gregory appropriated unto himself that which is said of jesus Christ in the second Psal. He overthrew the laws of God in forbidding marriage to Priests, and casting kings out of their seats. 
Apoc. 20. c. 8. Croisaides against the Turks.  It was he which shed out the first seeds of the war of Gog & Magog, which were the most pernicious and bloody that ever was, and which his familiar Vrbain 2. of that name, afterward pursued. Baleus Anglus.   

The beginning of the mischiefs and extreme calamities of Croysades against the Turks, under a show of recovering jerusalem.  
Benno a Crdinall, rehearseth the history following. 
The History of Hildebrand his negromancy.  One day (saith he) as Gregory came from Albe to Rome, he forgot to bring with him a book of negromancy which he held very dear, and without the which he never went, or at least very seldom. Whereof remembering himself at the door of Lateran, he called hastily two of his most familiars which accustomed to serve him in all his wickedness and villainies: and commanded them that they should bring him the said book with all expedition, straightly charging them that they should not presume so much as to open the book by the way, and that upon curiosity they should not inquire upon the secrets thereof. But the more he commanded them, the more inflamed he their curiosity diligently to seek the secrets thereof. As then returning, they had opened the book, and had curiously read the devilish commandments of that Art, suddenly the Angels of Satan presented themselves: the multitude of which, and the horror of them, brought those two young men almost out of their wits, that with much ado could they come to themselves. And as they themselves rehearsed it, those evil spirits insisted strongly, saying. Wherefore have you called us? wherefore have you disquieted us? Command us quickly what you will have us to do, else we will fall upon you if you keep us any longer here. One of the young men then answered; cast us down these walls strait. And saying so, he showed them with the hand certain high walls nigh the town of Rome, which in a moment these evil spirits overthrew to the earth.  
They then thus terrified, trembling & almost out of breath, scantly could come to Rome unto their master. Behold what Benno saith, who was in that time.  
Gregory being come to the papal dignity, began incontinently to solicit that the Canons which his predecessors had made by his cautelous Council, touching Simony and singleness of life in Priests and Monks, should be observed: not to the end he might wholly abolish the wicked and detestable merchandise which was made of Ecclesiastical Benefices: but that under some colour of honesty, he might take from Princes the power to confer and bestow them, and to the end that by that mean all Bishops might be reduced and brought under the power and authority of the Roman seat; which because of the right of Inuesture, were obliged and beholding unto Princes, more than unto the Pope of Rome. And although that the Emperor Henry were the greatest of all Princes, yet this arrogant and proud merchant judged it best, 
A Council at Rome.  first to touch and deal with him tragically for the cause of Simony. He assembled a Council at Rome in the place of Lateran, touching these things: but the Emperor being hindered because of his wars, could not intend to debate his right in the Synod. The Pope notwithstanding had taken the matter so at heart, that for that cause he ceased not to use both treasons and murders, and that more is, he stirred in many places intestine and inward wars, which engendered all manner of calamities. For first he laid ambushes for the Emperor, he sought by divers means to cause him to die. In so much as he sought to have slain him even in the Church as he should be at his prayers.  
The Cardinal Benno rehearseth thus the History. The Emperor (saith he) had a custom often to go make his prayers in the Church of S. Mark, in the Mount Aventine. As then, Hildebrand inquired diligently by certain spies, 
What treason is there that Popes will not excogitate?  of all that he did: he gave charge to mark the place wherein the Emperor prayed oftenest either standing or on his knees, and suborned one, promising him a great sum of money, to lay great stones on the beams or upper lofts of the Church (see the holy council of this Pope) and that he should lay them so well, that when the Emperor should make his prayers, he might let them fall on his head to dash out his brains. But as he which had enterprised such a villainy, was at hand to accomplish it, and went about to handle and remove a stone, the heavy for him, the stone by the weight deceived him: and the scaffold which was on the beams being broken, the stone and the poor miserable man, by a just judgement of God, fell upon the pavement of the Temple, & was all burst with the same stone. After the Romans understood how all things was past, they bound the feet of that wicked villain, and by the space of 3. days trailed him through the streets of the town. But using their accustomed humanity, commanded he should be buried.  
The son of Benno saith here yet further: that john Bishop of Port, who was Hildebrands Secretary and great familiar, coming into the Pulpit which was in S. Peter's Church, said amongst many other things, in the hearing of the people and Clergy, Hildebrand hath done such a thing, and we also as deservers, should all be burned alive: 
The Host cast into the fire by Gregory the seventh.  meaning to give to understand that which he had done of the Sacrament of the body of our Lord. Whereof Hildebrand demanding Council of a certain thing (as of old the paynim did of their Idols) cast it into the fire, because it gave him do answer, although the Cardinals which were then present spoke against his deed.  
This is a beginning of the fruit of that cursed decree of Transubstantiation, applied unto Charms and enchantments.  

The Emperor excommunicated.  He excommunicated also the said Emperor Henry, without lawful accusation, without Canonical appellation, without form of justice: yea even for that he was but too obedient unto him. He divided also from him the Princes of the Empire, and sought by secret treasons to destroy him, but God preserved him. O strange treason proceeding from the sanctuary, or rather from him who seemed to be the high Priest to govern the Church, to have superintendancie over judges and Elders. By menaces also he constrained Bishops to swear that they should not defend his cause, neither should they favour or help him in any thing, drawing violently the scripture to make them serve his false dealing. Notwithstanding (saith Benno) so soon as he arose up from his seat to excommunicate the Emperor, the seat (which had lately been made of new and strong wood) by the will of God, of itself broke in many pieces in a terrible manner. In such sort as it gave to know, that he that did sit upon it, would sow terrible schisms against the Church, by so arrogant and presumptuous a manner of excommunication. This saith Benno.  
But when he saw that all his Ambushes could serve him for nothing, he began to use open force and emnities, and after he had excommunicated Henry, declaring all his subjects acquitted of their oath of fidelity, which they had delivered him, he sent the Crown of the Empire unto Rodolphe Savoic, with this Latin verse, such as it is.  Petra dedit Petro, Petrus diàdema Rodolpho. 
That is to say, the Rock hath given the Diadem unto Peter, and Peter giveth it unto Rodolphe. Henry then being for this cause sore troubled, laid down his royal apparel and came towards him into the Town of Canuse, with his wife and little son, in the time of a strong and sharp winter, & through a very dangerous way. Being before the gate of the City (saith Benno) from morning till night, without having either meat or drink, in apparel of cloth, and barefooted, being made a spectacle for Angels and men, he required pardon in all humility. He endured three whole days in a very lamentable affliction; In so much that Hildebrand (who took his pleasure the mean while with his whores and Monks) mocked him. He desired sore that he might have entry into the City, but it was refused him: And as with great instance he demanded it by the space of three days, he was answered that the Pope had no leisure to speak with him. Henry taking not in evil part that they would not suffer him to come into the City, remained in the suburbs not without great grievance. For the winter was sharper than of custom. Yet to the end he would offend no person, he kept 3. whole days there without departing. Finally, the fourth day, at the request of the Countess Matilde (who as Histories say, loved a little too much the Pope) and of the Abbot of Clugny, and of the Earl of Savoy, called Adelrans, he was permitted to enter of the Pope. But when he demanded pardon of the Pope, 
Arrogance diabolical.  setting his Crown betwixt his hands and in his power, he would neither pardon nor absolve him of excommunication, unless first he promised to purge himself in a full Synod of his fault, with other unlawful and unreasonable conditions. All which things he promised and confirmed them by estate: yet would they not remit him into his Kingdom.  
Can any body have have a more lively portrait of the Image of Antichrist?  
The Princes of Italy, after they knew this, 
Sledan reciteth it in his 3. book of the 4 Monarchies.  were exceedingly offended that the Emperor had so made his agreement with Hildebrand, and that so dishonestly and vilely he had submitted himself to him, who had invaded the Papacy by wicked practices, and who had polluted and defiled all with murders and adulteries. etc.  
After this, the Pope with his Cardinals glorying that he had brought the Emperor into servitude, durst now adventure to enterprise greater things. But the Emperor afterward took courage, and straightway dispatched all that, by taking Arms: 
Wars between the Emperor and Rodolphe.  And after many sharp and hard wars he vanquished Rodolphe in battle. Who having his right hand cut off, made call all the Bishops and Priests on his side. Which being come, after one had brought him his hand, he spoke in this sort. I confess that this is worthily come unto me, and well bestowed upon me. 
Rodolphe his repentance.  Behold the hand wherewith I have delivered the oath of fidelity to my Lord Henry: but at the solicitation of you, I have so many times unluckily fought against him, and also falsified my faith unto him: and therefore I have received a reward such as my perjury meriteth. See if you have guided me in a right way. So then and now keep to your Prince the fidelity which you have promised unto him. As for me, I go to my Fathers: and incontinently after, Rodolphe yielded up the spirit.  
After this man was dead, they elected an other by the commandment of the Pope: namely, Herman of Saxony, Count, or Earl of Lucenbourg, who not without the Lords will, was slain by a woman, who let fall a great stone upon his head as he assailed a Castle in Almain. And the malice of this cruel tyrant could not be repressed, but it stirred up a third Competitor to this good Prince: 
Egbert of Misue slain  namely one Egbert, Earl of Misue, his parent: but being surprised by the Emperor's people, he was miserably put to death.  
What man would not be moved by such judgements of God, to obey his Magistrate, and abhor all rebellion and sedition: yet this Roman seat was never stirred therewith: but finally wrought the emperors son Henry to rebel against his father.  
The writings of Henry the 4. sent to the King of France, by which he complaineth of his sons injuries, and of such as drew him on to do them, do at large declare this tragedy, and at this day are to be seen.  
Matilde Countess, kept ordinary company with the Pope, and never departed from him, as his harlot, 
Matilde the Pope's harlot, named the daughter of S. Peter.  despising Aron her husband, marquess of Est. In so much that she was commonly called S. Peter his daughter. She was divorced by the Roman seat for some affinity that was pretended to be betwixt them. From thence came it as Lambert Hirsueldensis hath left in writing, that all people accused them, that there was a villainous and dishonest love betwixt them: and every one said she lay with the Pope, and had unlawful company of him which had taken from Priests holy & honest marriage. The Abbot of ursperge, called Conrade de Lihtenaw, addeth this in his Chronicle. Certain it is that Hildebrand was not chosen of God, but brought in of himself by fraud and force of silver, who overthrew the Ecclesiastical order, troubled the Kingdom of the Christian Empire, procured the death of a peaceable King, maintained perjuries, entertained noises and dissensions, sowed disorders, stirred scandals, made divorces, and shook and overthrew all which seemed well ordained amongst them which lived holily, etc. First, he was a great hypocrite, who with force of excommunications, deprived Ministers of the Church, of their wives, and filled the world with an infinite number of buggeries. In such sort, that that great City which is spiritually called Sodom and Egypt: that is to say, the Roman Church, was made after this time, a true Sodom and Egypt, his buggeries and Idolatries.  
In the mean time he moved marvelous tragedies in Italy, France, Almain, and England, 
Troubles on all sides stirred by the Pope.  which would be too long to rehearse in this place; and such dealing displeased many persons and wise men which were in that time. For to speak neither of England nor Italy, as well in Almain as in France, there was 24. Bishops and more, which together with their Clergy were married, and defended, and constantly maintained their marriage.  
He commanded Clerks to vow singleness, that is to say, not to marry: briefly, the most tiranically that could be, he forbade Priests marriages, commanding them to leave their wives; or otherwise to be deprived of their offices & prebends. He willed that from henceforth none be admitted to Ecclesiastical orders, unless he first promise and vow chastity.  
Also he ordained that none should hear Mass of a Priest that had a concubine.  
He forbade Monks to eat flesh at any time. De consec. dist. 5. c. Carinum.  
He commanded that no Christian should eat flesh on the Saturday. De consec. dist. 5. Carinum. 36.  
Why do not Monks observe that commandment as well as they pretend to observe their vow of chastity? For they are for like power.  
He ordained the offering of the Mass.  
He Canonised one named Liberius an Arrian, and commanded his Feast should be celebrated, as Benno witnesseth. He commanded tenths should be paid to Priests. And took from the King of Poloigne his Crown, interdicting his Kingdom. He condemned the opinion of Berengarius touching the Sacrament, & was the first they say, that preached Transubstantiation. He condemned as sacrilege, a Layman possessing Tithes. Him that gave Inuestures of Benefices, as an heretic: and he that received them of a Layman, as an Idolater. So by this means made he the Pope's leaden dagger so strong as her power was able to drive back the Iron force of the Empire.  
The Emperor Henry opposed himself against the force and enterprises of the said Hildebrand, and the year of our Lord, 1083. in a Synod that he caused to assemble at Bresse, after all crimes were laid against him, before the assembly by good right he was deposed from his Papal seat, and so appointed in his place an other Pope, 
Clement. 3.  which they named Clement the third. He sent strait his Army to Rome, drive out Gregory, and to bring in Clement. The town was by him brought unto such poverty, that the Inhabitants were constrained to purchase peace. But Hildebrand not thinking to be in presence of the Emperor, & being abandoned & rejected of the Romans, fled unto Salerne, the year of the Lord, 1086. where he finished his life in exile, which had caused so many to die, by the sword, by famine, by poisons, and other sorts of deaths.  
Yet the Papists made a brute run, that after his death he wrought many miracles: yea even after, a Priest of Saxony, (as Sigebert witnesseth) as he died, had seen him tormented in hell.  
Antonine and Vincent rehearse that this Hildebrand being at the article and point of death, ready to yield up his soul, called to him a Cardinal his familiar, unto whom he confessed both to God and S. Peter, and to all the Church, that he had grievously sinned, and had not done his office and duty in the Apostolic state, and that by the persuasion of the devil, he stirred hatreds, enmities and wars amongst many through the world. He commanded the said Cardinal to transport him towards the Emperor Henry the fourth, and to cry him mercy for the faults he had committed against him, and that he should deliver him from the excommunication, and likewise all his, as well alive as dead. Anto. and R. Barnes.   

Multiplication of the orders of monkery.  
In this time the order of the Templars began, 
Templars. Rugular Canons. Grandmont.  and the order of Regular Canons, in a difference from secular Canons. Volateran.  
The order of the Monks of Grandmont, of the rule of S. Benet, took his beginning of one named Stephen of France, which carried hair upon his flesh. Volaterane.  
The order of Charterux began, Bruno borne at Coloigne, 
Chartreux.  a Schoolmaster, and after a Cannon of Rheimes, having heard the voice of a Doctor renowned in his life, when he made his obsequies saying, I am condemned by a just judgement of God, was afraid, and for surety entered into an Hermitage with certain Disciples, and founded the Charter house in the Country of Dalphine, in the Diocese of Grenople, by the means & help of Hugues Bishop of Grenople, who also received the habit of Chartreux. And so began the order, the year of Christ, 1084. Chron. Sigeb. and Emil. lib. 5. and Plati.  
The year of Christ 1089. in the time of Gregory the seventh, and of the Emperor Henry the fourth. The Abbey of S. Saviour of Andim, of the order of S Benet, in the country of Hainault, in a little Island called in Latin commonly Aquacinctum, or Aquis cinctum, was began by two noble persons, Sicherus, and Gualterus, which went unto Ancelme of Ribemont, a noble man, and demanded the said I'll, 
The Abbey of Andim. Victor. 3.  being part of his patrimony, where the Abbey was builded. Sigeb.  
Victor 3. of that name, borne in Italy, called before Didier, Abbot of Montcassin, and Cardinal of the Court of Rome, was made Pope, not by election of Cardinals, or of the Roman people, but was there enthronized by that harlot Matilde, and the normans of that faction, and governed a year and four months.  
After he had received the Papal dignity as Gregory his successor, he began lustily to maintain his part against the Emperor and the Pope Clement: and he which was a Monk to defend his predecessor Monk, according as he had been informed by the said Matilde, the lover of Gregory. But death kept him from showing by effect, yea with some great public calamity, that poison which he had hid in his heart, and the enraged hatred which he had conceived against them. For the year of the Lord 1088. he finished his life with his Papacy, and that sooner than he looked for. Some Authors, as Herman. Contract. Carsulan, Peter de Premonstre, and many others, recite that he died of poison which was put in the Chalice by his Subdeacon as he sung Mass. Yet Vincent is of an other opinion as Platina rehearseth it, when he saith that he died of a Flux of the body, and that is not far from a suspicion of an empoisonment: For they which take poison do sometimes fall into a Flux of the belly, because the guts and inward parts are wasted & corrupted. Some Historiographers, slaves of the Roman seat, have maliciously said that this was procured him by the Emperor Henry, others by the Pope Clement, although this wicked act was done by no other but by his Chaplain, doing his office of Subdeacon. Some have left by writing, that in this time many prodigious & strange things against nature appeared. For domestical birds, as hens, geese, pigeons, and peacocks, fled into the mountains & became wild, & that the greatest part of fishes, as well of Rivers as of the Sea, died.  
Philip King of France forsook his wife Berthe, the daughter of Baudwin, Count of Holland, of whom he had a son and a daughter. Chronicles of the Kings of France.  
The Relics of S. Nicholas, were transported from the city of Myrrh, into the Town of Bar. Whereof came that famous Idol which giveth the name of Saint Nicholas in Lorraine.   

Changes of many Dukes in the Country of Almaigne.  
Who can here express how many evils & calamities that Intestine and civil war of Almaigne hath caused, being stirred by the Pope, not only amongst the greatest Princes which were slain therein, but also in change of signories? The Emperor Henry, after that his enemy Rodolphe was dead, 
The calamities of the civil war of the Almains.  (about four years after he had been placed in his Imperial seat) gave the Duchy of Sorabie to Frederick de Stanfeu his son in law.  
The race of Franconian Dukes in a small time perished altogether. Egbert marquess of Misue, unto whom the Bishops had given hope to have the Empire, after the death of Rodolphe was also slain in the battle of the Saxons, which the Emperor Henry gained. Also Gebbard Father of Lotharie, who after was Emperor, died in the wars. Briefly, the forces of Almaigne were wholly debilitated and changed in this unlucky war of the Popes.  

Vrbane. 2.  Vrbane 2. of that name, borne of Tuscan, called before Otho a Monk of Clugny, and under Hildebrand, Cardinal of Oftie, was enthronized in the Papacy against the will of the Emperor, by such as had enthronized Victor, namely by that harlot Matilde, and the Norans then Lords of Poville, and ruled 12. years 4. months, and 19 days.  
This is the Disciple and household servant of Hildebrand, whom Benno calleth in despite Turban, a schismatic, an heretic, and companion of Liberius the Arrian, which Gregory the seventh canonised as hath been said. Who (saith he) for fear that the poison of their errors might not be known, after the manner of Sorcerers mingled honey therewith: For subtly and under an intent to deceive, he added holy scriptures to his lies, and persevering in his errors with his Hildebrand, he was sent into hell with the Apostate Angels.  
Vrbain (say some Authors of our time) perturber of the world, or rather whirlwind of the tempests of Towns, the familiar of Hildebrand, watered, maintained, and caused to grow the pernicious seeds which his predecessors had before dispersed here and there. He excommunicated Guibert Archbishop of Ravenna, which was named Clement the third, because he had been chosen by the Emperor.  
At this time all things were in great trouble, as well in Almaigne as in other Nations, by the disputations then happening betwixt the Clergy and the people, but because Vrbane would not absolve any which had been excommunicated by Hildebrand, fearing to fall in danger of his life, went secretly out of the Town, and after this celebrated many Synods. The first at Melphe: the second at Troy in Povillie: the third at Plaisance: the fourth at Clerimont, the year of the Lord, 1094. and the fifth at Tours; in which he confirmed the acts of the monster Hildebrand, and made new Ecclesiastical ordinances: to the end the Papal authority might in nothing be diminished in that which had been acquired by violence and deceit.  
He ordained that a Clerk might not receive Inuesture of a benefice of a secular Prince whatsoever: he be. He writ to Matilde, an ancient friend and lover of the Roman Church, and armed all her synagogue against them of the emperors side, whom he calleth heretics.  
He gave also to the Archbishop of Milan, the Pall Archiopischopall, and so confirmed the orders and Sects of Chartreux, and of the Monks of Cisteaux. Such as had wives, after they were promoted unto the order of Deacons, he deprived them of their offices, taking also from Priests, their sons, their estates, and administrations. He made the Archbishop of Toledo (who had made an oath unto him) Primate of all Spain, to the end by that mean the beast of Rome might make subject all Spain unto him. He stirred Christian Princes to take arms against the Saracens, under colour to recover the Town of Jerusalem. And for that purpose he marked with the sign of the Cross three hundredth thousand men; and in the mean while he guided all things for his own profit. For the year of Christ 1095. because he would not find means to do his businesses as he would, for many tumults and seditions raised against him, he took occasion to depart from Rome and come into France. He commanded to assemble an universal Council of all the church in the City of Clerimont in Anuegue: 
Council at Clerimont.  and made an Oration of great efficacy. For strait there crossed themselves to the combat at least three hundredth thousand men, all ready to go unto jerusalem, of the number of which, there were many valiant Princes, who to make money, sold their own lands and signeories, as Hugh the great, the King of France his brother. Robert brother of the Duke of Normandy. Robert or Rambert, Count of Flaunders. Raimond Count of S. Giles. Stephen Count of Blois. Brunamon or Bayamond, Prince of Poville: and Godphrey de Bullon, who was the chief, with his two brethren, Eustace and Baudwin. Also Ansele of Ribemont, and many others.  
He excommunicated the King of Galatia, because he had put a Bishop in prison, and exacted this oath of such as he would promote to orders. So God help me, and these holy Evangelists of God. He made also certain their statutes, namely Clerks should every day say the hours of the Virgin Mary (a very Idolatrous thing) and unto her to dedicate the Saturday with a Mass. He ordained that no person should come into Popish orders, unless he were a virgin, that is to say unmarried, whoremonger, or buggerer, as their acts showed. As for Priests they must needs be without wives, although they passed not for whoredoms. He forbade that Bishops should be ordained without titles, & that faith should be kept unto such as Popes had excommunicated. He held himself close for the space of two years, in the house of one Peter Leon, for the fear he had of one john Paien, a Roman Citizen, where also he died, the year of the Lord 1099. and his body was buried secretly beyond Tiber, for fear of enemies. The same year died also Guibert, which was called Clement the 3. after he had seen three Popes dead in his time. Theodorus Bibliander writeth in this sort of that Hildebrand aforesaid and this Vrbane, speaking to the Princes of all estates. Hildebrand (saith he) in inciting the Emperor of Greece against the Turks, 
The evil which comes of Croisadoes against the Turks.  sowed the seed of the war of Gog and Magog, against which crieth the blood of the Church, shed with a miserable ruin and loss, by the sword of his tongue. O how much blood hath been shed at the solicitation of Vrbane the second! to the end that under the colour of making war to amplify the Christian religion, and recover the sepulchre of the Lord, he might be put again in the Roman seat, after having oppressed such as were of the faction of Guibert.  
Frederick Barbarossa did so the year of the Lord 1188. Frederic 1228. The King of France Lewis 9 who was a Saint after his death, did as much the year 1288. Sigismond did it twice. Anno. 1409. Vladislaus King of Hungary, Anno. 1420. who died nigh Varne. And at this day what shall we judge of such as bring the Turk into Christendom to avenge their particular injuries?  
This Pope Vrbane by excommunications constrained Philip King of France to take again Berthe his first wife, which he caused to be detained prisoner in the Castle of Monstrell, upon the sea: and to leave his second Bertrande, who was wife of the Count de Angiou.  
Nice in Bithinie is taken, and after the Town of jerusalem, by the Christians, whereof Godfrey of Bulloine was constituted King. Naucler.  
Antioch was taken by Boemondus a Norman, son of Robert Duke of Poville. Sup. Chron.  
The reward that those noble Combatants and fighters for Christendom got, was the carrying away of Relics. The Spear which pierced the side of jesus Christ, was found in the said Town, in the Church of Saint Andrew. Sup. Chron. Robert Count of Flaunders, brought away the Arm of Saint George, which he sent into the Abbey of Anchin. Sigeb. Godfrey was the first King of jerusalem. Baudwin his brother, is called the second. Naucler.  
Paschall second of that name, borne of Italy, 
Paschall. 2.  called before Rainer a Monk, and lately created Cardinal, of the title of S. Clement, by Hildebrand his master, succeeded Vrbane the second in the Papacy. When this proud Squire knew he was chosen, he would not mount into the Papal seat, until first the people had cried thrice, Saint Peter hath chosen Rainer.  
After this, being appareled in a Scarlet Robe, and a Theatre or Crown upon his head, mounted upon a white steed, he was led to the place of Lateran, where the Papal Sceptre was given him: and he was girt with a Baudrier or large Girdle, at which hung seven keys, and as many seals, 
New blasphemies of the 7. keys.  as Ensigns or tokens of the Papal power (so much did this great Antichrist and adversary of God magnify himself) by which things signified, that according to the graces of the holy Ghost, which they distinguished into seven) he had the power to open and shut Churches.  
By this means this harlot mounted on horseback, being come unto a perfect age, in such sort increased, that she got upon the Beast with ten horns: which she had governed until our time in great pride & arrogancy, as had been foretold. Apo. 13.17.  
This sovereign Vicar of Satan on earth, employed all his time in wars and seditions, whilst Godfrey de Bulloine and other Christian Princes fought against the Sarrasins in Syria. And to the end he might not be esteemed less than Hildebrand, he sought all the means that might serve to the greatness of his Roman seat. He furiously deposed from their dignities, all the Bishops and Abbots which had been ordained by the Emperor. He sent into exile one Albert Theodoricke, and Maginulphe, who aspired unto the Papacy. He assembled at Rome a Council of the Bishops of Italy and France, Anno. 1101. because of an opinion of a Bishop of Fluence touching Antichrist already borne, as Sabellicus rehearseth. For seeing so many mischiefs committed in the Church, he said Antichrist was already manifested but he was repressed by many injuries done unto him.  

Nicholaits after the Pope. See 10.6. q. 1. ca Decimus.  He again prohibited Ministers to marry, as all his Prelate predecessors had done, and called that marriage the heresy of the Nicholaits. He pronounced that they were great heresies, to make no account of yielding obedience to the Roman church, and to despise censures, and also to receive Inuesture of Benefices at the hand of a profane man. He renewed the statute of paying tenths to Priests that said Mass, and would needs it should be a sin against the holy Ghost to sell tenths.  
In this Synod he renewed the excommunication of Gregory the seventh, and of Vrbane the second, against the Emperor Henry the fourth, and published it again. And which is more, the rage of this cruel tyrant was so inflamed against him, that he stirred the son of the said Emperor, called Henry the fifth, to take arms against his Father: an horrible thing to speak.  
There was never inhumanity nor cruel act, if this were not.  
The Son, yea that only Son, not angered or stirred up by any public or particular injury, despised not only his Parent, 
The disloyalty of the Emperor's son, Henry. 5.  neither only abandoned and destituted him of his succours and help: but under colour of the Church and the public good, assaulted him by arms, besieged him, by circumvention took him traitorously, despoiled him of his Imperial dignity, and made him die a poor miserable man, in great captivity and heaviness. And all this he did (saith Rodolphe Galterus) not by the commandment of any barbarous tyrant, 
Henry. 5.  not at the instigation of some Phalaris, but by the Council of the holy Father of Rome. Rejoice (saith he) you Caligula & Nero, and you all which have been renowned for cruelty, for you have now found one that shall take away the memory of your name so cruel, because he goes much before you: that is to say the Pope of Rome, who commands the son to draw his sword against the Father.  
Henry then the fourth, was despoiled of his Imperial dignity: and finally his son Henry the fifth by treason took him prisoner, the fifty year of his Empire, as he went unto an assembly held at Magunce he died, after he had been miserably handled in the City of Liege, Anno. 1108. after the Chron. of Euseb. or 1116. after others.  
But the enmity of this Papal Monster was not yet appeased by this death, for in an enraged manner he did exercise his cruelty against him after his death, commanding by Letters that his body should be unburied, cast out of the church, and transported from Liege to Spire, and to be deprived by the space of five years of Sepulchre.  
Behold how this proud Antichrist obeyeth Magistrates ordained of God!  
But see what God did in the mean time. At Spire blood ran out of Loaves of bread, as Vrspergensis faith in his Cronographie.  
The year of the Lord, 
1. Pet. 2. cha. Rom. 13.3.  1106. he made an assembly of many Princes and Bishops at Guardascall in Lombardie, with whom he handled matters appertaining to the Faith (that is to say, concerning the Pope's kitchen) as of homages, of fealties, & of oaths that Bishops had before made unto Lay persons. He despoiled also the Archbishop of Ravenna of his lands, applying them unto his own profit. And this Pope not content with such cruelty, caused the body of Guibert Archbishop of the said place of Ravenna to be taken up, who had been chosen Pope by the Emperor Henry the 4. in the time of Gregore 7. six years after he was laid in the Sepulchre. 
Henry 4.   
Now as for Henry the 4. he was an excellent Emperor, meet for an Empire, of a noble race, and an incomparable spirit.  
O that other Princes had possessed such hearts, and had not attributed so much unto that Roman harlot.  
He was affable and benign towards all, liberal to wards the poor: It is said that during his life he fought with Ensign displayed, threescore and two times. After many Histories.  

Henry. 5.  Henry the fifth of that name, son of Henry the fourth, and of Berthe, marquess of Italy; was chosen at Magunce, by the Governors and chief of the Empire, and reigned twenty years. Chron. Palm.  

Lewis le Gros.  Lewis le Gros, otherwise called the good Lewis, 39 King of France, reigned 28. years, and was crowned at Orleans, and anointed by the Archbishop of Sens. It is said of him, that he often disguised himself in the habit of a poor man, or of a woman, or servant, the better to know the truth of some secret matters of his kingdom. He was founder of the Abbey of S. Victor in Paris.  
The year of Christ, one thousand, one hundredth, and eleven, Henry the fifth went to Rome, to appease seditions stirred since Gregory the seventh, and continued in Victor, Vrbane and Paschal the second. The Emperor and other Princes would use the authority, right & privileges of ancient Emperors. For Charlemaigne and others which had obtained the Empire since three hundredth years and more, under threescore and three Popes, bestowed Bishopprickeses, abbeys, and other Benefices. Against this authority and custom, the Pope following by Sinodall decrees, maintained that Ecclesiastical Benefices ought not to be given by Laie-people, and excommunicated as Simoniackes, as well such as received them, as them that gave them. This Emperor then being at Rome, after he had kissed the feet of the holy Father, prayed him to confirm and to like of such as had ordained Bishops: But as he refused to confirm them, 
Henry 5.  he was taken by the Emperor and imprisoned, and came not out until he had confirmed them all, and yielded him the right of Inuesture given unto Charlemaigne, and thereupon making Letters and Seals, and also confirmed the said Emperor. Yet after the Pope had said Mass & was in his Chair (saith Masseus) behold the soldiers came suddenly in, crying, Yield unto Caesar that which is Caesar's: and assailed as well him as all the Clergy, carrying them all out from thence and spoiled them, without leaving them any thing, than put they them in prison in the Mountain of Soracte.  
Finally, after debates and dissensions were appeased, 
The Inuesture of benefices yielded unto the Emperor.  and the Emperor Henry crowned, Paschal renewed the privilege of Inuesture of Bishops, and pronounced before all the assembly, that whosoever made of no force the said privilege was excommunicated.  
There was also sung Gloria in exelsis, because the peace was made betwixt the Emperor and the Pope. But so soon as the Emperor was returned into Almaigne, this perjured Traitor revoked all he had promised with solemn oaths: affirming that he accorded with the Emperor, not of his good will, but by force and constraint.  
After this, he condemned that privilege, and excommunicated the Emperor, and stirred marvelous Tragedies, which incontinently were published throughout all the wide world.  
He assembled a Council at Troy's in champaign in France, 
A Council at Troy's in campaign.  wherein again he forbade marriage unto the Priests of France, as Hildebrand had before forbidden the Priests of Almaigne, even to the chase of some Prelates out of their Seats, because they were married. Desiring to increase the Papal authority, he renewed the quarrel of giving Bishopprickeses, which had caused great calamities throughout the Regions of Europe. Ancelme an Archbishop of England, and a Monk, augmented the Impudencies of this Pope, by such Sophistic persuasions as he had before done them of Vrbaine. For he was their Councillor at Rome, and their Vicar in England.  

The King of England deprived of his right by an Archbishop. Luk. 22.25. Marriage of Priests condemned in England.  This Ancelme tirannously deprived Henry the first of that name, King of England, of the right that Kings have to provide officers used by the Kings of Israel, David, Solomon, josaphat, Ezechias, josias, & others; likewise against the saying of jesus Christ. The Kings of Nations have rule over them, etc. But so it is not with you. He also perpetually condemned the lawful marriage of Priests in England, as hath been said: against the holy laws, as well of the old, as of the new Testament, and the manifest examples of the Primitive Church: to the and by the suggestion of Satan, the Clergy might serve there in all Sodomy to the Dragon called the devil, and to Antichrist his Vicar.  
Bertol Duke of Zeringuen and of Sovabe, founded the City of Fribourg in Brisgoye. Naucler.  
Paschall assembled a Council at Lateran, wherein he revoked the right of Inuestures, accorded unto Henry the fifth, whereby arose a new schism. And the Pope's Legates declared the said Henry to be excommunicated; whereof rose great evils. For the Emperor returned to Rome the second time, and the Pope Paschall was constrained to fly.  
S. Barnard of the age of 22. years, accompanied with 30. persons, entered into the Religion of the Cisteaux, in the time Stephen lived, the third Abbot of that place.  
It rained blood in the field Emilian and Flaminian, in the month of june, nigh Ravenna and Parma, without and within. Chron. Sigeb. and Palin.  
The Monastery of Cleruaux was founded, whereof S. Barnard was the first Abbot, being of the age of 27. years, and was there, by the space of 36. years. Naucler.   

The fruits of the war of jerusalem.  


Four orders came from jerusalem. Naucler.  

Four new orders of the crossed.  1. The order of Canons of the Sepulchre of the Lord, and they had double red crosses.  
2 The order of the knights of S. John, otherwise called the knights of Rhodes, and they wear black apparel, with a white Cross on their breasts.  
3 The order of Templars, which have the white habit and the red Cross.  
4 The order of Teutoniques or Almains, or otherwise the knights of the Virgin Mary, which had a white habit and a black Cross.    
The Pope Paschal sent to the Bishop of Palerme in Sicily, the archiepiscopal Pall, yet with a condition, that by oath he should bind himself to the Pope of Rome. The said Bishop humbly sent him word, that he marveled, and with him the Princes and councillors of Sicily, how the Pope demanded an oath of a Bishop: seeing jesus Christ in S. Matthew, cha. 5. had forbidden to swear: and that it was not found by any Council that it was lawful to exact such an oath. The Pope sharply answered in these terms. 
The proud answer of a Pope.  Thinkest thou (saith he) that any Council can prescribe a Law to the Roman Church? Knowest thou not that all Counsels have their perfection and virtue by the Roman Church? Martin Luther.  
In this time lived Hiltpert or Hildebert, Bishop of Mons, a favourer of Transubstantiation as well as Ancelme.  
Matilde or Mehaut Countess, 
Matilde giveth her goods to the Pope.  of the age of 66. years died, and gave her goods by Testament unto the Roman Church. R. Barnes.  
The Emperor Henry was defrauded by the said Testament, for he was cousin of the said Countess: which after gave occasion of great stirs and murders. R. Barnes & Naucl.  
Baudwin second King of jerusalem, died: and Baudwin his Nephew, surnamed Burgo, was created the third King of jerusalem.  
Gelasius Pope, 2. of that name, 
Gelasius. 2.  was a Monk of Mountcassin, Chancellor of the Roman Church, named john, borne at Gayotte a City of campaign in Italy. Soon after his election, he was apprehended by Cincius, a mighty man, & imprisoned: but incontinently he was delivered by the people. The Emperor sent his Army to Rome. Gelasius fearing his coming, fled to Gayette. The Emperor created an other Pope a Spaniard, called Maurice, otherwise Burdin, Archbishop of Bracare, which was called Gregory the eight. This done the Emperor returned into Almaigne, and then began the eighteenth Schism. 
Schism. 18.  Gelasius condemned the Emperor and the Antepope, and sent into Almaigne the Bishop Prenestin, to publish the excommunication against the said Henry the fifth. R. Barnes. Gelasius secretly came to Rome, but he was known of his enemies, and with much ado escaping, went for refuge into France. Suppl. Chron. He ordained a Council at Rheimes, whither came barefooted, Robert of Lorraine, founder of the order and place of Premonstre: and entreated of the Pope Gelasius, licence to preach the word of God, and also authority and confirmation of his order. Naucl. Chron. Sigeb.  
This Pope had already dedicated the great Church of Saint Laurence at Florence, and had there placed the Ashes of S. john Baptists bones, newly brought from Myrrh, confirming them, and approving them for the true Ashes of S. john. Sup. Chron.  
This Pope Gelasius died of a pleurisy at Clugny, where he was also buried, having ruled at Rome a year & six months.  

Calixt. 2.  Calixt 2. of that name succeeded him, & was 5. years Pope: before called Guy, (or Guido) of Burgongne, after Fasc. temp. and the Sea of Histories: or brother, after Sup. Chron. He was Doctor in the Civil Law, and in theology. Without contradiction he was chosen of the Cardinals, and honourably received at Rome. When the Antepope Burdin heard those news, he met him, thinking to have hindered him: but he profited nothing, for he was in full battle overcome with the French help. And being taken by the Pope Calixt, and by the Cardinal of S. Grisogon, chief of his army, he was set upon a Camel, his face towards the tail: and in such sort he made him go at his entry, & then imprisoned him. john le Maire. Fasc. temp. Eghardus saith that the said Antepope was pulled & made a Monk: because when he resided at Sutry, he was a party of many robberies committed upon such as went and came to Rome. Chron. Sigeb.  
Calixtus made continue the Council at Rheimes in champaign, which Gelasius had commenced, wherein he excommunicated the Emperor Henry the fifth, as an enemy of the church. 
Resignation of Inuestures. Anno. 1122.  This excommunication was about the cause of the quarrel of the Inuestures of Bishops. john le Maire. Henry the fifth fearing to be deposed from his Empire as his Father was, accorded the right of Inuestures in a full Council it Rome, unto Calixtus. Sup. Chron.  
Calixtus ordained that the Bishop of Compostella should be made an Archbishop: for the reverence of the body of Saint james who rested there: And he made a book full of Fables of the miracles of the said S. Abb. Trit.  
He appointed the four times for taking orders (as they call them) for before they did take them only three times in the year. 
This decree is attributed unto Calixtus the first.   
He excommunicated such as took silver for Baptism, and for burying. Chron. R. Franc.  
By this Decree Popish Priests should be excommunicated.  
He founded a Monastery of the order of Cisteaux, called Bonevan. Fasc. temp.  
He ordained it should not be lawful for any Bishop to turn from the Roman Church, neither to contrary it. For (said he) even as the Son is come to do the will of his Father: So it behoveth all Christians to do the will of their Mother, (that is to say) the Roman Church. Dist. 12. ca Non decet.  
See how this brazen faced harlot of Rome allegeth scripture: and is not ashamed to call herself a Mother.  
He excommunicated all such as molested Pilgrims which went to Rome. 24 q. 3. chap. Si quis.  
William Duke of Poville, preparing himself for the voyage of Constantinople, to take unto wife the Emperor Alexis his daughter, recommended his country to the Pope Calixt, doubting the ambition of Roger his cousin, who failed not incontinently after the departure of the said William, to seize upon Calabria & Poville: Insomuch as William was deprived both of his wife, and of his Principality, and died without children. Naucler. and Corno. Abb. Calixtus prepared an Army against Roger, but the Pope's death came betwixt, and Innocent the second pursued the enterprise.  
One called john, a Patriarch of the Indians, came unto Rome, and rehearsed to the Pope and Cardinals in a Council, that by a miracle S. Thomas the Apostle came every year to give the Eucharist unto the good, and refused the wicked. Naucler.  
Miracles and apparitions are on all sides forged.  
The Emperor Henry the fifth, bearing a long time an hatred unto the King of France, assembled a great Army to run upon him, taking occasion that he was at the Council which the Pope Calixt held at Rheimes, wherein he was excommunicated: and vaunted that he would destroy the City of Rheims, where the said Council was held, but when he perceived the King's power which met him with the precious standard called the Auriflame, he desisted from his enterprise, and returned into his Country. john le Maire.  
Pomerania received the Christian Faith. Nancler.  

Honorius. 2.  Honorius Pope, second of that name, borne at Imola in Italy, a man of base condition, yet learned, governed the Roman Church 5. years & 2. months. Before he was called Lambert, Bishop of Ostia, and was promoted rather by the ambition of some, then by the consent of the good. Sup. Chron.  
He invested Roger of the Duchy of Poville, after the said Roger had done unto him homage: who also was King of Sicily. The same.  
Robert author of the order of Premonstre, went to Rome unto the Pope, & obtained what he desired concerning the order. Nauc.  

Arnulphe slain at Rome.  Arnulphe Archbishop of Lion, had at this time a singular grace in preaching, who after he had preached in France and Italy, came unto Rome. But because in his Sermons he rebuked too sharply the vices, the delights and pomps of Churchmen, he was slain.  
Honorius feigned to be grieved thereat, yet he made no search for the murderers. Plat. and Sabel. Bonifa. Simo. say that he did this in favour both of the Nobility and of the common people.  
The year of Christ, 1125. Henry the 5. died in the City of Vtreict, without heir male.  
Lothaire, in the Almain tongue Luder, the son of Count Gebhard (who was slain in the war by Henry the fourth, 
Lothaire.  as hath been said) being created Duke of Saxony, was chosen Emperor: a man of great industry and prudence, and persecuted the race of the Emperor Henry, whereof arose many troubles: For Frederic and Conrade, Dukes of Sovanbie, were a long time Rebels unto him. Finally, S. Barnard Abbot of Cleruax reconciled these two brethren with Lothaire.  
Hugo a Saxon by Nation, and surnamed of Victor, a Theologian of Paris, was at this time in Paris. Amongst his writings are found many complaints against the disordinate life of Clerks in this time. It is he whom some say, that at Mass as he lifted up the body of our Lord, there appeared a little child, which said unto him: Eat me. And he abhorring it, said he could not eat him, unless he hid himself again under the bread: and strait it came so to pass, and he eat him.  
Who sees not that this is a fable invented to prove the new doctrine of Pascasius and Lanfrancus? And yet this is against their doctrine, and especially against that of Thomas Aquine, in the third part, question. 76.  
Charles Count of Flaunders, Nephew of Lewis King of France, was traitorously murdered as he was on his knees in the Church of S. Donatus in Brugis in Flaunders. The murderers were certain villains of the Country, which were grievously punished in sundry manners. Sigeb.  
Baudwin the second, who was the third King of jerusalem, died in a Monks habit: whom Fulco succeeded. Naucl. Chron. Sigeb.  
Innocent Pope. 2. of that name, a Roman, governed 14. years. 
Innocent. 2.   

Lothaire.  After his coronation he attempted mortal war against Roger the Norman. Who first named himself King of Naples: but in the end Innocent was overthrown in battle, and led away prisoner. Whilst he was in prison the Romans elected Peter Leon, the son of a puissant Roman Citizen: But Innocent after he had agreed with the said Roger, was constrained to go into France for succour towards King Lewis le Gros, of whom he was honourably received. Being come into France, he held two councils; one at Avernus, and an other at Rheims in campaign. From France he retired towards the Country of Liege, where he found the Emperor Lothaire, who also promised all the assistance he could: by means of which, he returned into Italy. Anacletus the Antepope stole away all the treasures and Relics of the Church to wage them which were of his band: he died with grief, and his Cardinals craved pardon.  
In the Council held at Rheimes, Subdeacons were commanded to live without marriage, under pain to lose their Benefices.  
There became a contention betwixt the Pope & the king of France, because that after the death of Alberic Archbishop of Bourges, the Pope sent one called Peter, by him consecrated Archbishop of the said place, to reside and rule there: but the King rejected him, neither was be received into the Town, because he was created without his knowledge. Sigeb.  
Innocent agreed & set a peace betwixt the town of Pisa, and the town of Genues, and raised them up unto Archbishops.  
A Synod at Rome at this time ordained, that no Layman should presume to lay hand upon a Clerk, under pain of excommunication, from which none could absolve him but the Pope, unless he were at the point of death: for then his Bishop might absolve him. 17. Quest. 4. Chap. Si quis suadente diabolo.  
In this time was Richardus de sancto victore, and Hugo a Monk of Corbie in Saxony, who wrote the book (de clanstro animae.)  

A new Pelagian.  Peter de Balard, an heretic of this time, said that the passion of our Lord jesus Christ was only given us for an example of patience, of virtue, and of love, he showed unto us. Wherefore he was condemned with all his writings by the Pope Innocent. S. Barnard writ against him.  
Writers say, that one called john of Time (if it be a thing worthy the credit) lived 361. years: that is to say, from the time of Charlemaigne, whose Councillor he was, and died in this time. Naucler. and Suppl. Chron.  
The Emperor Lothaire went to Rome to restore Innocnt, according to his promise.  
The faction of the Guelphs for the Pope, and of the Gibellins for the Emperor, began in this time. Naucler.  
Lothaire returning from Italy, the second time after he had dejected Roger of Poville and Calabria, died of the pestilence nigh Trent amongst the Mountains, in a poor lodging saith Naucler. But Palin, saith that he died at Verona, the 13. year of his Kingdom, and the 7. of his Empire, leaving one daughter, called Gertrude.  
Conrade 3. of that name, Duke of Sovabe, 
Conrade. 3.  son of Fredrick of Haulte Staufen, and of Agnes, daughter of Henry the fourth, obtained the Empire 15. years.  
Lewis the young, 7. of that name, 40. King of France, reigned 43. years. He upon superstition went into Spain upon pilgrimage unto S. James.  
Ascalon was taken of the Christians beyond the sea. Suppl. Chron.  
Edessa a City of Mesopotamia was taken of Alaps, a Prince of Turkey, the Christians put to death, 
Beginning of evils.  and women violated upon the Altar of S. john Baptist, saith Naucler.  
Fulco King of jerusalem, fell from his horse as he ran at an Hare, and died, Naucler. and Chron. Euseb.  
Baudwin 3. and 5. King of jerusalem, succeeded him.  
Celestine Pope, 2. of that name, an Italian, 
Celestine. 2.  before called Guido, a Priest, Cardinal of S. Mark, having ruled 5. months and 8. days, died of the pestilence.  
Lucius' Pope, 2. of that name, borne at Boulongne, 
Lucius. 2.  before a Priest, Card. of S. Cross, named Gerard, ruled about one year.  
This man willing by force to take away the dignity of the 
Patrician.  Patrician from the Romans, 
Conrade. 3.  was on the body wounded with the blows of stones by the common people. R. Barns. And being oppressed with the Romans, he sent unto the Emperor, who being occupied otherwhere, could not succour him.  
He did all he could to incite Christians to war beyond the sea, because he had received news how the holy Land was in danger to be lost for the Christians. john le Maire. Some say he died in a sedition. Others, that he died of the Pestilence. Sup. Chron. and Fascic. temp.  

Eugenius. 3.  Eugenius Pope, third of that name, borne at Pisa, a Monk of Cleruaux, Disciple of S. Bernard, Abbotte and Cardinal of S. Anastasius at Rome, ruled eight years and four months.  
He was constrained by the Romans (whom he had excommunicated with jordan the Patrice) to fly from Rome, and shaking the dust off his feet against his enemies, he got him into France, not only to shun the fear of the said Romans, who with force of Arms chased him away, but also to encourage and draw on the French King Lewis to the succours of the holy Land. He celebrated then a Council at Vezelay in Burgoigne: and there caused S. Barnard with his lively voice to utter out all the mischief like to fall unto the holy Land. After which speech of S. Barnard, the King vowed to give succours to the Christian Princes beyond the Seas, and the Queen Helionor his wife promised to follow him: and with them, many Princes, Barons, and Noble men of France. Also the Emperor Conrade the third, Alphonsus' King of Spain, Henry, King of England, and many other Princes and Prelates: yet in this voyage they did nothing worthy of memory, and this was the second universal voyage, as john le Maire saith, but the third expedition to go into jerusalem. The first under Vrbain, and the second under Paschal. Anno. 1101.  
Eugenius also assembled a Council at Rheims, and called thither Cardinals and other Prelates, of whom he was consecrated, as appertained. And there S. Barnard confuted by disputation, and vanquished Gilbert Poretaine, Bishop of Poitiers, an excellent Clerk, who erred in touching the unity of the Trinity.  
There were made many decrees for Monks: that they should not leave their Monasteries, nor Baptizm, nor carry children unto Baptism: that they might not enjoin penance, nor give absolution: that they might not visit the diseased, nor assist the funerals of the dead. Briefly, that they might not apply themselves unto secular businesses, but remain solitary in their Monasteries. That the husband or wife ought not to enter into Religion, and the marriage should not be broken, if one of the parties contradicted it: nor without the consent of the Bishop, if both parties accorded. There was also ordained for the maintenance of schools, and for provision of Doctors and Masters.  
After those things done in France, Eugenius returned unto Rome, where he was honourably received of the people, but soon after died at Tiber, where he went to recreate himself. His body was brought to Rome, and buried in the Temple of S. Peter. Suppl. Chron.  
In this time reigned Gratian the Monk, who compiled the Decretal. Which Eugenius approved and commanded to be read through all Universities. Sup. Chron.  
Petrus Lumbardus Bishop of Paris, compiled the books of Sentences.  
Petrus Commestor wrote the Scholastic History.  
Avicen and Auerrois lived in this time, excellent in Physic.  
By the writings of Saint Barnard we may know how in this time being so miserably corrupted, 
Touching the doctrine of S. Barnard.  he strove against the impiety of Popes, and the Ecclesiastical sort. See his 67. Sermon, where he calleth them the Ministers of Antichrist. In the Sermon 57 In the book unto this Pope Eugenius, and in the 33. Sermon upon the Cant. he often saith that Prelates are but pilates. He reproveth Eugenius, that leaving the word of God, he advanced human traditions. Hugo Cardinal in his Postile upon S. john, allegeth that S. Barnard said in a certain place. It seemeth o good jesus, that all the University of Christians have conspired against thee, and they are the chief of the conjuration which obtain the Primacy of the church. At the end of his days he showed well that he perfectly knew the true doctrine of the justification by jesus Christ, on whom only was his refuge, rejecting all other sanctities and righteousness. His writings yield a certain witness of him.  
The Emperor of Constantinople, Emanuel, sent victuals to the Christians beyond the Seas: but like a traitetous wicked man he mingled chalk amongst their flower, whereof infinite people died. He gave also guides unto the Emperor Conrade, which conducted him through solitary places; Insomuch that he lost all his soldiers. As much also almost came unto the king of France, yet they both got into jerusalem. The Emperor Conrade, the King Lewis, and Baudwin King of jerusalem, being in jerusalem, determined to assail Damas. Naucler.  
Aluisius' Abbot of Auchen, and Bishop of Arras, died in this journey of the holy Land, in a town called Philopolis, & Simon Bishop of Noyon, at Selencia.  
Bishops, Abbots, and Monks, trotted then in voyages beyond the Seas.  
Norway received then the faith which was then.  
S. Barnard died of the age of 36. years. Naucler.  
Conrade the third, Emperor, returning from his voyage of jerusalem, died at Banberg. 1152.  

Frederic. 1.  Frederic, first of that name, surnamed barbarous son of Frederic Duke of Sovanbe, who was brother of the said Conrade, was chosen Emperor.  
This was a Prince of a good spirit, hardy, of great stature, and fair of face, his hair and beard, was red, affable, and gracious. After his election, he led seven times his Army against the Italians which rebelled against him.  

Anastasius. 4.  Anastasius Pope, 4. of that name, a Roman, Abbot, ruled the Roman Church, one year or two, 4. months, and 24. days. They qualify him a great Almes-giver of many privileges unto religious people, of Chalices very sumptuous, and of repairing Churches.  

Adrian. 4.  Adrian 4. of that name, borne in England, a man learned, before called Nicholas-breakspeare, the son of one named Robert, a Monk and Priest of the Temple of S. Albon, of a Regular Cannon he was made Bishop Cardinal, and after Pope, ruled at Rome five years and six months.  
He was sent unto Norway by Eugenius the third, Pope, to preach the faith, and when he had instructed the people of the said Country, he was chosen Pope. Being received, 
Excommunication for temporal goods.  the Romans prayed him to leave the administration of the town free to Consuls and Magistrates, after their ancient manner, which be refused: whereat the Romans grieved, did many evils unto a Cardinal. In so much that Adrian set all the City of Rome under an Interdict or excommunication.  
After his election he would by no means go to the Church of Lateran to be consecrated, 
Arnold Bishop.  until first Arnold bishop of Brixe were cast out of the Town: who opposed himself against the Administration of civil things, and of the temporal sword which the Clergy had usurped. And therefore he called him an heretic, soliciting the Roman people to maintain their liberty, Magistracy, and other offices. R. Barns.  
Of this same time was Peter de Blois, who in his writings touched the wickedness of the Cleargie-men. In a certain Epistle which he writeth to a Bishops Official, he admonisheth him to come out of Babylon, detesting the tyranny of Bishops and their Officials, calling them infernal harpies which do but poll and shear the Church of jesus Christ. He often calleth the Clergy, Syria, Edom, Calves of Bethel, Idols of Egypt, the fat of Samaria, Priests of Baal, and judges which forge unjust laws, and many such like names he giveth them. This saith he of Rome. At Rome all is subverted by gifts, Monks may do all things by silver, and redeem by annual pensions, all wickedness of the flesh. 
The Pope and his disciples.  There filthiness began to be sung in the Tabernacle of Geth, & in the streets of Ascalon. So was he made the Prince of Sodom, and his Disciples after him, are set in the chair of pestilence.  
Such writing should be noted for their excellency and rarity.  
The year of Christ, 1155. Frederic went into Italy, Adrian met him even at Sutry, hoping by the emperors means to revenge himself upon his enemies. And as he arrived at the emperors lodging, the Emperor hasted to meet him, 
Frederic. 1.  and as he lighted he held the left stirrup of his horse, and taking him by the hand led him into his Castle. The Pope greatly disdaining, held as a mockery, that the Emperor at his lighting held his left stirrup, and not his right: Insomuch that he departed from his Castle much offended & discontent. The next morning the Emperor dissembling all, like a wise man, calling the Pope as he met him again, held his right stirrup at his lighting. For he had not forgotten his lesson of the day before.  
After they went to Rome, and there Frederic was crowned by Adrian at S. Peter's, and returned into Almaigne. Ri. Barnes.  
john of Salisbury, Bishop of Chartres, was in this time, who sharply opposed himself against the wickedness of Popes and Clergy. He writ a book, Entitled Obiurgatorium Cleri. In his book Entitled Policraticus, he saith thus. In the Roman Church are set Scribes and pharisees, 
john de Salisbury a true Doctor.  loading men's shoulders with insupportable burdens. The great Bishop is heavy unto all, yea importable. His Legates cast themselves so into the fields, as if Satan were come from the Lord to torment the Church. judgement amongst them, is no other thing but a true merchandise. They esteem of gain as of piety itself. They justify the wicked by gold and silver, and rejoice in wickedness. They eat the sins of the people. They are appareled & nourished in all luxury: whilst the true worshippers worship the Lord in spirit. He that sticketh not unto their doctrine, either is he judged an heretic, or a schismatic, etc.  
Often were there such Doctors in the Church, but they durst not speak nor write of all that was needful. In a book Entitled Speculum, that is to say, the Glass. It is said that that good Bishop john, amongst other complaints, hath been sometimes heard say to the Pope Adrian the fourth (his very familiar friend) these words. The Pope indeed is truly the servant of servants, 
A word of condemnation cometh from the Popes own mouth.  because he serveth the Romans, servants of covetousness. The same Pope Adrian was heard say to the said Bishop john, That there were many Popes which rather succeeded Romulus in murders & parricides, than S. Peter in feeding of sheep.  
Romulus, the first founder of the city of Rome, slew his own brother Remus, and so the walls were dedicated in that Parricide.  
Adrian excommunicated William the son of Rogier king of Sicily and Poville, and absolved his subjects of their oaths towards him: but seeing he profited nothing by that means, he incited Emanuel Emperor of Constantinople: Emanuel promised the Pope to deposed the said William. Only he demanded three Maritime or Sea Towns if he came to his purpose. These conventions made, in the mean while the Grecians occupied Poville, and wasted it. William understanding these practices, prayed the Pope to be reconciled unto him, and that he would only grant him the title of king of the two Sicily's, and he would restore him whatsoever he demanded; yea he would give of his own. The Pope was content, but the Cardinals kept him from it. William then went into battle against the Grecians and obtained the victory, drove the Grecians out of Poville, and recovered it. The Captain prisoners were bound with chains. Afterward he went against Beneuent and besieged it. The Pope and his Cardinals which by chance were there, are prisoners, and constrained to demand peace, and to agree with him. The Pope first absolveth him of his excommunication, and pronounceth and declareth him King, after having done him homage to hold his Land & signory of the holy Father. Adrian returned to Rome, and strait fell unto contention. For the Consuls would maintain their franchise & ancient liberty. Wherefore fearing (because the Interdict endured yet) he got himself Anagnia or Arignianum. R. Barns.  
Frederic was not content that the Pope without his knowledge had granted the title and right of Sicilia, because he was thereby defrauded of the Inuestures: also for that the Pope's Legates peeled so the Country's subject unto his Empire. Because the Pope began secretly through all the Empire to sow reasons to retire his subjects from his subjection. Wherefore he demanded homage of the Bishops of the german Nation, and oath of fidelity: he forbade that any should appeal unto the Roman Sea. He commanded the Pope's Legates which appealed not to him, to get them out of his Countries. The Pope very much grieved at all those things, as also that the Emperor set his own name before the Popes in his Letters missives which he sent; writ Letters unto him, rebuking him for those foresaid things, 
See the Tenor of the Pope's Letters in the Pope's lives, by R. Barns & Naucler.  admonishing him to amend. The Emperor answered them from point to point. First, that justly & by good right he set his name before his seeing the Pope oweth all humility to the Emperor as Christ hath taught. And if Popes have any privilege, it comes of especial grace, and by the liberality of Kings and Princes.  
Also that jesus Christ hath taught us to yield to every one that which belongs unto him, to Caesar that which belongeth unto him. Wherefore he justly redemaundeth the investures and homage of Bishops. Touching Cardinals and Legates, that justly he rejected them out of his Country. For said he, they come not to preach, but to pill and spoil: not to confirm peace, but to heap up silver. Wherefore he prayed the Pope and his, not to move so many schisms & scandals, but that that they would study for peace and humility. Naucler & R. Barns.  
The year 1158. Frederic took the Town of Milan, and made it subject to the Empire. Sigeb.  
After this, the Pope ceased not to solicit the Italians to withdraw their allegiance from the Emperor, and therefore he sent his Legates to Milan, to persuade them to revolt. But the Milanese sought no other thing but a quarrel for that purpose; and that was, that the Emperor was excommunicate. The Pope then wrought a conspiracy against the Emperor with the aid of William king of Sicily, of them of Milan, and other Nobles of Italy, which gave a great sum of silver to the Pope to excommunicate the Emperor. The conjuration was confirmed by oath, upon condition that none of them should ever return into grace with the Emperor, unless all were consenting thereunto. And if by fortune the Pope died, that they should then elect a Cardinal of their own faction and band.  
After the former defence of the Emperor that none should appeal to Rome, the Bishop of laud going to Rome by appellation, was encountered by certain of the emperors people; and after they had beat him, they put him in prison. The Pope Adrian sent towards the Emperor two Legates with very sharp Letters. In which amongst other words, there were these. Although thou hast not answered us as thou oughtest, yet do we not repent if thou hadst received greater benefits at our hands then thou hast received. Which words so angered the Emperor and all the Princes, that with much ado did they abstain from violating the League. Of which one of them answering for the Pope, said foolishly. If the Emperor (saith he) hold not his Empire of the Pope, of whom holdeth he it? By which words Otho Pallatin Wittilispach before the Emperor drew his sword, and ran against the said Legate, and hardly was retained from slaying him. Naucler.  
For store of silver, than the Pope Adrian being at Anagnia, thundered forth the sentence of excommunication against Frederic: But God (john de Cremona saith) who by the mouth of the Prophet speaketh. (They shall curse you, and I will bless you) overthrew their enterprise. For it fell out that the Pope after he had denounced the excommunication, came out of Anagnia to take air, nigh a Fountain of which he drank: but soon after a Fly entered into his mouth, and kept so in his throat, that he left his breath and so died. Naucler. Vrsperg.  
The year 1160. Frederic laid siege before the Town of Milan, which was revolted.  
Pavia, Plaisance, and as it were all Lombardie, yielded themselves subject unto him. Chron. Sigeb. Crema is peeled and spoiled.  
Behold what they gain to believe the Pope, and rebel against their natural Lord.  
The poor men of Lions, otherwise called Vandrois, 
The poor men of Lions.  were in this time.  
After the death of Pope Adrian, yet ceased not the former conspiration against Frederic, for the coniurators sent a strong man of body, who was a good physician, but counterfeited a jester, to the end to take occasion to slay the Emperor: but he was surprised and put to death.  
Again they sent him an Arrabian Ehchaunter, who carried Mearcery ware, and drugs empoisoned. But the Emperor finding out his treason, caused the Enchanter to be strangled.  
The Duchy of Bohemia was erected to a Kingdom under Frederic. Naucler.  
The Prince of ostrich was made a Duke.  
The body of S. Bartholomew, and the body of Paulin Bishop of Nole, were found in an old Church, saith Sigeb.  
The bodies of the three kings (as they call them) were found nigh Milan, and carried into the said City. Fasci. temp.  
Helinandus rehearseth that the Pope Adrian was wont to say; That there is nothing in the world more miserable, nor condition or estate more unlucky, than the Popedom. And that he found such tribulation in the apostolic seat, that he wished he had never departed from England. And that he was never so much at ease, as when he was but a simple Cloyster-Monke.  
Adolphe Count of Nole d' Albigeois, was slain by the Slavons, Apostates of the faith: his death was revenged by the Duke of Saxony. Henry Leon.  
This Henry founded three Abbeys, at Lubec, Racebourg, and Soverum. He visited the sepulchre, and builded the church of S. Bloise at Brunswic.  
Amongst many relics, he gave to the said Church of the blood of jesus Christ, which he brought from the holy Land, saith The Sea of Histories.  

Alexander. 3  Alexander Pope, third of that name, of Sienne in Tuscan, ruled 22. years or thereabouts. The Sea of Histories.  
He was before called Rowland, and was an enemy of the Empire, and therefore was he chosen by 22. Cardinals.  

A schism of 17. years.  Some elected one called Octavian, a Roman Citizen, Priest, Cardinal of S. Clement, called after, Victor the third: who came towards Frederic. So was there a great schism which continued 17. years.  
Alexander sent his Legates towards Frederic, who then besieged Cremona, to the end by his authority to take away the schism. The Emperor commanded that the two elected Popes should come unto him unto Pavia, and there he would assemble a Council to take order for that schism. Alexander sent him the old answer: that the Pope might not be judged of any living man, etc. and would not assist or appear, but retired himself unto Anagnia.  
Victor appeared, and was approved Pope, and the Emperor sent him into Almain, and commanded that every one should obey him: whereat Alexander being greatly moved, sent sentence of excommunication, against both the Emperor and the said Victor, at Clerimont in France.  
We have seen that after Charlemaigne many petty Kings rose up in Italy, whereof some were called Berengarij, which brought into subjection the kingdom of the Lombard's. Otho the great got Lombardie out of their hands. But after Milan as it increased in riches, so the Citizens withdrew themselves from the obedience of the Roman Empire. Frederic having raised a great Army, constrained them with others to yield to the yoke. But the common people bearing evil will unto the Emperor minding again to reuoult, discovered their wicked intent with a marvelous insolency. The Empress Frederic his wife, having a desire to see the Town, entered into it with effeminate assurance, without fear to suffer injury of such as obeyed the Empire. But the common people forgetting all honour, being exceedingly enraged, 
A mockery offered unto the Emperor.  set the said Princess upon a she Ass, causing her to turn her face towards the tail: the which they gave her for a bridle in her hand, and in a mockery sent her out at one of their gates. The Emperor taking just indignation against this injury, besieged them seven years before they could enter: but at the last constraining them to yield, he ruinated and sacked the Town with great effusion of blood. He received some to mercy, but it was upon this condition, that if they would save their lives, they should draw out with their teeth a Fig from behind of the she Ass. Many chose rather to die then to suffer that ignominy. Others desiring to live, did whatsoever was commanded them. From hence comes a just mockery amongst the Italians, to show the thumb betwixt two fingers, and say; Echo la fico, 
Echo la Fico.  behold the Fig: Crantes reciteth this Story in his 6. book of Saxonia.  
Frederic sent Ambassadors unto the King of France, to take away that schism from Rome, they agreed to meet in a certain place very convenient for France and Almain, and that was at Dijon. Thither came Henry king of England, the king of Scotland, the king of Bohemia: Alexander would not be there, saying he was not ordained by his authority. The King of France was not there in favour of Alexander.  
Frederic not well content that he and so many Princes had thus lost their pains, commanded Victor to draw into Italy: but Victor died in the way at Luques: and in his place Guido Bishop of Cremone, was chosen, who afterward was called Paschall the third: unto whom the Emperor Frederic, the Duke of Baviere, the Count Palatin in Rhine, the Landgrave of Turinge, the Bishops of Magdeburg, of Breme, of trevers, of Colongne, and of Banberge, promised him obedience. R. Barns.  

The 6. king of jerusalem.  Amaricus the brother of Baudwin, was the sixth King of jerusalem. Sigeb.  
Alexander in the mean while held a Council at Tours. But at Rome the Vicegerent of the Pope Alexander, the Bishop of Prenestine died, and in his place was substituted john, Cardinal of the Church of S. Peter. He by silver and other means drew to Alexander the most part of the Roman Citizens: and did so much, as they created new Consuls, such as favoured the said Alexander. They recalled Alexander out of France, and he was well received at Rome, the Bishop of Pavia was put out for that he held on the emperors side.  
Frederic the third time went into Italy against certain that rebelled, and came to Rome to know the cause of those Popes. Alexander would not appear, but drew back as before.  
The Towns of Italy rebelled against the Emperor at the persuasion of Alexander, and they conspired together.  
The Millainois re-edified their Town in favour of this Alexander, and called it Alexandria.  
Frederic the fourth time returned into Italy with a great Army against the rebels: but Henry Leon Duke of Saxony, corrupted by silver (as is thought) left the Emperor, and returned into Saxony with his company.  
The Emperor required him not to fail him in that great need, but he lost time: therefore was he constrained to withdraw from Italy, and return into Almain, in a servants apparel, and that with great difficulty.  
Behold how by Pope's the world hath ever been troubled.  
The year of Christ, 1173. Saladin slew his Lord the caliph, and reigned in his place. Chron. Euseb.  
The year of Christ, 1175. Frederic the fifth time returned into Italy: but at the persuasion of his Confessor, he converted his Arms against the Turks: and passing through Hungary, came unto Constantinople, & occupied many Towns and places of the Turks, as Philomenia and Iconium, after he came into Armenia the less, finally even to jerusalem. Whilst Frederic was thus busied with the Turk, the Pope Alexander with his confederates ceased not to think how they might destroy him. To the end than that he should not return victorious, the Pope sent to the soldan the Image of the Emperor, which he caused to be drawn very lively by an excellent Painter, with Letters by which he gave advertisement unto the soldan, to slay or destroy the said Emperor by treason, if ever he pretended to live in peace.  
The soldan having received the said Pope's Letters, with the emperors figure, sought by all means to come to his purpose; but occasion fell not out so soon. But finally as the Emperor returned from the conquest of jerasalem being in Armenia, one day as it was very hot, he withdrew into a wood with a few of his people, and with his Chaplain, and not thinking of any danger, there made his people go aside, and he and his Chaplain lighted off their horses, unapparelled themselves, and so refreshed them in a running stream of water. There was he surprised by the ambushes which the Sultan had laid, and were carried through the wood unto the soldan. His people knowing nothing of his taking, sought him all the next morning.  
The brute came unto the Camp, the Emperor was drowned, and by the space of an whole month they sought him in the flood where he washed. The Emperor being brought before the Sultan, feigned himself to be the Emperor's Chaplain, but the soldan knowing him by the Image the Pope sent him, maintained that he was the Emperor of the Christians, and indeed commanded that strait some should bring him the said Image, and that the Pope's Letters should be read. The Emperor astonished at this treason, confessed the truth and demanded favour. Certain time after, the soldan sent him away, under certain covenants agreed betwixt them. The Emperor returning, assigned a day at Noremberg, and assembling his Court, declared the Pope Alexander his treason, showing his Letters and the Image. Briefly, every one promised him help to pay his ransom, and to do justice of the said Alexander.  
In this time of darkness and horrible tempests, after the Grasshoppers and vermin of begging Friars, which devoured the title grain of the world: here gave the Lord again a light, as it were the break of day.   

The beginning of the Waldois.  
Peter Waldo a Citizen of Lions, began by little and little in this time to clear the thick darkness thereof: and this was as a first and little beginning of the Instauration of the Christian doctrine and religion.  
The History is this. In the Town of Lions, as many of the chief of the Town in Summer time to recreate themselves and talk together, one amongst them suddenly fell down dead in the presence of others; amongst which was this Waldo, a rich man, who more than all other men was moved and surprised with fear, 
Sudden death giveth occasion to Waldo.  and an apprehension of the human frailty, and began to think (the spirit of God drawing him) more nearly to repencance, and to meditate true piety more than ever he had done before. He began then to give much more alms, to open his house to all, and to speak of penance and true piety to such as for any cause came unto him.  
This fear was of God, 
Note here the diversity of examples.  the fruit and the end showeth it in this person. But the fear that moved Bruno to seek remedy and comfort to his fancy without the word of the Lord, was of the devil, and proceeded of his illusions.  
This liberality drew many poor and needful people unto him, that they came by troops, and he always expounded some place of holy scripture in the vulgar tongue: for he was a man learned (as the writings of that time witness, and the Catalogue of the witnesses of the truth) the Bishop of the place, and the Prelates which carried the keys as they say, and would neither enter, nor let others enter, began to murmur that a Lay man, or secular man (as they call them) should handle or declare in the vulgar tongue the scripture, and make assemblies in his house: admonishing to cease to do so under the pain of excommunication. But for all this, the zeal that Waldo had to advance the glory of God, and the desire the little ones had to learn, was nothing diminished: but contrary, the resistance and tyranny of the Prelates gave occasion to discover the errors and superstitions of the Roman seat, which then were as it were hid in darkness.  
The like happened in our time: for when the Pope & his Priests could not endure that Martin Luther should reprehend their Indulgences, they were the cause that a further search was made into their errors, and so discovered their abominable blasphemies.  
Waldo now gathered in the vulgar tongue many places out of the ancient Fathers, 
Waldo strengtheneth himself with places of the Doctors.  to confirm and strengthen such as were of his side, not only by the authority of holy scriptures, but also by witness of Doctors, against the adversaries. It is likely to be true, by Historiographers, yea even by the writings of the adversaries, that this assembly endured certain time (it may be four or five years) that Waldo taught in the Town of Lions, before he was driven to exile & banishment. For because he was mighty and had friends, he was not so soon exposed to dangers which afterward were laid for him. And thus came the appellation of the Pope of Lions. Some called them Waldois, some Lyonists, and some Insabbatati: that is, such as observed neither Sabbath nor Feast, and many other like names to make them odious and detestable, as shall be showed in the discourse of this History.  
Alexander understanding the Emperor marched to come to Rome, perceiving himself culpable of the treason he had done him, the 7. year of his Popedom, fled from Rome in the habit of his Cool, & came unto Venice, & remained in a Monastery: where finally being known, he was led by the Duke & the Senate with great solemnity into S. Marks Church. The Emperor understanding that Alexander was at Venice, sent Ambassadors to demand Alexander. The Venetians maintained the Pope, which the Emperor seeing, sent thither his son Otho with an Army, yet commanding him not to fight against the Venetians before his coming. But Otho led with youth gave battle, lost the victory & was prisoner. Which the Pope seeing, would not agree with the Emperor, unless fist he came to Venice & received the means that he would offer. Frederic to help his son came to Venice: the Pope would not absolve him of the bond of excommunication, until he presented himself at the door of S. Mark his Church. When he was come thither, the Pope commanded him in the presence of all the people, to cast himself upon the ground, and to demand pardon of him. The Emperor prostrating himself upon the earth at the Pope's feet: he set his foot upon the Emperor's neck, & pressing it down said; It is written, Super aspidem & basiliscum ambulabis & conculcabis Leonem & draconem: that is to say; Thou shalt go upon the Asp & Basilike, and tread under thy feet the Lion & the Dragon. The Emperor taking in ill part the contumely, answered; This was not said unto thee, but unto Peter. But the Pope stepping again upon his neck, answered; Both to me, & to Peter. The Emperor fearing the peril or an hid danger, held his peace, & so was absolved: and an accord was made betwixt them, upon condition that the Emperor should hold Alexander for the true & legitimate Pope, & that he should restore to the Roman church all that he had usurped & taken during the war. These things ended, the Emperor & his son departed from Venice, & so ceased the schism.  
This Pope gave many privileges to the order of Chartreux, and Canonised S. Barnard.  
The bodies of three Kings (as they call them) were transported from Milan to Colongne, by the Bishop of the said place. Sabell. Eun. 9 lib. 5.  
The order of the Carmalites began in this time, 
Carmalits'. Willelmin.  and the order of Willelmins' Hermirs. Fasc. Temp.  
About this time Henry the second, King of England, seeing the power of Bishops & Clergy too great in England, and that they by oaths made to the Pope, did alienate themselves, and the Forces of the Realm by such means weakened, renewed the ancient rights, called the Dignities of the Kingdom. And above all that, which saith, That Bishops and Prelates shall swear to be loyal and faithful unto the king and the public utility of the kingdom. Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury gave that oath to the King; but after repent himself thereof, as of an unlawful oath, and demanded therefore the Pope's absolution. The King grieved at such perjury, banished him; and about five years he was in France. The question was long debated at Rome, & cost much money upon Ambassadors going between the one party & the other. Gratian compiler of the Decrees, was sent on the Pope's side, & Petrus Lombardus on Becket his side. The king fearing apparent dangers on the side of France, was glad to be quiet: but Becket being restored, and still remaining contrary to the king, and unwilling to absolve such as before he had excommunicated, he was slain by certain Nobles of the Realm. The 48. year after his death, there was a disputation in Paris amongst the Doctors, whether he were damned or saved. There was one Roger a Normane, who maintained that he deserved death, being a Rebel against the King, who is the Minister of God. Others contrary, maintained that by good right he ought to be held in the number of Martyrs, because he died for the Clergy, and so the Pope Alexander canonised him.  
This History showeth us what difference there is betwixt the Pope's Martyrs and them of jesus Christ.  
The punishment makes not the Martyr, but the cause.  
Many have written against this Archbishop Becket, and condemning him, have maintained the King's cause. Baleus rehearseth it. So doth john Eliot, and john Bishop of Poitiers.  

Monasteries founded.  Our Lady's Church of Paris is now builded by the Bishop there called Maurice, who also founded besides three Monasteries, that is Negranx, Hermeries and Years. The Sea of Histories.  
About this time were there seen in the West Countries three Suns in September, & the year after three Moons. Chro. Euseb.  
Baudwin fourth of that name, the seventh King of jerusalem, reigned six years. Chron. Euseb.  
Berthold, Duke Zeringen, son of Conrade the Emperor, founded two Freburgs, that is to say, free Bourgages or Francborgs: the one in Brisgoy, and the other in little Bourgogne, commonly called Vchland, against Savoye. And 12. years after he founded the Town of Berne, 
Berne.  which he surnamed because of a Bear which he encountered in the place where the said Town was builded. For that word in their tongue signifieth Bear. Naucl.  
The situation thereof is almost an Island which the River of Are maketh.  
Philip dieu done, 2. of that name, 41. king of France, son of Lewis le ienne, constituted the Eschevins of Paris, and environed with walls a great part of the town, and walled the wood of Vincennes nigh Paris. Naucler.  
At this time was a great multitude of jews in France, of which there went a report that every year they stole a Christian child, and led him unto a place under the earth, and after they had tormented him, crucified him, and that day they call great or good Friday. King Philip hearing this, caused the jews to be taken and tormented in divers sorts. 
The jews chased from France.  He burned 80. in one fire, and after the year 1186. he drove them all out of his kingdom, except such as were converted to the Faith. After the King being scarce of money through wars, demanded of the jews a great sum thereof, and having it granted, he was content they should again come into his kingdom: As also his successor Lewis opened them all the kingdom of France.  
Lucius' Pope, third of that name, of Luke, 
Lucius. 3.  ruled at Rome four years, two months, and 18. days.  
He was before called Hinebaldus, or Vbaldus, Cardinal of Ostia. This Pope would needs banish the Consuls & Patricij at Rome: wherefore he was cast out of Rome, and withdrew himself to Verona. Such as took his part, some had their eyes put out, others were set upon Asses, their faces towards the hinder part, and were ignominiously handled. After some.  
In this time was the fourth expedition made beyond the Sea, and there were crossed unto it the King of France Philip Augustus, and Henry King of England. 
Saladins tenth.  And there was a tenth laid upon all Benefices and revenues of Church goods, to help the charges of the war. And this Subsidy was called Saladins tenth. john le Maire.  
Vrbane Pope, third of that name, borne at Milan, 
Vrbane. 3.  of the people of Cribelles, ruled a year and six months, or as it were eleven. Suppl. Chron. Before he was called Imbert. Suppl. Chron. Sigeb.  
Baudwin King of jerusalem, left the kingdom Guyon of Lusignan, his sister's husband, and the said Guyon was the last King of jerusalem.  
Saladin, by avarice, ambition, and discord of Christians, occupied jerusalem, which the Christians had held from Godfrey de Bovillion, 88 years. He took also Aca, Beritus, Biblon, and all the rest even to Ascalon, inclusively. Naucler.  
Gregory Pope, 8. of that name, borne in Beneuent, 
Gregory. 8.  ruled at Rome 57 days.  
He sent messages unto the Christian Princes and their people, to go against the enemies of the Faith, promising Indulgences and pardons unto all; but he died upon that enterprise, as he went unto Pisa to solicit, that they of that Town with the Genevois together, might send into Asia for the defence of Religion. Cor. Abb.  
Lynonia, or Lyfland, a Northern Land, was converted to the Faith.  
Clement Pope, third of that name, 
Clement. 3.  the son of a Roman Citizen, ruled at Rome 3. years and 6. months, and made a Decretal against such Priests as celebrated Mass in wooden vessels, 
Frederic 1.  and with common bread.  
The Emperor Frederic, Philip King of France, Richard King of England, and the Pope Clement, agreed together to send money unto the Christians: they sent also many ships, and after went themselves in person, with many Princes and Prelates of jerusalem, but they could not accord: therefore soon after they returned. Sup. Chron.  
The year of Christ 1190. Frederic being at Nice, a City of Bithynia, it being also very hot, he descended into a flood to wash: but the force of the water carried him away, so that he was drowned, in the presence of his people, the 37. year of his Empire, leaving five children which he had of his wife Beatrix, daughter of Regnand, Count of Besanson.  
The King of England was taken by a Duke of ostrich, called Leopold, as he returned passing through Almaigne, and was delivered unto the Emperor Henry the sixth. For his ransom, were sold the treasures of the Church, the Chalices of Gold and Silver, etc. and so returned into England. During this time, the King of France but a little before also returned into France, and occupied certain Towns appertaining unto the King of England.  
The treasures of England sold for the King's ransom, came 200000 marks of silver.  

Celestine. 3.  Celestine 3. of that name, a Roman, before called jacinthus, very aged, (his Father was called Bubonis) was chosen Pope by the Cardinals upon Easter day.  

Henry. 6.  The next morning he Crowned Henry Emperor, 6. of that name, son of Frederick, and at the exhortation of this Pope, he made an expedition to go unto jerusalem.  
William king of Sicily dying without heirs, it was thought that therefore the kingdom should devolue unto the Roman seat: but the greatest of the kingdom elected Tancredus, the bastard son of the said William. 
A Nun dispensed with to marry.  The Pope stirred hereat, drew Constance the daughter of Roger, and sister of William king of Sicily, out of an Abbey of Nuns in the Town of Palerme, and dispensed with her marriage. Wherefore Henry son of the Emperor Frederick, espoused her, 
Henry. 6.  
For the diversity touching this history, see Naucler.  and so came unto the kingdom of Sicily and occupied it. And Tancredus was slain in battle, so Henry abode in place. The said Constance of the age of 55. years, conceived and brought forth a son called Frederick the second, who after was Emperor. Sup. Chron.  
The order of the Friars of the Hospital of the Almains, began at this time.  
Also the order of the Trinity.  
The year 1191. the Town of Aca was taken by the Christians. Naucler. saith here, that Saladine seeing the force of the Christians, determined to have yielded them the town of jerusalem: but the discord happening betwixt the King of France and the King of England, was cause of very great troubles.  
In matter of divorce, Celestine permitted the Catholic party to remarry, if the other party fell into heresy. But contrary, the Pope Innocent forbade it. Poll. Ver. de divor. cap. 5.  
Arthois was erected into an Earldom, the year 1195. and the first Count or Earl thereof was Lewis, son of king Philip.  
The kingdom of Cyprus came into the hands of the Christians, and remained there 275. years.  
The Archbishop of Magunce with a multitude of Almains, the King of Hungary & the Queen, went into Palestine against the Saracens. Sigeb. They took Berinthus and joppes. Naucl.  
Innocent Pope, third of that name, borne in Campania, 
Innocent. 3.  his father was Trasimondus, of Anagnia, a man of base estate, Suppl. Chron. ruled at Rome 18. years.  
This Pope, a very dangerous pestilence, 
Transubstantiation is made the 13. article of the Faith.  added unto the Articles of the Faith Transubstantiation, as a 13. Article. See the decretals, Tit. 1. De summa Trin. & side Catholica, ca Firmiter credimus.  
This Decretal was made the year of Christ, 1215. & promulged in the Council of Lateran. Where were the patriarchs of Constantinople & jerusalem, 70. Archbishops, 400. Bishops, 12. Abbots, 800. conventual Priors, and many Ambassadors of kings & princes to stop the Saracens. 
A Croisado.  For there was a Croisado published, therefore was there demanded the 4. penny of all rents.  

Innocent. 3  
Confession instituted.  He commanded that the Canon of the Mass should be received as if it came from and were ordained of the Apostles. See the Decretals, Dit. 46. De celebratione Missarun, ca 6. cum.  
He commanded confession in the Priest's ear, that is, that he which came to be capable of deceit, should confess himself at the lest once in the year to his own Pastor. See the Decretals Tit. 38. chap. Omnis utriusque sexus.  

Canonizing of Saints, reserved to the Pope.  In the said Council of Lateran, it was ordained, that the Canonization of Saints might not be done but by the Pope.  
There also was condemned the book of joachim abbot, against Peter Lombard.  
Now was the error of Almaric Bishop of Chartres, (of whom we shall hereafter speak) and of the Albigeois: against which Innocent made preach the Croisado.  
There was also ordained, that if Princes had offended one an other, the correction thereof should appertain unto the Pope. Nauc.  
The year of Christ 1199. the Emperor Henry died at Palerme. Being sore heated in the pursuit of an Hart, he drunk so much of a Fountain that he rankeled his body.  
Philip brother of the said Emperor Henry, Duke of Sovabe, obtained the Empire, and reigned 8. years. He was crowned at Magunce.  
Innocent hated Philip, and was against his election: The Bishop of Colongne and other Princes, as well seculars, as of the Clergy, seeing themselves despised that they had not been called to the election of the said Philip, upon an assembly at Aix, they chose for Emperor Otho, the son of Henry, surnamed Lion, Duke of Saxony and Baviere, and was crowned by the Archbishop of Boulongne: 
Division of the Empire by the Pope.  so was there a division in the Empire whereof great mischiefs came in Almain, by Rapines, pillings, fires, wars, Robberies. Benefices Ecclesiastical became litigious, and much silver did run to Rome. Naucler. and Vrsperg.  

Otho. 4.  Otho then 4. of that name, Duke of Baviere and Saxony, a man proud and hardy, reigned three years, being a favourite of Pope Innocent: who had said that he would either take away Phillip's Crown, or he should take away his. Vrsperg.  
There happened then great discord in Almain by the Pope's treason, who procured Phillip's death. 
Frederic. 2.   
Otho of Wittilispach, Count Pallatin, entered into the Emperor Phillip's chamber at Bamberge, 
The death of the Emperor Philip.  and slew him traitorously with a dagger, the ninth year of his reign. His Esquire seeing this, being greatly troubled, began to cry, and being wounded in the cheek, fell down. The traitor fled to the Bishop of Bamberge, a companion of the conspiration in the Pope's favour: who notwithstanding was afterward slain by the emperors Marshal nigh Ratisbone, being hid in a poor cottage. See Naucler.  
After the death of the said Philip, the Pope sent unto Otho, to come to Rome to be crowned, and so he was, the year 1209.  
Adolphe Bishop of Colongne, who sometimes was on Phillip's side, was deposed by the Pope, and died in exile. Naucler. and likewise the Bishop of Sutry, before the said Philip was Emperor, because he had absolved him from an excommunication.  
The year of Christ, 1210. Otho whom the Pope so much loved, in despite of Philip the Emperor, is now become the Pope's mortal enemy, yea even to be excommunicated, and in full Council declared to be deposed from his Empire: with commandment from the said Innocent, that none should hold him for Emperor, nor obey him, acquitting his subjects of the oath they ought him. Naucler.  
This done, he sent Letters to the Archbishop of Magunce, that he should declare the said Otho through all his Cities to be excommunicated and deposed from his Empire, in full Council held at Rome: which he did. Whereupon the Princes of Almain invaded his Bishopric, and put all to fire. The cause wherefore the Pope published the said excommunication, was because Otho occupied Romandiole, the patrimony of the Roman Church.  
Otho then fearing a new change, left Italy and returned into Almain: which he found all troubled for the said excommunication.  
The Abbey of S. Antoigne by Paris, a religion of women was founded about this time. The Sea of Hist.  
The king Philip gave to the Church of S. Denis divers precious relics which the Emperor Baudwin had sent him from Constantinople: that is to say, the true Cross of a foot long; also the hairs which jesus Christ had in his Infancy; one of the thorns of the Crown; one side and four teeth of S. Philip; the clothes wherein jesus Christ was wrapped in the manger; and the purple garment which he had on at his passion. See the Sea of Hist.  
Such as were great in this world, submitted their greatness unto those toys and trifles, more than childish.  
The year of Christ, 1212. Otho having assembled the Princes at Noremberg, showed the Pope's subtle deu●●s against him, and that unjustly he persecuted him. From thence he led his Army into Turinge against his enemies which took the Pope's part: After he came into Saxony, where his marriage was celebrated with the daughter of king Philip, who died four days after.  
john King of England, King Richard his brother, made his kingdom subject to the Roman Pope. For a sign whereof, he promised to pay yearly five marks of gold. Suppl. Chron. or 1000 marks of sliver. See the Annals of France.  

Frederic. 2.  After Otho had been Emperor 4. years, Frederic 2. of that name, son of Henry 6. king of both Sicily's and of jerusalem succeeded: and after his election made in Almain, he was anointed and crowned at Aix: and Otho deprived of his Empire, died the year following of a flux of blood. Naucler. and the said Frederic reigned 44. years, or 33. after Suppl. Chron.  
Innocent edified the Hospital of the holy Ghost, and gave unto it great revenues. He repaired the Church of S. Sixtus. He gave unto all the Churches of Rome, the weight of a pound of silver to make their Chalices on, upon condition that none should sell or alien them.   

The four Sects of begging Friars.  

Friars.  S. Francis an Italian, of a Town called Assisium, was in this time.  
S. Dominike a Spaniard of Caliroga, 
jacobins.  in the Diocese of Lexonia, in this time also. The said dominic went to Rome, and prayed the Pope Innocent in the said Council of Lateran, to confirm his order of jacobins: but he would not consent thereunto.  
Albert Patriarch of jerusalem, made the rule of Carmes, 
Carmalits'.  the first Author of the said order in Syria.  
The Pope approved the order of the Hermits of S. Augustin. 
Augustins.   
The Emperor used all diligence to get favour of the Pope, thinking to live at rest: yet was he excommunicated, because he had not accomplished the vow he made to go unto jerusalem: then had he great troubles all over. But the Emperor hasted his voyage beyond the Seas to mitigate the Pope's fury: 
The wicked disloyalty of the Pope.  but whilst he was absent, the Pope got Poville under his power. The Emperor Frederic understanding this fraud of that subtle Fox, returned with a great Army into Poville, drove the Pope's people away, and recovered that which was taken from him. Then the Pope again excommunicated the Emperor because he had allied himself with the Sultan, and writ Letters unto the Sultan, by which he prayed him, that he would not yield the holy Land unto the Emperor, as he understood by a certain uncertain bruit that he would do. Also he sent and commanded the Princes of Almain, that they should elect none of the children of Frederic for King, nor any of his house.  
The Historiographers of France make here mention of one called Almaricus of Chartres, a learned man, but an heretic, 
Almaricus of Chartres.  who approved (say they) all whoredoms, under the vail of charity. Many of them both men and women, as well Ecclesiastical as Lay-people were taken, found guilty, and condemned at Paris, and burnt without S. Vistors' gate. They say further, that Almaric maintained that every one was bound to believe that he is a member of jesus Christ, and that when jesus Christ suffered death and passion, we suffered with him.  
The said Almaric after his death, was condemned and excommunicated at a Council at Rome, and his bones cast out of the Churchyard, and after burnt to ashes.  

Eating of flesh in Lent.  Nauclerus also reciteth, that there was in his time in the Country of Alsatee, many heretics which maintained it to be lawful to eat flesh in Lent, and upon Fridays. And that they themselves said that it was no sin to have the company of women: but a natural thing. There was at Strasbourg about 80. burnt.  
Such as are against the Pope's doctrine, have been ever flaundered, and Histories have often followed their affections when there hath been a question of truth.  
The Albigeois or Albiois, a people which had received a beginning of the light of truth, opposed themselves against the Idolatry of Transubstantiation: which first gave them occasion to withdraw themselves from the Roman Church. They inhabited the Country about Tholouse and d' Albi. S. Dominike Author of that new Sect of such as named themselves preachers, 
S. Dominike persecuteth them.  came from Spain, and persecuted them greatly both in deed and word.  
The Pope sent also towards them his Legate Nicholas Bishop of Tusculan, who being there with 4. horses & 2. Mules, returned in a little time with 50. and with great pillage, having exercised great tyranny against these poor people, upon whom they laid enormous crimes, to make them odious to all the world.  
This Pope caused to be published a Croisado against them, and gave full indulgences and remission of sins to such as would make war upon them. Simon Count of Mountfort, went against them, & overcame a great number nigh unto Tholouse: 140. were burnt in the Diocese of Narbone, and 400. in the Diocese of Tholouse, at divers times. In this overthrow of the Albigeois, Peter king of Tarracon, who had drawn them back, and bore them favour and amity, was slain at the combats. Simon de Mountfort pursued his victory. See Matthew de Paris, an English Historiographer, who was in this time.  
In the time of Innocent was held a Council in France, against king Philip of France, after he was returned from beyond the Sea. The Pope's Legate had laid an interdict upon all the Kingdom of France, because the King had put away his wife Ingeberge, sister of the King of Dalmatia (or Moravia, after some Chronicles) under the colour that she was his kinswoman, and had espoused newly the daughter of the Duke of Boheme, called Mary. Against the sentence of the said Legate, the King armed himself, with appellation to a future Council, and in the mean while revenged him of the Bishops which had consented unto the said sentence. For he cast them out of their Dioceses and Benefices, and caused to be held in strait guard the said Ingeberge, in the Castle of Estampes.  
The King took again his first wife Ingeberge, whereupon his second died of grief. The Children the King had by her were declared legitimate.  
The year 1216. Innocent died at Pisa, and there was buried: He came thither to appease controversies betwixt the Towns of Pisa and Genes.  
Honorius Pope, 3. of that name, ruled at Rome ten years, 
Honorius. 3.  7. or 8. months, & certain days, and was chosen at Peruse.  
The first year of his Popedom he confirmed the order of the jacobins, which his predecessors had refused to do. Honorius being admonished by a dream confirmed it: 
A dream the foundation of jacobins.  For in a Vision he thought that the Church fell, & that S. Dominike sustained it with his shoulders: by reason hereof he sent for him, and so was confirmed the third older of Mendicants or beggars. Yea Honorius would needs have him to obtain the first place.  
He commanded that the Host should be kept in a place by itself, and well enclosed. 
The Host shut up.   
That when the Priest lifteth up the Host, the people shall with all reverence bow, as also when it is carried unto the sick.  
jerusalem was razed even to the foundations, by Gordirius the son of Saladin, whilst the Christians were before Dimiere. Sup. Chron.  
Honorius went into France fearing Frederic, and held a Council at Lions, where he declared Frederic an enemy of the Church, and deposed him of his Empire: delivering all Princes from their oath of fidelity that they had promised him. Naucl. All the cause was, because he conferred Benefices.  
Honorius, then did so much with the Princes of Almaigne, that john King of Cact●le (or Henry Landgrave of Turinge) was elected Emperor: and after Rodolpe, or William Count of Holland, who reigned two years: which obtained not the Imperial blessing, being prevented by death.  
Histories in this place are confused.  
The year 1220. or 1223. Dominike the Emperor died.  
The year 1223. Honorius confirmed the Religion of S. Francis, which was the fourth order of Mendicant Friars. All the four orders of the said Mendicants, were confirmed by Honorius Fascic. Templ.  
The fullness of all Infection is come into the Church by these four plagues of begging Monks.  
Frederic was reconciled with Honorius, by the means of john King of jerusalem, who gave his daughter in marriage to the said Frederic.  

Lewis. 8.  Lewis 8. of that name, Father of S. Lewis, the 12. King of France, reigned three years. He made war upon the English men, when his Father Philip did the like upon Otho. He spoke with the Emperor Frederic, and renewed the fraternity betwixt the French and Almains. See Gaguin. li. 3.  
All Lombardie at the persuasion of Pope Honorius rebelled against the Emperor Frederic. Naucler.  
Honorius died, and was buried in the Church of S. Mary the greater.  

Stigmates of S. Frances.  The said year (or as others say 1224.) was invented the Fable of the Stigmates, and wounds of S. Francis.  
S. Claire was in this time, a Disciple of S. Frances, Suppl. Chron.  

Gregory. 9  Gregory Pope, 9 of that name, before Bishop of Ostia, called Hugolin, or Anagnia, of the parentage of Innocent: and as Platina saith, Honorius his Nephew, ruled at Rome 14. years and three months.  

Decretals gathered together.  This Pope heaped up decretals by one of his Chaplains called Raymond, and commanded all Doctors and Masters to hold the said decretals, and to use them through all Christendom in Schools and judgements.  
The Pope Canonised S. Dominicke and S. Francis, also S. Elizabeth, daughter of the King of Hungary.  
He ordained that the Salue Regina should be sung at the tolling of a bell. Paralip. Vrsperge.  
Gregory took this boldness to admonish Frederic, under pain of excommunication, to go into Asia to recover the City of jerusalem. At the second time he denounced him excommunicated: In so much that Frederic was constrained to go into Syria, by the advice of his friends, but after sending to Rome to be absolved, the Pope refused it: & withal sent unto the knights, Templars, & Hospitaliers which were there, in any wise not to favour the Emperor, but as a public enemy: & moreover procured that his subjects of Poville revolted. To bring this to pass he sent john king of jerusalem with a great band. Which thing being understood, Frederic withdrew hastily from Syria, leaving his Marshal with his Army.  
S. Lewis 43. King of France, reigned 44. years.  
Blanch his mother, who was ordained Regent by Testament, gained the hearts of the Princes & Lords, part by force, part by love, which practised evil against her son.  
The year 1237. the Genenois elected a Duke, after the manner of the Venetians.  
About the year 1238. a solemn disputation was held at Paris by the Doctors in Theology, against the plurality of Benefices. See Chron. Reg. Fran.  
Peter de Vigne, or Vinea, 
Petrus de Vinea.  Chancellor unto the Emperor Frederick 2. writ at this time many Letters in the emperors name, whereof there are yet some extant imprinted, whereby he complained that all the world cannot fill the insatiabilitie of the Pope. That the Turpitudes of the Clergy are so great and enormous, as shame forbiddeth to speak thereof.  
He also manifestly maintained, that the Pope neither by divine or human right, hath any power of the sword. He was also excommunicated of the Pope. 
William the Goldsmith.  William the Goldsmith was also at this time, who showeth that he Pope is Antichrist, Rome Babylon, and the Prelates, members of Antichrist. Caesarius 10. dist. 3. of his Dialogues.  
The fruit of the doctrine which the Waldois at that time dispersed abroad, was seen in the persons of many which opposed themselves against the frauds and errors of Pope's seats.  
Frederic went into Italy against Milan and other Cities which rebelled. The Pope joined with the Venetians against the Emperor: and the third time excommunicated him. There contentions were published by Letters, wherein are contained the reproaches that one offer unto an an other. Gregory in great impudency calleth the Emperor the forerunner of Antichrist, and an heretic, because he said the Pope had no power to excommunicate. Gregory published in a Sermon the Croisado against the Emperor, and showed S. Paul's head, the rather to move the Romans against the Emperor, promising reward of glory and of eternal life, to all such as crossed & armed themselves against Gods & the Church's enemy. Great mischiefs happened at Rome and thereabouts. Such as Emperor caught were cauterized and marked in the forehead with an hot Iron.  
The faction of Guelphs & Gibellins, showed itself in this time.  
Contentions were sharp all over, and divided into two Factions, that is, 
Guelphs. Gibellines.  into Guelphs and Gibellins. Some say that this Emperor when he was thus tormented of the Pope, called in the Almane tongue such as favoured him, Gibellins, because he leaned himself upon them, as an house upon 2. strong walls. And he called such as were contrary & followed the Pope's part, Guelphs: that is to say Wolves. But the pronunciation hath been corrupted. From this division proceeded infinite mischiefs, and destruction of Towns and people: so that the miserable calamity of these Factions cannot be expressed. There was no town but it was divided. But at Milan were those Factions, the viscounts held on one side, & the Turrians the other, which were two great and noble Families in the Town: about the dissension whereof, all the Town was turned into sedition.  
Gregory willing to assemble a Council at Rome to depose the Emperor (the king of France consenting thereunto at the Pope's request). The Emperor caused watch to be laid both by land and sea. Forty Galleys which the Cardinals, Bishops and Abbots had made, were taken by them of Pisa.  
Gregory understanding those news, excommunicated them. Finally, the year of Christ, 1241. Gregory afflicted with so many mischiefs fell sick, and died with sorrow and grief.  
Accursius Florentine, an expounder of the Pandects, was in this time.  
Margarite daughter of S. Lewis Duchess of Brabant, 
Celestine 4.  founded the Monastery of S. Marcel nigh Paris, for religious women, in which place the said Margarite lived the residue of her days after her Father's decease.  
Celestine Pope, 4. of that name, borne at Milan, ruled at Rome 18. days only: before called jeffrey, Bishop of Saint Sabin, a very ancient man. He often used this sentence. It is harder to be moderate in prosperity then in adversity. Suppl. Chron.  
After his death the seat was vacant about two years, for the horrible dissensions that then were amongst the Clergy.  
Bolloigne taken by Frederic, the University and study was removed from thence to Padua. Naucler.  
S. Lewis founded in the Bishopric of Benuais, the Abbey of Loy anmont, where are Monks of the order of Sisteaux: the Covent of the order of Sister's Minors, nigh Paris, otherwise called the humility of our Lady. The Hostel Dieu of Paris, of Pontoise, of Compienne, of Vernon: the Abbey of Beaulieu: the Abbey of S. Matthew at Rouen. He founded also in the town of Paris the Quinze Vingts, the Church of S. Cross, the Chartreux, the Fillis Dieu, the house of Saint Augustine, and the white Mantles.  
Innocent Pope, 4. of that name, before called Senebaldus, 
Innocent. 4.  borne at Senes, ruled Rome 11. years, 6. months, and six days. He Canonised many Saints, and loved much the four orders of begging Friars, (as it were supporters of his seat) and gave them many privileges.  
He added unto the Feasts ordained. 
Multiplication of Feasts.  See the Decret. De consec. dist. 3. cap. pronuntiandum.  
He came for refuge into France, fearing the Emperor, and held a Council at Lions, whereat the degree and estate of Cardinals was exalted against heretics, and commanded by Edict, 
Frederic. 1.  that from thenceforth they should go on horseback, and a red attire on their head, and a scarlet gown, for a sign and witness that they ought to be always ready to suffer & to present themselves unto all perils and dangers, for the defence of Christian Religion, even to shed their blood. C. Masseus.  
O craft and childish mockery.  
He cited the Emperor personally to appear. And because he appeared not, he excommunicated him, and deprived him of his Empire, although he sent thither his Ambassadors.  
Immunities of Monks.  
He gave great Immunities and privileges to Monks, not only to Mendicants, but to all others, and made likewise the rule of the sisters of S. Claire.  
After this Council, he sent to the Electors, to proceed to a new election. Frederic on his side writ Letters to the King of France, by which he showed the wrong that the Pope did him. See Naucler.  
The Electors at the Pope's commandment elected Henry Landgrave of Turinge, who having laid siege before ulme, was strooken with an Arrow, and soon after died of a Flux of the belie. Naucler.  
O dejection of Christian Princes, that will suffer themselves to be so fond carried away by a foolish fear of excommunication.  

The fruits of the faction of Guelphs & Gibellins.  This Pope having not only absolved from the oath of fidelity the Emperor's subjects, but also excommunicated all Lords and Princes which favoured and obeyed him: so moved and angered the Emperor, that he deprived 40. Bishops of their dignities, sacked the houses which appertained unto the Pope's parents, and caused to be put to death upon a Gibbet many notable persons which had consented to the Pope's conspiration.  
Note how many troubles and mischiefs comes in the world by Popes.  
After the death of Henry, Guilliam Count of Holland was chosen, but soon after was slain of the Frisons.  
In the said Council of Lion, was the Croisado published; whereof S. Lewis was made chief. 
Frederic. 2.  But yet the holy Land was not recovered: For things went always from evil to worse. S. Lewis in that voyage beyond the Sea was prisoner.  
Frederic gave to Manfroy his bastard son, the Kingdom of Sicily: but the Pope Vrbaine took it from him by reason he was contrary unto him, and gave it to the brother of S. Lewis, Charles' Count of Anjou.  
In this time reigned Odo Chancellor of Paris, Hugo Cardinalis jacopin, Vincent the Historiographer, Alexander de Hales an English man, Alexander de Villa dei, a Friar, who made the doctrine.  
The year of Christ, 1250. Frederic founded a Town in Italy, and called it Victoria. It was after taken by the Pope's soldiers and by his Legate, and razed unto the foundations. Then Frederic returned into Poville, 
The death of Frederic the second.  where soon after he died of sickness, of the age of 57 years. Some say he was traitorously slain by his son Manfroy.  
Conrade King of Germany, was crowned in his father Frederic his time: understanding then of his death, he went into Italy, and from thence into Poville, where he became sick. His bastard brother Manfroy to reign peaceably, gave the Physician a sum of silver to poison his medicines, whereof he died but first he made his Testament, and instituted Corradin his son, heir of his kingdoms and countries, and was honourably buried.  
The Pope assembled soldiers to go against Manfroy, and thinking shortly to obtain his kingdom, died at Naples sooner than he thought, and was buried in the Church of Saint Laurence. Naucler.  
S. Lewis returned from beyond the Sea.  
The College of Sarbone was now instituted and founded at Paris, by Robert brother of S. Lewis. 
Sarbone instituted.   
Alexander Pope, 4. of that name, of campaign, 
Alexand. 4.  ruled at Rome 7. years.  
The Pope canonised S. Claire.  
The Hermittes of the order of Saint Augustine, 
Augustine Hermits.  were by this Pope drawn from their Hermitages in woods, unto good Towns, 
The Empire vacant  commanding them to preach and hear Confessions, and gave unto the said order, privileges, exemptions, and indulgences.  
He excommunicated Manfroy the bastard, and after made war upon him; but the Pope was overcome, and his Legate imprisoned at Naples.  
The Archbishop of Ravenna was created Legate apostolic: he preached the Croisado against Ecclinus, promising eternal life to such as would go to war against the Pope's enemies.  
So did Gregory the 9 against Frederic the 2.  
The year of Christ, 1256. William Count of Holland, fell into a pool, and his horse not being able to get up, was slain by the Frisons.  
After the death of Henry Landgrave of Hesse, and of William Count of Holland, the Electors disagreed. Some elected Alphonsus King of Castille. Others, Richard Count of Cornwall, the King of England his brother, and that by the Pope's Instigation. Naucler.  
There was a schism in the Empire 23. years, after Naucler. or 28. after others: and all by the occasion of Popes; and this schism endured from the year, 1245. until the year 1273. which was the first year of the Empire of Rodolphe.   

The first League of the Switzes.  
The alliance of Leagues and Cantons in the Country of Switze, began now. They drove out of their Country many Noble men which were tyrants, and committed unjust actions upon them. So did they defend the poor, the Orphans and widows, whereby they became renowned through all the world, saith Fasci. temp.  

Ordinances of King Lewis.  In this time, S. Lewis king of France as soon as he was returned, made many goodly Laws and ordinances to hold his people in justice: Bailiffs, Provosts, and sergeant, in their duties, that they might not be raveners or eaters of the people, under the pain to be put from their offices.  
He drove from his Court Morrisdauncers and jeasters, forbidding Officers to take gain, or to take Benefices for their children. He ordained that the blasphemers should have the hot Iron set in their brows. He went into Africa, took Carthage, and besieged Tunes. The plague fell in his Camp, where he died of a Flux of the belie, having reigned 44. years. His body was carried to be buried at S. Denis. See Emilia. Lib. 7.  
An opposition against the Sects of Mendicants or begging Friars.  
Guilliam de S. Amour, Doctor of Paris, Cannon of Benuais, flourished in this time. In his Sermons (as himself witnesseth) he especially envied against the hypocrisy of Prelates: saying that that vice was of all most dangerous, wherewith all the Church was infected. He opposed himself against Monks, and above all against Mendicants, accusing them that they troubled Churches, and brought out the witnesses of the scriptures, which make mention of Antichrist and his supporters. And applying them to the time present, proved by 39 signs, that begging Friars were false Prophets. He expounded that place of the Gospel: If thou wilt be perfect, go and sell all that thou possessest, etc. Upon which place the Mendicants founded their order: And he gave to know in full disputation, that the place was not meant of actual policy (as Sophisters speak) but of habitual poverty: that is to say, that jesus Christ demandeth of us, not that we should forsake and cast off that which we have, but that we be ready (when the confession of the name of God, and the glory of jesus Christ requireth it) to abandon and forsake, not only that which we possess, but even our own souls: and not only (as is said in an other place) to leave their father and mother, but also to hate them, 
Luk. 14.16.  yea our own lives. Briefly, jesus Christ would that we should be ready to forsake all, when the confession of his truth requireth it.  
There are learned people of our age, which say they have seen four books which he writ, Entitled, a Collection of the Catholic and Canonicke scripture. He writ also a book Entitled the fifty marks and signs of false Prophes. He writ against Bonaventure, who then was the chief Buckler of the begging Friars.  
Matheus Paris an English Historiographer, writes that in this same time there was in the school of Paris great disputations against Monks, which by multitude would needs oppress and oppugn all the school, having forged a new book full of errors and blasphemies, which they then rejected and entitled (evangelium eternum) that is, the everlasting Gospel; which they would needs bring into light. But to appease this tumult, there were six delegates of all the school, which were of the greatest estimation in all the University, amongst which was Guilliam de S. Amour, to send them to Rome unto the Pope, and show the insolencies and blasphemies of those Monks. The Monks also sent thither on their part: and after great contention, their errors were condemned touching their eternal Gospel. But the Pope with certain Cardinals, Monks, repressed nothing the tyranny of the begging Friars, thinking it was needful that such his black guard should become mighty over all. These be the words of Matheus Paris, who was in this time.  
We also find a book written in this time, intriuled (de periculis mundi) of the dangers of the world, which the Papists attributed unto Guilliam de S. Amour, making him alone of that opinion: but it seemeth to have been written by many, and containeth complains against those new rising Monks, with an advertisement unto the Church, that by them great mischiefs would follow.  
This S. Amour was condemned an heretic, whereupon great stirs fell out amongst the schools at Paris: but to obey the Pope's commandment, Guilliam S. Amour was banished from France.  
We hear that some of his books are yet at this day in the library at Sorbone: and many other Doctors have since written the like, as in our discourse shallbe said.  
Truth is always banished, yet still getteth the upper hand of all.  
Alexander being come to Viterbe, to make peace betwixt the Venetians and Genevois, died there, and the seat was vacant four months.  
Albert the great, and other studious people were at this time at Paris.   

An Advertisement.  
From Silvester the 2. that devilish Magician, until this time 1260. Pope's have reigned as Incarnate devils in all trumperies, deceits, oppressions of the good, and manifest tyrannies. Their Cardinals, Legates and Bishops, have come out from them as Satan's to trouble the world. The greatest monarch have been tormented by their infernal furies. Examples for all, are the two Emperors, Henry the fourth and fifth, the two frederick's, first and second, and other Princes of the earth. From henceforward, from Innocent the fourth, and Alexander the fourth, the Popes by a new forged Army, 
The Pope's new soldiers.  established and privileged by them, they wasted and destroyed all: that is to say, by four Sects of Mendicant Monks, (which like true Locusts) devoured and consumed by their Sophistike doctrine, whatsoever was green of the word of God. From which (like thieves which enter into the sheepfold by breaches and mines) nothing can be looked for henceforth, but thefts, robberies, persecutions, and murders of the true faithful, which God gave and raised up to maintain the eternal verity.  
Vrbain Pope, 4. of that name, 
Vrbain. 4.  French borne at Troy in campaign, a Monk, of the order of Cysteaux, Patriarch of jerusalem, ruled at Rome three years, one month, and four days.  
The greeks recovered Constantinople, which the French had held 55. years. Chron. of the Kings of France, and the Sea of Hist.  
Vrbain instituted the Feast of the Sacrament, 
The Feast of Transubstantiation.  and the Octaves, with Indulgences (whereof he was free) to such as observed the said Feast. Martin fifth, Pope, doubled them, and added yet others to such as fasted the eve, and as went to the Precession and Communion that day.  
S. Thomas d' Aquin jacopin, made the office of the said feast, with the Prose and the Hymn, and sent it to the Pope; who for a recompense of such an invention, sent him a Dove of silver, etc. Naucler.  
The year of Christ, 1263. Vrbaine sent to S. Lewis King of France, that he would send him his brother Charles Count Angiou, and Count de Provence, with a good Army, than he would crown him King of Sicily, and give him Poville & Calabria. He said that the said Kingdom was held of the Roman Church, and that the king of Sicily was the Pope's man. Vrbain caused the Croisado to be preached in France against Manfroy, who occupied the said Sicilia. The said Charles came and marched in battle against Manfroy, and after against Conradin, and overcame them both, and so obtained the Lands: but the end was miserable. For the Sicilians after, in the year 1282. rebelled against him, maintaining the quarrel of the king of Arragon, whom they would needs have for their king. And they marked the doors and gates of whatsoever houses the French men lay in, in the Country, then at an evening slew them all indifferently, and opened which they knew to be great with child with the French men, and cast away their fruit, that there might remain none of that generation in that Country. 
The Evensong of Sicily.  This occasion was afterward ordinarily called, The Evensong of Sicily.  
In this time, Bonaventure General of the Friars, wrote two books against M. Guilliam de S. Amour.  
The one of the poverty of Christ, and the other an Apology of the poor. The Bishopric of Ratisbone was offered unto him: but he refused it, loving better to follow his studies: and died of the age of 80. years. Chron. Abb.  

Chaplet invented.  Under this Pope, the Idolatry of Chaplets was invented at Amiens in Picardy, called Peter the Hermit. See Peter Viret of the spring of Chapelets.  
The Sultan made a great Army in Syria.  
A Comet seen 3. months together.  
This Pope died at Peruse, and for troubles the seat was vacant 10. months.  

Clement. 4.  Clement Pope, fourth of that name, borne at Narbone, ruled at Rome 3. years, 9 months, and 21. days: before he was called Hugo Falcodius, he had been an advocate, and was after the king of France his Councillor. After the death of his wife, he was Bishop of Puy, and after, Archbishop of Narbone; lastly. Cardinal and Bishop of Sabine. Finally, 
A Legate.  by the Pope Vrbane he was sent into England for the reformation of peace, and being in that Legation, was chosen Pope at Peruse, after the death of Vrbain.  
He caused to come info Italy, Charles brother of the king of France, and made him Senator of Rome, and sent two Cardinals into the Church of Lateran, and there crowned him King of jerusalem and Sicily: upon condition notwithstanding, to swear to pay unto the Roman Church yearly 40000, pieces of gold, and that he should not receive the Empire at the hands of the Almains, no not though they would thrust it upon him.  
The Sarrasins came into Spain and committed a great massacre there.  
The year of Christ, 1267. Conradin, 
This was the last Duke of Sanabe.  the true and Legitimate King of Sicily, son of Conrade who was son of Frederic the second, vanquised in war by Charles Count d'Angiou, and was finally taken and disclosed by a Mariner, unto whom he gave his Ring in pawn for his passage to Pisa, but he was brought unto the Count d' Angiou and put in prison: afterward by the Pope's Council he was beheaded, the year 1268. Naples with Frederic Duke of ostrich and many others.  
There is great diversity in Histories touching the taking of the said Conradin. See the Chro. of the Emperors in the 2. Tom. john Naucler. in the Generation 34. in the 2. volu.  
See hereupon Martin Luther, in the book against the Roman Popedom, invented by the devil.  
This Pope Clement demanded a certain Tenth in Almain, john surnamed Teutonicus, Glossator of the Decree, 
Almain.  and Provost of S. Stephen d'Alberstat, opposed himself against it, and appealed to the next Council, for which appellation, the said Provost was excommunicated by the Pope, and deprived of his office. The Sea of Hist.  
Clement having a Nephew which held 3. Benefices Ecclesiastical, constrained him to forsake two of them. Naucler.  
The said Clement died at Viterbe: and the seat was vacant two years.  

Gregory. 10.  Gregory Pope, tenth of that name, borne at Plaisance in Lombardie, ruled at Rome four years. Before he was called Thiband, Archdeacon of Land, and was then in the parts beyond the Sea in the City of Acre, when he was chosen at Viterbe. The Cardinals being in the Conclave for the election, john Bishop of Port mocking him, said. Come let us uncover this house; for the holy Ghost cannot descend & pass through so many coverings.  
After his election he sought to pacify the Venetians and the Genevois.  
Philip 3. of that name, surnamed le Hardy, son of S. Lewis 44. King of France, reigned 15. years.  
The year of Christ 1272. Gregory made assemble a Council at Lions, of all the Barons and Prelates of France, wherein he ruled: and king Philip met him & gave him a guard of soldiers, and three strong places about Lions for the surety of his person. john le Maire.  
In the said Council was ordained, that the Pope should be chosen of the cardinals incontinent after the others death: and that they should put the Cardinals in sure prison, wherein they should give them neither to eat nor drink until they were agreed. This ordinance was then made because the seat had been vacant almost three years before they could agree upon the election.  
In the said Council was also accorded the tenth part of the Church goods to be given for six years to maintain the war for the conquest of the Land beyond the sea.  

Certain Monkeries defaced.  At the said Council some sorts of Monkeries which lived of Alms were defaced, namely the brethren des Sacs', the brethren des pres, the brethren des blancs manteaux, and many others.  
Michael Paleologus than the Emperor of Constantinople, came thither for the union of the Greek and Latin Church, which was ratified by the said Emperor. And this was the third time that the Greek Church was reunited with the Latin: but it was alway broken, as yet this third union was.  
During the time of the said Council, certain Princes of Tartary, which had followed the said Emperor Paleologus, received baptism.  
Moreover there was great disputation about the voyage unto the holy Land (which was the old practice of Popes) but nothing was concluded therein.  
S. Thomas d' Aquin going to the said Council of Lions, whereunto he was called, died in the way, of the age of 50. years. Bonaventure was created Cardinal by the Pope, but soon after he died.  
Gregory 10. returning from France to Rome, and passing by Florence, was required to take away the Interdict (he had forbidden them all right of warring) but he did nothing therein: And from thence came to Aretinum, where he died.  
After the Empire had been long vacant, and that many Civil wars had thereupon followed.  
Rodolphe Count of Habspurge in Suesia, 
Rodolphe Emperor.  was chosen king of the Romans by the Electors, a man of mean age, and who had valiantly carried himself in the charge he had under Frederic 2. He had also been great Master in the Court of Ottocarus king of Bohemia, who sought to hinder the election, because he also aspired unto the Empire.  
Whilst they were choosing Rodolphe, he held the seat before Baste. For there were then two factions in the town. Such as favoured the Bishop bore a Perroquet. Such as favoured the Count Rodolphe, carried the Star. Rodolphe sought to place in the Town them of the faction of the Star, which were chased out. Munster. After he was crowned at Aix, he held certain assemblies or Imperial journeys, where the king of Bohemia was declared a Rebel, who (during the vacancy of the Empire) usurped Ostrich, Syria, Carinthia, and Carniota. Rodolphe then with the power of the Princes occupied Ostrich, and drove out Ottocaire King of Bohemia, and after constrained him to yield himself a vassal, and to do homage. Ottocairus according thereunto, required that one thing might be granted him, namely that he might not do his homage publicly. For he was very proud, 
Rodolphe.  and shamed to bow the knees before him that before had served him as his great Master. The Emperor agreed that it should be under a Pavilion. 
Pride mocked.  But this Pavilion was made with such industry, that in drawing it would divide in four parts. Being then upon his knees and receiving the standard at the emperors hand according to the custom, one broke the chord of the Pavilion, so that it opened on all parts, in such sort that Ottocairus was seen of all doing homage on his knees. This being come unto the knowledge of Kunegunde his wife (which he had espoused during the life of his other wife Margaret) as soon as her husband returned, mocked him that he had bowed his neck being adorned so pompeously, before him that once had been his servant, and so incited him to revenge himself of that despite. The king being thus pricked forward, made war upon the Emperor against the oath he had taken, & against the advise of the Princes of his Country. The Emperor met him, put him to flight, and finally a Gentleman of Styria wounded him, and being despoiled of all that he had, was carried dead to the Town of ostrich, Anno 1279. and 14. thousand of his people were slain besides prisoners. After this, Rodolphe entered into the Country of Bohemia and wasted it.  
Pride intermeddled with shame and disloyalty, falleth into confusion and ruin.  
The Bishop of Olmunce made the peace, and brought things to this pass that Wencelaus son of Ottocaire should take to wife Gertrude the Emperor's daughter: & on the other side, Rodolphe the Emperor his son, should espowse Agnes the daughter of Ottocaire, Ostrich also came unto the emperors son Albert.   

The Tartarians.  
Till this time the Tartarians were unknown in Europe. Now they showed themselves, and finally entered into Hungary with five hundredth thousand men, from thence into Polonia Schlesia, Moravia. See Monster. lib. 4.  

Caliphe of Babylon.  Some recite that in this time, Haalon King of the Tartarians overcame the Countries of Persia, and took Babylon, then called Baldaca, with the great Caliphe: who in the Mahumetist law is to be compared unto the Pope of Rome, in authority and treasure.  
This Haalon having the Caalipho prisoner (as is said) invented and ordained in a great mockery his death in this sort.  
It is convenient (saith he) that that man (speak of the Caliphe) which loved so much gain, 
Insatiable cupidity punished.  should be nourished with precious viands, go then and place him in the midst of heaps of gold and precious stones, and let him use such meats. As than he had certain time been kept in great affluence of gold and silver, and in the midst of these riches, he died with hunger. See Paralip. Vrsp.  
Innocent Pope, fifth of that name, borne at Burgongne, 
Innocent. 5.  after Sup. Chron. and Cor. Abb. Or in Lombardie, after Fasci Temp. before called Peter de Tarentaise, Prior Provincial of the jacobins in France, Master and Doctor in theology, Archbishop of Lions, Cardinal d' Ostia, and great Penitenciary of the Pope.  
See how these Grasshoppers Mendicants, enter already into power to appoint over them the King Abadon, as is spoken, apocalypse. 19  
Whilst this man was Bishop of Ostia and Cardinal (whose office it is to consecrate the Pope) Bonaventure Friar was also Cardinal and Bishop of Albe. This Peter or Innocent, 
Disorders that were in Italy.  being chosen Pope, came soon after to Rome. Where having been crowned in the Church of S. Peter, that he might rest at his pleasure, he sent Ambassadors, men of great authority which command them of Tuscan, (which had conspired to destroy the Pisans) and the Genevois and Venetians, being at deadly food to lay down their Arms upon pain of excommunication. The Ambassadors of Charles King of Sicily were also there present; by means of whose authority, he hoped things should more easily have such issue as they desired▪ The Tuscans strait did what was commanded them. And above all, the Florentines: which also for that cause he declared and absolved of the Interdict which Gregory his predecessor had published against them. But the Genevois & Venetian (whose hearts had of long time been inueterated) consumed one an other by losses and mutual victories: which notwithstanding Innocent would have made consent unto that he pretended, if he had longer lived, he took the matter so much to heart. But he died six months and two days after he was chosen Pope, the same year of his predecessor Gregory, and was buried in the Church of Lateran. This saith Carsulanus, although he had determined to do many things, yet did nothing worthy of memory, because he was prevented by death. This Pope (as Platina saith) displeased much the secular Priests: 
Law for the burial of Clement the fourth.  because that being at Viterbe after he had heard the process that was betwixt them and the jacobins touching the sepulcure of Clement the fourth, he ordained by sentence that his body should be buried by the said jacobins, Rodolphe.  
Adrian Pope, fifth of that name, borne at Genes, of the house of Tolisques, before called Othobonus, was created Pope at Rome, in the Palace of Lateran, after the death of Innocent his uncle, having been ordained by him Cardinal, Deacon of Saint Adrian, and sent into England with large power to levy a great sum of money. But as he sought to appease certain discords betwixt the King and his Barons, that he might dispatch his business the more easily, he was clapped up in prison by the Londoners, but finally delivered again.  
The year of our Lord, 1266. he held a Synod in Northumberland, and an other at London, whether resorted a great number of Bishops and Priests. There after they had brought to such estate as he thought good the things appertaining to the Popedom, he published certain laws, which in time to come England should use in such things as concerned Popery. He declared wicked all such Bishops as had rashly followed the Prince's part against King Henry the third: which yet were absolved by him, partly by gifts & presents, and partly because he was constrained unto a quick transportation to the Pope of Rome.  
Being then created Pope of Rome, he took incontinently his way towards Viterbe, and sought to bring into Italy the Emperor Rodolphe, to diminish the power of Charles King of Sicily, (this was he which a little before they had lifted up into that room against all justice and equity) who at that time did his pleasure and as he would at Rome. But Rodolphe being wrapped in war against the Bohemians, could not satisfy Adrian's request. As for Charles meaning to fly the envy against him, transported into Achaia all his forces which he had prepapared to make war: to the end by that mean to make a way to be Emperor of Constantinople.  
Adrian had a will (saith Platina) to cause that all Seignories belonging unto the Church should come into great assurance against such as oppressed them: and to reduce into an other form the constitution of his predecessor Gregory, 
The ordinance touching the shutting up of Cardinals.  touching the shutting up of Cardinals at the Pope's election: But death hindered his enterprises, and opposed itself against the greatness of his courage. What could he do (saith Wicelius Apostate of the truth) that was a Pope but of forty days? For be deceased at Viterbe, the year 1276. before he could be consecrated, and was interred in the Covent of Friars the fourth day of his Popedom, and the seat was vacant about 28. days.  
Many debates and contentions happened amongst the Bishops and Pastors against the Mendicant Monks which troubled Churches; because whether Bishops & Priests would or no, they would ascend into Pulpits to preach. Amongst such as complained of them besides Guilliam d'Amour (of whom we spoke before) there was Bernard the Glossator of the decretals, Godfrey des Fountains, Henry de Gaud, and many others.  
Laurent an English man, Doctor of Paris, in this time maintained the opinion of Guilliam de Saint Amour, and writ against the Monks a Book containing an admonition against false Prophets, and an other by which he defendeth the said de Saint Amour. The Book that the bogging Friars set out Of the eternal and spiritual Gospel, to e●●●●ct the true Gospel of our Lord, was publicly burnt: and to cover their filthiness and impudency, they said that a certain Monk (which long time before was dead) had made it.  

john. 22.  john, 22. of that name of Portugal, borne in the Town of Lisbon, making profession of Physic, called before Peter of Portugal, 
He was called Petrus Hispanus.  of a Cardinal and Bishop of Tusoule, was created Pope.  
This Pope although he was accounted a very learned man, yet because he had not such knowledge of things that he had to govern, as was requisite: and also because he was of inconstant and mutable manners, as Platina saith, he brought much more damage unto the Popedom, than honour or profit. For he did many things, wherein he showed himself astonished and light. There was one only point wherein he was worthy praise; that is, that willingly he helped many young people which had desire to profit in good Letters, in giving them silver and Ecclesiastical Benefices, and above all, such as were pressed with poverty.  

The Venetians molest them of the Marquesdome of Ancone.  The Venetians than did greatly molest them of the Marquesdome of Ancone, because they made traffic of Merchandise into Dalmatia, without paying any portage to the Venetian: the Pope defended them not as he ought, they being the Church's subjects: for he was ready enough in words, but when it came to lay hand to work, he had neither courage nor hardiness.  
They of Ancone seeing themselves destitute of the Pope's succours, taking courage, made a sally upon the Venetians which had besieged their Town, and drove them away after having greatly indomaged them.  
In all things this Pope accustomed not to use any other Council but of john de Gaviette, by the will and direction of whom all things were governed: for that by his means he was chosen Pope. He sent Ambassadors as well towards Michael Paleologne, as to Western Kings, exhorting them in his name that they would make Peace one with another, and take Arms against the Sarrasins and other enemies of Christian religion: which thing if Paleologne would not do, and if he kept not the union that he had accorded unto, john would give his Empire unto Charles king of Sicily.  
This Pope promised himself long life, yea he foretold it by the Stars, and affirmed before every one that he should live long. But as he affirmed such a folly, in the presence of his people, a new Vault (Valerius calls it a playing Hall: Stella, a rich and precious Chamber) which he had builded in his Palace at Viterbe, fell suddenly the fourth day following, the year 1277. And the seventh day after the said ruin, being found miserably slain betwixt the stone and the wood, was interred in the great Church, the 8. month of his Popedom.  
He knew by experience how great was the vanity of his Divination.  
The Sea was vacant by the space of six months by the means of debate amongst the Cardinals. He writ certain Problems, following therein Aristotle, the Canons and rules of Physic. The treasure of the poor, and certain Epistles.   

The doctrine of the Waldois.  
After that Waldo and his company were driven from Lions, one company drew towards Lombardie, where they multiplied greatly: In so much that their doctrine began to be dispearced through Italy, and came even to Sicily: As the Patents of Frederic the second given against them when he reigned, witnesseth.  
By the recital of such as writ against them, and likewise by one Reinerius, who lived and and writ a little after this time, it may be gathered that this was their doctrine. That we must believe the scriptures only in that which concerneth salvation: and that no other thing ought to be received but that which God commandeth us. That there is but one only Mediator, and therefore we must not invocate Saints. That there is no purgatory; but that all men justified by Christ, go to eternal life; and such as do not believe, go to eternal death. And that there is neither third nor fourth place.  
They receive and allow two Sacraments. Baptism, and Communion.  
They said that all Masses, and chiefly such as were invented for the dead, were abominable and damned, and therefore aught to be abolished.  
All human traditions ought to be rejected without holding. them for necessary to salvation. That singing, and recital of the official, and fastings tied to certain days, superfluous feasts, the difference of meats, as well of degrees and orders of Priests, Monks, and Nuns; as blessings and consecrations of creatures, vows, pilgrimages, and all the confusion and great heap of ceremonies before invented aught to be abolshed.  
They denied the Pope's supremacy, & above all the power he had usurped upon policies. And they admitted no degrees but Bishops, Priests, and Deacons.  
That the Roman seat is very Babylon, and that the Pope is the fountain of all evils at this day.  
That the marriage of Priests is good and necessary in the Church.  
That such as hear the word of God and have a right knowledge thereof, are the true Church: to which jesus Christ hath given the keys to cause Sheep to enter, and drive away Wolves.  
See briefly the doctrine of the Waldois, which the enemies have impugned, and for which (by their own witness) they were persecuted in this time.  
Mathias Illiricus in the Catalogue which he gathered of the witnesses of the truth, saith that he hath by him the consultations of certain Advocates of avignon. Also of three Archbishops, of Narbone, of Arles, and of Aix, and likewise of the Bishop of Alban to root out the Waldois, written past 300. years: by which it appeareth that then and before there were a great number of the faithful here and there dispearced throughout all France. It may also be collected by the consultations of the said Archbishops, that as the number was very great, the persecution was very cruel. For in the end of them, there is thus found written. Who is so new in France that is ignorant of the condemnation of these Heretics Waldois made of long time so justly? A thing so famous, so public as hath cost so great expenses, sweats, and travels for the Catholic, and hath been sealed with so many condemnations and deaths of those wicked Infidels, can it be called into doubt?  
It appeareth than what a butchery in this time was made of the faithful, and what cruelty the supporters of the Roman Antechrist exercise against the good.  
Nicholas 3. borne at Rome, of the house of Vrsins, 
Nicholas. 3.  called before john de Gavette, (the election being deferred until the sixth month, not without great debate and contentions amongst the Cardinals) occupied the papal seat.  
Charles king of Sicily, as Senator of Rome, 
The charge of the Conclave.  had the charge of the Conclave, who insisted much that some of the French Nation might be chosen. After than that Nicholas had taken possession of the Popedom, meaning to diminish the credit and power of Charles, took from him the Vicariatship of Tuscan, and filled all Italy with uproars and tumults of war: and to the end he might provide well for his businesses, 
The kingdom of Sicily redemanded by the Pope.  he persuaded Peter King of Arragon (these be old Popish tricks) to redemaund the Kingdom of Sicily, showing him that by right of heritage it belonged unto him, because of Constance his wife. Which counsel pleased Peter well. But what fruit wrought the counsel of this S. Peter? Peter having gotten into his power a puissant Army for the sea, came unto Sardeigne, and there attended till there was some stir in Sicily. 
The treason of the Sicilians.  For the Sicilians having conjured against Charles, and the French had assigned a day to slay them all, yea without having respect unto Sex, or condition of any person, so soon as the sound of Bell should be heard at evening, as shall be said hereafter. But this cruel and horrible act was not executed in the time of Nicholas, but under Martin the fourth of that name, his successor.  
Nicholas transported to himself the dignity of the Senator of Rome, which Clement the fourth had given unto e foresaid King Charles, 
The Exarchat of Ravenna brought under the Pope.  and ordained for a perpetual Edict that from thence forth no King or Prince should dare to demand such an estate, or to take such a charge upon him. By the disloyalty of this Pope it came to pass that all Flammina with the town, of Bolongne itself, and the Exarchate of Ravenna, (which things had long time been in the signory and domination of the Emperors) were reduced under the puissance of the Romish Synagogue. And besides, he alone took upon him the charge (as Stella saith) of the office of Senator: which the Church had accustomed to give unto Kings and Princes.  

The Pope's pleasures.  He enriched the Town of Rome with new edifice; and amongst others, he builded an house very commodious for S. Peter: and a Park for Hares or Conneys, which he environed with high walls. Wherein he himself often hunted. He re-edified the Churches of S. Peter and S. Paul, which fell with age. He achieved and ended a certain house in Lateran, which had long time before been commenced. He builded from the bottom to the top the Church called Sancta Sanctorum, and set there the Apostles keys in silver chains. When this Hypocrite sung Mass, the tears fell from his eyes. He carried such favour unto the Friars, that he declared certain doubts which were in the rule of the Sect, by a Decretal Epistle. He made many ordinances for the profit and utility of the Clergy, (not of Christian people) and made many Cardinals of the order of begging Friars. He drove from him certain Notaires, commanding under pain of Excommunication, that in what place sooner, Magistrates should be but Annals for a year. Many reproved him for that he had made his Nephew called Berthand, 
The Pope enriched his Nephew.  Count or Earl of Romagnole, and had sent Latin Cardinal jacobin his other Nephew, or rather Bastard, Legate into Tuscan. For Platina, Stella, & others say, that he loved his own too much. In so much that whatsoever he got from others, he gave it without reason or measure. For he took by force from certain Roman Gentlemen, their Castles, and gave them to his friends, and amongst others, one called Surien.  

Papal subtlety.  After he had every where set up the Gibellins, (a sort of mutinous and rebellious people) into their first estate, to the end they might maintain his tyrannies, he placed in Florence as in other places, Magistrates at his pleasure, and many other damages he did unto them.  
This Pope had also determined to have made two Kings of the house of Ursini, and to have placed one in Tuscan, and an other in Lombardie. But as he purposed to put all these things in effect being in the Town called Sutry, 
The Pope's death the cause of great good.  he was taken with an Apoplexy of which he died suddenly and without speaking, the year of our Lord, 1291. And after some, the 4. of his Popedom, although by his good complexion it seemed he would have lived much longer.  
Some say his death was foretold by one which saw a great Inundation or overflowing of the River of Tiber. Some say also he engendered upon a Concubine of his a bastard, 
A monstrous Pope's bastard  whose hair and nails were like a Bears. See what john de Noyan saith in his Illustrations of Beda.  
William Durand a subtle man, made at this time his book Entitled Rationale divinorum officiorum.  
Albert the great, Bishop of Ratisbone, died in this time.  
Martin the 4. of that name, 
Martin. 4.  borne in France in the Town of Tours, named before Simon, and Cardinal Priest of S. Cecile, ruled 2. years and 8 months.  
Being chosen by the French Cardinals which then were in greatest number, would not be crowned at Viterbe, because he took that Town to be interdicted for a rout they made against the Cardinals. For they of Viterbe following one called Richard Hannibal, Captain of all such as took part with the Italians, entered into the Conclave, took the Cardinals and put them in prison, after having not only despised, but also given the chase to all them of the house of Vrsins.  
This Pope Martin then being come into the old town, which commonly is called Oruieto, used all the solemnities and created 8. Cardinals that same day, 
Charles S. Lewis his brother who was made Ki. of Sicily by Clement. 4.  that he might be strongest when he came unto combat. But he not only received very courteously the King Charles coming towards him, but also yielded him the dignity of Senator, whereof he was deprived by Nicholas. This every man found not good, for that it seemed it should stir up great seditions in the Town, seeing the Vrsins were already returned, and such as were of Hannibal's faction chased away. For Charles was a great adversary of the Vrsins, for the hatred he conceived against Nicholas. Yet Martin subtillly casting his affairs, had in great estimation Matthew d'Aquasporta, of the order of his brethren Friars, Cardinal and Bishop of Port, of the house of Vrsins.  
This Pope Martin published sentence of excommunication against Peter King of Arragon, who ordained an Army by Sea to come into Sicily against Charles, and exposed his Kingdom for a pray to the first that could get it, declaring his subjects absolved of the oath of fidelity which they had promised him, naming him an usurper of Ecclesiastical goods, and levied an army against him, of such as had taken the Croisado.  
All the pastime of Popes and their supporters, is to stir up war and dissension amongst the Princes of this world.  

Peter de Arragon excommunicated.  Yet Peter making no account of all this, obtained the kingdom of Sicily with the help of Paleologus Emperor of Constantinople: who was also excommunicated, as making no account of that he had promised at the Council of Lions above.  

The French slain all in an hour in Sicily.  Moreover, the Sicilians not being able longer to bear the pride and whoredoms of the French: at the persuasion of john Prochita, conjured against Charles, and slew them all at the sound of a Bell, without having any regard to Sex, and from thence came the Proverb, when one wisheth the death of many, that they may say, The Evensong of Sicily, as hath been touched a little before.  
Besides, this Martin amongst other acts worthy of a Pope, granted to the Romans that they might choose two Senators of the Nobility, and excommunicated Paleologus Emperor of Greece. He made war against them of Forley, and granted many privileges unto Begging Friars, which he knew to be like horses prepared unto the battle, and all this was still to munite and fortify the more his tyranny. But as once he was taking his ordinary refection with his Captains, (as Casulanus reciteth it) the year of our Lord, 1285. he was taken with a secret malady of which he died, after having said he endured much grief: although the Physicians found not in him any sign of death, and was buried at Peruse.  
Some Authors, which Thomas Cooper one very learned followeth in his abridgement of Chronicles, have left in writing, that the first year of his Popedom, he took as the Proverb is, to bread and to pot, 
Martin succeeded in the concubine of his predecossor.  the concubine of his Predecessor Nicholas. But for fear such an accident should happen unto him as did unto the other, namely, that if he had a child, it should be like unto a Bear, he commanded that all the Bears which had been painted in the Palace by a Pope of the house of Vrsins, should be defaced and clean taken away: because he knew well that the figure of things upon which women think when they conceive their children, oftentimes is certain imprinted in them.  
It appears well that this Pope was herein very expert, but he took no heed that such a monster showed to the world, what sanctity there is in Pope's singleness.  
Giles of Rome, Bishop of Bourges, 
Egidius de Roma.  disciple of S. Thomas d'Aquin, lived in this time.  
Philip le Bell 45. King of France, and of Navarre, 
The Palace of Paris.  reigned after his father Philip the third, the year 1225. The Palace was sumptuously builded in the Isle which Sene maketh. Euguerrant de Marigni, the King's Councillor, and Precedent des Finances, had the charge thereof. In this Palace the Court of Parliament had his seat distributed into chambers. The king dwelled there.  
The College of Navarre was builded by the Queen joan, at the entry of the reign of this king.  
Honorius, 4. of that name, borne at Rome, 
Honorius. 4.  of the house of Sabellius, which is a noble race, called before james, and being Cardinal Deacon, after he had been chosen by the Cardinals, took possession of the Popedom, and ruled 2. years. Naucl.  
He had a brother called Pandulphe, 
Pandulphe Senator of Rome.  which was then Senator of Rome, who greatly punished thieves, homicides, and other such like.  
This Pope dwelled in Mount Aventine, where he builded a new house, and incited many others to do the like.  
He excommunicated Peter King of Arragon, 
Peter of Arragon excommunicated.  who then occupied the Kingdom of Sicily against Charles, and confirmed the Interdict published against him by his predecessor Martin, because he would not permit that the Pope's seat should enjoy that Region.  
The Florentines and they of Luke obtained by silver of Rodolphe the Emperor, liberty for their commonwealths. The Florentines gave 6000. skutes, and the Luquets 12000. skutes.  

Venice Ducats.  The Venetians also obtained licence to forge Ducats of Gold at Venice.  
The Genevois got themselves franchis and liberty. Chro. of the Emp. Tom. 2.  
This Emperor was noted of covetousness.  
A child called Rodolphe, was martyred at Berne by the jews, whereby they of Berne put the jews to death. And therefore the Emperor Rodolphe assembled thirty thousand soldiers and besieged Berne, but profited nothing, as is above said.  
The College of Collets at Paris, was founded by john Collet Priest, Cardinal of S. Cecilie, Legate in France, borne in Beavoisin, saith the Sea of Histories.  
He moved a marvelous war against Guy Feltron, who occupied the Towns of Flaminia, and overcoming him, he annexed unto the signory of Rome all that Country.  
This Pope confirmed the Sect of the Augustine's, which was not yet received at Paris, but was by many impugned, because it was not well allowed by the Council of Lateran, and granted them many privileges. And besides he would that the Carmes leaving their coloured apparel with bars, should take the white habit, 
The Carmes called the brethren of the Virgin Marie.  and ordained they should be named the brethren of the Virgin Marie. After which goodly deeds, he lived not long: but being dead, the year 1288. he was carried from the Church of S. Sabine in the Mount Aventine, into the Church of S. Peter, where he was buried with great pomp.  
After the death of Honorius, the seat was vacant ten months. For the Cardinals being in the Conclave, died upon sudden maladies, even when great earthquakes terrified them, and so the election was deferred until an other time.  

Nicholas. 4.  Nicholas Pope, 4. of that name, Minister general of the Friars, called Jerome, borne at Mark d'Ancone, ruled at Rome four years and one month, Naucler. or 6. years, 8. months, and 16. days, after some. He succeeded the foresaid Honorius 10. months after his death: yet the Cardinals were not all of one opinion.  
This Pope superstitiously devout dwelled nigh unto the Church called S. Marry the greater, 
Apoc. 8.9.10.  or add praesepe because they forged that lie, that the Crib where the Virgin Marie laid jesus Christ after he was borne into the world is there, and adorned it with edifices and rich paintings. He created Cardinals of all sorts of Monks, for the profit of the Kingdom of Abaddon: to the end they might be light-horses, prepared to the battle, and might have teeth like Lions, & tails like Scorpions, wherewith they might hurt men. For as Platina sayeth, he loved all alike, and thought not himself any thing more bound to his parents and kinsfolk, then unto others.  
He caused the Croisado to be preached, and sent at his own charges many soldiers into Asia to keep the Town of Ptolemais. Sup. Chron.  
There happened in his time many civil wars, murders, dissensions, and brawls at Rome, upon his occasion, giving more countenance to the one part then to the other. And this contention endured the space of two years and an half. Fasci. temp.  
Many Havens of the sea were lost, the Christians were rooted out of jerusalem and Syria, 
The occasion of the discord betwixt the Venetians, Genevois and Pisans.  by a long and great dissension of the Venetians, Genevois, & Pisans, which then were (for Commonalties) the mightiest by Sea. It is said their contention was for an Abbey, which each of them said to be theirs: and this quarrel endured thirty years. In so much that the Popes, Alexander the fourth, Vrbain the fourth, Clement the fourth, and the Kings of France and Sicily, were greatly busied to agree them, and yet did no good. In the mean while the Empire of Constantinople was usurped by others, and the French and Italians cast out of Greece. The Ports of tire and Ptolemais were also taken from the aforesaid Contendants.  
The last year of the Empire of Rodolphe, Charles Prince of Salerne, and son of Charles King of Sililie, was delivered from the prisons of the King of Arragon: and after came to Rome, and on the day of Pentecost was crowned King of Sicily by the Pope Nicholas, and absolved from the oath he had made to the King of Arragon. See the History of France.  
The year of Christ 1291. three thousand Christians were slain by the Sarrazens in the Country of Syria: the rest for fear retired. Chron. Euseb.  
Acha, according to Naucl. was taken by the soldan, with fifteen other Towns, twelve Castles, and a great number of Christians slain: and this happened by the dissension of the Christians, and rashness of such as were Crossed saith Fascic. tempo.  
There was mortal war betwixt the Genevois and they of Pisa, for the I'll of Corsic: but finally the Pisans were vanquished upon the sea, and more than twelve or sixteen thousand men slain, with a loss of forty eight Galleys. Fasci. Temp. And other ships besides them were sunk and drowned. Suppl. Chron.  
The Tartarians got hold of the kingdom of Constantinople and a great part of that Empire. The same.  
Nicholas Pope, died of grief that all things happened not after his wish, seeing so manifold calamities all over, and especially at Rome. The Cardinals after his death retired to Peruse, that their election might be more sure: but in two years and three months they could not accord. Suppl. Chron.  
Rodolphe the Emperor died also the year of his age 73. of our salvation 1291. & of his Empire 18. He had for his wife Anne Countess of Hohemberg: which was buried at Basle, with her son Herman, who was drowned in Rhine.  

Adolphe Emperor.  Adolphe Count of Nassau, was chosen Emperor by certain of the Electors, and Albert Duke of Astrishe by other: yet Adolphe was crowned at Aix the Chapel. His brother who was Archbishop of Magunce helped him much. He reigned six years, and after was deposed by the Electors; For besides that he was not puissant enough in domestical faculties to sustain that Imperial dignity, 
Adolphe.  he also despised the Princes of the Empire, and dignified diver without merit. He committed adulterers, violated Virgins, Nuns and Widows: he enterprised war against France, because of the kingdom of Arles: but he executed no memorable thing, saving that he led an Army into Thuringe and Misne, to pacify contentions betwixt Albert Landgrave of Thuringe, and his son Dietere and others.  
Celestine fifth of that name, 
Celestine. 5.  an Esermen by Nation (which is a place nigh the Town of Sulme) by profession an Eremite, and before called Peter Moron: after that briberies of the Cardinals which had endured the space of two years, had taken end, by the favour of Charles the second of that name King of Naples, and of the Cardinal Latin, was declared Pope.  
Incontinently after his election he went to Aigle, and caused to come before him all the Cardinals, and created new, to the number of twelve, amongst which there were two hermits. Ptolemy and Laque have written, that at his installing were two hundredth thousand men.  
In the first Consistory he held (saith Christian Masseus) as he went about to reform the Roman church, 
Rome can abide no reformation.  to the end the Clergy thereof might serve for an example to others, he incurred so the malevolence & indignation of many, that grinding their teeth against him, they called him sot, and dotard. One of these companions called Benet, suborned an other, who making a cranny or hole in his Chamber, many nights cried as it had been an Angel from heaven. Celestine, Celestine, renounce thy Papacy: For that charge exceedeth thy Forces. Some also in the day time counseled him to give over his Popedom, and provide for his salvation.  
The king Charles was advertised of these things, 
He was too simple for a Pope.  & getting their Pope to come to him, he prayed him as much as was possible, that he would not reject such a dignity which was give him from heaven: whereunto he answered: I will do what God will.  
As he returned from Naples, it may be having no rest in his conscience, on the vigil of Saint Luce, he dismissed himself of that charge, 
Adolphus.  and hasted to return into his Hermitage. 
An ordinance to give over the Popedom.  All this rehearseth Masseus: yet first he made a constitution by the consent of all▪ that it should be lawful for a Pope to give over such a charge. Which constitution Boniface 8. his successor, a man subtle and malicious, confirmed and placed if in the 6, book of his decretals. Moreover the said Boniface his successor fearing that the people despising him would cleave unto Celestine, he caused him to be put in close prison, where he kept him even till his death. He died then in prison, the year of our Lord, 1295. the 10. day of May, two years and five months after he had been chosen Pope.  

The order of Celestines.  The Sect of Monks called Celestines, had their name and original of him.  
Arlot general of the order of Friars, who made the Concordances upon the Bible, lived in this time. Abb. Trit.  

Boniface. 8.  Boniface, 8. of that name, borne in Campania in the Town of Anagnia, called before Benet de Gavete, one of the chief Councillors of Celestine his predecessor, being at Naples, was thrust into his place by a marvelous treason. Being Cardinal, Priest of S. Martin in the Mountains, he desired so to come unto the Papal dignity, that he left nothing behind, either of ambition or fraud, that he thought might bring his purpose to pass. Again, he was so arrogant, that he despised almost all men in respect of himself.  

Intravit ut vulpes regnavit ut Leo mortuus est ut Canis.  This is he of whom it is commonly spoken; That he entered as a Fox, reigned as a Lion, and died as a dog. For it was he that solicited Celestine to depose himself, and so he entered like a Fox; he governed like a Lion, in so much that he was so arrogant and cruel to the end: so that he called himself Lord of all the world: but he died like a dog. For his end was miserable, and all his deeds were reproved, as may be seen by his History.  
He said (as Marius witnesseth) that he shut Celestine in prison not for any enmity towards him, but for fear the authors of sedition by his conduction should do him and the Roman Church any damage.  
But who will not say that this Boniface was an horrible monster, and an ignorant person, having circumvented, 
Albert.  despoiled, and finally murdered in prison a simple man, which was his father?  
After that the Princes of Almain had chosen Albert Duke of Ostrich, Adolphe having on his side Otho Duke of Baviers Raoul Count Palatin, and certain Imperial Cities, gave battle against Albert nigh Spire, which was sharp and cruel, wherein Adolphus was slain, the year of his Empire, 6. or 8. after some.  
Albert Duke of Ostrich, son of Rodolphe the Emperor, 
Albert.  was again chosen by the Electors, and crowned at Aix the Chapel, the year, 1298. He gave the government of the Duchy of Ostrich to his son Rodolphe, and gave him in marriage Blanch the sister of Philip king of France.  
He made many wars. That against the Bishop of Salisbury, was for certain Salt-wells. For this Bishop being provoked by Albert, caused to be destroyed the place where the Salt was made. The Emperor who could not be overcome, was empoisoned: but the Physicians gave him such remedies, that the venom came out at his mouth and nostrils. The force thereof was so great that it wasted one of his eyes, and he was called Borgne. He was a magnanimous and valiant Prince.  
He demanded of Boniface to be crowned, but he refused him, saying he was unworthy of the Empire, because he had slain his natural Lord in battle. And the said Boniface holding a Crown upon his head, and a Sword at his side, answered: I am Caesar.  
The year 1298. Boniface published the sixth book of decretals, and sent them to the Students of Bolongne, and to other Universities, commanding them to use them in all judgements and schools.  
This proud and arrogant Pope, 
The sixth of decretals.  ordained that all king of the earth which would not hold their Kingdoms of his sanctity or rather tyranny, should be excommunicated and deposed. He excommunicated Philip king of France, 
Philip king of France, excommunicated.  because he would not suffer his money to be carried out of his kingdom, and cursed both him and all his, even to the fourth generation, yea with his relics and crosses.  
He would not confirm the Emperor Albert, whom he had already rejected twice or thrice, but upon this condition, that he would occupy the kingdom of France, and depose Philip.  

Alphonsus of Arragon. The Friars Vado in pace.  He declared Alphonsus' king of Arragon absolved, and gave him the kingdom of Sardeigne, under certain conditions.  
john Duns, surnamed the Scot, a Friar, called the subtle Doctor, was in this time. He died of an Apoplexy. Some say he was buried alive. Sup. Chron.  
Dinus the Legist, Petrus de bella pertica, jacobus de arena, johannes de sancto, Geminiano's jacobin, Ihones Andrea, and Dantes Aliger Florentin, were in this time.  

The first jubilee.  The year of Christ, 1300. this Pope instituted a jubilee: giving full remission of all sins to such as from an hundredth to an hundredth years would visit by vow of Pilgrimage, the Churches of S. Peter and S. Paul in the City of Rome. He then celebrated the first jubilee, and opened the Fair for indulgences, and made them serve even for such as were in purgatory. Agrip. de vanita. scien.  

Fratricelli.  Such as they called in Italy Fratricelli, are condemned and persecuted. Historiographers say, that they used carnal pleasure, contrary to the honesty of marriage: and this they did in the night time after they had celebrated their mysteries. Sup. Chron.  
One called Aerman, chief amongst them, was unburied 20. years after his death at Ferrare, (although before he was accounted as a Saint) and his bones were burnt. A woman called Guillaume. which was very renowned, and her husband Andre, were also unburied, and their bones burnt.  
The Chroniclers rehearse how those of this Sect were disclosed, namely, by a Merchant of Milan called Conrade, whose wife in the night time haunted these assemblies, and that the candles being put out, they abused one an other brutally, and such or like, which have rather an appearance of affable then of a true narration.  
This Pope nourished discords & the dissensions which were amongst the factions of Italy, and sought always to maintain them. He prohibited that the Clergy should pay no tribute to Princes, without his leave & licence. He gloried in his pride to be the key-keeper of heaven; and published that he ought not to be judged of any person, no not though he led an infinite number of souls into hell with him: because it is lawful for him to do all things.  
O Infernal Decree, and execrable blasphemy.  
He elevated his parents into dignities: two of his Nephews very young he made Cardinals: also his Uncle, He made some, Counts or Earls, and left them great treasures, by means of which, after they would avenge his death. Naucler.  
He deprived two Cardinals Colonnois, Peter and james, 
He reigned as a Lyon.  of their Benefices, yea and of their father's goods: because that during Celestins life they had written that he was no lawful Pope, but that Celestine was he. He imputed also unto them, that they had peeled the treasure of the former Popes.  
In a full Council he excommunicated Sarra the said cardinals Uncle, and honourable Prince, with all the Collonois. Sup. Chron.  
He exercised such enmity against the Gibellins, that understanding that some of them were retired to Genes, he himself went thither also; to the end to overthrow them altogether. And as one day upon an Ash-wednesday he gave Ashes unto the people, according to the custom, Porchat Archbishop of the town, presented himself before him (but he understood of many that he was of the faction of the Gibellins) falling on his knees, with his head uncovered: which when Boniface marked, without having any regard to the day, or to the place, or to the people present, or to religion, became angry against the Archbishop, & casting a great sort of Ashes in his eyes, said, Remember that thou art a Gibellin, and that with the Gibellins thou shalt be brought to ashes; and strait deprived the Archbishop of his dignity: although afterwards he remitted him into his former estate. Plat. & Cor. Abb.  
But being ingrateful for the good (saith john Marie) that his predecessors had received of France, 
Note a devilish arrogancy  he rose up in such pride against the King Philip, that it were an hard thing to believe. He sent to signify unto the king, in manner of a commandment by the Bishop of Appaine his Legate, that incontinently and without delay he should prepare himself to go beyond the sea. Unto which thing then the King could not well hearken, for the great wars he had against the Flemings. The Legate seeing that he could not obtain an answer according to his appetite, he began to use great menaces, saying that if he did not obey the Pope, he would deprive him of his kingdom: by which two rigorous words, the King being much grieved, caused the said Legate to be detained a prisoner. But when these things came to the notice of the proud Pope, he dispatched the Archdeacon of Narbone, with Letters of command, forbidding the King, that in no case he should intermeddle to take any subsidy upon the lands and revenues of the Church, (which thing King Philip le bell had been constrained to do, because of great wars that he sustained for the good and defence of the Kingdom) and moreover that for the King's contumacy, and for that he had detained prisoner his Ambassador against the common right of all Nations, the kingdom of France was devolved & fallen to the Roman church: And if he did not obey the commandments and defences of the Pope, he should be held in the number of heretics, with all his favourers and adherents. This Archdeacon cited many Bishops, Abbots, Theologians, and Decretists, at a certain day named to be before the Pope at Rome, and annihilated all the indulgences and privileges given to the French men by the Pope of Rome his predecessors. This rigour perceived, the king in the presence of his Barons and of all his Council, commanded upon good deliberation of the Assembly, that the first Legate who had outraged the King, should be delivered, and that they both without delay should void his kingdom. Soon after he caused to assemble a Council of all the Prelates and Barons of France in the City of Paris. In the said Council, the King did sit, and reciting the outrages and injuries which he had received of the Pope Boniface, he uttered how ambitiously and wickedly he came to be Pope. He demanded of the Ecclesiastical Lords upon whom they had the foundations and revenues of their Churches and Benefices. After he turned him towards the Princes, Barons, and Knights, and said unto them. And you Nobles and Vassals, what hold you for your King? All they which were there answered with one voice, that they held their lands and their goods under the king's hand. Then the king replied and said: Yet you see what force and tyranny Boniface practiseth, as if you and all the Realm of France were subject unto the Roman Church; as now he usurpeth the title of the Emperor of Almain: and having three times the said Duke Albert of Ostrich, saith himself is Emperor and Lord of all the world, and in token thereof, he hath newly given the Empire to the Duke Albert, yea even the title of the Crown of France.  
These things thus proposed and brought to deliberation, the king interiected an appellation from the Pope to the general Council, and ordained by public Edict upon great pains that none should be so hardy to draw or transport any gold or silver out of his kingdom for the affairs of the Roman Court: and caused to guard all the Bridges, Portes, and passages. On the other side, Boniface the eight sought by Ecclesiastical censors, enmity betwixt the Emperor and the King. Yet notwithstanding they accorded, meeting together in the plains of Vuancoulers. But the end was this, that to tame the arrogancy and malice of this Pope, the king secretly dispatched two hundredth men of Arms under the conduction of one named Sarra Colonnois, a Roman, and of an other Captain called Nogaret: which secretly passed from Marceille, and by night took the Pope in his house, which was in Anagnia, in the kingdom of Naples, 
He died as a dog.  and carried him prisoner with the aid of the Gibelins to Rome, where he died 24. days after, or 35. days, after Chron. Abb. of grief and age: and all his goods and treasures went to pillage, john le Maire.  
john the Monk Cardinal, the founder of the College of Picars at Paris, came into France at the Pope's commandment. The Sea of Histories.  
The memorable battle of Courtray in Flaunders which the French lost, and wherein a great part of the Nobility of France perished. The Sea of Histories.  
Benet 11. of that name, a Lombard by Nation, borne at Trevis, 
Benet. 11.  called before Nicholas, of the order of jacobius, borne of parents of base condition, his father was a shepherd: after he was made Cardinal of Ostia, he was chosen Pope: a man of a cautelous and subtle spirit, and therefore pleased Boniface exceedingly.  
Incontinently after he was come unto the papalty, he sought to pacify Italy, and therefore went to Peruse, but he fell sick there and deceased, and was buried in the jacobins. A certain Abbess presented unto him poisoned figs whereof he died. This was after proved. And Leander affirmeth that he died of poison.  
The seat was empty about a year.  
The year of Christ, 1304. Philip le bell King of France, founded in the honour of S. Lewis, the Abbey of Poisy, where he placed Nuns of the order of the Friars preachers, and after his death his heart was carried thither and buried. The Sea of Histories.   

The first Emperor of the Turks.  
The wickedness of men being come to the fullness of all impiety, Ottomanus a Turk began to reign about this time, and reigned 28. years. He began by little and little to usurp upon Europe. The occasion was, for that the Emperors of Greece demanded help of the said Turks against the Bulgarians. But they seeing the Country fit for them, usurped upon the Emperor, first in Thrace, and after in Misia, superior and inferior, Macedonia, Achaia, Peloponesus, Epirus, Dalmacia, and a great part of Illyria and Pannonia; and finally into Hungaria.  
The year of Christ, 1306. the first League of Swissers was made of three Cantons, namely Suits, Vry, and Vnderuald. Naucler.  
Peter Casiodore an Italian, a Noble man, and well instructed in piety, was in this time. He writ unto the Enghsh men not to carry the importable yoke of the Roman Antechrist, showing the extortions and extreme servitude of England which the Popes of that time had multiplied. The Epistle beginneth Cui comparabo te, etc. which I have here inserted, transcribed, and translated out of an old book found in the church of S. Alban in England.  
To the noble Church of England, which serveth in bondage, Peter the son of Cassiodore, a Catholic soldier and devout Champion of jesus Christ, desireth salvation and deliverance from the yoke of captivity, and to receive the price and reward of liberty.  
The Scribes and pharisees placed themselves in Moses' Chair, etc. It followeth after: To whom shall I compare thee? 
Mat. 23. a. 2.  or to whom shall I say thou art like thou daughter of jerusalem? to whom shall I equal thee thou virgin daughter of Zion? For thy ruin is great as the Sea: thou art become solitary, and without any solace, being all the day overwhelmed wilh heaviness. Thou art delivered into the hands of him from whence thou canst not relieve thyself, without the aid of some one which will lift thee up. For the Scribes and pharisees being set upon Moses' Chair, that is to say, 
The Chair of Moses.  the Roman Princes being thy enemies, are upon thy head, and enlarging their phylacteries, and desiring to enrich themselves with the marrow of thy bones, impose heavy and insupportable burdens upon the shoulders of thee and thy Ministers, and bring thee unmeasurably under the charge of paying tribure, thou which ever hast been free.  
Let all occasion and matter of marveling cease: For thy mother which had rule over the people, having espoused her subject, hath appointed thee for a Father, and before all others hath elevated thee Bishop of Rome, who in no paternal act showeth himself to be such an one. Very true is is that he spreadeth out his skirts, and showeth by experience that he is thy mother's husband. For often he bringeth to memory in his heart this sentence of the Prophet. Take thee a great volume and write therein as with a touchstone, after the manner of men. Hast● thee to the spoil, dispatch thee of pilling and spoiling.  
When the Apostle said, Every high Priest being taken of men, is constituted for men in things which are concerning God. Doth not this show that men must not occupy themselves with spoils and rapines, to impose censors, and annual rents, nor to destroy men; but to the end he might offer gifts and sacrifices for sins? and that he might have compassion of the ignorant and sinners? And also we read of Peter who was a Fisher (whose successor he saith he is) that after the resurrection of jesus Christ, 
john. 21.2.  he returned to his fishing again with the other Apostles: who when he could take nothing on the left side of the ship, by the commandment of jesus Christ he turned himself towards the right hand, and drew the Nets to ground full of fish. Profitable than it is to exercise the ministery of the Church in the right part, by which mystery the devil is vanquished, and a great number of souls is brought to jesus Christ: 
The right side and left of his kingdom.  but surely it is not so of the labour which is taken on the left hand of the ship: for therein faith staggereth, and heaviness ruleth when men find not that which they seek. For who will believe that one man can serve God and Mammon both together and please his will, stick to revelations of the flesh and of blood, and offer to Christ gifts and presents, such as appertain unto him? 
Good shepherds taken form the sheepfold. Psal. 81.7.  And without doubt the shepherd which watcheth not for the edifying of the Flock, prepareth an other way a roaring Lion, which seeketh every way whom he may devour.  
Behold say I, the strange and before unheard deeds of him which is called thy father; 
The office of Priests overthrown.  who taketh from the sheepfoldes the good shepherds, and in their places setteth his Nephews and parents, and others ignorant of Letters, dumb and deaf, which understand not the bleating of the sheep, neither care for the biting of the wolves, which like hirelings carry away the fleeces, reap others harvests, the hands of whom also serve to the pots, and their backs turn away from burdens.  
Hereby it plainly appeareth the Priest's office was left, the service due unto God was subtracted, and the custom to give Alms abolished: by which things the holy devotion of Kings, Princes, & Christians are abolished. This then is a thing which ought to be found very strange in the judgement of every one, 
The Pope opposed against jesus Christ.  that whereas jesus Christ commanded to pay tribute unto Kings for himself & for Peter this man against his will (whose Vicar he saith he is) who hath cast back from himsselfe the kingdoms and judgements of the world, seeks to subject under his domination, Kings and Princes, under the title of his stile: because all that he hath set down in writing to be his, he attributeth unto himself.  
Nay what doth he more with thee o daughter? Behold he draweth from thee whatsoever he thinketh good: and yet he holdeth not himself contented to take of thee the tenth part of thy grounds, but even the first fruits of the Benefices of thy Ministers: to the end that as well for himself, as for such as are of his blood, he might constitute a new patrimony of good and holy wills of the founders.  
Moreover, 

The wages of the Pope's Curriers.  
A comparison of the Pope to Nabuchodonozer.   he already imposeth other execrable things for the wages of his Curriers which he sendeth into England, which carry away not only the victuals of thee and thine, but also rend of their skins and their flesh like dogs. Meriteth he not to be compared to Nabuchodonozor, who destroyed the Temple, and spoilt it of the vessels of Gold? For that which he did, this doth he also. He spoilt the Ministers of the house of God, and deprived them of that which was necessary for his service. And this here doth as much. And surely the condition of them which are slain by the sword, is better than the condition of such, as be any thing bitten with hunger. For the first are strait dead, but the other is consumed by the stirrilitie of the earth.  
Let all such as pass by thy way (o daughter) have compassion on thee: for no sorrow is like to thine. 
jer. Chap. 1. of the same, 12.  For already because of thy great dolour and tears which thou hast shed, thy face is blacker than coals: in so much as thou art no more known in the streets. Thy father hath set thee in cloudy and dark places, he hath made thee drunk with wormwood and gall. Lord see the affliction of thy people, 
A true description of the Pope.  hearken unto their sobbings and come down. For the heart of this man is harder than the heart of Phaua●, who would not suffer that thy people should go a● liberty, but only in the force of thy hand. But this afflicted and plagueth not only upon earth, but also after death. For after death he devoureth the goods of all Christians, under colour that they died without making testaments.  
The Church of England doth sufficiently know, that the French men casting the eyes of their concupiscence upon that kingdom, sought in time past to have reduced it under their power▪ but it is to be feared that, that which they could not hitherto bring to pass, is now supplied by the conjuration of that man, as of a new enemy. For if the treasures of the Kingdom fail, and that the Priesthood be overthrown, verily it shall he made less puissant against the enemies.  

Exhortation to the Kingdom of England.  To the end that thou o daughter, and thy Priest, should not fall into a misery of any longer endurance, it is expedient for the salvation and safety of thee and thine, that thou o Christian King, and the great Lords of thy kingdom, (which have adorned thee with great and excellent Benefices, and which in such a case ought to maintain and defend both thee and those Benefices) should resist the conjurations and conspirations of that man: who not having regard to God, but for the aforesaid things, and to enrich his parents, and for his own nest, lifting himself up as an Eagle, by the aforesaid things, and other Impostes by him imposed, he hath collected all the silver of England by a new domination.  

The simplicity of the world.  Let not then thy dissembling simplicity in this case cause the ruin of thy kingdom and thyself, and take heed thy remedy come not too late. The Lord God take the vail from off the heart of this man, and give him a contrite and humble hart, and make him know the traces of the true God, whereby he may be drawn from darkness, and constrained to forsake those wicked labours whereof we have spoken, & that the vine which the right hand of God hath planted, may be filled with good grapes. For take heed unto the Lords words, & to the prophesy of jeremy, to put back such enterprises: who saith thus. Thou shepherd which hast dispersed my people, 
jer. 22.30.  & put them out of their habitations, behold I will visit upon thee the malice of thy into prizes, and no man of thy seed shall sit upon the seat of David, nor have more power in juda. Let thy nest be made barran, and ruinated as So-Some and Gomorrhe.  
But if it so fall out that being nothing feared by these words he cease not his enterprises, nor make restitution of that which he hath taken: then let them sing for him that shall be so wickedly hardened, the 108. Psalm. As for us, we will each day openly sing praises through jesus Christ, to him unto whom all things serve.  
Thus the light by little and little came forward, and overcame the mighty darkness.  
Clement, 5. ruled in avignon 8. years and 10. months. 
Clement. 5.   
This Pope was a Gascoin, son of Bernard, a warrior and a Gentleman, borne in Bordeaux, before called Bextrand Goth, Bishop of Coseran, and Archbishop of Bordeaux, he being absent in France, was chosen at Peruse, by the Cardinals there resident. john le Maire saith it was at the instance of Philip le Bell.  
After he was advertised of his election, he departed from Bordeaux and came to Lions, and sent word that all the Cardinals then in Italy, should appear there, whereunto they all obeyed without delay or contradiction, and the coronation of the said Pope was made public and solemn in the Church of S. Iust. But this joy and pomp was troubled. 
The Pope's coronation hanselled with dead men.  For as an innumerable people were mounted upon an old wall of S. Just to see this great pomp and nobleness, the said wall fell, and flew duke john of Britain: the King was there wounded, and the Pope thrown over his horse and rudely trodden under feet, in so much that he lost a rich Carbuncle out of his triple crown, esteemed at 6000. Florents of Gold: and more than 12. other notable persons were there wounded and died.  
After the Pope Clement was crowned the king took leave of him, and went to marry his son Lays Hutin to the daughter of the Duke of Burgongne, called Margarite. The Pope on the other side left Lion, and made his residency in avignon. This was the first of the Popes, that kept there his Roman Court, where it abode the space of 73. years before it returned to Rome. john le Maire.  
After the end of this solemn pomp, and that all things were appeased, he created many French Cardinals. But he made not one Italian: only he restored that dignity of a Cardinal to john and james of the house of Colomnois. Moreover he sent to Rome three Cardinals, with the power of Senators, by whose direction the Town and all Italy was governed. He gave to Frederic king of Sicily the Isle of Sardeigne, which was occupied by the Sarrasins, upon this condition, that in chase them away he might incontinently recover it.  
The year 1306. the jews were peeled and rejected France.  
Albert the Emperor, riding in the fields about noon, was slain by his Nephew and other Princes of Ostrich, his companions. Munster.  

An example of God's punishment.  This judgement might be, because in war he had persecuted the Emperor Adolphe, who although he was his inferior unto him in power, yet was he ordained of God and ought him obedience. But such murders remain not unpunished.  
Hiero. Marius adding to the words of Platina, saith thus. Clement the fifth because he desired not to serve others as jesus Christ commanded his disciples, but rather to be served even of Emperors, ordained that Emperors chosen in Almain, although they took the name of King of the Romans, yet they should receive of the Pope the rights and name of the Emperor, Moreover that when the Emperor should be dead, whilst the Empire was vacant, the government of the towns of Italy subject to the Emperor, should be in the Pope's power.  
The Roman Court transported into France, where it remained 74. years.  

avignon the Papal seat.  This Clemens who was a public whoremonger, and a great maintainer of harlots, Chron. Herm. and Paralip. Vrsp. placed the papal seat in avignon, to the end the better to enjoy his delights and pleasures.  
He celebrated the general Council of Vienne, 
General Council of Vienne.  the year of our Lord. 1311. wherein he cruelly abolished the order of the Templars, to the end to confiscate their goods, & with their spoils raised up the Hospitaliers into dignities, called the knights of S. john of jerusalem, which had conquered the I'll of Rhodes upon the Sarrasins.  
The Knights of the Rhodes succeeded in the goods of the Templars.  
The Pope excommunicated the Venetians because they had usurped Ferrare, which was of the Church's patrimony, 
Ferrare.  and caused the Croisado to be published against them in Italy, till they were constrained to yield the said signory of Ferrare, which they had usurped of a Lord called Frisius Estensis, who had slain his father to govern at Ferrare, being notwithstanding aided by the Venetians to do that wicked act. Item he excommunicated the Florentines and them of Luques.  
Henry the 7. would needs make himself to be crowned at Rome, but it was not without great contradiction and effusion of blood. Robert King of Sicily, son of Charles the second, King of Poville, was condemned of the said Henry to be beheaded.  
Clement granted to all such as coiced themselves against the Turk, that at their pleasures and will, four souls should be delivered from purgatory: But the Theologians of Paris detested this, and reproved it, saith Agrip. de vanit.  
This Pope persecuted such as they named Fratricelli, and one called Dulcinus of Navarre; and published against them the Croisado, for that purpose serving themselves with the jacobins.  
The Dulcins were named of that Dulcinus, who was executed with his wife Margarite. Naucler. He had been taught of one called Gerard. They which detested them and have written their manner of doings, say that they wore white Mantles, & long hairs: sometimes walking barefooted, sometimes shod. Item, that they named themselves the order of the Apostles, and they preached saying. Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand. Moreover, they said that the authority which Christ gave unto his Church was expired for the malice of the Prelates. 
Henry. 7.  And that the Roman Church was reproved because it was an whore. Also that they were the Church & followed the rule of the Apostles. That all the Popes since Silvester were Prevaricators and usurpers because they lived not in true humility, and that therefore men ought not to give them Tithes.  
Many of Dulcius adherents were taken, to the number of 114. persons, dwelling in the Mountains of Verseil in Piedmont.  
Rhodes in this time wes reconquered of the knights of the Rhodes, which before were driven away.  

Henry. 7.  Henry 7. of that name, son of Henry Count of Luxembourg, and of Beatrix his wife, was chosen Emperor. He was not rich of goods that his father had left him, but he was the excellentest Prince of his time, as well in prudence as in the glory of praiseworthy deeds.  
From the death of Frederic the 2. until the year 1308. wherein this man was elected, the Kings of the Romans had not entered into Italy, namely Rodolphe, Adolphe, and Albert, and therefore almost all the towns of Italy subject to the Empire, were revolted.  
After Henry was crowned at Aix, he determined to enter Italy to be sacred of the Pope, but it was not without great danger, for great Ambushes which were laid for a him at Milan by Guido Turrian. See the Chronicles of the Emperors.  

Templars burnt.  Many Templars of the kingdom of France, by the commandment of the Pope and King, for certain accusations were condemned and burnt without Paris. Twelve or nine Articles contrary to the faith, were imposed upon them: which notwithstanding john Bocace a Florentine excuseth in his 21. Chapter of his 2. book, of the cases of unfortunate Nobles. Their order endured 184. years: all their goods were confiscated and given to the knights of the Rhodes. Others say that the best part of their goods was given to the king by the Pope's consent. Chron. of the French Kings.  
Hermanus saith, that the Pope Clement in favour of the king, noted them of heresy and infamy, wrongfully and upon envy. Paral. Vrsper.  
Some think that the kings of France, of England and of Spain, conspired against them for the possessions and Castles which they had in their kingdoms.  
The year 1309. the Sarabits (Monks which came out of Egypt) began in England. Their garments were of Ox and Swine's skins, and they were tied with cords. john Clyn Hybernus.  
The order of Paulins entered into England, and placed themselves at Gloucester, the year 1310. Chron. Caletense.  
This Pope Clement in a well leaded Bull (which is yet at this day kept by Copy at Vienna, at Limoge, and at Poiteer, 
The Pope commandeth the Angels.  in the Coffers of privileges) commanded the Angels of Heaven to carry into the joys of Paradise, and draw out of Purgatory the soul of him, whosoever should die in the way, going in Pilgrimage to Rome. Moreover (saith he) we will that the pains of hell shall no way be inflicted upon them. Agrip. de vanit. scient.  
jean wife of Lewis king of France, after the death of her husband, went to Rome, and resigned the kingdom of Naples, delivering it into Pope Clement's hand, who after made a gift of it to Lewis duke of Angiou, brother of Charles the fifth king of France, saving the profits to the use of the said jean for her life. But he enjoyed it not: for he died with five thousand men in conquering it against Charles Nephew of the said Lewis King of Hungaria, who occupied the kingdom, and held it four years, and left a son called Ladislaus, who reigned 29. years at Naples by the help of Pope Vrbain the 6.  
This Pope condemned the Beghards or Begnins, 
Beghards or Begnins.  which would not worship the Bread of the Eucharist.  
He commanded that the great Master of the Templars should be burned at Paris, with one of his companions, in the presence of Cardinals, & made certain ordinances against the insolencies of the jews, after having confiscated their goods.  
He ordained that oaths delivered by Princes, 
Oaths of Princes.  were not oaths of subjection, but of fidelity: and commanded that the goods of the Church should not be alienated.  
He ordained that Clerks which occupied temporal traffics, and wore precious garments, should be punished; and forbade Monks all kind of hunt, as well of beasts as birds.  
He confirmed the Feast instituted in the honour of the bread of the Eucharist, which the Papists commonly called, La feste dieu. God his Feast.  

Clementius.  He gathered in his volume the Constitutions called Clementius, and pronounced that the relics of Saints ought to be greatly honoured.  
He governed the affairs of Italy by Neapolion and Pelagura Cardinals, his Legates: and added Celestine the fifth to the number of Popish Confessors. He set in order the constitutions of Monks, and again declared the rule of Friars.  
Finally this Clement being tormented one while with a flux of the belie, and an other with a pain of the stomach & sides, deceased in a Castle called Rocquemaure, upon Rosue, the year of the Lord, 1314. his body was carried into Gascoin, and the Papal seat was empty even till the third year.  
This year itself that he died, as Henry of Lucembourg Emperor determined to draw to him by force of Arms the kingdom of Sicily, unto which he was called, he was traitorously brought to death by a wicked Monk, called Bernard du Mont, Polician of Domcastre: who was of the conspiration of the Guelphs, and yet made a countenance that he was the emperors friend. He gave a poisoned host to this good Prince: who as soon as he felt the mischief, 
The kindness of the Emperor.  advertised this traitor Monk to fly away, saying unto him; Away, away, for if the Almains perceive any thing, and such as do affect me, you shall die. So this wicked judas withdrawing himself to Sienes, received the silver that had been promised him, for the reward of his treason; but hereby he delivered not his brethren jacobins. For many of them perished by fire and sword with their houses, as well in Tuscan as in Lombardie, and many other places.  

University of Orleans.  The University of Orleans was instituted in this time. Chron. of the Kings of France.  
The year at Crist, 1313. the King of France Philip le bell became a Leper, and therefore he caused all the Lepers of France and Flaunders, as well men as women, to be burnt. For he understood that they had infected the waters. And the Chroniclers of Almain say that the said king became a Leper, because he made the Templars die.  
Arnold de Villa Nova, an excellent Physician, 
Arnold de Villa Nova a true & faithful man.  and Mathematician, (some say of Chalon, others of Narbone) was judged an heretic, because he said that Satan had made all Christian people stray from the truth. Item, that the faith of Christians of his time, was no other than such as devils have. Item, that such as are in Cloisters are out of Charity, and condemn themselves in falsifying the doctrine of jesus Christ, & leading Christians into hell. Item, that the Theologians have maliciously mingled the Dreams of Philosophers with the holy scripture. Item, that in the sacrifice of the Altar the Priest offereth nothing to God, and that Masses profiteth neither quick nor dead. He proved by Daniel and by Sibilla Erithra, that Antichrist in a full tyranny should persecute the faithful after the year, 1300.  
Besides his Physic books, he writ against the jacobins, 
The books of Doctor Arnold.  that it was lawful to eat flesh: The cutting sword against the Thomists: The admonition of jesus Christ to Christians: Of the subtleties of false Prophets: Of the mystery of the Church's Cymbals: Of the consummation of the world, and other books. He was judged an heretic by the jacobins at Tarraeon. Finally being sent to the Pope by Frederic king of Sicily, he died in the way, and was buried at Genés, a true champion of the Lord.  
Margarite Queen of Navarre, 
The Sea of Histories.  daughter of the Duke of Bourbon, jean daughter of the Count of Bourgongne, and wife of the Count of Poiteer, Blanch second daughter of the said Count of Bourgongne, wife of the Count de la Marsh, were taken by the king's commandment and condemned to continual prison, for their fornications and adulteries against them manifestly proved. Yet afterward jean Countess of Poiteer, returned with her husband. For it was known that she was not culpable of all that which was imposed on her. 
Adultery punished.  The Adulterers, that is, Philip d'Annoy which kept the Queen, and his brother. 
Schism in the Empire.  Gualther de Annoy which kept the said Blanch knights, were scorched, there genitories cut off, and they drawn and hanged.   

Schism in the Empire.  
There was a division amongst the Electors: some did choose Lois the fourth of that name, Duke of Baviere: others, Frederic Duke of Ostrich, and the one had war against the other eight years. In the end Lewis obtained alone the Empire, and reigned 24 years, after the Chron. of Euseb. which make 32. years, The Sea of Hist.  
Joys Hutin, son of Philip le bell, succeeded in the Kingdom: and is the 46. He had before succeeded jean his mother in the kingdom of Navarre.  
Enguerrand de Marigni, Count de Longueville, great General of the King's revenues, being accused to have robbed the King, was hanged: and his Image thrown down the Palace stairs.  
This king reigned almost two years, and died in the wood of Vincennes, and was buried at S. Denis.  

john. 23.  john Pope, 23. of that name, French by Nation, son of Arnold d'Ossa, before called james de Cahors, Cardinal, Bishop du Port, after the space of two years (during which time as hath been touched, the seat was empty for the difference happening amongst the 23. cardinals) was declared Pope at Lions: departing therefore from thence with his Court, and coming to avignon, he created 8. Cardinals, of the number of which, were Cahors the younger, his Nephew and sister's son, and john de Gayete, of the house of Vrsins.  
He delivered into the hands of the judge, Hugh Gerard Bishop of Cahors, after having taken from him his Pontifical ornaments, he was disgraced and given to the tormentors, who put him to death most cruelly. john le Maire.  
Philip le Long, 47. King of France and of Navarre, brother of Lewis Hutin the former King, succeeded in the Kingdom, the year 1316. This was by means of the law Salic. He was called Long, because he was tall & slender. During his reign, he could never get either of the Church or of the people, tributes, Impostes, or borrow that which he damaunded.  
Some say, that during his reign the Lepers poisoned the water pits, at the suggestion and persuasion of the jews, 
Poisoning of pits.  whereof followed a great pestilence: but the jews and Lepers were greatly punished.  
The King determined to make that in all his kingdom there should be but one manner of weight, measure, and money: but he could not bring to effect that which was his will, for he died soon after.  
He reigned five years without having any war, and was buried at S. Denis. See Emil. lib. 8. and Gogin. lib. 7.  
This Pope john caused to be published the constitutions of the Council of Vienne, called Clementius, and sent them into the University of Boulogne, under a fair leaded Bull, commanding they should be used in all Schools, Universities, and judgements, from thence forward. The Sea of Hist.  
Birger king of Denmark having invited his two brethren to dinner with him, took them, and with Irons laid them in prison, where they died. The same.  
A Provost of Paris called Henry Carpenel, 
The Provost of Paris.  for a false judgement that he had given, was hanged on a gibbet.  
This Pope john condemned the constitution of Pope Nicholas, which was of the order of the Friars Minors, and began Exijt qui seminat, and forbade upon pain of excommunication, that none should gloss or dispute upon it.  
See the Decree 6. in the title 12. de verborum signify.  
Charles le Bel, brother of Philip le Long, and son of Phille Bel king of France and Navarre, 48. reigned 7. years.  
john 23. made a Constitution which beginneth, Ad conditorem Canonum, against the Friar's Minors.  
See the Extravagants of this john, 23. in the title. 4. de verborum signify  
This Pope john canonised S. Thomas Bishop of Erford, and S. Thomas d' Acquine. Chron. Euseb.  
Joys Duke of Baviere, and Frederic Duke of Ostrich, with his brother, gave battle the one against the other; where were slain as well on the one part as of the other; four thousand horse men. Lewis obtained the victory, & Frederic was prisoner with his brother Henry. Naucler. Leopold his other brother came late to the succours. 
Lewis  See the Chron. of the Emperorus.  
This Pope received into the safeguard and protection of S. Peter the Carmes, exempting them from all subjection of ordinary judges to the end they might be subject only to S. Peter as his well beloved children, and moved many of them to Episcopal dignity. As Guy de Parpinan, john Claran. both of Catalogue, and some other Nations.  

A devilish illusion.  For before he was Pope he had a marvelous vision, or rather devilish illusion, as he witnesseth in his Bull: namely, that as the Cardinals were in a great debate, the Virgin Marie delivered them and made him Pope, yet upon this condition, that he should exempt from the pains of purgatory his good brethren.  

An heresy held by the Pope.  This john here taught certain errors, and amongst others, that souls so soon as they were despoiled of the body, should not see God before the last judgement. For as Masseus witnesseth, his father had so taught him, being seduced and abused by the visions of a certain Irish man, called Tundalus.  
He sent to Paris two Monks, the one a jacobin, and the other a Friar, who preached the same heresy: but Thomas Walleis a jacobin, an English man, resisted the Pope; but he thrust him into prison. Thus also did Durand the S. Porcin, William Caleth, and others.  

Colleges of Scribes.  He corrected at his pleasure the orders of Churches, and changed them, and distributed into a certain number the Colleges of the Scribes: which for certain prices writ such Letters as by him would be dispatched. He made many constitutions which were called joanninies, & condemned john de Povilly a Theologian, because he taught that men must not confess themselves to begging Friars: yet he constrained the Monkesses or Nuns called Beguines, to marry, and to detest painting. He held also for certain articles of the faith, that jesus Christ gave not to his Apostles any other rule to live well, but that he gave to other Christians. That the Apostles never vowed the vow of poverty, and that vows serve for nothing to perfection.  
This Pope writ to the Grecians at large, that there was but one Church alone, whereof he was chief, and the Vicar of jesus Christ. The Grecians answered him in few words. 
An answer of the Greeks to the Pope.  We believe surely that thy power is very great over thy subjects. We cannot endure thy extreme pride, nor satisfy thy covetousness. The devil be with thee, for God is with us. By which brevity of words, they showed what was the Pope's manner of life and estate. john de Mandevile rehearseth it in his 6. book.  
This Pope declared Lewis de Baviere to the Church a rebel, schismatic, and heretic: because that after he was chosen by the Princes, he took the government of the Empire without any oath to the Pope of subjection. Hiero. Marius saith thus. john pursued with a sharp hatred Lewis de Baviere: partly because being chosen king of the Romans by the Princes, he disdained the name and title of Emperor at the Pope's hands, as Clement the 5. had ordained it: partly also because he maintained and defended against him certain Monks, which he had condemned as heretics, and therefore john held the said Lewis for an heretic.  
Lewis coming into Italy, 
Vicegerents of the Empire  placed in all the Imperial Towns Vicegerents, (as reason required) and after came to Milan, and because he desired to appease the Pope's rage, he sent Ambassadors unto him even to avignon, where he resided; who demanded that according to the custom of his predecessors he would grant him kindly and with a good and free will the ornaments of the Empire.  
The Pope not only refused to do it, 
The Emperor demandeth the Imperial ornaments.  but pushed back his Ambassadors with great shame and ignominy, & cited the said Emperor peremptorily (as they speak) that he should come unto avignon and submit himself to the ordinances of the Church.  
The Emperor knowing the tyranny that reigned in the Church, knowing also that he had received of God the Imperial majesty, sought on his side nothing wherein he might violate it. And therefore to Popes he would not subject himself, as if he were their servant; by means whereof he refused to come into avignon: yet because still he greatly desired to nourish peace, he sent again messengers to make the same request.  
The Pope persisted in his opinion, and in token of the hatred he bore to the Emperor, he excommunicated the viscounts, unto whom then the Emperor had given the government of the signory of Milan.  
The Emperor seeing the Pope's heart obdurate, calling to him many Princes and Lords of Italy, came to Rome, where he was honourably received of all the people, and required that according to custom some would deliver him the ornaments of the Empire.  

The Romans beseech the Pope for the Emperor.  The greatest Lords of Rome, together with all the people, sent Ambassadors into France to the Pope, beseeching him that he would visit the Town, and grant to the King of Romans the Imperial ornaments, which if he refused to do, they protested to observe the ancient law, and to use the rights of the Roman people.  
john after he had heard the Ambassadors, drove them back from him shamelessly with rude words and threats, which the Roman people seeing, determined to grant to Lewis that which he demanded; and so by the commandment of all the Clergy and people, he was crowned with his wife, by Stephen and Nicholas Senators, in the presence of all the Nobles, which cried Lewis Augustus, Emperor of the Romans.  
But what did Lewis hitherto, which was not the part of a good Emperor? yet john understanding this, accused him as one guilty of divine treason and an heretic, and published against him certain very rigorous process, and dejected him out of the dignity of the Empire, and put him out of his kingdom as an heretic & rebel against the Roman Church, thundering out against him a very cruel pronunciation.  

Theologians and Lawyers of this time.  In this time were certain Theologians and Lawyers which said that Christ and the Apostles had nothing proper, and that the Emperor was no way subject to the Pope in that which concerneth the temporalty. Of this number were Michael Oecenus and William; Ockam Friars; Marcille of Padove, and john de Landum, Lawyers, with certain others. The Emperor Lewis was so fortified by this, 
Lewis fortified.  that he hardly opposed himself against all the Pope's enterprises, publishing in all parts of the Empire an appellation, such as followeth.  
We Lewis King of the romans, 
The emperors appellation against the Pope.  propose against john which saith he is Pope, that he doth ill execute the testament of jesus Christ touching peace, which he disturbeth in all Christendom, and remembers not that all the honour he now hath, was granted by S. Constantine to Silvester when he was yet hid. He is unthankful towards the Roman Empire, 
Donation of Constantine.  whereof he hath received all that great magnificence, which he now abuseth, etc.  
As than Lewis & the greatest Lords of Rome knew well the unjust deeds of john, as also the people, from the least to the greatest, who took in ill part that their Ambassadors which they sent was so ill handled, and all with one accord agreed to bring into the Church the ancient custom observed in electing the Pope: namely, that being chosen by the people he should be confirmed of the Emperor. And therefore one called Peter Carbaria or Corberia a Friar, was created Pope, 
Nicholas 5.  and named Nicholas the fifth, and as for john he was declared an heretic and a tyrant of the Church, and not a Pastor but a perturber of the peace of Christians. All which things the Emperor and the Prince's Assistant at the Council held at Rome, submitted to the judgement of the Catholic Church. This saith Marius.  
This done the Emperor returned into Almaigne, and the Pope Nicholas remained in Italy: but finally Boniface Count of Pisa delivered him into Pope john's hands, and he died being straightly detained and in great misery. See the Suppl. Chron.  
john de Lisle (some jordain) a renowned man in France, was hanged at Montfaucon at Paris, for pillories & ravishments. Emilius denieth that he was Father in law unto john Pope as some say.  
King Charles le Bel was the first that permitted the Pope to levy Tenths in France, 
tenths levied in France.  and he did it to have part with him. But the Pope did it to war upon the Emperor Lewis, whom he had declared an enemy of the Church. Chron. Reg. Fran.  

Ambition of the Venetians  The Venetians by their Captain and Duke called Franciscus Dandalus, took from the Patriarch of Aquilia their neighbour, two Cities, that is, Polle and Valentia, which are in Gorice.  

Benet. 12.  Benet Pope, 12. of that name, ruled in avignon 7. years, three months, after Naucler. james de Furnerio borne at Tholouse, of poor parents, a Monk of the order of Cisteaux, Priest, Cardinal, and Doctor in theology.  
This Pope saith Marius, was no more modest or loving to the Emperor Lewis, than john his predecessor had been. For he renewed the excommunications, and despoiled him of all royal honour, and of the Duchy of Baniere by his sentence.  
This good Prince Lewis assembled at Francford all the Electors, Dukes, Bishops, Counts, and all such as were thought cunning, as well in human sciences as divine, and in the presence of all, by public and solemn proclamation, he gave new authority to the ancient Laws, 
King of Romans, and Emperor. Names divers, but of the same substance.  and confirmed them: and freely showed that it only appertained to the Electors of the Empire, and not unto others, to choose the King of the Romans. So that he which hath the greatest number of Prince's voices, he is truly reputed chosen, be he King or Emperor. (For in substance they be one same thing, although their names be divers) which Emperor may exercise and administer the affairs of the Empire without any confirmation of the Roman seat. Who also ought to be sacred by the Pope, after it shall be signified by the Princes that he is Legitimately chosen.  
But if the Pope refuse, he may he proclaimed Emperor Augustus by any Catholic Bishop whatsoever, 
Unctions are ceremonies invented by the Pope.  as hath been long time used; seeing especially all such unctions are only certain ceremonies invented by Popes, which give only the name and not the thing, in token of the union which ought to be betwixt the Church and the Roman Empire. For the Emperor makes not an oath of fidelity to Popes, but for the defence of the faith. And seeing it is so, how can such an oath give him any superiority in things which concern the Temporalty.  
Moreover, the Emperor also showed that it is a false thing to say, that whilst the Empire is vacant the right of the Emperor is devolved unto the Pope, and that this is against the liberty of the holy Empire, against the dignity, rights, 
The administration of the Empire being vacant, belongeth to the Count Palatin.  and majesty thereof: but that by a custom approved and used of long time, and observed by his ancestors, without that ever was done to the contrary, during the vacation of the Empire; it appertaineth unto the Count Palatin of Rhine, to have the managing of the affairs of the Empire, to confer Feasts and Imposts, and ordering of other businesses.  
After all this to excuse himself, 
The Emperor yieldeth a confession of his faith.  he yielded in the presence of all, clearly and holily a reason of his faith▪ and confessed openly he was a Christian, believing wholly the Articles of the Faith, as they were taught by the Catholic Church: and purged himself very well of all things that were objected against him by john the 23. and Benet. 12.  
Who would not admire the piety of Lewis thus vexed and tormented by Popes? what would this have come unto if he had tried it by Arms against them?  
The integrity of this Lewis, 
Benet overcome with the integrity of the Emperor.  finally was acknowledged by Pope Benet. And the peace was soon after made between the Emperor and the Pope. Who strait bore the Emperor such an amity, that he defended and maintained him hardily in his innocency against the Ambassadors of the king of France, which used always rude & defamitorie words against the said Emperor: in so much that the Pope was called by the said Ambassadors, the Protector of an heretic.  
And although Benet for a certain time was not without great fear, because of their words, 
The Emperor Lewis absolved.  (for they threatened him with great wars if he absolved the Emperor) yet he commanded by a public decree (which was proclaimed through all Almain) that all processes which had been attempted by john against the Emperor should be nothing and of no value: and that it appertained not to john to attempt such things against him, seeing the Emperors and the Pope's jurisdiction are distinct and separate.  
He further declared openly that Lewis in all things had borne himself like a good & valiant Emperor. Yet you must understand that the Pope did nothing herein, freely & of good courage: but cautelously to acquire the favour of Lewis. For because he saw the king of France (in the kingdom & signory of whom he remained) had taken some ill conceit against him, he feared that if also he had the Emperor his enemy, there were no person where he might have succours, if the king of France practised any mischief against him. 
The Pope doth all for his profit.  Therefore Benet judged that it should be for his profit if he got the benevolence of the Emperor: hoping by that means that the other durst attempt nothing against him.  
These be the practices and means wherewith Popes have nourished and do yet nourish their tyranny in the Church of the Lord.  
Benet being menaced by the king of France changed his opinion, and left the sentences given by his predecessors against Lewis. He placed Vicars in the Imperial Towns of Italy, and drew unto the Roman seat the charge and office of a Senator, 
The Penetentiers.  withdrawing it from the Emperor. He invented all that was needful for the apostolic penetentiary, declaring in order the taxes of Letters, and so assembled great riches from all nations.  

Collations of benefices.  This Pope first usurped collations of all Prelatures, Bishopprikes, & other benefices, as well for himself as for his successors: and deprived such as were unlearned and ignorant from their benefices: And ordained that all his Chaplains should sing by note their Canonical hours. That they should lie in one Dortoire, 

Canonical hours sung by note.  
The sister of Francis Petrarke, bought by Benet.   and that they should have no other revenues, but that was necessary for their life and apparel.  
He builded in avignon a very fair house, with Towers and goodly Orchards: And this old Adulterer bought dear the sister of Francis Petrarke which was very fair, of her brother called Gerard, to abuse her.  
He ordained 6. Cardinal's being absent from Rome, & repaired with great charge & cost the roof of S. Peter's church, & published certain acts against the jacobins, 
Ockam. Dantes.  as Leander witnesseth.  
Ockam & Dantes held for heretics, because they maintained by lively reasons out of the scriptures that the Roman Empire depended not upon the Pope, but of God only. Naucler.  
Such as speak against the Pope are heretics.  
Benet made many Extravagants and Benedictines for the Monks of the order of S. Benet, wherein is made mention in the sixth and seventh Chapter, how Abbots ought to send their young Monks, such as are fittest to their study unto the Universities, and offer them pensions to do it.  
He made a Decretal which beginneth Benedictus Deus in donis suis: to the end benefices should not be given to such as were unworthy of them. Wherein is confuted and condemned as heretical, the doctrine which his predecessor john had publicly preached touching the happy souls: and it was determined & declared 't the souls which had nothing to purge, incontinent as they are departed from the body do see the face of God.  
He was said to have been so rigorous that he would scant know such as were of his blood: and said that the Pope had no parents. Fascic. temp.  
The year of Christ 1339. the Castle of Loppen was besieged by certain Gentlemen, with 30000. footmen, and fifteen thousand horsemen: but they were valiantly driven back and chased away by the Swisses, which with the number of two or three thousand slew 4000 of the said combatants & three Counts. Fasc. temp. and others.  
The Sarrasins in Spain were discomfited, where there were 1000 slain, & as many prisoners. Chro. Euseb. The sea of Histo.  
Benet died in avignon, to the great joy of many, for his great rigour, and therefore some write of him.  
Hic situs est Nero, laicis mors, vipera clero:  
Devius a vero, cuppa repleta mero, that is,  
Here lieth death to Laie-men, a viper to the Clergy,  
A straier from the verity, a cup full of Wine.  
He left great sums of gold and silver, whereof he gave nothing to his parents and friends, but to the Church.  
Francis Petrarke flourished in this time, and Gregory de Aremino the Augustine and general of his order.  
Orcanes' second Emperor of the Turks, son of Ottoman, who reigned 22. years.  

Clement. 6.  Clement Pope, sixth of that name, Limosin ruled in avignon 11. years: before called Peter Roger, borne of Lymoges. First he was Prior of S. Babille, which is a Priory of the order of S. Benet, after Abbot of Fescan, after Bishop of Arras, than Archbishop of Roan, and after by Pope Benet 12. was made Cardinal, and finally after his death was made Pope, although he was the youngest of all the Cardinals.  
H. Marius in his book Entitled Eusebius Captive, in this manner describeth the Pope. Clement 6. saith he, a man very desirous of women, of honour and power, being incited with a diabolical fury, fixed Letters upon the gates & doors of Temples, by which he threatened the Emperor upon grievous punishments, that within 3. days he should renounce the rights of his Empire.  
The cruelty of this Emperor was marvelous. This Emperor came to Francford, and being ready with all his power to do that which was enjoined him, required by his Ambassadors, that he would receive him into grace.  
This Pope answered the Ambassadors, that he would never pardon Lewis, unless first he confessed all his errors and heresies, and dismissed himself of the Imperial dignity, & put into his hands, himself, his children, and all his goods, and that he would promise to take nothing of all those things, but by his consent. And he gave a formulary unto the Ambassadors, and commanded them to present it unto Lewis.  
What form or fashion is there here, I will not say of a Pastor, but of a man only?  
Lewis showed this formulary to the Princes, to the Electors, and to the Ambassadors of the Imperial Towns. The Princes detested some of the Articles, for that they were laid by the Pope to the ruin and destruction of the Empire: and they promised the Emperor succours if he would defend the rights of the Empire, as he had done before: yet they prayed Clement by their Ambassadors, that he would leave off such Articles invented to the detriment of the Empire; but the Ambassadors returned without doing any thing.  
Clement laying the cause of all those things upon Lewis, sought the ruin of him and his children. Wherefore the Thursday before Easter, he excommunicated him very cruelly, and renewed all the rigorous processes made by Pope john, and declared him an heretic and a schismatic: he also solicited the Electors to choose an other Emperor. He deprived the Archbishop of Magunce of his dignity, and of the privilege & authority to choose: because that knowing the Emperor's innocency, he would not violate his majesty. As for the other Electors, the new of Magunce, he of trevers and Colongne being corrupted by force of gifts and presents by the king of Bohemia, declared Emperor Charles the fourth, son of john King of Bohemia, who was son of Henry seventh of that name, who was crowned at Bohemia during the Empire of Lewis: but he was not reputed a lawful Emperor, no not after the death of Lewis, as may be seen.  
Who can here rehearse the horrible wars which proceeded of the wickedness of this Clement against the Empire?  
Twenty thousand French men were overthrown by Edward King of England: who descended into Normandy, 
The journey of Cressy.  and came even to Paris, destroying all the Country. It was called the battle of Cressy; where there was great effusion of French blood. Chron. Euseb. Callais was yielded to the king of England, after it had endured extreme famine.  
A great famine was in all Italy, accompanied with a pestilence and mortality, which was almost universal. It continued till the year, 1350. See the Histories of Almain & France.  
Lewis the fourth was poisoned (as is said) having drunk of the Cup of jane Duchess of Ostrich, 
See the Chro. of the Emperors in the 2. Tom.  which came to see him; and feeling himself grieved he would needs go on hunting, and being in the wood, he fell from his horse, as if he had been stricken with a Palsy, whereof he died soon after. At the article and point of death he cried: O my God be merciful unto me a poor sinner. Munster and others.  
After his death, there was yet more trouble than before. 
Edward chosen Emperor. Frederic.  The Electors were solicited to elect Edward king of England▪ but he refused the election as a thing too troublesome. After, they chose Frederic Count of Misne: 
Charles. 4.  but he loved better to maintain peace with the Bohemians, then to charge himself with the titles of the Empire.  
At Francford one part of the Electors chose Gunther of Scwartymbourge: who accepted the Election as being sufficiently munited and puissant to hold good against the Emperor Charles, who then remained at Magunce. But Gunther a little after was poisoned and died at Francford, so Charles reigned alone.  
Let all people know hereby the detestable tyranny that Popes have exercised through all the world, spreading the seeds of seditions and wars.  

The public revenue of the Empire engaged.  The Empire was brought into great calamity: for Charles to the end to leave his son successor, did so corrupt the Electors with store of gifts and promises, that he gauged unto them the public revenue of the Empire, which they yet detain at this day: and therefore the Roman Empire could not relieve itself. For than did the Electors constrain Charles to swear that he would never revoke that he had engaged.  
The Empire being overthrown, the Turk assailed the Church of jesus Christ, and ruinated many of them in Europe, putting all to fire and sword, and laying upon them that miserable yoke of Mahomet.  
But how can Christian Princes drive back Ottoman and his successors out of the Church of Christ, if they first repress not the Turkish Pope an household enemy?  

The jubilee remitted to 50. years.  This Pope Clement reduced to the fiftieth year the jubilee, whereof hath been spoken, to the end by that means to gather more gold: and being absent from Rome, he made it be celebrated the year of the Lord, 1350. All the length of the said year there were at Rome every day to the number of five thousand Pilgrims, entering and going out, as easily might be counted. Thus saith Peter Premonstre.  
The bringing in the observation of the ceremony of jubilee, is a renowncing of jesus Christ, who hath brought us the agreeable time, and the year and day of salvation and perpetual pardon. 2. Cor. 6.2.  
In this time a company of people of divers Nations were assembled, making a Sect, 
Lewis.  
Whippers or beaters.  which did beat and whip themselves, going from Town to Town, from Borough to Borough, and from Village to Village: There came one time 200. from Sovabe, and amongst them was one Prince and two Governors, whom they obeyed. One day being before the Monastery of Spire, in the day about one of the Clock, they made a round and stripped themselves naked, except that they had shirts like hose, from the thighs to the heels, and so fell prostrate upon the earth one after an other in form of a Cross, 
A new Sect. Robes.  and whipped themselves, singing and Invocating God: they also laid their faces towards the earth, praying for themselves and for all such as did them good, likewise for them that did evil unto them. They had certain Priests amongst them, and some Lettered people: there were also Gentlemen and Handicraftmen, women and children. If any man Invited them to dinner, they durst not go, nor take any alms without the leave of their Governors. But they whipped themselves twice a day, and each one once in the night secretly. They spoke not to any woman. They all carried Crosses both before and behind, in their apparel, hats, or Caps. Their whips were tied to their robes, and they remained no more than one night in a Parish.  
From the Town of Spire, there were more than an hundredth which ranged themselves in their company. 
Error incontinently findeth her adherents  Yet none was received of their band, unless they promised to keep all the aforesaid things. And if any had not enough each day to spend eight pence: and if he promised not to be confessed, and to have good contrition, and to forgive all injuries his enemies had done unto him Moreover, his wife must consent unto him. Finally the Emperor forced them to leave off these toys and babbles: and the Pope forbade them upon pain of excommunication from thenceforth not to whip themselves. Yet in repentant manner they might whip themselves secretly.  
Imbert Dauphin of Vienne, renouncing the glory of the world (as they speak) took the habit of a jacobin in the Covent of Lions upon Rhosne: sold the Country of Dolphin to the king of France, 
Charles. 4.  under condition that the kings of France should not alien it, and that their eldest children should bear the title thereof. And this did he in despite of such as should have been his heirs, which had done a thing contrary to his will. See the French Histories.  
Bartholus the Legist or Lawyer was in this time, and Petrus Bercorij, who translated Titus Liutus into French, at the King john his commandment, and made the breviary upon the Bible, and the Moral Reportorie.  
Philip de Valois 49. king of France, the Coozin-germain of the three former kings, having reigned 22. years, died at Noogent le Roy, of the age of 57 years.  
john his son Duke of Normandy, was crowned at Reims, the fiftieth king of France, and reigned 14. years.  
The brotherhood of the order of the star, began in the house of S. Oyon nigh Paris, at the instance of King john. The knights of this order carried a star in their hats or on their coats.  
About this time the jews were sent out of Almain, because they had infected and poisoned the Fountains and Pits of water. Fasci. Temp.  
Clement the sixth died suddenly, being strooken with an apostume, the year 1353.  

Innocent. 6.  Innocent Pope, sixth of that name succeeded, borne of Lymoges, first called Stephen Aubert, he was an advocate Doctor in the Laws and the Decrees: after he was Bishop of Clerimont and Cardinal of Ostia.  
After he had taken possession of the Popedom, looking prudently for his profit in time to come, 
Reservation of Benefices.  he suspended certain reservations made by Clement his predecessor: and strait ordained that all Prelates and beneficed men should retire unto their Churches: not to the end to preach the Gospel, but to magnify and maintain all abuses and Papish rights. And that they might gather the fruits thereof to live in all Idleness and dissolution.  
He said well that Sheep ought to be kept by their own Shepherd, and not by an hireling.  
This Pope would needs gather a tenth of all the rents and revenues of the Clergy, but the Prelates of France would not consent thereunto, therefore it was not levied, yet he did what he could in Almain, in the Diocese of Spice. See Nauclerus.  
The dearness of victuals was extreme in France, for the wars of the Englishmen, the quarter of good wheat was at eighteen pounds at Paris.  
He diminished his ordinary expenses (which was great) in reducing his family to a certain number, yet not very honest, as may be seen in Petrarke.  
He would have no person in his house but such as should serve either his profit or affections, and he very straightly by Edict enjoined all his Cardinals that they should do the like. 
Betwixt saying and doing is a long way.  And said that his life and that of all Ecclesiastical persons ought to serve for an example to others, so that all Christian people may take heed to follow our examples. Moreover he ordained a certain salary or stipend for the Auditors of his Palace, to the end they should steal nothing.  
He was sparing in his diet and living (say some authors) but in expenses of war very large.  
The University of Prage in Bohemia, 
The University of Prage.  is instituted and endowed with privileges by Innocent, at the request of the Emperor Charles the 4. Naucler.  
Charles the 4. going to Rome to be crowned, 
Outrage done to the Empress.  his wife was taken at Pisa, and carried with her Damsels into a Stews to despite the Emperor, but she escaped from thence in great danger: and then appeared the virtue of the Almains. Nauclerus.  
The year 1355. Charles the 4. was crowned at Milan, and after at Rome on Easter day, upon condition strait to depart out of Italy. Naucler.  
What pride was this to command the Roman Emperor to retire out of his own country? Franc. Petrarke.  
The journey of Poitiers was to the great damage and confusion of all France, and victory of the English. 
The battle of Poitiers.  There were slain the Duke of Bourbon, and the Constable of France, the Marshal and others, to the number of eight hundredth knights. The King of France was a prisoner, Philip his fourth son and others, as well Counts as knights and men of arms, at least 17. hundredth. See the Histories of France.  
The year of Christ, 1359. was held an Imperial journey at Magunce, whether the Pope Innocent sent his Legate for the subsidies of the apostolic Chamber: and the said Legate had power to dispense with all Ecclesiastical persons touching Benefices which they had obtained otherwise then the holy Canons permitted. In this assembly were the Archbishop of Magunce, Trevers, and of Colongne, the Dukes of Saxe, Baviere and others. The Emperor than called the Legate unto him & said: The Pope hath sent you into Almain to exact a great sum of silver, without reforming the Clergy. After he said to a Canon of Magunce; deliver me your hat, and gave him his which was much worse. Then said he to the Princes which were there; Lock not I with this hat more like a warrior then a man of the Church? Then turned he again to the Archbishop of Magunce, and said. We command that you reform your Clergy, and take away the superfluity in their garments, shoes, hats, and other things. The Pope's Legate hearing this, went away all confounded, and as it were flying, took a boat and got him to Cologne. Naucler.  

john de Roquetaillaide martyred.  This Pope, a true Tyrant of Babylon, commanded that john de Roquetaillaid should be burnt in avignon, because he said something against the Clergy. This man (saith Peter de Premonstre) prophesied many things should come to pass touching Antichrist and the Popes, and therefore was he held suspected of heresy. For he began to prophecy the year of our Lord, 1345. in the time of Clement the sixth, and many things were seen come to pass of that he had foretold.  

The Feast of the spear and nails.  This Pope ordained the Feast of jesus Christ's Lance and nails: to the end those dead Idols might be adored by the Christians. He Environed avignon with walls and ditches, and without the town founded the Monastery of Chartreux.  

Wonders.  Before this Pope's death, there was a great Eclipse of the Sun, such as was never seen the like; to show that that very time was so full of darkness, that scant was there any remainder of the light of truth in the Church.  
There was also seen in his time a a flame after the sun-setting (as Masseus witnesseth) which endured a long time, and showed what a great fire should after come. Moreover there was great numbers of Grasshoppers, which after they had destroyed the corn, even all trees were burned.  
As the said Pope was preparing an Army by sea against the Turks, 
The death of Innocent.  because the Romans were in troubles and seditions, he was so vexed in his mind, that he died with grief, the year 1362. and was buried in the said Monastery of Chartreux without the Town of avignon.  
Vrbain fifth of Limosin, 
Vrbain. 5.  called before Grinnald Grisant the son of an English Physician called William, Monk of S. Benet, first Abbot of Auxerre, and after of S. Victor, nigh to Marseillis, being absent in a certain Embassage, was created Pope.  
He was a great Doctor of the Canon Law, and an exceeding arrogant Master. He strait applied himself to defend the liberty of the Papal Church by covetousness, dissolutions and pomps, and chiefly served himself therein with such as affectioned him most in such affairs. But above all, he sent one called giles a Spaniard, Cardinal of S. Sabin as a Legate into Italy with full power: Who as a true Executor of all his bloody commandments, rode through all Italy, and so repressed the viscounts and other governors of Towns, bringing upon them great losses and hurts if they would not submit themselves under the obedience of the Roman Church.  
Yues a Britain Priest, 
Yues.  sold his goods and gave them to the poor, and was Canonised after his death. Sabell.  
Armacan (some call him Richard and qualify him an Archbishop) a learned man, published conclusions against Friars, 
Armacan.  teaching that it was a villainous thing for a Christian to beg without constraint. Volater.  
Baldus a Lawyer of Peruse, was renowned in this time. 
Baldus.   

Jesuits.  The Monastic order of Jesuits began by john Colomban and Francis Vincent of Bourgongne. Volat. and Sabell. They were afterward by the Pope's privilege, called the apostolic Clerks.  
Brigide Princess of Savabe, had four sons and four daughters: a little before Pope Vrbain died, she went to Rome to erect the order which after she instituted. Valat. lib. 21.  
She then to accomplish her vow, procured that the order of Monks (named with her name) as well men as women might be confirmed.  

A golden Bull.  The Emperor Charles merited great praise by the Bull of gold, wherein he gathered many things very necessary to maintain public peace.  
john king of France went into England for the deliverance of his brother Duke of Orleans, and of his son john Duke of Berry, and of many others which he left in hostage; and being there, died in London, & after was carried to S. Denis in France. See Emili. lib. 8. & 9  
Charles' fifth of that name, 51. king of France, was surnamed le Sage. He caused many Latin books to be translated into French, yea books of holy scripture.  
Amurathes the third Emperor of the Turks, reigned 23. years, and was the first that entered into Europe: For he aided the Emperor of Constantinople, and sent him 12. thousand men, which passed into Greece. This was after, cause of the taking of the Cowntrey of Asia, the year of Christ, 1363.  
Wickliff began as a break of day, the preaching of the Gospel.  
john Wickliff an English man, a man of great spirit, flourished in this time, and began as from a deep night to draw out the truth of the doctrine of the son of God. He studied in the University of Oxford, and came to such degree of erudition, that he was thought the most excellenrest amongst the Theologians. In his readings with the purity of the doctrine which he taught, he also lively touched the abuses of the Popedom: In so much that the Locusts, that is to say the begging Monks, lifted themselves up against him. But the Lord gave him for a Protector, the King Edward, during whose reign, he had great liberty in his profession.  
Richard the said Edward's successor, persecuted and banished him: but as a true Champion of the Lord he remained always constant even to his death. His conclusions, his books and his doctrine, show sufficiently the gifts and graces which God had bestowed upon him. Whosoever will more largely know those things, let him look in the book of Martyrs brought by us into light since the said Wickliff.  
Vrbane went to Rome to pacify Italy, where he builded many things at Viterbe, and at Montlacon, minding to return into Italy. And as he returned into France in hope to bring again the Court to Rome, he deceased at Marseilles, not without great suspicion of poisoning. Sabel.  
An University founded at Vienna in ostrich, by Albert Duke of ostrich.  
Planudes a Greek Monk lived in this time: he translated Cato and other books out of Greek into Latin.  
Charles King of France often held his seat of justice, and was altogether a man of peace, neither was ever Armed. Only walking nigh Paris, he made his wars and other his affairs of importance by his brothers and other Committees, by whom he recovered as it were all that which the English men had taken from his Father. To help the charges of the war, 
A Tax upon Wine.  he laid a Tax upon Salt & Wine that men sold. He had five Armies at once against the English men.  
Gregory Pope, 11. of that name, of Limosin, 
Gregory. 11.  ruled in avignon 7. years & 5. months, before he was called Rogier, son of the Earl of Benfort, and Nephew of Pope Clement the sixth: he was the Disciple of Baldus the Legist, who then read at Peruse.   

Return of the papalty to Rome.  
Most of the Towns of Italy withdrawing themselves from his obedience (as Volateranus saith) at the persuasion of Caterine de Siene, a Nun of the order of jacobins, & of Baldus his late master, parting from France with 12. Galleys, with 3. ranks of Oars returned to Rome, the year of the Lord 1376.  
He pronounced sentence of Interdict against the Florentines, which were the first authors of the revolt, and had seized all the Pope's Towns which were about them. Upon whom finally he made strong and sharp war, because they made no account of the thunder of his excommunications: which the Legists said were of no validity, because they proceeded of hatred and enmity. Naucler.  
Some set down certain causes of his return into Italy. A woman called Brigide (saith Masseus) returning from jerusalem, writ to Gregory that the Lord would that the Roman Court should be turned into her house. Cranzius addeth, that as he reprehended a Bishop, that he left his Church and followed the Court, he answered him. And thou saith he which art Pope of Rome, and which ought to give example to others, why goest not thou to thy Bishopric? Then transported he his seat to Rome at the persuasion of two women and of a Bishop, the seventh year after he was departed.  
This Pope demanded a tenth of all Church goods in Almaigne, & to gather it sent his Legate. But many resisted & form appellations against the Pope, saying that they could not pay it. Others that they would not pay it: and so was there a schism in the Churches of Almaigne. Naucler.  
Petrarke died about this time. So did Boccace, of the age of 62. years, Abb. Trit.  
Simon de Cassia was in this time, and S. Bonaventure whom Gregory 2. made Cardinal and Bishop of Albe. Abb. Trit.  
Amurathes was slain with the blow of a Dagger, by the servant of a Christian called Seruianus: For that the said Amurathes had slain his master.  

A new Sect of dancers.  Peter de Premonstre hath left by writing, that in this Pope's time there was a kind or new Sect of devilish people, as well men as women, which without any shame danced hardly. And he said that in the year of the Lord 1375. they came from Aix in Almain into Henaut, and from thence into France. Some said this signified the return of Pope Gregory & his Cardinals to Rome. These thought they danced in a flood of blood, although such as were present with them saw no such thing. The common people judged that these people were ill baptised by Priests which keep whores and harlots: and therefore they determined to have risen up against the Clergy to slay them and pill their goods, 
Wencelaus.  but that God remedied it by the means of certain conjurations, & that which followeth in the said author.  
The year of Christ 1375. the English men and Brytons, 
The English fall upon the the Swisses.  with other people to the number of forty thousand and more, fell upon the Countries of Alsarce and Sangania, and took Cities and Castles and razed them to the ground, violated virgins and wives, burned Churches and Monasteries, and after many other tyrannies they attempted also upon the Bernois: but a great multitude of them and their Duke were slain and discomfited by the said Bernois at Frowenbrun, the rest were assailed by other Swisses, and were overthrown, and so they all perished miserably. Fascic. temp.  
The Emperor Charles sought to stretch out the limits of his kingdom of Boheme, partly by silver, and partly by wars and other means: which was cause that he gave to john Henry his brother, the Country of Moravia, 
The Country of Moravia.  to the end he might renounce the right he had in the kingdom of Boheme. Long time after he also caused the Prince's Electors to elect Wencelaus his son King of the Romans. Finally, after many requests he obtained that he demanded, the year of grace 1376. and gained the Princes which elected Wencelaus King of Romans, 
Wencelaus.  being but 15. years of age. After his coronation he espoused Ihehanne or jane daughter of Albert, Count of Holland, and Duke of Baviere. But the year following Charles died, which was the year of grace 1378. and of his Empire 33. He was an Emperor worthy of praise, saving that he regarded more his kingdom of Boheme, than the public weal of his Empire. For knowing his Son should succeed him in the Empire, he corrupted the Electors by great and fair promises, the which being not able to accomplish, he gauged unto them the public taxes and tributes, and brought the Roman Empire into that calamity wherein it is at this day. For the Electors retain that unto themselves which should be the Emperors.  
A great number of the poor of Lion were burnt at Paris, in the place de grieve. The Sea of Histories.  
The College of Benuais was founded at Paris, the year 1372. otherwise called the College des dorman's, because it was founded by three brethren called dorman's, the one was Bishop of Beawais, the other Archbishop of Angiers, and the other Chancellor of France.  
Wencelaus son of Charles fourth of that name, was chosen king of the Romans, being but 15. years of age, at the pursuit of his Father, and crowned at Aix la Chappelle, with his wife the daughter of Albert Duke of Baviere, and Count of Holland. But this Wencelaus was evil made of body and spirit, his body crooked and of an effeminate courage. He was borne at Nuremberge, and his mother died at his birth. assoon as he was made king of Boheme and of the Romans, incontinently he gave himself to all Idleness and dissolution, following his pleasures, caring for nothing but to make good cheer. And because he used great tyranny, in the end the Barons of the kingdom took him & kept him in prison the space of 4. months, 
The Emperor imprisoned.  till he was brought forth by his brother the marquess called john: but he became no better. His subjects then seeing that all the Country was infected with his orders, tyrannies, whoredoms & dissolutions, they complained to his brother Sigismond king of Hungary, and he was again taken and imprisoned in ostrich, but escaping out of prison, he returned into his kingdom, and returned to his first manners. The Electors of the Empire often admonished him, but he cared not, therefore he was deprived of his Empire at Bopard.  
Bajazet fourth King or Emperor of the Turks, the son of Amurathes, after the death of his Father, slew his brother Soliman traitorously, and so alone enjoyed the Empire of the Turks, the year of the world 5335. after Christ's Nativity, 1373. To revenge the death of his father, he made war against Mark Lord of Bulgaria, 
Mark Lord of Bulgaria.  overcame and slew him, and so subjecteth a great part of his Country. A little after he overran Hungary, Albania and Walachie, and did great hurt, took many Christians and led them into Thracia prisoners. In his enterprises and affairs he was so hot and so sudden, that he was called Bajazet Hildrin, that is to say, thunder from heaven. He brought under as it were all Greece, being aided with the goods and graces of nature, both in body and spirit. He besieged Constantinople by the space of eight years. Whereupon the Emperor sailed into France requiring succours, which was granted him: yet got Bajazet victory of the French, Hungarians, Almains, Syrians and Misians, in one assembly against him: after he returned to Constantinople, and there was no other mean to conserve the Empire of Constantinople, but that Tamberlan, who was Lord of a certain Country of East Scythia towards Parthia, having (as it were) an infinite number of people, put to the sword in one only battle on the Mount Stella (where Pompey fought with Mithridates) 2. hundredth thousand Turks, and overcame Bajazet, and bound him with chains of Gold and put him into a Cage of Iron, and so led him through all the Countries of Asia and Syria: In the which miserable estate the said Bajazet died. He reigned twenty and six years.  
Edward King of England who had so many victories in France, died of the age of 74. years, the year 52. of his reign.  
Charles the 4. and Wencelaus his son, came into France to accord the French and the English: but they returned without doing any thing, because of the death of the Queen, and her daughter Isabel.  
The Pope Gregory after he had done all that belonged to a good Pope, (as Platina saith) being tormented with an intolerable pain of the blather, deceased the year of the Lord 1378. Some say that at the hour that he yielded the spirit, the fire flamed in the palace of avignon, which could not be put out until the greatest part of it was burnt. And after that, followed a schism in the Popedom, the greatest of all the others. Then saith Masseus, the people and Clergy of Rome assembled towards the Cardinals, and prayed them to choose some Italian, and no French man.  
Vrbain sixth of that name, a Nepolitain by Nation, 
Vrbain. 6.  called before Bartholemewe, Archbishop of Bar, being not yet of the order of Cardinals, and absent at the great pursuit of the Romans, was created Pope.  
He was (saith Crantzius) a cruel man, of whom by prayers nothing could be obtained. Being come to the Popedom he would not procure that peace might be amongst Christians as his duty was: but sought to revenge himself of injuries done him by Cardinals, and by jane Queen of Sicily.  

Clement. 7. This is not numbered in the Catalogue of the Popes.  Clement Pope, 7. of that name, was also chosen, and ruled in avignon 15. years.  
And thus began the 22. Schism, the cruelest and horriblest, which endured long.  
This came to pass for that after the death of Gregory 11. the Cardinals parted themselves into two bands, the Italian Cardinals by constraint of the Romans did choose the said Bartholemewe Archbishop of Bar, and called him Vrbane the 6. but because he reproved and reprehended the Cardinals for their lightness, they all departed from him, and went into the City of Tends, where upon envy with the French Cardinals they chose one called Robert, borne at Geneva, Cardinal of the title of the twelve Apostles, and called him Clement the seventh, who came to dwell in avignon, because of the schism.  
Nauclere saith that this Clement was borne at Catalongne, and was chosen 3. months after the promotion of Vrbain 6. For the French Cardinals, for the heat of the time demanded licence of the Pope to go into Anagnia, and from thence were transported into Poville, where they elected the said Clement.  
When Vrbane saw himself thus left of his Cardinals, he created thirty new upon one day.  

A schism of forty years.  This schism endured forty years until the Council of Constance: whereupon came great disorder. The King of France and all his kingdom: Item Spain and England held the part of Clement the 7. The other Countries, that is to say, Italy, Almaigne, Hungary, etc. followed Vrbane the 6. and on both sides there was great contradiction.  
The kingdom of France endured great evils about this schism. For Clement had good 35. Cardinals maintained & living chiefly of the said kingdom, and all held the best Prelateships, benefices and dignities.  
The kingdom there also was sore grieved, with Impositions, Annuities, Tenths, 
Inventions to draw silver.  expective graces and other inventions: Insomuch that the poor Clerks & Students of the University of Paris could get no Benefices, but all were occupied for Cardinals and other Courtiers of avignon, who had ever hired people to inquire of the value of Benefices.  
Vrbane was cautelous, seditious, and uncourteous, 
Vrbane.  memorative and revengeful of injuries, and one that took pleasure to sow dissensions amongst Christian Princes, rather than appease them. Neither could he live in peace with the king of Hungary and of Naples. He would have deprived Charles king of Sicily of his kingdom, Insomuch that Charles came against him, and constrained him to fly to Genues by sea, and as he passed on, the Pope caused 5. or 6. cardinals to be drowned, because he thought they favoured Clement the 7. who was at avignon.  
Two other Cardinals fled towards the said Clement, and were welcomed: but Vrbain excommunicated them, & Clement absolved them, and the two Popes one excommunicated an other, and their adherents. Naucler.  
Vrbain absolved the Florentines of an excommunication to acquire their grace and favour.  
To show himself devout, he instituted the Feast of the visitation of the Virgin Mary in the Mountains.  
He went to Naples to put Ladislaus son of Charles king of Naples, and jane his sister from their heritage: but it was in vain. Therefore he returned to Rome, wherein he was poisoned and died.  
The said Charles at the solicitation of Pope Vrbain the 6. came from Hungary to Naples, where being, 
Acts worthy of the Papal seat.  he slew the Queen jane to please the Pope's apppetite.  
All the Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots, and Priests, which adheared unto the said jane, were deprived of their Benefices by the Pope, and in their places other were instituted. See Naucler.  
So Charles remained king of Naples five years, afterward he returned into Hungary, but by the subtlety of the Queen he was poisoned, and died the year, 1385. So wickedly as he had caused Queen jane of Sicily to be slain: So the Queen of Hungary slew him. 
Note the troubles 't come of the Pope.  But the cause why Vrbane sent for Charles to Naples was in despite of Queen jane, who had received his Cardinals into her kingdom, wherefore he deprived her thereof, and was crowned King of Sicily by the Pope, the year 1381. under condition that he should leave to his Nephew certain Duchess & Counts in Sicilia. But because the said Charles was poor, the Pope sold the Church's goods, yea and the goods of certain Monasteries, even amounting to 8000. Florence: he aliened also and sold certain ornaments of Gold and Silver, Crosses and Images, with which help he obtained the kingdom of Naples as is said.  

The three Flower deluces of France.  Charles the sixth, son of Charles the fifth, was sacred King of France very young. He would bear but three Four deluces in the French Arms. His Father left him 1800000. Scutes. (Gaguin saith 18. Millions) and yet at the beginning of his reign he had no money: For it was dissipated and dispersed by divers Tutors and Governors.  
The aforesaid Clement 7. crowned Lewis King of Naples, who by arms occupied the Province, going into Italy against the said Charles and Vrbane, having in his Camp 30. thousand fighters: but he died two years after he was in Italy. The Fountains and waters were empoisoned, whereof he died and all his Nobility. Naucler.  
The said jane Queen of Sicily & Countess of Provence, the wife of Charles Duke of Calabria, son of Robert King of Sicily and Navarre, and the sister of the King of France Philip, had made the said Lewis, Duke of Anjou, her heir. (For she had now reigned 30. years without having any line. The Sea of Histories.  
Lewis Archbishop of Magdebourge, as he danced in the Town of Calvin with Ladies and Damosels until night, sell upon the ground and broke his neck, and beat out his brains, with one of the Ladies which he led. The same hist..  
The year 1381. Hugo Aubriot, born at Bourgongne, who before had been great Governor the Finances of France, by the means of the Duke of Bourgongne was made Provost of Paris, and during his government, the policy of Paris was well administered. Many buildings were made, as the bridge of S. Michael, the walls towards the Bastile, S. Antony, and the length of the River of Seine: the little Bridge, the little Castle, and many other places. He was accused of many crimes, and above all, for that he derided Churchmen, and principally them of the University of Paris; which conceived great enmity against him: but especially because he caused to be builded the Tower of the little Castle upon the little Bridge to repress the Insolencies of Scholars, and to stay their night courses. Wherefore at their pursuit many secret inquests were made against him, and he was charged to have had the company of jewish women. 
Aubriot.  That he believed not in the Sacrament of the Altar, but mocked at it, and would never be confessed. Being charged with these informations, he was imprisoned in the Chastelet, and from thence yielded to the Bishop of Paris his prison, and was declared an heretic worthy to be burned. At the Prince's request the sentence was moderated, and he was publicly placed on a Scaffold in our Lady's Court at Paris, as an heretic and contemner of Sacraments, and as such an one, condemned to perpetual prison with bread and water.  
He was afterward delivered from the said prison of Paris by a popularie tumult, which would have made him their Captain, but he withdrew himself to Dijon where he was borne.  
The ninth of july, Ludolphe or Lupolde Duke of ostrich, with a great company of people of war deceived by the counsel of the Nobles, 
The Swissers prosper.  fell upon the Swissers nigh Sempac, which were in number of a thousand six hundredth, which drove away all that multitude, and slew the Duke of Ostrich with eighteen other Princes. Two years after the Gentlemen which escaped, returned with six thousand combatants: but two hundredth men of Glaronne put them to flight, and overcame 2400. Fasc.  
About the year 1387 fell there a schism betwixt the University of Paris, and the Friar jacobins. One Doctor of the Friars Preachers called john de Montelon, 
The disputation of the conception of the Virgin Marie.  preached and maintained publicly that the Virgin Marie was borne in original sin.  
Such questions come of pride and ambition, they are not such as the Lord requireth.  

The name of Huet.  At Roven an other Doctor of the same order preached publicly, that if he proved not that the Virgin Marie was conceived in original sin, let them call him Huet, that is Owl. Hereupon in despite and derision of them, when men saw any of the said order, they called them Huets. The Sea of Hist.  
Charles 6. king of France, visited the Pope Clement 6. in avignon.  

Antichrist makes war upon himself.  Clement died the year of our Lord jesus 1392. and was buried in avignon, as they say. These two Popes sent terrible Bulls into divers parts of the world, and sowed diffamitorie books, wherein they named one an other Antichrists, Schismatics, heretics, tyrants, traitors, thieves, unjust, sowers of tars, and children of Belial. john de Ligni Doctor of both laws, published a Treatise in favour of Vrbaine: and the Abbot of S. Vast the king's Councillor of France, an other in favour of Clement.  
The seat of Rome could never be better approved of Antichrist, then by the acts of these Popes, and the witness of their partakers and complices.  

Boniface. 9  Boniface Pope, ninth of that name, ruled at Rome 15. years; he was a Neapolitain, & elected of the age of 30. years, before called Peter Thomocel. He was the likeliest amongst the Cardinals which Vrbain had created.  
He confirmed the feast of the visitation of the Virgin Marie, instituted by Vrbain his predecessor.  
He fortified the Castle of S. Angelo against the Roman people.  
He made a law whereby he obtained the signory of all the world: that is to say; That it should not be lawful for any person to enjoy any Benefice whereunto he should be promoted, before he had paid to the Fiske or apostolic chamber all the revenue of the first year.  
He abolished Tribune's, which was a noble Magistracy in the Town of Rome: and constrained the Romans by a cruel Edict to call a stranger to be Senator, namely, one Maleteste of Piscane.  
Boniface canonised S. Brigide, as is above said, in the life of Vrbain the 5.  
He made great merchandise of Indulgences, and sold them for money.  
The year of Christ, 1394 Clement the seventh died in avignon.  
Benet Pope, 13. of that name, 
Benet. 13.  otherwise called Peter de la Lune, borne at Catalongne, father to the king of Arragon, governed in avignon 21. years, and after went into Arragon, in the time of the Council of Constance.  
Before he was Pope being a Cardinal, he made a voyage to Paris to cause the schism to cease. And then in the University of Paris, were M. Peter d' Aliaco, Cardinal, 
De Aliace. Gerson.  Doctor in theology: and M. john Gerson, who after the said Aliaco, was Chancellor of Paris.  
The year 1395. the Christian Princes, Sigismond king of Hungary and Boheme, brother of the Emperor Wencelaus, Philip d' Artois, john Count de Nevers, and many other Christian Princes, were discomfited nigh Nicopolis, going against Bajazet the Turk, to give succours to the Emperor of Constantinople: the pride and dissolution of the French was cause thereof.   

The beginning of the Dukes of Milan.  
We have said that in the time of Henry the seventh there was at Milan two factions, that is, 
Two factions at Milan.  of the Gibellins and of the Guelphs. The viscounts stuck to the one, the year 1250. and were the strongest in their families. In so much that in the end Matthew Viscount cast out of the Town of Milan the great family of Turrians; Galeace succeeded Matthew in the administration of the Commonwealth. After Galeace, came Actio his son, out of whose helm fell the Serpent. And because this man died without issue, his uncles john Bishop of Milan and Luchin, took the government of the Duchy, and had great wars against the Cities of Parme, Land, Cremone, Bergame, Genes, and others, & subjecteth them. The Bishop being dead, and Luchin also, the administration came to Barnabas, who with the aid of his brethren, had many wars against the Pope of Rome, but principally he a long time molested Bolongne, until the Citizens redeemed themselves with money. See Munster.  

Battle against the Turk.  The unlucky battle for the Christians in Hungaria against the Turk, where 20000. Christians were slain, and infinite others taken and put to death. The Count of Nevers was there taken prisoner, but his life was saved with 22. others, gentlemans. His ransom was 200000. scutes. Naucler. & the Sea of Histories.  
Benet the 13. granted to the Universities, Rolls to have provision of Benefices.  
Mary daughter of king Charles made herself a Nun at Poissy. 
A national Council in France.  The year of Christ 1398. was assembled a Council by the Prelates of France, wherein it was said, that because Pope Benet would not accord to that way of session, they would obey him no more in any thing. That Ordinaries should make collation of Benefices. That unto elective dignities men should proceed by election, without any more resorting to the Pope Benet.  
The English men imprisoned, and after ungently murdered their king Richard: because he had made peace and accord with the king of France, without consent of the people.  
The year 1399. certain Monks of the order of S. Bernard, brought a S. Snairy, & placed it in an Abbey of their order called Cadoyn, in the Diocese of Cahors. Annals of France.  
How then say they it is at Chambery?  

White Mantles.  The Sect of white Mantles in Italy was destroyed. For Boniface the 9 made take their Rector, and caused him to die. Some say he was burnt. See Naucler.  
The Trinetois otherwise called the brethren of the redemption of Captives, which was also called the order of Inham, multiplied greatly.  

Turelupins.  The Turelupins are persecuted, they were otherwise called the poor of Lions: many were burnt in France with their babes.   

john Hus.  
The light brought in by the writings of Wickliff, greatly profited such as came after him, and above all to john Hus, who also cleansed the fountains of the Gospel, which were filled not only with infectious clay and mire, but also even with mortal poison, which the begging Monks and profane Schoole-philosophie had tempered. And although the virtue that God had given to this person, meriteth a longer recital of his beginning, yet we will send the Readers to the book of Martyrs, since Wickliff and Hus. As for us, we have chiefly to render thanks unto God, that through him and other true faithful, he hath sent us the light of his Gospel.  
The Pope Benet gave to Charles the sixth, king of France, 
An admonition to give thanks unto God.  the tenth part of all Ecclesiastical goods: partly that the king should maintain and defend him, and partly to the end he himself might be partaker of the booty. And as he made his residency in his Country of Catalongne, in a strong Castle called Paviscole, maintaining himself to be the true Vicar of jesus Christ; he was condemned many ways by the authority of the said Council.  
He assembled a Council at Parpignan, and created many Cardinals. Finally, dying at Paviscole the year of our Lord, 1424. he commanded his Cardinal, that strait they should choose an other in his place, and they elected one called Giles Munios', Cannon of Bercelone, 
The Council of Constance condemned this Pope Clement. 8.  and named him Clement the 8. He incontinently at the Instigation of the king Alphonsus created Cardinals, and did all that which Popes are accustomed to do. But after that Pope Martin the first had agreed with the king Alphonsus, Giles by his commandment, renounced all the rights which he pretended in the Popedom, and was declared Bishop of Maiorque, and the Cardinals created by him, willingly renounced their dignities of Cardinals.  
The witness of Mathias Flactius of Esclavonia, a diligent Author, extracted and taken out of Theodoric of Nyem, shall not be here impertinent: who made a Chronicle of that schism, comprised in three books. Theodoric of Nyem saith he, who was a very familiar Secretary to a certain Pope, and a good and a wise man, hath faithfully described the history of this schism, which hath been amongst Popes by the space of 39 years before the Council of Constance. Good God what subtleties, what frauds, what wickedness, and what strange acts rehearseth he of those Popes and good spiritual Fathers in that History: whereby they mock God, all Religion, and the Church of jesus Christ, yea molest and do subject it to their tyranny? And surely I confess that although before I had read, heard, and seen many of their villainies, and that therefore I had conceived in myself an evil opinion of the malice of that Antichrist and of his children, yet after I had read this book, I perceived that they were ten times more wicked than ever I could have thought before. In the same book also he saith, that such are not worthy of the title of Emperor, which make a countenance not to see, yea dissemble the execrable wickedness of Pope's tyrannies.  

Chrysoloras.  Chrysoloras of Constantinople, taught Greek Letters in Italy, which 700. years before had not been in use: whose daughter espoused at Constantinople, Francis Philelphe.  

Guns.  Bertholde Schwartz Monk and Alchemist was the first of Guns and Artillery about this time.  
Scotland converted to the Faith.  
Wencelaus Emperor for his cowardice and covetousness was deposed from the Empire, and his Nephew elected.  

josse.  josse son of john Henry, Marquis of Moravia, who was the brother of Charles the fourth of that name, Marquis of Brandebourge, an unprofitable man, was chosen king of the Romans by some, before Robert (as some say) being now old, because he was the uncle of Wencelaus, yet he was never crowned: For there passed not six months after his Election.  

Robert.  Robert or Rupert, Duke of Baviere, and Count Palatin of Rhine, was chosen after Frederic Duke of Brunswic and of Lunebourge. This Frederic was a valiant Prince, wise and exercised in Arms, and truly worthy to govern the Empire, but there was long time enmity betwixt him and the Archpriest of Magunce. For before he was crowned, the Count of Waldec having charge of this gentle Archbishop, 
Robert.  he slew him villainously, which was cause of great hurly burly and tumult throughout all Almain, until the Prince's Electors assembled in the Town of Bopert: where they Elected Robert Count Palatin, a man well exercised in deeds of war, and a great lover of justice, but of a small stature: But willing to enter into Aix la Chapelle to be crowned, the Citizens were against it: saying that in that case they could not favour Robert, because as yet they were not absolved of the oath they had given to Wencelaus: But that the election might not be unprofitable, the Bishop of Colongne, 
Robert crowned at Colongne.  crowned Robert in the Town of Colongne. After this, Robert made preparation to go to Rome, the year 1402. to receive the Imperial Crown, but he was hindered by the Venetians and Milanese, and so could not execute that which he had enterprised. 
The death of Robert.  He died at Oppenhem the tenth year of his Empire, and was buried in the Town of Heidelbourge.  
Innocent the seventh, borne at Sulmo, before called Cosmar de Peruse, Priest, Cardinal of the title of Saint Cross: all Italy being in great trouble, was created Pope after Boniface the ninth.  
This Pope (as Platina saith) being yet a Cardinal, used customably to reprehend the negligence and pucillanimitie of Popes: saying that with their carelessness the schism and trouble which was then so great, as well in the Roman Church as in the commonwealth, took yet no end. But being mounted into the Papal seat, and in some things following the fashions of Vrbain and Boniface, his predecessors which he reprehended, being a private person, not only he did the things which he condemned so sore before, but he could not so much as bear, that one should speak to him thereof.  
He governed the affairs in such confusion, that once the Citizens of Rome being come towards him to require him that they might have their old liberty, & be put in possession of the Capitol, of the bridge Miluins, and of the Fortress of Adrian: 
The Romans request to the Pope.  And that that pernicious schism which was in the Church might be taken away: wars & seditions banished: remonstrating that to do the same, the king of France promised to deliver his hand, and that Letter de Luna would not refuse to enter into the way of agreement. But in place to grant their request, he sent them towards his Nephew Joys, who remained at the hospital of the holy spirit as were towards an hangman prepared for them, who took eleven of his Citizens which came to consult with him touching the affairs of their Commonwealth, which was in perishing by the Pope's negligence, and put them all to death, he after cast them out of the windows to the ground, saying that schisms and seditions could not be otherwise taken away.  
With this cruelty the Roman people being moved, having called to their aid Ladislaus (or Lancelot) king of Poville, took Arms for the punishment of that cut-throat Lewis; but the Pope to shun the fury of the people, fled to Viterbe, with Lewis his Nephew.  

Rising of the Roman people.  The people seeing they could not take vengeance of him that had committed such wickedness, fell upon the Courtesans, whose goods were almost all peeled: yet some saved themselves in the Cardinal's houses: which being aided with their people, received such as came unto them, although very hardly.  
After the Romans having taken the Capitol, and being seized of the Mount Miluins, they assailed the Fortress of Aebrian: but it was lost labour, although john Colomne the Count of Troy, and other valiant Captains assisted them under the conduction of the King Ladislaus. In the end this stir being appeased, the Pope came again to Rome, where he created many Cardinals: amongst which was Angelius Corrairus a Venetian, Petrus Philargus of Crete, and Otho Colomnus a Roman Gentleman. 
The Marquisate of Pisa.  Having by this means strengthened & established his Popedom, he created Lewis his Nephwewe, Marquis of Pisa, and after appointed him for the principality of Firman.  
This Pope demanded as well in France as in England, the half of all Ecclesiastical revenues (as Gaguin saith) but it was not granted him. After which things he lived not long: for the year 1407. he died at Rome.   

Divisions in Religion in the Country of Boheme.  
We have abovesaid that the Emperor Charles the fourth instituted the University of Prage, and provided it of learned men: and as a Prince given to Letters, adorned often with his presence the disputations made in Schools. But because the Teutonians in that University seemed to carry away the prize and honour there in disputations above the Bohemians, 
Teutonians or Almains.  they were greatly ashamed that strangers should surmount them: It came to pass that one of the Bohemians having recovered the books of Wickliff, communicated them to his companions, and they drew out of them great arguments, which the Teutonians could not resist, whereupon many dissensions fell amongst them, even to batteries and murders. The Teutonians seeing this, forsook the place; Insomuch that more than 2000 Scholars on one day went out of Prage, the year 1048. and came to Lipse, where they begun an University after leave obtained.  
john Hus then had the greatest renown, 
john Hus.  a man that came out of a village called Hus, which signifieth an Hen, whereof he took his name. He was of a great and quick spirit, and well spoken, beginning to recommend the doctrine of Wicliffe to the people. The Bohemians instructed with this doctrine, began first to set against the Pope, esteeming him no more honourable nor greater than other Bishops or Priests. And thereupon reform the doctrine by the conclusions and Articles following.  

Articles of the doctrine of the Bohemians.  

1 That the dignity makes not the Priest or Bishop honourable, but sanctity of life and good doctrine.  
2 That souls separate from bodies, go right unto eternal pains, or straigth obtain happy life.  
3 That there is no witness in all the scripture whereby can be proved that there is Purgatory after this life.  
4 To make oblations and sacrifices for the dead, is an invention of the covetousness of Priests.  
5 Images of God or of Saints: benedictions of waters and such like things, are forged of men against the word of God.  
6 That the orders of begging Friars were invented by devils.  
7 That Baptism ought to be administered with water, without cream, oil, spittle, and such pollutions.  
8 That the Temple of God, is the world▪ That such as build Churches, Monasteries, and Oratories, therein to enclose him, do enclose Majesty which is incomprehensible.  
9 That the ornaments of Priests, Chasubles, Corporals, Chalices, Plates, Vestments and Altars, are all but vanity.  

10 That in vain we implore the help of Saints, and that it is time lost to sing the Canonicke hours.  
That fastings merit nothing.   
11 That the Eucharist ought to be administered under both kinds.  
12 They rejected the Mass, and received only the Communion of the supper, the word and prayer, and many other Articles drawn from the holy scripture.    

Gregory. 12.  Gregory 12. of that name, borne at Venice, called before Angelus Corrarius, Patriarch of Constantinople, and Cardinal, Priest of the order of S. Mark, was chosen at Rome after the death of Innocent: but upon this condition, that if the profit and utility of the Church required it, he should give over his Papal dignity, because of Benet 13. named Peter de la Lune, who succeeded Clement 7. in avignon.  
The Venetians took of one named Franciscus Curiario Vicar of the Empire, two Imperial Cities, Verone and Padua, after, the said Francis was sent prisoner to Venice, where finally he was slain in prison. So after they usurped traitorously the Town of Ravenna, which was the Roman Church's Patrimony. They sent to summon with great magnificence the Governor Hostasius Polentan, his wife and his son, and prayed them that they would come and take their pastime at Venice at a certain great Feast and solemnity which was made there. But whilst he was at Venice, they took Ravenna by treason, and sent the said Lord, his wife, and his child, into perpetual exile into the I'll of Candie, where they died poorly. john le Maire.  
Lewis Duke of Orleans, coming from the Queen's house about eight of the Clock at night, was murdered at Paris by Apostate people, which first threw him off his Mule, & when he was fallen on the earth, an Almain his Squire fell upon him thinking to save him, who was also put to death with his Master. john Duke of Burgongne caused him to be slain: who after the case was known, fled incontinently from Paris and came to Arras, riding 42. Leagues that day. See the Annals of France by M. Nichol. Gille.  
This Pope Gregory approved the Sects of the Monks of Mount Olivet and Hieronymites, 
Monks of Mount Olivet.  with the congregation of them of Venice, which were named of S. George de Alga.  
Benet the 13. being in avignon, the king Charles the sixth sent in Embassage towards him, the Dukes of Bourgongne, of Berry & of Orleans: to the end to persuade him to give place to his right for the good and union of the Church: and that on the other part Gregory the 12. would do the like. Whereunto the said Benet gave no answer, but left the said Princes without bidding them farewell, 
Benet in the Castle of Panisole or Peninsole.  and retired into Spain for fear he should be compelled to renounce the Popedom, and held a Council at Parpignan, and after went to remain in the Castle of Panisole, to be there more assured.  
In this time was a Council held at Pisa, 
A Council at Pisa.  to reunite the Universal Church, whereunto Gregory and Benet were cited, but they had no care to appear, but derided it. And so thinking to do well, they made a double schism and division. Before there was two Popes, and now three. For at the said Council Gregory and Benet were deposed, and one called Alexander was instituted. During the said Council of Pisa, Gregory the 12. fled also into Ostrich: but fearing not to be there in surety, he returned into Italy, and dwelled in the City of Arinunum, under the protection of a Baron called Malateste. To the said deposition of the two Popes, as it were all Christian Nations consented, except a part of Spain, and the Count Arnimake, and the kingdom of Scotland, which favoured the said Benet the 11.  
What shall we say of this schism of three Popes, but that it is a token that that seat of Babylon shall be divided in three parts: as it is said in the apocalypse, and that from thence shall come the ruin of Antichrist and his end?  

Alexander 5.  The year of Christ, 1409. Chrisebeles or Calephin, the first, the fifth Emperor of the Turks, obtained victory against Sigismond. This Calephin reigned six years, & left two sons, Orcanes and Mahomet: but Orcanes was slain by his Uncle Moses, who was after slain by Mahomet the first of that name.  
Alexander Pope, fifth of that name, was elected at the Council of Pisa, borne in the I'll of Candie, of the order of Friars, called before Peter Philarge, or of Candie: First Bishop of Navarre, after Archbishop of Milan; and consequently Cardinal, Priest of the title of the Church of the 12. Apostles, and succeeded Gregory in the Popedom.  

Two Popes deposed.  After that the two old Popes Gregory and Benet were deposed at the Council of Pisa as is said, this was chosen by the consent of all the Cardinals, unto which degree and dignity he being come (as Platina saith) it was with good right that they called him Alexander: Seeing he that before was but a poor begging Friar might be compared to any Prince whatsoever, in matter of prodigal and superfluous expenses, and in greatness of courage.  
here-hence it comes that that Graspopper in times passed of small and base condition, did obtain in the Kingdom of Abaddon, a face like a man's, and teeth like to them of a Lyon.  
This Pope also used commonly to say as he played, that he had been a rich Bishop, a poor Cardinal, and a begging Pope.  

Ladislaus deprived of his kingdom.  This Alexander was of so great boldness, that in the Council of Pisa with the consent of the Priests that were there present, he tirannously deprived of the right of his father the kingdom Ladislaus then king of Naples and of Poville: who occupied certain seignories which the Church had ill gotten: And unjustly adjudged it to Lewis Duke d' Anjou.  
After that this Council of Pisa was finished, this Pope went to Bolongne: of which Town a wicked Sodomite called Balthasar Cosse, Cardinal of S. Eustache, had the government: whom Alexander confirmed in his election, because through his subtle devices that Council had been assembled: And also for that he was a man meet encounter at any time with such as would seize upon any goods of the Church. 
Robert.   
There was in this man (as Platina saith) more fierceness, boldness and secularity (if I may say so) than his estate required. His life was esteemed like a man of wars, given altogether unto cruelty. In such sort that in this holy singleness of life, he thought that many things were lawful unto him, which ought not so much as to be named. See what Platina saith.  
Amongst other acts worthy of a Pope, 
A Bull of the Stigmates of S. Francis.  this Alexander published certain Bulls touching the Stigmates or marks and wounds of S. Francis his Idol, that they might be placed in the rank of the Articles of the Christian faith: and ordained them a solemn Feast that they might be honoured of the faithful.  
As this good Pope began to be sick of a poisoned drink which was given him by Marcillus of Parma, a Physician whom Balthasar had hired to do it for a great sum of money (as Panetius reciteth it in his 56. Sermon) And knowing that his death was nigh, he exhorted the Cardinals as they came towards him to mutual concord, and to maintain the liberty of the Church.  
That is to say, to make peace amongst the wicked, and to maintain the Papal pomp and seat, that jesus Christ may be trodden under foot.  
john Baviers Bishop of Liege, the Duke of Baviers his brother, Lord of Holland, and Count of Hainaut, being chased from the Town, demanded help against the Liegeior of the Duke of Burgongne that married his sister: 
16000 after the Chron. of France, and 36000. after the Chron. of Almain.  who fight against them of Liege, he slew more than forty thousand of them, burned their City, Churches and Monasteries. The Priests slew and put to death their women and children. Fascic. Temp.  
The University of Lipse or Lypizen, was set up by the Masters of the University of Prage, by the aid of Frederic Marquis of Misne, and after Duke of Saxony.  
Sigismond son of Charles the fourth, 
Sigismond.  King of Hungary and of Boheme, brother of Wencelaus, after the death of Albert was chosen Emperor of Rome by the consent of all. He performing the duty of a true Emperor, 
Sigismond.  was very renowned in wisdom, knowledge, and bounty: He loved virtuous people and such as were learned, and raised them up unto honour and dignity: yet he was vanquished by Amurathes Emperor of the Turks, and lost a great battle, and his Tents & Pavilions. He went by the space of three years through Europe, to set order, and to root out the great schism so damageable to all Christendom. Therefore having rejected three Popes, schismatics and unlegitimate, and which held the seat at Barione, Oddo Columnius was made Pope by the consent of all.  

john. 24.  john Pope, 24. of that name, succeeded Alexander, and ruled at Bolongne five years or thereabouts: he was before called Balthasar Cosse, or Ihea de Coza, after the Sea of Histories, Cardinal of Eustache.  
Some there are, even of such as approve the Popish tyranny, which affirm that he came unto the Popedom rather by force and violence, then by free and Canonicke election. For (as Stella saith) being at Bolongne rather as a Lord and Master then as a Legate, when the Fathers were there assembled to choose a new Pope, he exceedingly threatened them if they elected not such an one as pleased him. Therefore many were presented whereof he would not approve one. Then said the Cardinals unto him; Name him of whom you can like. And he answered; Give me S. Peter's Mantle and Pontifical habit, and I will give them unto him whom I would to be Pope. When he had the habit he put it upon himself, and said, it is I that am Pope. But although it displeased the others which were there present, yet they must needs dissemble it, so furious, terrible, and environed with soldiers was he.  

A Synod at Rome.  After his election he remained a certain time at Bolongne, than went he to Rome, it being the chief of his enterprise. There he assembled a Synod, to the end to give the Imperial Crown to Sigismond.  

History of the Owl.  In the first Session of this Synod, as the aforesaid john was sitting on an high seat, after the Mass of the holy Ghost was sung, there came an Owl, who placing herself upon one of the balks of the Temple, and looking directly upon the Pope, saluted him in a strange manner with his fearful song. Such as were there present began to wonder, looking one at an other: and also casting their view upon the Pope, they could scant keep themselves from laughing. As for john he began to be much ashamed, to sweat, and to be sore anguished and tormented in himself. Finally finding no other mean whereby he might remedy his so great confusion, after he had given leave to such as were there assembled, he rose up and retired. There was an other Session after this, wherein came the like. For this Owl could not be chased away neither for any cries, no nor yet for stones and staves which were cast at him.  
There were then many which by this spectacle were induced to believe that such spiritual pillars have long time governed the Church of Rome. Nicholas Clemengis Archdeacon of Baieux, reciteth this History in his Epistles.   

A Council assembled at Constance.  
To put end to the aforesaid discords and slanders, they were forced to assemble a general Council, for which, the place was assigned at Constance. This was against the Pope john's will, who desired it might be held in such a place wherein he had more power than the Emperor. See Naucler. & Leonard Aretin, who were in this time.  
In the said Council finally appeared Pope john the 24. of that name, and arrived at Constance upon S. Simon and judes even. Anno. 1414.  
Likewise the Emperor Sigismond came thither on Christmas even after midnight, with the Empress his wife, and many other Princes, Counts, Barons and Nobles, which were in number about 30940. persons Courtiers, saith the Sea of Histories.  
With the Pope john arrived four patriarchs, twenty and nine Cardinals, 47. Archbishops, and 160. Bishops. See Naucler.  
On Christmas day the Pope sung three Masses, one at midnight, one in the morning, and one at noon: and Sigismond attired Deacon like, sung the Gospel, Exijt edictum a Cesare, etc. Naucler.  
This Council endured three years and seven weeks after some, or about four years after Naucler. and there was 46. Sessions. See the 2. volume of councils.  

Champain besieged.  The year 1414. the king of France laid siege before Champain, and it was taken by composition. He took Soissons, and after laid siege before Arras: but a peace was made by the Duchess of Holland, sister of the Duke of Burgongne. The Sea of Hist.  
The Friday after Candlemas day, (as they call it) there arrived at the Council six Cardinals of Pope Gregory's the 12. which approved the Council by the authority of the said Gregory. Naucler.  

The journey of Blangy.  The year 1415. was the battle of Blangy, betwixt the English and French, wherein the chief blood of France was shed: and it was commonly called La male journee. The Sea of Histo.  
In this time Wencelaus king of Boheme, was required by the Council to send john Hus, who went thither with the emperors safe conduct. 
john Hus and Jerome of Prage.  There went with him also Jerome of Prage, with one only Clerk. They were admonished and greatly solicited to desist from their opinions, but they were constant. They maintained that they were true in their propositions and reasons, being founded on the truth of the holy Gospel. And contrary, that the Roman Church had withdrawn itself from the truth and the Apostles doctrine, etc.  
See a more ample declaration of this History, in the first part of the book of Martyrs.  

The death of john Hus & Jerome of Prage.  They were both condemned to be burned. john Hus was first executed about the fourth day of the month of july, the year 1415. and a good while after, Jerome of Prage was also burnt in the month of September. They endured death constantly, and merrily went to the fire glorifying the Lord, even in the midst of the flame. Their Ashes were cast into the Lake of Constance.  
The Bohemians understanding what was done at Constance against their Doctors, sacked and spoiled all the Covents and Monasteries of the Country, and fired them: and from that time withdrew themselves from the subjection of the Roman Pope, as is said.  
In the said Council john Wickliff an English man, 
Wickliff burnt after his death.  was condemned an heretic: and although dead, yet his bones were condemned to be unburied.  
Also Lay-people were inhibited to communicate the Sacrament under both kinds.  
There was also a Decree that the Council was above the Pope, and not contrary.  
That the Council hath full power to correct, judge, and depose the Pope, yea to ordain of all things, and not the Pope to judge, correct, or change Decrees and Statutes of the Council.  
john 24. Pope, seeing that in the said Council many crimes were objected against him, 
john 24.  fled away in a disguised habit, by the help of the Duke of Ostrich, Frederic, and by the Council of the Archbishop of Magunce: although the Emperor did all he could to hinder it. Naucler. He fled first to Shaffufe, and from thence to Lusemberge, and after to Fribourge, to take his way towards the Duke of Bourgongne if he could get thither. Naucler.  
The Duke Frederic was cited in full Council by the Emperor and that many times: And for that he appeared not, the Emperor absolved his subjects of the oath of disobedience which they ought unto the Duke. Also he deprived him of all his riches and goods; and gave his goods to such as could take and occupy them. This gave many occasion to assail his person and his goods, whereof yet at this day the Cantons and the Valesans hold many places, as Bade, Melingen, Prenigarten, Wallestat, Diossenhosen, which they got by force of Arms. Others occupied other Towns and places. See Naucler.  
john was taken and brought to Constance, and there detained prisoner at Richman.  
After they proved against him 40. criminal Articles. He was deposed by all the Council, the Wednesday of Trinity, 14. and 15. and he himself approved his deposition. In the second Volume of Counsels there is mention made that more than 54. Articles were proposed and proved against him, to every of which he answering cried; Ah I have yet committed a greater crime; namely, I have passed the Alpes, and am come into Almain. After his condemnation he was given unto the Count Palatin, who kept him three years in Menhen: he was not suffered to have any Italian with him, no not his Chamberlain: his Guard were all Almains, and he spoke unto them by signs only. Naucler.  
After the deposition of Pope john, they proceeded also against Pope Gregory the 12. who was cited to appear in person, but he would not come there: yet either by fair means or force, he sent Malateste, Lord of Armenia, with an ample procuration and power to resign the said right he had in the the Papal dignity into the hands of the said Council. The which was done, and the said Gregory 12. was created Legate in the Marquesdome of Ancone, where he died soon after with mourning in the Town of Racany, which is a Port of the Adriatic Sea. john le Maeire.  
There remaineth yet the third Antipope, Peter de la Lune. Of him it was that Gerson often said: We must needs take away this man of the Moon (called Benet the 13.) who would not obey the Council, but died obstinately in the Kingdom of Arragon: and commanded his Cardinals on his deathbed, that as soon are he was dead they should elect an other, which they did, and elected Clement the 8. borne at Barselone, wherein they profited little. For the Pope Martin (as shall be said) had the Popedom whole, and had the obedience of all the Princes in Christendom: yet the said Clement the eight was after made Bishop of Maiorque. See john le Maire.  
That Pope Benet troubled much the Emperor Sigismond, For seeing he would not consent to any agreement, the said Emperor was constrained in person first to go into France unto the King, then to the King of England, to make an atonement betwixt those two Kings. Item, towards the King of Arragon in Spain, with certain Ambassadors deputies of the said Council, to exhort them to hold the hand to the union of the Church, and to persuade the said Pope to do as others did, which he would never be brought unto. Then the Princes of Spain, the Arragonians, the Cathelains, Armignaes', and the Kings of France and England seeing his obstinacy, followed the opinion of the Council, and withdrew themselves from the obedience of Pope Benet the thirteenth, which Sigismond signified to the said Council. Naucler.  
Sigismond returned after to Constance about Candlemas, and the Council with burning Candles excommunicated and deprived the said Benet of his Popedom, & after declared him an heretic & a schismatic, the 18. day of March. 1417. Naucl.  
This Pope john whilst he was placed in the Roman seat, amongst other jests of a Pope, he did that which followeth in divers Authors. He had stirred marvelous wars against the king Ladislaus, and assembled a Council at Rome to find means to drive him from his kingdom. He also commanded to make a procession with the head of S. john Baptist, for that subtly and cautelously he had determined to sell it to the florentines.  
He approved the Sect of such as named themselves De la Chemise, or Frisonniers, 
The Frisoniers, or de la Chemise.  which lifted themselves up in the territory of Luques: and admitted the congregation of that new reformation in the Monastery of S. justine, commenced at Padove by Lewis barb.  
As Pope Martin the fifth was at Florence, this Pope being delivered from prison (contrary to the opinion of all, so that all that were present marveled thereat) came thither towards him, and after he had kissed his feet, acknowledged him as his Pope, the successor of S. Peter, & saluted him as if he had been some earthly God. Martin moved with affection, certain days after received him into the number of Cardinals, and he made him Bishop of Tusculun: but after certain months he finished his life sad and grievous, the year of the Lord, 1419. in the same Town of Florence: where he was honourably buried with great pomp in the Temple of S. john Baptist by Cosme de Medicis, who ever bore him great love.  

Cleves Savoy.  In the said Council the Counts of Cleves and Savoy were erected to Duchez by the Emperor Sigismond.  
Things being effected as is said, the emperors will was that there should now be an handling to correct the manners of Ecclesiastical persons, and to reform the Church: but it was said that this could not well be done during the vacation of the apostolic seat: wherefore it was concluded to proceed to a new election of a Pope. Naucler.  

Martin. 5.  Martin Pope, fifth of that name, called Otho, a Roman Cardinal Deacon of the house of Colonnois, of one same accord and will, by the consent of all was chosen of 33. Cardinals, at the Council of Constance: and was called Martin, because he was consecrated on S. Martin's day, he governed fourteen years.  
The Emperor Sigismond very joyful that the Cardinals had chosen such a Pope and so necessary to the Christian commonwealth, entered into the Conclave, where without regarding his dignity, falling on his knees before the Pope, in great reverence he kissed his feet. On the other part the Emperor received him benignly, and heartily thanked him for the diligence and pains which he had taken to establish the union of the Church. Naucler.  
After that the Emperor had long time traveled to assemble this Council of Constance, desiring to see the particular reformation of the Church, excused it that Rome had been long without an head, and the time would not permit to begin a reformation, for the Council had long endured. Wherefore an other Council should be assigned at Basil where that should be done, and so the Emperor was frustrate of his purpose and hope for seeing a reformation in the Church-people.  
In the said Council was dispatched Letters and Bulls to Lewis Duke d' Anjou, to go take possession of the kingdom of Poville for him and his. Naucler.  
Martin Pope returning from Constance to Rome, remained two years at Florence, and for recompense of his entertainment, he ordained that the Bishop of that place should be a Metropolitan, and subjecteth there unto the Church of Volaterre, Pistorie and Fesides.  
The Hussites came up at this time, 
The Hussites  which rejected all human traditions, more purely preaching the doctrine of jesus Christ, which engendered many contentions betwixt Laymen and Clerks.  
A pestilence was at Florence, where died more than 16. thousand men. Chron. Euseb.  
Mahomet Emperor of the Turks, died after he had reigned 14. years.  
Wencelaus died taken with fear, because of a tumult raised at Prage: he fell into an Apoplexy, and from that evil into a palsy, which within 18. days took away his life, the year of his reign 20.  
Charles 7. of that name, king of France, the only son of Charles the 6. succeeded his father. He was assailed by the English and Bourgonions, and having lost as it were all the Country of the Frontiers, took his recourse into Bourges, and there remained a certain time, and therefore the enemies in mockery called him king of Bourges. Henry son of Charles his sister, called himself in his titles, king of England & of France: and at Paris was crowned king of France.  
A pucell or maid played the part of a man at Arms, 
jane the Pucelle.  and gave succours to Orleans which was besieged, constrained the enemies to leave the siege: conducted the king Charles to be crowned at Rheims, passing through the places which the enemies held. The English after were driven from Paris.  
The Taberlites, Adamites, Orebites, heretics in Boheme were in this time. See Naucler.  
Sigismond with the Pope and Almain, banded themselves together to make war against the Bohemian Hussites, but they got nothing, but were feign to leave them. Naucler.  
john Gerson maintained in this time that we must rather believe the sentence and opinion of one Doctor approved and confirmed by the Canonicke Scripture, than the Pope's declaration. Item that we ought rather to believe a Doctor well learned in the holy scriptures and alleging a Catholic authority, than a general Council.  
A Council began at Pavia, but the pestilence became so great there, that they were constrained the place and time, and was ordained at Pisa the year 1424. and from thence remitted to Basill seven years after in the year of Christ, 1430.  
The Venetians corrupted with store of silver, the Captain general of the Duke of Milan called Carmagnolle, a valiant man, but a Traitor: who stole from the said Duke the strong Town of Brixe, 
Ambition of the Venetians  and the year following the Town of Pergamum and their appendances: which places, King Lewis the 12. recovered, the year 1509. after that the Venetians against all right and reason had avowed themselves to be right possessors thereof the space of 80. years. john le Maire.  

The Pucelle of Orleans.  The Pucelle or Maid above mentioned, called of Orleans, borne in Lorraine, called jane, did things incredible in warlike affairs for the King of France his succour. Finally having found means by force and subtlety to enter into the Town of campaign, (which was besieged) making sallies upon the enemies, was taken by john de Luxembourge, and from thence sent to Roan to the Duke of Summer set where having been kept certain time, she was burnt. She was accused to be an Enchantress. See the Annals of France.  
The Pope Martin of the age of 63. years, died at Rome of an Apoplexy. He commanded before his death to assemble the Council of Basill: For in the Council of Constance, it was concluded that from 10. years to 10. years, there should be held an Universal Council of the Church; which was not observed.  

Eugenius. 4.  Eugenius 4. of that name, borne at Venice, of the order of Celestines, called before Gabriel Condelmer, the son of one called Angelus, being Cardinal, Priest of the title of S. Clement, obtained the Papal dignity in the place called Minerva, (as Platina saith) by this means. When Gregory the 12. who was of the house of Corrariens, and Venetians by Nation, was chosen Pope, being before Canon of the Celestines of the congregation of S. George in the place of Alga, he carried with him this Gabriel, who was of his profession,  
Henry King of England of the age of 12. years was crowned in the great Temple of Paris as King, by the Cardinal of Winchester.  
Sigismond went to Rome and was Crowned Emperor by the Pope Eugenius, after he had reigned 23. years. Chron. Euseb.  
At the instance of certain reporters and flatrerers which said that Martin his predecessor had been very curious to gather great treasures: some brought this man into such a rage, that he caused his Vice-chauncellor, with all his familiars and Nephews to be taken and despoiled of their goods.  
After this, the Romans applying themselves to recover their ancient liberty, crying let us go to Arms, and having driven away all Eugenius his officers, and taken Francis Condelmer, his Nephew or bastard, and his Chamberlain, they created new Magistrates, which they called Governors, and had power of death and life over all.  
Eugenius amongst so many troubles being uncertain what to do, began to think to fly away: 
Eugenius flieth away.  having then changed his habit and taking a Monks frock only with a Monk called Arsennius, put himself in a fisher's boat; and without that they which kept him perceived he retired to Ostia by the River Tiber, Then when certain of the Romans knew that he was fled, they assailed him as well as they could with stones and shot. From thence he went unto Pisa, and after unto Florence in certain Galleys which purposely had been prepared for that purpose. Where making his residence certain years he made sixteen Cardinals, amongst which there were were two Grecians, namely, Bessaron, who was a cunning man in Philosophy, borne at Nice, and Isidorus of Russia, and Guillam de Stoutevile, Archbishop of Rovan.   

The Coucell of Basill.  
After the Council of Constance, there was an other held at Basill, which Cardinal julian began by the Pope's commandment: being forced so to do by the Emperor Sigismond: And because than Sigismond was gone into Italy (as is said) to receive the Imperial Crown, the Italians sought to persuade the Pope to break the Council of Basill and bring it unto them, that the Towns of Italy might be enriched with the great sums of money that should be brought thither: and that the Country should not be subjecteth unto strangers: alleging for a show, that Sigismond came for no other cause but to make himself Lord over Italy.  
Sigismond after his Coronation returned unto Basill.  
This Council endured ten years, and there the Cardinal julian called of S. Angelo, was Precedent.  
The Bohemians being called unto the said Council with sure access and safe conduct, proposed 4. Articles wherein they differed from the Roman Church.  

Articles proposed by the Bohemians.  

1 The Communion given to the people under both kinds.  
2 That civil dominion is forbidden by divine right to the people of the Church.  
3 The preaching of the people ought to be free.  
4 That public sins ought not to be borne, if it were but to shun a greater mischief.    
In the said Council the Bohemians were permitted to communicate under both kinds, as a thing lawful by the authority of Christ, and profitable and healthful to all such as duly received it. Vadian & Naucler.  
In the time of this Council of Basill was Papistry set up in Bohemia by the great means and industry of Sigismond: but incontinently after they came to that they did before. Naucler.  
About the year of Christ, 1436. (as saith Naucler,) or 1438. after others, Eugenius would needs transport the Council of Basill to Ferrara, 
A Council at Ferrara.  for his commodity; and after unto Florence: his excuses were because the Greek Church would rather agree there with the Roman Church then at Basill: notwithstanding the Council proceeded against him, and he was cited three times, but would not appear. There was against him proposed that he was a favourer and a lover of wars, a persecutor of Church men, and a man of blood, and scandalous. Naucler.  
In the Counccell of Ferrara were presented the Pope Eugenius, the Patriarch of Constantinople, and the Emperor of the same place, john Paleologus, with his brother and five hundredth men: so was the said Church of Greece reunited with the Roman Church. The said Council was transported from Ferrara to Florence, the year 1439. The Grecians accorded the holy Ghost to proceed as well from the Son as the Father. They agreed also to Purgatory: and the Roman Pope to be the primate of the Catholic Church: which they had never done before now, but ever were of contrary opinions. But as soon as they were come to their Country again, at the persuasion of Marcus Bishop of Ephesus, they again denied the two last Articles, Plat. Vola. and Naucler.  
It is strange that the Grecians which have been so slow to acknowledge and confess so true a doctrine of the holy Ghost, are now so quick and light to accord so frivolous and false a thing: that is, to receive and believe against all holy scripture that there is a Purgatory, and Roman Pope to be Primate of the Catholic and Universal Church: whereunto the first general Council had openly resisted in the time of Constantine the great.  
In the said Council of Florence, the Armenians and Indians were also brought into the union of the Roman Church, and promised to keep and maintain the Sacrament of Confirmation. Naucler.  
This Pope Eugenius confirmed Annates upon all Benefices. 
Annates.   
He Canonised S. Nicholas Tolentin, of the order of the Hermits of S. Augustine.  
Bessarion Cardinal flourished, and his house at Rome was open to every man of knowledge like a College. Vadian.  
Sigismond of the age of 70, years died, and was buried in Hungary, in the city called Albe. His wife Barbara was without all religion and without God, insatiable in all paliardize and whoredom. She mocked her damsels because they fasted and prayed, 
Albert. 5.  saying; they must live iocondly and merrily, and take all their pleasures during this life: for after death the soul perisheth with the body.  
The Council of Basill continued still, and proceeded against Eugenius the fourth: who after many times citing and not appearing, was publicly deposed by the authority of the Council, the tenth of july. Eugenius moved herewith, incited the Dolphin of France, 
The end of ●he Council of Basill.  (who after was called king Lewis the 11.) to lead a great Army in to the Country of Ferrara and Alsarce, and to come to Basill. Wherefore the said Council broke up, and hereupon came many mischiefs. See Naucler.  
Albert the fifth of that name, Duke of Ostrich, and second king of the Romans of that name, son of Albert the fourth, Duke of Ostrich, was scant 10. years old when his father died of poison, fight against josse marquess of Moravia: but being yet under Tutors which were his uncles, there was great strife betwixt them for his tutelage. Therefore Vienna and all the Country of Ostrich endured great calamities till Albert came to age and was dispatched of his tutelage and planted a peace in Ostrich, which was before full of thieves and of Intestine wars. After the year 1422. he espoused Elizabeth the daughter of Sigismond, and had with her in marriage the noble Towns of Maruia. 
Hungary & Boheme came both to one.  But after the death of Sigismond▪ he was chosen king of Hungaria by the consent of all the principal of the Country, and Crowned the year of grace 1438. After this he was also made king of Bohemia: and that came, because there was a great alliance betwixt the Kings of Boheme and the Dukes of Ostrich: whereby they had ordained betwixt them, that whensoever one of the houses remained without heir-male of the other, they should create a king. He was also chosen king of the Romans by the common accord of all the Prince's Electors.  
The year 1459. the 17. day of November, in the Council of Basill, after the deposition of Eupenius, the cardinals elected Amedeus of Aim, 
23 Schism Aim Duke of Savoy.  Duke of Savoy, and called him Felix the fifth: so came into the Church the 23. schism and division, which endured the space of sixteen years.  
Some followed Eugenius, others Felix: some said they were neuter, and so obeyed neither one nor the other. The Kings of France, England, Spain, & Scotland, obeyed the Pope Eugenius: For although he was deposed, yet held he good during his life.  
This Council of Basill assembled with great authority, was notwithstanding dissipated and broken by one only Pope. That of Constance deposed three, and ordained the fourth. This could not bring about to depose one. Fasci. Temp.  
In the Council of Basill it was forbidden that secular Princes, Councillors, and Commonalties upon pain of excommunication, should not be so hardy to greet and submit the Churchmen with tallies and common collection. Fasci. temp.  
Augustine of Rome was condemned an heretic in the said Council: 
The conception of the Virgin Marie.  and there was confirmed the Conception of the Virgin Marie to be kept as a solemn Feast: But to the contrary see Epiphanius in his 3 Book, and 12. Tom, 68 and 69. heresy. See also S. Bernard in the Epist. 154. to the Canons of Lions.  
The said Council then confirmed that the Virgin Marie was conceived without original sin: it also confirmed her visitation.  
In this time was a Council held of the French Church at Bourges in Berry, 
The Pragmatike sanction.  and there was published the pragmatike sanction (which is all the marrow and substance of the Canons of the Council of Basill) to be expressly observed for ever. john le Maire.  
The Duke Aime of Savoy after the death of his wife Margarite of Bourgongne, had left his ducal estate and withdrew himself into an hermitage pleasant and delightful, called Ripaille,, upon the Lake of Lansanne, which he had caused to be sumptuously builded, and so left the government of his signiories to his eldest son Lewis, father of Duke Phillebert of Savoy. Being then in his said place of Ripaille, the said Duke Anne with ten knights all hermits, wearing great beards and simple clothing, and writhe staves full of knots, in great renown of sanctity of life, 
Albert.  was by the said Council elected to be Pope, (as is said) the 17. of November, the year 1439. and the 17. day of December the election was denounced unto him, and he went unto Basill, and was there solemnly crowned in the presence of two of his eldest sons. Before this ceremony his Beard was taken from him, and in a small time he learned the Roman office. He created some Cardinals of great estimation and virtue. john le Maire.  
The Emperor being called to go into Hungary, sound himself greatly tormented in the month of August with an intolerable heat, which he thought to have taken away by cold viands, which brought to him a flux of the belie, even to blood, 
The death of Albert.  whereof he died, the year 1439. nigh Strigoma, after he had been Emperor almost two years, He left two daughters, and his wife with child, who soon after brought forth Ladislaus.  

Frederic Emp.  Frederic Duke of Ostrich, after Albert, was Emperor of Rome. He loved peace and rest, restrained and bridled easily them of Ostrich which stirred strifes and commotions. So extinguished he the war already commenced by Mathias king of Hungary by agreement with him.  
Likewise this Frederic making war against the Flemings to have his son Maximilian (whom they detained prisoner) appeased and contented them by the punishment of some, and so taking and receiving his son Maximilian, he gently buried all occasion of war commenced. He was crowned at Rome, & his wife Helenor, which he espoused at Naples, in king Alphonsus his Court. At his departure from Rome, he went to Naples unto the said king Alphonsus, his wives nigh kinsman: of whom, and after of the Venetians, he was entertained with great honour and provision: and so ever after he loved the Venetians.  
He would often say to his wife (unto whom her Physician counseled to drink wine to avoid barrenness) that he could better love a sober barren woman, than one fruitful given to wine. Naucler. Chron. of the Emper.   

Printing invented. 
Frederic. 3.   
The noble Art of printing with Letters made in Brass, 
Printing Invented, in what time & by whom.  was found out in this time: a very divine invention, worthy of memory and admiration: yet were it more admirable if it were not so much profaned. The invention was Germanike, and very strange at the beginning, and of great profit: john Gutemberge Knight, was the first Author of this goodly invention. The thing was first assayed at Magunce 16. years before it was divulged in Italy. One saith that john Faustins, called Gutman, invented it, with Peter Sheffer. Eun. 10.  
Dionysius Charthusianus in this time writ upon Daniel.  
The Pope Engenius retiring from Florence, came and dwelled at Rome, where he was welcomed because he diminished their tallies and subsidies. Naucler.  
The Swisses (except Berne and Soleure) made war against some of their Allies called in Latin Duricenses, because contrary to their alliances, they joined with the Dukes of Ostrich: and the said Swisses obtained victory against their said Allies. Naucler.  
Four thousand Swisses were put to death against the Army of the aforesaid Dolphin, which was of 25. or 30. thousand horsemen, besides footmen, and was overthrown nigh the Hospital of S. james by Basill.  
The said Dolphin having wasted the Country of Alsarce, returned with great loss of his Campe.  
The year of Christ 1444. on S. Martin's even the Turk Amurathes gave battle against the King of Polone, Vladislaus and the Cardinal julian, who was precedent in the Council of Basill.  
The said julian, the apostolic Legatein Hungary, fled after the battle was lost: but as he let his horse drink he was perceived and known of the Hungarians, who slew him, thinking he had had much money about him: and having despoiled him, they left him naked. See Naucler.  
This Legate upon the exhortation of Pope Eugenius, counseled the King Vladislaus to break his faith with the Turk and to assail him in his Country: 
Note how many evils faith-breaking bringeth.  the which he did with 30000. combatants; all which unluckily perished in that war: whereof rose infinite mischiefs, and carnal and mortal wars throughout all Christendom. The King fell from his horse, & had his head cut off, which was carried on a Lance throughout all the Country. The blood of many Princes and Prelates was shed. Two Bishops were cause that the christians lost the victory. For being willing to pursue the Turk, they kept not the places which they had in charge. In so much as the Turks as it were vanquished, returned again into battle, and entered into the Christians Army.  
john Huniades fled from the battle with a great number of people, to the number of ten thousand Hungarians, Francis Caldemonio a Cardinal of Venice, Nephew unto Pope Eugenius the fourth, being Legate and chief of the Army by sea, ordained to keep the strait of the Arm S. George, that the Turks should not pass that way to go to the succours of their people: and although he had a great and puissant Army of the Christians, yet upon treason and cowardice he let pass through that strait an hundredth thousand Turks, with Amurathes their Prince: and which is worse, he used not diligence to advertise the Christian Army. A Carack of Genova led their way: whose patron was of the house Grimald, and made the said passage upon a covenant with the said Turks; namely to have a Ducat for every head. The said Grimald of Genova Patron, went from thence into Flaunders to employ his hundredth and 60. thousand Ducats which he had gotten: but he was consumed before he came there with a Seatempest.  
Constantine Paleologue, the brother of john Paleologue, was the last Christian Emperor of Constantinople, and reigned eight years.  
Eugenius the 4. died the 20. day of the month of April of the age of 64. years: he did many good things to the Town of Rome, and in divers places caused it to be repaired and paved.  
Amurathes the second of that name being Victor, did not pursue the Christians after the discomfiture, nor showed himself merry as his custom was: being demanded why he was so sad, not rejoicing at his victory, He answered; I would not always thus overcome. 
Amurathes maketh himself a Monk.  Soon after he dismissed himself of his dominion and principality, and left the government to his son Mahomet, he after made himself a Monk of the straightest religion that was amongst them. See Nauclerus.  
Nicholas Pope, fifth of that name, borne at Genes, 
Nicholas. 5.  ruled at Rome eight years: before he was called Thomas de Sirsone, or Sarresane, in the signiory of Lucan: Cardinal of Bolongne, son of a Physician. Suppl. Chron.  
This Pope in less than a year was made Bishop of Bolongne, Cardinal and Pope of Rome: he was elected the sixth of March, and crowned the nineteenth of the said month, the year 1447. yet ceased not the schism of the Church. For still lived Felix the fifth, of Savoy, who accounted himself Pope.  
Nicholas was esteemed a great Theologian.  
In this time writ Laurentius Valla, Blundus the Historiographer: Trapezontius the rhetorician, and Theodorus Gaza.  
The King of France recovered Normandy which the English men held. And recovered the year after the Country of Aquitaine. The Sea of Hist.  
The year of Christ 1448. after some 1449. Felix the 5. renounced his Popedom and sent to salute Nicholas the true successor of S. Peter: so was obedience given unto Nicholas, and by that means ceased the 23. schism. Then broke off the Council of Basill, which for that purpose was assembled. This treaty and composition of that Session was made as Lausanna by many Princes of France, Almain, England, and Savoy, for the union of the Church. And this was at the solicitation of the Emperor Frederic, and the request of Pope Nicholas.  
The King Charles the 7. to bring a peace in Christendom, caused a Council to be assembled of the French Nation at Lions to appease all. john le Maire.  
This year brought the first invention of the Francarchers in France.  
Nicholas Pope, sent the cardinals Hat to the said Felix, appointed him Legate a Latere, in Saovy, in France, and in Almain.  
This Felix, or Aim de Saovy, was of little stature, a devout man, founder of the Monastery of Rapaille, under the rule of S. Augustine: wherein he was sumptuously buried. Fasci. Temp.  
Whatsoever he said Felix had done and decreed during his papalty, was ratified and held for good. john le Maire.  

A jubilee.  The year of Christ 1450. the Pope Nicholas held a jubilee at Rome, whereat there was such a multitude of people, that many were stifled as they entered and came out of Churches: There perished more than 200. persons besides an infinite number which fell into the flood as they passed over the Bridge of S. Angelo.  
This is the reward that such deserve that leaving the truth, follow the invention of Antichrist.  
Amurathes Turk second of that name died, after he had reigned 31. years, whom Mahomet the second succeeded. This Amurathes took the Lord of Servia, and Mesia, and occupied Sophia, etc. Also he took captives three of his children: whereof two were males, and put out their eyes with an hot Iron, and the third a maid, he took to wife. He made war upon the Venetians and occupied Thessalonica, which at this day is called Salonike.  
The year 1453. the 28. day of May, after Naucler. or of March after some, Mahomet the second, surnamed the great, son of Amurathes, by the cowardice of john justinian of Genova, took Constantinople, having with him 300000. fighters. The siege endured 60. days. Michael Paleologus a Grecian, took it of the French by the help of the Genevois. The said jonh justinian was made king by the space of three days, as the Turk had promised him: but the fourth day he was be headed saith Fasci. Temp. The Patriarch and all the Christians were slain without any mercy. They had sent to demand help of the Pope and the Christians, but no help came.  
It is impossible to recite the horrible cruelty which was there exercised. Constantine the last Emperor of the last greeks, as he fled was encountered and murdered nigh the gates. His head was stuck on the top of a Lance and carried about the Town. Mahomet also caused to be erected an Image of a Crucifix, and did write upon it; This is the God of the Christians: and commanded to cast dung and other filth against the said Image. The emperors wife, with her daughters and the most noblest Damsels there, were brought before Mahomet, and after he had done them all the shame he could, yea the greatest villainies of the world, he caused their bodies to be cut in pieces.  
Such examples of so extreme cruelty ought to induce us to abhor so barbarous an enemy: and to detest the Papists Idolatry, which by the adoration of Images are the cause wherefore the passion of jesus Christ is thus slandered.  
The King of France recovered all the Towns which the English held in France, except the Town of Callais. The Sea of Histories.  
In this time flourished Nicholas Perotus, joannes de turre oremata, a jacobin, Doctor in theology, Bishop and Cardinal.  
Nicholas Canonised S. Bernardine of Senes, a Friar. Chron. Euseb,  
He was a lover of Letters and learned people, & greatly loved such: Books were also presented and dedicated unto him on all sides. For he stirred such as were learned to translate Greek Authors into Latin. Naucler.  
He covered with lead S. Marry the round, auntiently called the Pantheon: he repaired the Church of S. Stephen: he also builded the Church of S. Theodore, repaired the bridge Miluius, paved many streets: he gave to many Church's vessels of gold and silver, and many Crosses adorned with precious stones.  
The year 1455. the 25. of March, Nicholas the 5. died of a Fever, having been sore troubled with the taking of Constantinople. Naucler. The Sea of Hist. saith he was poisoned; as was found by effect when he was opened.  
Scanderbag so called of the Turks when he was circumcised, (for before he was called George Castriot) was given in Hostage by his father king of Epire and Albania, of old called Macedonia, to Amurathes the 7. Emperor of the Turks, who after he had in many deeds of Arms experimented his prowess, made him chief of the Army against the Hungarians: unto whom he yielded himself, and moreover constrained Bassa the Turks Secretary to write Letters to the Governors of the Town and Country of Croya: whereby was sent in the name of Amurathes, that the said Town should be delivered into his government. So subtly recovered he his Country about this time. But Amurathes fell upon Egypt with a great power: after having in vain besieged Croya many months, he died of grief.  

Calixtus. 3.  Calixtus or Calistus, the third of that name, a Spaniard, called before Alphonsus Borgia, being already of a great age, by the consent of the Cardinals succeeded Nicholas: a man only learned in the Law or right Canon.  
Some say he was first, Secretary to Alphonsus' King of Arragon, and was made Bishop of Valence by Martin the fifth, and under Eugenius was made Cardinal of the title of four Crowns, as commonly they say at Rome (de Saint quatre) As soon as he had received the Papal dignity, he published war against the Turks, according to a vow he had made.  

Rom. 12.18.  But by the duty of his office he ought rather to have sought peace with all men: paynim should be taught and not assailed by war.  
The Turk Mahomet went into Hungary against Alba and was vanquished, and more than forty thousand of his people perished. Naucler.  
john Huniades a virtuous Captain at the journey of Albe, died shortly after the said victory.  
But the Pope the better to execute so courageous an enterprise, sent preachers like himself in capacity and covetousness, with Bulls and Indulgences: That is, 
Apoc. 9.3.  certain begging Friars garnished with power like the Scorpions of the earth. The principal of them all were john Capistran and Robert de la louse, of the order of Friars and hypocrites: which every man received with great admiration. These men knowing the Pope's subtlety, and having no certain hope that they could gather much money out of the jubilee, did all their business and trafficked by the the means of feigned prayers full of hypocrisy, of Litanies, of Images, of crosses, of songs, of ringing of Bells, and of their pasty God: to the end they might fill all the purses, budgets, and sacks of their master.  
Calixtus ceased not by his Ambassadors to exhort other Christian Princes to enterprise that war as a thing very necessary and holy. Therefore sent he to all Priests that as they sung Mass they should pronounce certain Prayers or Collects against Painimes and Turks.  
He also commanded that at noonetime a Bell should toll as there was done at night to salute the Virgin Marie: 
Wherefore a Bell was knolled at noon.  to the end that (as Stella the good Popish Theologian saith) they which ordinarily fight against the Turks, might be helped by that prayer. This is also the reason saith he wherefore he ordained the Feast and service of the transfiguration of jesus Christ: and commanded it should be celebrated with like pardons and Indulgences, as that of the Feast of the body of jesus Christ. This was for the victory which the Christians had against the Turks the sixth day of August before Albe in Hungary.  
He sent also towards the Armenians and Persians to solicit them to do the like against the Turks, and caused certain peasants to be hanged and strangled which mocked and derided these toys and follies.  
He placed in the Calendar of Saints one Vincent borne at Valence, of the jacobin order, Albert of Dropan Carmelite, and Edmond of Canterbury English. He ordained also that no person should appeal from the Pope to the Council, and yet had done more if he had lived longer.  
He gave too much licence to his followers, and made one Roderic Borgia his Vice-chauncellor, who after was Pope, called Alexander the sixth. He published (saith Valerius) Letters of pardons which he sold then for five Ducats a piece, but now they are better cheap) by the means whereof he left unto his successor an hundredth and 15. thousand Ducats.  

john Capistran Robert de la Lice.  john Capistran and Robert de la Lice, above named (as is said) were sent by the Pope into divers Countries to preach the yielding of obedience to the Roman Church, to give some colour and appearance to their filthy fooleries, prohibited pastimes, and other civil exercises, as banquets, dances, and other like things. Briefly they acquired such great brute and fame by their hypocrisy, that afterward they were adored as Saints of many, although they knew not what the doctrine of jesus Christ meant.  
The world meriteth to have such Doctors since they make so small account of the truth.  
This Pope Calixtus died in july the year 1458. being very old, and left great riches.  
Francis Foscarius was Duke of the Venetians about 36. years, who having conquered (or rather usurped) many lands and dominions in Italy unto the profit of the signory of Venice, in the end of his days for a repentance the Venetians deposed him of his ducal dignity, without alleging any other reason but his age and impotency: 
Ingratitude of the Venetians.  And constrained him to leave his ducal Palace, to see a new successor enter into it, whereof incontinently after he died. After his death his son was banished, and after called again and cruelly tortured, and again sent into perpetual exile: although they found nothing in him of that which they laid to his charge. Chron. Euseb.  

Pius. 2.  Pius the second of that name, a Tuscan by Nation, borne in the Town of Sienes: whose father was silvius, and his mother Victoria, before called Aeneas Picolominius: although long time he had been spotted with the vice of ambition, yet finally he came unto the Popedom.  
This poor young boy became so great (as all Historiographers say which have written of the Pope's lives) that he was held one of the learnedst Popes and much esteemed, for that he had written many things worthily.  
In the Council of Basill he was the Pope's Secretary, and by Orisons and Epistles he purged the authority of Eugenius, a little after that, he was crowned a Poet Laureate, by the Emperor Frederic the third of that name, and being called from his Court, he came unto greater estates, and was both his Secretary and Counsellor.  
He was sent Ambassador hither and thither unto many Princes, and after ordained Bishop of Trieste by Nicholas the fifth, and consequently Bishop of Siennes, and after placed in the number of Cardinals by Calixt.  
Finally coming unto the papalty, following the examples of his predecessors, he published a voyage against the Turks: but being prevented by death he could not put it in execution.  
Some there are (as saith john Functius) which have left in writing, that he sought to draw to himself a great sum of silver from the Almains, under a colour to make war upon the Turks, because he knew well the riches of the Almains as he that had long conversed with them, and that to the end he might dispend them in pomps and papal dissolutions, and to enrich his parents and friends.  
Under the shadow of warring against the Turks, Popes get store of silver.  
Lewis 11. son of Charles the 7. the 54. king of France, being in Bourgongne, and hearing news of his father's death, came strait into France and was crowned.  
The aforesaid Pope though before he was Pope, he had with singular diligence written two books of the acts of the the Council of Basill, yet as soon as he was made Pope, he sought to suppress it. For as he was very ambitious in all he did when he was Pope, so he traveled in nothing to lessen the Majesty or rather Papal tyranny, but rather to increase it what he could. Which to maintain (saith Stella the Venetian) it is found that he spared neither Kings nor Princes, people nor tyrants: he I say which was more cruel than any tyrant.  
He was a great enemy of Lewis king of France, the eleventh of that name: because he would not consent to the abolition of the pragmatike sanction in his kingdom, because it derogated from the liberty of the Clergy. He was angry against Borge de Est Duke de Mutiny, and made war upon him because he favoured Sigismond Malateste, and the French men against Ferdinand. For upon his own authority and by force of Arms he put in possession of the Kingdom of Naples, Alphonsus' Bastard of the King Ferdinand, to the great disadvantage of john de Anjou son of King Rene.  
He pursued with cruel and sharp persecutions Sigismond Duke of Ostrich, because he had chastised Nicholas de Cuse a Cardinal, for his rapacity and covetousness full of arrogancy.  
He shed out also the venom of his malediction against Gregory de Hambourge, a man very learned in the Civil law, as it had been a chased viper (as Wolfgang de Winsebourge, a Divine of Basill saith) and so sharply pursued him with the Letters of his thundering excommunications, that he was constrained to remove into Boheme.  
He furiously cast out of his feat Diether d' Eisenbourge, Archbishop of Magunce because (as he said) he had an evil opinion of the Roman Church, and placed an other in his place. Besides, he deprived the Archbishop of Beneuent of his Archbishoppricke: because against his will he took in hand new enterprises.  
He caused a day to be given to George king of Boheme, because he favoured such as held the doctrine of john Hus, & that upon the pain to lose his kingdom.  
He for his particular profit deposed many Bishops, and added 12. new Cardinals to such as were already before.  
He celebrated a Council at Mantua, and abbrogated in France the pragmatike sanction, 
The pragmatike sanction abbrogated. Abbreviators created.  as a pernicious practice against the Roman Church.  
He was the first that created the Abbreviators of the Chauncelerie, and reducted them into their order. He brought under his government many Towns of Campania, called at this day Terra de lavoro: the Land of Labour, and marvelously increased the Church's revenues and rents.  
He never granted any thing either to kings or to people for any fear he had (as his fierce and arrogant Papists say) but he sharply persecuted the enemies of the Clergy, as if they had been public enemies. As for his friends, he showed himself very gentle towards them, and greatly helped them.  
At the solicitation of Soreth, 
Katherine de Sienes Canonised.  he Canonised one called Angelus, borne at jerusalem: and placed in the number of Virgins Katherine de Sienes, a jacobin.  
Because he was a very curious builder (as the Papists give him that praise) he repaired the Courts of Vatican: and had sooner achieved a Castle in the Town of Tivoli then was thought he had begun. At Sienes where he was borne, he builded a goodly Porch of wrought stone. At a place called Corfinium he founded a City, and named it Pientia of his own name, and builded there a vaulted Temple very sumptuous, and a pleasant house: and besides this, a Sepulchre of Marble for his father and mother's bones. See what Platina saith thereof.   

The Kingdom of Bosne.  
The kingdom of Bosne stretched even unto Macedonia: It was made tributary unto the kingdom of Hungary, the year 1415. After it revolted from the king's obedience and made alliance with the Turk. Sigismond King of Hungary sought to chase away such as occupied it: but the Turk was the stronger, and retained the Country of Bosne. After the Hungarians got together a great Army, came into Bosne, and slew the king Itrarch who was a Turk, and subjecteth to their power all that Region, and constituted a king there: namely the first Christian which had yet been.  
There was a Prince in Ruscia called George Despot, who had given his daughter in marriage to the Turk. He had three sons, Stephen, George, and Lazarus. Lazarus succeeded his father and had but one daughter, who espoused Stephen king of Bosne: who soon after his enjoying the principality of Ruscia, governed with a Turkish spirit, full of great impiety and wicked religion. But it happened that about the year of salvation 1463. as he had a great land in the higher Misia, Mahomet the Turk by flatteries drew him out of the Castle where he was, and calling him to him to talk under the shadow of amity, laid hold on him, and caused him to be scorched alive: so lost he both his life and kingdom which he had by his father. By this man's temerity and wickedness together, Ruscia and Bosne with the greatest part of Servia, fell into the Turks obedience.  
As the Pope Pius was at Ancone, upon his departing to go to war, he was surprised with a slow fever, the year of the Lord 1464. whereof he died. From thence he was carried to Rome, and buried in the Church of S Peter. One vice of Ambition saith Volaterane, contaminated and defiled all the virtues of this person: as he that always greatly desired great estates and honours. And for that cause endured he great travels, and always maintained himself in the favour of Princes.  
The war called The public Weal, was begun the year 1464. by the conspiration of the Princes of France, meaning to reform the king's affairs: who took offices and dignities from such as had long time faithfully exercised them: He greatly also vexed the Nobles and puissant of the Kingdom by demands. The Duke of Britain and the Count de Chaelois, the Duke of Bourgongnes son, persuaded Charles Duke of Berry to be the chief Captain and Prince of that war and conspiration: which Philip de Commines handleth at large and truly: therefore see his history.  
The aforesaid Pope Pius, as Platina and Sabellicus recite, amongst other sentences which he used commonly, left this in writing. With great reason was marriage taken from Priests: but yet there is a far greater reason wherefore it ought to have been yielded them again. 
A sentence of Pope PIus against singleness of Priests.  He inserted also this sentence in his second book of councils. It may be (saith he) that it were not the worse if a many Priests were married: For many being married Priests should be saved, which in their barren singleness are damned. He himself would needs abolish certain Monasteries of S. Brigide and S. Claire: commanding them out that they might burn no more, and under the habit of religion they should not hide whoredom, saith Caelius Secundus.  
About this time there was no small debate in Italy betwixt the Friar's Minors and such as they called Bullists, which of those should guard and govern the Nuns there: As for the discords which were betwixt the Obseruantins and the Non Obseruantins, Baptista Mantuanus acordeth them in his Bucoliques,, in the tenth Eglogue.  
Paul the second of that name, borne at Venice, 
Paul. 2.  the son of Nicholas and of Polyxena, called before Peter barb or Balbe, and Nephew of Eugenius the fourth, on his sister's side, being Cardinal of the title of S. Mark, was chosen in the place of Pius, and occupied the seat of Antichrist.  
Before he was made Bope, he meant to traffic as a Merchant: but hearing that his Uncle Gabriel was chosen Pope, he gave his mind unto Letters: and coming to Rome, he was first created Archdeacon of Bolongne after that Bishop of Ceruio, consequently Cardinal, and as hath been said, 
Ambition.  finally Pope and Roman Antichrist. It was he who first vaunted that he held enclosed in his breast all Laws both divine and human.  
He was a goodly man and of fair representation, but of a proud spirit and very covetous to gather riches, and yet more to distribute Ecclesiastical Benefices for his own gain and profit.  
As for his Popish apparel (saith Platina) you need not doubt but he surpassed all his predecessors, and especially in his Mitre, which he marvelously enriched, buying from all Countries, Diamonds, Sapphires, Emeralds, Chrysolites, jaspers', Pearls, and other precious stones of great price. Thus adorned and shining he would come publicly abroad with an exceeding magnifical appearance. 
A sumptuous Mitre.  Then would he be seen and adored of each one: & for that cause would he often stay Pilgrims in the town, deferring the accustomed day to show the Snaire, that at once he might be seen of more people.  
And that he alone might not differ from others in habits and garments, he commanded by public Edict upon grievous pains that none should wear red Bonnets but Cardinals: 
Red hats.  unto which also the first year of his Popedom he gave them a cloth of the same colour for footcloathes for their Horses and Mules when they road. Platina.  
He fought to increase his majesty as well by authority as by force of Arms. 
Ariminum wasted by the Pope.  All the time of his reign he stirred great wars in Italy by his devices and practices. He assailed the Town of Ariminum and others, and miserably destroyed and wasted not only the suburbs, but even the Towns themselves with gunshot.  
He greatly hated the decrees and acts of Pius his predecessor: and deprived also of their goods and authorities such as (for their knowledge and doctrine) he should have sought through the world and have drawn them unto him by gifts and promises.  
He declared such to be heretics as from thenceforth should but only name an Academy or University, either in sport or earnest. He was of an heavy and gross spirit, and therefore loved neither Letters nor virtues. 
The Pope an enemy of Letters.  As one that was given altogether unto ambition, dissolution, and voluptuousness. He employed all the day either in gourmandizing or weighing pieces of Gold, or in regarding and contemplating the ancient money, precious stones, or Images and Portraitures.  
In the Roman consistory, Gregory King of Boheme was condemned an heretic & deprived of his kingdom: and after the Pope by his Legate solicited the Princes of Almain and the king of Pannonia to invade the kingdom of Boheme, which they did: and the said George was cast out of one part thereof. Chron. Euseb.  
In the month of September a Legate arrived in France to break the pragmatike Sanction: unto whom john de S. Romain the King's Proctor general would not consent for any menaces of the said Legate: but said he would rather lose both his office and goods before he would yield to do any thing so greatly to the prejudice of the Realm and Commonwealth.  
The Town of Liege was put to fire and sword by the Duke of Bourgongne because they had put their Bishop in prison, who was his Nephew by his sister, as is reported by the Chronicle of Eusebius. Others say he was his brother by his wife, the Duke of Bourbon his daughter.  
Frederic the third upon devotion went to Rome in winter. Chron. Euseb.  
Pope Paul having made alliance with the Turks, joined in league also with the Venetians. Chron. Euseb.  
The Pope Paul held Platina the Historiographer in prison wrongfully: but his successor delivered him.  
He destroyed the Abbreviataires in hatred of his predecessor, who had reduced the said estate into order. At that time it was a College of learned and studious people in Divine and Civil Laws, Poets, Orators, Historiographers, etc. See Naucler.  
He set the jubilee from 25. years to 25. years, not for the salvation of souls: but rather to draw new money unto him, saith Fasci. Temp.  
There is found in the book of Stanislaus Ruthen, a thing worthy to be noted. That is, that this Paul having read certain Poesies that were made against him and his daughter, began to weep, and amongst his friends began to accuse the rigour of the law of his former predecessors which forbade Priests to marry: for as much as he which ought not only to be the head of the Church, but also of continency, saw that each one had talk of his daughter to his great dishonour, and had their eyes continually upon her. And although she were most excellent in beauty, yet did it grieve him that men should think that he had engendered her in whoredom: Seeing he knew well that there was a law ordained of God, whereby she might have been borne in wedlock, had it not been for that singleness (that is the defence for Priests to marry) which hindered it. Therefore he had determined to have set up again the marriage of Priests, but he could not execute it, because death prevented him. For as he persuaded himself that he should live long, he was suddenly taken with an Apoplexy, and died suddenly, having well supped the night before.  

The Popedom fell.  After this time the Popedom fell and decayed more and more.   

The Kingdom of Cyprus.  
The Venetians got the kingdom of Cyprus: First the year 1470. they had established in the kingdom one james, bastard of Cyprus, against Lewis son of the Duke of Savoy, and the Queen Charlotte his wife, daughter of john king of Cyprus, the true heir of that kingdom. But for the better understanding of the matter, you must know that the said Venetians gave to the said bastard in marriage, Katherine the daughter of Mark Corrario, a Gentleman of Venice: who upon their commandment had aided the said bastard in all his affairs against the said Lewis of Savoy, and the Queen Charlotte his wife, even to cast them out of Cyprus: This Katherine was solemnly adopted a daughter by the Signiory of Venice: but it was not but for to adopt also the kingdom therewith. But the said king bastard with his Venetian wife espoused the cause of their death: for as soon as she was espied to be with child the Venetians poisoned the said king, & caused a fame to run, that he died of a Flux of the belie, and that he had left his wife and the child she was with, his heir, recommending them unto the signory of Venice. When then she was brought to rest, they did with the chide as they had done with the father. And they took the said Katherine which they called Queen, and brought her to Venice, and from that time they ceased and took possession of the said Kingdom, which they have held since the year 1470. until this day, saith john le Maire. Of this james bastard and of the oath he made unto the soldan, see Naucler.  
Sixtus or Sistus, fourth of that name, 
Sixtus. 4.  a Genevois by Nation, borne in the Town of Savonne, called before Francis de Ruere, general of the order of Friars, and Cardinal of S. Sixtus, after the death of Paul, succeeded in the execrable Chair.  
As the solemnity of his Coronation was done, whilst they carried him in his Litter to the Church of Lateran, he was in great danger of his life in a mutiny which arose suddenly: in such sort that he was assailed even with stones, and forsaken almost of all that accompanied his Litter. This Pope was very liberal towards his, and bore them such an affection, that in favour of them, he did and agreed unto many things against all right and reason.  
He promoted unto the dignity of a Cardinal before all others, one called Peter de Ruere, one of the same order and Nation, and had been nourished from his Infancy with a brother of his called Hierome: although it seemed this man was borne foolishly to spend money. For in two years that he lived after, he consumed in all dissolution and violence, the sum of 200000. Skutes, besides many debts he left.  
john Textor in his Officine makes mention of this Cardinal, and saith, that in two years he spent in dissolutions, vanities, and incredible luxury, 300000. skutes.  
The year 1475. a Citizen of Trent, lost in the week before Easter, commonly called the passion week, a child of two years old. And having sought him through all streets in the Town, and not finding him, he suspected he was carried away by the jews which inhabited there. Wherefore he got him towards the Magistrate, making great sorrow and delivering his suspicions. The Sunday following the jews told the Bishop that they had found a child betwixt the flood called Rusch and the house of Samuel, a jew which the force of the water had cast up there. Certain men were appointed to visit the child which was found in the house of the said Samuel with his garments all wet: his body was marked with divers pricks. Being asked how this child came there, they answered they knew not, but that the fierceness of the water had driven him thither. But as soon as they were put to the Rack they confessed and rehearsed the case in order: that is to say, how they had consulted and chosen amongst them one Tobias to steal a Christian child and to crucify him at Easter, and that this Tobias did take up the said child for that purpose, called Simon, and having offered him in the full assembly of the jews in the house of the said Samuel, they clasped his neck with pinsons to keep him from crying: then stretched his arms on a Cross, cut off his privities, after his right eyelid, than each one pricked him with sharp Instruments even to death, and lastly cast him into the flood. After information made of this execrable murder, all they were executed which were attainted about this deed doing in the said Town of Trent.   

The Commonwealth of Florence.  

Cosme.  Although in the time of the Emperor Henry the seventh, the Florentines received Robert King of Naples to be their Protector to resist the Gibellins or Imperialistes, (so much hated they the Emperors of Almain) yet about this time Cosme by surname Medici's, flourished in that Town in great pre-eminence, prudence, and authority: and was held as a Prince and chief of the Town.  
He led the Senate at his pleasure, enriched the poor Citizens, builded many places, for more and more to maintain his authority.  

Peter, Lawrence, julian.  But after that Cosme was dead in the year 1464. he left a son called Peter, who also was mighty in the Town. Unto whom succeeded in the administration of the Commonwealth Laurence de Medici's his son: who with his brother julian augmented the signory of Florence. And because this greatly displeased certain Bishops, Cardinals, and other Lords, they made a conspiracy together, and came to Florence the year 1478. which with one of the noblest of the Town called Francisquinus de pactis, dissembling their hatred entered into the Tmple: and as they lifted up the Host they slew julian, and wounded Laurence, who escaped their hands. But the Malefactors thought they had done an act greatly pleasing to the Citizens to recover liberty, but they were deceived: for they were all taken, and neither Priest nor Bishop pardoned.  
Frodesque Saluiat Archbishop of Pisa, who said the Mass, was given to the slaughterman and hanged at an high window in his habit: for he had sung Mass in his coat of Male. The Pope being grieved at these doings, excommunicated Laurence de Medici's, and stirred up Ferdinand king of Sicily, Alphonsus' Duke of Calabria, and Frederic Duke of Urbin, against the Florentines to be revenged of them. But Laurence seeing he was not puissant enough to sustain such enemies, by the consent of the Citizens got him to a ship, and secretly came into Sicily to the King Ferdinand himself, and promised him tribute if he and his would leave that enterprise begun at the Pope's instance. Which was done, & the town with all the country by that means was delivered from the destruction of the enemies.  
The Pope hereat was more inflamed then before: but the Venetians gave aid unto the Florentines against the Pope, after they had made peace with the Turk: who during these stirs besieged Rhodes and got it, the year 5488.  
In this time began the superstition to toll a Bell at noon as a pardon, called the (ave Maria pacis) which the King had entreated of the Pope.  
The year of Christ 1475. the great jubilee already ordained and commanded by Paul the second, was confirmed by Sixtus, and observed at Rome this year.  
Charles the son of Philip Duke of Bourgongne, agrreed with King Lewis the 11. Frederic the Emperor refused to erect Bourgongne for a Kingdom, whereat Charles was moved, therefore he besieged Nisse, (which is a Town placed in the territories of Colongne) and held it during a year besieged. He did it to gain upon the Empire the Diocese of Colongne: but the Emperor prepared a great power to meet him and to levy the siege. In the end they accorded: so that Maximilian the son of Frederic should take in marriage Marie the only daughter of the said Duke of Bourgongne.  
After these things the said Charles fought twice against the Swisses unluckily enough for this cause.  
About the years 1460. Sigismond Duke of Ostrich engaged to Charles Duke of Bourgongne his lands which he had, as well on this side as beyond Rhine: namely Sungaw Brisgaw, the black Forest, and the Towns situate upon Rhine, for 7000. Florents. Great mischiefs came hereupon. For the Duke of Bourgongne appointed over those Lands as Governor general, Peter de Hagenbach, who exceedingly tormented them of Mulhuse and Swisses.  
About this time Charles Duke of Lorraine died of the pestilence at Nancy, which gave occasion to Charles Duke of Bourgogne, to see if he could conquer Lorraine by force, taking the cause against Rhine the successor of Lorraine, that Charles his predecessor was bound unto him in a certain sum of money: and by the same means though also to usurp the royal title of Sicily and jerusalem. Peter de Hagenbach Count of Thiersteine, greatly molested the subjects of Sigismond, Duke of Ostrich, who had lately after long wars made peace with the Swisses. Whereunto they of Strasbourge Sicistad, Colmar, and Basill had sealed. And the money due unto the Duke of Bourgongne, was committed into the hands of a Changer or Banquer of Basill, and the payment signified to the Duke of Bourgongne by an Herald. After they proceeded against Peter de Hagembach, who being taken prisoner was solemnly disgraded of his order of knighthood, and publicly beheaded after he had governed the said lands engaged three years and an half. The Duke of Bourgongne hearing hereof, determined to revenge the death of his Governor, and assembled an Army, being also aided of the Duke of Milan and the Duchess of Savoy, and took Lansanua a confederate of the Swisses: From thence he besieged the Town and Castle of Granson, soliciting them to yield: when they had yielded, the Duke caused to hang 80. and to drown in a lake nigh the Town 200. Such an act greatly stirred the Swisses, and not only them, but also whole high Germany: which with the Army of the Duke of Ostrich, (of which the conductor was Herman d' Extingen) chased from Granson the Duke and slew one part of his Army, lost his Artillery and his furniture for war, 
The Duke's first overthrow at Granson.  which was very magnifical. After they took down their companions which the Duke had hung up, and hanged in their places as many Bourgognons.  
Gelatius Maria Duke of Milan, on S. Stephen's day, in the Church of S. Stephen being at Mass, was slain by a Citizen of Milan called Andrew de Lupagnano, who making a show to speak unto him stabbed him in the stomach. He said the cause was for that the Duke detained from him unjustly certain possessions, that he kept his wife, and further, hindered that justice could not be done him touching an Abbey: for which he had paid at Rome during vacation, and the Duke would have had an other to have had it.  
Sixtus cast the Manfrois' Lords of the Town of Imola, namely the father and the son out of the signory, and gave it to one of his household.  
Likewise he dejected the Governors of Forlive, and constituted there a familiar friend of his.  
Charles Duke of Bourgongne returned the second time against the Swisses: Before, he had taken from the Duke Rene of Lorraine Nancy: 
The second overthrow of the Duke of Bourgongne nigh Morat.  wherefore the Duke of Lorraine joined with the Swisses. And when the Duke of Bourgongne was before Morat, they of the Town came out and altogether invaded the the Army of the Bourgognons, and put them unto flight. In so much that 17. thousand Bourgognons or 20000. after Fasci. Temp. or 22000. after the Sea of Hist, were there slain. The spoil was there left to the Duke of Lorraine for recompense, who also after recovered Nancy. See Nauclerus.  
The third time the Duke of Bourgongne being grieved to have been vanquished by so weak a Prince as the Duke of Lorraine was, returned and again besieged Nancy. 
The third overthrow of the Duke Charles.  He had 14000 combatants, and still looked for other Bands of soldiers. Upon this the Duke of Lorraine and the Swisses came upon them, parted in two Bands. The Bourgognons were discomfited and put to flight: some slain in the woods, and others drowned. There was also slain the Duke of Bourgongne, having received three mortal wounds, one on the head, an other in the thigh, and the last in the fundament. See Naucler.  
The Bourgognons would not believe he was slain, but that being escaped he retired into Almain, and he had vowed to make his penance there seven years, There were amongst the Bourgognons which sold precious stones, horses, and other such like things, to be paid at his return. Yea even in Bruchel in the Diocese of Spine, there was an old man which men thought to be the Duke of Bourgongne, making there his penance, whom every one desired to see, and thereby got he good alms. Nauclerus saith he saw the said poor man in the said place.  
The king of France understanding of the death of the Duke of Bourgongne, took Monididier, Roy, Peronne, Abbenille, Monstraeul, Arras, an Hesdin. See the Hist. of France.  
Maximilian son of the Emperor Frederic the third, affianced Mary the only daughter of Charles Duke of Bourgongne, with whom he had Bourgongne, Brabant, Flaunders, Luxembourge, Hainaut, Zealand, Artois, gelders, with other Sergnories and lands.  
The said Maximilian had of his said wife one son called Philip; and a daughter called Margarite. They had two other children Francis and George, which died in their youth.  
Philip espoused jane Queen of Chastile, of whom he had Charles the fifth Emperor, and Ferdinand, and four daughters, Leonor, Isabeal, Mary, and Katherine.  

jacobins against the Carmes.  The jacobins Inquisitors, deputed against heretics (as they call them in divers sorts) molested certain Theologians of the order of Carmes, in certain causes of the faith. Amongst which they said one was called julian de Bresse, an excellent Preacher of the word of God, and an other Peter de Nevolaite, for whom Mantuan writ an Apology containing three books.  
But all this was pacified by the Pope Sixtus at the pursuit of Christopher Martignon, which Sextus (as tutor and defender of Monks (as Stella witnesseth in the Pope's lives) that he might take away all occasion of envy and riots amongst them, 
Mendicants made equal.  ordained that all Mendicant and begging Friars should be equal in such privileges, as all Popes had granted unto them.  
The University of Tubinge in the Diocese of Constance, by Apostolic authority was instituted at the instance of the Count of Wittemberge. Naucler.  
The Swisses began now to receive wages of the king of France, Lewis the 11. cashiering the French Archers, 
The Swisses receive the King's wages.  because they peeled and spoiled, and did many other mischiefs. Naucler.  
Platina composed the Pope's lives in Latin, and dedicated them unto Sixtus the 4.  
Wessalus of Frise, in this time writ against the Pope, his doctrine and traditions.  
Mahomet the second died of poison as was suspected. Naucler. or else of a Colic passion, of the age of 50. years, & after Naucler. of 53. Baiazetes his son succeeded him. Paul. jou.  
Margarite the daughter of Maximilian was brought into France and espoused unto the Dolphin Charles the 8. in the month of july at Ambroise, who afterward was sent back again. Naucler.  
Mary Duchess of Bourgongne, Maximilians' wife, Madam Margarites mother, being on hunting fell from her horse and died. Chron. Euseb. and Naucler.  
The Pope Sixtus Canonised S. Bonaventure.  
The last of August died Lewis King of France, 
The death of king Lewis the 11.  a very superstitious man. He peeled the people to enrich Churches. He worshipped and kissed bones and relics of Saints, to obtain health. For he marvelously feared death: In so much that in the end of his days he gave excessive gifts to his Physician each month, if at the least they might but prolong his life.  
Sixtus made many wars wrongfully against Ferdinand King of Poville, because he gave aid unwillingly to his son in law Hercules d'st Duke of Ferrara, which was besieged of the Venetians, against the Venetians, which he excommunicated. Also against the Florentines (as is said): although that the matter better understood he absolved them and restored them to their honour, and Laurence de Medici's likewise.  
Sixtus being detained sick in his bed of a Fever, understanding that a peace was made betwixt the Venetians and other Potentates, suddenly yielded the spirit. Naucler.  

Innocent. 8.  Innocent 8. of that name, borne at Genes, the son of one called Aaron, called before john Baptist Cibo, of a Cardinal, Priest of the title of S. Cicilie, was created Pope of Priests and Monks, after of Sixtus. Volaterane saith he was once a poor child, yet fair, and was nourished amongst the servants of Ferdinand king of Sicily, where he learned all the fashions of the Court life.  
Coming from thence to Rome, he remained long time in the house of Philip, Cardinal of Boulongne. After this he was made Bishop of Savonne, and thirdly of Melphe by the Pope Xistus and also Dataire, finally Cardinal, & after Pope as hath been said. He was of a great stature, a white man, and of fair representation: but of an heavy and dull spirit, and far from all study of good Letters: In so much that sometimes when he was Idle from public affairs he seemed as though he slept. Almost from the beginning of his Popedom he conspired against Ferdinand king of Sicily, with the Princes of the kingdom.  
See how Popes use to recompense the amity of such as nourish and educate them.  
He called one named Robert d' S. Severin to be chief and Captain of the Army which he sent against Ferdinand. This holy man said that for the Church's dignity and the defence of Saints, it was lawful to take Arms, that peace might follow of it. Yet seeing himself deceived, he was forced to make peace upon this condition, that his yearly tribute should be paid him, and that such as rebelled should not be in danger. But the king Ferdinand kept neither the one nor the other condition: although he sent one named Peter de Vincence an hardy and bold man, who was Auditor of the Chamber with his Secretary to solicit his causes.  
After these things Innocent weary of warring, delighted in nothing but a dastardly idleness, full of sloth: which brought with it nothing but divers concupiscences, frauds, pleasures, pomps, gourmandizes, dissolutions, pailliardizes, and Idolatries. He erected a new College of Secretaries, for his own profit, augmenting, the number of them which were there before. He builded a new Palace and an house of pleasure, 
Towns given to the Pope's bastards.  of a new fashion. He was the first of all the Popes which in an inusuall manner advanced his bastards unto honour and riches. For he gave certain Towns nigh Rome unto his bastard Francis, and greatly enriched his daughter called Theodorine, which he married unto a very rich man of Genoa.  
Charles eight of that name King of France, succeeded his father Lewis the 11. being of the age of 14. years. The three Estates were solemnly assembled at Tours for the King's person.  
He was very conscionable, yielding unto the King of Spain the Countess of Roussillon and Parpignant. He conquered the kingdom of Naples: and the Princes and Gentlemen went thither of their own charge. At Rome the Pope declared him Emperor of Constantinople. The King Alphonsus and his son Ferdinand for fear retired into Sicily, and Charles entered triumphantly into Naples. Then the Lords and Towns in Italy banded themselves against the King to enclose him at his return, yet he got through with a great victory over them at Fonnone, (for he had few people against many) and as vanquisher returned into France. 
Naples revolted.  But at the end of the year Naples revolted unto the said Ferdinand.  
King Lewis the 11. would not that his son Charles should learn any part of the Italian tongue, but only this Proverb (Qui nessit dissimulare, nescit regnare) that is, he that cannot feign and dissemble knows not how to reign.  
A poor lesson, better beseeming a Tyrant then a King.  
M. john an English man, a Priest in this time, 
john the English man burnt at Paris Corpus Christi.  was burnt at Paris, in the place called the Swine Market: because in the morning of the day then called Corpus Christi, in the great Church of our Lady, in the Chapel dedicated unto S. Crispin and Crispinian, he took from a Priest that sung Mass his Host, and cast it on the ground.  
The Pope Innocent absolved the Venetians which had been excommunicated by Sixtus for acts before recited: and sold pardons and Indulgences as well for the living as for the dead. He enriched with great presents many Temples through Italy. He gave unto the Augustins of Bergoine, a Church of silver of an exquisite and marvelous work.  
He by his Bulls permitted to them of Norway that they ought to sing Mass without wine. Moreover seeing that Pardons, nor the jubilee, nor the war against the Turks served him any thing to gather silver: he invented a new manner of gathering silver. For he found enclosed in an old wall, the title which was set upon the Cross of jesus Christ, written in three languages, jesus of Nazareth, etc. with the Iron of the Lance wherewith Christ his side was pierced. Being hindered by a long disease he could not accomplish that which he purposed in his courage. But the year of our Lord 1492. he deceased out of this world. There was a Poet called Marcellus, who made an Epitaph in Latin Verses, 
An Epitaphe of Innocent.  whose sense is this. What needest thou seek witnesses to know whether Cibe be male or female? Behold only the great troop of his children, they will yield a certain testimony thereof. He begot eight sons, and as many daughters. It is not without cause that Rome calls him Father, etc.  
The Town of Arras was again taken by the Flemings in the nigh time. The keys of one of the Town gates was counterfeited and given to four of the conspiracy, poor Mechanikes: the one of which was called Grisard, who had an ordinary guard of the gate, and used customably upon the wall to sing with an high voice. What hour is it? It is not time. What hour is it? It is not day. This was to advertise the enemies when they should approach. And when they were nigh he sung an other Song. Marchez la duron duraine, marchez la duron durean. So the Town of Arras was by him delivered into the emperors hand without any effusion of blood.   

Horrible things of Roderic Borgia.  
To show the horror of that abominable seat of Rome it shall not be impertinent to declare how and by what means a Spaniard came thither.  
In the time of Innocent the 8. after that Borgia was placed in the number of the Cardinals and Fathers of the Roman Church, his affection was incessantly set to mount higher, and to that end he invented each day all the means he thought good and meet to enjoy the accomplishment of his desires. Finally he gave himself to the devilish Art of Necromancy: to the end that by the help of devils and evil spirits he might enter into the way which he saw shut to him, as well by the riches as the great credit and prerogative of his companions. After he had certain time employed his study and diligently watched about the cursed and dammable Art of Necromancy, 
Convention betwixt Satan & Borgia.  he began to inquire of his devils, (wherewith he proved very familiar) if they would not savour him so much as in the pursuit of the Papal dignity, they would give him support and help. Whereunto they readily agreed, but yet under this especial rescription and covenant, that by certain words he should deliver an oath to show himself in all things a faithful protector of Satan. To which this Cardinal of a wicked mind consented: only he required that when he should come to do his homage and take his oath, the devil would not appear unto him in any hideous and fearful form, but rather under some human form, namely under the person of a Protonotaire: which having granted him, at the time assigned and established, on a summers day the Cardinal being retired into a place called Montcavallus, being alone in a chamber, the said Protonotaire presented himself unto him, like a man of mean age, honourably appareled, who after certain talk held betwixt them, he assured the Cardinal that he should be Pope. Then Roderic Borgia being very joyous, began to inquire of him how long he should reign. This Protonotaire delivered him a very ambiguous answer, (namely that he should reign the space of eleven and eight) the Cardinal foolishly promised himself the time of 19 years in his Papal dignity, although Satan's meaning was but 11. years and 8. months.  
After Pope Innocent was dead, by plurality of voices he was established Pope. And because there should be no want at the solemnities, he named himself Alexander the sixth, before named Roderic Borgia, 
Alexand. 6.  borne at Valence in Spain, the Nephew of Calixtus late Pope, third of that name; As one that long time had had the handling of the office of Vice-chauncellor, he knew all the estate of the Court of Rome, and knew all the counsels and enterprises of the Princes and Commonalties of Italy.  
Being then placed where he desired, he subjugated almost them all by the means of his bastard called Valentin: which of a Cardinal he made a Duke, and surnamed him. 
Cesar Borgia the Pope's bastard.  Besides this, he exterminated all the mightiest houses that were in the Town, so that after he feared them no more. In which combat (as Valerius reciteth) being munited and strengthened with the succours of the French and Swisses, he shed much human blood.  
The Emperor Frederic the third, died at Vienna the 26. of August, upon the eating (as is said) a great quantity of Pompions as he meant to refresh himself, and was buried in the Church of S. Stephen.  
The malady of Naples, called the French disease, or the pox, began about this time.  

Maximilian  Maximilian the Emperor frederick's son, third of that name, held the Empire alone after his father, and was a fautor and lover of learned people.  
The Almains made a great discomfiture against the French men, nigh Salnis in Bourgongne.  
The Religion and Covent of the observation of Lions upon Rosne, was founded in the suburbs of the said Town, in the place of two Lovers. The founder was king Charles the eight, and Anne of Britain Queen of France, and the said Covent was named Nostre dame des Anges. That is, our Lady of Angels. If they had said of Asses, they had said better.  
The last day of December the King of France, Charles' the eight, arrived at Rome, and made a magnific entry thereinto.  
The kingdom of Granado was recovered by Ferdinand King of Spain, which had about 80. years before been taken from the Christians.  
Batazetes came into Hungary, where were slain 7000. of them that met him.  
Alphonsus' King of Portugal fell from his horse and died, and in his place succeeded Emanuel his brother.  
The order and Religion des filles Repenties began at Paris, 
Repenties.  by Friar john Trisseran, Religions of the observation of Lions, borne at Bourge in Bresse.  
Maximilian by an Embassage affianced the Duchess of Britain, which thing greatly displeased Charles the 8. king of France. Wherefore he made war against the Britain's and had a great victory upon them: and incontinently after, having repudiated Margarite of Flanders (whom he had affianced (as is said) during his father's life) took Anne the eldest daughter of Francis Duke of Britain: so was the peace made with the Britain's. She had by him many children, all which died before their father.  
Maximilian afterward (that is, the 16. of March) espoused in the Town of Insprulz Blache, Marie, an honourable virgin, daughter of Galeatius Duke of Milan.  
Alexander celebrated a jubilee, Anno 1500. whereat he delivered this grace and favour by his Bulls to such as had made no account to come thither, or such as could not come, that they might gain and obtain the jubilee by sending thither. He sought by all means to heap up silver as much as he could to satisfy his lusts. Wherefore he set us a new College of Abbreviators, to the number of 80. of which each place was fold at 750. Ducats. He invited all Princes unto his jubilee by his Bulls, and ordained that in every Town men might have Stations.  
He created in his time 36. Cardinals, amongst which were 18. Spaniards, and of his kinsmen three: that is to say, john Borgia, 
Maximilian.  Valentin Borgia, and Francis Borgia. He received the oath of fidelity of Alphonsus king of Naples, which he took betwixt the hands of the said john Borgia, touching the keeping of loyalty to the seat of Rome, and to pay him his annual tribute.  
He fortified at his great charge the Castle S. Angels, repaired and beautified the Temple of S. Mary Maior.  
That which followeth is extracted by john Functius out of the works of Volateranus. The Cardinals which elected him (he speaketh of Pope Alexander) were the first that felt his ingratitude. For he oppressed them all by divers calamities, banishing some, and imprisoning others.  
He made war upon the Vrsins, which he vanquished and took prisoners by the means of his sons.  

Alexander setteth up his bastards.  After this he desired nothing so much as to life up unto honours his bastards, as Innocent had done: yea this, far more. For now this began to be held a thing much honourable, and worthy of great praise amongst the venerable Fathers. He made the youngest of his sons a Prince in Sicily. The second called Caesar Valentin, he made Cardinal. And the eldest he made a Duke in Spain: who not long after was slain at Rome & cast into Tiber. As for the Cardinal Caesar, rejecting the order of Priesthood, after his brother's death came into the kingdom of France with a great sum of silver, where he espoused one of king Lewis his kinswomen of the house of Albert, 
The Duke of Valentinois.  and there was given him the Duchy of Valentinois in Dauphin. After this by the king's help and the alliance which was made with him, he acquired many Seignories in Italy: unto whom also his father gave the hand, who desired nothing so much in the world, as to see his son so great a Lord.  

Lucrece the daughter, wife & daughter in law of the Pope.  His daughter Lucrece whose carnal company himself had (which was an horrible and detestable thing) was married unto three Princes successively. First unto john Sforza Duke of Pisance. After being repudiated by him, to Lewis the bastard son of Alphonsus king of Arragon. Finally after he was slain, she espoused Alphonsus d'Est, Duke of Ferrara, Men may easily know (by her Epitaphe made by john jovian Poutanus, in very elegant Latin, Verses) what was the chastity, sanctity, and religion as well of the father as of the daughter and son. For she was renowned to have company of them both. This also which followeth is drawn out of the book of Hierome Marius, in his book called Eusebius Captive. What need we to recite the infamous and dishonest deeds of Alexander the sixth, seeing he made alliance with devils, gave himself altogether unto them, and subjecteth himself unto them.  
Hermolaus Barbarus a very learned man, 
The cruelty and ingratitude of the Venetians.  died of grief in exile at Rome, deprived of his Church and Patriarkship of Aquilea, by the ingratitude of the Venetians, whom he had served as an Orator and Ambassador unto divers Princes of Christendom. The cause wherefore he was thus handled of the Venetians, was because he had received the Patriarkship of the Pope without their privity. Therefore not content, they banished also his parents, and confiscated their goods. See john le Maire.  
john Picus Prince the Randole, a mirror of true Nobility, in the flower of his youth died at Florence.  
We find many things written of this Pope by notable Authors of his time: as certain excellent Latin Verses well worthy to be noted, which recite the praises of this holy Father. Whereof this is the sense following. Alexander sells Crosses, and Altars, yea jesus Christ himself. He first bought them, and may well sell them. Rome passeth from vice to vice, and from flame to fire under the government of this Spaniard. Tarquinus was the sixth king of Rome, Nero the sixth Emperor, and this Pope the sixth of his name: always Rome hath been destroyed by the sixths.  
This was he who for the sum of 200000. Ducats which he received of the Turk called Bajazet, 
This act brought great damage to Italy.  poisoned Gemen his brother who fled to Rome. This is he (say I) who being willing to maintain his tyranny, called to his help Bajazet Emperor of the Turks, against the king of France Charles the eight: and sought to make the Kingdom of Naples, yea the very City of Rome, the Frontiers of the Turks Empire.  
Lewis the 12. as the nighest, succeeded to the Crown of France after Charles the 8. He sent his Army into Lombardie under the conduct of john jaques Trivulse, and of Sieur Aubigny, which took Alexandria and Pavia: so that then Lewis Sforza abandoned Milan for fear and retired into Almain. The King upon these news passed into Italy, 
Lewis Sforza.  and made his triumphant entry into Milan: from whence he departed having diminished the charges of the people and left the said Trivulse as Governor.  
Lewis Sforza returned within a year after, and again took Milan, and from thence being again chased by a new Army from France, he took his flight towards Navarre: after his coming from whence, being pursued by the French, he was taken and led a prisoner into France.  
This king ordained in France that (O salutaris hostia) should be sung in the elevation of the Host.  
Friar Hierome Savanarola of Ferrara, of the order of Dominicains, preached at Florence. He was burnt at the instance and by the commandment of that monster Alexander Pope the sixth, because he preached against him, and his more than notorious wickedness.  
He composed certain meditations upon the 50. Psalm and certain others. See the Book of Martyrs.  

Mancinellus.  The Pope caused to be cut out the tongue and both the hands of Antonius Mancinellus a learned man: because he had written a very elegant Oration against the wicked manners and villainous and dishonest life of him.  
The war of Maximilian against the Swissers is renowned in this time.  
Batazetes the Turk, took by force a Town in Macedonia called Dyrrachium: and the year after in Morea he took Methone which belonged unto the Venetians: as also certain time before he had usurped Naupactus in Epire. He also beheaded the Bishop of the said Town of Methone.  
Italy was greatly afflicted by the Turks: as soon as war against the Venetians was on a flame.  
Charles after Emperor, son of Philip Archduke of Ostrich, and of jane daughter of the king of Castille was borne at Gaunt on the Bissext day, the 25 of February, on S. Mathias day.  
The Marrhans (these were Jews which made themselves Christians fearing to lose their goods, 
Marrhans.  such are commonly in Spain, and secretly observe the jewish ceremonies) are reconciled with the Pope, having with great sums of money acquired his good grace. Naucler.  
The Town of Basill, the ninth day of june made alliance with the Cantons of Swiss, in the Town of Lucerne: 
Basil Schaffusen.  And the tenth of August, they of Schaffusen made also a perpetual alliance with the Cantons of the Swisses, in the said Town of Lucerne.  
They of Noremberge were discomfited by Cassimere marquess of Brandebourge, with great effusion of blood nigh their Town.  
King Lewis the 11. took the kingdom of Naples under the conduction of Sieur d'Augbini, Frederic, 
The Venetians vanquished.  his wife and his sons prisoners, were carried into France. He recovered Bolongue, usurped by Bentivoli, and yielded it unto the Pope: After in proper person going against the Venetians, which usurped many Lands of the Duchy of Milan, valiantly vanquished them nigh Agnadel: took Bartholomew Balnian, the conductor of that Army, and carried him prisoner into France. He took again the said usurped Towns and many others, yielding unto the Pope such Towns as the Venetians had taken from him.  
The issue of the Pope Alexander was fearful, and with manifest token of the just judgement of God, and therefore would diligently be noted. As on a certain day he had made ready an exceeding great banquet for certain rich Senators and Cardinals, and had recommended to his son Valentin, that he should give wine to drink unto one of the said Cardinals wherein there was poison put: It came to pass that he that had the charge to deliver the wine, unwittingly gave to the Pope of that flagon wherein the poison was: who being of great age, was taken with a languishment and grievous pain.  
He had by the space of eleven years and certain months excessively oppressed Italy, and troubled the world. Being then detained in his bed (as john Baleus saith) he commanded one of his men called Madena (which amongst all them of his Court and house was his most faithful and familiar) to go into his gardrobe or wardrobe, and to bring him a certain little book enriched with gold and precious stones: which was in an armory which he specified. But this little book contained all manners and kinds of Illusions and Enchantments of negromancy: whereby the old man thought to inform himself, to be certified of the closure and end of his life.  

An horrible illusion of Satan.  The servant obeying the commandment of the Pope his master, and going unto the place specified: as (after he had opened the door) he was ready to have entered into the chamber, he saw a certain person sit in the Pope's Chair there, who was altogether like unto his master: At the sight whereof being surprised with an horrible fear & astonishment, and and as it were half dead, without taking the book, ran back again towards Alexander, unto whom he rehearsed what he had seen: namely that in his Wardrobe he found such a Pope as himself set in a Chair.  
Alexander after he had understood the thing, and seeing his servant to be exceedingly afraid, suffered him to rest a while: After he did so much persuade him, that he returned into the said Wardrobe to see if again he could find the said Pope. The servant then being entered, found in the said chamber him whom before he had seen: and that more is, being asked by him that sat there what cause brought him into that place, and what business he had there, He being taken with a sore trembling, and as it were out of breath, 
The devil saith he is Pope.  answered, he came to take a certain garment for the Pope. At which words, the devil being then in the Chair, making an horrible noise siad, what Pope? I am the Pope.  
But after that those things were reported unto Alexander, his evil began to increase, and death approached.  
A short day after, a man appareled like a Carrier or Lackey, came and fiercely knocked at the chamber door wherein the Pope was detained sick, saying he must needs speak with him. The door being opened and he admitted parley with the Pope, all others drew aside, and the Pope and he spoke together, as two use to do in secret causes, yet men might see a great and marvelous strife and debate betwixt them two, and that the Pope was not content. 
A strife betwixt the Pope and devil.  For he said unto him. How goes this? my term is not yet accomplished. Thou knowest that thy promise was nineteen years, whereof I have lived but eleven and eight months. Unto which words the Lackey hardily answered: you understood not well the speech, but are greatly abused. For I said not nineteen years as you imagined: but I said you should remain Pope eleven years and eight months, the which are come and passed, and therefore you must needs die.  
But although the Pope was very active to require and to pray instantly that he would have regard to his life, 
Alexander prayeth that his term may be longer.  and to the term that he had granted him in his Popedom, yet it was as to speak to a deaf man, and to plead in vain. For all his allegations, remonstrations, exceptions, and requests profited nothing: so that they which were in the chamber and heard this marvelous debate and difference, might judge that Satan was more expert in the Art of Arithmetic than the Pope was, and they might easily conclude that Alexander erred in his account.  
Finally to close up the matter, even as Satan went and departed from the place, in like manner also with great cries, sighs, and fearful sobs, the Pope's soul (as it were following his steps) dislodged and miserably departed from his body.  
Thus miserably and ungodly died this Pope Alexander, leaving to his son his signory, altogether wasted and ruinous, and to the Italians, their Commonwealth all confused, perverted & wasted: to the end he might be a public example to all ages, how things evil gotten melt away, and are wickedly and unluckily spent.  
This Pope had with his said son a daughter called Lucrece, with whom both he and his son lay, as Pontanus and Samazarius have left written.  
Philip Archduke of Ostrich, the son of Maximilian and of Mary, the only daughter of Charles Duke of Bourgoine, took to wife jane the only daughter of the king of Arragon, and by reason of her right, going into Spain, passed through France in the year, 1501. After returning into Flaunders, to appeease certain stirs of war betwixt them of Gilders and Brabant, he took many Towns of Gelder's, with the Duke of Suffolk a young Gentleman, which he nourished in his Court with his children. The said Philip yielded homage unto king Lewis the 12. for the Counties of Flaunders and Artois, before Guy de Rochefort, grand-Chauncellor of France, and Lewis de Luxembourge Count de Ligni, Ambassadors sent for the purpose unto Arras.  

Pius. 3.  Pius third of that name, a Tuscan by Nation, borne at Sienna, Nephew of Pope Pius the second, on his sister's side Laodame, before called Francis Picolhomineus, that is, a little man, succeeded the said Alexander, being elected by the Cardinals after great strifes and debates.  
Valentin Borgia having seized upon all the treasures of his father Alexander, after his death with twelve thousand soldiers occupied Vatican where the Pope should be elected, tending to this end, to constrain the Cardinals to choose such an one for Pope as should like him.  

Sackagement of Borgia.  The Cardinals to shun this danger, withdrew themselves first incontinently into the Temple of Minerva, where strait they were besieged by him. But as a bruit went through the Town that the Cardinals were taken, and that he committed many murders and sackagements through the town, they were all taken with a great fear. After this, the shops were shut, and each one ran to Arms. The issues and ends of streets were stopped with banks, pieces of wood, and chains of Iron: no more nor no less than if the enemy had again been nigh the walls. Borgia then seeing that he had enterprised a thing so hard to execute: and also being required by the Cardinals to cease from such doings, promised that, which a little after he obeyed.  
After Pius was chosen, Borgia having passed his choler, thanked the Cardinals that they had chosen such an one, as he had greatly wished. He then incontinently as he was made Pope, made a conspiracy against the French which had occupied a part of Italy; For he took in very evil part that their king had brought Poville & a great part of Italy under his subjection. This Pope hoped that a day would come, when he should do some great damage unto the French, after he had drawn them into Ambushes that he had laid for them; and with the help of such as had conspired with him, he hoped to drive them clean out of these Lands. But whilst he went about this, he died, the 27. day after his election, they year 1503. of an ulcer, which he had in his thigh, wherewith he had long time been troubled, without doing any thing at all of that which he had enterprised. For beside the war he purposed against the French, he determined to have reform the Church to have celebrated a Council, and have gotten an Army against the Turks, after the example of his uncle.   

Advertisement.  
Note Reader for a conclusion of the precedent Popes, that such as were since Silvester the second, until Innocent the fourth, had the key of the bottomless pit given them: to the end that by the horrible smoke thereof they might send out the Locusts or Grasshoppers to devour all, 
Devouring Grasshoppers or Locusts.  through all Christian Regions, and that they might work the secret of their Iniquity. As for the last which were after Innocent the fourth, until julius the second of that name, they have been permitted to nourish and maintain it, to obscure all truth: that by their false doctrines, and lying miracles they might seduce and deceive even the elect of God (if it were possible). For that great Dragon, which is Satan (that is the Angel of the bottomless pit, and the king of these Locusts, that is to say of Mendicant Friars, and of the Massing Priesthood) called Abaddon, which signified as much as destroyer, saccager, and exterminator, or rooter out. For these by their infernal doctrine of Pope's decrees of Lombardike sentences, of ordinary questions, determinations, quodlibets, sums, monastical predications, and other such babbles, have drawn into hell an infinite number of people since the said Innocent the fourth, 
Apoc. 9 li. 8.  by the space of 260. years. So that those Popes and Doctors are signified by the pale horse upon which sat death as well of the body as soul, after whom followed hell. Moreover these Popes and all other wicked persons using the insatiable tyranny, lose and destroy every day the bodies of the true Martyrs of the truth of God, by fire, sword, water, halter's, and all manner of punishments, because they would not renounce jesus Christ, to obey their Prince Abaddon.  

The waning of the Popedom.  But from hence forward, that is, since the year of our Lord 1503. under julius the second and his successors, until the last judgement, the Papacy doth and is like to decay. For the power that the devil hath to deceive by his Antichrist is diminished, and from day to day shall decay: but not the power that he hath to exercise his cruelty against the elect of God.  

Tokens of the Pope's fall.  There have been many signs of the ruin and fall of the Popish kingdom before the time of julius.  
john the 24. was marvelously troubled and molested by an Owl, as is afore said: And as he was in the way to Constance, he fell from his Chariot. He was there ignominiously deposed, and there was it concluded that the general Council had power over the Pope. And therefore from his time, and also from Paul the second, the affairs of the Papacy have gone ill, and have always past from worse to worse.  
Under the government of Alexander the sixth, the Angel which was placed in the dungeon of the Castle S. Angelo, was stricken down by a fearful thunder, and fell into Tiber.  

Apoc. 19 d. 20  There is hardly any person which knoweth not the mischiefs which have happened since julius the second, until this present. But according to the sentence of S. Paul, jesus Christ shall shortly destroy that wicked Antichrist by the brightness of his coming. He shall be put alive (saith the Angel speaking to S. john) into a pool of burning fire & brimstone, where he shall be tormented for ever. So be it. So be it.  
julius the second of that name, borne at Genes, Nephew of Sixtus the fourth, who had been named before julian Reverins, of the title of S. Peter ad Vincula, was chosen Pope. He was a man of a quick spirit, and very subtle, and as it were chiefly borne for war.  
Philip, willing again to pass into Spain, by Seatempest was cast upon England, and well received of king Henry the seventh: yet he paid for his welcome, and redeemed his departure by delivering to the said King, the Duke of Southfolke, who was of the house of the white Rose, and thought the nighest heiremale of the Crown of England: who by the said Philip had been taken in gelders, whither he was fled for fear of king Henry.  
This julius plucked away by force, and by excommunications many things from certain Christian Princes. And in the space of seven years he was cause of the death of infinite persons: yea this tyrant because of the victories which he had obtained, (wherein he rejoiced that he had shed so much human blood) gave unto the Swisses the title of defenders of the Ecclesiastical liberty, 
The Swisses honoured by the Pope.  and with a certain number of Ensigns of war, and privileges, confirmed by his Bulls, a golden sword and an hat.  
He very straightly besieged Ravenna, 
Ravenna occupied by the Pope.  which the Venetians had occupied: and in the end having taken it, he reduced it into his obedience. With a little bravery he plucked into his hands from certain Princes, Setina, Imola, Faience, Boulongne, and other Towns, which was not done without great effusion of blood.  
Philibert the eight Duke of Savoy, succeeded his father Philip in the year 1495. He was a magnanimous and virtuous Prince, and full of great beauty, in so much that he was called Philibert the fair. He was amiable also, and courteous to every one.  
He espoused Margarite the Emperor Maximilians' daughter. But after he had done many things worthy of memory he died, without leaving any heir issuing of him: wherefore Charles his brother succeeded him in the said Duchy. Margarite for a witness of the love she bore him, would never many again: but always remained a widow.  
Philip returned into Spain, and died in the year 1506. of his age, the 28.  
The king Lewis had sent Philip de Ravestone as Governor of Genes. The Town revolted the year 1507. but incontinently it was taken again by the French.  

The jacobins and Friars of Berne.  The year 1509. there was a great contention betwixt two orders of begging Friars: that is to say, the Friars, and the jacobins. And this was because of the conception of the Virgin Mary. The Cordeliers or Friars said that she was prevented of the grace of the holy spirit, so that she was nothing spotted with original sin, and the jacobins affirmed the contrary, that she was conceived after the manner of the other children of Adam, and that privilege to be conceived without sin, was only reserved to jesus Christ: yet they said that the holy Virgin which was the mother of the son of God, was sanctified in his mother's womb, & purged from all original spot, as S. john Baptist, jeremy, and certain others were: which by especial privilege were sanctified, before they came out of their mother's wombs. The said jacobins made themselves strong to prove that opinion, by reasons of the holy scripture: as also they had enterprised to make public disputations at Heidelberge, touching the conception of the Virgin Mary, but nothing was executed. Afterward the said jacobins began to prove that opinion, even before the people, by certain false miracles and visions, which they themselves had invented. But these bad people were deceived, and their lies turned on their own heads. For there was a Lay Friar, simple and an Idiot, which they had enterprised to seduce and deceive by their enchantments, who in the end revealed all their knavery. There were four brethren of that order taken at Berne, unto whom the torture was delivered: which after they had confessed the matter, were disgraded, and finally burnt for their fraudulent and diabolical machinations which they had forged to maintain their opinion. For they had Enchanted with superstitious charms, a poor Novice. It was at the great instance of the Bernois, that Haimo Bishop of Lansanna, (in which Diocese Berne is) took knowledge of their cause, and after inquisition made thereof, brought it to this point, that they were disgraded, and delivered unto the secular arm, and burned the last day of May in the Mead nigh the River side of Ar. There were other culpable of this deed, but they escaped from the hands of the Bernois.  
The King Frederic of Naples, and the Cardinal de Ambose died.  
In this time happened a great malady and sickness in France, which they called the Coqueluehe. The Pope julius excommunicated the king of France and john d' Alebret king of Navarre, and gave their kingdoms to whomsoever could first occupy them.  
Masseus in the 20. Chapter of his Chronicles, reciteth that the king of France perceiving that the Pope julius with the Venetians went about something against him, assembled a Council in the Town of Tours in the month of September: 
If it be lawful for Popes to make war.  where he proposed the questions following, namely; Whether it were lawful for the Pope to make war against any Prince without cause or reason: And if such a Prince defending himself may not assail the said Pope and withdraw from his obedience? It was answered that it was not lawful for the Pope so to do: but that it was lawful for the Prince to do that whereof he had inquired.  
Moreover it was agreed that the pragmatike sanction should be kept through the Realm of France, 
The pragmatike sanction.  and if he thundered his excommunications, that they should make no account of them because they should be unjust.  
After these things the King sent to julius the answer of his Council, requiring him, either to agree to peace, or in some place to appoint a general Council to dispute the said questions more at large.  
The Council of Laterance was begun by julius this 
The Council of Lateran.  year 1512. Leo his successor continued the said Council, the end whereof was the 16. of March, 1517.  
This horrible monster died the year following after he had begun the said Council, that is, the year 1513. having committed an infinite number of murders and wickednesses unheard of before, he died the year 1513. the 21 of February, before the Council which he had assembled at Rome was ended. See Functius in his Commentaries. There was an Almain called Conrade Garbelius, who made of him Tetrastike in Latin verses, whereof the sense was this. He that hath for his father a Genova, for his mother a Grecian, and that is borne in the Sea, it is impossible he should be good. The Genovaes' are deceivers; the Grecians are liars, and there is no security nor faithfulness in the Sea. Thou julius hast in thee all these things. We read a certain Commentary of the Doctors of Paris against the Lutherans, being drawn on by a devilish rage, had by force the carnal company of two young children of a noble house which the Queen Anne of France had sent to Roberte Cardinal of Nantes, to teach.  
Melancton amongst others hath written certain Latin Verses: how that julius meaning to go to war, cast S. Peter's keys into Tiber, and took the sword of S. Paul, saying. Seeing the keys of S. Peter serve us to no purpose, it may be S. Paul's sword will do something.  
Gaston de Fovex the King's Nephew, was sent into Italy, and took Bolongne and Bresse by force. The Swisses already practised by the Pope, passed into Italy.  
On Easter day, the year 1512. the French got a battle at Ravenna, and took the Town against the Pope, the Spaniards, and the Venetians. Gaston died there, advancing himself with too small a company upon his enemies. julius practised with the Emperor and the King of England, to assail the King of France in divers places of his Kingdom.  
Ferdinand king of Spain, took and occupied against all right under colour of excommunication, the Arrathame of julius, the kingdom of Navarre.  
The King of England being assured of succours from Flaunders, descended to Calais: but the king of Scotland james the fourth, and the king of France his Ally, entered into his Country, but lost a great battle, and was himself slain. They did little in Guien or Normandy, whether they sent two Armies.  
Afterward the French and they fought upon the Sea. Two fair Ships well furnished, that is, the Regent of England, and the Cordelier of France, grappled one with the other: And the most part of such as were within, were either burnt or drowned.  
A peace was published betwixt the King and the Venetians.  
The English men besieged Terwine. At the journey of Sporrs the French fared ill. The Towns of Terwine and Tornay were taken by the English.  
Anne de Britain the wife of king Lewis the 12. and before the widow of Charles the eight, died at this time leaving two daughters: Claudia which afterward espoused Francis de Valois and Renee, at this present widow of the Duke of Ferrara.  
Leo the tenth of that name, borne at Florence, 
Leo. 10.  of the house of Medici's, before called john de Medici's, being Cardinal of the title of S. Mary (in Dominica) beyond all men's expectation was elected Pope, and succeeded julius: He had been very diligently instructed in good Letters in his first youth, and had had learned schoolmasters: Amongst others, Angelus Politian, a man very learned as well in the Greek as Latin tongue, & this was the cause he loved so much men of learning and knowledge.  
Being of the age of thirteen years he was chosen Cardinal by Innocent the 8. and in the 30. of his age he was chosen Pope of Rome.  
This Leo of his own nature was debonair, gentle, and peaceable, but he was too much governed by such as were enemies of rest, and cruel: after whose wills many things were done very disloyally.  
The King Lewis died the first day januarie 1514. having reigned 17. years. He was called the Father of the people, a title which few kings had after him.  
The greatest pleasure that Pope Leo had, was delicately to nourish himself in all things pleasant to the flesh, and such delights as would soon draw men into all wicked concupiscences. He took great pleasures in Singers and musicans to recreate his spirit at Table, as he drank and made good cheer. He bore an irreconcilable hatred unto the Gospel of the kingdom of God: which he persecuted in the person of Luther and many others. For as one day the Cardinal Bembo uttered before him a certain thing drawn from the Gospel, 
O execrable blasphemy.  he answered him mocking. It hath ever sufficiently been known what profit that Fable of jesus hath brought us and our company.  
This merchant gave hereby sufficiently to be known that he was that Antichrist which S. Paul called the man of sin, and the son of perdition.  

Indulgences.  He spread abroad through the world certain pardons and Indulgences full of all impiety, yea and ridiculous: to the end to heap up silver to maintain his pleasures, to nourish his whores, and enrich his bastards. And herein he served himself with Mendicant beggars, which in infinite number traced and ran over all Christian kingdoms.  

Samson of Milan a Friar.  One called Samson of Milan a Friar, heaped up by that mean so great a sum of silver in divers Countries, that the world was astonished thereat as a thing contrary to nature. For he one day offered the sum of an hundredth and twenty thousand Ducats for the Papacy.  
This Pope Leo created in one day one and thirty Cardinals, and by that means pursed up a great sum of silver: And that same day were seen very horrible signs and wonders, the year 1521. at which time Soliman Emperor of the Turks took Rhodes. 
Rhodes taken.  On the day of Christ's Nativity as Leo went out of his chamber to go sing Mass at the break of the day (after their manner, a marble cover well couched and laid, fell suddenly down, so that many of his company were there slain, and amongst others the Captain of the Swisses guard.  
By such a presage God showed that the Popedom should shortly perish, because of the enormeous and detestable wickedness committed therein.  
He greatly enriched at other expenses his bastards, and erected and lifted them up to principalities and dignities, as well Secular as Ecclesiastice. He created Duke of Mutiny, julian, whom some said was his Nephew, his sister's son: and Laurence Duke of Urbin, and married the one, that is to say julian, with the Duke of Savoyes' sister, and the other with the the daughter of the Countess of Bolongne. But he had deprived the true Duke of Urbin of the possession of the Duchy, to the end he might establish one of them in his place, he sought also to do the like to the Duke of Ferrara, but it was in vain. As for his Nephew julius, he made him a Cardinal.  
The year 1421. and the first of December, understanding that the French had been vanquished at Milan by the emperors people, and chased out of all Italy: which also was not done without his means, drinking & making good cheer, he marvelously rejoiced at this news, and herein suddenly died as they say. He which never believed there was either hell or heaven after this present life. There was a Poet called Sannazarius which made a Distiche, that is, two Latin Verses of the death of the said Leo, which because they seem to be well made, are set down.  
Sacra sub extrema, si forte requiritis hora.  
Curio Leo non poterat sumere: vendiderat.  
The sense of these Verses is: If you ask wherefore Leo could not take the Sacraments being so nigh his death: the reason is, he had sold them before. That which is above spoken of the taking of Rhodes and of the wonders seen the same day, that agreement was made to yield the Town into the Turks hands, cannot accord with that which is spoken of the death of Leo. For it is a certain that Rhodes was taken by Pope Adrian his successor, and was yielded to the Turks. Anno 1522.   

An Advertisement touching a certain conjecture of the supputation of time.  
It would be noted in this place, that the year after the Incarnation of jesus Christ, 161. Paulus Samosatenus being Bishop of Antioch, began to disgorge his blasphemies against jesus Christ, denying that he was the true and eternal son of God. Which most dangerous and pernicious heresy of all others, was afterward augmented by Arrius and Mahomet, and is yet at this day by that Antichrist the Pope. Moreover, the Monks which began as it were the same year under Paul the first, here unto have nourished and maintained the same heresy in their divers manners of life, and their wicked doctrines whilst Antichrist reigned in the Temple of God, 
Apoc. 11. a. 2.  and dealt with preaching and teaching publicly in the Church, namely, by the space of 42. months, or of 1260. days, which is all one, which days if we take them for years as they ought, adding thereunto the first number of 261. years, they will come to the year 1521. after the Nativity of jesus Christ.  

2. Thess. 2. a. 4.  But that you may understand this secret; That year was discovered that great adversary of God, who lifted himself above all that was called God, or worshipped as God. This year then, that error which so long time had been maintained under the tyrant of Antichrist, began to be shaken and to fall, because the truth and righteousness of Faith through the spirit of jesus Christ were revealed by the means of certain learned persons.  
For in the said year 1521. Martin Luther being well fortified by the spirit of God, in the presence of all the Estates of the Empire assembled at Worms, confessed and maintained constantly and hardily the true doctrine of our Lord jesus Christ, which the aforesaid heretics denied. And since this confession, the true Church of our Lord jesus Christ hath again begun to renew itself, and his kingdom to take and gather more greater forces: And the kingdom of Antichrist hath begun to diminish and approacheth his ruin. This which followeth is extracted out of the book of Christien Masseus.  
The year of the Lord 1515. Frances King of France received of Leo a jubilee, (that is to say, pardons to sell) to be published through all France: which was also spread through all Christendom.  
This was a bottomless depth of all evils; for under the shadow of fight against the Turks, they heaped up inestimable treasures. They which had this charge and commission, persuaded the simple people, that whosoever would give ten French souls, should deliver the soul for whom he gave them from the pains of Purgatory. For they held this for a certain rule, that God would do whatsoever they would, according to that which is said. All that you do on earth, etc. So that if there had wanted but one farthing less than the said ten souls, they said all could profit nothing. Such like merchandise displeased many good men, and they began to debate this question touching the Pope's power: whereof the old Bishops never heard speak.  
Martin Luther was then in Almain, who then began to cry very sharply against Indulgences, against whom one called john Bekins opposed himself, and they two entered into great disputations and contentions touching this matter.  
Pope Leo the tenth thundered a great process against Martin Luther, and condemned him as an heretic, and rejected him from the communion of the faithful. He strait appealed unto the Council to come. After this, Leo commanded that his books should be burnt at Rome, and on the other side Luther burnt at Wittemberge, his Canons and Popish decretals, saying: As they have done to me so have I done to them. Thus far Masseus, The rest of this history you may see in Sleidon. Baptista Mantuanus had before exhorted the said Leo to do his office, thus speaking unto him in the fourth book de fastis. Yet there remaineth many things for thee to do of great importance holy Father. If they be great and weighty, thou must enterprise them with great courage. But there are there amongst others which are most worthy wherein thou shouldest employ thyself and travel therein. The first is war wherewith Italy already tired, and the fields thereof bedeawed with human blood. An other is; That the Roman Court is infected with a dangerous poison which spreadeth itself over all Nations. Lastly, there is a Faith which is oppressed, and on all sides offered a pillage, unto all cruel and barbarous Nations. All these things cry after thee, and demand succours of thee: help them, for the Commonwealth of Christ staggereth, and Faith is sick and already nigh her death.  
Leo having gathered a great sum of silver for pardons which he sold, enriched his parents bankers, and listed them up into great dignities.  
Martin Luther a great Theologian, began to preach the true and pure doctrine against the hypocrisy of Papists, and from thence forward the Popedom ceased not by little and little to fall into ruin.  
Francis de Valois Duke de Angoulesme as the nighest and meetest to succeed in the Crown, was King 57 years after the death of Lewis the 12. whose eldest daughter called Claudia, he married.  
Selim having driven away and after poisoned his old father because he lived too long, was Emperor of the Turks in the year 1510. Unto this wickedness he added the murdering of his brethren and the strangling of his Nephews. He vanquished and drove the Sophy away: and in many battles overcame the two Souldan's, Campson, & Tonombeus, with the Mammelus and Arabians: he added to his Empire, Egypt and Arabia, 
The death of Selms the year, 1518.  and took the great Cairo. Afterward returning the into his Country an Ulcer engendered in his loins, which still increasing as a Canker, killed him the 7. year of his reign. See hereof Munster in his cosmography, Paulus iovius, and Rich the first book.  
Soliman the only son of Selim aforesaid, succeeded him in the Empire of the Turks, Anno 1518. Soliman three years after took Belgarde in Hungary, which was the Fortress and defence of the Christians, and from thence about other three years he took Rhodes by composition, having in his Army 200000. Turks, and 400. Galleys: and two years after that he destroyed the Country of Hungary with fire & sword, vanquished the King of the Country, and took Bude. But the 14. of his kingdom coming to besiege Vienna in Hungary with a great puissance, he was put back by God his grace, and the force of the Almains. By nature he was haughty and glorious, having so great dominions and victories. He pretended that the Empire of Rome and of the West appertained unto him: For he said he was the true successor of Constantine, who transported the Empire from Rome and unto Constantinople. His ordinary revenue is of six millions of skutes (some say seven) for each year: and whensoever it pleaseth him to make war, he gaineth more thereby than he loseth, because of the great store of silver he taketh of his subjects. He hath more treasure and precious stones than all other kings together, as Paulus iovius saith: who also attributeth the loss of Rhodes to the carelessness and negligence of the Pope.  
Maximilian deceased in ostrich the 12. january, after the obtaining of the Empire 27. years.  
Charles 5. the son of Philip Archduke of Ostrich, 
Charles. 5.  of the age of 19 years was chosen Emperor of Rome the 25. june, and succeeded his grandfather Maximilian▪ The Pope would have hindered his election, because he was king of Naples, and that the kings of Naples were bound to the Pope to denounce that Empire, whilst they should be kings of Naples: but it was in vain.  
Zuinglius is called from Glarone to Zurich, to read & teach theology.  
The books of Luther are burnt the Pope's partakers in Almain: Luther also for his part publicly burnt at Wittemberge the Pope's Canon law, as also a new decree whereby he was condemned: and after yielded a reason of his so doing.  
The Emperor at the instance of Frederic of Saxony, sent the 6. of March to Luther, that under his faith and safeguard he should come to a journey held Worms, 
Charles. 5.  whither he came against the advise of his friends: and entering there the 16. of of April, he came out again the 26. of the said month.  
Ferdinand the emperors younger brother Prince of Ostrich, took to wife Anne, the only daughter of Vladislaus King of Hungary and of Boheme, the sister of Lewis, the last King of the line of Hungary.  
Luther opposed by Eckins the Lawyer at the journey at Worms, constantly maintained the truth. The Emperor writ Letters to Princes, 
Luther excommunicated and assailed on all sides.  whereby he declared his advise that Luther should be abandoned to whosoever would slay him. He is excommunicated & anathematized by Pope Leo. The Sorbonists of Paris assailed him: so did Henry the 8. King of England by his own writing. Whereupon the Pope gave him the title of defender of the Church.  
A Decree at Worms published by the emperors Letters Patters against Luther and his favourites.  

Adrian. 6.  Adrian Pope sixth of that name, borne at Vtrict, in the country of Holland, come from a poor house, passed his youth in study at Louvain, nourished and brought up amongst the poor of the College called du Pourcean. From a Doctor in Divinity and Doyen of S. Peter de Louvain, he was called to be a Pedagogue and Schoolmaster of Charles the fifth, after Emperor. Erasmus having been cast off as a suspected person, because of the doctrine, which after Luther published; afterward being sent Ambassador towards Ferdinand King of Spain, he obtained the Bishopric of Derthuse.  
The Emperor passing into England to go into Spain, made alliance at Windsor with Henry the 8. to espowse Marie his daughter (than of the age of seven years) when she should be of full age.  
john Rouchlin, restorer of the Hebrew tongue in Almain, this year died.  

The taking of Rhodes.  Rhodes besieged in the month of june by Soliman Emperor of the Turks, the seventh month following is taken by composition, to the great damage and dishonour of the Christians.  
Christian King of Danemarch; Noruege and Snede, 
Maximilian.  for fear that for his great tyranny, and ill government, he might fall into some daughter of his person, this year fled into Zealand, with his children and his wife Isabel the emperors sister, brought unto great necessity.  
We may learn by such examples to fear God his judgements, when he chastiseth both Countries and Kings for our instruction.  
Charles Duke of Bourbon, Constable of France, willingly departed, partly drawn by the Emperor's fair promises, & turned himself against the French King, to the great misfortune both of his own person and of France.  
The books of a Physician & Magician were burnt at Rome, some of which were brought unto Adrian, whereof he made great account: and they were after his death found amongst his secret papers. And some thought he came to his Popedom by an evil art. Paralip. Chron. Abb. Vrsp.  
The Pope Adrian after like others, he had persecuted the truth of the Gospel in the person of Luther and Oecolampadius, died of a death suspected of poison in September, the second year of his Popedom.  
Clement Pope, seveth of that name, a Florentine, 
Clement. 7.  of the Sect of Knights of S. john of jerusalem, Prior des caps, succeeded Adrian. He before was called julius, but admonished by his familiar Cardinals, he took the name of Clement, Functius. Some write him the Nephew, others the son of Leo, others his bastard brother, of the house of Medici's.  
At Zuric there was a disputation three days whether the Mass and Idols should be abolished.  
The 20. of januarie following, the journey of the Swisses was held at Lucerne, 
Zuric is hated of all the Swisses.  where they wholly confirmed the Pope's doctrine, and condemned that of the Gospel. The Swisses in common complained of them of Zuric.  
Bourbon besieged Marceill in vain, from whence he retired into Italy, where he was pursued of the French King, who took Milan, and in winter besieged Pavia upon Tesin.  

Charles. 5.  Anthony Duke of Lorraine sharply persecuted such as bare any favour to Luther's doctrine.  
About the end of this year, certain Countrymen or peasants of Snabe began to rise and rebel against the Count de Loupae their Lord, and after their example their neighbours did the like, under the colour of certain charges, wherewith they complained to be burdened.  
This stir was after very pernicious, and brought great troubles and effusion of blood.  

The journey of Pavia.  A battle given at Pavia betwixt Charles de Lavoy, a Gentlemen of the Country of Hainaut, the emperors Lieutenant, and the French King, wherein the said King was taken in the combat, and from thence carried by sea into Spain.  

Division betwixt Luther and Zuinglius.  Zuinglius agreed not with Luther in an Article of the Supper. He said that in the words of jesus Christ there is a figure, such as there is found in infinite places of the scripture the like.  
Luther denieth it, and saith that the body of jesus Christ is within the bread & wine, and that it entereth into the mouth. The Saxons follow Luther, and Swisses, Zuinglius.  
Of long time hath Satan with his dark clouds obscured the doctrine of the Supper: and now by contentions and debates he also seeketh to take away from men the true taste thereof.  
The sedition of peasants remained not only in Almain, but spread itself also in Lorraine, nigh to Savernes. Duke Anthony accompanied with his brother claud de Guise, and of some of the French troop which were at the journey at Pavia, fought with them and slew a great number, keeping not his promised faith unto them.  
The Sorbonist Doctors of Paris whilst their king was in, drove out of France james Faber d'estaples, partly upon envy, and partly upon suspicion of Religion.  
The King advertised hereof, made the cause to be stayed until his return.  
Frederic Duke of Saxony died, and john his brother was his successor.  
Carolostadius writ against Luther, unto whom he answered at large.  
The Pope Clement whilst the King was a prisoner writ Letters unto the Parliament of Paris, grievously to persecute the Lutherans.  
Touching the seditions of the peasants multiplied in divers places. See the History of Sleidan.  
Luther taketh a Nun to wife, whereby he receiveth many reproaches at his adversaries hands.  
In january a peace was made at Madril in Spain, betwixt the King and the Emperor, upon condition, above all to bandy himself against the Turk, and the heresy of Luther. The King after he had seen his two children as hostages, returned into France.  
The Emperor espoused in Spain Isabel the daughter of Emanuel, and sister to john, king of Portugal.  
The Turk departed from Belgrade, and having passed from Danubie and Savo, he drew straight into Hungary, and bad battle unto king Lewis, who died in the fight, and his wife Mary the emperors sister, saved herself with swift running.  
john Sepuse, Vaivoda de Transiluania, 
warts between Vaivoda & Ferdinand.  after being allied with the Turk against Ferdinand, was appointed king of Hungaria, as his vassal and Tenant. Whilst they debated their rights by dint of the sword, there fell out a very damageable war both for them and their neighbours.  
Francis king of France returned from Spain, allied himself with the Pope & the Venetians to defend Italy by sea and land, against the Emperor, and to recover the kingdom of Naples: and published a writing, whereby he showed his reasons. And the Emperor caused to be published an other to the contrary.  
Swiss infected with Anabaptists. At Saint Gall, one of that Sect, before his Father and Mother, and others his Parents, cut off his brother's head, saying he had been so commanded of God by revelation, joachim Vadian a learned man, Consul of the said Town, with other justices, incontinently caused the head of the said parricide Anabaptist to be cut off.  
They of Berne made known to their next Bishops their disputations, touching the reformation of Religion: and publish Articles.  

The taking of Rome.  Bourbon willing to pass for the Emperor into the kingdom of Naples, took his way towards Rome, which he got by assault, Bourbon was there strooken with a Bullet as he scaled the wall, and there left his life. The Town was peeled the sixth day of May. Clement was besieged a long time with his Cardinals in the Castle of Saint Angelo. And finally the seventh month after, he was delivered by his ransom of 40000. ducats, after some.  
The birth of Philip, the emperors son; was this year 1527.  
The King of France having made a league with the King of England, sent into Italy the Lord de Landrece, to succour the Pope: he took Alexandria, and after Pavia.  
The seventh of january, they of Berne held disputation, wherein Zuinglius, Oecolampartius, Bucer, Capito, Blanrer had by the holy scriptures surmounted and vanquished such as were of the adverse party. Finally, they confirmed by the authority of the Magistrate through all their lands, the said Articles, abolished the Mass, and threw down Images and Altars.  
The Kings of England in France demanded of the Emperor many things by their Heralds: The King of France his children, offering silver for them. He of England first three hundred thousand skutes for the borrowing of five hundred thousand of interest, because the accords made betwixt them, in the year 1522. had by him been violated and broken. Finally three years pension, which by paction betwixt them the Emperor was bound to pay him: that is to say, 133000. skutes by year. If he refused, their Heralds were to denounce war.  
At Strasbourge, by the Pope's advise every man assembled in his Tribe. The Mass was laid down, until the Papists should show by the holy scripture, that it is a service agreeable unto God.  
It may then lie down long enough. For contrary it is wholly opposite unto the Supper of jesus Christ.  
Sedition at Basil, betwixt the Burgesses and certain of the Senators for the cause of Religion. The Burgesses having taken Arms, cast down the Images in Temples: which was the cause that the Senate agreed to what they demanded: yea and that twelve Senators which favoured Papistry should be dejected out of the Senate: And that from thenceforth, when any question fell out to ordain any thing, concerning the common wealth, that a Council of 200. should be called thereunto to have their advise therein. The Mass than was abolished through all their signory, and Images publicly burned as the Instruments of Idolatry.  
Upon a Wednesday which the Papist call Ash-wednesday, the Idols were burnt at Basil.  
Lantrec being dead, and Andrew Danre of Genova revolted, the French King began to hearken unto peace.  
Margarite the emperors Aunt, and Loyse the King's mother, assembled at Cambray, 
A peace at Cambray.  and dealt for a peace in the month of August in this sort. The Emperor left to the King, Bourgongne, if he engendered any male child of his sister. The King gave for the deliverance of his children to the Emperor, twenty hundred thousand Skutes, the debt of England being comprehended therein.  
The Article again is added to extirpate the Lutherans.  
The Emperor returning from Genes, and arriving at Ausbourge, denounced unto the Protestants that they should let their preaching cease, and go to Mass with him. They refused both he one and the other: showing there was no reason to constrain them to do it, unless the cause were debated.  
The 24. of February after he had sworn, 
The emperors Coronation.  namely that he should all his life defend the honour & dignity of the Roman seat, he is with great pomp & magnificence crowned Emperor at Boulogne.  
Ellenor the emperors sister and the King's spouse, came from Spain into France with the Kings two children, Francis, and Henry, after they had been four years in hostage in their Father's place.  
The Pope Clement and the Emperor besieged the Florentines, because they set out of their Town such as were of the house of Medici's. In the end Ferrand de Gonzague brought them to composition, and they received for their Prince, Alexander de Medici's: unto whom the Emperor promised his bastard daughter Margarite.  
In this time Tiber at Rome overflowed his banks, and the wind so beat back the surges and waves thereof, that the whole Town was greatly terrified therewith.  

A deluge of waters.  The like and more grievous tempest, came also in Holland & the Countries adjoining, the sea having burst her banks and levies, and took away all it met withal, the length of the flat Country.  
Ferdinand the emperors younger brother, the fifth of january, at Cullen is proclaimed king of the Romans: And the eleventh of April following crowned at Aix, notwithstanding the Duke of Saxony protested by his son that he would not agree there unto.  
The Turk returned the second time against the Town of Vienna in Ostrich: but the Emperor and Ferdinand went against him in battle, and forced him to retire.  
The eleventh of October, Zuinglius of the age of forty four years, younger than Luther by four years, was slain at a battle of the petit Cantons, against them of Zuric: and about the end of November Oecolampadius of the age of 49. years, passed also from this life into an other, in the Town of Basil.  
Mary, the widow of Lewis King of Hungary, is appointed by the Emperor her brother in the government of the low Country, in the place Margarite his Aunt, lately deceased.  
A Comet appeared almost through the whole month of August.  
Loyse mother of the king of France, and sister to Charles Duke of Savoy, died this year.  
A war recommenced betwixt the Swisses, namely they of Zuric and five Cantons, but in the end a peace was concluded.  
The Town of Munster receive the Gospel.  
Christian King of Denmark now banished from his Country by the space of ten years: 
The King of Denmark imprisoned.  hoping to recover his kingdom was taken by sea, and laid in prison.  
His son which the Emperor his uncle entertained, died of the age, able to be employed in warlike affairs.  
Soliman Emperor of the Turks came with a great Army to Belgrade: and from thence drawing on the left hand, he besieged the Town and Castle of Giunte: but Nicholas jurixe being then within made him leave his siege.  
john de Leiden a Cutler an Hollander, secretly, and Harman Staprede Minister, Rotmans' companion, publicly began to disperse about the Town of Munster, the seed of Anabaptism. Rotman after he had resisted him in the beginning, and caused them by the Senate to be driven out of the Town, declared himself to be an Anabaptist, in a disputation appointed in the Town house. See the History of Anabap. of Munster.  
Who would not tremble at such a judgement of God, to see such as lately professed the Gospel of the Lord, to fall into so great wickedness?  
George Prince of Saxony, 
Cruelty of George Duke of Saxony.  for the Gospel banished three score and ten Bourgesses of the Town of Lipsic, because they would not communicate in the Sacrament of the Supper, unless it were under both kinds, of bread and wine.  
The Pope Clement signified the Council unto the Duke of Saxony, that it should be at Plaisance, or else at Boulongne, or at Mantua, Imperial Towns: The Duke sent his Ambassadors towards the Protestants about the last of june: who answered by writing, that they would have a Council free and well ordained in Almain, where the difference in Religion might be decided by neuter and equal judges, yea and that by the books of holy scriptures.  
In favour also of the French King he made four French Cardinals: Odes de chastilion, Philip de Bologne, claud de Gnyuri, and john the hunter.  
In the month of March the Emperor of Italy sailed into Spain.  
There was a marriage at Marceille dealt in, betwixt Henry the King of France his son, a Prince of the age of fifteen years, and Katherine de Mecides Pope Clement's Niece, by the King of France his means, and the said Clements.  
During the emperors absence the Landgrave passed into France, and in the name of Vlrich Prince of Wirtemberge engaged and pawned unto the King (borrowing of him ready Silver) the Earldom of Montbeliard, to the end to restore the said Prince his cousin into his Seignories and Countries: upon this condition, that if within three years it were not redeemed, it should remain hereditary unto the Kingdom of France.  
Henry King of England, having put away the daughter of Ferdinand king of Spain, the said Henry his brother's wife, took Anne Bullen: whereupon the Pope commanded him to take again the said Katherine. See Sleidan.  
The Pope Clement by the counsel of Curtius his Physician, 
The death of Pope Clement.  having changed the Regiment and manner of his living, in his age, died in the end of September of a disease of the stomach.  
john Baptist Folengius in his Commentary upon the 105. Psalm, speaking of Pope Clement his death saith thus. Some say that in our time Clement the seventh Pope of Rome, died of so dishonest a death as he was eaten with Lice. Others think he was but poisoned.  
In the month of November, at Paris, were many Placarts fixed unto posts in divers places against the Mass and other Articles of the Popish Religion: Whereupon was exercised great cruelty and horrible butchery against such as they called Lutherans.  

Paul. 3.  Paul Pope, third of that name, an ancient man, was chosen the 11. of October, and created Pope of Rome, and crowned the third of November. He reigned 15. years, whereof we will handle hereafter.  
In the month of january the King of France came to Paris, 
A bloody procession.  ordained there a general procession where the Idol Saint Geneviefue was carried about in great pomp: there also made he an Oration to the people against the Lutherans (as they called them). And for a solemn Sacrifice to appease God's anger, he caused six poor Christians to be burned, which confessed the name of God in sundry places of the Town. For this cause was he ill beloved in Almain.  
In the month of April the Emperor embarking at Barcelonne went into Africa, where he took the Town of Thunis, and the Fort of Golete: 
Thunis and Golete.  he after made tributary the king Muleasse.  
Barbarosse the Turks Lieutenant, who occupied that kingdoms escaped, and assembled a certain number of vessels in argel: And the Emperor retired into Sicily.  
In the month of july, the King of England beheaded john Fisher Bishop of Rochester, and Thomas Moor his Chancellor, because they would not agree to the Edict and statute made for the abolishment of the Pope's authority, who challenged to be head of the English Church. Fisher whilst he was prisoner was chosen Cardinal, which nothing amended his cause with the King,  
About the end of the month of October, Francis Sforce Prince of Milan, deceased without any heirs.  
The sixth of December the Protestants assembled at Smalcalde. Guillaume de Bellay, Lord de Langeny Ambassador for the king of France came thither: who the 19 of December excused the king for the executions he had made of the Lutherans: saying they were seditious people, and held a far other Religion then that of the Protestants.  
Moreover if they thought good of it, he had a great desire to send Theologians and learned men into Amaigne: or else if they would they might send their learned Divines into France to communicate together of certain points of Religion.  
The Senate of Auspurge received the doctrine of the Gospel.  
The 24. of july the Town of Munster is besieged and by might taken by the Count d'Obersten, Captain of the Army, and by their Bishop.  
About the end of the month of january, john de Leiden Head of the Anabaptists, Coipperdolin and Chrechring his companions, being tied to posts were slain at Munster: the Head alone confessing his fault and something repenting.  
Henry King of England had by his wife Anne Bullen, a fair daughter called Elizabeth.  
The Emperor entered into Provence with his Army, but wanting victuals for his Camp, he was constrained to retire to Gene. A great number of his soldiers died, and amongst others, his Lieutenant Anthony de Leve.  
Francis the King of France his eldest son, died at Tournon upon Rosne, of the age of 18. years. Sebastian de Moncucul, an Italian was drawn with 4. horses: For giving him poison (as it is said).  
Perone besieged by Henry Count de Nassau, and by Adrian d'erouy, Count de Reux.  
There arose a great sedition in England against the King: For that be had plucked down and banished the Pope's authority.  
The Emperor by Sea returned from Genes over into Spain.  
Alexander de Medici's Duke of Florence, is slain by Laurence his kinsman, promising him the enjoying of a Lady his neighbour of excellent beauty.  
james the fifth, King of Scotland, espoused Magdaline king Francis his eldest daughter.  
The emperors Army in Artois under the conduction of Florent de Bure took by force S. Paul, besieged Terovanne, but could not win it.  
The eleventh of October was borne Edward, King Henry his son of England, of jane Semer, which he took to wife after Anne Bullen.  
Anne de Mont-mourancy is created Constabled France, which is a sovereign degree of honour, which office had been vacant 15. years since the revolt of Charles de Bourbon.  
The Emperor and the king Francis assembled Nice, where the Pope was to make a peace betwixt them: and although they accorded not in the principal, yet they concluded a truce betwixt them for ten yearers.  
Margarite the Emperor's bastard-daughter, after the death of the aforesaid Alexander, is married unto Octavian the Pope's son in law.  
Henry of England caused the Relics of S. Thomas of Canterbury to be taken out of his Schrine, and made them publicly to be burnt.  
The Emperor and king Francis met at Aignes' mortes in Languedoc, and entertained one an other.  
Charles d' Egmond Duke de Gueldres, deceased very old, and William Duke of Cleves possessed his Country as well by the dead man's will, as by the Nobility of the Country.  
Castelubro a Town of Illyrica, in the gulf of Ambracia, is taken from the Turk by the Emperor and the Venetians, allied together.  
Touching this Pope Paul, amongst a great number of his acts I will recite but this little following; that the world may know how great their sanctity is, which the Papists maintain with an his voice to be Peter's succours, and the Vicars of jesus Christ.  
This Paul was an Astrologian, a Magician, and Divine, and amongst his most familiars, had one called Denis Sevila a Magician, whom therefore afterward he made a Cardinal, with one named Gaurice of Portugal, Cecius and Marcell Negromancians and wicked villains: Of these did he inquire the fortune of himself and his bastards. He got his red hat in this manner. He had a sister called julia Farnese, which he delivered to Pope Alexander, that he might be a Cardinal and Bishop of Hostia, and to find means to pay his debts. For those good Popes commonly are so inflamed with whoredom, that they make no difficulty to promise red hats and Bishopprickeses to such as will bring them their sisters, or else that which is more horrible, their young brethren, to violate. Many by such practices obtain great riches, & fat Benefices. And (as Agrippa saith) there is no shorter way than that to come thereunto.  
This murderer poisoned his mother and a Nephew, to this end that all the succession of the Farneses', might fall upon him. Moreover seeing the other of his sisters (whose carnal company he had sometime had) followed too openly the manners and conditions of them of the house of Farnese, and that she loved more the company of others, then his, he poisoned her also.  
Being a Legate in Mark d'Ancone, in the time of julius the second, he most wickedly abused a maid, issued of a noble house of that Town. For he counterfeited and disguised himself, feigning to be one of the Gentlemen of the Legates house, so under the colour of a promise to marry her, deflowered her: Who after she knew the truth what he was, and that she was not his legitimate wife, but his whore (at the least by the Canon law) she became almost out of her wits. And of this marriage came that great Porteenseigne and Captain of all Buggers and Sodomites. Peter Lewis.  
As one Nicholas de Chesme found him one day adulterously abusing his wife, Laurea Farnese, (who was the said Paul's Niece,) he wounded him so well with his dagger, that he carried the mark thereof all his life. He slew with poison Bosuis Sforza, the husband of his daughter Constance, (whom before he had often used as his whore) to the end he might more at his ease, and with greater liberty enjoy her.  
This Dotard very tyrannously oppressed them of Peruse, and drove from the signory Ascanius Column, a very just Prince. This detestable Robber and Rover took and usurped for himself the Town of Camer, after he had driven away the Lady thereof: which was a woman endowed with a rare and singular religion and prudence, and did so much with his practices with Cardinals, that he exchanged the said City of Camer (which was not his own) with the towns of Parme and Plaisance, to the end to make his son Lewis, Lord & master of them. Which act afterward by a just judgement of God was cause of the death of the said Peter Lewis. He often consulted with his Cardinals how he might hinder a national Council in Almain: and commanded his Ambassadors that they should inflame the hearts all Princes against the King of England.  
Anne de Cleves, sister of William Duke of Cleves, is accorded in marriage to the king of England.  
In the month of Maya Comet appeared in the air, 
A Comet.  and almost the same day deceased Elizabeth the emperors wife.  
In August Castelnovo in Illirica is taken again upon the Emperor by Barbarosse the great Turk's Lieutenant, 
Castelnovo.  & almost all the garrison of the Spaniards slain.  
The Citizens of Gaunt rose up against Mary, Regent in the low countries for the Emperor: for which cause it was needful for him to haste into Flaunders. He passed then through France from Spain, with great receiving and entertainment of the king and his subjects.  
The Emperor and the King sent their Ambassadors to the Venetians, to join with them for making war upon the Turk: but without any thing being moved with that Embassage, they incontinently sent towards the Turk to make peace with him. Some say they were behind counseled hereunto by the French Ambassador.  
They of Gaunt are punished by the Emperor: many are beheaded and otherwise punished, and after he had taken their liberties from them, he caused a strong Fort to be there builded, to bridle them.  
The French king seeing himself out of hope to recover Milan, he began to contract with the Duke of Cleves, concerning a marriage betwixt him and the Princess of Navarre.  

Vaivoda.  john de Vainoda king of Hungary died, leaving a little child called Stephen, borne of Elizabeth, daughter of Sigismond king of Polonia.  

Chabot.  Philip Chabot Admiral of France, is condemned at Melnue upon treason, and in seven hundredth thousand Scutes as a fine, and after banished into the wood of Vincenne: but a little after he was again restored unto all his goods and estates.  

The jouney of Remsbourg  The disputation of Remsbourge, began in April betwixt the Protestants, and them which they called Catholics. Philip Melancton, Bucer, Pistorius, & other Theologians were there on the Protestants side, against Eccius, julles Pffug, and john Gropper.  

The seed of war.  Caesar Fregosa and Antony Rincon (which the French king sent Ambassadors to the Turk) as they passed the Pan to draw towards Venice, they were taken by the Imperialists and put to death.  
The marquess Alphonsus Daval the emperors Lieutenant in Lombardie, is accused of that murder by the Lord de Langeay. The King dispatcheth his Ambassadors to the journey at Reiusbourge, to complain of that wicked act: After, he stayed at lions George d'Austriche, bastard son of the Emperor Maximilian, Archbishop Valence, as he passed through France from Spain unto the Emperor, who was in the low Countries.  
Francis, son of Anthony Duke of Lorraine, espoused Christian, widow, the daughter of Christian king of Denmark, which displeased the king of France.  
Ferdinand besieged Bude, a Town in Hungary, where the Queen Dowairie was shut up with her little son: 
Bude falls to the Turk.  but the Turks coming down in great numbers in the month of july, he was glad to leave his siege. The Turks arriving a little while after, took the Town of Pest, and discomfited a great part of Ferdinand's people. After, whether the said Dowairie would or no, he forced her to appropriate Bude unto him: under the colour that she could not defend it against Ferdinand. So the little King and his mother were banished into Transiluania.  
The Emperor came to Lupues to speak with the Pope: 
The journey Argiere.  And to hinder the Turk of an other side, & to withdraw him from Hungary, he embarked himself with his Army in the port of de Venere, and passing by the Isles of Corseigne, Maiorque, and Minorque, he made sail to Argiere, where he took land the third of October: but there arose a great and horrible tempest of the sea, which scattered and dispersed a great number of his sails: so that having lost a good part of his Artillery, and almost all his furniture of war, he was constrained to retire into Spain.  
The French after they understood of this loss, took occasion to move war.  
The principal Lords of ostrich, even to the number of 24. and with them, ten Cities, presented a request unto the King Ferdinand the third of December at Prague: to this end, that according to the decree of the last journey at Reiusbourge, they might reform their Churches. Ferdinand answered, that that that Decree only appertained unto the Protestants: therefore he commanded them to attend the issue of a general or national Council of Almain, promised by the Emperor at the said Reiusbourge.   

The beginning of the Council of the Trent.  
Paul Pope, published the Council at Trent the first day of November.  
Edicts of extreme rigour were published at Paris against such as they called Lutherans: namely, 
Persecution against the faithful.  to bring unto certain deputed Theologians, all such as were any thing spotted therewith. And that all Stationers and Bookbinder's should bring in within a certain time all suspected books. Priests also had set down a certain form of Interrogating such as came to confession, if they knew any Lutherans. A general Procession on is made, and Geneviefue, the Parisians Goddess, trotted through the streets in great pomp.  
The French king sent the Lord de Longuevil to the Duke of Cleves, there with Martin de Rossem to levy people, and to attend occasion to begin their enterprise. After in the month of july following, war is denounced to the Emperor. Longuevil & Rossem peeled & spoiled in Brabant all the Country: but they wanted powder and furniture for Artillery.  

Rochel.  They of Rochel in Xantoinge mutined against the king, for a Garrison placed there against the custom, and for extreme tollages. Gernac is sent thither by the king.  
Whilst the king goeth unto Parpignan, Guillame Poyet Chancellor of France, is by justice apprehended in the night time in his bed, and lead to prison: who foreseeing this tempest, made himself a Priest a little before, to shun the punishments which he knew to be due for his deserts.  
The Papal Priesthood serveth for a good cloak to cover all manner of infection.  
The Scots about the beginning of December fought very unluckily against the English. The cause of the war was, because the king of Scotland came to York as he had promised, to end a controversy which they had together about the limits of their Countries.  
The Emperor made Crown his son Philip king of Spain, and gave him in marriage Marie the daughter of john king of Pontugall.  
Sigismond the son of Sigismond king of Pologne, took in marriage Elizabeth, the daughter of Ferdinand king of the Romans.  
Clement Marot retiring to Geneva, set out in French verses, 20. Psalms of David. He had before published 30. at Paris, whereupon he was persecuted by the Sorbonists.  

Landrecy.  The Emperor and Henry of England, joined themselves to make war upon the French king, who took Landrecy and fortified it. 
Nice.   
The Haven and Town of Nice taken, and the Castle besieged by the Prince d' Anguien, after that Barbarossa (conducted by the Captain Poidin) had taken land with his Army by Sea at Tolon.  
The Duke of Cleves chastised by the Emperor, forsook the alliance of France. The Princess of Navarre, in the way against her will with the Cardinal de Ballay for her conduction unto Cleves, was stopped with great joy of the marriage broken.  
Trouble in Scotland, by such as demanded that their young Queen might be accorded unto Edward son of king Henry. The king of France did so much, that he pacified the Nobility to draw unto himself that alliance.  
The Vauldois, a people in Provence, are put to the spoil for the Gospel: 
Vauldois.  wherefore the History is faithfully described, and at large in the book of Martyrs which I have set forth.  
At the journey of Carignan in Piedmont, nigh Cirisolles, 
〈…〉 of Ca●●g●●n.  the Emperialists under the conduction of Alphonsus Davall, are discomfited by the Prince d' Anguien.  
The Emperor taketh again Luxembourge by composition, he taketh Ligni and the Castle: after S. Dedier, 
S. Dedier.  where Rene Prince of Aurange was stricken with a bullet and died, to the great grief of the Emperor.  
Anthony Duke of Lorraine, died not so much of age, 
Lorraine.  as of grief to see the war so nigh him, yea even as it were in his Country. Francis his son succeeded him, who married the emperors Niece.  
The King of England laid siege before Bologne, 
Bologne.  and in the end took it by composition.  
The Emperor being encamped upon the River of Marne, the Count Guillam de Furstemberge was taken by certain French horsemen as he sounded the Watch.  
The Emperor being at Soisson made peace with the king of France, the 24. of September.  
In the month of March Lewis Palatin Elector deceased, and had Frederic his brother his successor.  
Henry de Brunswic, a sworn enemy of all virtue, making no account of Marie the sister of Vlrich Prince of Wittemberge his wife, but giving himself to an whore, one of his wives Damzells, by whom he had seven children, was accused by the Protestants in a full Audience of Estates the fifth of April, and to the end the thing should be more secret, they caused to be made an Image like to an whore, by certain Apostate women; when this was done, they caused her to be buried with great pomp and magnificences, after they had made all the Priests thereabouts say Masses, Vigils, and all the Service accustomed to be done by the Papists at the burial of their dead. To this he had nothing to answer, but remained confounded.  
The King of France caused a Fort to be built upon the sea bank nigh Bullen, to hinder the victualling of the Town, holding his Army thereabouts.  
Charles Duke of Orleans, the king of France his son, who should have been son in law or in other alliance of the Emperor, the ninth day of September being of the age of 23. years, was taken away by a malady which held him but few days.  
Guillam de Fustemberge prisoner at Paris, after he had paid 30000. Skutes for his ransom, was set at liberty in the low Country with the Emperor, who honourably and amiably received him.  
The Sorbonists of Paris were assembled at Mèlun by the King's commandment, to determine of Articles to propose at the Council.  
After long disputation they thought it best wholly to follow them, which they had lately caused to be disputed on at Paris.  
The Theologians at Louvain, writ 32. Articles of the same subject that they of Paris.  
Peter Bridly, minister in the Church of the Strangers at Strasbourge, was secretly called unto Tornay by such as were there desirous of the Gospel: after he had some little while caught there, the 19 of February he was cruelly burnt with a little fire. See the book of Martyrs.  
Francis Duke of Lorraine died leaving a son, a little child. The Bishop of Mets his Uncle, and his mother, were appointed his Tutors.  
The daughter of Ferdinand married to the son of the king of Poland, dieth also.  
This Pope Paul had assigned the Council of Trent (as is said) not to remedy the evils of Christianity for the tranquility of consciences, or to place Religion in a good seat and estate, to the honour and glory of God: but to tread under feet his truth, and to oppress the Ministers of his word. In which place, seeing that he did not all he would, the year 1546. under colour that the air was there corrupted, he transported himself unto Boulongne, to the end by that mean he might the better take away all liberty from Christians to say their opinions, and to hinder the reformation of the Church. This Antichrist raised horrible and strange wars against the servants of God, pursuing them by fire, sword, imprisonments, and all other sorts of punishments. Yea he spared not his Cardinals, namely, Fulger and Contarien, after they had tasted the savour of the word of God: nor the Bishop of Pontus, john Baptist: nor his brother Paulus Vergerius, Bishop of justinopoli.  
The chief amongst the tormentors were his Nephews, the Cardinal Farnese, and Octava Duke of Parma his brother: which beyond all measure glorying therein, the year of our Lord jesus Christ, 1546. as they were upon their departure from Italy into Almain to make war upon the Protestants, they vaunted bravely and fiercely that they would make such an effusion of the Lutherans blood, that their horses should swim therein. And the mean while that good holy Father Paul took his pleasure with his daughter Constance, after the old manner. They say also that that old man stinking as a Goat, solicited to whoredom an other his Niece, who was a very honest maid, and no less laudable for her honesty and chastity, then for her excellent beauty.  
This Pope as Baleus saith, 
A number of whores.  had in his Tables the number of 45000. whores, whereof he exacted every month tribute: to the end they might have liberty to exercise their whoredom: and as saith the book entitled Eusebius Captive, they are greatly esteemed, they kiss the Pope's feet, they talk very familiarly with him, they frequent day and night with him: But such as trust only in jesus Christ and embrace the true doctrine, are held by the Pope for heretics, and of him are banished, set in prisons and stocks, and punished by fire, sword, and Galleys.  
The Elector Palatin reform in his Country the doctrine and Popish ceremonies, and received the Gospel.  
The Conference of Reiusbourge is held. See Sleidan.  
The 7. of january the Council began at Trent.  

Alliance against the Gospel.  Alliance betwixt the Pope and the Emperor, concluded the 26. of june, to reduce the Almains unto the obedience of the Pantople: The Pope binding himself to deliver 200000. Ducats into the hands of the Venetians: Moreover to furnish ten thousand footmen Italians, and five hundredth light-horsemen, waged for six months. Moreover permitting the Emperor to sell of the revenue of the Monasteries of Spain, to the value of 100000. 
Crowns.  Crowns, and to take the moiety of all Ecclesiastical livings.  
In the end a peace was made betwixt the kings of France and England, upon condition that Bologne should remain English, until the king had paid the silver by him promised.  
On Saturday the 7. of August, of this year, 1546. the Town of Maligues was in such sort handled with Thunder and Lightning, that of long time there had not been seen the like. The Thunderbolt fell upon a Tower called Saderpoort, that is to say, the gate of Canon powder: where there was more than 800. Barels of Gunpowder, which being on a flame augmented the tempest, and first laid on the earth that which was about it: after, it so embraced the Town, that without abundance of rain mingled with the thunder, it was thought all should have been consumed by fire.  
The next morning, which was Sunday, there was found so many dead bodies stinking, that in all haste of necessity a great ditch was made to bury them by Cartfulls. Of wounded, there were found more than an hundredth and fifty. A woman great with child was found stifled, who being opened, the child received baptism. A damsel casting herself out of a bed to open a window in the street, called Blochstranssem, the tempest so cut off her neck, that the head hung at the remaining skin, a very sad and horrible spectacle. In a corner of a street where is the Palace Bernard, a Taverner called Crows, being descended into a Seller to draw Beer for his guests, (of which, one company were playing at Cards) the house in a moment was thrown on the earth, and the gamesters overwhelmed with their Cards in their hands: none of that house remained safe but the Host, by means of the vaulted Cave or Seller into which he was descended.  
Three or four days after this accident, there were many found in Caves and Sellers which were dead of hunger, others stifled, others lay in traunses and swoons, with fear and incredible stench of the thunder. There was a man and a woman found, that were carried away and hanged betwixt the branches of a Tree.  
The Town which before was adorned with exquisite buildings, was now altogether disfigured, and as it were rend in pieces. The Suburbs of Neckerfpful was almost all ruinated. The Palace of Bergues, and that of Madame Margarite, and the Emperors, were clean overthrown.  
The house of Lombard's (they are they which lend silver to usury) from top to bottom was ruinated.  
The Hosterie of the Postmaister was destroyed, and the stable with the horses, were all carried away. One part of the Monastery of the Augustine's and of the Temples and Churches of the Town were bruised and broken down: And if the storm had not broken his forces in the overthrow of the house of the Count d'Hostrat, there had been no likelihood that any house in the Town, or thereabouts, had remained whole.  
There were found many hewn stones, thrown by the Tempest six hundredth paces off, to the great damage of the places where they fell. The glass windows through all the streets were broken. The fall of Tiles, and the cry of persons, was horrible and fearful.  
Thus the Lord sometimes makes men feel his terrible and fearful power.  
In june, the Emperor sent the Cardinal of Trent to Rome, 
The war in Almain.  to conclude that confederacy with the Pope, who had now delivered silver to the Captains of war, for the war in Almain.  
On the other side, the Duke of Saxe and the Landgrave, levied people in all haste. The Emperor being demanded the causes of the war, he answered, it was only meant against rebels culpable of treason. He sent Ambassadors to the Swisses, praying them to remain still in their ancient amity. And that he only determined to chastise certain mutinous people. The Protestants purposed in August to besiege Seiusbourge, so meaning to fight against the Emperor: but as they passed leisurely, ten thousand footmen of Italy came to the Emperor's succours the last of August, and 500 horsemen, whose Captain was Octavius Farnese, the Pope's son in law.  
The Count de Bure, who had levied people in the low Countries, passed Phine in the month of August nigh Mets, and in September joined himself to the Emperor.  
Great troops of the Pope's friends of all estates ran unto the Council of Trent: In the number of which, amongst others were two notable Archbishops, the one of Vspale in the Country of the Goths, called Olaus the great, and the other of Armacane in Ireland: They were poor Archbishops which had little but wind and smoke of Archbishops, and were entertained of the Pope at fifteen crowns a month, and therefore thought he good they should be at this Council under those titles, and to take place amongst others, that the world might believe that there were yet found in far Countries, as Gothia and Ireland, people which reverence his name, and submit themselves to his obedience.  
Herman Archbishop of Colongne, by the counsel and advice of his Estates, and of his mere will, surrendered and gave over his estate of a Prince, and his Electorship: and withal remitted unto the people, the oath of fidelity, whereby they were bound unto him. Adolp Schavembourge is chosen in his place, who strait changed Religion through all the Country of Colongne.  
At Genes a sedition rose up: The Count Fliscan was Captain of them, who fell into the sea and was drowned, whereby the fury of the seditious was much lessened. Yet the Lord joanuin d' Aure was there cut in pieces.  
The Emperor laid the cause upon the Farneses', and amongst others, upon Peter Lewis, Duke of Plaisance.  
Henry king of England, died about the end of januarie, 
The death of Henry the 8.  having instituted Edward his son, of the age of nine years: and after him, he substituted Mary his daughter by his first wife, and after her, Elizabeth by his second wife.  
Under this young King Edward, the doctrine of the Pope was driven out of England, and the Gospel put in the place by the authority of the Duke of Somerset his Tutor, and Uncle by the mother's side, and of Thomas Cranmer Archbishop of Canterbury.  
The Council of Trent divided, some of the venerable Fathers retired to Bolongne, because a Physician (who was in the Pope's wages) told them that the air of Trent was not wholesome. The other Bishops which were under the Emperor's obedience, remained at Trent.  
A sedition at Naples of the Bourgesses against the Spaniards, because that Peter de Toledo Viceroy, sought to bring in the Spanish Inquisition concerning Religion.  
The last of March, Francis king of France, after he had reigned 32. years, died at Ramboillet.  
Henry 2. of that name, his son, succeeded him in this year, and the same day he was borne, that is to say, the last of March.  
Anne de Montmourancie, now having been absent from the Court six yearers, was again called. 
Constable.  Such as before were in honour and credit, some were laid in prison, others were deposed, or lost their credit and honour.  
Peter Martyr a Florentine, professor of Theology, is called from Strasbourge into England, and Bernardin Ochinus, 
P. Martyr.  a man renowned in Ilalie for his eloquence.  
Anne the only daughter of Vladislaus, the last king of Hungary and Boheme, the wife of Ferdinand king of the Romans, a fertile mother for children, died about this time.  
The 24. of April, 
The taking of the Duke of Saxony.  the Emperor using extreme diligence and subtlety, passed the River of Abis', and suddenly took the Duke of Saxony: who having but a weak Army was discomfited: and be himself after he had fought all the day, wounded in the left cheek, was taken and carried away prisoner.  

His condemnation.  The seventh of May the Emperor condemned him to be beheaded: yet at the earnest intercession of the Elector of Brandebourge, he yielded him his life: and in the place thereof, imposed upon him laws of extreme rigour: Amongst others, that he should subject himself to that which the Pope would ordain upon him, touching Religion. The Duke wished rather to die; whereat the Emperor marveling, remitted that condition: but yet he took from him all his goods saving 50000. Crowns which the Duke Maurice (unto whom that spoil came) should give him yearly. The 21. of May, Wittemberge yielded itself by that Duke's commandment: after he had acquitted to his son and his subjects, the oath of fidelity they ought him: and Maurice took season thereof.  
An example of magnanimity and constancy, more than Heroic, that is, Christian, which God giveth to his in the midst of the greatest afflictions of this world.  

The journey of ulme.  The estates of the Empire assembled at ulme. There the emperors Ambassadors purposed to make a league from thenceforward to appease all troubles, if any such arise like this last: But the pestilence dissipated this conspiration against the Gospel, and the estates retired to Ausbourge.  
The Landgrave of Hesse, to obey the conditions of peace proposed unto him, came unto the Emperor at Hale: and after supper as he would have departed, he was stayed. He complained that he was betrayed, and promises not performed unto him.  
The Emperor before the estates at Ausbourge, declared the cause wherefore he set him not at liberty to be this: That he exhibited not the Letters and secrets of the League of Smalcalde. And taketh witness unto Maurice and Brandebourge, that he never meant him less than a perpetual prisoner.  
The doctrine of the Papists dispenseth herein; namely, that unto Heretics men should keep no faith.  
Peter Lewis, the Pope's son, was shine at Plaisance in his Castle, by a Band of 36. which had conspired against him. They hanged his body in a chain, on the top of the Castle walls, a thing much pleasing the people. He was slain the 10. of September, on the same day whereupon his Father Pope Paul being cunning in negromancy, had warned him to take heed.  
The end of tyrants are miserable and horrible, and should put us in mind of God's judgement.  
Certain time after he had been cast into the graves, the Plaisantines themselves massacred him with the stabs of Daggers. After, Dom Ferdinand de Gonsague strengthened the town with a Garrison.  
The Mass was abolished in England by a decree & judgement of the public Council of all the Realm.  
The Venetians after the emperors fashion, made a very rigorous Edict against such as are called Lutherans. One called Francis Spiera, of the Citadelle (a Town of the Territories of Venice) for that in the said Venice before john Cuse, the Pope's Legate, he had renounced the truth of the Gospel which he knew, fell into despair: and of a vehement and great apprehension thereof, got a great malady and sickness, wherein he could no way be comforted: and whatsoever any alleged of God's promises of his mercy, he would still answer that they nothing appertained unto him, because he said, he had sinned against the holy Ghost. And in that despair finished he piteously his days.  
This is a great good example, worthy to be earnestly thought on.  
Maximilian the eldest son of Ferdinand, from Trent arrived in Spain, and in great magnificence espoused Mary the emperors eldest daughter, his Cousin-germaine.  
jane the only daughter of the king of Navarre, who before was promised unto the Duke of Cleves, was given in marriage unto the Duke of Vendosme.  
The Emperor giveth charge to certain traitors of the truth, namely, julles Pflug, Michael Sidonius, and john Islebe Agricula, with a Secretary of Graviele, to build a book of Religion, and called it Interim. This book shook Almain more than all the grievous persecutions that had been before. It was called the emperors book.  
Ellenor the dead king Francis widow, left France and retired into her brother's low Countries.  
The Bourdelois in Guienne mutined against the King because of a subsidy or taxation, and slew the king's Lieutenant there, whereof they were by the Constable chastised. He constrained themselves to make the fire, and to burn all their privileges. He caused a great number of the chief of the town to be put to death. They were constrained to follow the Funerals of the said Lieutenant slain, in the habit of criminals, carrying Torches in their hands, and demanding mercy.  
Ambrose Blaurer, Minister of Constance, and with him a great number of the Bourgesses, left the Town because of Religion.  
The Princes and Towns of Almain are solicited and forced by the Emperor to give answer unto the approbation of his book.  
The Emperor also caused to be set out a form of Ecclesiastical reformation for an outward show, which after they had heard recited, they approved and promised to cause them to be observed in their Churches, with the Pope's good pleasure.  
The Duke of Wirtemberge at the alone commandment of the Emperor, straightway caused the book to be read unto the people, forbidding them to do any thing to the contrary.  
The Duke of Saxony being prisoner, was much solicited to receive the emperors book of reformation, but he still remained constant without bowing or yielding either by threatenings or promises, which was cause that his guards began to handle him more roughly and rudely. The Preacher, which he always till then had with him, fearing danger, found means to escape.  
A great diversity of courage betwixt the two Dukes.  
The Duke Maurice returning into his Country, proposed the emperors decree, & caused the Divines of Leipsic and of Wirtemberge, to assemble and determine thereupon. Which after they had two or three times assembled, they ordained of things indifferent, 
Adiaphores.  commonly called Adiaphores.  
In the end they set out in writing at Leipsic, a form of Religion, which all Duke Maurice subjects should follow.  
The Bishop of Strasbourge, summoned the Ministers and Regent's of the school which held the College of S. Thomas, to receive the emperors decree.  
Bucer and Phagius with the Senate's leave, departed the first day of April, to go into England, whither they were called by Thomas Cranmer Archbishop of Canterbury.  
Thus the Lord provideth for his: After he hath taken his truth from one place, he sendeth them into an other, to do his work there.  
The King of Fez in Africa, 
Fez in Africa.  being chased by a certain Zepziphe king his neighbour, who from low estate was grown unto that greatness, implored help of the Emperor at Auspourge.  
Whilst Religion was thus troubled in Almain, the Pope thought it good to make his profit thereof. Therefore he sent their Legates into Almain with an Indult: by which power was given unto them, to receive all such as they would into the bosom of the Church: and to permit by the Pope's authority to communicate the Supper of the Lord under both kinds, and to eat all kind of meats at all times. The Ministers of the Lantgraves' Country refused the Indult.  
Philip of Ostrich made his entry into Bruxelles where his Father was, and is received in great magnificence and pomp, the first day of April.  
They of Magdebourge opposed themselves with might and main against them of Wirtemberge and Leipsic, and taxed and reproved them greatly, for that concerning indifferent things, they had made a way and entry for the Pope's doctrine.  
The 10. of june the Queen of France was crowned at Saint Dennis. In the said month of june, Henry king of France made his entry into Paris, commanded a general procession, and dedicated it with the blood of certain poor Christians, which he made to be burned for Religion. See the book of Martyrs.  
Le sieur de Vervin, for yielding Bullen to the English men, was beheaded at Paris, and le sieur de Biex his Father in law, was condemned to perpetual prison.  
The Cantons of Basil & Schaffuse in Swissia, made alliance with the King of France, whereof every one greatly marveled, because he persecuted their Religion with fire and blood: Zurie and Berne refused that alliance.  
Sedition in England, partly for the change of Religion, and partly for common grounds occupied by Gentlemen for their private use: there was great bloodshead: In the mean time the King of France took certain holds about Bologne, whereby he put the English in great distress. The fault of all this was laid upon the Duke of Somerset, and therefore he was imprisoned at London.  
This Pope Paul of the age of 82. years, died the 10. of November. On all sides Cardinals ran to Rome to elect a new Pope.  

julius. 3.  julius the third of that name borne at Aretio, called before john Maria de Monte, who was Precedent in the Council of Trent and Bolongne, was chosen Pope the 10. of February, after that the Cardinals, which were in great number had long time debated in the conclave. Some say that this Pope promised by oath unto the Ferneses' to leave Parme to Octavius Bernese.  
Whilst the Cardinals were in the Conclave to choose the Pope julius, certain Letters came into the hands of some of them, which were written the 26. of january by an household servant of the Cardinal of Mantove, called Cornelius Olive, to a friend of his called Hannibal Contin: and with them certain verses made in the vulgar Italian language, wherein speaking of his good affection towards him, & the desire he had to see him, he useth so infamous and dishonest words, that hardly can any recite them without shame & blushing. Hereof came the taunt of such as said it signified that some infamous & dishonest Pope should come out of that Conclave, from whence such proceeded. They which read these Letters said as well in Italy as in Almain, they never read any more villainous & detestable.  
Hereby (Reader) mayst thou judge what the spirit is, which the Papists vaunt so much to have in their Masses & in the election of their Popes.  
The 22. of Frebury, julius is crowned Pope by the Cardinal Cibo, two days after he had opened the gilded gate with a golden key: and celebrated the year of jubilee, which his predecessor Paul the third had so much desire to see.  
And because of an ancient custom, 
The Pope's little Cardinal.  the new Pope might give his red hat to whom he thought good, he made Cardinal a young boy called Innocent, whom he had sometimes abused when he was Legate at Bologne, notwithstanding the other cardinals approved it not, yea resisted it. Moreover he received him into his house, & into the number of his Domestickes and familiars. A brute went through the town of Rome, yea it was divulged by certain diffamitorie Libels, that Ganymedes was entertained by jupiter, although he was not fair. This Pope himself dissembled it not: but customably in a manner of pastime, would account his follies therein. Paulus Vergerius hath left in writing this History. Pope julius (saith he) determined to make a young youth called Innocent a Cardinal, who not only came from a father and mother of base condition: but that was of a most wicked and dishonest conversation. Wherefore as on a certain day he had made this motion in the presence of the Cardinals, & that there was no man which resisted it not: but that more is, as certain Cardinals said freely. I pray you what find you in this young man who deserveth that we should do him that honour? julius answered. And I pray you what found you in me to do me that honour, as to make me Pope without any desert? advance this young man, and he will merit it.  
The Mass which had been banished Strasbourge the space of 21. years, was set up again in three Churches the first of February. A great number of children ran thither to see so strange and new a thing. The Priests were affrayed at it, and complained unto the Emperor.  
The Emperor and the King of France, one after the other, made publish each in their Countries very cruel Edicts against the Lutherans, as they called them.  
About the end of May, the Emperor with Philip his son, departed from Bruxelles, 
The journey at Ausbourge  to come to the journey at Auspourge, and brought with them the Duke of Baxe captive, leaving the Landgrave in prison at Maligns.  
In the time of this Pope, was john de Case a Florentine, Archbishop of Beneuent, and Legate of the seat in the territory of Venice. This man who made so magnifical a profession of Popish singleness, was not ashamed to make a Book in Italian Rhyme, wherein he praiseth and exalteth that horrible and detestable sin of Sodomitry, yea even to name it a divine work: and affirmeth that he took great pleasure therein, and that he knew no other kind of palidiarzing or whoredom. The book was Imprinted at Venice, by one trajan Naun.  
Behold notable Archbishops of the Papal seat: with such judges do the Pope and his master the devil serve themselves in their Consistories, to condemn as heretics such as teach and write the truth with purity.  
In a Catalogue of books prohibited which he made whilst he was Legate, he comprehendeth no other therein, but such as make profession of the pure evangelic doctrine.  
Francis Spiera as is abovesaid, fearing the tyranny of tormentors, renied the verity of jesus Christ, and died in extreme despair. Sleidan also makes mention of the Sodomitike book above spoken of.  
It would be here too long to rehearse the gests and deeds of julius the third, concerning the jubilee which was in his time: the Council of Trent, the confirmation of that Idol de Laureto: the debate which he had with the Bishop of Aremin his Steward for a Peacock, and many such like things. Amongst other viands he greatly delighted to eat the flesh of Swine & Peacocks. But his Physician had advertised him that he should take heed that he eat no swine's flesh, because it was contrary unto the Gout, wherewith he was often tormented, but yet he would not abstain therefrom. The Physician secretly advertised the Clerk of his kitchen that no pork flesh should be served. As then there was none served, the Pope perceiving it, demanded of his Steward where his dish of pork was: who answered that his Physician appointed that none should be served. Then cried he in this manner: Bring me my pork flesh, All di spetto di Dio, that is to say, in despite of God. This now is a common jest, and ordinary amongst rakehells and rascals, ruffians and bawds, through Italy, as Also many other speeches as infamous and dishonest.   

Blasphemies used in Italy, authorised by the Pope's word.  
Having one day seen a Peacock at his dinner which he had not touched, keep said he, this cold Peacock for my supper, & spread the table in the Garden, for I will then have company. As than he sat supper, he saw other hot Peacocks served upon the table, and not seeing his cold Peacock which he commanded to be kept, being exceedingly vexed, he disgorged an execrable blasphemy against God. At which, certain Cardinals that sat with him at the table, said. Let not your holiness be so choleric for so small a matter. Whereunto julius answered. If God would be so angry for an Apple, as to cast our first Father Adam out of Paradise; wherefore should it not be lawful for me that am his Vicar, to be angry for a Peacock, seeing a Peacock is of much more value than an Apple?  
As he was about to create Cardinal Peter Betan Bishop of Fano, of the order of the jacobins, certain of the Cardinals resisted him, and amongst other things, alleged that he was infected with the heresy of the Lutherans. Unto whom julius answered: Although it be so, should it not be wisely done by putting a red hat on his head to purge him of that evil, and so retain him one of ours with such a bond, then to suffer him to fly from us and join with our enemies that we have in Almain, as Vergerius did?  
The 10. of September, Africa a Town of Africa, 
Africa taken.  was taken by the emperors Army, under the conduction of the Viceroy of Sicily. Dracut Lord of the Town, withdrew towards the Turk his master, and the war began again more sharp betwixt the Emperor and the Turk.  
A sedition in Ausbourge, because of certain Spaniards which in the month of August made mocks in the Church, at the Sermon.  
A woman also of the said Town mocked a Priest which in his Surplice, walked through the Town with his host. The Emperor had put the said woman to death, had it not been that Mary the Governor of the low Country, entreated for her and saved her.  
Maurice and Albert his cousin the Elector of Brandebourg, and Henry of Brunswic, took Arms against them of Magdebourge.  
Nicholas Pernot, sieur de Granuelle, died at Ausbourg, about the end of August, to the emperors great grief. Anthony Pernot his son, Bishop of Arras, succeeded in his estate.  
About the beginning of November Virich Prince of Wittemberge deceased from this world, and his son Christopher was his successor.  
Stephen Bishop of Winchester was dispossessed of his Bishopric in England, and put in prison, because he would not submit himself unto the King's Edicts and laws touching Religion.  

Bucer.  The last of February, Bucer died at Canterbury, and was very honourably buried, with a great number of Epitaphs, made by learned men lamenting his death.  
The Council of Trent was deferred by the Pope from the first of May until the first of September.  

Wonders.  In Saxony divers prodigious things were seen, as three Suns, and three Moons, now pale and bleak, or blue, now red as blood.  
The king of France caused to be published a very cruel Edict against the Lutherans, confirming, yea passing all his former Edicts, and left nothing behind that appertained to extreme cruelty.  
On all sides the Papists assembled at Trent on the Council day: likewise from Almain resorted the Electors Ecclesiastical.  
The Cardinal of Cressentia was President in the Pope's place. The Emperor and the King Ferdinand sent thither also their Ambassadors. But the King of France by his Ambassador disavowed the Council for general: reputing it but a particular congregation to the profit of some. His protestation was held for none, without vouchsafing to record it.  
Le sieur, d' Brisac, took in Piedmont and about Turin, a certain number of Towns, and amongst others, Cheri, and Saint Damian.  
The Turks Army after having assayed the Fort of Malta, and rushed upon Tripoli in Affrické and took it. The Emperor accused the King of France to be the Author of this loss.  
An Edict published by the King of Paris, whereby it was forbidden to transport any silver out of the kingdom to Rome, because of the war betwixt the King and the Pope. There came a writing from the Emperor's Court, whereby was declared the cause and original of the war of Parma, 
The war of Parma.  and wherefore he received Plaisance into his protection. The fact of Duke Octavius is condemned and detested. The French to the contrary, show also by writing the danger wherein Octavius was at Parma, the just cause that the King had to succour it, and that wrongfully the Emperor had taken the Town of Plaisance.  
The Duke of Somerset is again imprisoned in October, by the means of the Duke of Northumberland: unto whom came the government of the Realm after him.  
The eleventh Session of the Council of Trent was in October: where was confirmed the local presence, transubstantiation, and all that ever was invented for the Deification of that fair morsel of bread.  
George de Martinuse, of Dalmatia, 
The Monk of Transiluania  commonly called the Monk, a man of great authority in Hungary, was made Cardinal, who was after slain the 18. of December in his own house by certain Italians, under colour that he dealt with the Turk suspiciously: although before he had so wrought with the wife of the deceased Vaivoda, that she gave over the government of Transiluania to the King Ferdinand.  
In November the Duke Maurice agreed altogether with them of Magdebourge.  
The end of her evils and calamities, was the entry of a great war, yea of all ill luck unto the Emperor. For Maurice having practised with Kings and Princes strangers, determined with himself by force to deliver the Landgrave his Father in law: which notwithstanding he deferred a certain time, because first he thought it good to prove all by love.  
The Duke of Somerset the uncle of King Edward, was beheaded at London: at the instance of the Duke of Northumberland.  

Complaints of Almain.  Maurice by a writing dedicated unto the states of the Empire, greatly complaineth of the discord of Religion amongst them. Item of the captivity of Landgrave, a prisoner by treason, to the great dishonour of the Emperor.  
Albert of Brandebourge, complaineth also of the miserable servitude of Almain: and having expressed the causes thereof, he declareth that he and his companions do judge the Ecclesiastical people to be the chief authors of all the abovesaid evils: And Maurice and Albert allied and joined themselves together at Rotebourge.  
Ausbourge besieged by them, is taken.  
The Fathers of the Council at Trent being at discord, the Imperialists against the Romanists: after they understood that the Princes marched right to the Alpes to gain the straits, incontinently left all and took them to their feet.  
Take counsel and it shall be dissipated: speak the word and it shall not be established saith the Lord. Esay. 8.  
Martin de Rossem conductor of the emperors Army in the low Countries, pilleth and burneth Picardy & campaign, and took Astenay.  
The King Henry of France published in writing the causes of the said voyage, and of the war that he enterprised in Almain: namely to withdraw the Princes out of prison, to bridle the emperors ambition, and to remit that Country into his first liberty. 
The king himself Protector of Almain.  He sendeth to them of Mets in Lorraine, to provide victuals for his army, which if they did, he promised them favour & amity: but after he had taken Toul & Verdun, Towns of the Empire, he drew right into Lorraine, and the third of May came to Savernes, Strasbourge sent him victuals.  
The Prince of Salerne, about some dissension between him and the Viceroy of Naples, withdrew himself from the emperors service, and turned directly unto the King of France.  
King Henry his Army entered Lorraine, they conducted into France the Prince of the Country. The 10 of April the Constable entered Metz, under the colour of amity, and so laid hold of the Town. The King arrived there certain time after, and constrained that people to take of him an oath.  
The King coming again into France in May, burned the Country of Luxembourge, took again Astenay, got also jovy and Danuil●iers.  
The Sennois chased away the Garrison of the Spaniards, and by the help of the King of France, destroyed the Castle which the Emperor built there, and set themselves at liberty.  
Metz besieged by the Emperor the 2. of October.  
Albert not agreeing with the king of France for his estate, nor for his companies pay, turned on the emperors side.  
The Duke d' Aumaile being come into Lorraine with a great company of people, assailing the marquess Albert, was vanquished, wounded, and taken prisoner, by the said marquess.  
In December the Emperor was constrained by evil weather to remove his Camp from Metz, and to withdraw himself into the low Country, where the third part of his Army died.  
In this time the great Turk Sultan Solyman committed a cruel act on the person of Soltan Mustapha his eldest son, 
Solyman strangleth Mustapha his eldest son.  which he had of a Slave: This man having been sent with his mother from his first youth into the Province of Amasia, which had been given him, was so well and carefully nourished, that he acquired and got with his years great estimation, not only in the said Country, but through all other his Father's Regions. This his mother being absent, Solyman called to him an other Slave named Roze, which was endowed with admirable beauty, accompanied with all delicacies and enticements possibly to be in a woman. He had of her four other sons, Mahomet, Bajazeth, Solim, Grangier with the Wen, and one daughter which was married unto Bassa Rostan. The said Roze could so well play her part with Soliman, that he was exceedingly ravished with her that with help of Muchly, that is the high Priest of Mahomet's law, and under shadow of Religion, she was not only made of free condition, but the legitimate and espoused wife of Soliman, unto which no other ever came. Being lifted up into such honour, and seeing herself entirely beloved and favoured, she had no greater care then to draw the Empire unto one of her children after their Father's decease. For she knowing that the singular virtues of Mustapha were so contrary unto her, and that as long as he lived she should never have rest (for that he had obtained the love of the people of war, and that all men's eyes were upon him, for the great hope they had of his excellent courage and singular dexterity) therefore sought she to make him odious unto Soliman. Whereunto her son in law greatly aided her, because he governed all affairs. Her reason was, that Mustapha trusted so much in the love and favour which he had obtained of all men, by a great liberality, hardiness and valiancy, that he burned with such lust and desire to reign: that every one feared that in affecting the Empire, he would advance the days of Soliman: as Selim had before done to his Father. Therefore she incited Soliman, and besought him with tears and lamentations, to take order and provide for his safety. And although that from the beginning she had profited little, and that Mustapha had discovered her impoisonments and ambushes which she laid for him ordinarily: yet left she not to continue it, with the help of a jew, a renowned Enchantress: who having given her certain drugs, she caused the love of Soliman towards Roze to redouble: Insomuch that she assured herself to end her purposes, though it were long first.  
Finally, after many practices, she found means to suborn Mustapha his governor, and caused him to write (though falsely) unto Soliman, that his said son would marry the daughter of the King of Persia. This old man stirred, yea tired with the continual complaints of Roze and Rostan, easily believed these news and advertisements. Wherefore in the year 1552. after he had spread a brute & fame of the dissent and coming down of the Persians into Syria, he sent thither Rostan with a puissant Army, for (under the shadow to go meet his enemies) to seize upon Mustapha, and to bring him prisoner to Constantinople: with express commandment to slay him if he could not take him otherwise. But Mustapha who was advertised of all, and knew also that the Persians were not at all in the field, met him with seven thousand of his most experienced Soldiers, which made Rostan return without doing any thing.  
Soliman being more angered, the year following made such an other brute of the Persians, and having levied a great Army as if he would have gone against them, being arrived in Syria, he sent to his son, to will him come to his Camp. Mustapha, knowing certainly that it was he alone they would have, although he was prayed and solicited to withdraw some other where, and to shun the fury of his Father: yet he trusting in his innocency, and thinking it a thing more commendable and worthy of his greatness, to die in obeying his Father, then living to incur the note of infamy and Treason, yea though he might have had the Empire of the whole world: thinking also that without having made any refusal, by his presence he might have appeased his Father's wrath, he adventured to go thither to him: and being arrived in Soliman's Camp, he was suddenly taken and strangled in his presence. And at the same instant, the head of Bassa of the Province of Amasia, was taken from his body.  
This cruelty assoon as it came to the ears of Grangier, one of the four brethren, he manfully rejected the gift and spoil that his Father gave him, and greatly lamented the death of his brother; saying. A cruel Traitor, 
The complaint of Grangier with the wen, over Mustapha.  I say not Father. Take to thyself now the treasures, the Tapestries, and the Province of Mustapha, and govern it at thy pleasure. Is it possible I should fall into thy spirit infamous man, without all humanity, against all right to put to death so valiant a person, as never was nor shallbe the like in the house of Ottomans. Ha, ha, I will take good order that thou shalt not impudenly vaunt & glory that thou hast done the like to me. And strait drew his dagger and struck it so far into his own body, that he fell down dead upon the earth. Which so soon as his Father knew, he made a marvelous mourning, and yet left not to seize upon all his goods, which caused a tumult in the Camp of Mustapha: but it was nothing in regard of that they did after they knew of his death. In such sort that Solyman to the great danger of his life was constrained to chase away Rostan, and to despoil him of all his honours and dignities. 
Rostan spoiled of all his honours.   
This death came well for the Christians: whose great enemy Mustapha was, who took great delight in shedding their blood. It brought also such great displeasure unto the Turks, that thereupon followed amongst them this proverb. Gietti Soltan Mustaphat. That is, all we thought on is ended in Musthapha. For they thought that he would have enlarged their Empire, which they looked for at no other hand.  
The French took Verceil in the Country of Turin, but seeing they could not keep it, they spoiled, peeled it, and retired.  

Edward. 6.  Edward King of England, being in his mortal bed in the month of May, Northumberland caused one of his sons to espowse jane Suffolk, the King's cousin.  
This King of the age of 16. years, died the 6. of july, to the great damage of Christian Religion.  

Marie.  So soon as Mary was peaceably Queen of England, at her arrival at London, she caused to be took out of prison the Duke of Norfolk, and the Bishop of Winchester, a pernicious man, and made him Chancellor.  
The emperors Host after it had razed Terovane, marched into Artois, and there in the month of july forced Hesden, which the king of France had a little before taken. There was slain Horace Farnese, the husband of the king's bastard daughter, and a great number of Gentlemen prisoners.  
A battle in Saxony upon the River of Visurge, betwixt the Duke Maurice and the marquess Albert: wherein Albert was vanquished, and Maurice victorious, strooken with a bullet, whereof he died two days after.   

A dear victory bought with death.  
Michael servet de Ville-nevisue, a Spaniard, 
servetus burned.  a pernicious heretic, having of long time written execrable things against the Trinity, & proudly maintained them at Geneva: after long detention & the participation of the Council of the Churches and faithful Commonwealths of Suecia, finally in the end of October was condemned by the Lords of the said Town to be burned alive. The hardness of his heart was such that being upon the wood he would never confess jesus Christ the eternal son of God: but only the son of David, and the son of the eternal God.  
In England by the decree of all the Bishops of the kingdom then assembled, 
The Gospel driven out of England.  the Edicts and statutes of the deceased King Edward concerning Religion, were defaced and made void, and the Popish doctrine approved and allowed.  
Albert agreed with Augustus, the brother of Maurice, by means of the King of Denmark, and of the Elector of Brandebourge.  
jane Suffolk Queen of England, as is said by King Edward's testament, and the three sons of the Duke of Northumberland, were declared culpaple and condemned of Treason.  
john Alasco, a Polonian Gentleman, 
Alasco.  with a great number of the French and Flemish Churches, flying from England, 
Dispersion of the faithful.  did wander and stray a certain space of time into Denmark and Saxony, seeking a place to dwell in: But they were every where refused, not only of a place of habitation, but also they were commanded to get them out, yea in winter time, not suffering them to remain in their havens. The cause of this inhumanity and inhospitality was their difference for the doctrine of the Supper of the Lord: whereof we have before touched.  
Finally, a place was allowed them in East Friesland, 
Emden.  in the Town Emden, where a Church was open for them, and granted by the Countess of the said Emden, a true Christian Princes.  
Ferdinand being at Vienna rejected the supplication of the Estates of his Country, which demanded to permit the administration of the Supper of jesus Christ whole under both kinds.  
john Frederick Duke of Saxony, after his deliverance from captivity, agreed with the Duke Augustus, and he acquitted to him and his heir Males the Electorship, the Country of Misne, and the Towns where the Mines be, yet he held unto himself the name and Arms of the Elector.  
The 20. of February, Sibille of Cleves, wife of the said john Frederic, died at Vinaine. Eleven days after the said Frederic also deceased happily in his Country, amongst his children and other friends, and the same day that he died was borne unto the Elector Augustus, a son named Alexander.  

Conspiracy against the Queen of England.  Thomas Wyatt an Englishman, conspired and rose up against the Queen of England: because of the strange marriage she enterprised with Philip the emperors son. On an other part of the kingdom, Henry of Suffolk gathered people against her: The one and the other were declared enemies of the Commonwealth, taken, and at divers times beheaded.  

Lady jane beheaded.  The 12. of February jane Suffolk, King Edward's cousin germane & instituted heir of the kingdom, by his testament was with her husband beheaded. After them was made a great butchery of heads at London and Westminster, where the Queen then was: Elizabeth also her sister was imprisoned, upon her suspicion.  

Sienna.  Sienna was besieged by the Pope and the Duke of Florence. Peter Stosze which defended it, made a sally upon them, and overcame a great number of their people.  

Charles of Savoy.  Charles Duke of Savoy spoiled of the greatest & best part of his Country, died, leaving Emanuel Philebert his son heir.  

Renty.  King Henry about the end of june took Bowines, Dinan, Marienbourge, Bius, and wasted all the Country: besieged Renty upon the Marches of Artois: but the Emperor coming and skirmishing together, the king departed in the month of August, removing his siege from thence.  
The King's Army in Tuscan which Strosze conducted, was surprised by the Imperialists, and for the most part overthrown.  
Philip the emperors son arruied the 19 of july in England, 
K. Philip his marriage.  the 24. following, the marriage was made between him and the Queen at Winchester.  
The Marquis Albert chased from his Country, withdrew into Lorraine, and after to the king of France.  
The Emperor caused a Fort to be builded nigh the place where Hesden was.  
Cardinal Poole in a full assembly of all the Estates of the kingdom of England, commenced the 12. of November, 
Cardinal Paul.  was restored into his dignities, goods and honours, of which he was deprived by King Henry the eight.   

The History of the reuoult of England.  
To the end the Lord may be known in his judgements which daily happen, and that he which is to day aloft may take heed he fall not, let us hearken unto that infamous revoult of England, and see how they return to their first vomit.  
The Wednesday the 28. of November of this year, the Parliament of England was assembled: and in the presence of King Philip and Queen Marie, the Cardinal Poole expounpounded his Legation, and exhorted them to the holy seat of the Pope: showing them how greatly bound they were to God who now enlarged upon them his divine grace, providing for them such Princes as they had. After he declared unto them how the holy Father the Pope used towards them his benignity and clemency by him his Legate, 

Subtleties of the Roman Court.  
Deceits of the Roman court.   greatly thanking them that they had received him and placed him in his Country and Nobility, whereof he had been long deprived: and that therefore he held himself more bound to procure, they might be restored into the Ecclesiastical Court, as his desire was.  
This vile Apostate of the truth, calleth that stinking Court of Rome, the celestial Court.  
After he had thus spoken be withdrew himself, to the end to give respite unto the Lords of the Parliament to resolve thereupon what to do. The Chancellor of England strait took the cardinals words: and showed how they had cause to thank God, who had raised them up such a Prophet out of their own seed to procure their salvation, as the reverend Legate did. Insomuch that all with a common accord concluded to consent unto the union & obedience of the Roman church.  

Notable mysteries.  The Thursday following they ordained to agree unto that which the Cardinal had said: so that upon a common accord they presented a supplication: wherein they prayed the King and Queen's majesties as heads of the kingdom, that they would pray the Pope's Legate that they might have absolute remission of their sins and errors: promising to make void all such laws, as they had before established against the authority of the Roman seat: whereunto they would swear never to contradict.  
The King sent the said supplication to the Legate, and the day after assembled the Parliament in the place where the king and the Queen, with the Cardinal Legate were set. And the Chancellor rose up, & with great reverence & an high voice uttered the resolution made by the Lords of the Parliament, praying in the name of all, that they would accept the supplicaton written in Latin tongue, shut & sealed by the said Chancellor.  
The supplication being opened by the Legate, was delivered unto the Chancellor to publish: he read it with an high voice: and that done, demanded of all them of the Parliament if their wills were according to the tenor thereof: and they all answered yea. Upon this the King & Queen rose up and presented the said supplication to the Legate, who read it: then presented he the Bulls of his Legation, 
O true Bulls.  which were red also, to make appear unto them the authority he had from the holy Father to absolute them.  
That is to say, to plunge them into the deep pit of hell.  
That done (the Reverend) made them an Oration in their own language: showing penance which pleased God, and that the Angel of Paradise rejoice more at a sinner repenting his sins, then of ninety nine just persons, and upon that brought for his examples, contrarily drawn to furnish out his impudency, falsely abusing the word of God.  
After he had ended he rose up, 
That is of Satan.  and the King and Queen fell upon their knees before him, calling upon God and the holy Saints, that he would pardon the penitent people of England, the authority of whose person he representeth. Then the Legate pronounced a general absolution: which done, they all departed, with the King, the Queen, and the Legate, towards their Chapel, where was sung (Te Deum) and after the said Legate had made his triumphant entries, he yielded all power and authority to the Bishops, the first Sunday of Aduent, (as they call it) on which day, the Bishop of Winchester, (an other Apostate of the truth) made a Sermon after a solemn Mass, taking for his Theme (Nunc tempus adest de somne surgere) that is; It is now time to awake. As if before in the time of the Gospel, under the reign of king Edward of England, they had still slept. But that awaking shall be dear sold unto all such Organs and Instruments of Satan, which have caused so many murders and bloodshed of God's children since that time in the Realm of England. See the book of Martyrs.  
A more horrible vengeance of God cannot come to a Country, then when God withdraws his light therefrom.  
Ferdinand sent out of their Country, 200. Ministers of the faithful, in the kingdom of Boheme.  
Touching the true Martyrs of the Lord, executed this year in England under the tyrannous reign of Queen Mary, and the disputations held betwixt the Popish Doctors, and them of the true Religion. See the fourth part of the books of Martyrs.  
A journey of the Empire was held at Ausbourge, and although few Princes came thither, Ferdinand made a long Oration the fifth of February, of two principal points. The first of Religion, by reason whereof he said, all the disorder and destruction of Almain happened, and that it might be remedied by disputations and communications of Theologians, as once had been begun. The second was to help and succour the afflicted estate of the war past, and punish such as made the troubles.  
Melancton and other learned people by their Letters comforted the Ministers of the Churches of Boheme, which were dispersed over Misnia.  
Casal, a Town nigh unto Po, was taken by the French, under the conduct of Brisac, the 3. of March.  

Marcel. 2.  Marcel, second of that name, a Tuscan by Nation, called before Marcel Ceruin, succeeded, and was borne in a place called the Monte Pelicien, in the territories of Florence: Of a Cardinal of the title of the holy Cross in jerusalem, was created Pope, by the common consent of all the Cardinals which were in the Conclave, the 9 day of April, 1555. The day following, he received the Pontifical ornaments in the Church of Lateran, but he would not change the name that he received at his baptism.  

The Pope's Character is to be an enemy unto the truth.  Being come unto the Papacy, he was an enemy unto the Gospel, as before he was Pope, you may see he was ever. In his youth he had some little profited in human Letters, and so kept the schools. Afterward, as Paul the third had created Cardinal Alexander Farnesius, the son of Peter Lewis his bastard son, he gave his, this Marcel for a Schoolmaster.  
Certain time after, the Cardinal Alexander leaving there the study of Letters, applied himself altogether to handle the affairs: wherein as well he, as also Paul his grandfather, served themselves with Marcel, who was their Secretary. The Bishopric of Nichastre being vacant, he was made Bishop of that Church: yet he always lived in the Court of Rome, and never went to his Church. Pope Paul sent for Legate the aforesaid Cardinal Farnese, towards the Emperor and his brother the king Ferdinand, who were then in Flaunders. But because he was yet young, he gave him Marcel for his conduction and governor in all the affairs of his legation. Amongst all other things, there was a question for setting out an Army against the Turk; which the Emperor and his brother required very instantly. But Marcel Ceruin pulished a writing (which is yet to be seen) wherein he saith it is much better to make war upon the Lutherans, & that they are much worse than the Turks.  
The Pope Paul made him Cardinal being absent, 
Marcel Inquisitor general.  & a while after caused him to come again into the Town, and used his counsel in all things of great importance. He gave him the title of the holy Cross of jerusalem, and created him general Inquisitor against all heretics, therein making him a companion unto Cardinal Theatin and Cardinal de Bourgues: which were the rudest and cruelest that ever were. When a Legation was to be sent unto the Council of Trent, the Pope Paul made him Legate, with the Cardinals Pol and de Monte. He created Cardinal de Monte chief Legate of the Council, because he had knowledge in the Civil law. Pol or Poole, the second, as he that seemed to desire that the Church might be reform (although it after appeared that he never stirred it in earnest) and Ceruin for the third, as he in whom the Pope had most trust. And therefore the Pope had given him express charge that he should suffer nothing to be done in the Council which tended to the detriment of the Roman seat. But that he should drive out all such as enterprised any such like thing.  
Therefore as one in the said Council called james Nachiantes, Bishop of a place called Fossa Clodia, said that he could not allow the Decree, where it was written that traditions ought to be received and observed with like reverence as the Gospel: Ceruin caused him to be thrown out of the Council. As also a certain jacobin called Guillam de Venice, said that the Council of Constance was above the Pope, Ceruin calling him, reprehended him sharply. And after that the Monk had answered that the thing itself yielded witness thereof, because that Council deposed the Pope, therefore it was above him; It is not so said Ceruin, but that more is, the Pope gave place willingly: the which I can well prove by a Bull sealed with lead: and strait commanded this man to go out of the Council.  
About this time Peter Paul Vergerius, was come from Mantua to Trent, who had many times been an Ambassador in Almain for the Pope's affairs: but because men held him suspected in some things to accord with the Almains: although the two other Legates, namely, Pol and de Monte, liked well to consent that he should be one at the Council. Also the Cardinal Paciccus and the Cardinal of Trent; yet Ceruin never ceased till he saw him dejected.  
Many Bishops understanding this of Vergerius, determined to have written unto the Pope, to admonish him not to suffer this: because then many would say that that Council was not free, 
Jerome Vida Cremona.  from which Bishops were put back. Hierome Vida de Cremona, Bishop of Alba, & an excellent Poet, had already indited Letters, as well in his own name as others. Which being come unto the knowledge of Marcel Ceruin, he very severely advertised Vida, wholly to abstain from sending Letters unto the Pope: for it was a thing of evil example, that Bishops assembled at a Council, should write such Letters unto the Pope, as though they would impose a law upon him. Which he said was so great a fault, as a man had need take heed, he fall not into any suspicion thereof. Vida being vanquished by his teasons, changed his purpose of sending Letters unto the Pope. Vergerius being then willing to withdraw himself from the Council, 
The cause wherefore Vergerius was put from the Council.  came towards Ceruin, and demanded of him what the Articles were for which he was dejected from the Council and company of other Bishops. Ceruin answered, because I understand thou deniest that the Legends of S. George and of Christopher are true. Is it true said Vergerius? I have, and do yet deny it: And my opinion is founded upon Pope Paul the third. For he hath commanded that both those Legends should be taken out of the breviary: And in the Preface at the beginning of the book, he saith that he hath commanded that all such should be taken out, which were not true. Ceruin seeing himself surprised, could answer nothing; but that men ought not to hold such for good men, as in any manner whatsoever, seemed to agree with the Lutherans, and therefore we withdraw thee from our Council.  
I thought it good to recite this, to the end it might be known, that there are always some evil affected towards the true doctrine, ignorant of holy Letters, and stubborn to maintain and defend all superstitions.  
Yet as he was a man of singular modesty, and of a life and conversation reasonable honest, & likewise endowed with good prudence, so was he in great estimation: In so much that it was verily looked for at his hands, that if ever he came unto the Popedom, he would correct many things in the Roman Court; and before all things, that he would shun all dissolutions and superfluities: but it fell not out so. For after the death of julius the third, having been chosen Pope, as already before he was diseased with the jaundice, it increassed so upon him, that he died the 22. day after his election, the night before the first of May. A brute ran that he was poisoned, but it was not so. A few days before his death, he would needs be crowned, but with small charge, very modestly. The Cardinal Farnese with them of his part, had given him his voice, although before there had been great enmities betwixt them: but he did it because he hoped there was none would be more diligent to bring that to an end, which Paul the third had determined to do. Namely, that he should do his best to maintain the house of Farneses', to the end they might not be deprived of the Duchy of Parma and Plaisance. For also the Cardinal Farnese so practised with julius the third, that he made him that promise before he would favour him for his coming unto the Popedom. Some said he did willingly elect the said Ceruin, because they saw him already to be sore worn and weakened with diseases, so that there was no hope that he could live long.  
The custom is willingly to choose Popes, such as they hope will not live long.  
Hercules de Ferrare, and Vbalde Duke of Urbin, arrived at Rome to salute Pope Marcel, and to Court him after their manner.  
Paul 4. of that name, a Neapolitan, 
Paul. 4.  called before john Peter Caraphe, was chosen Pope the same year, namely, 1555. the 23. day of May, by the consent of all the Cardinals.  
This man being in Venice, in his hypocrisy invented a new Sect of Monks, called Jesuits: as if our Saviour jesus had engendered such Popish Idolaters. After this, being made Cardinal, as he departed from Venice to Rome, he said unto his Monks which asked him whither he went. Whither I go, you cannot come now.  
Abusing the scripture and profaning the Lords words, he meant hereby, that he left them shut up in a Cloister in poverty and misery, & that he went unto Rome, to come unto an high and mighty estate and dignity, whereunto they could not come.  

Theatin before he was Pope confessed the truth.  He writ a book sometimes unto Paul the third, touching reformation of the Church: but being become Pope, he cared neither for jesus Christ nor his Church. In that book he confirmeth almost all the points that we use to reprehend in the Papists: namely, that the Church is so ruinated in Popery, that it is no more the Church of jesus Christ, but of the devil: For saith he, Pope's heap up Doctors after their own fancies and desires. That Cardinals and Bishops are cause that the name of Christ is blasphemed amongst people, which under the colour of keys, gather great sums of money. That wicked people are provided for. That Symoniacke Marchandices are greatly practised. That Prelates burn with ambition and covetousness. That horrible sins and iniquities are committed in Monasteries. That the Town of Rome is full of whoredoms and many such like.  
More enormous and wicked things are committed at Rome, then that which Theatin rehearseth in that book: for he there only toucheth the vices & abuses that are found in their common manner of living, without making any mention of the contempt of the doctrine there used.  

A tumult at Geneva.  On Thursday the 16. day of May of this year, there happened a tumult at Geneva, about 10. of the clock in the night, by the conspiracy of some which had for their stirrers & Captains, certain of the petit Council of the Town: which not being able to bear so happy a prosperity of the Gospel, determined to chase away such as into that Town had come from France, to shun persecutions: And as in the night time they ran too and fro, they cried as for a false ensign and token, that the French were in Arms, and the Town betrayed: but the French men stirred not out of their houses. The commotion was bridled and stayed by certain Lords of the Town. As for the seditious people, some amongst them were executed, others saved themselves by flight. But the cause wherefore they would have driven away the French amongst others was, because lately there were many of them received for Burgesses, by means whereof their faction was weakened, and the other part strengthened, by the number of the new Burgesses which had been added thereunto.  
The French at this time razed many Castles by the Count Montferrat, that they might have victuals in greater assurance: For if the enemy had occupied them, 
Ulpian victualled.  Casal had been brought into great necessity. In these parts was there a Town called Ulpian, which is of great importance. The Spaniards held it then: and it was revictualled at the coming of the Duke of Albe, who had gathered together a great number of people. 
Mariembourg  Mariembourge also, which the year before had been taken in the low Countries from the Emperor, was at the same time again victualled by the French.  
In the Country of Grisons there is a Town nigh Italy called Lucarne, 
The Lucarnois demanded the Gospel.  which appertaineth unto the whole commonalty of the Swisses. The Citizens thereof required that they might be permitted to live according unto the reformation of the Gospel. But because their Superiors and they, were not of one Religion, there was upon deliberation, divers opinions. Some agreed unto their demand: others sought to hinder it. So that there appeared towards some intestine and civil dissension: yet in the end they of the Town prevailed, which wished that they should remain in the Religion of their Ancestors: and that they amongst them which accorded not thereunto, might go dwell otherwhere. So were there found a great number which forsook their natural Country, and withdrew unto Zurich: where they were received joyfully, and much relieved in their poverty.  
A great number of Vessels laden with all kinds of Merchandise, came by Sea from Spain towards Flaunders: but upon the coast of Normandy they were assailed with all force by the French, which had espied them.  
The combat amongst them was horrible: many ships both of the one part and of the other were burnt, and many sunk: many a valiant man died there, as well by the sword, as by burning and drowning. The French in the end carried away some number of ships which they took, into deep Haven, from whence they departed. This happened in the month of August: in the end of which month, Philip of Ostrich repassed from England into Flaunders, accompanied with a great number of English Gentlemen, to find the Emperor his father at Brussels.  
In September, George Count de Montbellard, the Duke of Wittemberge his Uncle, took to wife barb, the Lantgraves' daughter.  

Dissension of the Supper renewed by them of Breme & Hambourge.  The dissension of the Lords Supper, and the presence of Christ's body, which had continued the space of thirty whole years amongst the learned, renewed again in this time: and there were published by certain Ministers of Hambourge and Breme, certain little books, namely, against Calvin and john Alasco. Calvin after answered them in earnest: so did also Bullinger and Alasco: who dedicating his book to the King of Polongne, greatly complained that without knowledge of the cause, that without any disputation or amiable talk, but only upon a certain prejudice, their doctrine was condemned after the manner of the Papists: who in am of arguments from holy scripture proceed not, but by force and commandment.  
The marquess of Marignan dying at Milan, the Cardinal of Trent was sent into Lombardie by the Emperor and King Philip, to be there Governor. At Naples the Duke of Albe was constituted.  
About Christmas day, the Pope according to his custom created new Cardinals, and amongst others, john Gropper, the Archbishop of Cologne his Councillor. Then also, the Cardinal Poole being made Deacon, Cardinal priest (as they say) began to say Mass. For by the Pope's law, Deacons have not yet that power.  
In the beginning of januarie happened great storms and tempests in Saxony, Misne, and Boheme, Thunders and Lightnings, which endangered many places, especially Churches.  
In the same month at Vitodur in Suetia, a little Town within two leagues of Zurich, appeared in the night in one of the towers of the Church there, a sparkling fire, making such a noise, as the Burgesses on all sides ran to put it out: being come thither, they found no flame: yet it twice appeared: that is to say, the 4. & 14. of the said month. After this, certain of the Cantons of Suetia solicited by the Pope, got them to Rome, whereas many marveled.  
King Philip after he had received of his father the government of Flaunders, the 18. of january he made a solemn entry into Antwerp.  
In the month of February, Henry Duke of Brunswic espoused the sister of Sigismond, king of Pologne.  
The 26. of the same month died at Aitsem, 
The death of Frederick Palatin.  Frederick Count Palatin Elector now very old, and there succeeded him Otto, Henry his brother's son, who long time before had received the Gospel, and for that cause was in danger to have lost all his goods. Shortly after he had received his people's oath of fidelity, he made an Edict that no person should sing any Mass, or exercise any other ceremonies any where in his countries.  
Mary Queen of England, did what she could that church goods and lands might be restored: because Pope greatly urged her thereunto: But many Princes & great Lords held them, & therefore it could not be done. During this Parliament, many Innective and biting books were dispersed in London, amongst which, some were sufficient to have stirred the common people to sedition against the Spaniards, and to have with drawn the Queen's love from King Philip. Search was made for the authors of these libels, but it was not possible to find them out. Before the Assembly was departed, & affairs dispatched, the Bishop of Winchester the Chancellor, died of a dropsy. Thomas Heth Archbishop of York, who had sometimes been in Almain with him, before of Canterbury, and once had knowledge of the true Religion, was come into his place.  
About the fifth of November died the wife of Duke john Frederic of Saxony, the Lantgraves' daughter.  
The Duke of Venice, Francisco Venerio, was deposed from his estate, for ill dealing in the charge of victuals, and having much more regard unto his particular profit, then to the public weal.  

A wonder in the Country of Aouste.  About the end of February of this year, the Mo●r●a●●e called Dupetit S. Bernard on the valley side of Aouste, which is in the subjection of the Duke of Savoy, was seen covered with red snow: and certain white snow fell, but the whiteness vanished away, and the redness remained. This was notoriously known and seen, and the red snow touched by many inhabitants of the said Country.  
These prodiges and marvels, admonish us to beseech the Lord to turn away the tribulations and calamities, which the poor world ceaseth not to draw upon itself by his rebellion.  
A frost of three weeks was so sharp in December, that Seine was frozen, whereupon followed great mischiefs.  
Oziander with his new doctrine of justification, had long time stirred troubles in Pruse: but after, as it were, all learned people had condemned him by their writings, the Duke of Pruse, Albert, 
Pruse receiveth the confession of Ausbourge.  declared by a public writing, that therein he would follow the doctrine of the confession of Ausbourge, and so enjoined the Ministers of the Churches to teach accordingly, and gave them full licence. And to the end the thing might be so fully and surely accorded, that the wound might no more renew and be worse, john Albert, Duke de Megelbourge, the Duke of Pruse his son in law (a Prince very well instructed in Letters) went into the said Country of Prusia, and by the means of certain learned people whose labour he used, he did so much with john Functius, 
john Functius.  (which was he that chiefly maintained the opinion of Ozeander) that publicly he confessed his fault, and withal, protested that he would never teach but according to the tenor of the confession of Ausbourge. Others did the like. So the Theologians were received into favour and the estate of the Church pacified.  

Comet.  The 4. day of March began to appear a Comet, which was seen by the space of 12 days.  
There is a little Town in Auls●i●, three leagues from Strasbourge, called Oberene, 
Parricide of three children.  in that Town a certain Gardiner the tenth of April, in the absence of his wife was the murderer of his own children, of a girl of the age of 7. years. of a boy of the age of 4. years, and of an other yet in the cradle, not past six months old.  
The 10. of may the Duke d' Arscot who was a prisoner in the wood de Vincennes nigh Paris, escape and came safe into his Country.  
The Bavarois solicited their Prince Albert to have liberty of their religion, as well as they of Ostrich, and almost at one time, the Prince seeing that Ferdinand his father in law had permitted to his people the same thing was content to do the like. And because there was then some question for silver, he suffered his subjects for a time to receive the Lords Supper whole, and to eat flesh on days prohibited, when necessity drives them thereunto. Yet he made great protestations that he would not divide himself from the religion of his Ancestors: and that this should only be, till by public authority it were otherwise ordained.  
About this time certain great Lords of Transiluania revolted from Ferdinand.  
There became also great mutinies in England, where divers Nobles were imprisoned, others beheaded, and some saved themselves in other Countries: As for such as died for the truth of the Gospel, we have amply deducted their estate, and extracted their confessions in our books of Martyrs.  
Albert de Bavieres began the Imperial journey at Ratisbone in the name of king Ferdinand who then was busied in holding the estates in Boheme● and Ostrich. 
journey at Ratisbone.   
The Emperor having attend 〈…〉 of Septembe● and from 〈◊〉 Countries accompanied 〈…〉▪ 
The return of Charles the fifth into Spain.  ●●●ior Dowary of France, and Mary Que●●● of Hungary, 〈…〉 caving all the rule of the low Countries to king Philip his son, and the administration of Almain unto his brother King Ferdinand.  
David George (who after called himself john de Bruck) borne at Delphes in Holland, 
The death of David George.  a very pernicious seducer, author and Prince of the vilest Sect that ever was, making himself king and immortal Christ, died this year, 1556. the 24. day of August, his wife being dead a little before. He retired with his family which was very great into Basill, the year 1544. making himself a fugitive from his own country for the cause of the Gospel. He bought houses in the Town, and a Castle nigh the Town called Binningen, with possessions of a great revenue: It was easy for this man being very cautelous and subtle, and having his eyes looking on all sides, to gain the hearts of many, and to procure outward reputation: who was greatly sustained and augmented, by that he had great sums of money and very precious movables daily brought him, from base Almain and Flaunders. There happened certain prodigious signs before his death. One of his houses (he had two in Basill) was burned with fire of lightning: and the other which he had sumptuously builded in the Meadows, was also consumed by fire, and all his precious movables which were therein: & soon after, the chamber floors of his house where he made his residence, fell down suddenly: yet they say, nothing happened unto him more intolerable to bear before his death then this, that one of authority in base Almain, came to the Town of Basill, and David George knew well, that by little and little he should be discovered.  
His Secretaries and disciples were marvelously astonished at his death, because they were of opinion he should never have died: Although their hope was something maintained, by that he had said (as after was reported) he would again take life, by the space of three years, and bring to pass excellent things. He held in his house a state almost royal. And for the government of his house and Castle, it was well ruled, every one had his estate and office in that family, and the labours were so distributed, that he had no need in any thing to employ others than his own.  
In the government of their common good, they very strictly observed three things, to the end they might more and more conceal their so pernicious a Sect.  
First, that none amongst them should publish the name of David George. Secondly, that none should reveal of what state and condition he had been: whereupon many thought he came of some great nobility: others, that he was some great Merchant, having many factors both by sea and land. Thirdly, that they should not discover any one article of their doctrine to any of Basill, no not to any Swisser, neither should they seek to draw any to their doctrine.  
The sum of his accursed doctrine was: That whatsoever had hitherto been given of God by Moses, by the Prophets, by jesus christ himself, by his Apostles and Disciples, is imperfect, and unprofitable to make us obtain the true and perfect felicity: and was only given to this use, that hitherto their doctrine might repress men, and keep them under as young men and children, and so contain them in their offices. But the Religion of David George is perfect, and hath in it sufficient efficacy and strength, to make happy him that receiveth it, he being the true Christ and Messias, the we beloved of the Father, in whom the Father taketh great pleasure: born not of the flesh, but of the holy spirit, & of the spirit of jesus Christ: having hitherto been kept in an unknown place, for all his Saints: to restore in spirit the house of Israel, not by the Cross or tribulations, or death as the other Christ, but for the love and grace of the holy spirit of Christ.  
O execrable monster, or horrible efficacy of error & deception, or plasphemies drawn out of the deep pit of hell!  
In the year 1557. many good men moved with affection to amplify the kingdom of the Lord, through many travels and perils having passed the torrid Zone, and long time sojourned in the way, they fell to inhabit in a Region on the South coast, unknown unto our fore elders, full of Brasill: which before in the year 1500. had been discovered by the Portugals, and it was called America, of the name of their Captain and conductor Americ Vespucius. The Inhabitants the ear very savage and wild, without any form of Religion or civility. There it pleased the Lord in this time to erect a Church of certain French men, which one Villegagnon had solicited and gathered together: He received them also at the beginning with good countenance and outward joy, seeing his enterprise commended by many notable persons. But in the year 1557. and 1558. the said Villegagnon gave sufficiently to know, that he was never touched with any true zeal or fear of God. For after he had persecuted both the Ministers and poor flock of that Church, by many tyrannies and impudent writings; with seditious practices, he hindered as much as in him lay, the advancement of the Lords glory: who after raised up the Portugals to take the Fortress which he had builded in the I'll, by him called Collignyen Valois: finding no resistance within, because the said Villegagnon being retired into France (taken with an apprehension that the savage people would eat him) had ordained no such company of people as were necessary for the defence of such a place.  
And although in that number there were some valiant and well experimented in Arms: yet for as much as they were accompanied with such as had no knowledge therein, and were ill maintained, yea pined away with famine and diseases; before they would abide the enemy's fury, they withdrew themselves with the savage people. Therefore was it easy for the enemies to enjoy that Castle which had been builded at the charges of the king of France, and with the sweat and travel of many good people: and the Artillery marked with the Arms of France, with certain munitions of war transported to Lisbon, the principal Town of Portugal, in a trophy and triumph of the victory. The French retiring to land, received the cruel yoke of that savage people, living without any form of Religion: a sad and lamentable thing to rehearse.  
By all Histories, as well ancient as modern, we my be instructed that. Hypocrites and Apostates, have in all times hindered the course of the Gospel.  
Charles the 5. Emperor, after he had resigned by express Embassage, into the hands of the Prince's Electors, the Roman Empire, having held it about 37. years, died in his Country of Spain, the 21. of September, 1558. in a Monastery of S. Just, of the order of the Hieronymies, nigh to Plascencia, a Town situated betwixt the kingdoms of Castille and Andalonsia. 
Ferdinand. 1.   
Ferdinand, 1. of that name, succeeded him, & was consecrated Emperor in the town of Francfort upon Mein, by the Electors and Princes of Almiane, with the accustomed solemnities.  
After great and continual wars by the space of 9 years, at the instigation and by the practices and means of Popes, john Maria de Monte, surnamed julius the third, and his successors and adherents, as well in Italy, Piedmont, Almain, and France, as in the low Countries of Flaunders, Artois, and Lorraine, by the Spaniards and French. Finally, there happening great victories and prizes one upon an other, to the overthrow and total oppression of people and subects, the third of April, 1559. after Easter, at a Castle in Cambresis, there was a peace concluded betwixt Henry the second of that name, King of France, and Philip King of Spain: wherein they promised, to yield one to an other, the lands that were lately conquered. They also compounded and agreed of all other controversies and differances in regard of the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, and of the Duchy of Milan: upon condition of the marriage of the said Philip, with the eldest daughter of Henry: which lands should appertain to the children coming of that marriage.  
By the same treaty of peace, there was yielded unto Emanuel Philibert, Duchy of Savoy, and the principality of Piedmont, which the French had held from his father & him, more than 24. years, by the means of a marriage betwixt him and Dame Margarite, daughter of king Francis, the first of that name, and the alone sister of Henry: reserving certain strong places in the said Piedmont for a certain time.  
The year 1559. the fifth of March, the sons, the sons in law, and all the family of the dead David George, (of whom we have spoken before) some also which were not of his family, but adherent unto his Sect, were adjoined before the Senate of Basill: after information taken of the pernitions' Sect which the said David George had always held whilst he lived. The Advower declared unto them, that the Signiory was duly informed, that they withdrew themselves into the Castle of Binningen, not as they which were persecuted for the Gospel, (as they falsely said): but for the Sect of David, wherewith they were already spotted Eleven were appointed prisoners, out of them to draw the truth. The most part examined by the straightest Inquisition, confessed the truth of the matter: which finally obtained pardon.  
The first of May the Minister's Rector, professors and Masters of the University of Basill, having all with one voice condemned the points of doctrine professed by David George: the Senate being fully informed of all, proceeded the 13. of May, to the indyting and condemning of David George: that is, that all his writings, as full of impiety and mortal poison, also his body or his bones, and all that which remained in his grave, should be burnt, with his Image which was found in his house, lively representing him: and that generally all the goods of so wicked a man, in what place soever they were found, should be confiscated and adjudged unto the signory. This sentence was proclaimed according to the custom of the place: and all the form of law, and of the ordinances of the Town, was observed in the execution thereof.  
The life, manners, and death of such pernicious men, admonish us to watch diligently, least being deceived with any beautiful appearance, we allow not evil for good, and contrary: and so fall into the snares of the devil.  
A peace (as hath been said) being concluded betwixt Henry King of France, and Philip King of Ppaine enemies of the Gospel took their opportunity to persecute such as they called Lutherans. Commissions were dispatched to go through all the Provinces of France, to attend while the conditions of peace were accomplished.  
King Henry by his Letters Patents on the second of june, sent to all Bailiffs and Stewards, to aid the said Commissioners: with power to assemble (as they call them) ban and arrierban: that is as I take it we use to say, tag & rag: and the Provost Marshals and their Archers, straightly forbidding the sparing of any, either using any dissimulation or winking at any: otherwise that they themselves should be first punished.  
The Cardinal of Lorraine charged a great number of the councillors of the Parliament of Paris to be favourers of heretics: And this was upon the occasion of a deliverance they made of certain prisoners for the Gospel, by a simple banishment out of the kingdom. And did so much that the Mercurial was held at the instance of the king's Proctor general, wherein a great part of the councillors were of advise, that by an holy and free Council all matters of Religion should be remedied, rather than by persecutions.  
The King Henry being at this Parliament, and having heard Anne de Bourge councillor reasoning, caused him to be stayed prisoner, with other Councillors: And the 19 of june a Conjunction was directed to certain judges to make these process.  
During the marriage Feasts of the daughter of France, and the last of june King Henry employed himself all that morning in the examinations of, as well Precedents as Councillors of the said Parliament, and other prisoners and their companions which were charged with the like doctrine. When he had dined, because he was one of the sustenants at the solemn Turney which was made in the street of Saint Anthony, he entered into the Lists: And after he had broken good store of staves as bravely as was possible (as he was cunning, and a valiant man at Arms) running against Montgommery, the son of Captain Lorges, a strong Soldier, they encountered so rudely, that bursting their Lances, the King was attained with a counter blow, so right in the vizard, that the shivers entered into his head: and the blow was as sudden as violent, so that his brains were wholly astonished, without finding either succour or comfort: And whatsoever any could do with sending Physicians and Surgeons on all sides, yea from Brabant by King Philip, nothing profited: Insomuch that eleven days after, namely the 10. of july, 1559. he expired and finished his days in great dolour, having reigned 12. years, three months, and ten days.   

To the Christian Readers.  
Having gathered from divers Histories of our time, a sort of the most memorable things happening about religious matters, and the state of this world, since the year 1559. until this present year 1581.: and perceiving that this volume handling the Church's affairs was delivered unto the Printer: I have also given these my remembrances following to the same Imprinter to join them unto the former: that you may have a whole brief and summary from that time of Christ, until now. There remaineth: that considering the wonders of God, especially in the conduction & government of his Church, we should pray that it would please him to cause us to see more & more the effect of that promise so precious: that he will be with his until the consummation of the world, and that we may remain firm in the profession of his truth until the last sigh, maugre all the forces of Satan, of Antichrist, and of their complices. So be it.  
Francis the 2. of that name, of the age of 15. years & five months, succeeded his Father Henry.  
In the beginning of his kingdom the Churches of his realm flourished under the cross, having the favour of certain Princes and great Lords: yet in such sort as the faithful endured much in sundry places that same year 1559. The Church of Paris was one of the chief: but it was exceedingly molested by slanders and subornations of certain judges, and especially of an Inquisitor called Demochares, they were charged, & the Thursday before Easter they procured a great assembly of men, women & maids about midnight, where after they had preached, eaten a cochon in am of the paschal Lamb, & the lamp which gave them light put out, every one committed wickedness with other. Chals Cardinal of Lorraine governor of the king (who had espoused Mary Steward Queen of Scotland, the said Cardinal's Niece) impaired & made things worse, by imputing unto them of the religion, all the pollutions of the ancient heretics; Insomuch that during the reign of Francis, there was nothing but imprisonments, robbing of houses, proclimations for banishments, & executions of them of the religion, with cruel torments: notwithstanding amongst such tempests, they discontinued not their preachings & other exercises of Religion, although also many were burned at Paris, & executed in other places. Amongst which are not to be forgotten, Nicholas Guerin, Marin Marie, Margarite le rich, called the Lady de la Caille, a young Carpenter, Adrian Panssi, Marin Roussean, Giles le Gourt, Philip Parmentier, Peter Millet, john Befferoy, Peter Arondeau, M. Anne du Bourge, a man of great piety, very learned, & a Councillor in the Parliament of Paris. The death of this last man, was especially amongst others noted, because of the quality of his person: his constancy astonished also many of his enemies: who notwithstanding left not to continued as well in Paris, as in other Parliaments of France, in that remainder of the year 1559, & in all the year following, during which the French Church, before being hid because of persecutions, began to show itself: Insomuch that in all Provinces thoughout the kingdom, they of the religion had Sermons openly: the zeal of some, surmounting the cruelty of others.  
In this same year 1559. in the month of May, the Lord triumphed over Antichrist, in the constancy & patience of many Christians, 
Of the Spanish Inquisition.  executed to death for the witness of his truth in the kingdom of Spain, by the practices of the officers of the Inquisition, whereof it shall not be impertinent briefly to touch.  
About an 100 years ago, that Ferdinand and Isabelle, kings of Castille, established that Inquisition against the jews, which after baptism kept their ceremonies. Certain years after, the Monks assailed by the doctrine of the Gospel, did so much, that it was converted & practised, especially against such as they could discover to be never so little adversaries of the Romish traditions. For the better establishing of this tyranny, and to lift it up above the King and the Council of Spain, the Spanish Theologians made them believe that the holy Inquisition could not err: and for the exercise thereof they had judges & officers in the most part of the Towns of the realm, which always had a watchful eye to bridle all the world. But ordinarily they espied the richest, the learnest, & such as of little began to become great: for they desired booty of some, they feared the knowledge of others, and the last are odious, lest they should make head against the Inquisition. They espied & marked very nigh these 3. sort of people, that if there came any word out of their mouths it should be noted: & though they spoke no word, yet would the Inquisitors find means enough against such as worshipped them not sufficiently: for after they had shut them in prison, they would keep them there a long time without speaking unto them, and at leisure invent Rhymes against them: In the mean while no man durst solicit nor speak for the prisoners. If the Father showed to have any care of his child, he was strait imprisoned as a favourer of heresy. No person could have access to any prisoner which was in any dungeon or other obscure place: neither might he write: but besides the misery and horror of the prison, the prisoners endured a thousand outrages and menaces, and after blows with whips, and divers other the greatest injuries that can be imagined. Sometimes they are suffered to escape by infamy, and from some high place they are showed unto the people. During their imprisonment, their processes and their Inditements go not forward in course of law: (and for ordinarily a prisoner shall be so kept up & tormented, two, three, or four years) and if there be any thing done therein, there are none but the Inquisitors, their officers and executioners, that know any news of them. After one hath tortured and beaten them the space of many months, he that will have his life, he must divine and guess at his accusor. If then the accused can divine the name of his accusors, and what is the accusation, in firmly and strongly denying that which is imposed and laid to his charge, and after great protestations, to be an hearty and a very affectioned servant and subject of the Popedom, his life being so saved: yet he is not thereby set at liberty, but after having endured infinite poverties & misery (which they call their penance) they are let go, but yet in such sort as they make him wear a kind of coat of yellow colour, called Sambenito, which is a public infamy unto him and all his race. But if contrary the prisoner be an ill diviner, after divers tortures he is condemned and cruelly burnt. They that constantly maintain the truth of the Gospel, are so ungently tormented and cruelly handled, that the punishments of the greatest Tyrants which were in the time of the Primitive Church, were nothing in comparison unto these. But then assoon as many persons of high and base condition in sundry places of Spain began to see the light of the word of God, the Antichrist his subjects strait discovered certain assemblies, insomuch that the Inquisitors imprisoned a great number of them, whereof some were put to death the 21. of May, in the presence of the king's sister their governess in her brother's absence, of Dom Charles Prince of Spain, and of many great Lords which delivered their oaths unto the Inquisition, namely the Governess, and the Prince, to maintain against all. This done with great solemnities, the faithful remaining constant were burnt alive, 
Martyrs of Spain.  namely Augustine Cacalla late the Emperor Charles the fifts Preacher, Francis de Bivero Priest of Valledolid, the brother of Augustine, Blanch and Constance de Bivero their sister, Alphonsus Peres Priest of Valence, Christopher del Campo, Christopher de Padille, Antonio de Huezvelo, Catherine Roman, Francis Errem, Catherine Ortegne, Isabella de Strade, and jann Velasque. Many other men and women were then condemned to divers honourable amends (as they call them) and to remain prisoners a certain time.  
In the month of September following, the Inquisitors of Sivil caused to be burnt john Ponceus de Leon, 
Other Marties of Spain.  son of the Count de Bailen a Gentleman, amongst all Spaniards commendable, because of his great piety, constancy and doctrine, john Gonsolue Theologian of Sivile, Isabelle de Vacine, Mary de Viroes, Cornelie, Mary and jane de Bohorques, Ferdinand de Saint john, julian Fernand, and others in great number. For three years before a goodly Church was raised and set up at Sivile, which being discovered by the spies of the Inquisition, very nigh eight hundred persons were imprisoned, insomuch that after that the tormentors did no other thing, but hang, strangle and burn men and women: yet notwithstanding many very lively tasted the doctrine of the Gospel, and forsook Spain, the more freely to serve God, some flying into England, others into Almain & to Geneva: Likewise all the Monks of the Covent of Saint Isodore nigh Sivile, forsook their habit and their Country, and saved themselves at Francford; two of which, namely john Leon, & john Fernand, were taken in a Port of Zealand, brought again into Spain, and put to death.  
In this same year the Estates of the Empire were assembled at Ausbourge, to handle affairs of Religion: and it was agreed that things should remain peaceable: and the funeral of obsequies of the Emperor Charles the fifth were then made. The Ambassador of Othon Henry chief Elector assisted at that service but he refused to kiss the dish or pax, offered by the Cardinal of Ausbourge, who sung the Mass: whereat the Cardinal was so despited, that he said unto him: If thou wilt have no blessing, receive a curse everlasting. Other deputies of the Towns, and Princes of the confession of Ausbourge, entered not into the Church.  
Certain time after, Othon Henry Elector Palatin, left his dignity and estates to Frederick, who reform his Country after the pure doctrine, whereof he showed himself a constant and faithful protector, with an admirable wisdom and moderation. 
Diethmarsois brought under the yoke.  The Diethmarsois yielded themselves unto Frederick the 2. of that name, king of Denmark, about the end of the month of june, after they had courageously maintained the war, and received divers battles: before they governed themselves without yielding any subjection unto any person. But now they yielded to government about 35. years after the death of Henry de Supphon minister of the word of God, whom they had cruelly put to death in the Town of Meldorf: where the truth of the Gospel increased greatly by the preachings of that man. The first day of january, that Christian king of Denmark, of the age of 56. years died, and about three weeks after, died also Christian his Cousin and predecessor, who for his unjust & wicked dealings, was driven away of his subjects, straying out of his own kingdom the space of 10. years, & thinking to come thither again was taken upon these, and after locked in prison, where he reamined 17. years until his death, being us the age of 78. Laurence Priarli Duke of Venice. & Heroides Duke of Ferrare, died the same year, the one in●●●, the other in Octo.  

The death of Paul the 4.  Paul. 4. having been Pope 4. years, 2. months & 27. days, died the 18 day of August, 1559. of the age of 85. years▪ Scant had he yielded up his spirit, but the Roman people which wished death unto him, because of his wars, exactions▪ and 〈◊〉, broke the prisons of the Inquisition, delivered the prisoners, fired the whole building, threw down the Pope's Image cutting off the head and right hand 〈…〉 which were drawn three days 〈◊〉: 〈…〉 cast 〈…〉 And it was 〈◊〉 that the Arms of the family of ●●r●ffes should be plucked down from all places of the town and burst in pieces, which was 〈◊〉 the same day: His body was in danger to have been handled as his Images, and so had been, but that they kept certain days 〈◊〉 a●●●d and strong hand from the people. He was also very violent in his Popedom, not only toward his enemies, many of which were yet in prison, but also towards his servants and friends.  
The 26. day of the said month of August, Philip d' Ostrich king of Spain, having set in order his affairs in Flaunders and the low Countries, made sail from the Haven of Flushing into Spain, pretending to set upon the Turk, seeing he was agreed with the king of France, Elizabeth the eldest daughter of the dead king Henry, being accorded unto him for wife, and committed unto the king of Navarre & other, to convoy her even unto the frontiers of Spain, But being embarked with a great number of ships, and all the riches which his father had heaped up out of Almain & Italy, with a great quantity of the rich Tapestry of Flaunders, as he approached the port of S. james in Galicie, so great a tempest arose, that of all that magnifical furniture and riches gotten together with so long time and so great travel, nothing arrived in safety, but the sea was made heir of those riches, even in the sight of the Spaniards. As for him, that tempest spared him so little, that scant could he set foot in any 〈◊〉 but the vessel wherein he was, was ready to sink into the bottom of the sea. This loss chafed him so much the more against them of the Religion, especially of the low countries: which were there persecuted with fire and sword before, & after his depart●●●. In England the Church got up under the peaceable government of Elizabeth. As for Scotland, many came unto the Gospel and they so multiplied, that soon after they remained masters.  
The Papal seat being vacant the space of four months, by the advise of the Cardinals, john Angelus de Medicis, Cardinal, was chosen Pope about the end of December, and was crowned the sixth day of january, 1560. naming himself Pius the fourth: 
Pius the 4. elected Pope.  he lived in the throne of error five years, eleven months, and fifteen days. He confirmed the election of the Emperor Ferdinand, which his predecessor would not approve, he also justified and set at liberty out of prison, certianes Cardinals and Bishops.  

The marriage of Philip King of Spain, with Elizabeth of France. The state of France, An. 1560. under Francis the 2. which died in the month of December.  At the beginning of this said month, Elizabeth of France was brought to the limits of Spain, & delivered into the hands of the Cardinal de Burges, of the Duke d'el Infantasque, King Philip his deputies, unto whom they brought her: and there was great triumphs in the celebration of the marriage, which they called the firm bond to hold united the kingdoms of France and Spain. Charles Prince of Spain, received the homages of many Towns, insomuch that for a time there was nothing but rejoicings, justs, Feasts and Banquets, through all King Phillip's Countries: but this mirth endured no long time, as shall be seen hereafter.  
For the estate of France, the Churches had many troubles this year. For the violent and illegitimate domination of the house of Guise, which ruled the king and the kingdom at their pleasure: the recoiling of Princes and great Lords, the despising of the states, and other confusions brought in by these new governors, stirred a great part of the Nobility to join themselves together to get the King out of the hands of such people, and to procure by good order that things might return into their ancient estate: And because this could not be executed but by arms, they assembled certain troops under the conduct of Godfroy de Barry seur de la Renaudie, and other valiant Captains to come unto Amboise to seize the Duke of Guise and the Cardinal of Lorraine, to make an account of their administration. But having been discovered and betrayed long time before, they came into the field: this enterprise did but envenom & make more cruel the Lords of Guise: Insomuch that they put to death a great number of Lords, Captains, Gentlemen, and soldiers, at Amboise. And because the most part of them professed the true religion then in France, called Lutherisme: the Cardinal charged the Churches that they had made this enterprise: yea they dealt with the princes of the blood royal, namely with Anthony de Bourbon king of Navarre, and his brother Lewis de Bourbon prince of Conde, after with the houses of Montmorencie, & of Chastillon, determining to root up churches & houses all at once: to effect which, the Lords of Guise made infinite preparatives all this year, both within & without the realm, they also found means to draw the king of Navarre and the Prince unto the court, after stared them prisoners, and handled the prince very rigorously. On the other side their forces assembled on all sides to overrun the realm. The king of Spain should enter into Bearne to ruinate & destroy the queen of Navarre, and to solemnise the entry of the Estates, the prince should have been publicly beheaded: afterward straigt upon the conclusion of the Estates, the Armies marched to sack and spoil such as were suspected, and the people were suffered and countenanced to run upon all such as were religious, to dispatch them with out other Inquisition. And to the end to leave none alive, the King should cause all the Princes, Lords, and Knights of the order, to swear and seal all the articles of Sorbone, sending to the fire without longer process, all such as denied it. The Chancellor did the like with such as were of the order d'la long rob about the court: The Parliaments & Prelates had charge to do the like with such as belonged to justice and to the Clergy. Likewise Ladies & honourable women were not forgotten. This being done, the Inquisition of Spain entered into France, to begin new tragedies: But as all things were upon the point to be executed, God cut the strings thereof, striking the king Francis, with an Apostume in his ear, wherewith after he had languished certain days he was finally stifled, and died the fifth day of December, 1560. having only reigned 17. months. This death overthrew the disseines and purposes of the Duke of Guise, and constrained the adversaries of the reformed Church to yield some relief unto the faithful, who had that year given them in mockery the Huguenots, (because of their night assemblies) to muse & devise new subtleties and persecutions: whereof we will (God willing) speak briefly in the years following: but yet the Churches in that year prospered in all Provinces, with infinite witnesses of God his favour towards his, and of his judgements upon his enemies of all estates. Some of the Religion were publicly executed in divers places: but for one which died, there came a thousand to the doctrine of the Gospel: In so much that it was incredible the great number of persons which this year and that following, forsook the Roman Religion, to come unto the Christian.  

The estate of Scotland.  This year Scotland was troubled with a civil war, by the practices of some which would needs command all over, under the colour of maintaining the Roman Religion: but they frustrated of their hope, and the reformed religion began then to set foot in that kingdom by the favour and assistance of Elizabeth Queen of England. The Queen, widow of james the fifth, died in the month of june.  
Martin Bucer and Paul Phagius, whose bodies had been buried and burned four years before in England, by the solicitations of Cardinal Poole, were established in their first honour, and their memory publicly celebrated the 30. of july.  

The death of Melancton.  The 10. day of April before, died that very learned and modest person Philip Melancton, an excellent ornament of all Almain: after whose decease, many wicked spirits troubled the Almain Churches, which during his life they durst not have enterprised: joachim Camerarius a man very learned and his great friend, hath described his life. The month of january before, took also from this world john Alasco, a Gentleman of Polonia, one very affectionate to the advancement of the kingdom of Chest, whose memory is precious in all Churches.  

War in Piedmont.  About the end of the same year, Emanuel Philebert Duke of Savoy, warred upon them of the vale of Angrogne, and their neighbours, professing the doctrine of the Gospel: which after assaying all means of peace to conserve it, offering their Prince all that good subjects should do, defended themselves (though few in number) so courageously, and were assisted of God, that after many combats they were left in peace, which at this present they enjoy: the favour of Margarite of France, Duchess of Savoy (amongst other human means, serving them greatly both then and afterwards.  
In the same Country of Piedmont, were seen many prodigious wonders: the like in France, Ostrich, Pologne & Almain.  
At the begginning, and until the end of this year, 1561. the French Churches increased & openly showed themselves. 
The beginning of troubles in France.  Katherine de Medici's Queen mother, having all affairs in her hand, was counseled by the Princes of the house of Bourbon, by the Admiral and other great Lords of the Religion: by means whereof, the greatest of the Roman Religion entered into league with them, and so made privy preparation for great troubles and vexations after happening.  
In the month of january the Princes and great Lords being assembled at S. German in Say, an Edict was made the seventeenth of the said month: which on the one side gave some release and liberty unto them of the Religion, and on an other side kerbed and bridled them. After the Council assigned, on the ninth day of September following, was a conference and disputation at Poissy betwixt the Doctors of the Roman and reformed Churches.  
In that same month the Electors and Princes of Almain being assembled at Neubourge in Turinge, to take Council for maintaining the confession of Ausbourge, by them presented unto the Emperor Charles the 5. Anno, 1530. gave audience about the beginning of February the Pope's Ambassadors, which commanded them to send their Ambassadors unto the Council assigned at Trent; to effect which, they offered for the Pope their M. such safe conduct as was possible to desire. The 7. of February the Electors and Princes made answer, that they found it strange, that the Pope, being the cause of all the confusions then in the Church, should go about to assemble a Council, & to assign it unto them, whom he had nothing to do to command, that they did not, neither ever would acknowledge any sovereignty to belong unto the Roman seat: yea they were assured that it appertained not unto the Pope to convocate or call a Council. And after they had showed the orders and filthiness of the Roman Church, and that it were good to regard and look unto the means to procure a general and free Council, they sent away their Ambassadors, and after they writ unto the Emperor Ferdinand, that they all with a common advise agreed unto the confession of Ausbourge: afterward they published in an Imprinted writing their causes of reculation against the Council of Trent. These Ambassadors went into divers other places to the same effect, but they received no good answer o any King, Prince, or great Lord, making profession of the Gospel, but especially the Queen of England would not give leave to the Abbot Martinengue, who was sent by the Pope unto her, to pass the sea to come into England.  

Notable executions at Rome.  The 5. day of March the Pope caused to be strangled in the night time in the S. Angelo, the Cardinal Charles carafe: he beheaded also in an other prison, the Count of Palliane, and certain other Cardinals: the next day showing all their bodies unto the people.  

King Charles the ninth sacred.  The 18. day of May Charles the ninth of that name, son of Henry de Valois, and of Catherine de Medicis, was sacred king at Rheims in campaign, and soon after crowned at S. Denis in France. The Churches of his kingdom to the eyesight flourished, to the prejudice whereof was made an Edict, called of july: notwithstanding which, they maintained themselves with great testimonies of the blessings of God. In the mean while the king of Navarre the first Prince of the blood next unto the king's brethren, sent for Peter Martyr and Theodore de Beza, to be at the disputation of Poissy, which were sent thither by the Lords of Zurich and Geneva.  

Reconciliation of the Prince of Conde and Duke of Guise.  The 24. of August the Prince of Conde was reconciled by the King and his Council, with the Duke of Guise: who upon the Prince's words, which he spoke on high. I hold him and them for villains which have caused my imprisonment: answered I believe so, it nothing toucheth me. Soon after the government of the kingdom during the king's minority who was then but ten years old & an half, was confirmed to the queen mother.  
In the mean while the deputies of the Churches and certain other Ministries with safe conduit arrived at Poissy, presented unto the king a request for the order of the disputation, and also the confession of their faith: 
A conference at Poissy, about matters of religion.  who with good countenance received them, promising to communicate their requests unto his Council, & make them an answer by his Chancellor.  
In the beginning of September many requests were presented to set forward that which was begun: and finally the 9 of the said month, in the presence of the King, Prince, Lords, and notable persons of the kingdom of France, as well of the one, as the other religion, Theodore de Beza in the name of all the French Churches, after public invocation of the name of God, made long oration, comprehending a summary of all the Christian doctrine, held & preached by the Ministers of the reformed Churches: and his oration finished, he presented their confession of faith: which was received & delivered into the hands of the prelate's, to prepare themselves to answer it. But they opposed themselves only against two Articles of that oration: The one of the Supper, and the other of the Church: and pronounced their answer by Charles Cardinal of Lorraine, who had for his master claud Despence, a Doctor of Sorbone, who once showed some seed of religion. This answer having been made certain days after the oration, the Ministers prayed that they might reply strait way: but it was deferred to an other day: and audience was given them, but not so notable as the first: them fell there out a sharp disputation, which began an other time after a third oration. Then entered into conference five of the Roman Church's side, with five of the reformed Churches: who after a long, disputation upon the matter of the Supper, retired without according any thing assuredly. From the end of this month until the end of this year, divers leagues & factions were made against the Churches, & seditions were stirred at Paris and in other places, against the Christians assembling to hear the word of God: the king's council being occupied to provide by some Edict, against the mischief to come, & to procure rest for the kingdom. About this year died Shuvenckfeld, 
The death of Shuvenckfeld.  a very pernicious heretic, who by his wicked doctrine greatly endamaged the Churches of Almain. The sum of his principal errors, was to revive and renew again the heresy of Eutiches. For he maintained that the humane nature of jesus Christ ought no more to be called a creature: but we must think that it is at this day swallowed up by the divine nature: by that means confounding the two natures. Upon this foundation so badly placed, he established other monstrous opinions: the fault was in not well considering the union of the two natures in Christ, and the communication of the properties. But these opinions are not dead with him: but contrary have been renewed & promoted by such who will needs at this day have the the humane nature of Christ infinite.  

The state of France.  In the month of january which was then 1591. because they then began the year at Easter, (and at this present we begin it the first of january) an assembly was made of the most notable persons of all the Parliaments, and other renowned people besides the privy Councillors, which decreed and set forth that notable Edict, named of january, which permitted free exercise to them of the Religion through all the kingdom of France, providing good security for all people, and rest for the Commonwealth. Many thought that hereby the Churches should have rest, when soon after news arrived of the massacre of Vassi, 
Frances.  committed by Francis the Duke of Guise, who in his own presence caused 42. persons of the Religion to be slain, and a great number others to be wounded, being all assembled to hear the word of God. This was the beginning of the civil wars of France. For the Duke of Guise and his partakers took Arms on the one side: The Prince of Conde, the Admiral and others, meaning to maintain the Royal authoauthoritie, the Edict of january, and the Churches that were under the protection and defence thereof, opposed themselves against them by Arms also, and the war began through all the kingdom, where infinite cruelties were exercised in divers places against them of the Religion: as the history of our time maketh mention. Many Towns & Fortresses were besieged, carried away by assaults, sacked & spoiled more cruelly, than by the most barbarous people in the world: divers encounters & bloody battles, namely that of Dreux: wherein the two chief Captains of both parts remained prisoners, many of the Nobility and soldiers, as well Strangers as French, were slain: Churches dissipated and dispersed in most part of the Provinces, and a marvelous desolation in infinite Families.  
Maximilian the Emperor Ferdinand's son, 
Maximilian crowned king of the Romans and of Boheme.  was declared king of the Romans the 14. day of November, and six days after he was crowned: two months before he was crowned king of Boheme.  
Peter Martyr, borne at Florence, an excellent Theologian, 
The death of Peter Martyr.  and professor of Theology at Zurich, where he writ books full of great and sound doctrine, died the 12. day of November, being then of the age of 63. years.  
The civil war continued in France, notwithstanding the taking of the Prince of Conde, and the Constable. 
The Duke of Guise slain, and peace made.  The Duke of Guise having laid siege before the Town of Orleans, being kept by them of the Religion, was wounded in the shoulder with a Pistol shot, the 18. day of February, and died certain days after in great torments. By this means Orleans was delivered, & a peace concluded the month following, the Edict of january abolished in the most part of the Articles, to the great disadvantage of them of the Religion: which notwithstanding took hart, and in the quarters maintained themselves in their accustomed order.  
In the month of july, the English men gave over Hance de grace, or New Haven, unto the French king.  
The same time they of Lubec, and the king of Denmark, 
The estate of Almain.  made war upon the king of Snede.  
Henry de Brunswic made many courses into Almain, into the lands of the Bishop of Munster.  
The eight day of September Maximilian king of the Romans, was crowned king of Hungary.  
The 24. of September, Charles the ninth, king of France, 
The King's majority.  caused his majority to be published, declaring to the Parliament of Paris, that he would take upon himself the managing of the affairs of the kingdom.  
The 28. was published and affixed at Rome on the part of the Cardinal's Inquisitors, 
A citation from Rome against the Queen of Navarre.  a monitory & personal adiournament against jane d' Albret, Queen of Navarre: who because of the profession of the Gospel, was cited to Rome, to answer in the Pope's consistory therefore, and for want of appearance, within six months, her Country to be given unto the first conqueror thereof, and her vassals and subjects absolved from their oath of fidelity. This was but a subtle device tending to an other end: and the king of France took into his hand the cause of this Princess: so that for that time the Pope's thunderclaps turned into smoke.  

The Bishop of Wirtzbourge slain.  The second day. of October the Bishop of Wirtzbourge was slain, his Town occupied and ransomed, whereupon followed great troubles in Almain: and at that time of Automne, the pestilence was vehement in the quarters about Francfort, Nuremberge, and in the coasts about the Balthique Sea, which carried away nigh three hundredth thousand persons.  

Battle between the Danes.  The ninth day of November the Armies of Denmark and Snede encountered together and had a bloody battle, wherein were slain 3000. Snedes, with great loss of their Artillery and baggage.  

The end of the Council of Trent.  The fourth day of December was ended the Council of Trent: Betwixt the first and last session whereof, were eightteene years. In it all the Articles of the Popish doctrine were confirmed. There was a great strife betwixt the Ambassadors of France and of Spain, for the primer seat, but he of Spain got it at that time.  

The death of Musculus.  In the same year, and the 13. day of August, died Wolfangus Musculus, Doctor in Theology at Berne, a man who by his writings greatly served, and yet doth the Churches of God. He was then of the age of 66. years.  
The 26. of january, 1564. the Lithuaniens got a great victory upon the Muscovites, which lost nine thousand men upon the field with their baggage, and many flying, perished in pools and Icy Marshes.  

The death of Hiperius.  The first day of February died at Marpurge, a Town of Hesse, Andrew Hiperius, a very learned Theologian amongst them of our time, who left many profitable books to the edification of the Churches of God. He was then of the age of 53. years.  
In the month of April, Frederick Elector, & Count Palatin, came with Christopher Duke of Wirtemberge, into the Abbey of Malbrun nigh to Spire, where by the space of 7. days their Divines disputed, some against others, of two Articles in the doctrine of the holy Supper; that is to say, of the ubiquity or presence of the body of Christ jesus in all places, and the interpretation of the words of the holy Supper; This is my body. After long contestations and strifes, they departed without according any thing: and after that, their debate waxed hotter, to the ruin of Churches, and to the great contentment of the Pope and his adherents.  
The 27. of May, about eight of the clock at night, 
The death of Calvin.  died john Calvin, a professor in Theology, & a Minister of the word of God in Geneva a person of singular piety, memory, vivacity of judgement, and admirable diligence, of a solid doctrine, wherein he hath comprehended the pure Theology: as his writings read without prejudice or sinister affection, do apparently show. He was moreover endowed with incredible zeal and prudency in all the course of his Ministry, having served to the advancement of the doctrine of the Gospel, and to the edification of the Churches, amongst all the excellent persons raised up in our time, to ruinate the tyranny of Antichrist, and to establish the throne of the celestial verity He was of the age of 55. years, save one month and 13. days: he was buried without pomp, having left many books very profitable for such as would seek to advance and go forward earnestly in the intelligence of the holy scripture, and an honourable memory unto all reformed Churches.  
About this time the Maritimal and Sea Armies of the kings of Denmark and Snede, 
A battle betwixt the Danes and Snedes.  encountered upon Balthique Sea in battle, wherein the Snedes remained victors, and carried away three great ships of war, with a number of prisoners, which the king of Snede caused afterward to be cruelly handled. But about the end of june, they of Denmark and Lubec had their revenge, and overcame the Snedes upon the Sea, conquering one ship, though inexpugnable until then, after having sunk many more.  

Maximilian.  
The death of Ferdinand.  The Emperor Ferdinand, a gentle and peaceable Prince, died the 25. day july at Vienna in Ostrich, having lived 61. years, four months, and an half, leaving for successor to the Empire, his son Maximilian, who soon after was elected and crowned.  
The beginning of his year, 1565. was very sharp and cold in many Countries of Europe, and there fell an extraordinary quantity of snow, which being frozen, and after melted, in the spting time there followed great Inundations.  
The Churches of France maintained themselves in some estate, whilst the young King, guided by his Council, made his voyage of Bayonne.  
A war in Hungary against the Turks, with losses and ruins on both parts.  

The estate of the Flemish Churches.  The Churches in the low Countries began also to lift up their heads, especially under Charles the fifth. The increase of the French Churches encouraged them: they also published their confession of faith. The Ecclesiastic Romans that which afterward came to pass; e, amongst other practices, sought to establish the Spanish Inquisition, and certain years before made new Bishops, to the end more easily to maintain the Pope's authority. After this erection, by the space of four or five years, whilst Margarite Duchess of Parma, governed the low Countries for her brother the king of Spain, some ceased not to contend against others, by remonstrances, books, and divers practices, some to abolish, others to give entry and authority unto the Inquisition.  

War at Malt.  The I'll and Town of Malt, was furiously assailed by the Turks in the month of May, but they were justained and pushed back by the knights of Malta, being assisted with the succours which were sent from many places.  

Deluges.  In the months of june and july, were great deluges and overflowings of waters in divers quarters of Almain, especially in Thuringe.  

War in Hungary.  A very sharp war was in Hungary betwixt the Turks and the Almains, with divers accidents that befell on both sides.  
The eight of December, the Pope Pius the fourth, 
The death of Pope Pius. 4.  died of the age of 66. years, and 8. months, having been Pope about six month.  
Conrade Gesner of Zurich a Physician, 
The death of Conrade Gesner.  learned in the tongues and human sciences, laborious and painful amongst others, and who very diligently writ a perfect and full history of all beasts, fowls, fishes, and creeping things, died also in the month of December, leaving infinite other writings in all sorts of literature, already Imprinted, and others to Imprint.  
About the end of this year, 
An Edict against the Religion in the low Countries.  the King Philip sent from Spain into the low Countries, an Edict, whereby he ordained that the ancient and new placarts against them of the Religion should be executed: that the Inquisition should be thoroughly established, and the Inquisitors favoured in the exercise of their charge: that the decrees of the Council of Trent should be received and observed from point to point. These Letters Patents were the cause of all the troubles following, and not yet ended.  
The 7. day of january, 1566. Michael Gillier a Monk of Lombardie, being come from one degree to an other, 
Pius. 5.  till he was Cardinal, finally was chosen Pope, and called himself Pius the fifth.  
The 21. day of the said month, the Emperor Maximilian second of that name, held his first Imperial journey at Ausbourge, where the affairs of Religion was handled. Frederick Count Palatin de Rhine, and chief Elector of the Empire, a Christian and magnanimous Prince, constantly maintained the pure doctrine and the true reformation established in his Country: by means whereof, he made himself redoughted of all such is resisted him, either openly or secretly, and was well beloved of the Emperor, and of the greatest in Almain. He was then accompanied with the Prince Cassimere his son, who kept him good company, and a great company of the Nobility.  
In the month of March, and in the other following, 
The violent death of the king of Scotland.  happened great troubles in Scotland, and finally the King himself was strangled in the night, and the chamber wherein he was, overthrown with Cannon powder. An Earl of that Realm espoused his widow, but being overthrown in battle by the Nobility, he fled out of the Realm. The Queen thingking to save herself in France, was stayed prisoner in England. james the sixth, the son of her, and her slain husband, at this present King of Scotland, of the age of fifteen or sixteen years, is a Prince of great hope.  
In the same month of March, at the Imperial journey at Ausbourge, the Emperor there assisting it, was decreed that the affairs of Religion should remain in their present estate, but for the affairs of the Empire they provided, especially for the war against the Turks.  

A league in Flaunders against the Inquisition.  In the beginning of April certain great Lords and Gentlemen of the low Countries, leagued themselves in good number against the Inquisition: pretending the same to be contrary to the liberties of the low Country. The people banded themselves, and the Assemblies of them of the Religion began to increase. In so much that the fourth of May there was public preaching at Antwerp without the Town, & five weeks after within the said Town. At the same time, such as were leagued against the Inquisition, were surnamed les Gueux. The cause hereof was, for that some of the principals going to present a request to the Council of the estate, the Sieur de Barlaimont their adversary, said to an other Councillor that sat nigh him: Voici mes Gueux.  
Great and little after that, took a devise, wearing apparel of grey cloth, and pieces of money about their neck, having on the one side the king's Image, and on the other side a beggars dish, with this Inscription; Faithful to the king, even to the beggars' dish.  

War in Hungary.  In the month of june, july, and the other following, fell a sharp war in Hungary against the Turks, but the end was not very good, for the Hungarians and Almains lost many men in divers encounters, also many strong holds, especially at Zigeth, which was besieged by Soliman himself, who died a few days before the taking thereof.  
Selim the second of that name, 
Selim succeeded Soliman.  succeeded his father Soliman, was acknowledged and crowned Emperor of the Turks in the month of September, and soon after transported himself into Hungary, to provide for the affairs of that war, and then strait departed towards Constantinople, leaving one of his Bassoes called Pertaw, to continue, who with a puissant Army of Turks and Tartarians, foraged Hungary and Transyluania, committing very strange saccagements and cruelties.  
The Vainoda of Transyluania, called this Bassa to his succours, to recover certain places occupied by the Hungarians, but perceiving such succours did wholly ruinate & overthrow himself, he sound means to surprise the Tartarians, cut them all in pieces, and so dissipated all that Turkish Army: first himself being well chastifed for drawing such people into his Country.  
john Functius a learned Chronographer amongst all them of our time. Mathias Horst, and john Shnell, 
john Functius & others beheaded.  Ministers of the Gospel at Conigsprucke in Pruse, were beheaded the 28. of October, for the crime of conspiracy against the Prince Albert, who had established the Osiandrisme, that is to say, the dreams and errors of one Andrew Osiander, concerning Christian righteousness, and other points of Divinity: which error these three maintained, and would have revenged themselves of Albert, who had purged his Country of that infection.  
The death of Soliman, the great whip of Christendom, gave some release unto Almain.  
Selim preparing himself to make war upon Venetians: 
War against john Frederick of Saxony.  but the Emperor decreed a new war within Almain itself, against Frederick of Saxony, son of the dead Elector, taken in battle by Charles the fifth. The cause hereof was, that john Frederick supported and gave refuge unto William Grembach and other Gentlemen which were banished out of the Empire, because of the murder of Melchior Zobel, Bishop of Wirthbourge.  
Augustus' Elector, & Duke of Saxony, the Cosin-germaine of john Frederick, had the charge of this war, whereunto he prepared himself in the months of October and November, and about the end of the year he laid siege before the Town of Goth, where there was a Citadel or Castle, one of the strangest in Almain. john Frederick, Grombach and others, were there, which sustained the siege certain months.  

Images burst in the low Countries.  They of the Religion increased marvelously in Flaunders, Brabant, and in many other Provinces of the low Countries, and their affairs got so forward, that the 20. day of August the Images in the Churches of Antwerp, were broken in pieces. The Images of other Towns were used incontinently after the like handling, even with an incredible swiftness by the simple people: with such an astonishment of every one, that none of the Magistrates opposed themselves against them. William de Nassau, Prince of Orange, Governor of Antwerp, having done what he could to hold things in an evenness, and considering that it should be impossible for him to withstand the tempest which he saw coming, gave place to the time, and resolved to retire himself into Almain, admonishing other Lords to do the like, seeing men made account to think upon means to conserve the privileges of the Country, but rather to yield themselves unto the yoke of the Inquisition.  
In the month of january, the subjects of john Frederick were absolved by the Imperial authority, of their oath fidelity due to their Lord, and were constrained to promise their obedience unto john William, brother of the said Frederick. This done, the siege of Gothe continued.  

Troubles in the low Countries.  About the end of the month troubles began to arise in the low Country; Valencienne was besieged, beaten, taken, and rudely handled by the Sieur de Moircarmes because of Religion. The Ministers of the word of God, and certain of the chief of the Town were imprisoned, and after put to death.  

Continuation of troubles, & beginning of war in the low Countries.  The 25. of Feebruary Henry de Bredenrode a Lord of great authority in the low Countries, and very affectionate unto Religion, seeing the people's hearty desires to have public exercise thereof, presented a request unto the Governess in the name of him and his Associates, that she might quickly purvey for the affairs as they presented themselves. She made such answer, as they might perceive well, that things took a way unto troubles and confusions. Indeed after certain goings and comings, from words they fell unto Arms: In so much, that in the month of March there happened encounters and combats betwixt them, of the one and the other party. The Town of Antwerp saw itself in a marvelous division, and upon the point of her ruin, but by the prudence of the Prince of Orange, who yet was not departed the affairs, it remained peaceable for certain months. In the mean while the king of Spain advertised of those changes, gave commission to the Duke of Al●a, an old and subtle Captain, to tame the Flemings, and chastise their heads and principal rulers: that thereby he might bridle the low Countries, appointing for him a strong Army of Spaniards, which about this time departed by sea, and so came into Italy, obtaining there a further strength of people which attended them with a good mind to gather booties in the low countries.  
The last day of March, Philip Landgrave of Hesse, a Christian Prince, sage, valiant, and endowed with all the goodly parts required in a great Lord, having in his life time executed many valiant and memorable exploits, and especially for Religion, died at Cassel, of the age about 63. years, leaving four sons, William, Lewis, Philip, and George, and four daughters, Agnes first married to Maurice. Elector and Duke of Saxony, after in her second marriage, to john Frederick, Anne married to Wolfgang, Count Palatin de Rhine. Barbara to George Count de Montheliard: and Christine to Adolpe Duke of Holsac.  
Two days after, Ernest Duke of Brunswick, 
The death of the Duke of Brunswick  a Prince fearing God, wise, courageous, and constant, and who bore himself well in the Protestants war, died in his Castle of Hertaberge.  
The fourth of April they of Gothe being besieged by the Elector of Saxony, laid hold of the proscripts banished men, and the 13. of the said month, yielded the town & the Citadel: john Frederick was delivered prisoner unto the emperors deputies, which happened the same day, and 20. years after that, his father Elector of the Empire, was taken prisoner in battle nigh Mulberge, by the Emperor Charles the fifth. The Citadel of Gothe was destroyed, Grombach and certain of his complices executed to death, and the Elect or Augustus being delivered from great trouble, caused to coin collars of silver, with this inscription on the one side: Tandem bona causa triumphant.  
At the beginning of May, the Duke of Alva arriving from Barcelone at Genes, to go into Flaunders, began to give order for the passage of his Army.  

Certain Bayliwickes' yielded to the Duke of Savoy.  About the same time, Emanuel Philebert Duke of Savoy, the Bernois, to yield him certain lands by them conquered upon the dead Duke Charles his father, after certain conferences betwixt them, they yielded him three Bailiwickes', namely, Gez, Ternier, and Chablais, which environ Geneva, with certain conditions; whereof the chief was, that the said Bailiwicke▪ should remain in the state they then were in namely with profession and public exercise of the only Religion, reform certain months after the Duke was put in real possession of the said Bailiwickes'.  

The Duke of Alva cometh into the low Country, and his first exploits.  About the beginning of july the Duke of Alva departed Italy with a good army of foot men, Spaniards & Piemontois: Being entered Savoy, he made a countenance to stay before Geneva: but fearing to receive some shame, he entered into le Franche Comte: where he joined himself with certain new troops conducted by the Court de Lodron, and strait marched right unto Bruxelles in Brabant. At his arrival, he published the Edict of the Inquisition, established the bloody Council, cut off-infinit heads, confiscated the goods of all sorts of people, about the end of the month of August: And in September he sent prisoners into the Castle of Gaunt, the Countess of Aigremont, and of Horn: and to found his bloody executions, that request presented by the principal of the Country to the Duchess of Parma, was declared to be but a conjuration against the King's majesty. The Prince of Orange, the Count Ludovic, le Countess de Berge, de Hochstrate, de Culembourge, le fieur de Brede●●●●▪ many other Lords, Gentlemen, guests and merchants, which had signed or assisted the preachings, or carried arms, were adjourned to appear in person before the Duke of Alva, within six weeks, and their goods noted. The month of September following they were improied in taking prisoners, the best they could lay hands on: And then began confusion on all sides in the low Country. About the end of October he begun the Citadel of Antwerp.  
In the said time, 
The second civil war in France.  the second civil war for matters of Religion lighted in France, and a battle was given betwixt Paris and S. Denis the tenth day of November, wherein the Constable was wounded to death, and deceased soon after. Many Lords, Gentlemen, and valiant soldiers remained in the field. The army of the Religion drew into Lorraine, to gather the succours which the Duke Cassimere led.  
A great deluges of waters was at Verone the two last days of October, where there were 200 persons drowned, 
Great deluges in Italy.  and infinite goods wasted and destroyed. Likewise certain other places of Italy were in like manner so destroyed.  
About the end of the year, 
Cassimere bringeth succours to them of the Religion.  the Duke Cassimere with his Army of 7500. horses, and 3000. footmen, joined himself unto the troops of the Prince of Conde at Pontamonsson in Lorraine: and there was some conference about a peace, which succeeded not.  
In the month of january the Duke Cassimere made many remonstrances in writing to the King and his Council, 
Reisters' in France.  for the pacifications of troubles in the kingdom of France. This serving for nothing, his army set forward: whilst the war waxed hot in divers provinces. On the other side john Guillaume Duke of Saxony, brought 4000 Reisters' to the succours of the Catholic Romans in France.  
The 18. day of the said month, Philip king of Spain caused the Prince Charles his only son, to be kept in a Chamber as prisoner. The Flemings in a certain request presented unto the Emperor and the states of Almain assembled at Spire, declared that that imprisonment was practised by the Inquisitors of Spain, because the Prince condemned the dealings of the Duke of Alva, and the rigour of the Inquisition, and bore great amity unto them of the low Countries, against which they proceeded with a strange violence, which continued more & more.  

Silver stayed.  In the month of February the Elector Palatin, stayed in his hands a great sum of money descried in the country of the Empire, which was going unto the Duke of Alva into Flaunders, by reason whereof there was great notice & threatenings, but in the end the merchants were feign to pacify and content him.  
The sixth day of March the Prince of Conde & Cassimere besieged and assaulted the town of Chartres, so that their troops made ready to go to the breach, the king sent to offer a peace, which was incontinently accepted, and the second Edict of pacification published in the Camp the 30. day of the same month, of the same tenor as the first. But this accord endured not, for so soon as the Duke Cassimere was retired, they of the Religion were assailed as they went homeward, and in their houses: and people were dispatched on all sides to seize and take dead or a live, the Prince of Conde, the Admiral, the Lords, Gentlemen, and Captains, professing the Religion: so that in a moment appeared the third civil war on all sides, what remonstrances soever the Prince could make to cause the contentions against the Edict to cease.  

The death of the Duke of Pruse.  The 20. day of March, died Albert marquess of Brandebourge, Duke of Pruse, of the age of 78. years: a Prince right noble, virtuous, learned, wise, and fearing God. He repurged his Country of the errors of Andrew Osiander. Anne Mary of Brouswic, his wife by his second marriage, deceased the same day, and left a son called Albert Frederick, then of the age of 15. years.  

The Prince of Orange, and the Count of Hochstrate justify themselves.  The 25. day of April, William de Nassau, Prince of Orange, and Anthony de Ludain, Count Hochstrate, published their defences and justification, against the personal adiornament decreed upon them by the Duke of Alva, at the instance of the Proctor general, and showed in their writings, unto whom the cause of all the troubles of the low Countries ought to be imputed, and that they were nothing culpable of these stirs.  
In the month of May, 
Open wars in the low Countries.  certain people being chased from divers Provinces, gathered themselves together, attending the Count de Hochstrate, and other Captains: but they were overthrown, and the most part cut in pieces, by the troops of the Duke of Alua. In the same time, the Count Lodowick took Arms, and seized upon many places in Frise. The Duke of Alva sent incontinently an Army of Spaniards, under the conduct of the Count d' Aremberge. They encountered the 24. of May, where the Spaniards were overthrown, their Captain slain in the field: the Count Adolphe, Lodowick's brother, was also slain as he pursued the victory. But because the Prince of Orange and others that were adjourned, appeared not at the day assigned, they were declared criminals of treason. The first of june, 
The Counts d' Aigmont, and d' Horn beheaded.  the Duke of Alva greatly stirred with the death of the Count d' Aremberge, caused to be beheaded at Brussels, many Gentlemen, amongst others, the two Barons of Battembourge: and four days after, the Counts d' Aigment and the Horn, which had done great service unto the Emperor Charles and King Philip. The same day, the house of the Count de Curembourge, where the Lords of the League assembled when they made their request, was sacked and destroyed, and a pillar placed in the midst thereof, with a writing, that it was razed for the execrable conjuration made therein against the Catholic Roman Religion, the King's majesty, nor the estate of the Country. At the same time the Count de Bure, the only son of the first marriage of the Prince of Orange, a Student at Louvain. was taken, & carried into Spain, against the privileges o● Brabant, and of the University of Louvain. After, there was an Edict published, forbidding ●●pon con●●●●●cie 〈…〉 any way, 
The Count Lodowick overthrown.  or 〈◊〉 do with 〈…〉 the Count Lodowick was always in the field the Duke of 〈◊〉 ●●nt an Army to overthrower him, who attended 〈◊〉 resolutely. But at the joining his soldiers refused to fight, so that he was constrained to save himself by swimming ou●● a River nigh unto that place, had leaving many of his people there, the 21. day of july.  

The Prince of Orange taketh Arms.  The Prince of Orange seeing that the Duke of Alva continued in his strange and bloody actions, after divers sorrowful complaints unto the king of Spain, whereof there was no account made, published his justifications, and took Arms, and conducted his Army with such speed, that quickly he passed Meuse, resolved to give battle to his enemy: But upon the point to fight, his soldiers demanded silver, which the Prince not able to do, led a part of his troops through Brabant and Hainaut, and entered France, where the Princes and Lords of the Religion called him to their succours.  

The miserable estate of the Churches.  Then the Churches of France and the low Countries were very desolate. As for the low Countries, the Duke of Alva and the bloody Council sought by all means to root out Religion, to plant the Inquisition, and to ruinate all the Country, killing publicly, and secretly, an infinite number of innocent persons. The affairs of France were in no better case: For from the peace made, until the end of August, there were slain in divers forts, more people of the Religion, in Towns and the fields, without any distinction of Sex, age, or estates, than there died in all the second war.  

The death of the Prince of Spain.  The 23. of july, died in prison Charles Prince of Spain, having attained the age of 23. years. Certain days after deceased Elizabeth Queen of Spain.  

The king of Snede.  The 28. of the same month, john Duke of Einland, was chosen king of Snede, in the place of his brother Henry, who for his demerits was deposed.  

Three Moons at one instant.  Three Moons were seen at one instant in heaven, in equal and sufficient distance one from an other especially in 〈◊〉, the ninth day of August.  

trevers besieged.  The Town of trevers long 〈◊〉 before besieged, 〈◊〉 Archbishop thereof 〈◊〉 soubget to 〈…〉 by the mediation of the Emperor and 〈…〉.  

Exercise of Religion in Ostrich.  In the same m●●●th, the Emp●●●●● 〈…〉 many times been desired, at last permitted the Lords 〈◊〉 Gentlemen of Ostrich, profess●●● the Gospel to 〈…〉 in their Castles, 〈◊〉, and ho●s●s 〈…〉 doctrine contained in the confession of Ausbourge.  
The 23. of the said month, 
The third civil war in France.  the Prince of Conde being upon the point to fall into the power of his enemies, saved himself with his wife and children, and departing from Noyers in Bourgongne, accompanied with the Admiral of Sieur d' Andelot, and of their train, passed the River of Loire at a Ford, and were constrained to save themselves at Rochel. Then began the third civil war in France, whereunto both parties prepared themselves. jane d' Albert Queen of Navarre, an excellent Princess, came thither to find her brother in law, the Prince of Conde, & brought with her, her son Henry, then very young. From that time, that camp of the Religion, was called the Army of the Princess. They presented and published many Remonstrances which served for nothing, and Churches were dissipated and dispersed in the most part of Provinces, and very rigorous Edicts published against them of the Religion. Henry Duke of Anjou, and brother of King Charles the ninth, being then chief of the Army of the Catholic Romans. The Chancellor d'l'Hospitall, persuading to peace, was sent to his house and his Seals given to an other. The Almains and other Strangers were solicited on both sides to come to their succours. The Emperor behaved himself very wisely in this behalf.  
The 21. day of October, 
A conference at Aldebourg.  six Theologians of the part of Augustus' Elector of Saxony, and as many on the side of john William Duke of Saxony, were assembled at Aldenbourge, to agree the controversies happening amongst these Theologians upon certain points of Christian doctrine. The Duke john William assisted there personally, & that conference and disputation continued until the beginning of March in the year following, and there was at large disputed upon justification, and many Articles depending thereon. As the acts of the disputation do show.  
The 25. of this month, Paul de Ridnend sieur de Mowans, a brave and valiant soldier amongst the French Captains, & much affectioned towards Religion, was overthrown, with his footmen of Provence and Dauphin, by the companies of horsemen of the Duke Montpensier, of the Count de Brissa●, and other Catholic Romans, were slain in the field, with a great number of soldiers, and loss of many Ensign. Such as escaped, joined themselves to the Prince's Army. The 12. of November, the Captain la Coche, a Gentleman of Dauphine, was overthrown with his troops, by the Duke d' Aumale, betwixt Metz and Sauerne. He was taken, and after put to death. About the end of November, the Prince of Orange not being able to take order in the affairs of the low Countries, withdrew into Almain, with certain warriors, attending the departure of the Duke de Deux Ponts, who prepared to give succours to the Princes. In the mean while, the French Armies besieged and took divers places, remaining in the field notwithstanding the rigour of winter, which killed a great number of soldiers.  
Christopher, Duke of Wittemberge, and Count de Montbelliard, died the 28. of December.  

Reisters' in France.  About the same time, 5500. Reisters', conducted by Philibert, marquess de Bade, and other great Lords of Almain, passed Rhine and soon after they entered.  

The Queen of England took three Spanish ships.  The Queen of England about the 23. of November, took three Spanish ships, laden with great riches. The sixth of january she made a reason of her action, in an Imprinted writing. Wherein she showed how little the Duke of Alva his menaces astonished her.  

The Duke de Deux Ponts leadeth an Army into France.  During the months of january and February, the next Country to Strasbourge was seen full of people of war, Almains, ready to enter France. The Prince of Orange was in great distress, about pleasing of the Reistres: but in the end he appeased them, and joined himself to the Duke de Deux Ponts, who before he departed, wrote largely unto the King, the reasons that moved him to succour the Princes, and them of the Religion: and the next morning mounted on horseback, and the 12. of March he mustered, where there were found seven thousand and six hundredth Reistres well mounted, besides the troops of the Prince of Orange, and of certain French Lords and Gentlemen, and certain Lansquenets footmen.  
The last day of February, the Duke of Alva adjourned by public Edict, all fugitives of the low Countries, 
Confiscations in the low Countries.  to appear in person within six weeks after, upon pain of confiscation of their goods. They doubting his cruelty, thought it better to lose the sleeve, than the arm: In so much that no person returned: therefore the Duke fatted himself with confiscations, and continued also to feed himself with the blood of such faithful as he could catch.  
The thirteenth day of March, Lewis de Bourbon, 
The Prince of Conde slain.  Prince of Conde, fight valerously in the battle fought nigh to Coignac in Poictu, amongst the troops and Army of the Catholics, was overthrown from his horse to the ground, taken prisoner upon his faith, and against all right, divine, and human, slain with a Pistol behind on his head, by one called Montesquian.  
The Catholic Romans made great rejoicings at that death, thinking to have gained as much, as if they of the Religion had now no help at all. There were also great triumphs made at Rome. Many Gentlemen and valiant Captains were slain with the Prince. The Admiral de Chastillon having gathered together his troops under the authority of Henry de Bourbon, Prince of Navarre, and of Henry de Bourbon, Prince of Conde, son and successor of Lewis, both of them as yet very young, heartened so every one, that the Catholic Romans willing to pursue their victory, with an inconsiderate boldness, were beaten down before Coignac, & had other notable great losses after that. The Princes, the Admiral, the Lords, & Gentlemen, Captains and soldiers of the Army, renewed their former oath to do their duties in opposing themselves against the violence of the enemies, to procure a good peace to the glory of God, to the rest of the churches, & of all the kingdom. The Queen of Navarre brought the Prince her son into the Army: and after having made many good remonstrances and reasons to encourage and stir him to the performance of his duty towards God and his Country, she retired into Rochel. Then waxed the war hotter than before, with divers exploits and chances on both sides.  

An Imperial journey.  The estates of the Empire were assembled at Francford the 14. day of April, to provide for the affairs of Almain.  

The Pope's present to the Duke of Alua.  In the same month the Pope sent unto the Duke of Alva as a recompense of so great pains as he had taken to maintain the Popedom, an helm, and a pair of gloves, blessed with great ceremonies on Christmas day. Paul the third sent the like present unto the Emperor Charles the fifth, after he overcame the Protestant Princes.  

The death of the Sieur de Andelot.  The seventh day of May, Francis de Colligni, Sieur d' Andelot, Colonel of the French footmen, very affectionate towards the maintaining of the true Religion, a Knight without all fear, and greatly dreaded of the gospels enemies, died of poison in the Town of saints. Many other great Lords and Gentlemen of the Religion, died in the same manner before and after, by the cunning art of certain poisoners sent through France, and better recompensed for such execrable acts, than the wisest, valiantest, and faithfullest servants of the Crown.  
The Duke de dreux Ponts being entered into France maugre the hindrance of claud d'Lorraine, Duke d' Aumale, besieged and took charity, a Town placed upon the River of Loire, and passing forward to join himself to the Prince's Army, arrived upon the marches of Limosin, where an hot fever took him, and carried him out of the world, the 11. day of june, leaving for Commander of his troops, Wolrad Count de Masfeld, who brought his Army nigh to the Princes four days after this accident, and performed greatly his due, with the other Lords that accompanied him in all the rest of this war: hereof is a witness that which happened in the encounter which was the 25. of that month: at what time, if a great ruin had not come, the Army of the Catholic Romans had been overthrown: yet they fit a great number of their avantgard, and afterward the Princes got many places in Poictou: Although the Princes were strong, yet they never ceased to demand peace: but their Herald was not suffered to carry their request unto the king: so war was continued, and the Princes besieged Poiteer, where they lost time and many people, by diseases happening in their Campe.  
Whilst things were thus confused in France and Flaunders, the Emperor Maximilian, the 18. day of August, 
Exercise of Religion in ostrich.  suffered the Lords and Gentlemen of the Archduche of Ostrich, to enjoy a free exercise of Religion, in their Towns, Villages, and Castles, after the doctrine of the confession of Ausbourge.  
The 27. of the same month, 
Great Duke of Thuscane.  Cosme de Medici's Duke of Florence, was created, and after solemnly proclaimed at Rome, great Duke of Thuscane, by the declaration of the Pope Pius the fifth.  
The Parliament of Paris condemned the Admiral as guilty of treason, 
An arrest against the Admiral.  who notwithstanding was of great authority in the Prince's Army, courageously acquitting himself of the charge he carried, without any apprehension of the dangers whereunto he was still subject, by murderers and poisoners, which were daily sent to slay him. One of which (who had once been his chamberlain) was put to death for the like attempt, by the sentence of the Princes, Lords, and Captains of the Army, the 21. of September.  
After the one Army had long time sought the other, 
The battle of Montcontour  finally they encountered in the plain of Montcontour the third of October, and there was a general battle, wherein after great loss of both sides, but more of the Princes, especially of their Lansquenets, and a part of their French footmen, the field remained unto the Catholic Romans: which made great triumphs thereof through Europe. But in am of following their victory, they stayed upon the siege of the Town of S. john d' Angeli, which was yielded to them by composition at the end of certain weeks: during which time, the besieged occupied themselves so well, that the Catholics lost many thousands of men, and that of the most resolute of their troops, by means whereof, the Princes had means to reassure their people, to gather in their forces, and to provide for the affairs of war, so that the Catholics found themselves again to begin.  
The sixteenth of November, 
Pardon of the Duke of Alua.  the Duke of Alva caused to be published in the low Countries certain Letters of absolution and pardon of the king of Spain, for such as were absent and would return into their houses but this deceit served for nothing but to bring in birds too much already tamed with the too much violence of so bloody a Fowler.  

A conjuration in England.  The 24. there was discovered in England, a conjuration or rebellion of certain Earls, which would have planted Popery in that Kingdom: But the Queen provided there so well for all things, that their forces remained wholly unprofitable.  

A continuation of war in France.  The third of December, S. john d' Angeli was yielded by composition. Sansac & other Catholic Romans, were shamefully chased from before the Town of Vezelay in Bourgongne, after great loss of his bravest soldiers, to the number of 150. The rest of the year passed in divers exploits of war, here and there, to the great hurt of both parts, and to the ruin of the kingdom.  
In the beginning of the year, 1570. the Princes and Lords of the Religion of the kingdom of France, desiring peace, had divers negotiations about it: but at that time nothing was concluded, but war continued, the Churches then being very desolate.  

Troubles for matters of Religion in Almain.  The Theologians of the Country of Saxony being then in great contention for the intelligence of certain Articles of Christian doctrine namely of justification of free will, of good works, of things indifferent, and of the presence of the body and blood of jesus Christ in the Supper. By occasion whereof, they assembled themselves in a Town of the Duchy d' Aumale, called Zeruest: where by the stepping in of a certain Doctor of Tubingue, called james Andrew (a man then very renowned in all Almain: through the Provinces whereof he had not ceased certain years to run to cause that monstrous opinion of the ubiquity of Christ's body to be received: by the means whereof, the errors of Nestorius and of Eutiches ancient heretics, and their complices, are again renewed) there was made a certain agreement, which after was rejected and controwled by divers Theologians. Hereupon afterward happened greater troubles, which even at this day do endure, by the practices and slanders of that ubiquitary Doctor.  
Whilst the Christians contended with their voices, with their writings, and blows of sword in divers places of Europe, and that the Western Antichrist sought by all means to maintain his tyranny, the Antichrist of the East did what he could by means of Selim Soliman his successor, the Turk, to increase his domination. For Selim sent his Ambassador, 
The Turks denounce war to the Venetians.  who arrived the 27. of March at Venice, and denounced war against the Venetians, if they refused to yield him the I'll of Cyprus. Which they refusing, there was preparation for war on both sides.  
The 4. of April the Ministers of the Churches of Lithuania and Sathogitia, comprehended in the kingdom of Polongne, 
A Synod in Polongne.  held a Synod in the Town of Sendomire: where they agreed upon certain Articles touching the Mediatorship of jesus Christ, and the holy Supper, to the end they might all agree in one concordance of doctrine.  
During this time, the troubles of France continued. 
Exhortation unto pacification.  The Electors Palatin and of Saxony, assembled at Heidelberge, with certain Princes and great Lords of Almain, for to honour the marriage of Duke Cassimere, who espoused Elizabeth daughter of the Duke of Saxony, sent large Letters to the king, to exhort and induce him to enter into a pacification.  
About the end of june, the king of Polongne and the Muscovite, made a truce for three years. 
A truce.  The Muscovite was then sore troubled with extreme famine.  
In the month of july, 
An Imperial journey.  the estates of the Empire were assembled at Spire, to provide for the affairs & quietness of Almain. The Emperor was there in person, with his two daughters, Marry, and Elizabeth, which were affianced unto the kings of Spain and France, unto which they were sent.  
In the month of August the Duke of Alva put to death in the Town of Antwerp a great number of soldiers of the garrison of Valenciennes, 
Executions to death.  for a mutiny against the Count de Lodron their Captain. After by the space of certain months, he remained peaceable in his government of the low Countries, which he foraged at his pleasure, heaping up a marvelous booty to himself.  

The 3. Edict of pacification.  The third civil war took an end in France, and the Edict of pacification was published in the Parliament of Paris, the 11. day of August.  

The death of john Brencius the father of ubiquity.  john Brencius, a Minister in the Duchy of Witemberge, of the age of 69. years, and who had begun to preach & write after the first Doctors of our time, died the 11. day of September. Certain years before his death, he had published by divers Imprinted books, a new opinion to maintain the carnal presence of jesus Christ in his holy Supper. The sum of this opinion (willing to attribute to the flesh of jesus Christ a presence in all places, as well as to his divine nature) was, that the human and divine nature being inseparably united in one alone person, the human is in each place, as well as the divine. But in the explication of this mystery, he maintained that the personal union of these two natures in jesus Christ, do only signify that they are together, & not otherwise in jesus Christ, then in S. Peter and other servants of God, according to the essence: But as to the efficacy, that all the properties of the divine nature, are really, and indeed dispersed and communicated to the human nature, so that thereby having equal majesty and power with the divine, the said divine nature worketh and doth nothing without it. Although the authority of this person served to the increase of this dangerous error, yet there wanted not for many learned men which opposed themselves betimes against this error, and proved even to Brencius himself (without that either he or any of his Disciples could answer pertinently thereunto) that if such an opinion of the ubiquity of the flesh of jesus Christ, and of the personal union of the two natures, according to the definition of Brencius, were true, the two natures of jesus Christ should be separated even according to the essence, as well in jesus Christ, as in S. Peter, and other the faithful: and Christ should be God after the flesh. Behold a blasphemy which establisheth the heresy of Nestorius, separating the two natures of Christ, and which on the other side confoundeth the properties of those two natures, as did the heretic Eutiches. Notwithstanding that they discovered to Brencius, the absurdities and blasphemies rising upon his opinion: yet left not he to maintain it, having a Disciple called james Andreas, who with certain other that after rose up, added errors unto errors. And which is worse, Brencius in the end of his life, in the place to humble himself before God, for so molesting the Churches, in the making of his testament, thundered against the Churches which approved not his ubiquity, being so far audacious, even he alone, who could not unto the purpose reply to the arguments of certain Doctors which lively refuted him, as to condemn all the Churches of France, England, Scotland, Suetia, and others. This testament was maintained by his Disciples, and from that time, till this instant, hath caused great evils, and kindled a fire which cannot be extinguished, if God set not too his hand in some especial manner.  
The last day of October, East and West, Friesland, Holland, 
Deluges in Friesland, France, and other Countries.  Zealand, Brabant, and other places thereabouts, were sore tormented and beaten with a strange tempest of winds: and two days after, the Sea swollen, and having broken and overthrown her dikes and levies, drowned many Countries and infinite people and cat-tail, with such an astonishment of all, that it was feared all the low Countries would have been swallowed up. There happened as much in the Balthike sea, especially at Hambourge. There was also great overflowings of waters in France, about the end of this year.  
About this time the Turk made quick war upon the Venetians in the I'll of Cyprus with a puissant Army, 
Nicosia taken  which by assault took Nicosia, one of the greatest Towns thereof, wherein there was made a cruel and bloody butchery of the besieged in the month of September.  
The fourteenth day of November, 
Marriage of the King of Spain  Philip King of Spain espoused his Nieco Mario, the daughter of the Emperor Maximilian.  
The 17. of November, 
Earthquakes.  a great Earthquake happened at Venice, Ferrara, and other places of Italy, whereupon followed marvelous tuines and desolations especially at Ferrara.  

Marriage of the King of France. Deluges in France.  The 26. and others following, Charles' King of France, espoused at Mezieres, Elizabeth the daughter of the Emperor Maximilian.  
The 16. of December, the River of Rhine so overflowed, that in 80. years had not been seen the like: whereupon many discourses published, remembering the miseries passed, and the wonders happening, teach us every one to fear and prevent the evils to come.  

An Imperial journey.  The 11. of the same month, the Emperor assembled the estates at Spire, to provide for the affairs of Almain, and to give audience unto strange Ambassadors.  

Peace betwixt Denmark and Snede.  The Kings of Denmark and Snede, made peace together the 13. of the same month, having been at war together 10. years, or there abouts.  
The 20. of that month, the Ambassadors of the Protestant Princes, made a long oration to the King of France, being then at Villers, to exhort him above all things to keep his Edict of pacification: which he promised to do. The French Churches lifted up their heads after many storms.  
jeachim, Elector of Brandebourge, died the second day of january, and 11. days after, deceased also his brother john, marquess of Brandebourge.  

Vaivoda of Transiluania.  The 13. day of March, john Vaivoda of Transiluania, suffering himself to be governed by a pernicious heretic, called Blandrata, one that counterfeited himself a Physician, was slain by the drugs of the said Blandrata, and died without heirs, by means whereof, Stephen Bathory was chosen Vaivoda in his room.  

A disputation against the Anabaptists.  The 28. day of May, began a disputation betwixt Peter Datherius, Minister of the Gospel, and 15. Preachers, Anabaptists, in the presence of Frederick Elector Palatin, who had given them safe conduct. The Articles in the disputation, to the number of 13. touched that which is in chief debate at this day, betwixt them and the reformed Churches: namely of the authority of Canonicke books of the old and new Testament, of the unity of the divine essence, and of the destination of the three persons subsisting therein: of the one flesh and human nature of jesus Christ, borne of the Virgin Mary: of the Israelitike and Christian Church: of original sin of little children: of justification: of the resurrection of the flesh: of excommunication and divorce: of the propriety and possession of goods: of the Magistrate, and of criminal justice: of an oath: of the Baptism of little children: and of the communion of the body and blood of jesus Christ in the Supper. This disputation was set down in writing, and continued from the 28. of May, until the 19 of june, without any fruit, because of the obstinacy of the Anabaptists, which the Elector sent away safe, forbidding them to maintain opinions, or teach in his countries.  
The 25. of May, the Pope, the King of Spain, 
A league against the Turk. Raining of corn.  and the Venetians, made a league against the Turk.  
The fourth day of june, it rained great abundance of Turnep-rootes, Peas, and other kind of corn, at Goldtberge, Lemberge, and Lauben, in Solesia: whereof the peisants and poor Country people made bread, and were nourished in a great famine which afflicted the Country. On the other side in base Saxony, in a little Town called Leubourge, nigh to Lunebourge and Hambourge, two Usurers and sellers of corn were destroyed through a marvelous judgement of God. The one fell dead suddenly as he opened his barn door, the corn whereof also was eaten and carried away with vermin: And the other Corne-seller, as he was going to drown himself, was taken and carried to prison, where he hanged himself the night following.  
About the same time, 
Rhodes of the Muscovites.  the Muscovites made courses and strange forraging upon the frontiers of the Kingdom of Snede, and meaning to enter further, they were constrained to retire to go to defend their own country, which the Tartarians put to fire and sword.  
The first day of August, 
Famagoste yielded.  Famagoste a capital Town in the I'll of Cyprus, having sustained a long siege, and divers furious assaults, was yielded by composition, to Mahomet Bassa, who in the place to keep his promise, caused to be slain all the Christian Captains and soldiers which came towards him, and certain days after, caused one Mark Anthony Bragandin, a Venetian Gentleman, Governor of Famagoste, to be scorched and broiled alive, and so got all the whole I'll for Selim, whose successors are at this day peaceable possessors thereof.  

A strange Sun.  The 29. of September, almost through all Almain the Sun was seen of the colour of blood. The same day the Town of Revel, the chief Town of Livonia, was sucked and spoiled by the Muscovites.  

A Naval battle at Lepante.  The seventh of October, the memorable Naval battle in the gulf of Lepante, in the Mediterrane Sea, betwixt the Army of the League, and that of the Turks: Selim lost there 15. thousand men, and the most part of his Vessels. The Christians took a great number of prisoners. This victory greatly abated the pride of the Turks: yet the Venetians certain time after, perceiving the estate of their affairs required peace, they sought, and obtained it of Selim.  

A conference at Dresde.  The tenth day of October, the Theologians and Ministers of the Electorship of Saxony, assembled at Dresde to provide for troubles already come, for matters of Religion, and they agreed to publish a confession of the person and incarnation of jesus Christ, of his majesty, ascension, and sitting on the right hand of God: also of the Supper of the Lord. The other Theologians of Saxony, opposed themselves by writings Imprinted, against the said confession: whereupon many debates followed.  

The Duke of Nothfolke beheaded.  A conjuration against the Queen of England, was miraculously discovered, and the Duke of Norfolk Captain of that conjuration, arrested and condemned upon Letters, and after executed to death.  
Almain was greatly afflicted in many places with dangerous diseases, and with extreme famine in Snabie, and in Baviere.  
The Churches of France were a good quietness, because of the good countenance that the King showed unto them of the Religion.  
The sixth day of january, The River of Vistule passing in the Duchy of Pruse, 
Strange wonders in Pruse.  nigh unto Thorn, was converted into blood the space of three days, to the great fear of all the people: having again taken his ordinary colour, about nine of the clock at night, there was a strange Earthquake, two clouds rend and let fall their waters, with so great a force, that forty houses were carried away by the fury of the River, six Arches of Thornebridge overthrown, and 300. persons drowned. There fell also from heaven, stones of ten pound weight, wherewith many people were slain. The 22. of the same month, the Town of Inspruck was troubled with so terrible an Earthquake, which endured three days, that the most part of the houses, the Palace of the Archduke of ostrich, the Church and the Printing-house went down: by means whereof, the Archduke was constrained to retire into a great Park, where were nourished divers sorts of savage and wild beasts, every man judging the world should have ended. Munchen in Baviere and Ausbourge, had their part of this fear.  
The Castle of Wirtzbourge was burnt the 29. of that month, so suddenly, 
Fire in Wirtzbourge.  that the Bishop had no leisure to carry any thing away but his shirt. He lost by that fire, all his Registers, titles, and papers.  
The winter having been very sharp, 
A sharp winter  this month continued all januarie and February exceeding sharp, and extraordinary.  
In the month of February the Duke of Alva thinking to have come to the upper hand of all his purposes, 
Exactions of the Duke of Alva, and resolutions in Flaunders.  laid upon the Flemings great exactions: and amongst other, the tenth penny perpetual. And notwithstanding remonstrances unto him of the impossibility thereof: and that without the advise of the Estates of the country he could not charge nor tax them, yet resolved he to put it in execution. But the people, especially of Bruxelles, sought all means to exempt themselves from it. Such as were absent, beholding this overture thus made, gathered in companies here and there to busy the Spaniard: as they did soon after. For the first day of April the Count de la March, sieur de Lumey, arriving secretly from England, surprised the Isle & the Town of Brielle in Holland, & strait Flusshing, a notable haven of Zealand and Emchuse, forsook the Duke of Alva his part, who to remedy it, sent the Count de Bossu with an Army of Spaniards into Holland, who the ninth of the same month sacked Rotterdam, and slew a great number of the Burgesses. The Count Lodowick, the Prince of Orange his brother, having obtained a new Army in France, with certain Lords of the Religion, by the Kings consent suprised Monts in Hainaut, the 24. of May, where shortly after he was enclosed by the Duke of Alva his troops, hovering thereabouts and stopping the passages. Valenciennes was also take, but strait again recovered by the Spaniards. 
Appearance of rest in France.  Then also it seemed that France should have been peaceable for a long time, & that the reformed Churches should no more be disquieted in time to come: namely, in regard of a marriage concluded of Henry Prince of Navarre, with Margarite the king's sister, as also that then the Admiral seemed in great credit in the Court, by means whereof the most part of men, especially they of the Religion, imagined already a Gospel without the Cross, and a worldly Christ.  

The death of Pope Pius the 5. and election of Gregory, 13.  Pope Pius the fifth died the first day of May, and the 13. after his obsequies ended, the Cardinals elected for Pope, a Boulognois, Doctor of the Canon law, called jaques Boncompagne, against the purpose of divers competitors. He called himself Gregory 13. and for his entry gave order for war against the Turks, confirmed the decrees of the Council of Trent, made great a son and two nephews of his, ratified the promises of marriage of the Prince of Navarre, with Margarite of France, whereof his predecessor made difficulty, and carefully and readily provided for the good assurance of his temporal greatness.  

The death of the Queen of Navarre.  The ninth day of june, jane d' Albert, Queen of Navarre, an excellent Princess amongst all them of her time, daughter of Henry d' Albert, and of Margarite d' Valois, sister of king Francis the first, going to Paris to give order for divers things requisite for the honour of the Prince her sons marriage, fell suddenly sick and died, to the great grief of them of the Religion, and of all persons that loved the rest of France, which this Princess had procured by all means. 
The overthrow of the Duke de Medina Coeli.   
The 12. of june, the Duke de Medina Coeli, being sent from Spain into Flaunders, to govern in the Duke of Alva his place, was shamefully overthrown by them of Flushing, lost 12. hundredth Spaniards, 16. ships, and four of them were burnt in his presence, he saving himself by flight. The booty was very great, and almost inestimable.  
On the 15. day, an alliance was confirmed at Paris betwixt the King of France, and the Queen of England, 
Alliance.  who sent thither the Lord Clinton her Admiral.  
The 16. the Prince of Orange published the causes wherefore he again took Arms against the Spaniards and their adherents, in the low Countries.  
The 25. certain Gentlemen of Frise, with good troops, holding the Prince of Orange his part, seized upon Dordrec and other places of Holland, which joined themselves on that side. The exercise of Religion was again set up, to the great despite of the Duke of Alva and the Spaniards.  
Three days after, 
The Prince of Orange justified himself to the Emperor.  the Prince of Orange writ at large unto the Emperor, showing him the causes of that war. In the mean while, certain Almain Lords levied Reiters to succour the Duke of Alua.  
Sigismond August, king of Polongne, 
The death of the King of Polongne.  died the first of july without heire-males, which gave occasion unto Katherine de Medici's, Queen mother and Regent in France, to send Ambassadors into Polongne, to the end to obtain the Crown for Henry Duke d' Antou, her second son then living.  
The 19 of july, 
War in the low Country.  the Emperor put the Prince of Orange to banishment from the Empire, and pronounced him acquitted from all privileges and rights, and all his goods confiscated, if he continued with strong hand to enter into the low Countries. This notwithstanding, the Prince pursued that which he had begun. But in this month of july, 7. or 8. thousand French men marching to the succours of the besieged at Monts in Hainaut, before they came there, were defeated, their chieftains taken, and they of Monts straighter kept in. The Prince passed Rhine & took Ruremond, the 4. of August. Louvain yielded. Maligues, and certain other Towns were surprised. After he drew towards Monts to succour his brother. But the news of the piteous estate of France, brought such a change, that the Prince was constrained to cut off his way, to enter his troops, and retire himself into Holland, whether he was called by the estates of the Country, being accompanied with a small number of people. This retreat so encouraged the Duke of Alva, having now nothing to hinder him, that the 21. of September, he made himself master of Monts by composition, and kept promise with the Count Lodowick, causing him safely to be conducted unto the lands of the Empire. After this, Maligues was abandoned by them, which the Prince left there, and all other places before taken, were taken again into the hands of the Spaniards. From Monts the Duke went towards Malines the first day of October. Certain Burgesses and all the Clergy met him with Crosses and Banners, but it served for nothing, for as much as they had received the Prince into their Town, he gave the pillage and spoil of the Town to the soldiers, which took their pleasure there three days, slew many men, and violated many women and maidens.  

Horrible murders in France.  Whilst the low Country Churches sobbed thus under such tempests, they of France which were thought should have enjoyed some long rest, were rudely beaten, and as it were, flatly overthrown by a marvelous strange accident. We have before spoken of the death of the Queen of Navarre, as she came to Paris, about the marriage of the Prince her son. This Prince, afterward called the King of Navarre, Henry de Bourbon his Cousin Prince of Conde, Gaspar de Coligni, great Admiral of France, le Count de la Rochefoucand, the marquess de Reinel, many Lords, Gentlemen and Captains, which had always borne Arms against the Catholic Romans, came to the Court about that marriage, at the king's request. This marriage having been solemnised upon Monday, the 18. of August, the Friday following the Admiral was grievously wounded with the blow of an Hargabush, shot out of a certain window, by a man than not sufficiently known, called Maurevel, a waged murderer, yea one of the most execrablest manquellers of the world: who afterward by the just judgement of God, lost the same arm with which he gave that detestable blow. The Sunday following, the Admiral was most traitorously slain in his chamber, and cast dead out of the windows upon the pavement: where he was known of Henry Duke of Guise. After, they rushed upon the other Lords, Gentlemen & Captains, which were slain also: some within the Castle de Lowine, others without. This was done betimes in the morning. All that day and morning was employed by such as they call Catholic Romans, in sleying men and women of the Religion, many, not sparing women big with child, no nor little children. They continued this the days following, but not in so great number, because the murderers found not any more to slay. The day of the wounding, and the Sunday, the King dispatched Letters expressly unto the Governors of the Provinces, whereby he advertised them, that that disorder happened besides his knowledge, and to his great grief, by the practices and enmities of the house of Guise, and that he determined to take good order therefore; in the mean time, he would that his Edict of pacification should in each point be maintained: Briefly, he imputed the admirals wounding and death (whom in the said Letters he called his Cousin) to the particular quarrels of the houses of Chastillon, and Guise. But mere contrary, on thursday the 28. he declared and caused to be published, that that massacre and horrible murder had been done by his express commandment, and to prevent a conspiration of the Admiral and his partakers: whereof notwithstanding neither he nor his Councillors made it appear, nor could produce any profit, although it was much proved and desired of many. Whilst great and little were thus hungering and thirsting after innocent blood, the same Sunday the 24. of August, certain Priests by Art made a great Thorn-tree in the churchyard of S. Innocent, flourish at noon time of the day, and cried, a miracle, a miracle. This encreated the rage of the people against them of the Religion. And although the Priests in the mean while filled well their pouches by such an invention, making the people believe that the Catholic Roman Religion began now to flourish again in France: yet their devise was soon after discovered, and the tree remained destroyed: but even then when it flourished, some said that God had showed to all men's eyes the innocency of such as were slain, and that by such a token he assured his Church that it should not perish as the persecutors pretended, but that it should flourish under the cross against all hope of men, as that Tree flourished extraordinarily. Moreover certain weeks after le Sieurs de Briquemald & the Caragues, excellent men, & which had done great services to the Crown, the one by Arms, and the other in affairs of justice, were (in hatred of the Admiral and of Religion) hanged & strangled within Paris, in the presence of the king himself, his mother & his brethren. They maintained even to the last sigh the innocency of the dead Admiral, and of them of the religion, showing a singular constancy in their deaths. Certain years after they were justified by the Edict of Henry the third the next king, and their names declared honourable: as also the before mentioned massacre was condemned & disavowed. But men contented not themselves thus to have imbrued the town of Paris with blood, but in like sort were all of the Religion handled at Meaux in Brie, at Troy's in Champagne, at Roven, at Orleans, at le charity, at Burges, at Lions, at Romans in Dauphine, at Thoulouse, at Bourdeaux, with so barbarous disloyalties and cruelties that scarce our posterity will believe it. In few days with them of Paris were slain more than thirty thousand persons, old and young, of all qualities, men, women and children, as books in Print do show every day. The King of Navarre and the Prince of Conde, were constrained to abjure Religion. The Parliament of Paris published a diffamatory arrest and judgement against the Admiral, whose body was taken from the gibbet, and so secretly buried that his enemies could not find it out. Many persons forsook Religion, some upon infirmity, others upon despite: so that so hard a proof discerned the false from the true Christians. Rochel, Sancerre, Nismes in Languedoc, Montaubon in Querci, and a few other Towns in the kingdom, after divers consultations maintained themselves and kept the exercise of Religion, which put the authors of the murders and confusions into a new pain, as shall be touched hereafter.  
Amongst so many troubles & commencements of greater sorrows, 
A new star.  a new Star appeared in heaven as great as the day Star, nigh the Star Cassiopec, of the figure of a Lozenge. This began the ninth day of November at night. It stirred not from the place the space of three weeks. It was thought to be like the Star which appeared to the wise men which came from the East, to worship jesus Christ in Bethlehem, strait after his birth. This Star appeared in seven, the space of nine months or thereabouts. Hereof were many discourses made by divers learned men.  
Concerning the low Countries▪ after the Prince's retreat above mentioned, 
Exploits of war in Holland and Zealand.  the weight of the war fell upon Holland and Zealand, whither the Duke of Alva sent the Captain Montdragon with twenty Ensigns of Walloons, which to the great astonishment of every one got the I'll of Suitbeverland, and constrained the Prince's troops to levy the siege before a Town called Tergoes. In the mean while the Duke marched with his Army, and the 21. of November took and spoiled Zutphen, a Town in Holland. And to fear others and draw them to yield the sooner, without delay all manner of cruelties were executed by the Spaniards and Walloons in that Town.  
Frideric de Toledo the Duke's son and Lieutenant, marched from Zutphen to Narden, which is an other little Town, whereof the Inhabitants at the yielding of themselves the 30. day of November, were so cruelly handled against the rights of reddition and of war, amongst people of any humanity, that men might judge that this sacking and spoil with that of Rotterdam, were the only motive and cause of the rising of other Towns which then were upon the point to return under the yoke. After the taking of this Town the Army drew strait to Harlem, the Inhabitants whereof determined to defend it, rather than submit itself unto the mercy of people without mercy. Indeed they bore themselves valiantly, and sustained divers assaults with the aid of certain soldiers which were sent them by the Prince, and kept good defence until the 13. of july the year following.  
In the year 1573. the Towns of Rochel & Sancerre were cruelly handled, 
Sieges of Rochel and Sancerre.  assailed and bearen by the Catholic Romans, but with a diverse issue. As for Rochel being well guarded and defended, the news also of the report that the Duke of Anion should be king of Polongne, were cause that Rochel was delivered, and obtained peace: yea and remained with her privileges. They of Sancerre having been troubled with an horrible and grievous famine the space of certain months, received some favourable dealing by the coming of the Polonian Ambassadors, which then came into France to conduct away their new king. These things ended in the month of july, to the confusion of the Catholic Romans, which lost more than twenty thousand men before Rochel. Some Churches than began to respire, and many took again good courage to redress some portion of so many ruins.  

The siege and loss of Harlen.  War was also kindled in Holland, especially at the siege of Harlem, where the besieged men and women, executed marvelously their duties: but not being able to be succoured, oppressed also with famine: finally they yielded themselves the 13. of july at the discretion of Frederick de Toledo, who drowned, hanged, & beheaded, more than two thousand soldiers. The Burgesses escaped death by the payment of a great sum of money, which they strait disbursed.  
In the month of April before, they of Flushing obtained a memorable victory over the Army of the Duke of Alva, and cast into the sea a great number of Spaniards. After the taking of Harlem, Frederic besieged Alemar, a Town nigh thereunto, resolving with himself to make a goodly butchery of the Burgesses, if they could obtain it. But he was constrained to leave his siege after great loss. The Prince on the other side found means to obtain the strong Castle of Rameken, and the Town of S. Gertrudenberghe. They of Linchuse overcame the Naval Army of the Count de Bossu, and took him prisoner the 12. day of October, whilst Leiden was besieged of the Spaniards.  
The second day of September, the Duke of Alva forsook the low Countries, making his journey through the Franche Count, Savoy and Piedmont, to embark himself at Genes, and so to sail into Spain, carrying with him an infinite booty from the low Countries, which he left in great heat of war betwixt the hands of Lewis Requescens, great commander of Castille, a man in appearance of soft condition, but no less felonious and cruel, than his predecessor in that government.  
john de ostrich made war in Barbary about the end of this year, and got Tunes, 
War in Barbary.  builded a strong Citadel betwixt Tunes and the Goulette, to resist the Turks: after he withdrew into Sicily.  
The great Commander meaning to drive away the Prince of Orange, encamped before Middelbourge in Zealand, 
Requescens overthrown, and Middlebourg yielded  armed a puissant Fleet, about 80. vessels, and the 24. of january, 1574. made sail towards Zealand, but his Army encountered the Prince's Army: In so much that after a long combat, where that Commander commanded not, but looking over the Dikes, to judge of the blows with more assurance, he saw the Spaniards overthrown with his Walloons, whereof some were drowned, others carried away prisoners, and almost all their vessels lost. They of Middelbourg weighed with the siege, and all hope which they had of succours, turned into despair: they yielded themselves a month after.  
In the beginning of February, the war waxed hot in Barbary, betwixt the Spaniards, Moors, and Turks.  
The 18. of the same month, Henry Duke of Anjou, 
Henry de Valois king of Polongne.  arriving from France in Polongne, made his entry into Cracovia, and was crowned three days after, with accustomed solemnities.  
About this time, the Venetians being tired with war, 
Peace betwixt the Venetians & the Turk.  entered an accord with Selym, whereat the Pope and the King of Spain were not content.  
France entered into new troubles. 
Troubles in France.  They took them to Arms in Normandy and Poictou. The king in great haste retired himself from S. Germans to Paris. From that time followed great changes in France, there then seeming to be no more any question of Religion, but of the estate: a thing notwithstanding of longer discourse than I need now set down, seeing it i● handled in particular books depending upon the history of this time.  

The overthrow of the Duke Christopher, and of the Count Lodowick.  The war continued in Holland, and the Spaniards encamped before Leyden: but they were constrained to leave their siege the 23. day of March to go meet the Duke Christopher, son of the Elector Palatin, & the Counties Lodowick and Henry de Nassan brethren, which came down in the strength of winter towards Mastriche, with a good number of footmen and horsemen. These Lords being advertised that the Spaniards came to find them, advanced themselves, and encountered in a field of thorns called Morkerheide, where the Lansquenets crying after silver, refused the combat: insomuch that the Lords were vanquished and slain all three, upon the fourth day of April.  

The death of Camerarius.  joachim Camerarius, a learned man amongst all the Almain, an inward and familiar friend of Philip Melancton, died at Leipsic, being of the age of 74. years, the 17. day of April.  

The death of Cosme de Medici's.  The 21. day, died Cosme de Medici's Duke of Florence, and great Duke of Thuscane, leaving a son, unto whom the state and title of great Duke, was confirmed by the Pope.  

Antwerp peeled by the Spaniards.  The great Commander thinking to have gained all, by the overthrow of the Count Lodowick, caused a general pardon to be published in the Town of Antwerp, the 23 of April, but none came for it, so that the war continued. Yet three days after this publication, the Spanish soldiers kindling a mutiny for want of their pay, entered into the Town of Antwerp by the favour of the Castle, constraining the Burgesses to furnish them the sum of four thousand Florents: to bring this to pass, they used great insolencies. They constrained also the Governor and the Wallon soldiers to avoid the town, with intent to gorge themselves the more at their ease. They also set farther off, the ships which had the guard of the Haven. The Prince's Navy having discovered these Ships, got quickly hold of them, and carried them away in the Commanders view, whilst he and his soldiers took their pastime in sacking of Antwerp.  

The second besieging of Leiden.  The Spaniards prceiving that during their absence Leiden was not again victualled, returned to besiege it the second day of May, and held it closer than before, for in divers places they made Forts, to the number of 22. upon large and deep dikes, the most part inunited and strengthened with 2. or 3. Canons. 
A fire at Venice & Bruxelles.   
The eleven day of May a great part of S. Marks Palace at Venice was burned, and two days after a great number of houses at Venice with a notable loss for many Merchants. There happened as much at Brussels in Brabant, the 24. of the same month, and the fire took hold of certain Gunpowder which was in a Tower, which by the ruin thereof greatly endamaged all the Town, and slew 15. persons.  
A great war was then in France, especially in Poictou, 
The taking and death of Montgommery.  and in Normandy. Gabriel Count de Montgommeri, having with a few men sustained the siege and divers assaults in the Castle of Danfronc, yielded it by composition: but he was reserved and carried prisoner unto Paris, where not long after by decree of the Parliament his head was cut off. In the mean while the Duke of Alencon the king's youngest brother, and the king of Navarre, were as prisoners in the Court: and the Churches languished under so many confusions.  
The last day of May, Charles the ninth King of France, 
The death of Charles 9  died of the age of 34. years, in the wood of Vincennes, leaving his kingdom much indebted, and marvelously full of broils.  
Henry of Valois, the third son of Henry the second, born in the year 1551. the 21. of September, being in Pologne when his brother Charles died, and understanding the news of his death, departed secretly that kingdom, and took possession of that his mother had kept for him. He passed through Venice, so into Piedmont, where he visited Margarite the Duchess, his Aunt, who died soon after, and arriving at Lions in the beginning of September, he caused certain Edicts to be published against them of the Religion, who stood upon their guard, seeing their new Prince threatened them so openly. A little before his coming, Henry Montmorency Marshal de Danuile, and governor of Languedoc, entered in conference with the principals of the Religion, lest that province & other nigh thereunto might come to ruin and destruction by civil wars, and to procure some rest for France. The Prince of Conde retired into Almain. The king descended into Languedoc, having failed to take Liuron, a small Town of Dauphine. About the end of this year, died Charles Cardinal of Lorraine, one of the chief instruments of the troubles and confusions of France.  

Leyden delivered.  To come unto the affairs of the low Countries. The siege of Leiden having continued all the Summer, with appearance of extreme confusion for the besieged, the third day of October following, it was refreshed and victualled by the prowess of a few soldiers, conducted by Boisot Admiral of Holland, being helped with the Sea-floud, which the Prince, by the means of piercing of certain Dikes, and sluices opening, had caused it to come far, even nigh unto the Town. The Spaniards after they had fought a little, seeing the water began to enclose them, abandoned their Forts, left their siege, and retired away shamefully.  

The death of Selym.  Selym Emperor of the Turks, died about the 15. of December, after he had ended the war against the Walaques: wherein he lost an infinite number of men, and took peace with the Venetians. His son and successor Amurath, at his coming in, caused five of his brethren to be put to death, and two wives of Selym, the one of which, who was great with child, seeing the death of her children, threw herself to the ground out of an high window. Having thus provided for his estate, he prepared to make war upon the Polonians, some of which, called Kosaques, had succoured the Vayvoda of Watachia.  

The aftaires of France.  The 12. of january, 1575. they of the Religion found means to get Arguesmortes, a strong Town, and of great importance in Languedoc, especially for Salt that comes from thence, and greatly furnisheth the Provinces. The same day the Marshal d' Danuile made a league with them of the Religion, and a public and large declaration, containing the causes of his doings. The Duke de Montpensier took Fontenay in Poictou, and Lusignen yielded upon composition. This notwithstanding the Churches of that Province, and other nigh unto it, in some sort maintained themselves even in the midst of Arms. The Duke d' Vzes, sometimes affectioned unto Religion, took Arms against it, but he prospered not much therein. The Churches of Languedoc and Dauphine redressed themselves after the King was retired from avignon: but their union with the politics or Malcontents, destroyed them within by the wicked lives of many of those politics badly advised. King Henry the third was sacred at Rheims the fifteenth day of February, and espoused soon after Louyse, the daughter of Nicholas Count de Vandemont in Lorraine: So that then and after, there was nothing in the Court of France but pastimes, such, as there is less evil to conceal, than profit to describe. In the mean while war continued in Languedoc, well for the advantage of them of the Religion, being assisted of the Marshal de danvil their confederate, unto which part many inclined and joined themselves daily. In the month of April a negotiation and parley was made at Paris, betwixt the King's Council and the Deputies of Churches & the politics, without any conclusion. But contrary the war waxed hot in Dauphine & Languedoc with loss on both sides: but they of the religion were the stronger. And since we are upon that point, we will set down in this present Article that which was done in France during this year 1575. worthy of note, in few words. About the end of April the Duke d'Vzes besieged Bais, a little Town upon Rhosne, and got the Town: but they of the Religion which held the two Castles, constrained him to forsake it after he had lost many of his people. To revenge himself he burned a part of the Town, and continued after such sackings and destructions, that he became very odious. In the month of May sell a tumult at Marseillis, and in certain other places of Province, against gatherers & Farmers of the king's demesnes which were chased away. And thereupon arose a band of Politic malcontents, which they called les Raises, shaven: because they caused their beards to be shaven, or some part of them, to be known by that sign: and in Provence they of the Religion held certain places, as Riez, Lourmarin, Sienna, and others, some of which soon after were taken out of their hands. The 17. day of june le Sieur de Monbrun, a Daulphenois Gentleman, a wife and valiant Captain of war, overthrew le Sieur de Gordes Governor of Dauphin, who saved himself by flight within Gap, and left 22. companies of Swisses in the field, which were broken, and nine hundred cut in pieces strait with Frenlich their Colonel, and sixteen Captains, with 18. Ensigns carried away by Monbrun and his people, which had a great booty of Arms especially, and lost on their part but six men. Le Sieur de Gordes after that, gathered great Forces, and again meeting in the field he overthrew Monbrun, who meaning to leap a ditch to obtain a meet passage for his retreat, his horse fell, and he under him, whereby his thigh was broken, and so remained prisoner, having only lost twenty two men, and thirty eight were taken prisoners. This happened the ninth of july, and soon after by decree of a Parliament at Grenople, Monbrun had his head cut off. On the other side, the Duke of uze, destroyed and burnt all the flat Country of Languedoc, with the loss of infinite Corne. Le sieur de Lodignieres ordained Chieftain of the troops of Dauphine, in the place of Monbrun, gave order for the affairs at the beginning of August, and took many places.  
Upon these actions, and the sixteenth day of September, Francis Duke d' Alencon, and brother unto the King, conveyed himself secretly in the night from the Court then at Paris, whereupon came brutes and discourses marvelous strange and divers. Two days after his retreat, he published by writing the causes thereof, declaring that he meant to procure a good peace and reformation in France. He writ unto the Princes and Lords of the Religion, to the Churches, to the Marshal Danuile, and to the politics, unto the same end; Insomuch that each one assured himself soon to see goodly things, and there remained but very few which feared any hid evil, as discourses after published do show. In the mean time the Prince of Conde took order Almain to levy an Army to enter into France, and by Arms to obtain some rest for them of the Religion, and for the whole estate: he dealt fully with Duke Cassimere, of all things requisite for such a good.  
The King, the Queen mother, and their Council, were greatly troubled, as if all had been lost by the retreat of the Duke d' Alenson, writing to all places, call as (they say, tag and rag) they made levies and brought troops into the field, and yet without any exploit of war. They made fly a report of soldiers from Almain and Suevia, yet none entered France during that fourth war to do service unto the King, who in the mean while demanded silver of his Towns, and for the rest he bore himself, as if there had been no appearance of war. His mother in the mean time got her towards the Duke d' Alenson, (as some said) to make peace betwixt the two brethren, and for the quiet of the kingdom. In the mean while the King forbade all the nobility to come nigh the Duke of Alenson; he sent also certain troops, to hinder not only that, but the coming of certain Almains which le Sieurs de Thore and de Cleruant led, which were overthrown by the Duke of Guise, and Cleruant was taken prisoner, with certain others, the tenth of October. Soon after was there a truce made betwixt the Queen mother and the Duke of Alenson, for six months, wherewith each one was miscontented, but the King accorded them: whilst the Prince of Conde levied people in Suifferland, and the Army of Almain whereof was the Captain the Duke Cassimere, marched, composed of ten thousand horsemen, six thousand Suissers, two thousand Lansquenets, three thousand French men and Walloons, six great battering pieces, and sixteen field pieces. The 22. of December the Prince of Conde published in writing the causes wherefore he brought that Army into France, in divers places whereof in the mean while were courses and taking of Towns, with notable haps and changes, reserved unto the general History of our time. To be brief, the confusion was extreme throughout all the kingdom, and so much the more as almost all were blinded, the Churches became very desolate, and such as feared God and were of some judgement did foresee nothing but new calamities. Thus in few words was the estate of France this year 1575.  

The estate of the low Countries.  The estate also of the low Countries was as followeth. In the month of February by the advise of the King of Spain, the Emperor sent into Brabant towards the Commander, and from thence towards the Prince of Orange and the Estates of Holland, the Count Schuartembourg, to consider of the means for peace. The said Count took so much pains therein, that hostages were sent to the Prince for sureties of the Hollanders, because assembly was made at Brede in Brabant, where the Count remained. But because the Prince and the Hollanders persisted in their exercise of Religion, the Commander unwilling to consent thereunto, the said negotiation came to no effect. Incontinently that Town and Castle de Bure appertaining to the Prince's son, being besieged by the Spaniards, was yielded by the cowardice of the Governor. In the month of August following, the Town of Onde Water was besieged by the Spaniards, by means whereof the Prince transported himself to Gonderino, to cause the dikes to be cut out, whereof the Spaniards advertised, furiously beat the Town, and after a breach made gave two assaults, but received lively repulses, so that they returned the third time, and then becoming masters thereof, they slew all the soldiers and Burgesses, and burned the most part of the Town. Amongst those soldiers there were two companies of Scots, which not being able any more to stand upon the breach because of the Canon and the violence of the assailants, retired into the Town nigh the great Church, where they fought the space of certain hours very courageously, and they all died their weapons in their hands, and never would yield themselves. Four days after the Spaniards besieged an other Town called Schoonhoven. The Prince quickly sent thither le Sieur de la guard, Colonel of the French companies in Holland, who so wisely behaved himself that by capitulation he was licensed to go out with all his, and their Arms and jewels saved. In the mean while the Commander practised so with certain Hollanders that he drew some to his part, so, that to the great astonishment of all he passed his Army through the straits of the Isles of S. Anne. Philip Lanat and Bunenlant, got by assault the Fortress of Bommene, the twenty eight of September, after incontinently besieged Ziriczeo, one of the principallest Towns in Zealand.  
The King of France was summoned and required by the Estates of Poland, to appear in the Town of Steczise, 
The king of Poland lost his kingdom.  the 12. day of May: which he not performing, they caused to be published that he was fallen from his kingdom, and from that time was there adjudged an interreigne, as in the case of death, which was published the 15. day of july following at Cracovia, and after in the principal Towns of the kingdom, and an other day appointed for the Estates to provide for a new election.  
Henry Bullenger, Minister in the Church of Zurich, 
The death of Bullenger.  a learned Theologian of our time, who with his writings hath greatly served the Church of God, having attained the age of 76. years, died the 17. of September.  
Rodolphe the eldest soon of the Emperor Maximilian, 
Rodolphe crowned king of Hungary, Boheme, and of the Romans  having been a year before crowned King of Hungary, was crowned King of Boheme, in the great Church of Prage, the 22. of September. By the consent also of the Princes of the Empire he was elected King of Romans, and crowned at Ratisbone, the first day of November, being then of the age of 24. years.  
The estate of France in the year 1576. was such as followeth. 
The estate of France.  The 9 day of january the Duke of Alenson wrote unto the Parliament of Paris the causes wherefore an army of Almains for him entered into France, and by them mightily threatened his enemies. They meant to astonish the Parisians, to the end more easily to empty their purses. In the mean time there was sent messages upon messages to the Prince of Conde and the Duke Cassimere, to keep them from further entrance with their troops, but they advanced into the kingdom, & took certain little things of small importance. The K. of Nuarre withdrew from the Court the 8. of February, which the more augmented the hope of many touching the repose of the affairs of France. But all things was so confused & mingled together, as it was no marvel if yet at this present things so wrinkled and knottedtogether, be impossible (in regard of men) to be untied and loosed. The men of War were greatly outrayed. Therefore they of Vuerettes by a common accord leagued themselves notwithstanding the diversity of their religion, to hold their Province in peace, against all such as would enter with Arms. The Duke of Alenson seeing nigh him the Almain Army, demanded silver of the Churches in Languedoc, but they were sucked by other horseleeches, so that he obtained nothing there, nor other where: but that he was aided by the King his brother. Upon these stirs the deputies of the Churches assembled at Paris, under safe conduct, to advise upon means of pacification: And on the other side the Duke of Alenson joined himself unto the Army that Cassimere & the Prince put in his hands the thirteenth day of March. Incontinently a peace was a making to cause to vanish in the air all the strengths of them of the Religion, and after many goings and comings it was accorded, and so was made the fifth Edict of pacification, in the beginning of May, agreeing upon many things to the advantage of them of the Religion: but they gained nothing thereby, but rather found themselves new to begin again. The Almain Army retired without any memorable exploit. The Duke of Alenson obtained much for himself. Others were contented with promises, and the Reisters' in some sort were satisfied. One of the principal articles of the Edict concerned the assembly of the States of the kingdom, to take order for all affairs. But it came otherwise to pass. For that was the means which the enemies of the public state used to make their leagues, to break the Edict for a new commencement of wars, and so to leave the kingdom in more confusion than ever it was, as appeared by the year following. Yet notwithstanding the Churches were redressed and increased in divers places, maugre the rage & devices of Satan, whilst the king called the Estates to Blois, where he made his entry the 18. day of November, and all the remainder of the year after was employed upon divers conferences amongst the Deputies.  

The estate of low Country.  The affairs of the low Country bore themselves as followeth. In the month of February 1576. the Prince of Orange obtained a Fortress of great importance, called Crimpen in Holland, whereby he warranted Suindree, and all other places thereabouts. During the siege of Ziriczee, the Commander died of the pestilence at Bruxelles, the 5. day of March. Then the government of the low Countries was by the king remitted into the hands of the Council of the Estate. In the month of May following, Ziriczee being not able to hold out any longer was yielded to the Spaniards, who strait after began to mutiny, under colour of payments due unto them, and determined to have surprised Bruxelles, & so to pay themselves. The Inhabitants hereof advertised, provided so well for their assurance, that the Spaniards found the gates shut: whereat they were so despited, that without any resistance about the end of july entering Alost, a Town situate betwixt Gaunt, Malines, and Bruxelles, they used there the inhabitants as in a place taken by assault. And because they continued their disorders by the winking of certain of the Council of estate, In the beginning of September the Captain of Bruxelles well accompanied entered into the Palace, and in the name of the Estates of Brabant, constituted prisoners, amongst others the Counties of Mansfield, and de Barlaiment, Assonuile Councillor, Barti, & Scharemberg, Secretaries. Soon after the Spaniards were declared Rebels, enemies to the King & his country, by an Edict of the Council of Estate, published the 22. of September. For all this the Spaniards left not running hither and thither, putting to flight all such as in the field made head against them, and by the intelligence they had with the Lansquenets they entered into the town of Mastricht, which they peeled. This done they joined themselves together & marched towards Antwerp, & arriving there they got in at the Citadel or Castle, the 4. of November, and suddenly assailed the companies of soldiers, and all the inhabitants of the Town, with a marvelous fierceness & resolution, during many days, pilling, sacking, & spoiling the town, one of richest & fullest of merchandise in all Europe, they massacred & slew many thousands of persons, of all ages, sexes, Estates, and of divers Countries, burned one of the richest quarters of the Town, with the magnifical and most sumptuous house thereof: briefly they committed there all manner of wickedness. The Estates of the fifteen Provinces which till then had been Spanish, having learned to their cost, that they which thus handled them, looked for nothing so much as wholly to ruinat and destroy them, made a peace with the Princes & the States of Holland & Zealand, the 8. day of November, in the Town of Gaunt. During all those tempests God conserved the reformed Church of Antwerp, and certain others also, as sometimes in Babylon he conserved the companions of Daniel in the midst of the burning Furnace, and Daniel himself in the lions den. Incontinently after the spoiling of Antwerp, the Almains would needs remove their goods to Valenciennes, but they were prevented by the Inhabitants, and driven away out of the Town the 10. day of November. They of Groninghe in Friesland maintained themselves in the like sort, and arrested prisoner their Governor, who meant to have spoiled their Town. And at this time all the low countries were in arms, ready to run upon the Spaniards, extremely hated of them all.  

The death of Sinder.  josias Sinder, an execellent Theologian & professor of holy letters at Zurich, died the second day of july, in his age of 45. years. He left some books which were full of solid doctrine, and especially exceellently refuting the Antitrinitaries and Ubiquitaries.  

A new king of Poland.  Stephen Bathori, Vaivoda of Transiluania, having been crowned King of Polonia the first day of May, took order for the affairs of his kingdom, and prepared himself for the war against the Moscovite. He left the churches of Poland in peaceable estate.  

The death of Maximilian.  The Emperor Maximilian having held his last Imperial journey at Ratisbone, died the 12. day of October, being about the age of 55. years.  

Rodolph. 2.  Rodolphus his eldest son King of the Romans, of Hungary, and of Boheme, succeeded his Father Maximilian in the Imperial dignity, being the second of that name. assoon as he was proclaimed Emperor, he caused the Ambassadors of Poland, to be released and sent to Amurath, to demand truce, which was without any difficulty granted, because that the Turk having had advertisement of the war, which the king of Persia prepared against him, 
Rodolph. 2.  could not any way assure himself, to make resistance in so many places; his Empire elsewhere, being sorely weakened, by the just punishment of God, with plague and famine. jeronimo Conestagio.  
Frederic, Elector Palatine of Rhine, a Prince fearing God, 
The death of Fr. Palatine of Khene.  greatly affectionating true Religion, the ornament & true josias of all Almain, died the 22. of October, being 26. years of age. His eldest son Lewes succeeded him, in the dignity of princely Electorship, who changed the doctrine & discipline which his father had happily established in the County Palatine.  
In the month of january, February, and March, 
The estate of France.  the Estates of France were at Blois, where the last Edict of pacification on was revoked after infinite practices, and the Duke Alenson forsook the part of Politicians and of them of Religion. From thence followed in summer next a new war against them of the Religion, which lost the Towns de la charity upon Loire, Issoire in Awerne, Melle, and Brovage in Guien, with great desolations, especially at Issoire. The Marshal also Danuile forsook his confederates, and did the worst he could unto the Churches of Languedoc; finally a sixth Edict of pacification was treated of at Bergerac, and agreed on at Poitiers, in the month of September, by the means whereof the former was abolished, and the Churches more troubled then ever they were; insomuch, that after that they had nothing assured; yet notwithstanding God maintained them in many places, against the opinion of great and title.  
In old Saxony which we now call Westphalia, 
Salentinus.  Salentinus Bishop of Padeborne, and Archbishop of Coloine, being the last of the honourable house of Eisenberge, voluntarily resigned both his Bishopprickeses, and took to wife Antovia, Witelma, the daughter of john Count of Arenberge, and sister to Charles Arenberge. Whom in the Diocese of Padeborne, Henry Duke of Saxony Archbishop of Breme succeeded, and in the Electoriship Gebardus Truchesses', the son of William Lord of Walnogh. David Chytreus.  
john de Ostrich, 
john de Ostrich.  the bastard son of the Emperor Charles the fifth, was sent as Governor into the low Countries. He before he entered into Brabant, confirmed the pacification of Gaunt, and made an accord with the Estates the 12. day of February. The next morning the Spaniards forsook the Castle of utrich, according to the accord, and the 20 of March following, they which were in the Towns and Citadel of Antwerp came out with their booty. The Almains remained in the town under the Colonel's Foncquer and Fronsperge, attending payment: the 2. of April, the Spaniards came out of Mastricht. john de Austria made his entry into Brussels by the 1. of May, and took his oath according to the statutes of the Countries; the eleventh of june, he went to Maligns, where having performed that he came for, he retired unto Namur, and laid hold of the Castle the 24. of july: the Estates having discovered the drifts and practices of john de Austria, stood upon their guards, and discovering what he went about against them, got the Castle of Antwerp, and constrained the Almains quickly to dislodge, seizing divers places, and dismanteling the Citadel or Castle of Antwerp, joined it to the City of Antwerp the 28. of August, and in the month following, caused their justification to be published, taking arms for their defence, calling the Prince of Orange to their succours. Who arrived in Antwerp the eighteenth day of September, and five days after at Brussels, being of all received with great joy: he was after the 22. of October chosen Governor of Brabant. About the same time was there trouble at Gaunt and Groin, which after was appeased. Genebrardus.  

Mathias Archduke of Austria.  Mathias Archduke of Austria, the emperors brother, being called to be Governor of the low Countries, made his entry into the Town of Antwerp the 21. of November, and the 17. of December, he accepted the government of the countries, upon the conditions proposed unto him by the Deputies of the Estates.  
The Churches of Holland and Zealand flourish, they of other Provinces of the low countries begin to hope well.  
Stephen Bathori King of Poland this year made war upon the Dantzick, but after certain encounters a peace was accorded upon conditions.  
Sebastian King of Portugal, sent Peter d'Alascoua, 
Sebastian King of Portugal.  Ambassador to Philip King of Spain, with commandment to treat of three point, that is, for aid in the action of Africa, for the marriage of his daughter, and for interview. The Ambassador obtained all three, the promise of marriage, with one of his daughters, when she should come to years, that the Catholic king should go to Gradalupa to meet with K. Sebastian: and as for succours, he should furnish men & galleys to undertake the enterprise of Alarache, the which was spoken very coldly. Philip confirmed the succours of men & galleys, so as the Turk should send no men into Italy, and that they should untertake Alarache in this year, the whole being referred unto their interview at Gradalupa.  
In the Parliament held at Blois, 
The Parliament at Blois.  Pierre d' Epinac Archbishop of Lions rose up, and before them all, declared his reasons touching the Clergy, the Lord of Senscey spoke for the nobility, and Versoris for the common. The two first by a multitude of reasons & wonderful speeches, concluded that it was most fit and convenient, that there should be but one Religion in the realm. The third showed, that the people wholly desired the reunion thereof, so it might be done by peaceable and quiet means without wars. But the Clergy and Nobility after many difficulties, caused the Parliament to break up, so that under the ashes of the last wars, which as yet were hot, there might be found the sparks of a great fire. For after many messages (although in vain) sent by the King to the Protestant Princes, the war began again, for the Prince of Conde rose up in arms, and swore not to leave them (under whose protestation was placed, Deo & victricibus armis) until he had brought the realm into her former splendour & dignity. But the reasons that persuaded peace to the King, got the upper hand of those that desired war, and thereupon an Edict of peace was made at Poitiers, with great contentment on both parts, and the Prince of Conde the same night he received it, caused it to be published by torchlight, although with less advantage on his side then the first, for it restored the exercise of the Catholic religion in the places, where it had been prohibited, it suffered men's consciences to be free, yet without public exercise, but only in the Towns and places, whereas then it was openly preached, and to Gentlemen of quality and degree, in their own houses: yet there was some difficulty in the execution and observation of this peace, which the conference at Nerae between the Queen mother and the King of Navarre soon avoided; but the wound not well healed, did still bleed, by means of the furious disorders of those that were his chief doers: but the year one thousand five hundred eighty one, it was wholly joined and drawn into a scar. See the History of France.  

Sir Martin Forbisher.  Sir Martin Forbisher took his voyage by sea about the the end of May, towards the North and West, discovering unknown Countries, and came again rich laden into England, about the end of September following.  
The Pope forasmuch as this intended war by Sebastian was attempted against Infidels, opened his spiritual treasures, granting the Bull of the Croisada, 
Croisada.  which till that time was not brought into the Realm.  

A Comet.  The ninth of November there appeared in the zodiac, in the sign of Libra, near unto the station of Mars, the goodliest and greatest Comet, that hath been seen in many ages, the which happening in the progress of this war, amazed many, who looking to examples past, said it was a sign of unhappy success, and that coming from a corrupt air, it did endamage the delicate bodies of Princes. And for as much as the ancient Captains with their divines, did interpret it to good, not for that they believed it, but to encourage the soldiers: the Portugal likewise taking it for a favour, said, that this Comet spoke unto the King, saying, Accometa: which is to say in the Portugal tongue; Let him assail them, not having any such belief, but for flattery, fearing more the King's choler, by reason of his rough inclination, than the heavens. jeronimo Conestaggio.  
After the sixth Edict of pacification in France, the King having published certain ordinances in regard of policy, solicited much the Provinces of his Country to get money of them, whereupon followed great discontentment. In the mean while the soldiers being dispersed in many places, and yet having weapons in their hands, gave them of the Religion to think they could not long continue in quietness; yet the Churches maintained themselves in divers places.  
About the end of March the Town of Geneva had great alarms, many troops appearing in divers places, to have surprised it: but their coming being discovered, and the town holding herself upon her guards, there followed no exploits of war.  
The Queen mother made divers progresses through the Realm of France, to maintain (said she) the public repose: and so all that year passed in doubtfulness, in regard of the Churches and the estate of France.  
War began in Flaunders in Brabant, 
War and other acccidents in the low Countries.  betwixt john de Austria, and the Estates: he gained a battle the last day of january, and after he got Giblon, Louvain, Arcscod, Tiltmond, Diest, and Sichem, and in this last, handled most discourteously the officers of the place. The 8. of February, the Town of Amsterdem by capitulation, with the Prince & the estates of Holland, reunited themselves with the other Towns of the Country under the Prince's government. The estates at the same time sent their Ambassador to the Imperial journey, where they showed the justice of their cause, and demanded succours.  
The Duke Cassimire prepared himself with an Army, the Queen of England also promised to furnish them with men and money.  
Cassamire (by the counsel of Imbysa, 
Cassamire.  Consul of Gaunt and Borhutus, was requested by those of Flaunders to take the Earldom upon him) came to Gaunt, where he found Petrus Dathenus and others, the chief of the congregation: by whom the Citizens being stirred up, thrust out all the Mass Priests and Monks out of the City, and put their goods into their treasury, to serve afterwards for the necessary use of the Commonwealth: and by a book set forth by them, they drew others to the free liberty, not only civil, but also to a liberty of conscience and religion. From thence Cassamire in the beginning of the next year, came to the Queen of England for money to pay his soldiers.  

The Prince of Parma created Duke.  Alexander Farnese Prince of Parma, the son of Octavius, the Nephew of Peter and Pope Paulus the 3. his nephews son, was created Duke of Parma by the King of Spain, D. Chytraeus.  
The Jesuits and certain Friars were thrust out of Antwerp in the month of May, & as then, Phillits a Town, yielded itself by composition to the Spaniard. Kempens was besieged & taken by the estates. A noble encounter happened betwixt them and john de Austria, who had the worst, the first of August.  

Free exercise of the reformed religion.  In the month of August, a free exercise of the reformed Religion was permitted in Antwerp by Mathias Archduke, chief General and Lieutenant of the Prince of Orange, and the authority of the estates. So the liberty of Religion was proclaimed, upon these conditions, that the reform should not hinder or trouble, either by themselves or others, the rights and exercises of the old Religion, nor should offer any injury, reproach, or violence to any one, for the diversity in Religion, that they should obey the political Magistrates, & bear the like taxes & impositions with other Citizens, that they should have no Sermons▪ but in such places as the Magistrates appointed, that the Ministers should swear to preach nothing scandalous or seditious in their Sermons: that no man should spoil any holy place, or break any Images, nor should sell any ballads or libels reproachful to the other religion, etc. These the Governor, the Deputy of Brabant, the Praetor, & Senate of Antwerp, promised to receive into their charge and patronage. This liberty of religion, they of Gaunt with the Hollanders and Zelanders, embraced. To the which a little after, the States of Geldria condescended. But the Hannonians & Artesians taking in very ill part that the Catholic Roman religion (which they professed at Bruxelles, they would constantly retain, before the Emperror, the King of Spain, and other Princes) should now be left and abolished of them of Gaunt; in whose City their protestation was made; separated themselves from the other estates, who had changed their religion, & by books published, accused them of their inconstancy and perjury. And therein protest that they will be faithful maintainers & defenders of the Catholic Roman faith, and true liegemen to the king, if he would conserve their privileges. These were presently called Malcontents, 
Malcontents  who forthwith made war upon them of Gaunt, deadly hating them for this change.  
They of the reformed religion at Antwerp, 
The reformed Church at Antwerp.  desired to have their religious exercise, which they obtained with few Churches; namely, the Chapel of the Castle, the Temple of the jesuits, of the jacobins, S. Andrew's, and half of the Friars. Certain days after, the Protestants of Ausbourge obtained also certain temples. The Emperor & the King of France, sought to make some agreement betwixt the parties, but it came to nothing. On the other side, Cassimere having sojourned in the Country of Zutphen certain time for the muster of his people, being in number 4000 footmen, & 6000. horsemen, came into Brabant, and joined with the Estates the 26. of August. john de Austria died of the pestilence in his camp nigh Nance, the 21. of Octob.  
Alexander Prince of Parma, succeeded him in his charge. 
Prince of Parma.  The Malcontents, made war upon the Gauntois, under the conduct of Sieur de Montignie, the Cardinal of Granuell his brother. This league did after marvelously hinder the proceedings of State's affairs, and under that overture, the Spaniards who could not long have stood, do hitherto maintain themselves.  
The 20. of November, the Town of Deventry yielded itself by composition unto the Estates.  
Matthew Hamond, by his trade a ploughwright, 
An heretic burnt at Norwiche.  three miles from Norwich, was convented before the Bishop thereof, for that he denied Christ to be our Saviour. For this and many other heresies he was condemned in the Consistory, and burned in the Castle ditch of Norwiche.  
About the end of the year, they of Alenson forsook the Estates, to draw into France.  
The Prince of Orange appeased the troubles which happened at Gaunt.  
Almain was then in quiet, in regard of civil affairs: 
The estate of Almain.  but greatly troubled by the practices and factions of certain Disciples of Brencius, the father of the Ubiquitaries, whereof, after followed many disputations, without any conclusion of the matter. They which desired a truce of peace in the Church, attended no other thing by the solicitation of so many wandering spirits, but some great troubles in both the politic and Ecclesiastical estates, if God be times remedy not the same by the wisdom of the Princes and States of the Empire.  

Irish rebellion  At this time, the Irish men rebelled in divers parts of that kingdom, pretending the liberty of Religion, and complained to the Pope, taking for their leader the Earl of Desmond, Onrake, and some other of the savage Irish, affirming that if they were aided, they would easily draw the whole Country from the Queen's obedience. The Pope did communicate this with the Catholic King, exhorting him to undertake this action, as most godly, and to succour this people, the which they resolved to do. But for as much as the Queen of England did seem in words friend unto the King, and did as the Spaniards supposed, covertly underhand assist the Prince of Orange in Flaunders against him, 
Thomas Stukely.  the King would likewise walk in the same path, and make a covert war against her. They concluded to assist this people in the Pope's name, but secretly at the King's charge. To this effect they levied certain footmen in the Territories of the Church; whereof, six hundred were under the conduct of Thomas Stukely, an English man, who fled out of England for treason: (who a little before had obtained the title of a marquess from the Pope) were embarked at Civitavechia, in a ship of Genua, to be transported into Ireland, the which arrived at Lisbon, in the time that they made preparation for the war of Africa. The King hearing of their arrival, and that for want of money he could have no Italians out of Tuscan, desired to see them, with intent to retain them, and use them in the war of Africa, and having caused them to disimbarke, and to lodge at Oeicas, near to the mouth of Tagus, he went one day to view them, and having had some conference with Stukely, he persuaded him to promise to go with him into Africa. The Catholic king, because he would not show himself a party, would not contradict it. The Pope was so far of, that before the news could come unto him, he gave them impress, and they remained for his service.  
The 24. of june, being Midsummer day, 
The 2. voyage of Sebastian with his Army into Africa.  Sebastian having a prosperous wind, the whole Army set sail, to his great pleasure and contentment, who young and unskilful, guided by some sinister star, or by that divine permission, which would punish this people, went into Africa, to a dangerous (although a glorious) enterprise, leaning the Realm emptied of money, naked of Nobility, without heirs, and in the hands of ill affected governors.  
In this most fierce and bloody battle between the portugals and the Moors, three kings died. 
The death of Sebastian.  The king Sebastian the 4. of August, when both the battles were joined, fought so valiantly, that those which saw his valour wondered at it: for although they slew three horses under him, without any whit daunting him, yet was he never weary to change, strike, & succour all parts of the Army, where was greatest danger: Many of his Nobility which remained yet on horseback, seeing the Army in rout, sought the King in all parts to save him: but the Standard which was carried before him as a mark to know him, was now taken, and the bearer slain; and being deceived with an other some what like unto that, which Edward de Moneses carried, they followed the one instead of the other; so as the king remained as a man lost, with some of his most trusty servants about him, and one Renegado, who laboured to save him: having in vain sought to fly, being advised to yeeled with his Arms, he would by no means agree unto it. One amongst them, holding upon the point of his foot a white Napkin in sign of peace, went towards the Moors, as an Ambassador for the rest to yield: but they either barbarous or wilful, took the messenger prisoner, and charged the rest, who being few in number, wearied, and without courage, they were all slain. Some say there grew a controversy amongst them about the Kings own person, and for that occasion they slew him.  
They sent afterward to seek his body, and by a notable example of the inconstancy of this world, they carried it naked upon a saddle pommel, into the royal Tent of Moluc, where letting it fall to the ground, it was carefully viewed by the Nobility who were there present, and a public certificate that it was he, keeping it after at Alcazar-quiver. jeronimo Conestaggio.  
Mulei Moluc seeing his men at the first to fly, (although he were sick unto the death) mounted to horse in choler, going towards them that ran away, to stay them and encourage them: the shot of the Christians drawing near, he made show to match himself foremost: but his favourites came about him, entreating him not to hazard himself. But he persisting his resolution, and they to stay him, he grew in choler, laying hold on his sword to disperse them, at what time being seized with a deadly fit of an Apoplexy, he swooned, and fell from his horse: but being taken down by them about him, he was laid in his Litter, 
Molucs death.  where putting his finger into his mouth in sign of silence, suddenly, or (as some report) before he was laid down, gave up the ghost.  

Mulei Mahamet drowned  Mulei Mahamet escaped his enemy's hands, but his too great haste to pass Mucazez, and to recover Azzill, was the cause he was drowned in his passage, Those whom Idleness had made curious, did note the diversity of these Prince's deaths, for being all lost in one battle, within the space of six hours, the one died of his natural death, the second by the sword, the third was drowned.  

Hamet proclaimed king.  Hamet was proclaimed King of the Moors. He caused the body of Mulei Mahamet to be found out, and causing it to be fleied, filled the skin with straw, and carried it in triumph, to the end to take from the Moors all the hope they had conceived in him.  

Monsieurs voyage into Flaunders.  Monsieurs the king of France his brother, after the example of the Archduke Mathias, went into Flaunders, there to make work for the king of Spain, where he made a goodly entry, but an evil retreat.  

Institution of the order of the holy Ghost.  Henry the third, this year by the example of Lois the eleventh, to unite great persons in concord and inviolable amity, both for the benefit of the estate and country: he instituted the order of the holy Ghost. D. Chytraeus.  
Of him this Anagram was made. Henricus Tertius: In te verè Christus.  
In this year and the next, the estate of France and of the low Countries, and of Almain, remained as before. In France the Prince of Conde retiring unto Fere, a Town under his government of Picardy, war flamed, which continued in divers places by the taking holds on either part, but more slowly then in former years.  
The strongest was in Dauphine and in Guienne, Fere, Movire, and other places, having been yielded by composition. These tempests ended by a negotiation of peace.  
In the Augustine Friars at Paris, this also was done in remembrance of his birth day, and the two Kingdoms of Poland and France, falling to him as upon that day, expecting as then the third Crown in heaven, of which this Symbol was made: Manet ultima coelo. He made 26. Knights of the order before spoken of, and gave them yearly pensions out of Abbeys, and Ecclesiastical livings, in despite of the Pope.  
This year, john Fox, William Wickney, and Robert More, English men, having been prisoners in Turkey about the space of 13. or 14. years, with more than two hundred and sixty other Christians of divers Nations, by killing their keeper, marvelously escaped, and returned to their native Countries. I. Stowe.  
The Town of Maistricht was taken by force of the Spaniards, the 29. of june, 
Maistricht taken.  where they slew a great number of people. After the estates sought a protector, and addressed themselves in the year, 1580. to the Duke of Alenson, who dealt with them.  
The Turks leaving Europe in quietness, 
The Turks.  after peace made with the Venetians, waged war against the Persians, and after many battles lost, especially for the Turks, they fell to a peace about the end of this year.  
The Cardinal Don Henry, brother of King Don john the third, grandfather of Don Sebastian, was by a general consent of the Nobles and Governors, chosen and sworn king of Portugal, who like an other Anius, was made king of a priest, of whom Virgil saith in the 3. of his Aeneiads, Rex Anius, Rex idem hominum, Phaebique Sacerdos. Of this Cardinal say the portugals that he was borne in the Eclipse of the Moon, and in the Eclipse of the Moon he died. M. Cyprian. Val.  

Almain.  Almain was troubled by the cries and factions of the Ubiquitaries, against whom, certain Princes, commonweals, and learned men, opposed themselves, both with lively voice & writing  
The faith and obedience of the king of France his subjects began to decline.  

The death of Henry King of Protugall.  Upon the 31. of january, Henry Cardinal King of Portugal, departed this life: he began to die in the Eclipse of the Moon, and died with the end thereof, as if that the celestial sign had wrought that effect in him (being a man of a weak body) which it doth not in strength, or at the least not so suddenly, as Astrologians do write: neither is the hour to be neglected, being the same wherein he was borne, 68 years before. This was the last King of Portugal, in whom ended the right Masculine line. And as the first Lord of Portugal, although under the title of an Earl, was called Henry, so doth it seem the last should be so termed. He was Bishop, Governor of the Realm, Inquisitor, Mayor, Legate Apostolic, and King.  

An Earthquake.  On the sixth of April, being wednesday in Easter week, about six of the clock towards evening, a certain Earthquake happening in London, and almost generally throughout England, so amazed the people as was wonderful, for the time. This Earthquake endured in or about London, not passing one minute of an hour, but in Kent, and on the Sea coasts it was felt three times, as at Sandwich at six of the clock, at Dover at the same hour. These and many other places in East Kent, the same Earthquake was felt three times to move, at six, at nine, and eleven. Hollenshead.  
The first of May, after 12 of the clock in the night, was an other Earthquake felt in divers places in East Kent, namely at Ashford, and great Chard.  
King Philip performed the funeral obsequies of Sebastian, in the Church of S. Jerome at Madrill, although it was secretly muttered, that the Duke of Alva should say, the King should have performed it in Potugall, in our Lady's Church of Belem, where the other kings are accustomed to be interred, inferring it may be, that Phillippe was successor unto Sebastian, or at the least should assure himself by force, of the succession after Henry, causing himself to be sworn Prince. jeronimo Conestaggio.  
In the beginning of june, the Frislanders passing Rhine, returned into their Country, and meeting the Count Hollocke with 22. Ancients, and two thousand horsemen, gave him an overthrow, in which were slain of the Count's part, one thousand and fifty, and on their own side, but fifty and five, by this encounter the siege was raised at the Groin, and many Towns, Havens, and holds of Friesland were redeemed. Genebrard.  
After K. Henry's death, when Katherine Duchess of Brabant, 
K. Philip.  Anthony the bastard son of King Lewis, and others had promised themselves the next succession, at the last Philip king of Spain, (who was for that named of the dying Cardinal) was invested by the consent of the Lords, spiritual and temporal. Others, chiefly they of Lisbon, did swear to Don Antonio, but Philip with a great power both by sea and land (of the which he made the Duke of Alva General) came to Lisbon and expulsed Don Antonio, and recovered the City. Who being hotly pursued by Sanches d' Auila, was constrained to fly into France and England for succour. Chytreus.  
In the month of july, Stephen king of Poland coming out of Luchem in Moschovie, took by force two Fortresses, Vualisium, and Vsuum, and after that Vuielukim: but having lost many of his men, at the end of the year he returned. Genebrard.  
On the nineteenth day of August, the king of Spain's prescription was published against the Prince of Orange at Namours.  
In these months of july and August, Fera a City in Picardy, was delivered to the Huguenots.  

The death of the Duke of Savoy.  Emanuel Philebert Duke of Savoy, died this month, a Prince most famous for his courage, wisdom, and religion, leaving his son and heir, and sucessor Charles.  
The first day of September of this present year, the Grecians and Muschovites began to reckon the year from the world's creation, 7089.  
Certain Spaniards and Italians confederate with the Earl of Desmond, and some of the Clergy of Ireland landed there, and took certain holds and Castles, but they were soon discomfited and chased away.  

The tyranny of the Duke Alua.  Ferdinand Duke of Alva, began to exercise his tyranny at Aquisgrane, a chief City of the Empire, upon certain Citizens and others that came from Antwerp and the low Countries, such as were of the reformed religion: by whose conference and conversation, very many of Aquisgrane when they had embraced their profession, desired of the Senate that they might use a public exercise of their Religion: which when it was denied, nevertheless they met openly at Sermons and the celebration of the Sacramen. Which being showed unto the Emperor, certain Commissioners were appointed, to root out the religious, and only to establish the doctrine and rites of the Pope.  
The Emperor himself wrote also unto the Senate, that they should banish those Preachers forth with, and that they should justly keep the old law, which was, that none should be admitted of the Senate unless they were altogether Catholic. D. Chytraeus.  

A blazing Star  The eight day of October, immediately after the new Moon there appeared a blazing Star in the South, bushing towards the East, which was nightly seen the air being clear, more than two months.  
In this year there was great abundance of corn, wine, and all manner of fruit, and in Autumn in many places Roses did bud again. A great sickness did follow, spreading itself throughout all Europe.  
This is the year which the Grecians hold for the seven thousand year from the beginning of the world. Genebrardus.  
johannes Martianus, a Milanese, Ambassador for Spain to the Turk, having obtained a truce for three years, returned from Constantinople into Spain, but so, as neither desired others friendship; but that the Turk molested by the soldan, feared the Christians, and the Spaniard having enough to do at home, was constrained by war to seek repossession of his own. Idem.  
In january, 
A Proclamation against Jesuits.  Proclamation was published at London for the revocation of sundry the Queen's majesties subjects remaining beyond the Seas, under colour of study, and yet living contrary unto the laws of God, and of the Realm. And also against retaining of Jesuits and Massing Priests, sowers of sedition, and other treasonable attempts. I. S.  
Queen Anne, the wife of King Philip, 
The death of Q. Anne.  fell sick of a fever, the which in few days brought her to an other life, wherewith the King was much grieved, being a Lady wholly conformable to his humour, and endued with singular beauty.  
This was the year, where in the ships from the Indies, Brazill, S. Thomas Cape, Verde, and all other new found lands were expected, the which stayed somewhat long, & put then in some fear, being looked for with greater desire than ever any were: they were wished, both for the riches they carried, as to understand by them, how the people of those parts were addicted to the obedience of the Catholic king, whereof many doubted.  
Certain jesuits being walled up within their Monastery at the Terceras, 
Jesuits.  (to whom me at was given but once a week) grieving to be thus wrongfully imprisoned, upon a certain day they opened the doors of the Church, & havig placed the Sacrament in the midst, they would try by this means, if they might remain free. The ministers of justice went unto the covent to demand the reason of this innovation, to whom it was propounded by the Fathers, that if their offences so required, they should punish them, but holding them as suspect, they should suffer them to depart into Portugal. The resoluton was (after some speeches used beyond modesty) that the Fathers should be walled up again, & a certain person, who said that in justice they should burn these Priests, with their monastery, the which they had for the affection they bore unto the castilians. He stayed not long to acknowledge his error, for departing from thence, he fell sick unto the death, and God would have him confess (as he said) that this grief happened unto him for that occasion. jeronimo Conestaggio.  

D. of Anjou.  Francis Duke of Anjou, the French Kings brother, and other Nobles of France, the first of November (having lately arrived in Kent, came to London, where he was honourably received. The 7. of February he departed out of England, where at his shipping, a Post brought him word, that the States of the low Countries were revolted, and namely the City of Antwerp, whither he presently sailed with 15. ships, and was there entertained by the Prince of Orange.  
In the time of this Pope Gregory the 13. a very strange thing happened in Valladolid. There dwelled in Valladolid a knight well qualified, who in the Inquisition had two daughters which constantly persevering in that religion that they had learned of the good D. Cacalla, and other Martyrs of jesus Christ, were condemned to be burned. The father being a most rank Papist, besought the Inquisitors to permit them for their better instruction, to be carried to his house: which things the Inquisitors in regard of the great credit they reposed in him, granted. And brought thus to his house, the father endeavoured to divert them from their constant resolution: but seeing he could not convince them, he caused Priests & Friars to dispute with them: but it was in vain. For the Lord (as in Luk. 21.15. he had promised) gave them utterance and wisdom, which the new pharisees, Priests, and Friars, were not able to resist or gainsay. The father seeing then, that all his endeavour not availed, 
The cruelty of a father.  went himself to his Grove, cut down wood, and caused it to be drawn to Valladolid, he himself kindled the fire▪ and so they were both burned. M. Cyprian. Val.  

Richard Atkins burned for religion.  In the month of july, one Richard Atkins borne in Hartfordshire, an English man, came to Rome to the English College there, whom they kindly welcomed, willing him to go to the Hospital, and there to recevie his meat and lodging, according as was appointed: whereunto he answered, I came not (my country men) to any such intent as you judge, but I come lovingly to rebuke the great misorder of your lives, and to let your proud Antichrist understand, that he doth rob God of his honour, and poisoneth the whole world with his most abominable blasphemies. When they heard this, a Student in the College caused him to be put in the Inquisition, but after certain days, he was set at liberty again. And one day as he was going in the street, he met a Priest carrying the Sacrament, which offending his conscience, to see the people so crouch and bow down to it, he caught at it to have thrown it down, but missing it, he was judged by the people that he catched at the holiness which (as they say cometh from the Sacrament) & so upon mere devotion he was let pass. Certain days after he came to S. Peter's Church, where many were hearing Mass of the Priest at the elevation, (he using no reverence) stepped to the Altar, and threw down the Chalice with the wine, striving likewise to pull the Cake out of the Priests hands: for which cause divers of the people rose up and beat him, and after carried him to prison: where he was examined wherefore he did it, who said, that he came purposely to rebuke the Pope's wickedness, and their Idolatry. Upon this he was condemned to be burned: but before that, he was set upon an Ass, without any saddle, he being from the middle upward naked: all the way as he went, there were four that did nothing else but thrust at his body with burning Torches, whereat he never moved, and when he came before S. Peter's Church where the place of execution was, there was he burned. I. Fox.  
Katherine de Medici's, mother to the French Queen, 
The Queen of France discontented with king Philip.  was discontented with the Catholic King, for divers respects, but that she made most show of, was that he had taken the Realm of Portugal by force, refusing to submit himself to justice, saying that she had more interest than he. Whereupon it was supposed, that (moved with this disdain) she should labour to make war against Portugal, with whom agreed Frances duke of Alencon, her son, no less enemy to the Catholic king, than the mother, moved thereunto, for that having demanded one of the daughters of the said king in marriage, he was refused, for that he required with her a portion fit for her quality. He was followed by the whole Nobility of France, whom he might easily have led where he pleased, although it were against the King's liking, the which grew, for that remaining the third son to Henry the 2. with small hope never to aspire unto the Crown, having two brothers, Charles and Henry, his elders, having a great mind and stirring, he gave care to all such as were discontented with the king, or desirous of innovation (whereof there are numbers in France) laboured to alter the quiet estate of Christendom, with whom he had often resolved to conquer himself some new estate out of France. jeronimo Conestaggio.  
The Duke Alencon again returned into England, being already agreed with the Prince of Orange, 
D. Alencon.  who was the instrument of all these practices, he passed from thence to Antwerp, where the people's humours being before disposed by the said Prince, he was received with great joy, and on the eleventh day of February, 1582. they did swear him Duke of Brabant.  

Ovid's tomb  In Cyonia, a City of Muschovie, within a pleasant valley, the tomb of P. ovidius Naso was found, with this Epitaphe.  
Hic situs est vates quem vivi Caesaris ira  
Augusti, Latio cedere jussit humo:  
Saepe miser voluit patrijs succumbere tectis  
Sed frustra; hunc illi fatadedere locum.  Genebrardus. 

The Prince of Orange shot  The 18. day of March the Prince of Orange being in Antwerp quiet, and in the greatest fortune that he was ever, was shot in his house as he was rising from the table, in the midst of all his servants, with a Pistol, by one john Scarigni; a Biscaine, moved thereunto by zeal of Religion as he pretended, the bullet hitting him under his right jaw, passed forth through the window, and although he was supposed dead, yet was he cured and lived, and the offender was presently slain by his guard, and all such as were found accessary, were executed.  
Cardinal Albert Archduke of Austria, 
Cardinal Albert.  was made governor of Portugal. jeronimo Conestaggio.  
Don Antonio departed for France from the Terceres, leaving Emanuel de Sylva in his place, with 500 Frenchmen, under the charge of Baptist Florentine, and Charles' a French man, their Captain.  
In the month of August, the Forces of Don Antonio king of Portugal, skirmishing with Philip king of Spain, in a battle at Sea at S. Michael's Mount, were discomfited. here Strossius the General of the Forces of France, with the loss almost of all his Army, was in the end discomfited. Genebrardus.  
There was one thing worthy of observation in the fight at Sea. Within the Gallion of S. Matthew, 
A Priest died for fear.  a Priest called john de jaem, Chaplain unto the Marshal of the field, a man which had seen the wars during the fight, being under lowest deck of the Gallion, when he saw so much wild fire cast by the French, heaving their shot, and seeing the hurt which the Cannon did, he died only of fear and amazement, having received no wound.  
Philip after the death of Diego his eldest son, who was sworn Prince of Portugal at Tomar, he would likewise that the same oath should be made in the person of Philip, his second son, being then sick; and for the swearing of him, he assembled the estates at Lisbon, resolute to accomplish this ceremony before his departure.  
At that time the Duke of Alva (consumed with a continual fever) died in the Palace at Lisbon, 
The death of the Duke of Alua.  in the Kings own quarter, being of the age of three score and fourteen years. During his sickness he was greatly favoured of the king, who did visit him a little before his death: but after it, the next day the portugals observed that he went publicly to Mass without any show of discontentment in him, contrary to the custom of their Kings, who upon the death of one of less quality (having done many notable services to the Crown) relied themselves for a time, the which seemed the more strange, for that King Emanuel upon the death of a noble Pilot, withdrew himself three days. jeronimo Conestaggio.  
He arrogating too much to himself, caused a statue of brass to be erected for him in the Citadel of Antwerp, which the king willed afterwards to be beaten down.  

Charles Borgia.  Charles Borgia Duke of Candia, a man of greater virtue than experience, succeeded in his place.  
Upon the 28. of june, Peregrin Bartu Lord Willougbie, was sent Ambassador to Frederick the second, with the Garter.  
The Prince of Orange having recovered his hurt, came abroad. His wife Carola, lineally descended from the right noble house of Montpensier, with overmuch joy of his recovery, within three days after died of a pleurisy. D. Chytreus.  

The new Calendar set forth by the Pope.  In this year of our Lord, 1582. this Pope by anticipating ten days in the year, gave himself to correct the Calendar, and to eternize his name; this Calendar he called Gregorianum: and by his decree, all Christian Princes obeying the Romish Sea, gave commandment to cut of ten days in the month of October, so as for the fifth day, they should generally write fifteen: the which was done to fit the means, and principal aspects, wherein the heavens were, when as our Redeemer jesus Christ suffered, that they might celebrate Easter, and the other Feasts upon their proper days. The which they had not formerly done, for that the true course of the Sun which makes the year, being certain minutes of an hour less the time, which they until then had taken for a year. It seemed that in the course of so many years, so small a difference had mounted unto ten days, so as by this equality, it was made comformable to the time past. jeron. Con. D. Chytreus.  
Philip caused the bones of Sebastian, late king of Portugal, to be brought out of Africa, the which with king Henry's that were at Almerin, he would before his departure see solemnly interred in the Church of Belem, near to the other Kings of Portugal.  
At this time were reunited all the kingdoms of Spain, which from the entrance of the Moors into Spain, 860. and so many years sithence, have been divided. M. Cyprian. Valera.  
D. Saunders the Pope's Nuntio and Legate, 
D. Saunders  who came from Rome with james Fitzmoris in july, in the year 1599 to bear Arms in Ireland against her majesty, after that he had wandered up & down three years together with the Earl of Desmond, and Sir john his brother, he fell sick of an Irish Ague, and a Flix, and lay in the wood Clennetisse, which wood is full of withies, briars & thorns, and through which is no passage, where partly through his sickness, but chiefly through famine and want, died. Hollenshed.  
The Earl of Desmond was taken by one Kollie an Irishman, in an old house alone, and there slain, whose head was sent into England, and set upon London bridge.  
Amias D. of Leneux, 
Amia. banished Scotland.  so created in the year 1579. was now in this year upon displeasure banished Scotland, and enforced to return into France: in whose exile was performed an old prophecy, That a man of five shillings should buy all the Dukes of England & Scotland: For when this Duke was out of the Scottish kingdom, there was neither Duke in that Country nor in England. Idem.  
Henry King of Navarre, when he understood that the Archbishop of Cullen was in great distress, 
The King of Navarre.  and the many traitorous practices of the Pope against him, he sent his Ambassador to the Electors & Princes of Germany, who professed the true doctrine of the Gospel; First for the establishing of a general concord, by a general Synod of the Churches in Germany, France, England, and other Countries embracing the true Religion. Then that these Princes of the reformed Church, should by oath, all join their powers against the Pope & his adherents: which that he might the better persuade, he set down in his Letters the imminent dangers over the principal kingdoms in Europe, which professed the true Faith. As many as in Spain or Italy were suspected for the truth, were put into the Inquisition, and so martyred. In France the promulgation of the Council of Trent, and the constitution of the Inquisition was urged by the Pope's Legate, against the intercession of the Senate, and the liberties of the Church of France. That in England by the treacherous practices of the Jesuits, the hearts of her majesties subjects were drawn from their allegiance. As for the Scots such matters were set abroach even in the Court, that those of the better sort, and such as studied for the common good and peace of the realm, by the dissension of some Nobles and the King's youth, were banished, which unless it were presently removed, it would hazard the estate of their Church, and raise war between England and Scotland. The miseries of Belgia, it being so overpressed by the Spanish powers, and they every day increasing, promise no good success to their Church. In Helvetia, by the Pope's contributions, subtleties, and the most turbulent preachings of the Jesuits these two years, have been civil wars: Insomuch that the Bernates, imbracers of the reformed Religion, should be oppressed by the power of the D. of Savoy. The Churches of Suecia stand wavering, whilst the Popish ceremonies are there kept, and Jesuits frequent the Court, and fear least their persuasions should alienate their King. And for Germany, in the which by the care & sincerity of the most mighty Princes, the surest and safest harbours are given to the Churches, the Pope doth what in him lieth to confound and overthrow. In Coloine he hath stirred up such tragedies against that Princely Elector, the end whereof, unless it be brought upon his own head, he hopeth will be the confusion of all Germany. This Embassage although it was benignly received of all the Princes to whom it came: yet new disputations & troubles arising in France about the death of Alencon, the dangers increased. D. Chytreus.  
Georgius Ernestus, the last Prince of Henneberge, died this present year. Idem.  
Elias Thacker was hanged at S. Edmonds-Bury in Suffolk, and john Copping for spreading certain books, seditiously penned by one Robert Browne, against the book of common prayer, established by the laws of the realm; their books as many a could be found were burnt before them. I. S.  
john Lewis, who named himself Abdiot, an obstinate heretic, denying the Godhead of Christ, and holding divers other detestable heresies (much like to his predecessor Matthew Hamond) was burned at Norwich.  
Albertus Alasco, free Baron of Lasco, Vaivode, 
Albertus Alasoo.  or Palatine of Syradia in Poland, arrived at Harwiche in Essex, and on the last of April, came by water to Winchester house in Southwark, where he remained for the most part of his abode.  
Frances of Valois Duke of Alencon, 
The death of Fr. D. of Alencon.  attempted divers exploits in the low Countries, the issue whereof fell out to his misfortune, wherefore feeling himself sick, he retired from Dunkirk towards France, where he fell into so strange a judgement, that even the Physicians began to doubt him: for a flux of blood issued so continually out of his nose, and mouth, that they were still forced to hold him a Basin whereinto he voided the clear and pure blood, whereof he died. Some say this happened either by his riotousness in the low Countries, or for grief of the hard success of his affairs there, or by Salcedas means that was executed. His death weakened the most drowsy heads, it broke all the bonds that stayed the proceedings of the League, and caused it presently to wain, at Chalouns, Rheims, Troy, Dyon and Mezeivel. History of France.  
The tenth of july, William Nassau Prince of Orange; 
The Prince of Orange is slain.  in the one and fifty year of his age, was slain with a Bullet, by Balthasar Gerardus, otherwise called Serach. See Genebrardus.  
This villain being taken alive, confessed that he was neither set on by the French nor Spanish, but did it of his own mind, thinking that thereby he did God good service, forthwith he was punished with such a death as the quality of so heinous a fact deserved. Yet a certain writer of Coloine setteth him down for a Martyr. See David Chytraeus.  
H. Earl of Derby by the Queen's majesty was sent Ambassador to Henry the third the French King, the 30. of january, to invest him with the order of the Garter.  
Hyperas the eight day of April, and Briges, which next to Gaunt is the chief City of Flaunders, a little before the Prince of Orange his death, in the month of May, was recovered by the Prince of Parma, all former offences forgotten, so that they would restore the Catholic religion of Rome, and perform true allegiance to the king of Spain.  
assoon as the League perceived that divers Towns had made great fires for joy of her birth, it was presented to the Pope, that he might give it his blessing, avouch it for his, and declare it to be for the Catholic, Apostolic and Romish Church. But Gregory the 13. desiring to show himself the Father of all Christians, and a Pastor, and not, a dispearser of his flock, considering that the raising of Arms against a most Christian & Catholic king, was wholly contrary to the doctrine of the Gospel, the examples of Christ and his Apostles, and the laws of policy and state; certified the League's Deputies, that he could not approve their inventions: and to conclude, sent them back again without an answer. And not long before he died, he said to the Cardinal Est, that the League should never have Bull, Letter, nor Commission from him, for he knew not what they meant: and that he would not serve for a firebrand to kindle a war, which he could by no means quench.  
In the prime of this year the first of April, S. Walter Raleigh took his voyage for the discovery of that land, which lieth between Norembega and Florida in the West Indies, and returned in August following, preparing afterwards for a second voyage.  

Sir H. Gilbert.  S. H. Gilbert attempted to discover with intention this country of Norembega, to settle an English Colony there, in the year 1578. accompanied with a company of Gentlemen of good calling, and ten sails of all sorts of shipping; but the journey took no success, for all their ships enforced by some occasion, or mischance, made their present return, that only excepted, where his brother S. W. R. was Captain, who took his course to the West Indies, but for want of victuals & other necessaries, when he had sailed as far as the islands of Cape de Verde, upon the coast of Africa, he was constrained to set sail and return for England. But S. H. G. enterprised the voyage the second time, and set to sea with three ships and pinnaces this year 1584. in which journey he lost his life.  
This year also S. W.R. encouraged by the reports of his men of the goodness of the soil, 
S.W. Raleigh.  and the fertility of the country, which they had discovered the last year past, and now by her majesty called Virginia, furnished with 8. sails of all sorts, set them to the sea, 
S.R. Greenfeeld.  appointing S. Richard Greenfeeld his Lieutenant, enjoining him either to tarry himself, or to leave some Gentlemen of good worth with a competent number of soldiers in the Country of Virginia, there to begin an English Colony. After they had sailed a certain number of leagues on the sea, by force and violence of fowl weather, they were separated one from the other; so that S.R.G. being singled from his fleet, all alone arrived in the Island of Hispaniola in the West Indies, about the midst of june following.  
In the month of May, 
Bruges recovered.  the Prince of Parma recovered the Town of Bruges, which next to Gaunt is the chiefest City in all Flaunders, all matters forepast forgotten, upon condition they would restore the Catholic Roman religion, and become true liegemen to the king of Spain. They of Gaunt likewise, all their Towns about them being taken by the Spaniards, and all their passage for provision stopped up, as also constrained through famine, entered into counsel either of delivering their town, or else of some reconciliation: and the Prince of Parma offered them the same conditions which they of Bruges had, all which, the Senators addicted to the Roman religion, and the Citizens thought good to embrace. And Imbysa who being Consul six years before, was the cause that their pacification was broken, and the expelling of the Pope's Agents, necessity thus constraining, yielded thereunto.  
The Pope daily urged by his Ambassador the Emperor, Rodolphe, 
The refusal of the new Calendar.  that his Calendar might be received & used throughout all Germany. But although the Emperor commanded it to be kept and observed in the kingdom of Bohemia, Austria, and other his hereditary possessions; yet the Princes of Saxony and others, constantly refused so to do, following the counsel of Augusta. But the Bishops for the most part, and amongst those, Ernestus of Coloine, Elector, and the Bishop of Monastery, began to allow of it in their Dioceses. The Senate of Augusta said, that in allowing of this Calendar, they intended nothing against the quiet of Religion, but for policy sake, that they might exercise their usual merchandise with the subjects of those neighbour Princes and Bishops which had received it; and that all manner of confusion in judgements, markets, and other public places in the City, risen by the difference of the Calendars, might be avoided: the which decree was obtained. Which when it was published at Augusta, the Ministers of the Gospel wrote to the Senators, that they would obey the decree in all political affairs, but in their Churches and celebration of their Feasts & exercises of their religion, they would by no means obey the Pope. Therefore the 24. day of May, they denounced to their auditory the Feast of the Ascension of Christ, the next day the 28. of May to be celebrated, which the Bishops had finished one month before. The Senate taking this in ill part, caused the superintendant to be carried out of the City, but the Citizens knowing thereof, ran first unarmed, then with weapons, and at the gate of the City took their Pastor out of the Cart; but the tumult increasing, the Ministers of the Gospel at the entreaty of the Senate dissuaded the Citizens from sedition, and appeased them. When some should be chosen out of the Senate, Patricians, Merchants, and the Commons, which should determine this controversy. To these the D. of Wittenberg and the Senate of ulme joined their Ambassadors, who the 4. day of june, which according to the Gregorian Calendar was the 14. do so arbitrate the matter, that all faults remitted, they after that throughout the whole City, should follow the new Calendar, which should be kept in policies, and both the Churches of Religion. Notwithstanding the peace and quietness of it should remain constant and firm. And that it should be lawful for the Ministers of the Gospel to protest unto their Auditors, that they had changed nothing, nor would change any thing in that doctrine which they had hitherto preached unto them, nor that they did obey the Pope, but the Imperial majesty and political magistrates, in observing & keeping the new Calendar with the rest in the City. D. Chytraeus.  
About the middle of june, Sir I. Perrot Knight, was sent over to be Lord Deputy in Ireland.  
This Deputy by the advise of the Council of Ireland, thought it best to bring the whole land into shire grounds, whereby the laws of England, might have a thorough course, and passage. And what S. H. Sidney had done in few Countries, that be performed in the whole realm, and to every new County he appointed & assigned several Sheriffs. holen.  
Upon the K. of Frances devise when he was K. of Poland, Manet ultima caelo: the Leaguers made this Distiche.  
Qui dedit ante duas unam abstulit, altera nutat,  
Tertia tonsoris nùnc facienda manu.  
Ericus Duke of Brunswick, the son of Ericus, 
The death of the Duke of Brunswick.  who spent the better part of his life in Belgia, Italy, Spain, and gave himself more to the Romish religion then the true doctrine of the Gospel, embraced of his Nobles and subjects, in the fifty six year of his age departed this life at Papia in Italy, upon whom this was written.  
Papa tibi, Papiaque fuit, non patria cura,  
Hinc procul a patria te tegit urbs Papia.  
Whom julius, founder of the University of julia, succeeded in the kingdom. D. Chytraeus.  
johannes Basilides, the great Duke of Mochovia, 
johannes Basilides.  or Emperor of Russia, who for 25 whole years had afflicted & scourged Linovia with war, this year ended his tyranny with his life. Who after the manner of Russia is reported to have been very godly. Being ready to die, he called his son Faedor (so they call Theodore) and the chief of his Nobility to him, in whose presence, with a godly exhortation he committed the whole Empire, and joined to him four of his wisest Counsellors, who should have care of him and the Empire, whom he persuaded, that being warned by him they would abstain from making war, and make peace with their neighbour Kings and Princes. He commanded also that for ten years space they should remit his subjects (sore wasted and brought to poverty by his waries) all his tributes, taxes, and Subsidies, that in this space they might recover themselves, and to all his Captains he gave free leave either to stay or depart: after this done, he was shaven, and betook himself to a Monastical life, and so died. Idem.  

The Christian Churches at Constantinople.  The same time that Amurathes joined the North part of Tauricus Cherronesus to the Turkish Provinces, all the Christian Churches at Constantinople (of which I understand there are about 30 in Monasteries and otherwise remaining) had almost been converted into denne● and holes of the religion of Mahomet, by the earnest motion of the high Bishop of the Turkish Priests (whom they call Mufti) And when the Grecians, Armenians, and other Christian nations most humbly pleaded and alleged the privileges granted by Mahomet the second, and other succeeding Emperors to the Christians, for a free exercise of their religion; the answer was, that they were tolerated by reason of the desolation of the City, and the small number of Musulmans Now since such multitudes profess the religion of Mahomet, that they need more Churches, it is meet that the Christians should yield to them. After this the Spanish Liedger at Venice, wrote, that Amurathes had spoiled all the Christian Temples, and made them his own: and had commanded to be done so with them at jerusalem: his anger was so great towards the Patriarch, that he caused him to be bound in chains & to be shamefully carried through the City, and from thence sent him to Rhodes. One cause of his anger towards him was, that he understood, that he had received the Pope's new Calendar into Greece & other Christian churches of the East, to the great offence of many. An other, for that he pronounced a sentence of divorcement against a mighty man in Greece, who the better to be revenged upon the Patriarch, renounced his faith & turned Turk, living afterwards in Amurathes Court, and continually incyting him against the Patriarch.  
Finally when in a Synod, 
The Patriarch of Constantinople.  it was decreed (as the Turk willed) that a company of the Grecians showld be carried into the Deserts, and there erect a Colony, and the Patriarch had said it was very hard & injust: Theophilus Hieroneonaclus & Perachonnius, told the Turk hereof: who abdicated the Patriarch, and put Pachonnius in his place; who being a rude and unlearned man, after he had been in the place one year, was removed, and Theoseptus succeeded, who was inaugurated the year, 1585.  
William Carter of London, at a Sessions in the Old-bayly, was there indited, arraigned, and condemned of high treason, for printing a seditious and traitorous book in English: Entitled, A Treatise of schism: and was for the same (according to sentence pronounced against him) drawn, hanged, and quartered. I. St.  
Two and thirty Seminaries, Massing Priests, 
Seminaries banished.  and other late prisoners in the Tower of London, Marshall-sea, King's bench, and other places, were embarked in the Mary Marlin of Colchester, to be transported over into the coasts of Normandy, to be banished this Realm for ever, by the virtue of a Commission from her Majesty, before specified.  
In the beginning of this year, at Riga in Livonia, 
An insurrection about the new Calendar  a great hurly burly happened amongst the Citizens about the Pope's new Calendar, which presently burst out into open sedition. D. Chytraeus.  
Henry Archbishop of Breme, Osuaborge, Padeborne, Duke of Saxony, the son of Frances the elder, a Prince endued with virtue, wisdom, clemency, and learning, in the flower of his youth, being of the age of 35. years, was called out of this World. Idem.  
Pope Gregory, the thirteenth of that name, a Bolonist, 
The Pope's death.  called before Hugo Boncompagno, being of the age of eighty years, died at Rome the eleventh day of April, when he had ruled in the Sea the space of thirteen years and a little more.  
This Pope renewed the hatred of his predecessor Pius the fifth, against the Queen of England: and so practised by all manner of means, one while by force, (as it appeareth by the great Armada sent into Ireland, and had a miserable end) an other while by craft and deceit (as was seen in the great traitor Parry, and others by him sent) who had also miserable end.  
It was the common voice and fame in Rome, that this Gregory before he was Pope, and also being Pope, had his concubine, of whom he had also title sons, which said unto him such Graces as made him to laugh: and being Pope, such was the grace that Phillippicus his son said, that the Pope his father gave him 5000. crowns a year. M. Cyp. Val.  

Sixtus. 5.  Felix Pereto, called Sixtus 5. was borne in a Village called Montalto, near to the City of Firmo, which is in the Marches of Ancona: he was of the order of the Franciscans, & Cardinal of Montalto.  
In this Pope the common saying of Spain was fulfilled: Rex por natura, y papa por ventura. A King by name, a Pope by adventure: for so poor was his father, that he was a Swineherd. Felix in his childhood was very poorly brought up, but showing some sparks of wit, a gentlewoman for God's sake clothed him with the habit of S. Frances, and entreated the Warden to receive him into his covent, where he studied the liberal sciences and school divinity, and in those sciences he much profited. In the end, being now of age, he was made Inquisitor. In which office such was his carriages, as few could abide his cruelty: and so it happened, that he called before him a Magnifico of Venice, (who being come) he entreated discourteously & inhumanly. This gentleman unaccustomed to h●●re such injuries and disgraces (as by that which after he did for revenge to the L. Inquisitor appeareth) stomached the matter. A few days after, this Gentleman encountered the Inquisitor; and when he saw him, he commanded his servant with a good cudgel which he carried, to abate the fierceness of the unhappy Pereto. Felix being thus cudgeled returned to Rome, and recounted his mischance to Pope Pius 4. The Pope hereat disdaining, sent him back to Venice with much more authority and power then before. 
A notable act of the signory of Venice.  When he was returned to Venice. he presented his commission to the signory. The signory being wise, and knowing the quarrellous humour of this man, and well perceiving that he came with a desire to be revenged, commanded a Wax candle to be lighted, and Felix, if he were wise, precisely to depart their dominion and jurisdiction, before that candle were consumed.  
This Felix unable to do otherwise, returned eftsoons to Rome, and complained to the Pope. The Pope seeing this man meet for his service, made him Master of his Palace.  
After this, when the Spanish Inquisition (of all men how high so ever feared, and liked of none) held the Archbishop of Toledo for suspected of heresy; the Pope sent Felix into Spain to hear this cause. The General of the Franciscans, the chief dignity among them, now happened to die. This dignity gave the Pope, whom a few years after, the same Pope made Cardinal. In the conclusion, when Gregory was dead, Felix by the means of his good friends in Spain was made Pope, and called himself Sixtus the fifth.  
This name he took in memory of Sixtus 4. who was as he, a Franciscan Friar. M. Cyp. Val.  
This Pope talking one day of his base birth and parentage, said that he came from a most illustrious house: for (said he) the upper part of the roof thereof being always torn and uncovered, the Sun daily made it most glorious with his beams. Antonius' Ciracella, de vitis pontificum  
The Princes of the Empire, with the K. of Denmark, 
The Prince of Saxony prisoner.  sent their Ambassadors in the month of March to the Emperor at Prage, to entreat for the enlargement of john Frederick Prince of Saxony, whom he held in prison the space of 18. years: which although the Emperor condescended to in word only, yet he bound the captive Prince with such hard conditions that he had rather have been a continual prisoner, then to be delivered after such manner. D. Chytraeus.  

The League.  Two things gave an alarm to he League: one, the assembly at Mountauban: the other the voyage of the D. d'Espernon to the K. of Navarre, which it took as brands to kindle her fire, and began to send out Commissions in all places in the king's name, who disavouched them, & prohibited the raising of soldiers. 
The K. Edict 18. of March, 1585. against raising of men  The first point of their disliking, showed the reason which moved the Cardinal of Bourbon, the Princes, Lords, Towns and Commons, being Catholics, to oppose themselves against the heretics. Secondly, because they were offended that the Parliament which they would have had to be holden concerning wars, to be made against the Huguenots, had been revoked. Thirdly, to break the Edict of pacification. Fourthly, because they stood in fear, that if the King should die without children, there would rise great trouble for the succession of the Crown: whereof the King of Navarre had great hope since the death of Monsieur the king's brother, by the practice of his friends, and favourers of the king. Fiftly, because of the great preparations of war, made both within and without the Realm, that should be ready by the 15. of April than next ensuing, to execute that which they said had been concluded in an assembly at Magdebourge the 15. of December, 1584. against the religion, the king, and his subjects: by the which it was agreed, that the Queen of England should furnish 5000. Rutters, 4000 Swissers, 12000. English Count Palatine, Prince Cassamire, and the D. Pomeranie, each of them 4000, Rutters. The Landgrave of Hesse, two thousand & 500 The Duke of Wittemberge 2000 The Lords of their League besides the Queen of England's Forces 5000. Swissers. The King's Protector and Consul of Scotland, 2000 Scots. The King of Navarre, the Prince of Conde, & their Associates, twenty and five thousand arquebusiers, and 4000 horse, that had sworn never to make peace with the King of France, but with all their consents to maintain the Prince of Orange in the low Countries against the King of Spain, and to help the Emperor to get the domains of the Empire, withholden by the Pope, and to send their deputies from all places in the month of March, to Basill and Switzerland, there to determine the differences of the Lords Supper. Sixtly, because those of the religion would not yield up the Towns by them held for the assurance of the execution of the Edict of peace. Seventhly, because of the universal abuse suffered in placing of Officers, in levying of moneys, and by invention of excessive oppressions laid upon the people: And lastly, against such as at abusing the King's favour and authority, had in a manner seized upon his person, impeached the ordinary access of honest men unto him, consumed the King's treasures, braved the Nobility out of the liberty of justice, spoiled the Clergy of their Tithes, and persuaded the King that it was necessary for his service, to weaken and diminish the authority of the Catholic Princes and Lords. Upon these just occasions, they said they were forced to meet in arms. H. of Fr.  
The League made war against the Huguenots, seizing upon the best Towns of the Catholics in all the Realm. Religion was preached in Guyenne, and they went to drive it out of Picardy: the Huguenots were Rochel, and the League's Army marched strait to Paris, they were at Mountpellier, and the League set upon Marsaille: which by means of the second Consul of the Town they took, who afterward was hanged.  
Antwerp, a City Brabant, 
Antwerp yieldeth to the king of Spain.  the most famous Town of all Belgia and Europe, after Alexander Farnese Duke of Parma had stopped their passage by the River by the space almost of an whole year: constrained by famine and the daily tumult of the common people, who desired peace, returned to the obedience of the king of Spain, & yielded to the Duke upon very mean conditions.  
On the 26. of june, arrived at London, Deputies for the Estates of the Netherlands or low Countries; and on the 29. of the same, they came to Greenwich, where by virtue of their commission from the united Countries, they presented to her Majesty the sovereignty of those Countries, to wit, of Brabant (but the commission for the siege of Antwerp not fully authorised) of Gelder, of Flaunders, Holland, Friesland, Zealand, and Vtrick. I. Hooker.  
The Queen of England, of her most gracious compassion and mercy, took into her protection and defence, the estate of Poland and Zealand.  

S.F. Drake.  Sir Frances Drake, General of the English Navy, took his voyage to the coasts of Spain and America, that thereby he might weaken the power of king Philip: he took the green Promontory, where the ships that are to go to America lie at Roade. Then came he to Hispaniola, an Island of S. Domingo, in the beginning of january, where he stirred up the slaves of Africa and Aethiopia (who had there their Colonies, and were so cruelly handled, that many times in despair they offered violence to themselves) to fight for their liberty, who being armed by them, killed the Spaniards, and delivered up the I'll. He took all their gold which was ready shipped for Spain: 254. pieces of Ordinance, and returned richly laden with gold into England, before Autumn, with 23. ships. D. Chytraeus.  
At this time was the conspiracy of Anth. Babington, Salisbury, Tytchbourne, Abington, etc. against our most gracious Sovereign, incited thereto by Mary Q. of Scots: who for this traitorous attempt, were arraigned, convicted, condemned & executed, according to the law made for traitors.  
A great victory happened to the Queen in Ireland, against the E. of Arrane and L. Feruhurst, who were banished out of Scotland. These practised with the Guise & the Spaniards, & brought with them 3000. Scots into Ireland, and at Conocke they were put to the sword by S. Ri. Bingan, governor of that province. Chytraeus.  
Upon the 8. day of September, Robert E. of Leicester, accompanied with divers honourable personages, Captains, and soldiers, with a train to the number of 50. sails of ships and hoys, set forward toward Flushing, where he was princely entertained by Grave Maurice, second son to the deceased Prince of Orange. I. Hooper.  
The Pope excommunicated the King of Navarre & the Prince of Conde, declaring him incapable to the succession of the Crown of France: 
The Pope excommunicated the king of Navarre and the Prince of Conde.  abandoning his person and his Countries, for a pray to such as could obtain it: but they sleigthly regarding it, opposed themselves against it. The K. of Navarre complained himself to all the estates of France, in that they had caused the succession of a king being yet alive, to be decided in the Court of Rome, made the title of a Prince of the blood, to be judged by the Pope: and suffered the Consistory to give that which belonged not unto them: he sent his Letters to the Clergy, the Nobility, and the Commons.  
The Princes of Germany, that sought to aid such as were of their religion, perceiving France to be a body wounded to death, sent their Ambassadors to the K. desiring him to open his eyes to the tears, & his ears to the complaints of his poor subjects, to hear the requests of his neighbours for his own good, the quietness and honour of his faith, his name, and reputation. The K. answered, that he knew what was necessary for himself and his subjects, & that according to the cause, and for their good and tranquility, he had made and changed his ordinances, as all Princes in Christendom use to do: and that for his part, having the fear of God, & the love of his subjects lively engraven in his heart, he would do nothing against the honour of his conscience, nor the fatherly care he had of his people. With which answer they returned not well pleased.  
This year, Augustus' Duke of Saxony, one of the Prince's Electors, new come from hunting suddenly died, 
The death of Augustus.  being of the age of 60. years, and was buried at Friberge. Genebrardus.  
There died likewise at the same time, Margarite of Austria, the base daughter of Charles the fifth, and mother of Alexander Duke of Parma, and Governor of Belgia.  
Charles Count Palatine married Dorithie the daughter of William Duke of Brunswick, at Cella. D. Chytraeus.  
On the fourth day of june, L. Edward, Earl of Rutland, went Ambassador into Scotland, for a ratification of a firm bond of peace between Elizabeth Queen of England, & james the sixth, K. of Scots, upon certain causes necessary and important, which was confirmed at Berwick the 19 of june, where the Ambassadors of Scotland were likewise present. I. Vowel.  
The 16. of july, not far from Barwick, the borderers of both the Nations of England and Scotland assembled to determine for recompense of all such injuries, as each people offered to other, at what time the Lord of Fernhurst. Warden of the Scottish borders, james Steward, Earl of Arrane, than Chancellor, and Sir 〈◊〉 Russell Knight, Lord Russell, and Sir I. Forster Knight, Warden of their middle Marshes. came with their company. When the Wardens were set upon the bench, there did suddenly arise amongst the people a contention, whereby followed at the first, some small fray, which being perceived by the Lord Russell, 
The death of the L. Russel.  he arose from the bench, and called for his horse, who meaning to appease the matter, went amongst the press, at what time a certain number of shot coming on him, he was suddenly (but most unjustly) slain with a piece amongst the rest, discharged against him by a Scot, borne about that place (suspected by the most, to be the Lord of Fernhursts brother) The loss of which noble Gentleman, being of so great a hope, was much lamented, and that especially for his untimely death, so injuriously by the Earl of Arrane (as the common report went) procured and so suddenly performed, he in the 35. year of his age, did bereave the Realm of England of a goodly young person, well stayed in government, bountiful, wise, and virtuous, whose death happened the day before that his honourable father the Earl of Bedford, departed this world. I. Hooker.  

Heluetians.  Fourteen thousand Heluetians who were Catholics, and commanded to appear by the King of Navarre, went to the aid of the holy League: but before they took their journey, they all received the Sacrament, and swore that they did bear Arms only for the defence of the Catholic faith: but if the king should be found to do any favour to the Heluetians, they promised to lay down their weapons and return. Anth. Cicarella.  
A Parliament was held in November, both for the continuing of the defence of the low Countries against the King of Spain: and as for the determining of the treacherous practices of the Queen of Scot, she was forthwith conveyed to Foderinghay Castle, in Northampton Shire, 
The death of the Queen of Scots.  which sometimes belonged to the Dukes of Lancaster; where being tried by the Nobles of the Realm, she was found guilty, and afterward beheaded.  
She was crowned Queen of Scots when she was but 18. months old, and after in the sixth year of her reign called into France, where at 15. years she was married to Frances the second: then the Dolphin of France being 14. years of age, with whom she lived three years. After whose decease, she returned into Scotland, and was married to Henry Arlye, at the age of 22. by whom she had one only son, jeames the sixth, now king. This husband dead, she was married the third time to the Earl of Bothuell, who died in prison; after this, she lived 18. years in England. Genebrardus.  
Gulielmus Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, departed this life, whom his only son Vincentius succeeded, being of the age of 25. years. Idem.  
Sir F. Drake returned out of America, came into Zealand, the other fleet went towards India, who took two ships out of S. Thomas I'll, and the Governor thereof. The one of them perished, the other was brought home a rich prize.  
This year at Zutphen in Gilderland. S. Philip Sidney, 
The Death of S. Ph. Sidney  England's Mars and Muse, was shot in the thigh with a Musket, whereof he died. His body was conveyed into England, and honourably buried in Paul's. I. Vowel.  
Frederick king of Denmark, solicited by the king of Navarre for aid against Guise, sent his Ambassadors to Henry king of France, who should entreat that the peace of the reformed Religion, granted before by the king, and confirmed by oath, might be kept with the king of Navarre and his followers D. Chytraeus.  
At Augusta, after the superintendant was cast out, 
Augusta.  the estate of the Ministers of the Church, waxed every day worse. For after that, the Gregorian Calendar was received of them, the pontifical Magistrate assured to himself authority and right of choosing and calling the Ministers of the Church, which privilege the Elders and Governors of the Church had before, with the Ministry, & held it by the authority of the Emperor, who sent Commissioners to that end into the City. But when the Ministers of the Church would not agree to them, they were all commanded to depart the City before Sun set, and others of the same confession were called from Noriberga and other places, and substituted in their places. Whom when the people could not hear, nor use their service, the pontifical Magistrate besides the garrison that was already in the town, brought more soldiers, thereby to terrify them, and bring them to obedience. D. Chytraeus.  
julius Bishop of Wurtzeburg began to use great cruelty towards them of the confession of Augusta, in his Dioceses, banishing many of them, and constraining them to sell their goods in so short a space that they left the third part to him. William Lantsgrave of Hesse his neighbour, dissuaded him from this cruelty; but following the example of Balthasar Abbot of Fulden, who greatly persecuted his subjects under the pretext of Religion: he not only incurred the hatred of all men, but was deprived of all titles and dignities. Idem.  

Bathorus dieth.  This year upon the 27. of September, Stephen Bathorus King of Poland, Prince of Transiluania, died when he had reigned 10. years.  
Him followed in this way of all flesh, Mahomet (the servant of God) King of Persia, who all his reign held war with the Turk with equal fortunes. And in Saxony Frederick Duke of Saxony.  

james K. of Scots, besieged and taken.  The 20. of October, james the King of Scots was besieged by his subjects, and taken in the Castle of Saint Damian. Those Dukedoms and Seignories which many years before john Basilides Prince of Moschovites had taken from the Polanders, the aforesaid Stephen recovered again, and annexed them to the crown, he showed himself of a dauntless spirit against the Turk, for when according to the ancient custom, he demanded certain Forces to maintain his wars against the Sophy of Persia, he denied him, saying that the white Eagle of Poland which before was unfeathered, and of no force, was now become young again, full fledged, and had whet and sharpened her bill and talents. Anch. Cicar.  
This year Master Thomas Cavendish began his voyage about the world, upon the twenty one of july, 
M. Cavendish voyage about the world.  entering in at the strait of Magellan, and returning by the Cape bona Speranza; Which voyage he finished to the space of two years, and less than two months, arriving at Plymouth the ninth of September. 1588. Master Richard Haklnit.  
In the beginning of this year, Sir William Standley traitorously yielded up those Towns of the which he was made Governor by the Earl of Leicester.  
After the death of Stephen King of Poland, 
Contention about the election of the king of Poland  the Polanders were careful for the election of a new. Some thought it best to offer it to the Emperor, who had succeeded without any other election his Father Maximilian, the chosen King of Poland, If he had come to the possession thereof. Some proposed the Duke of Parma, because he was a wise and valiant soldier, and for that he was the Nephew of Cardinal Farnese, who when he was Protector of this Realm, was very kind and liberal to the people. Many had liking to the Prince of Transiluania, and to Cardinal Bathoraeus, and the Duke of Ferrrara. Nobles likewise were desirous of it, amongst whom Samoscius the high Chancellor (whom Stephen had preferred to such height of honour that nothing was thought wanting in him for the perfection thereof but the title of a King) was thought most fit. But all these were excluded, and there were yet two other competitors, Sigismond Prince of Suecia, and Maximilian Archduke of Austria, and brother to the Emperor.  
Maximilian is chosen of the one part; 
Maximilian. Sigismond.  Others proclaimed med Sigismond, a young Prince of twenty years of age, or thereabout.  
These two were both called to the possession of a kingdom, who hearing thereof made speedy haste thereto. Maximilian first came with his Army, consisting of sixteen thousand horse and foot, and pitched his Tents in a field near the City of Craconia, and sent to the Citizens that he might be crowned. The Cracovians would by no means admit him, but sent Letters to the Prince of Suetia, that he would come, who with great joy was received and crowned. Now the Polanders thought themselves strong enough for the Muschovites, whose Duke they called the Dragon of the North, and against whom they bear an innated hatred. Chytraeus. And. Cicarell. Gen.  

D. of Guise.  The Duke of Guise perceiving the Army of Rutters to be a body dispearced, having nothing but the legs and Arms, executed upon them that, which he had determined from the first day of their entry, which was upon the generals lodging, and so by striking the shepherd, divided the flock, as Caesar did at the battle of Pharsalia.  
The Pope, the King of Spain, and the Duke of Savoy, made fires of joy, and pronounced the praises of the Duke of Guise. The Pope sent him a sword engraven with burning flames. The Duke of Parma had sent him his Arms, saying: that among all the Princes of Europe, it belonged only to Henry of Lorraine to bear Arms, and to be a commander in the wars.  

Max. taken prisoner.  After many broils between these two elected Kings of Poland, Max▪ was constrained to leave Poland, but he was pursued by Samoscius the Chancellor, and at Pitscha he besieged him and took him prisoner.  

Maria de la Visitatione.  In this year, 1588. Maria de la Visitatione, Prioress of the Monastery de Annunciada in Lisbon, was held for wonderful holy: whose hypocrisy and false miracles were discovered, and publicly condemned. Her the fond people called the holy Nun. Another Franciscan (I should have said a Dominican) a few years since, rose up in Lisbon, who they said had the five wounds of Christ, as had S. Francess: and many other things they say of her. One Stephen de Lusignan, a Dominican Friar, who collecting all he could get to extol her, compiled a book in French, and dedicated the same to the Queen of France, Imprinted at Paris by john Bessant 1586. In the beginning of the book, she is pictured like a Dominican Nun, with a black mantle, and a white roll, a coat, and white loose habit upon the Mantle, and on her head a crown of thorns: the Crucifix on high set over her, and falling towards her, with rays from the wounds which reach to the feet and hands of the Nun, that out of the same cometh a heart, which she holdeth betwixt the fingers of her right hand: a Dragon she hath under her feet, a Dominican Friar before her kneeling, and a secular man and woman: and at her left side, a pair of Beads hanging. The title of the book is this. The great miracles, and the most holy wounds, which this present year have happened to the right reverend mother, now Prioress of the Monastery de la Anunciada, in the City of Lisbon, in the Kingdom of Portugal, of the order of preaching Friars, approved by the reverend Father, Friar Lewis de Granada, and by other persons of credit M. Cyp. Val.  
So famous was the holiness of this Nun, that Cardinal Albertus of Austria, sent information to Pope Sixtus the fifth. To whom the Pope wrote this Letter. With great joy have we read that thou hast procured to be written, the virtues of the Prioress of the Monastery Anunciada, of the most holy Virgin. And of the great benefits which God hath showed her, we pray thy divine goodness from day to day, to make her more worthy of his grace, and to enrich her with his heavenly gifts, for the glory of his name, and joy of his faithful. Given in S. Mary's at Rome, with the little Ring of the fish.  
Frederick the second, king of Denmark, the 30. year of his reign, and 54. of his age, departed this life at Arderfoa in Zealand: whom Christian the fourth, of eleven years of age succeeded.  
In the month of April, 
K. Philip asketh counsel of Maria de la Visitatione  1588. Philip the second of that name, King of Spain, pretending to send his invincible Fleet for the conquest of England, made choice by the advice of the Prioress of the Monastery of the Anunciada, whose name was Mary of the visitation, as most worthy for her holiness, to bless his Standard royal, the which she did, with using divers other ceremonies, and in the delivery thereof to the Duke of Medina Sidonia, who was appointed the chief General, she did pronounce openly good success and victory to the Duke, in saying he should return a victorious Prince. This standard was carried in procession by Dan Francisco de Gordova, who was a Spaniard, and the tallest Gentleman that could be found, he being on horseback, to the end it might be better seen. At the solemnising whereof, there was such a number of people assembled, that divers of them perished in the throng. There was present the Archduke Albertus, Cardinal and Governor of the kingdom of Portugal, the Pope's Nuncio the Archbishop, who was head Inquisitor, with divers other Nobles, Prelates, and Gentlemen. This solemnisation dured so long that Albertus fainted with fasting, and his holy Nun to comfort him, caused a mess of the broth which was for her own diet to be brought, who presented it to him, which he accepted most willingly, coming from the hand of so holy a Nun: but the next year all her holiness false miracles, and great dissimulations was then found out, and she condemned and punished for the same. M. Cyp. Val.  

The Spanish Navy.  The Navy of the King of Spain three whole years in furnishing, was 125. great ships, with 20000. choice soldiers out of Spain and Italy, 10000 soldiers, 2000 pieces of Ordinance, with all manner of furniture and provision for six months, at the end of May set out from the haven of Tagus, and slowly proceeding to the Western coast of Spain, the 30. of june it came to Coronis, a Port of Spain, towards the farthest North in the bounds of Gallicia and Asturia, which Ptoloney calleth the haven of the Artabrians. The chief General of the Navy was Alphonsus Peresius, Duke of Medina Sidonia.  
The Admiral by sea was johannes Marsinus Recaldeus of Cantabria. But when hey had hoist their sails, scarce out of the sight of the Spanish coast, 
A tempest divideth them.  a tempest suddenly rising, they were divided and scattered, and with contrary winds driven into the same and the neighbouring havens of Asturia and Biscay.  
The King when he understood that the whole Navy met together at Coronis, commanded that forthwith it should go for England, joining with the Duke of Parmaes' ships in Belgia, and to set the soldiers upon the continent.  
S. F. Drake vice-admiral, followed them close, 
S. F. Drake.  and took the hindermost that slowly sailed after, and in her, Petrus Valdesius. The Navy of the Duke of Parma partly by adverse winds hindered, and partly by a Navy of Zealand, that lay before Dunkirk, in vain any longer expected of the Spaniards, the Duke of Sidonia cast Anchor near unto Callaice.  
Sir Frances Drake the next night filled eight old ships with pitch, brimstone, and other matter for fire, 
A strategem.  a great wind blowing on their backs, drove them upon the Spanish Navy. Who fearing lest their ships likewise had been burnt, cut their Anchors and departed. Whom S. Frances by this stratagem so dispersed and put to flight, pursued with his balls of fire, and by reason of the greatness and height of the Spanish ships, few of them miss. Of this great Fleet 32. were sunk and taken by the English, and in them, 10000 soldiers, the rest of the Navy were thus scattered: two were driven to Flissingam all to beaten and wracked: the other after long sailing, returned into Spain. The D. of Parma dismissed his fleet, cashiered his Mariners, and sent some of the soldiers to the siege of Bergam Vpsome. D. Chytraeus. M. Gall. Anth. Ciccarella  
This year the Duke of Bullen died at Geneva of the age of 25. years.  
The most Christian Prince of Conde, 
The Prince of Conde poisoned.  whom Sixtus the fifth excommunicated and cursed, died of poison.  
In the same year, H. of Lotharing, D. of Guise, by the commandment of the K. of France, was slain at Blois, 
The Duke of Guise slain.  where the Parliament was held: and the day after the Cardinal his brother. The Duke was 42. years of age, and was slain in his Clymactetic year.  
If Plutarch had lived in these times, he would have compared him to C. julius Caesar. Genebrardus.  
This is that wonderful year of the which johannes Rhegiomontanus the great Mathematician wrote a Prognostication or Prophecy, almost after that of Sibilla. Post mill expletos. Idem.  

The general troubles and tumults in this year.  The like johannes Stofflaus a famous Astrologian, and in our time that noble Gentleman johannes Rantzoutus, foretold in his book of Climacterike years, and the fall of Empires. Whose Prophecies have sorted to try events, which we have seen this year.  

Poland.  First the kingdom of Poland was most miserably troubled by civil & intestine wars, by reason of four Kings they had at once in this year. Sigismond of Suecia, Maximilian of Ostrich, Henry Valois, and Stephen Bathor, as then unburied. So likewise Suecia was vexed by sundry tumults; Frederick the second being dead, four Protectors governed the kingdom during his sons minority. 
Q of Scots. England. Turks.  The Queen of Scots was beheaded. England obtained a wonderful victory at sea over the Spaniards. The Sophy of Persia died. The Turk had ill success in Hungary against the Christians. The Hungarians likewise suffered great losses. 
Italy.  Maximilian taken captive by the Polanders was committed to prison. Italy was sore molested by the Bandits. France was encumbered with civil broils. Germany brought to sleep by her old religion, embraceth now that face of religion. And to be brief, from the rising of the Sun, to the setting thereof, there was no place in the which somewhat happened that was not worthy to be wondered at. See Genebrardus.  

Guise.  The death of the Duke of Guise and of his brother, caused many, and the most principal Cities of France, as Paris, Rouen, Lions, Tholous, and others, to rebel against the King. M. Cyprian. Val.  
After that the King of France had commanded the D. of Guise to be slain, 
The Pope angry with Henry the 3.  and his brother Cardinal to be strangled, he committed likewise to prison Charles Cardinal Bourbon, Legate apostolic, Peter Archbishop of Lions, and heir of the Duke of Guise, which when the Pope understood, he took it grievously, and in the highest Consistory, made an oration thereof to his Cardinals. About this matter, not long after he sent an Ambassador to H. of France, to entreat for the delivery of the Cardinal of Bourbon, and the Archbishop of Lions: to whom was answered, that for the Cardinal, he might by no means be delivered, for that his enlargement would stir sedition: and as touching the Archbishop, that it was not in him to do, when that Guastius, who had charge of the Castle of Ambois, and the prisoners, now being treated Lord thereof, no prisoner could be dismissed without paying his ransom, When the Pope had often in vain solicited the K. and was denied, he thus decreed, 
He threateneth excommunication.  that if at a certain time the King did not deliver them, and thirty days after their enlargement, certify it to the Apostolic Sea by his Letters, under his own hand and seal, that forthwith he was excommunicated, and did incur all Ecclesiastical censures, which are read in the holy Canons, in the general and particular constitutions, and in the Bull of the Supper of the Lord. This also was determined against all those which were of his counsel or aid, or any way had assisted him in the premises. Besides, he cited the King himself, that within the space of 60. days, which should begin from the day of the notice to the king: that he in his own proper person, or some one especially in his place, should come to Rome, there to yield reason wherefore he caused the Duke of Guise to be slain, and held in prison the Cardinal and Archbishop: and that the rest that were summoned, should come themselves without deputies: to this also he added, that none of them, nor the king himself, no not in case of conscience, the hour and days of death excepted, and not then to be absolved, unless he obeyed, and satisfied the Church in all things which he was enjoined to do. Without this promise he might not be absolved, not in the full jubilee, or the holy mark of the Cross, any indulgence, power, or privilege whatsoever, to him or his predecessors before granted notwithstanding. Anth. Cicarella.  
The Huguenots in their writings published at that time, 
Huguenots.  acknowledged not that action of the thirteenth of December, as a clap of thunder, that maketh more noise than it doth hurt, nor as a disgrace of fortune, whereunto the greatest personages are most subject▪ but as a work of God, and as one of the most notable works that he had wrought for them, thereby beginning to work their revenge, for the massacre of S. Bartholomewes' day, and to relieve them out of the miserable state wherein they stood.  
In the month of january the Ambassadors of the Emperor Rodolphe, treated with the Polanders about the delivery of Max. Archduke of Austria, in the territories of Silesia & Polonia at Beutena. Where upon certain conditions to be by him performed, he was enlarged without ransom. D. Chytreus.  

The death of the Queen of France.  Upon Twelve eve, Katherine de Medici's, the daughter of Laurentius de Medici's, D. of Urbin, and Magdelen the daughter of the E. of Bononie and Auerina, the wife of H. the 2. King of France, and mother of the French K. H. 3. in the 70. year of her age, and fifth day of her sickness, died at Blois. Genebrardus.  
This year, 1589. the holy Nun before spoken of, was found to be a counterfeit. Wherefore the Lords pronounced sentence against her, in the Monastery of the mother of God, of the order of S. Francis, in the City of Lisbon. And for that she had not dealt with, nor invocated the devil, they adjudged her to perpetual imprisonment. M. Cyp. Val.  

The king of France excommunicated.  The Pope Sixtus 5. excommunicateth the K. of France. The K. came upon Paris, and besieged it straightly. The Parisians. seeing themselves in that estate, resolved of no other remedy for deliverance of their present misery, but to kill the king. To him that would kill him, they did promise great rewards. Amongst all these, was a jacobine Friar, called jaques Clement, borne in a Village called Sorbone, near Seins, having passed through the hands of certain Confessors, and conferred with some Jesuits and others, was for a kind of dexterity in him observed, found meet to strike so great a stroke. He was urged and put forward therein; and in the end the D. demain, the sister of Montpensier, & other, had conference with him in divers places, they requested him to persever in this good determination, which they knew to rise in him by extraordinary inspirations to perform so renowned a service to the holy union, the Catholic Church and his Country. They caused the zealous Sorbonists and jesuits to preach, that the people should yet have patience for 7. or 8. days, and they should see some wonderful matter come to pass, that should make well with the union. The Preachers of Rouen, Orleans, and Amiens, preached the like at the same time, and in semblable terms. The Friar having taken order for his complot, departed from Paris, & went toward S. Clovis. He being presented to speak to the K. the 1. of August, said that he had Letters from the Precedent of Harlay, and credence on his part: the K. caused him to be called into his chamber, where there was no other but the L. of Belle-good, and the procurer General, 
The K is slain by a jacobin Friar.  whom he procured to retire a part. The Friar perceiving himself alone, and opportunity put into his hand, confirming his countenance more & more, drew out of one sleeve a paper, which he presented to the K. and out of the other, poisoned knife, with which, violently he sheathed a thrust within the kings small ribs: who feeling himself wounded, plucked the knife out of the wound, wherewith he struck the Friar above the eye, & thereupon some gentlemen rushing in, could not contain, but murdered the murderer, although the king commanded the contrary. This Friar after, for his bloody deed was canonised a Saint.  
In the annagransme of his name, Friar jaques Clement, 
The Death of the king of France, H. the 3.  were found these words in so many letters: C'est l'enfer quim'a creè: which signifieth: It is hell that created or brought me forth. The K. died the next morning following: but before his departure, he named the K. of Navarre his brother, lawful successor to the Crown, exhorted his subjects to obey him, to remain united, and to refer the difference of religion, to the convocation of the estates general of the Realm, who would think upon convenient remedies for the same, to have a care of religion and piety, and pray to God for him: upon these words he gave up the ghost. Hist. of France. D. Chytraeus.  
He lived 37 years, 10 months, and 11. days, he reigned 15. years and two months, in this Prince failed the Kings of the race of Valois, which had reigned in France from the year, 1515. to the year, 1589. under their dominions, almost all the wonders of former ages had been renewed. Whom H. the 4. of the race of Bourbon, succeeded. Genebrardus.  
This is worthy of special note. In the month of May, 4. months before he was slain, a certain learned man being asked by his friends what he hoped of this H. the third K. Per sorts Virgilianas' inquirens, The book of Virgil being opened, and the 7. verse, which number he chose in his mind▪ he found, 
Olli dura quies oculis, & ferreus urget  
Soninus, in aeternam clauduntur lumina noctem.   

The victory of Harens.  After his death, wars began a fresh, betwixt the confederate Catholics, and the king of Navarre, many hot skirmishes were, at the length, on the tenth of March, a battle was fought at Harens, where the king had the victory, but not without the loss of many of his Nobles. The D. demain presently repaired his Host, but the K. converted all his Forces against Paris, 
The siege at Paris.  and besieged it, where was so great a famine, that a bushel of wheat was sold for one hundred & fifty crowns, a mutton for 26. pounds. This siege was raised by the Duke of Parma: in all this space the Pope sent no succour to the confederates. Anth. Cicarrella.  

Philip displeased with the Pope.  Philip K. of Spain, was much displeased with the Pope, for that he would not aid the confederates, nor excommunicate those Princes and Prelates which followed the K. of Navarre. The K. therefore urged that there might be a protestation made thereof against the Pope. But the Pope justified his cause before the Cardinals, showing that he always behaved himself uprightly in the French affairs wherefore certain Cardinals were appointed, who should understand both the causes of the Popes, and the kings, so that no protestation might be made. A little before, some difference happened between the Pope and Count Oliver, the king's Ambassador: for that cause the K. sent the D. of Soisson for the French businesses, but what time this Legate came, he was fallen very sick, so that no conference was had about so weighty a cause. Anth. Cicarr.  
This Sixtus was very covetous, for he sold many offices which before were given gratis.  
When news came to him Rome of the King of France his death, he made a solemn oration in the Consistory of Cardinals the 11. of September, 1589. where he not only compared the treason of this cursed jacobine Friar, with the act of Eleazar and of judith, but said also that it surpassed them. Of Eleazar is made mention 1. Machab. 6. who seeing an Elephant more mighty than the rest, armed with the Arms of the king, supposing that King Antiochus was upon him, to deliver his people, and purchase eternal glory, he adventured himself, and ran courageously to the Elephant, through the midst of the squadron, killing on the right hand and on the left, and all sides throwing down, until he came under the Elephant, and placing himself under him, slew him: the Elephant fell to the ground upon him, and there he died, judith cut off the head of Holophernes. The war that Antiochus and Holophernes made against the people of God, was most unjust: the war which H. the 3. made against the League which had conspired against him, to kill him, was most just, so that herein was he no tyrant.  
This Pope likewise not thus satisfied, forbade that any obsequies & honours accustomed to be made for the dead, should be made for him; and commanded also, that they should nor pray for him. M. Cyp. Valerian.  
This year in the month of April, 
A Fleet for Lisbon.  the Queen of England commiserating the wrong of D. Antonio, the exiled King of Portugal, sent a well appointed Navy to Vlisbone, under the conduct of Sir F. Drake, and Sir I. Norris. Where they took many Spanish ships, richly laden with all manner of Merchandise. Then landing their soldiers, they took Cascais, a neighbouring Town to Lisbon, and a Suburb. But the plague increasing in their ships, they went no further, but returned for England: and by the way forbidden the coasts of Germany, by reason of their contagious sickness, many of them died miserably.  
This Pope through the devotion & request of the most Catholic K. of Spain, 
Friar Lewis de Baltram.  ordained to be made the process of the miracles of Friar Lewis de Beltram in Arragon, one of the order of the Friars of S. Dominicke, to put him in the number and Catalogue of the Saints. M. Cyp. Val.  

Priests recanted.  William Tedder and Anthony Tirrill, Seminary Priests, recanted their erroneous opinions at Paul's Cross.  
This year in Italy fell such store of rain, as never was remembered the like before. And at Rome was a great abundance of waters, that Tiber could not be held within his bounds, but twice breaking forth, so overflowed the City, that they went up and down the streets in boats. At Venice (which containeth in circuit 8. Italian miles, 25. islands, Parishes 62. Monasteries 41. and 400. common bridges, which every year receiveth only out of custom and toll, twenty hundred thousand Ducats, which is a City in the midst of the Sea, built upon piles, without walls, & most famous throughout all the world) the Adriatic Sea did so arise, that the channels of the city with the abundance of the water fallen, did so rage and swell, that they had no other thought but the whole City would have been drowned. Genebr. After this, followed a great dearth. Cicar.  
Anne, the sister of Christian the 4. K. of Denmark, daughter of Frederick the 2. is married to james the 6. K. of Scots. D. Chytr.  
In the higher Germany, johannes Starmius Rector of the University of Strasbourge, a very learned and studious man, departed this life the 92. year of his age. Idem.  

The Pope's great treasure  Pope Sixtus, the first year of his Popedom, laid up in the Castle of S. Angelo, ten hundred thousand Ducats, with this decree, that no part of this treasure might be expended, or errogated, unless it were in the recovery of the holy Land, or a general expedition against the Turk; and not then, till the Armies were over the Sea, and upon the Turkish shore. Or that there were such an exceeding dearth & scarcity, or pestilence, or some Christian Province were in distress, or like to fall into the hands of the Infidels, and enemies of the Church, which cannot be recovered without money. Anth. Cicarrella.  

An heretic burned.  Frances Ket, M. of Art, of Wimondham in Norfolk, was convented before Edmund Bishop of Norwiche, for holding divers detestable opinions against Christ our Saviour, and was therefore burned nigh the City.  
This year died johannes Sturmius in high Germany, being of the age of four score and two years: he was Rector of the University of Argentine, a very learned and religious man.  
In the same year, and for the same use, the Pope laid up ten thousand Ducats more, for the recovery of some kingdom in the possession of the enemies of the Church of Rome: to these two treasures he added thirty hundred thousand more, so that after his death were left about five Millions, 1.500000. Crowns. Anth. Cicarrella.  
In the month of january, 
The marriage of the King of Scots.  the marriage of the king of Scots to Anne the daughter of Fred. the 2. was solemnised with great and royal pomp at Crovebourge. Genebrardus.  
All Saxony this year was in quiet.  
In the beginning of March, the Duke de main with all his troops came to the River of Seine, thereby to pass over the bridge of Mante, whereof the king being advertised, 
The battle at Yurie.  provided for his affairs, and the 12. of the same month, he set forward to meet his enemies: and at Yurie he did many notable exploits, and had the victory. Of the horsemen there were about fifteen hundred slain and drowned, and about 400. taken prisoners. Amongst the dead was known to be slain, the E. of Egmont, who was Colonel of the troops, sent by the Duke of Parma: one of the Dukes of Brunswick, Chastegueray with others. More than 20. Colonels of horsemen was at this time won by the K. among the which was the white Cornet, the chief standard belonging to the Spanish General, and to the Flemings: the Cornet of the Rutters, and more than 60. Ensigns of footmen, besides the 24. Ensigns of the Swissers, which were yielded presently after the slaughter. In this battle of Yurie, all the footmen of the Leaguers were overthrown.  
The King lost the Lords of Cleremount, d' Antragues, Captain of his Guards, the Lord Scliomberge, de Bongualuay, de Crenay, Fesquieres, and 15. or 20. other Gentlemen, a few soldiers, and a few hurt. D. Chytraeus.  
The 10. of May, Charles Cardinal Bourbon, 
The death of Carls Bourbon.  proclaimed K. by the confederates of the League, by the name of Charles 10. died at Fountnay, being in prison. The same learned man that prophesied of H. the 3. his death, being asked likewise by a friend, whether this Charles should be K. of France or no, he opened his Virgil again, and pronounced this verse which was next at hand. Cedat ius proprium regi, patriaeque remittat. This was done the 19 of August, 1589. Genebrardus.  

The death of Sixtus. 5.  The 27. of August, whilst the Parisians did strive with famine and death, Pope Sixtus the 5. died at Rome.  
This Pope made a Decree that there should not be above 70. Cardinals at once, and amongst them, 4. Doctors of Divinity, who should be chosen out of the Regulars Mendicant, and that the Cardinal should be created in the month of Decemb. For from Clement 6. this custom began in December, & continued in the church above 600. years after Christ. This Pope notwithstanding broke this decree when he created Cardinals, Allen and Morosine, who he made out of this time. Besides, he decreed that the number of 70. should never be full, but there should always be some void places. He made many new holy days in the Church, as the presentation of the glorious virgin Mary, of S. Frances, of Paula, S. Nicholas, of Tollentius, S. Antonius, of Padua, S. Placid, & his fellow Martyrs, Eutichius, Victorinus, brothers of those Cardinals, and his sister Flavia, whom he commanded to be put in the Roman Calendar. Anth. Ciccarella.  
A dissension happened between the Legate of Spain and France, about the Pope's canonizing of Didaco in the Church of S. Peter. Idem.  
Whilst the Sea was void, by reason of some who would have pulled down a statue, which was erected to this Pope in the Capitol; the Romans decreed that no Pope afterward should have any statue set up during his life.  

Vrban. 7.  Vrban Pope, the 7. before called john Baptist, borne at Rome, of the house of Castagnea, which was one of the noblest houses in Genoa, Sixtus always loved this house well, & greatly approved his judgement, which he used in all his serious affairs. A little before he died, when Pears were set upon the table, he took one of them & cut in the midst, and found it rotten, likewise an other, and found it so too, than he said, these Pears are loathsome, let them be changed for Chest-nuts; by the Pears signifying himself, for that he issued from the stock of the Piretts, and in his Arms did bear Pears: by the Chest-nuts he meant the Cardinal, who descended from the house of Castagnea or Castanea, and bare in his Scutcheon a Chestnut in chief. This Pope would be called Vrbanus, either for that he much affected the precedent Popes of this name, or that he might signify, that he was borne at Rome, for Vrbs with the Romans per Automasiam, signifieth Rome. Or for that he had determined to use all sorts of men gently. Anth. Cicce. Genebrardus. D. Chytraeus.  
Upon the day of his election, there happened a wonderful Earthquake at Vienna in Austria, and in many Towns of Moravia and Bohemia.  
This year died jacobus Andrens, Chancellor of the University of Tubing, who reform many Churches of the Princes and Cities in Germany. And Hieronimus Mencetius a reverend old man, when he had governed the churches of the County of Mansfeeld thirty years. Likewise Paulus Mathias Bishop of Roscilda in Denmark, a most learned man and religious. And johannes Arevarius, who set forth the Hebrew Lexicon.  
The next day after his election he fell sick, wherefore he determined in the evening to remove his Court to the hill of Quirinus, as to a better air; many Cardinals therefore, Prelates and Lords, came to attend upon him, but when he was told, that it was against custom to go abroad before he was crowned, he would not go. 
The death of Pope Vrban.  But his disease increasing so violently upon him, that the 17. of August he departed this life, having continued in the place 12. days, and in the 70. year of his age: and was buried in S. Peter's Church. Anth. Ciccer.  
The same day that Vrbanus was chosen Pope, there was a great Earthquake in Vienna, Moravia, and Bohemia, Prage. D. Chytraeus.  
A truce was taken for 10. years between the Emperor of the Turks Amurathes, and the King of Persia. 
Magus Bragadinus.   
Marcus Bragadinus a Grecian borne, first a Franciscane, than a Capuchin a notable cozener, was executed at Monaca in Bavaria. This fellow professed at Venice the art of making gold, neither did his art or cunning deceive him, for he made so much gold that he gave away whole wedges to his friends, making no more account of gold then of brass or Iron. He lived princelike, and kept a great train, and by his excellency in the art Magic, drew the hearts of many of the greatest Nobles in Italy to him, so that he was called an other Paracelsus. When his name was thus spread far & near, at the length he came to Monaca, the D. of Bavaria his court. Who soon finding out his deceits and devilish arts, cast him into prison, and when the D. commanded that he should be examined upon the rack, he desired that he might not be tortured, saying that he would confess all he had done voluntarily; with request that it might not be published. He likewise said that he had deserved death, but desired that his concubine Signora Caura & her family might be conveyed safe & harmless into Italy. This sentence than was pronounced upon him: First that a couple of dogs whom he had abused in his diabolical art, should be shot, and himself to be hanged. The next day a new gibbet was set up covered all over with copper, and in the midst of it an halter, likewise wrapped with copper, by which sign his cozening in making Gold might be signified. Near the gallows a high scaffold was set up and covered with black cloth, upon it a chair where Marcus Bragadinus was placed, and after a speech made he was executed. M. G. Belgicus.  

D. de main  The Duke de main being in the D. of Parmaes' court, writ divers Letters to the borderers of Picardy, that shortly they should see a puissant army for the deliverance of Paris. Afterward the D. de Nemours being the Pope's Legate, the Ambassador of Spain, the Bishop of Paris, the Archbishop of Lions, the Bishop of Plaisance, those of Rheims, Senlis, and others, Bellarmin and Tyceus, Jesuits, with many more of the Roman Clergy, caused solemn processions to be made, double fastings, brotherhoods, visitations of Temples, vows & supplications, and all to entertain & hold the people in a vain hope of deliverance; but all this while famine made war against the Parisians.  
Gregory 14. before called Nicholas, was borne at Milan, 
Gregory 14  his father's name was Frances Sfondrate, of an ancient & wealthy family. He was elected Pope in the place of Vrbane.  
The 8. day of january he instituted a jubilee, and commanded it to be published. Anth. Cicca. 
A jubilee.   
After this he made Gcnerall of the Church's army, Count Sfondrate his nephew, and sent him with an army into France, to the maintenance of which war, he contributed five hundred thousand ducats, besides other 40000. pounds of his own. He created his nephew Duke of Mount Marian, the which state, for that the great D. of Florence for his conspiracies and rebellion against the church was put to death, was now void by confiscation, and therefore the Pope said he might bestow it where he thought good.  
A great & dangerous tumult happened at Cracovia, 
A tumult at Cracovia about religion.  (the king himself being there) under the name of religion, chiefly by certain scholars, who egged on by their masters the Jesuits, assaulted violently such houses where the exercise of religion different from the Popes were celebrated. This was soon appeased by the magistrates, but the third night when they thought all had been quiet, they gathered their companies together and set fire on the house. D. Chytraeus.  
The Princes & Roman Catholic Lords which were the King's partakers, persuaded with him to frame himself to the exterior profession of the religion, and by the D. of Luxembourg, who had before made a voyage unto Rome in their name, they practised with the Pope to that end. On the contrary side the Protestant Lords, beseeched the king to have them in remembrance, who were so faithfully employed for him. Other of his Council pressed upon him, to provide for his peaceable subjects, as well of the one as of the other religion. Also that he would prevent the new attempts of the Pope and his adherents against France. And these solicitations begat an Edict for the upholding of the two religions in his kingdom. D. Chytraeus.  
An act was made by the high Court of Parliament at Chalouns and at Tours, against the Pope's Bulls, his Nuntio, 
An act against the Pope's bulls  and his Legate in France. This likewise was proclaimed; We have proclaimed, and do proclaim Pope Gregory the 14. of that name, an enemy to the common peace, to the union of the Roman Catholic Church, to the King, and to his royal state, adhearent to the conspiracy of Spain, a favourer of rebels, guilty of the most cruel, most inhuman, and most detestable parricide, traitorously committed on the person of Henry the 3. of most famous, most Christian, and most Catholic memory.  
Christian Duke of Saxony, Prince Elector, died of the age 31. years. D. Chytraeus.  

The death of Gregory 14.  Gregory the 14. fell now sick of a quotidian Fever, he was also troubled with a continual flix and the stone, whereof he died, and was buried in the Chapel of the Gregory's in S. Peter's Church. He sat in the seat ten months, and as many days, and it was vacant 15. days. Anth. Cicca.  

A Dearth.  In this time there was a great dearth through the most part of Italy, and other Christian Provinces: after which followed a great plague. There died in Rome from August 1590. unto the end of August the year following 1591. threescore thousand. Idem.  

Innocent 9  Innocent the 9 before called Antonius Fachivertus, Cardinal of the 4. holy Crowns. He was borne at Bononia, and before he was Cardinal, by Pope Gregory made Patriarch of jerusalem.  
Fredericus Wilelmus Duke of Saxony, and johannes Georgius Elector and marquess of Brandebourge, had the Protectorship of Christians son: these no further urged his mandates concerning Religion, and recalled home many Ministers of the Church and Superindents who had not obeyed them, and therefore banished by him, a little before his death. D. Chytraeus.  

The escape of the Duke of Guise.  The Duke of Guise by a cord which was given him, wherewith sliding down out of a window, escaped out of prison, and fled to the Lord de la Chastre.  
The great Chancellor of Poland Zamoscius, rebelled against his liege Lord, with an Army of 30000. men.  

The death of Innocent. 9  Pope Innocent the 9 being 70. years of age, and having ruled two months & odd days, died. So that in the space of fourteen months 4. Popes died: Sixtus, Vrban, Gregory and Innocent; and it is to be thought, the most, or all of them died of poison. For Brazuto is not dead that giveth them poison. This Brazuto killed 6. Popes with poison, (as it is to be read in the life of Damasus). The seat was vacant one month, and a day.  
Edmond Coppinger and H. Arthington, conferring with one of their sect called William Hacket, they offered to anoint him king; but Hacket taking Coppinger by the hand, said: You shall not need to anoint me, for I have been already anointed in heaven by the holy Ghost himself: then Coppinger asked him what his pleasure was to be done: Go your way both said he, and tell them in the City, that Christ jesus is come with his Fan in his hand to judge the earth. Which they did in divers streets, crying also, repent England, repent: and in Cheapside got up into a Cart, and preached how this Hacket represented Christ, that they were two Prophets, the one of mercy, the other of judgement, sent, and extraordinarily called by God, to assist him in this great work, and were witnesses of these things. For these misdemeanours and spreading of false prophecies, as also for his traitorous words against the Queen's Majesty, Hacket was hanged. But Coppinger died in Bridewell, and Arthington long after was reserved in the Counter in Woodstreet, in hope of repentance. I. Stowe.  
Hippolytus Aldobrandinus Cardinal, was elected Pope by the name of Clement the eight. 
Clement 8.   
When Sebastian King of Portugal went with his Army into Africa, he requested hostage of Muhameth, to whom he delivered his son Mulei Xeques; him, Sebastian sent Magaza; 
Xeques Mulei his son becometh a Christian.  but they both being slain in the battle of Alcazar, 1578. Xeques was sent into Spain, and brought up under King Philip. At the last this year (having before by degrees persuaded to become a Christian) was baptized with his kinsman & other of his Nobles, in the most famous Monastery of S. Laurence, and vowed ever after to continue true Christians. Genebrardus.  
The 16. of january Cassimere Duke Palatine, to the great sorrow and discomfort of the Church of Geneva, departed this life.  
Ladislaus King of Hungary and Boheme, died of the age of 18 years.  
This year Amurathes Emperor of the Turks prepared for war against the Christians. The cause was this. The truce taken was yet kept between the Emperor and the Turk, to the great quietness of both their subjects. But in the mean season a peace was concluded between the Turk & the Persian. Wherefore many of the Turkish Bassoes persuaded their Emperor to make war upon the Christian, and so forthwith he dispatched a puissant Army into the confines of Hungary.  
The Emperor Rodolphe, although he had this opinion that Amurath would deny that the truce was broken by him, notwithstanding knowing that it is the Turks custom not to restore those Cities which they had once taken, maketh all the power he can to resist his Forces. M. G Belg.  
William, Landgrave of Hesse, a most wise virtuous & learned Prince, being 70. years of age departed this world.  
William Duke of Brunswick, the son of Ernestus, a Prince of most sincere Religion, died likewise, leaving behind him seven sons, whom he had by Dorithie the daughter of Christian, the third King of Denmark. D. Chytraeus.  
At this time deceased likewise johan 3. King of Suetia, the Father of Sigismond, the 3. King of Poland.  
As the Leaguers were promised great things, by the Estates of Paris and the partakers of Spain; held it for a most certain troth, that the Duke of Parma would return yet the third time with puissant Forces to do some notable exploit, thereby to cover the shame of his two former voyages, and so to assure the K. of France to King Philip, or to the Princess his daughter. 
The death of the Duke of Parma.  But death cut off the thread of his life, together with his enterprises: the 2. of December, 1592. His body was carried to Parma, and buried without any great solemnity in the little Chapel of the Cappuchins, with this Epitaphe. alexander Farnesius Belgis divictis, Francis obsidione levatis, ut humili hoc loco cadaver eius reponeretur manaavit 3. nonas Decem. 1592. Et ut secum Mariae eius coniugis optimae ossa iungerentur. Genebr.  
The Senate and the people of Rome caused his statue to be made and set up in the Capitol. M. G. Belg.  
After much conference, comings & goings, Letters and answers from the deputy on each side, the supplications of those which desired, in such sort, that the king who since he withdrew himself from the Court of France, for 15. years before, had made open profession of the reformed religion, contrary to the advice of his Ministers, went to see & hear Mass sung in the Cathedral Church of S. Denis, the 25. Sunday of july, where he was received of the Archbishop of Bourges, and other Prelates, with certain peculiar ceremonies, peculiar receiving, which was incontinently published throughout the Realm, with divers censures as well of the Catholic nobility, as also of those of the religion, whereof not one followed this example. The Preachers belonging to the League, public & privately, before & after the truce, their discourses at Paris & other places were, that the Mass which they sung before the king, was but a deceit. That the Pope should not recatholize him: that it was lawful for the people to rise against him & his officers: that it appertained to the Sorbonists, to judge whether the Pope ought to receive him as King. And if peradventure he should do it, nevertheless he might be held for an heretic, and one excommunicate: that it was lawful for any particular man to kill him that should say, he was united to the Catholic Roman Church. D. Chytraeus.  
The Parisians, and other Towns, that held for the League, desired that the King of Spain's daughter might be married to the Duke of Guise, and so be crowned King and Queen of France.  
Ernestus Duke of Pomerian a Prince endued with singular virtues, most bountiful to the Churches & Universities departed this life, leaving his successor Philippus julius, of the age of seven years, who was committed to the custody and protection of Bogislaus. Chytraeus.  
In Poland the marriage of Sigismond the 3. king thereof, 
The end of the year 1592.  and Anne of Ostrich, the daughter of Charles the Archduke, was solemnised. Idem.  
In Belgia Maurice Count Nassau the son of William Prince of Orange, and Governor of Holland, took the Mount Gertrude, a Town well fortified, bordering on the confines of Brabant and Holland; when for three months he had besieged it, and they by force and famine were constrained to yield: although Petrus Ernestus Count Mansfeeld, (to whom after the death of the Duke of Parma the king of Spain committed the government of the low Countries) labours in vain by his forces to raise the siege.  

Dissension in Religion.  At Aquisgrane the dissension in Religion raised great tumults: but they of the reformed Religion had the worst.  
The Turk spoiled and delivered many Towns in Hungary and Croalia; but coming with his Forces to Gomorra, he was most valiantly resisted.  
He not only presecuted at this time the Christians, but the Persians also, (upon some cause unkowne the truce being broken) and invaded them with two hundred thousand men, where he made great havoc sparing none.  

The Turks overthrown.  After this the Christians had a notable victory over the Turks in Hungary, and did kill in fight & put to flight more than five thousand of the Turks.  

D. of Guise.  Charles Guise, & Duke de main, under the colour of restoring the Catholic religion in France, were confederate with the Pope and the King of Spain, against Henry the 4. K. of France and Navarre, therefore out of every Province of the kingdom elected certain Ambassadors to hold a Parliament at Paris, there to determine and set down for a Catholic king. Pope Clement the eight, sent Philip Cardinal of Plaisans. And the King of Spain his Ambassadors. At this time the King of France was again excommunicated. Afterward the Duke of Guise, the son of him that was slain by Henry the 3. being of the age of 25. years, was nominated and elected King by certain of the confederates, but the Senate & Parliament of Paris not admitting that any one should be King, unless he were of the blood royal, he was not proclaimed, neither would the Guise bear the city thereof. D. Chytraeus.  
Upon this the King of France as before is declared, barefooted, with a candle in his hand, went to the Temple of Saint Denis, and being confessed to the Archbishop of Bourges, 
The King of France converted.  and absolved of his heresy, had solemn Mass, and removed the Preachers of his late professed Religion out of his Court.  
At Riga in Livonia, the King's Commissaries, 
A motion for recalling of the Jesuits into Riga.  amongst their affairs of the Estate, urged them for the restoring of the religion to the same estate it was, determined with king Stephen and the Churches likewise, that the Jesuits should be again admitted into the Temple of S. james, and Mary Magdalen, whom the year before the incensed Citizens had expulsed: So by these means that the Senate and people of Riga should hold all the other Churches within the City and the suburbs, with all the goods, profits, and revenues belonging to them. But the Senate and Citizens refusing to entertain the Jesuits as being most unquiet & turbulent spirits, and the very brands of discord and sedition; as also the better part of them desirous to keep and continue in their City one only religion of the confession of Augusta: Or if they should altogether obey the King's authority, and the present necessity of the time and fate; thinking it better the secular authority as King Stephen had set it down, to be admitted again into the City than the jesuits: the matter as then was left in suspense & put over to the K. & the Parliament of the realm. But the jesuits being importunate upon the king, the K. the year following sent one johannes Ostrovius into the City, who instructed by the king's commandment, demanded that all those that were spoiled and ejected of the seditious commonalty, might be put into possession of their Churches, whose Oration was forthwith answered in the name of the City and the Senate, by David Hilchevius their advocate.  
The 26. of August, Peter Barrier, alias Bar, 
Peter Barrier.  borne at Orleans, was prisoner at Melena, where he confessed that he was seduced by a Capuchin Friar at Lions, by the Curate & Vicar of a certain parish in Paris, and also by a jesuit, closely to follow the king, and to murder him with a two edged knife, the which was found about him: he further confessed, that two Priests by him nominated, were also come from Lions for the same intent: and that he set himself the forwardest in the execution thereof, to the end he might get the greatest honour thereby. For the which he was executed. At this time was the Duke of Nemours within Lions, from whence he would not stir, to go to the Estates of the League, although the Pope had given him commandment: the other chief Captains thought it meet, and his friends & servants desired him to go, he vouchsafed not so much as to send unto them, knowing that the Leaguers cast their eyes altogether upon the D of Guise, and that the D. de main his brother by the mother's side, crossed all his purposes, and would work all means for his death.  
A certain bold Friar of Lions, perceiving well that this young Prince pretended to bring some new matter to pass within the League, whereby he might at least have some great hand in the government, by the advice of two or three Councillors, who were of his complices, he compassed Lions, with many Fortresses, which held on his side at Toissai, Vienne, Montbrison, Chastillon, de Dombres, and other places.  
Quilian forsaking him, he bought it with a great sum of money, at the hands of the Lord of S. julian, who was Governor thereof. This done, Lion was enclosed, as well by water as by land. The Lyonnois did not withstand neither his prodigallities, nor his Councillors, nor his men of war, which foraged the plain country, receiving the guerdon of their revolt from the king's obedience. In the end acknowledging themselves, they rose up against the D. of Nemours, assisted by the presence and counsel of the Archbishop, sent by the D. de main: and the 18. of Decemb. they took hold of Nemours, who was seen three times at death's door, committing him to close prison, where he continued certain months, and at last escaping by cunning means, spoiled of his succours, chased from his Fortresses, 
The death of Nemours.  he went & died far from France, in a little Town called Aueci situate in Savoy, in the Country of Genevois.  
After the solemn funerals of Henry the 3. late King of France were performed in the Cathedral Church of S. Denis, Henry the 4. King of Navarre, was publicly proclaimed king. In the mean season the Pope's Legate with the Ambassador of Spain, urged the election of the D. of Guise at Paris, and cursed the K. of Navarre, for that he s oft had fallen, and those Bishops, with the Archbishop of Bourges, by whom he had been reconciled to the Church, and absolved. Likewise at Rome, the Agents and Ministers of the K. of Spain, solicited the Pope, that he would confirne the excommunication pronounced by his Legate at Paris: nor would admit any Ambassadors from the hypocritical king: If he did, they vowed as his Ambassadors came in at one gate, they would go out at the other.  
The 26. of November, the Duke of Nevers came to Rome, sent by the K. of France for his absolution, whom the Pope entertained with all kindness: but a little while after, he dismissed him, not denying simply absolution to the K. but deferring it until he saw more manifest signs of penitence. D. Chytaeus.  
The K. of France deliberated to assemble at Mante, certain of the chief Nobles of the Realm, to take counsel of divers matters at that time needful. The deputies of the reformed Churches were there present about the end of November, whom the king caused to be called together the 12. day of the month following: and having given them audience, and heard the great sorrow which they made upon the infinite contradictions of his decrees, and the complaints of the wrongs done unto them through all his Provinces▪ he answered, that the change of religion had not any way changed his affection from them; that he would redress their griefs, and make peace and concord among his subjects. He received their Bills of complaints, to have them perused. But these affairs were driven to such length, that the distance of many years hath buried all. And the Captains of the League having plunged the Realm into new miseries, those of the religion almost in all parts of the kingdom, continued as grievous under the cross as before.  
Sigismond K. of Poland, was persuaded to embrace that religion and service of God, comprehended in his word, 
Sigis. K. of Poland.  & the confession of Augusta, as it had flourished in the later time of Gostaws, and the former days of john the 3. king of Poland: and as it was received by the States of the land, in the Council of Vpsalem, the year, 1593. by a solemn testification, for the confirmation and defence of the same religion, he voluntarily offered his oath, which remaineth upon record. Chytraeus.  
The same day that Sigismond K. of Poland and Vpsalem, was invested with the crown of Suetia, james the 6. K. of Scots, had a son by Anne his wife, the sister of Christian the 4. K. of Denmark: to whose christening, the K. of France, the Q. of England, the K. of Denmark, Count Maurice, H. D. Brunswic, Vtricus Duke of Magapolis, were invited.  
The 9 of April, Ferdinando E. of Derby, deceased at Latham.  

H. crowned K. of France  Henry the 4. king of France and Navarre, was with great solemnity crowned king at Chartres. When the last year he sent to the Pope, the D. of Nevers, for absolution: Pope Clement the eight then answered, that he stood in need of three fold benefit from the Apostolic Sea: first of absolution in Court of Conscience: secondly in a lower Court of Conscience, from public excommunication: thirdly, in the Court of Rehabilitation (as they say) to the kingdom, for the which before, by reason of his heresies he was held unfit. Paetrus Mathaeus.  

Mathias Archduke of Austria.  Mathias Archduke of Austria, was by the Emperor his brother, chosen General of the Forces against the Turk, and went to Vienna. Idem. The same time, the Pope promised to send to the Emperor 5000. footmen, and 500 horsemen; for the levying of which, six Tents were gathered of the Clergy throughout all Italy: which amounted to 600000. crowns. Paetrus Mathaeus.  

An expedition against the Turk.  The Princes likewise of Italy, sent their aid to Caesar, every one as they were able: the great D. of Hetruria 70000. Genova 40000. the Duke of Ferrara 50000. Luca 20000. Parma 25000. crowns: the Dukes of Mantua and Urbin, offered their own persons and forces, against the mighty enemy of Christendom, the Emperor of Constantinople. jonsonius.  

Note.  At what time many uncertain rumours were spread abroad throughout the Turkish kingdoms of the happy success the Christians were like to have in these wars; Beglerbegus of Greece, whether to know the event, or that he desired to train the Turkish youth in martial affairs, he gathered together 600 of them, some of eleven, some twelve and upwards of age, these he armed with little staves, and brought them into an open field, where he divided them into two Battles, of the which he commanded one to be called the Christians, the other the Turks: The one in their fight, to cry jesus, the other, Hala, Hala. He willed them both to fight courageously, and promised rewards to the hardiest. The signal given, both Armies ran together, and fought so eagerly, that many on both sides were so beaten, that they were carried away half dead. But they, that called on the name of jesus, got the victory, and put their enemies to flight, driving them into the City before them. Beglerbegus took this as a very evil sign, and as many as were with him, and greatly feared that the Christians after this would be victors.  
Henry King of France, having newly recovered Camerake a Town in Picardy, he entered into it with great pomp: whom Balignius the Governor of the same entertained with the Senators & Citizens all armed, on their knees: and to him they delivered the keys of the City; First the Clergy men did swear, than the Senators, Nobles, and Citizens, that they would ever become faithful and obedient to God, the King, and the Christian Catholic Church.  
Ernestus Archduke of Austria, offered a peace to the Estates of Holland and the united Provinces, by his Letters and Ambassadors, protesting therein his love to Belgia, and his desire for the common tranquility thereof. But when a little before a certain privy murderer an Elder of Nemours, that was suborned by Count Barlymount, by commandment from the Court (as he said) to kill the Count Maurice of Nassau, was prisoner with the Count of Hage; the States of Holland and other confedarates, thinking they were not well dealt withal, set down in writing at large, certain conferences and dealings of the Spaniards with them concerning peace of late years, but all tending to a fraudulent and deceitful end; besides they complained that the Spaniards did no way seek the quietness of the subjects in Belgia and other Christians, but that they might be Lords, and tyrannize over all as they list. D. Chytraeus.  

D. Lopes.  Doctor Lopes a Spaniard & a Physician, practised in England towards the Queen, by the instigation of the Earl of Fuentes his countryman, and the promise of 50000. Crowns, to have poisoned her majesty: but (God be thanked) in the attempting thereof he was apprehended, with his companions and associates in the treason; who were Emanuel Lois, and Stephen de Ferera, for which they were hanged, drawn, and quartered. The aforesaid Earl dealt with one Emanuel Andrad, to kill the King of France, with the odious smell of a poisoned Rose.  
This is worthy to be noted. The Estates of Holland and the united provinces, this summer set forth 4. ships well appointed for munition and victual, with skilful Generals and Captains, towards the North and the East, that leaving upon the right hand Norwege, Moschovia, and Tartary, that so they might pass to Sinae, or the kingdom of China; the Indians, and the Isles of Moloccus. They having passed beyond Condora and Obdora, Regions of the continent to the new Island, Sembla and Wigatz, and passing through the straits of a narrow sea (which was 5000. miles long, & but one in breadth, they came to Oby, which is a Frontier of Tartary. That narrow sea they called the sea of Nassau: to one of the islands they gave the name Holland, to an other of Euchusa, and to the rest other names. And being commanded to return this summer, they did so, but the next year determined to go the same voyage & better appointed, for they hoped to turn the traffic of Spices and other Eastern merchandise, by the which the Spaniard is so enriched, an other way, by the Northern sea into the low Countries, and other Provinces of Europe. D. Chytraeus.  

The Turks overthrown.  This summer the Turks had a notable overthrow by the Christians.  
The Spaniards being desirous to continue the fire of dissension in France, instantly solicited the Duke de Mercaeur, one of the chief of the League, and an usurper of a part of the Duchy of Britain, always to continue war. His sister Loyse d' Vandemont, King Henry the thirds widow, did all she might to make his peace.  
Certain troubles happening in the mean time, broke all that was done. The Spaniards who were masters of Blavet, a Fortress almost invincible, had builded during the summer of the year 1594. a strong Fort near unto Croysil, to stop the entrance to the Port of Breast: which would have been better for them, if they had made an other right against it, and on the other side of the Haven. To hinder them came the Marshal of Aument, and Sir john Norris, General of the English men, to whom was sent a supply by sea, under the conduct of Captain Furbusher, they soon became masters of Quinpercovincin, and of the Town and Castle of Morley. Soon after they assailed the Spaniards new Fort, and slew four hundred soldiers that kept it, not without loss of their own men, among other, Captain Frobisher. The King on the other side, deliberating to make war out of his own Realm against the Spaniards, agreed with the states of Holland and their confederates, to begin in the Duchy of Luxenbourge, where the Marshal of Bovillon, who married one of the daughters of the deceased Prince of Orange, and E. Philip of Nassau, assayed to enter in the month of October, where they found all the passages shut up, and Earl Charles of Mansfeeld making head against them, especially on the troops of Holland. The King on the other side, sought to overrun the Frontiers of Picardy, and gave the Estates of Artois and Hainaut to understand, that if they favoured him so little, to suffer the Spanish Forces to molest Cambray and Countries adjoining, that he should make war upon them incontinent. P. Math.  
The 27. day of December, as the King was returning from Picardy to Paris ready booted and spurred within a chamber at Lowre, having about him his cousins, the Prince of Conde, the Earl of Soissans, the Earl of S. Paul, and 30 or 40. other Lord and Gentlemen of his Court. There came also in, the Lords of Ragne & Mountigni, who had not as yet taken their leave of his majesty. 
The King of France wounded.  And even as he was receiving them for his farewell a young stripling named john Castil, of 18. years of age, a Draper's son of Paris, who was got into the Chamber amongst the press, drew near unto the King, before he was almost perceived of any body, and suddenly would have stabbed him into the body with a knife, but by reason that his majesty was very ready to take up the Lords, which were on their knees before him, in his stooping he struck him on the face, on the upper jaw on the right side, therewithal cutting out one of his teeth. Whereupon he was apprehended by the Captain of the Guard, to whom the King commanded, after he had thrown his knife to the ground, to let him go: saying that he freely forgave him. But afterwards understanding that he was a Scholar to the Jesuits, he said, and must it needs be, that the Jesuits should be confounded by my mouth?  
This villain being brought unto the Bishop's prison, freely declared the circumstance of his traitorous intent, and that he was persuaded thereto by his master a jesuit: who said that it was lawful to kill him, that he was excommunicate of the Church, that he was not to be obeyed, nor to be taken for the King, until such time as he was allowed by the Pope. For this he was executed, and the Jesuits of Claremount with whom this fellow was brought up, and all other throughout the whole Realm of France, were commanded within three days to depart their Colleges, and after 15. days to leave the realm. D. Chytraeus.  

The death of Amurath.  In the beginning of this year, Amurathes the third Emperor of the Turks, the son of Selim, in the 48. year of his age, ended his life and Empire with much blasphemy, and impatience. Whom Mahomet the third being thirty years of age succeeded: who before he performed his Father; Funerals, he caused eighteen of his brethren borne of divers Concubines, to be strangled and most honourably to be buried with his father in the same monument. He suffered his 27. sisters to live in Teragliwn. And that no more might be borne, he commanded ten of his father's wives to be thrown into the Sea, and having richly furnished his own mother, he sent her to dwell in a far Country. Genebrardus.  
This Mahomet is the thirteenth Emperor from Ottoman. 
Mahomet.   
Ferdinand Archduke of Austria, the son of Ferdinand the Emperor, and brother of Maximilian the second, departed this life. The one and twentieth of February likewise died Ernestus his brother's son, Archduke of Austria, Governor of the Provinces in the low Countries, being 42. years of age. Idem.  
Some of the Deputies of the Court which were sent to search Cleremount College, which belonged to the Jesuits, having seized upon many papers, found among them certain written books made by a jesuit Priest, named john Guiguard, since the general pardon given by the king at Paris: there was written in these books many vile matters, as well against H. the 3. as against H. the 4. now living, containing nothing but traitorous practices: for the which the jesuit being sent for, avouched, by means whereof he was found guilty, and therefore executed.  
The K. of France proclaimed open wars against Spain, 
Wars proclaimed against Spain.  and the Spanish Army is overthrown by the Marshal of Bovillon, in the Duchy of Luxembourge.  
The King after two years suppliant entreaties to the Pope, 
The king of France is absolved by the Pope.  at the length was absolved by the Pope at Rome, and received into the lap of the mother Church, and declared the most Christian king of France.  
The conditions propounded were these. That the king should receive the Council of Trent, and give commandment that it should be kept throughout all his Realm: but and if in some of his Provinces he could not do it without danger of new seditions, he should ask leave of the Pope. That he should within the compass of one year, remove the young Prince of Conde, being 9 years of age, from the company of heretics, and to bring him up in the Catholic Apostolic Roman religion. That he should restore all the revenues and goods which he had taken from his Bishops and Abbeys. Lastly, that he should by his Letters certify all Catholic Princes, of his conversion and detestation of all heresies. After this, the Church of S. Peter which before was shut, was now opened. Then the Pope said to the Orators of France, that as he now opened again to their King, the door of the Church Militant upon earth, so should his Majesty endeavour likewise by a lively faith and good works, to make his way into the triumphant Church of heaven. D. Chytraeus.  
Upon the Church door were placed the arms of the K. of France, with this inscription: Henricus 4. Galliae, & Navarrae Rex Christianissimus.  

Arbertus the Cardinal, made general  Whilst Camerac is besieged by the Spaniards, Philip king of Spain, created Albertus' Archduke of Austria, and Cardinal of Toledo, General of all his Forces in Belgia: He was the son of Max. 2. Emperor, and Mary the sister of Philip King of Spain, the fifth in order after Rodolphus the Emperor that now is, borne in November, the year, 1559. Genebrardus.  

The D. de main restored to favour.  The D. de main seeing the Spaniards take other course than was accustomed, his Forces slain, his credit cracked, & his destruction at the door, though late, yet at last he sought by mediators the king's favour, which he obtained: upon this received grace, the D. wrought the yielding up of Soisson, Pierfont, and other places, to the King.  

The Duke of Aumale.  The Duke of Aumale, who only remained among all the chief Leaguers, law being prosecuted against him in the Parliament of Paris, he was found guilty of treason in the highest degree; so that his Image of likeness being made, it was drawn in pieces with four horses, and his goods and lands confiscate to the King.  
The most famous Poet and Orator of all Italy, Torguatus Tassus, died this year at Rome.  
The Garrisons of Peronne, Amiens, and other places that he held for the king, began again in january their former courses against the enemy's Country, still killing and slaying certain Spaniards and Walloons.  
Marseill is brought to the king's subjection.  
George, Landgrave of Hesse, the son of Philip, a virtuous, wise, and religious Prince, departed out of this world, leaving his son Lodowick to succeed him.  
Albert Archduke of Austria, 
Archduke of Austria.  and Governor of the low Countries, entered Bruxelles with great pomp, accompanied with the Dukes of Fere and Aumale, and Philippus Wilihelmus, the Prince of Orange his son. Before his coming, there was great hope of peace, but after his arrival he made no mention of peace, for that he foresaw there would be none granted. D. Chytreus.  
In the beginning of March, the Cardinal gave such order, that the besieged within the Town of Fere, were succoured with some munition, and for his first exploit against France, in the beginning of April, did so dispose of his Army (at that time most mighty) so politicly and secretly, 
He winneth Callais.  that in few days he besieged, assailed, and with plain force, won the Town and Castle of Calais, in spite of all the King's Forces, and the resistance of the besieged. There died in the taking hereof, a great number of the Nobility of France.  
The Cardinal following this new won victory, 
Fere yieldeth  besieged the strong Town of Ardres in the beginning of May, and became master thereof the 23. of the same month, seven days before Fere was yielded to the King upon composition. Chytraeus.  
The Emperor appointed Alphonsus, Duke of Ferrara, General against the Turks: who thirty years before in the time of Maximilian the second, the father of Rodolphus, had waged war against them at his own charges. But he being the last Duke that was of his house, and having had no issue by his three wives, was very desirous to leave a certain successor before he departed, and therefore he desired the Pope that Cardinal Est might be his heir, and to that end offered him a great sum of gold, but the Pope stiffly denying to do it, the expedition for Hungary was intermitted by the Duke of Ferrara. D. Chytraeus.  
Christian, the fourthking of Denmark, the son of Frederick the second, of the age of twenty years was crowned King.  

An English Navy for Spain.  In the month of june the Queen of England sent a Fleet of 16. sails, well appointed with munition and victual, under the conduct of Robert Earl of Essex, into Spain, who with a prosperous gale having passed the bound, of France and Portugal, the 20. of june arrived near Gades, and lighted upon the 12. Apostles of the king of Spain (of the which S. Philip carried 900. soldiers, and 62. pieces of Ordinance) and 57 merchants ships, bound for the Eastern Indies. But when in these straits they had fought with them valiantly, and happily, and had set S. Philip on fire, the rest conveying themselves into the deep, the Earl came on land with part of his company, and when he came near the City, the governors and knights of the City, to the number of 400. came out, who seeing the English so well appointed, drew back into the City: but such was the courage of our men, that following, some of them got into the City with them: some at the assult got upon the walls, and recovered the Market place, although they were much troubled by the Citizens from out of their houses and house tops. The same evening the greatest part of them got into a Castle, the lower part of the City was spoiled, the upper part was ransomed for 12000. Ducats. 
The Fleet for India burned.  And for the Indian fleet they offered great store of gold. But the Duke Medine would not let it be redeemed, and therefore set it all on fire. The loss of which, was 12. Millions of crowns. The English Navy in August following, returned to England. D. Chytraeus.  

The Spaniards seek revenge and are crossed.  The Spaniards greatly incensed with this daring enterprise of the English, of their own free will gave a great sum of money to their king, whereby to make new ships, and levy new forces against them, and in the month of October, the Fleet loosed out of the mouth of Tagus, into Corovis, a Haven in Spain, towards the farthest North, in the territories of Gallicia, which Ptolomey calleth the harbour of the Artabry, a people by the Promontory Artabrum, which is in Portugal. But when the Navy came near the coasts of Gallicia, by night it ran upon the Rocks, where 30. of the Spanish ships perished, the rest went forward to Corovis, and attempted nothing else this winter.  
The Emperor appointed Arnold Baron of Echwartzenberge in Belgia, Martial of the field in Hungary against the Turk, in the place of the D. of Ferrara, whom the Pope Clement the 8. would not grant, that his adopted heir should succeed him.  
Anne, Q. of Poland, the widow of Stephen, the sister of Sigismond Augustus, died this year, being 70. years of age: 
The death of Anne Q. of Poland.  leaving great store of treasure behind her, which she gave to her sisters Catherines children, Q. of Suetia, Sigismond the 3. king, and Anne his sister.  
The last of April, deceased Sir john Puckering Knight, Lord Keeper of the great Seal: he died of a dead Palsy, and was buried at Westminster.  
In Prussia, a Province in the kingdom of Poland, the chiefest Bishops, armed with the king's decrees against the true Churches of the Gospel, removed many Preachers out of their Parishes into the Country, and upon S. john Baptists day, took possession of the chief Church in the City of Turon: the like was done at Meva and Stargardia: besides, 
The Church troubled.  they earnestly desired that the Church of S. mary's which was near the Market place, might be delivered to them, with the Monasteries of S. Bridget, and that therein their religion might be freely exercised, and all their causes belonging to the Consistory to be referred to their officials in the City, and to be judged by them.  
jacobus Fabritius Governor of the College, 
jacobus Fatricius.  was peremptorily cited to Subcovia, for that he allowed, preached, & maintained publicly, the doctrine of Calvin, and as they inferred against the express privileges of the City, the constitutions of the Commissaries, and the decrees of the Senate, concerning religion. But the Senate excusing him, said that the Citizens were not bound to appear out of their City: the Bishops sent their Commissaries into the City, who with their officials should there proceed against him. The King himself likewise commanded that the Senate should deliver up the Church to the Bishop of Subcovia within certain days, or should agree with him. But Agria, a near neighbour to Poland, being newly taken by the Turks, and the Court was busied in counsel how to avoid new dangers: the Dantiscanes were quiet till Easter, the year following.  
The estate of the united Provinces of Belgia, Geldria, Zutphen, Holland, and Westfrizeland, Zealand, Vtricht, Friesland, the Groin, etc. with the Q. of England, and the K. of France, entered a league of defence for themselves, and offence of their enemy, the K. of Spain. None of these could make peace with him without the consent of all. Which was also agreed between the king of France and the united States of Belgia, that the kings of Scotland and Denmark, should be united to the society of this league.  
The 22. of july, the right honourable H. carry, Baron of Hunsdon, and Lord Chamberlain to the Queen, deceased at Somerset house in Strandstreet, and was honourably buried at Westminster.  
The second of june, the Emperor Rodolphe, caused all the Prince's Electors, and others of his dominion, with the Ambassadors of those that were absent, to come before him in the Palace of the Bishop of Ratisbone: who all appeared the next morning and accompanied him to the Church, and from thence, to the Court; where when every one according to their calling had taken his place, Philippus Ludovicus stood up, and made an Oration in the name of the Emperor Rodolphus Caesar: wherein he showed how the Emperor of the Turks Sultan Amurathes had broken the truce, which was made in the year, 1591. by Haly Bassa in Bosua, who had foraged divers of their frontiers, and had spoiled and wasted Crotia, and the fertile Region Tyropolia, leading away many Christians captives, and that this Bassa being thereof explained to the Turk, he was therefore bountifully rewarded, and set in greater place and authority than he had before: but at the siege of the Castle Zisekna, he was driven to fly, and there received by death a just reward for his treachery.  
This making the Turk more incensed, he made war upon the Christians, and sent Beglerbegus of Creece, who besieged the aforesaid Castle Ziseckna, and forced them to yield it. At this time also he sent divers of his choicest Bassas to invade Hungary, and took there two Cities, Vesprian and Palotta. Besides, he imprisoned the emperors Ambassador and Orator at Constantinople. Caesar's request therefore was, that greater defence might be made against the Turkish powers, and that all the Christian Princes of his Empire would conjoin to the resisting of this great enemy of Christ and Christendom. Which forthwith was agreed unto.  
But in this Session a great dissension arose amongst the Protestant Princes: the reason was, for that the Elector Palatine did not so strictly and precisely keep the confession of Augusta, as the rest of them did: that is to say, Duke William Frederick, Administrator of the Electorship of Saxony, who in the administration of the charge of the Electors in their minority, recalled and brought in the opinions of Flaccus Illiricus, and jacobus Andrea's (approved of the aforesaid Electors) and all those that withstood them, or opposed themselves against either, in Universities, Schools, or any place whatsoever, he cruelly persecuted and banished them, as Caluinists and zwinglians: so that at Lipsia and other places, under the pretext and colour of his execution against the Caluinists, much spoil and hurt was done. Many of these being let out of prison, were received by the Elector Palatine: and for this cause the Protestants of Saxony would separate themselves in this Session, in the common petitions and propositions from them that held of the Count Palatine: but the greater part of them desirous of peace, did not consent thereto. But when it was objected to the Prince Palatine, that he was of a contrary religion to his father, he before them all made an orderly and modest confession of his faith and religion, in this manner.  
I have not anyway digressed from the religion which my worthy father professed. He whilst he lived, believed not in S. Martin or S. james, but in Christ. The same belief, the same grounds and principles of faith I do constantly hold, and ever intent to do. My father condemned the errors of Arrius, Nestorius, Eutychius, and the Anabaptists, and so do I his son; not only condemn them, but with my soul detest and abhor them. The errors in the Sacraments (which are two fold; some of them who make Idols of Sacraments, and worship and reverence the signs for the thing signed, not observing nor considering the signification of the Sacraments: other some that understand them for naked and simple signs) my father detested, and so do I his son. I come nearer: My father rejected Caluanisme and Zuinglanisme, and so do I his son. If so be it be true, that the Ubiquitaries and Flactians do feign, that is to say, if truth, or omnipotency, or the whole presence of Christ should be denied upon the earth. But in this error I am happier than my father, in that I know the true and right religion under the name of calvin, to be defiled and scandalled, by certain seditious and ambitious persons in Germany: which my father had known if he had lived longer, as now the two mighty Electors of Saxony, Augustus his son, and Christian do understand.  
In this Session great consultation was had, for composition for peace in the low Countries.  
This year the Italians made great tumults in Brabant: the reason was, for that they were not so much esteemed of since the Duke of Parmaes' death, and that the Spaniards were preferred before them: that they had pay daily, and the Italians not regarded. For this cause they left the King's Camp, and took the Town of Sidien in Brabant, and fortified it. In this space no pay was sent, wherefore they made great havoc throughout all Brabant, even to the gates of Bruxelles. Complaints were made hereof to the Governor the Archduke of Ernestus, that he was feign to send certain companies of the Spaniards who had authority to bring them into order, and make them obedient, or drive them out of the Country. This more incensed the Italians, but the Spaniards drove them out of certain of their holds: And Grave Maurice fearing lest they of enemies, should become friends, went to the Italians, and politicly praised them and their dauntless spirits, extolled their worthy acts, and great victories that they got under their famous leader the Duke of Parma, that the Spaniard, had offered them such an injury and disgrace as the like was not to be borne, and therefore it behoved them to look to their safety, and that there was no better way but to serve under the King of France, as long as they might be well paid.  
The Italians moved by his persuasion, the last of November wrote to the King of France, humbly desiring him, that he would receive them into his charge and defence, being in number 1023. footmen, and 200. hosemen. But the King commended the determining of these business to the States of Holland.  
The Archduke Ernestus died at Brussels, as some say, of a melancholy, for that he might not marry the Infant of Spain, and that the names of his house of ostrich against the Turks, and his own against the confederates, had no better success, that he was not only despised of the enemy, but of the Spaniards, and that he had received no Letters a long time from the king, amongst whose Council he had many enemies: he died of the age of 42. a very modest and sober Prince, who was seldom seen to laugh.  
This winter died Amurathe the 3. the 14. Emperor of the house of Ottoman, and the very best thereof, 
The death of Amurath. 3.  being not so cruel as the other: he was much given to pleasure. His eldest son succeeded him in the Empire, being of the age of 29. years.  
The Castle and City of Strigon by Ister, after it had been three and fifty years under the tyranny of the Turkish Emperor, by the valour and industry of Count Charles Mansfield, was delivered to the Christians: which victory he saw not, for he died at the siege thereof, of a lingering disease.  
This Prince was from his childhood brought up in martial affairs, and showed himself a good subject to the King of Spain his master.  
The King of France having got absolution from the Pope, sent by his Ambassadors, Letters and thanks to him, and in them, promised all obedience to the Apostolic Sea of Rome.  
Christopher Mountdragon a Spaniard, Governor of the Castle of Antwerp, and Captain of the Garrisons, died at Antwerp.  
The Estates of Holland and the united Provinces, that they might more establish and make strong the Commonwealth, which they had already instituted and begun, 
An Edict against jesuits.  published a new Edict, against those that rashly go into the Provinces and Cities, of the adverse faction, or should come out of them into theirs: also against the Jesuits, against such as were in the Universities, subject to the king of Spain, and against those who were preferred to promotions under the oath of the maintenance of the Roman religion.  
Further, it was decreed that all the favourers and adherents of the pernicious and bloody sect of the Jesuits, should be excluded out of all the confederate Provinces, and that by no means they should be again remitted.  
It was likewise enacted that none of the same Sect, whether borne in the same Provinces, or a Stranger, do at any time come into these united Provinces either by Sea or land, upon pain to be taken for an enemy, and so to be presently executed, although in this case he come with testimonial by Letters. Furthermore, that within the space of two months they depart out of these Provinces, nor return again into them during the present wars, unless in that space they go to the Governor and Magistrate, and satisfy them in every point, and renounce their oath and fealty to the K. of Spain. Besides, that all his subjects beware that after the publishing of this Edict, they do not frequent any school of the Jesuits in Belgia. Of the Academies, they determined, that none inhabiting the Provinces, should study in any of the Universities which are subject to the king of Spain: willing also that within six months after this Edict published, they should depart from those Universities.  
Against those that have sworn to maintain and uphold the Romish religion, and to othersome that were promoted to dignities, this punishment was set down, that hereafter they should have no dignities, offices, or public ministries in the confederate Provinces. Whosoever after six months next coming, shall be preferred under the oath of the defending the Romish errors and superstitions; and that they have already got this promotion, or in six months after shall get it, and are now admitted to offices, or shallbe hereafter admitted, shall first desire that they may be absolved from this oath, and in that stead shall swear allegiance to their Country, and shall utterly renounce and abjure the government of the K. of Spain. And this absolution of oath, and exaction of the new, to be made before a judge, to whom full power thereof and authority is given. If they do not appear and satisfy this Edict, they shall not execute their offices. Those that do not obey, they shall presently depart the Countries: which if they do not the first month, they shall be fined at discretion, the second time the penalty shall be doubled: but if at the end of three months they shall be found to stay within the confederate Provinces, they shall be banished for ever.  
The 24. day of August the Cardinal came to Antwerp, where he was received with great pomp. And the next month following, the English Navy and certain ships of the Hollanders and Zelanders, returned out of Spain richly laden.  
In Hungary the Christians recovered against the Turk, the City of Hattawan, where except some few, they put all to the sword.  
On the 20. day of September, the Turks laid siege to Agria, by which the way lieth open into Transiluania, Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia, and with fair words and promises, desired them to yield: but the governors of the City, for that by reason of the continual battles, they could not possibly any longer hold out, set fire on the City, and got them to the Castle. The Turks then entered, and through covetousness of the spoil, saved most of the houses. Then did the Emperor of the Turks request them to yield, but they denied it, and bravely resisted the fierce assault made against the Castle. In the end, being so far overmatched, they were constrained to their great grief and loss, to yield up the Castle, where the Governors and divers Captains were in most cruel manner put to the sword, for the slaughter which they made of the Turks at Hattawan.  

Maximilian cometh to Agria.  Maximilian leaving off this, came down with an Army consisting of 60000. horse and foot. The Christians then marched towards Agria, where the Emperor of the Turks was. The first encounter was with light skirmishes, but when the main battle was joined, the Christians got the better part, and having slain certain thousands of the Turks, they put the rest to flight, and were masters of their Tents. But whilst they too greedily intended the spoil, the enemy recovered his scattered troops, and upon the sudden killed a number of the Christians in their Tents, the rest being daunted with this unexpected overthrow, betook themselves to flight. This so amazed the Christian Host, that they were all dispersed: and Maximilian himself accompanied with a small number, came to Caschoccia. Thus the victory that was thought happy in the beginning, sorted to this unlucky end.  
King Philip determined to marry his daughter to Cardinal Albert, and for her dowry giveth the Provinces of the low Countries.  
On Sunday the 8. of August, great triumph was made at London for the good success of the two Generals and companies in Spain, the winning, sacking, & burning of the famous Town of Cadiz, the overthrow and burning of the Spanish Navy, and other accidents.  
The 29. day of August the Duke of Boloine arrived in England, and came to the Court at Greenwich, and there by her majesties oath, confirmed the league of amity and peace betwixt the two Realms of England and France, and shortly after, soldiers were sent over to aid the French in their wars against the Spaniards.  
Presently upon the departure of the Duke of Bulloine, the right honourable Gilbert Earl of Shrewsburie, was sent Ambassador into France, to take the oath of Henry the fourth, the French King, for the confirmation of the said league, as also to invest the King with the order of the Garter. I. Stowe.  
This Summer arrived here an Orator from the King of Polonia, and had audience at the Court then at Greenwich, whose Oration was in Latin; the which was presently most learnedly & eloquently answered by her Majesty, in the same language.  
In the Parliament at Roan, the reformed Churches desired free exercise of their religion throughout the whole kingdom of France, wherefore concerning the controversy of the two Religions in the Parliament at Paris, these Articles following were set down.  


1 First, that an heretic fallen, and by name excommunicated by the holy Sea, shall not lose the right of the crown.  
2 That he is a lawful king, sent and appointed of God.  
3 That the Church cannot deprive him of this right, nor generally any Princes of their dignities, or succession of their kingdoms, for any heresy whatsoever.  
4 Nor release their subjects of their allegiance to their Princes.  
5 To withstand these sentences, and that they do not bind the conscience.  
6 That they must look into the actions of the Prince or his conscience.  
7 That by the Christian religion, no order may be appointed to the Salic law, that the king be constrained to be a Catholic.  
8 That an herelike by divine grace is a Christian.  
9 That it is not lawful to resist a Prince that is an heretic.  
10 That a Catholic king may permit and suffer two religions in his kingdom.  
11 Not to punish heretics, nor to compel any to be Catholics.  
12 To pray for those that are excommunicated, as well the living as the dead, and that publicly in Churches: and to perform this, the Clergy to be bound upon pain of departing the Realm.  
13. That Confessions may be revealed for justice sake.    
This year Arnald Whitfeeld, Chancellor of the Realm in Denmark, came Embassator into England, and Christian Barnice his assistant: they had audience at the Court then at Tibal's.  
Turnbaut is delivered up to Grave Maurice. And this year Belgia was in reasonable guietnesse.  
The States of the united Provinces entered a mutual league with the Queen of England and the King of France, defensive and offensive against Philip the King of Spain, their common enemy. The king of France with often excursions and assails, had troubled and vexed the confines of Artesia and Hamonia.  
The Cardinal Albertus being at Brussels, and thinking of repairing his Army, found great difficulties for want of money; for king Philip refused to pay the Italian Merchants, and those of other Nations their money, who took monstrous usury of him, so that he complained that by this means his kingly patrimony, his annual revenues, and extraordinary subsidies, were consumed. Yet that he might keep his word, and show himself to be of a good conscience, he turned the controversy into religion, and appointed two of his, and his sons Confessors, to dissuade these Merchants from taking this unreasonable usury, and to tell them what danger their souls were in, if they did not remit it: in the mean season, certain of the creditors became bankrupt, the rest by their example were afterward afraid to lend the King any money. D. Chytraeus.  
The Emperor Rodolphus promised Sigismond Duke of Transiluania, new supplies of soldiers and money, and with great solemnity received him into the fellowship of the golden Fleece.  
Maximilian again was made General by the Emperor. The Pope by his Ambassador johannes Franciscus Aldobrandinus, promised to send ten thousand Italians into Hungary at his own costs and charges, and made the D. of Mantua their General. The higher Saxony sent a thousand horsemen, and the lower Saxony as many. Francovia, Bavania, Suenia, and the other Countries, Bohemia and Austria, sent in their aid likewise. These all marched towards Pappa, the which after eight day siege they took: from thence to Raba, which yeeded without any assault: but hearing that Mahomet Bassa was coming towards them, and finding themselves too weak to bold out that place against them, they went back over Danubie, into Scythia, towards Gomorrha. The Turks eight days after besieged the Castle of Totes, whilst the Christians Army lay Idle: which went down to Watsia, and there hearing that the Turks came towards them, they went to Strigonia.  
Alphonsus' Duke of Ferrara, whom the year before gone, 
The death of Alphonsus.  the Emperor Rodolphus determined to make General of the Turkish expedition, departed this life: whose Dukedom Caesar Est bastard (being in his life time appointed his heir and cessor) presently possessed.  
The Pope was much discontented with this, and forthwith struck Caesar with the thunderbold of excommunication, and made war upon him.  
Christian the 4. king of Denmark, was married to Anne the daughter of joachimus Fredericus, marquess of Brandebourghe, by the Archbishop of Magdebourghe.  
This year died in the higher Germany, johannes Postius an excellent Poet, and the chief Physician to the Count Palatine.  
Grave Maurice made a bridge upon Rhine. Berke was besieged of him, and yielded within twelve days: which he fortified.  
Sir Robert Cecil principal Secretary, Master Harbert Master of the Requests, Sir George Carewe Lieutenant for the Ordinance, and others, prepared for their Embassage into France, and set sail from Dover the nineteenth of February. Sir Robert Cecil returned the fifth of May out of France.  
In the beginning of this year many Princes died. johannes Georgius marquess of Bradenbourghe, of 37. years died, leaving behind him, six sons and four daughters.  
The same month of january, died Richard Count Palatine of Rhine at Sinoverne, where he kept his Court. Him followed Theodorus the great Duke of Muschovia. In the lower Saxony died Henry Duke of Brunswick and Luzemburge, the son of Ernestus: and Clare the wife of Bogislaus, Duke of Pomerian.  
The last of january, Anne Queen of Poland, the daughter of Charles Archduke of Austria, departed this life.  
This month the Pope Clement the 8. made war upon Caesar Est Duke of Ferrara, for the Dukedom, but the matter was taken up: and the Duke yielded up Ferrara unto him: but all the other Cities and Towns he enjoyed, and by the Emperor Rodolphus, was created Duke of Mulina.  
The Pope annexed this to the Popedom.  
Sigismond Prince of Transiluania, who hitherto had held out with an invincible courage against the Turks, in the beginning of this year changed the course of his life, and surrendered the Province of Transiluania, to the Emperor Rodolphe and his heirs, lest it should fall into the hands of the Turks.  
A peace was concluded between the Kings of France and Spain, in the low Countries at Veruinis, in the beginning of May: Pledges sent into France from the Spaniard, were Philippus de Croy, Franciscus de Mendoza, the Admiral of the kingdom of Arragon, Charles Prince and County Aremberge, Ludovicus de Velasco; the Pope's Ambassadors that made the peace, were Alexander Cardinal de Medicis, and General of the order of the Franciscanes, Bonaventura a Sicilian. The King of Spain's deputies, were johannes Richardotus Precedent of the Council, johannes Baptista, and Ludovicus Verreiken the K. his Secretary in the low Countries. Amongst the conditions of peace, this was the chief: That former injuries and unkindnesses forgotten, these Articles of peace that were set down in the year 1559 at Camerac, between Henry the second, king of France, and Philip the 2. king of Spain, might be kept. The whole pacification was comprehended in 35. Articles, and printed at Paris and Poloine.  
Calais, Capella, Ardea, and other Cities of Picardy, were restored to Henry the 4. K. of France, by the Spaniard.  
The Queen of England persuaded the Hollanders to peace, who notwithstanding preferred war before a treacherous peace with the Spaniards. Therefore Albertus' Archduke, going into Spain to be married, Franciscus Mendoza Admiral of Arragon, chief General of the Spanish Forces, having brought his Army to Rhine, prepareth it against the Hollanders and the united Provinces.  
They of Aquisgrane two years before condemned by the sentence of Caesar were now exposed to the spoils & slaughter of all.  
Sigismond Prince of Transiluania, repented him of his change of life, and that he had given up his government, wherefore he came out of Silesia through Poland, into Transiluania, and desired of his subjects that their oath of allegiance to him might be renewed, and persuaded Maximilian Archduke, (whom the Emperor had made Governor of Transiluania) that he would lead his forces against the Turks towards the recovery of Agnia, then against Transiluania.  
Upon the fourth of August, Sir William Cecil knight of the Order, Lord Burghley, Master of the Wards and Liveries, high Treasurer of England, a famous Counsellor to the Queen's Majesty all her reign, and likewise had been to Edward the sixth; who for his singular wisdom, was renowned throughout all Europe, departed this mortal life at his house by the Strand, his body was conveyed to Westminster with solemn Funeral, and from thence secretly to Stamford in Lincolnshyre, and there buried. I. Stowe.  
The second of October, George Earl of Comberland, returned from the Seas, having made spoil of the strong Town and Castle of S. john de Portanoico in Spain.  
This year died Philip the 2. king of Spain, being of the age of 72. years.  
Pope Clement the 8. created 13. Cardinals, amongst whom was Robert Bellarmine, jesuit.  
Philip the 3. the son of Philip the 2. succeeded his father in the kingdom of Spain. He took to wife Margarite of Austria. And Albert Archduke of Austria, married the Infant of Spain, the king's sister. Both these marrriages were celebrated by the Pope Clement the 8. at Ferrara.  
The 7. of February, the right honourable Charles Blunt. Lord Mountioy, having taken his leave at the Court, departed towards Ireland, as Lieutenant there. soldiers out of divers Shires were sent before him, and also after him, in this month of February.  
This year, Richard Lord Bishow of London, with two other Commissioners, to wit, Doctor Perkins, & Doctor Small, were sent in Embassage to Emden, there to treat with the Commissaries from the King of Denmark, and returned the eight of july following.  
On Tuesday the 5. of August, Charles james king of Scots, in Scotland escaped a strange and strong conspiracy, practised by the Earl Gowrye and his brother.  

Ambassadors from Morocco.  About the 8. of August, arrived at Donor certain Ambassadors and assistants, 16. in number, sent from the king of Morocco in Barbaria. I. Stowe.  

Ambassadors from Moschovie.  The 18. of September, certain Ambassadors came from Moschovie or Russia, and the 14. of October, the said Ambassadors rode to the Court, and had audience before her Majesty.  
FINIS.    

A brief Discourse of the Church's estate from the death of jesus Christ, until this present.  
ALl which hath been succinctly said in this book touching the estate of the Church, 
Three times of the Christian Church.  should remember the Reader of three divers times in the consideration of the government of the house of God, the better to mark things as they came, and to have thereof a certain abridgement in his memory.  
We take the first time of the Christian Church, 
The first from the preaching of the Apostles until Phocas, distinguished into three periodes.  from the beginning of the Apostles preaching until the Empire of Phocas: which is ordinarily distinguished into three periodes. 1. The first of about 70. years from the Lords Ascension, until the death of the Apostles, and of their first Disciples. 2. The second began at the Empire of trajan, and stretched by the space of 200. years until Constantine: which time also was honoured with the presence of certain of the Apostles Disciples, & other excellent Pastors of the Church, and faithful Martyrs of jesus Christ. 3. The third from Constantine until Phocas, which is the last period of the first time of the Church, about 300. years: during which, the Church had many great Doctors, Greeks & Latins.  
As for the first period of the first time, 
Of the first period of the first time of the Church.  it is very certain that never Christian Church was more happy than during that time, whether we consider the doctrine taught by the Apostles and their first successors, or we contemplate all the parts of the ministery, and of the Ecclesiastical discipline.  
Now for the doctrine we have by a singular grace of God, the Apostles Epistles whereby it is easy to gather a body and summary of all that which every Christian ought to know touching his salvation. And that which is more, if they which came after the Apostles had continued to build upon the foundation which they had laid, the Church had remained in his first spiritual splendour and brightness: the simplicity then being such and so great in doctrine, in the manner of teaching, and in ceremonies, that the shepherds and sheep, were altogether elevated unto the heavenly Father through jesus Christ; living moreover in such charity & concord, as truly this world might be well called the golden world. For although that in the Apostles time and their next successors, there rose up certain mutinous persons to trouble the happy rest of the Church, this hurt not much, the majesty of the spirit of God discovering itself in such sort in the preaching of the Gospel, that all the world was constrained to acknowledge in this infirmity of the servants of God, an admirable efficacy, to biing all wisdom and human power captive under the obedience of jesus Christ. True it is, that already Satan thought upon his affairs, and brought forth his practices with greater force than ever before, building his Synagogue nigh unto the Church. For even when the Apostles themselves lived, certain jews and Gentiles making the same profession of Christianisme, fought against jesus Christ in divers manners, as S. Paul his Epistles do witness. And what diligence soever the servants of God used to eradicate and root out the tars which the enemy did sow: yet remained there the seeds thereof in the bosom of the Church during the periodes following: God meaning to humble his, and to show them that truly they had and would always have cause to fight in this life, but that the triumph thereof was reserved for the other world. For as for the strength of the persecutors since the Apostles time, it hath always showed it true, that the blood of the Martyrs is the seed of the Church.  
But let this be said in a word, only to awake the Reader and to prepare him to a diligent meditation of the Ecclesiastical history. Now something is to be said of the second period of the first time. The apostolic men, 
Of the second period of the first time of the Church.  armed with the virtue and power of the Lord, maintained constantly the truth, amongst all the tempests and storms of persecution, and in despite of Gentilism, & of divers heresies which boldly began to left up their heads. In so much, that great marvel it was, that so soon after so great light, men should see the East in many places covered with so deep darkness, many goodly Churches ruinated, and the doctrine of salvation transported otherwhere. Yet the greatest evil was in the bowels of the Church itself; many Pastors whereof, not being so attentive as of reason they should have been to conserve and keep the purity of the evangelical doctrine, but suffering to take root (I know not how) that which tasted of carnal wisdom: in so much that in the place of the true end & mark which the Gospel proposeth unto us, men began to establish unto us, all the perfection of Christianity in sufferings and afflictions for the Gospel, and in arresting & abiding a little too subtly, upon the stay of certain fantastic persons, springing from the school of Philosophers, so fell by little and little, to that unhappiness, as to transform the holy scripture into allegorike interpretations, a marvelous bait for the curiosity of human understanding, and a fountain of infinite mischiefs in the Church. True it is that the first inventors of such things, thought nothing less than that which came after. So much than did the Lord humble his people. But about the end of this period, evil was seen to advance, and ceremonies increase in such sort, that men inclined unto Indaisme and Paganism, the love of solitude and Munkery, the abstinence from marriage, and from certain viands and meats on particular days, many Feasts and other seeds of superstition after succeeding, took a marvelous root. So the commencement of prayers for the dead, and of the sacrifice of the Mass, did then discover themselves: not that the intent of such as made mention of the dead, to encourage the living constantly to serve God, and which brought of their goods into the company of the faithful, for the comfort of the poor after the celebration of the Supper, was to bring in the execrable Idolatry which long time after sprung up. There were also introducted and brought into Baptism, certain ceremonies, yet not such as the ridiculous superstitions which since have been forged. Finally the good intent began to show itself, and from thenceforth to lift up the head, until at the last upon the end of the second time of the Church, it rose up above the word of God.  

Of the third period of the first time of the Church.  As for the third period of the first time, herein it was happy, in that God during that time, raised up divers learned persons, greeks and Latins, to oppose themselves with lively voice at Synods, as also by their books, whereof we have some number at this day, against the impiety of infinite heretics.  
Amongst other, S. Augustine was an excellent Doctor of the Church: who notwithstanding is not always so clear as is to be desired. Amongst the Latins this time also brought forth other great persons, yet men also, which yet is more seen in the Greek Doctors, less pure than the Latins, especially in the right knowledge of the merit of jesus Christ, and all was the want of a pure and native intelligence of the Lords language in the Prophetic and apostolic books. Their allegorike interpretations had as it were gotten the upper hand, ceremonies marvelously increased, Monkeries began to take footing, the true means to divide the Church, and to forge a new service of God: afterward, the veneration of the Martyr's Sepulchers, paintings, and after Images glisteren in Churches. The pure doctrine of the Lords Supper began to be falsified for want of right understanding the manner of Sacramental speeches, and the virtue of the alone sacrifice of jesus Christ. Bishops, especially that of Rome, thrust into the world, and the mystery of iniquity form itself as it afterward should come into the light. For arianism having served for a seed to Mahumatisme, and the despising of the celestall verity, with corruption of manners maintaining the audacity and boldness of the Bishops of Rome▪ this period finishing, gave entry unto strange evils, wherewith the Church was overthrown a little space after.  
Let us now say something of the second time of the Church, which we divide into two periodes. The first, 
The second time of the Church from Phocas until Charles. 5. The first period.  from Phocas about the year 600. until Charlamaine by the space of 300. years. The second from Charlamaine unto Charles the fifth of that name, Emperor, about 700. years.  
In the first period of this second time of the Church, as the Antichrist of the East thrust himself well forward, that of the West established his Throne, and then was the door open to all errors: which notwithstanding entered not at once, but came by little and little into the Church. Above all, the opinion of purgatory, fire, and of the sacrifice for the dead, were the foundation of the papalty and of all that vermin of their Clergy and infinite Sects of Monks, which like Grasshoppers from the deep pit, came to spread themselves through Europe. But it was in the second period of the second time, 
The second period.  that Idolatry and superstitions obtained the upper hand. Insomuch that the poor Church as it were buried, had no more any spring, neither appeared there any token whereupon to cast her eye, but only the invocation of the Father, of the Son, and of the holy Ghost in Baptism. And although from time to time, the Lord made shine some flames and torches in the bowels of that darkness, to redargue and weaken such as rotten in so heavy and palpable ignorance: yet was their blindness so lamentable, and their sleep so deep, that for one which lifted up the head, and to whom Antichrist gave no release nor leave to approach, witness all such as during this period opposed themselves never so little against his tyranny, an infinite remained lifeless and altogether dead. The Lord making himself admirable in the mercy which he showed upon some, and renowned in horrible and just punishment of their ingratitude, which loved better lies than truth. Who can here recite the superstitions & Idolatries of Antichrist, & his crafts and subtleties, to establish his kingdom and tyranny upon bodies and soul? He had his servants and instruments of all sorts, to lean, fasten, increase, and multiply his Throne in the Temple of GOD, carrying in his brow the name of misery, sitting in the Temple of God, calling himself God, yet unknown of such as called themselves Christians, which he put off until the end of the world, and to I know not what fancy and dream of an Antichrist which should be borne but a little before the second coming of the son of God. Briefly, the great spiritual Babylon, the murderess of souls, had her kingdom during this period, tyrannising the Israel of God, hid and dispearced in a little number and by her impostures, blasphemies and impieties, mocked the true God, & Father of jesus Christ, whose name avowed with the mouth, she trod under her feet, by her abominable error.  

The third time of the Church from Charles the fifth, till this present time.  But the Lord willing to make his work admirable, which was to ruinate Babylon, to destroy the man of sin by the breath of his mouth, and by the brightness of his coming, presented himself in the third time, and by the ministery of people, feeble and of small appearance, yet driven and drawn on with the zeal of his glory, first brought in the knowledge of tongues, than the celestial truth, maugre all the strengths of the world, and in sixty years hath made us again see all the marvels of the worlds passed in the government of his Church, as well in the efficacy of his word, as in the virtue thereof, to maintain it, to fortify his servants, against all sorts of enemies, within and without, and to repress tyrants, Apostates, heretics and hypocrites: which we hope he will pursue more and more, and we pray him to do it for the love of jesus Christ his son, until that great Saviour appear in the clouds, to judge the qucke and the dead. Amen.  
FINIS.   

A Table of the principal things contained in this book.  

A.  
ABbey of S. Denis in France, builded by Dagobert. 190  
Absimarus Emperor. 206  
Abbreviataries 

created 465.  
destroyed 487    
Acarius an heretic, murdered. 69  
Acephali heretics. 82  
Acolites. 91  
Achaia and other Countries brought into Provinces. 73  
Acchio D. of Milan from whose helm fell the serpent. 114  
Adamites heretics in Bohemia. 81  
Adiaphores. 130  
Adrian the Emperor changed the name of jerusalem. 34  
Adrian the 4. angry because the Emp. held his right stirrup 130  
Angry because he placed his name before the Popes. 136  
He is choked with a fly. 140  
Albertus Alasco. 145  
Alua's tyranny. 636  
His death. 641  
Amais banished Scotland. 643  
A Priest dieth for fear. 641  
A notable act of the signory of Venice. 653  
Antwerp yieldeth. 655  
Augusta. 659  
Augustus D. of Sax. dieth. 657  
A Fleet for Lisbon. 671  
A jubiley. 677  
An act against the P. Bulls. 677  
Albertus made General. 692  
He winneth Callais. 693  
Articles concerning controversies in religion. 703  
Aemilian Emp. 65  
Aim D. of Savoy, became an hermit. 89  
Albarit marquess of Toscane, chaseth away the Sarrasins. 55  
Alban martyred. 49  
Appellation of the Mass. 141  
Albert first author of the Carmes. 106  
Adrian Pope a buggerer, yet worshipped as God. 36  
His death. Ibid.  
Aeli●s Pertinax. 45  
Alexander Severus Emp. 53  
Albigeois, or Albiois, opposing themselves against Transubstantiation are overcome. 112  
Albinus first K. of Lombard is slain. 67  
Alcoran of the Mahomatists. 190  
Alcibiades Martyr, of a scrupulous life. 42  
Almain followed the fashion of the Roman Mass. 94  
Almain changed by civil war. 91  
Alexander Bishop. 13  
Alexander ordaineth new ceremonies. 36  
Alexander martyred. 42  
Alex. Bishop of jerusalem. 58  
Alex. 3. sent unto the soldan, the Image of the Emp. Barbarossa. 103  
He fled in his cook's attire. 109  
He treadeth upon the neck of Frederick Barbarossa. 117  
Alexander 5. poisoned. 122  
Alexander 6. poisoned. 129  
Ambrose being sick, receiveth the Eucharist. 73  
Anacletus 28. Martyr. 29  
Auicetus Pope. 28. Martyred. Ibid  
Antonius Pius Emp. 37  
Amurathes Emp. of the Turks. 452  
Anastatius commandeth to worship a quaternity. 145  
Anastatius the Emp. dieth with lightning 99  
Annates imposed upon France. 451  
Confirmed. 460  
Antichrist in his full tyranny persecuteth the faithful after the year, 130. according to Sibylla Erithred, and makes war upon himself. 153  
Antonius & his cohaeritikes. 96  
Antonius Bishop of Nicomedia Martyred. 73  
Anthropomorphits. 268  
Antinous. 36  
Antioch shaketh & trembleth. 91  
Sinketh in an Earthquake. 100  
Taken by Boemundus the Norman. 111  
Antiphones and the Introite of the Mass. 145  
Apollonius beheaded. 44  
Apostles govern Churches. 11  
False Apostles. Ibid.  
Apostles & their charge. 9  
A fabulous apparition of S. Michael. 61  
Arabici heretics. 19  
Arcadius and other martyred by Genseric. 83  
Archilaus Herod's successor. 31  
Archpriests and Cardinals. 54  
Arrius & his adherents excommunicated. 103 Could not be reunited with Alexander. 105 Purgeth himself by oaths.  
Armacan publisheth conclusions against the Friars. 116  
Armenia again receiveth the faith. 70  
Arnoldus de nova villa, a true and faithful man. 399  
Arnold Brira opposeth himself against the Clergy, usurping the temporal sword. 329  
Arnulphus Bishop of Lions slain. 322  
Arrius Antonius persecuteth the Christians. 33  
Articles of the doctrine of the Valdois. 339. Of the Bohe. Ibid.  
Artois erected unto an Earldom or County 227  
Asia looseth 13. Towns by earthquake. 6  
Asia the less, hath flourishing Churches, 8. Persecuted. 49  
Attyla spoyseth Aquileia and all Italy. 153. Taketh Rome. 224 Besiegeth Orleans. 227. Is discomfited by Meronee. 244  
Aug. S. dieth. 151  
Athanasius. 109  
Aubriot accused of heresy, is condemned to perpetual prison with bread and water. 128  
Augustine's drawn from their Hermitages to preach in good Towns. 367  
avignon the seat for the Roman Court. 394  
Auriflame the French standard. 343  
Ausbourge delivered from the Barbarians. 72  
Augustus Caesar. 1  
Aurelian Emp 64. His death. 70   

B  
BAbilon hath a Church. 10  
Battle of Lepante. 602  
Bajazeth 4 Emp. of the Turks, slew his brother Soliman. 486  
Baia. is put in an Iron cage. 447  
Bajazeth giveth 200000. Ducats to Pope Alexander the 6. to poison Gemen his brother. 451  
Basilides heretics. 26  
Bavier conquered 223  
Beda the Venerable 118  
Bellisarius makes Africa tributary 123  
Beneuent given to the Pope 326  
Bennet the younger cast into a furnace 190  
Berengarius smothered the truth under certain errors 294  
He speaks against himself. Ibid.  
Benet 1. Pope 176  
Beginning of leaden seals 200  
Baron 366  
Berillus heretic 33  
Barnard Monk poisoned H. the 7. 223  
Bishop and Priest all one. 14  
Bishops married. 68  
Bishop of Rome made universal 92  
Bishop ought to be convinced by 12. witnesses before he be condemned. 129  
Bishops make of a Council a conventicle and a monopoly 248  
Blasphemy new of the Pope's keys 313  
Blondus the Historiographer. 300  
Boheme tamed by Charlemagne. 156  
Is erected into a kingdom. 302  
Brought into the obedience of Otho 307  
Bohemians communicate under both kinds 315  
Make no account of the Pope. ●19  
Withdraw from subjection. 334  
They propound 4. articles in the Council of Basill. 351  
Boniface Pope. 116  
Boniface an English man, preacheth in Frise and is there Martyred. 221  
Burgraves. 366  
Bruno the first Chartreux, with Hugh Bishop of Grenoble. 307  
Bulgaria made subject to the Roman Church. 221  
Bull of gold. 249  
Bull of the Stigmates of S. Frances. 110  
Bullist and Friars minors do strive for the government of the Nuns. 226  
Burchardus compileth the ancient Canons. 121  
Bells in use. 30  
Bell tolls at noontide. 461   

C  
CAligula afflicteth the jews. 6  
Calyphe the great, comparable to the Pope. 366  
He dieth of famine in the midst of his great riches. 371  
Calvin. 579  
Charlemagne first called Treschristian. 226  
Canons observed by the commandment of Celestine. 153  
Canonization of Saints. 346  
cardinals name now in use. 282  
Cardinals alone to wear red hats. 468  
Cardinals named as principals of the Clergy. 54  
Cardinals exalted against heretics. 58  
Carmes called the brethren of the Virgin Mary. 378  
Carpocrates heretic. 35  
Carus Emperor died being stricken with lightning. 62  
Cataphryges' heretics. 35  
Catechumenes. 101.43  
Cathares heretics, called novatians. 101  
Chapplers invented. 362  
Cassimere. 627  
Carmelites. 341  
Conrade Emp. 263  
Celsus heretic. 35  
Caelestinus Pope. 150  
Cerdon a stoic heretic. 38  
Ceremonies invented. 52.180  
Cerinthus heretic. 40  
Caesar Valentine, Alex. the 6. his bastard. 482  
Chaldeans afflict the jews. 76  
Canons regular or irregular instituted. 307  
Calixtus Bishop of Rome. 52  
Carus Emp. 74  
Caius Emp. of Rome. 75  
Caracalla Emp. 51. slain. 161  
Charles K. of Naples, slayeth his sister jane at the Pope's instigation. 397  
Chartreux order founded. 370  
Castle of S. Angeto builded.  
Chiliasts renewed. 67  
Chorepiscopi particular Bishops. 91  
Christian liberty. 19  
Church of Antioch in great fame. 16  
Church in Babylon. 10  
In Africa troubled by Gensericus. 78  
Roman declared principal. 111  
Church called Sancta Sanctorun builded. 63  
Churches flourishing in Asia the less, governed by the Apostles. 8  
Churches oriental communicated but once a year. 227  
Churches oriental and occidental appeased. 244  
Church of Aquilegia reduced. 89  
Christians persecuted the first time by Nero. 19  
The second under Domitian. 27  
The third under trajan. 28  
The 4. under M. Aurelius. 40  
The 5. under Severus. 41  
The 6. under julius Max. 55  
The 7. under Decius. 58  
The 8. under Galius. 60  
The 9 under Aurelian. 70  
The 10. and most cruel, under Dioclesian. 76  
Christ exerciseth his ministery, suffereth his passion. 6  
Clergy, Clerks, and their signification. 90  
The Clergy augmented. 112  
Clergy Roman usurpeth the election of the Pope. 149  
The temporal sword. 201  
They will have no reformation 232  
Except from common collectors. 241  
Clerks enjoy immunities. 39  
That they ought to meddle with secular affairs. 160  
Clovis baptized and his Nobles. 108  
Collation of Benefices. 209  
College of fair women. 194  
Comet seen three months together. 397  
Commodus strangled. 45  
Communicants take the wine and bread in their hands. 238  
Council at jerusalem. 192  
councils touching Easter. 162  
Clerus Bishop. 26  
Clement the first. 27  
Claudius Emp. 69  
councils of Philadelphia. 56  
At Antioch. 68  
At Nice. 96  
Counsels provincial every year. 98  
Council African. 107  
Council of Carthage. 109  
Ephesus. 112  
Of Chalcedon. 120  
Of Orleans 132  
At Tara in Spain. 136  
Toledo 141  
Constantinople 155  
Council at Auvergne 161  
At Orleans 171  
At Lions 177  
Paris 197  
Civil 200  
Toledo 222  
councils the four general to be kept as the Gospel 223  
Council at Rome 128  
Counsels cannot prescribe laws to the Roman Church, but from thence hath her virtues and perfections 243  
Cornelius B. of Rome 60  
Council at Reius 335  
At Tours. 33. Lateran 349  
Council in France, against the K. thereof. 359  
Council general at Vienna. 371  
Council National in Fracen. 430  
Council general at Vienna. 444  
At Parpignan 445  
At Pisa 459  
At Constance 460  
Cardinal Albert. 641  
Christian Churches of Constantinople. 650  
Charles Borgia. 642  
Clement 8. Pope 679  
He maketh war upon Caesar Est 760  
Confession taken away by Nectarius 92  
Confession annicular instituted. 346  
Conon Pope 88  
Conrade 1. of that name Emperor 250  
Conrade the second 261  
Conrade the third 272  
Conrade a Merchant of Milan, disposeth the Sect of the Fratriceilli 384  
Conrade the lawful K. of Sicilia, beheaded by the Pope's council 409  
Consecration of water mingled with wine 98  
Constance sister of William King of Sicily a Nun, was dispended with for marrying 335  
Constantius Emp. an heretic. 226  
Constance pilleth Rome 161  
Constance Emp. abiureth his heresy. Ibid.  
Constance slain at the Bathe, 20  
Comodus Emp. 44. His death. 45  
Count or Earl. 366  
Constantine the great, Emperor, desired to be baptized in jordan. 83  
He caused a Tabernacle to be carried in war 87. He burneth the libel of the Bishops. 92 By his humility he raiseth up the pride of the Popes against his successors 31  
Constant. the 4. Emp. 198  
Constant the 5 Emp. 215. He commanded Images to be cast out of Churches.  
Constant 6. Emp. 222  
Constant. Pope, 2. of that name, hath his eyes put out 220  
Constant. Paleologne the last Emperor of Constantinople. 421. murdered at the taking thereof.  
Costantinople builded in the midst of Byzantium 89 Is fired. 112. Is besieged 3. years of the Saracens and Arabians, recovered by the Grecians, 211. Besieged of Bajazeth. 222. is taken.  
Cosroes K. of Persia destroyeth Syria. 185. He would abolish Christianity. Ibid. He is overcome by Heraclius.  
Coronation of Clement the fifth troubled with the deaths of many. 2018  
Cresselius punished for his ambition 334  
Croisades take their beginning. 299  
Cruelty of Pope Pius the fourth. 300  
Cyrus reedifieth the Temple. 4  
Custom upon wine and salt in France. 112  
Cyprian S. his death. 64   

D  
DAgobert instituted a College of fair women. 194  
Damasus 2. of that name Pope. 2●5  
Denmark with his K. converted to the faith 121  
Danes and Normans do return into France. 156  
Darfosa martyred. 89  
Darius Histaspes endeth the Temple 12  
Dauphin sold to the K. of Fr. 129  
Decadence and fall of the Pope. 259  
decretals from whence forged. 60  
decretals examined 61  
decretals gathered together by Raymond the Monk. 352  
decretals attributed to Lucius. 71  
Degrees Ecclesiastical 59  
Denis Bishop of Alexandria, & his death 119  
Denis B. of Rome and his decretals 68  
Denis a Roman Abbot, made the great paschal Cycle. 173  
Denis the woman of great Constantine, martyred 116  
Deus Dedit or Dorithe Pope. 186  
Deacon and his signification. 14  
Didier last K. of Lombard's. 221  
Dydius julius Emp. 45  
Dydinus a blind man, a famous Regent in the School of Alexandria 244  
Digna a noble matron in Aquilea, cast herself headlong into the water 153  
Dioclesian caused his feet to be kissed. 76  
Dioclesia. & Max. depose themselves of the Empire. 78  
D. Saunders. 642  
Duke Alencon. 640  
His death. 645  
Duke of Guise slain. 666  
Death of the L. Russell. 658  
Death of the Q. of Scots. 659  
Dissension in religion. 682  
Duke of Parma dieth. 680  
Death of Sixtus the 5. 674  
D. de main. 676  
Death of Ch. Bourbon. 673  
D. of Nevers. 685  
Dissension amongst the Protestant Princes. 627  
Death of Amurathe. 690  
D. Lopez executed. 688  
Dioclesian dieth in a rage. 79  
Division of the kingdom of judea. 3  
Divorce permitted for the long sickness of a woman. 257  
Doctrine evangelical received at Valence in Dauphine. 177  
Domitian Emperor. 26  
Domitian slain. 37  
Domitius Nero. 28  
Donation of Constantine. 89.405  
Death of the Duke of Guise. 577  
Decius Emperor. 58  
His death. 59  
Diaconesses. 92  
Deodatus Pope. 199   

E  
EAster ordained on the Sunday. 39  
To be celebrated in one day in all places. Ibid.  
Ebion an heretic. 18  
Edmond the last King of the Eastern English men, slain by the Danes. 271  
Edward the 3. King of England elected Emperor. 411  
Election of the Pope given to Charlemagne. 253  
Given to the people and Clergy of Rome. 256  
Usurped by them the Ro. people. 271  
To the Pope's Elders. 5  
Election of the Emperors given to the german Nation. 277  
Emperor kisseth the Pope's feet. 219  
Empire Western endeth. 153  
Empire Roman decayeth. 141.187  
Empire of Constantinople transferred into France. 218  
Empire divided betwixt two Emperors. 79  
Empire of the West divided. 262  
Empire in discord. 303  
England first keepeth the Lent fast. 194  
Evensong of Sicily. 362  
Estate of France. 619.623  
Estates of the low Countries. 620  
Estates of Almain. 692  
Evangelists which. 14  
evaristus martyred. 74  
Eucharist called oblation 37  
Given into the hand of the receiver. 91. carried to such as were nigh dead. 80. A book touching the Eucharist generally received 245  
Elutherius Bishop of Lions, and his dreams 78  
Eugenia daughter of Philip king of Alexandria martyred 76  
Eutalius Priest, cause of the 4. Schism 137  
evaristus B. 30. Martyred. Ibid.  
Elutherius Pope 43  
eutychian K. of Rome. 71  
Eutychians and Arrians rejected from Constantinople 79  
exarchs in Italy 176  
exarchs cease in Italy. 211. Is given to the Pope 218. & asked again by Constantine.  
Excommunication converted into abuse 257  
Excommunication written with Ink mingled with wine in the Chalice. 239. For temporal goods 329  
Exorcists 91  
Eusebius Bish. of R. 18  
Euerguacenes 143   

F  
FAbian Bishop and his election miraculous 56 Martyred with his wife Darfosa Ibid.  
Fable of the Stigmates of S. Frances. 389  
Fausta maintaineth her husband Costantine in superstition. 100  
Faelix Bishop and his decretals and martyrdom 82  
Faelix Bishop of Ravenna hath his eyes put out 202  
Faelix and Elephandus condemned for heresy, which they repent 226  
Faelix 5. renounceth the Popedom 480  
Ferrara usurped by the Venetians 110  
Feasts denounced to the people. 93  
Feasts of all Saints instituted. 112  
Feasts of the Sacrament called Feste Dieu 121. Confirmed. 149  
Fast 139  
Feast of the spear and nails.  
Feast of the transingration.  
Feast of dedication 716  
Festus governeth judea 19  
Flagellers or whippers 117  
Flaunders made a County. 290  
Flower-delyce of France. 426  
Forbidding to eat flesh annathenized 235  
Florentines buy their liberty.  
Florentines interdicted 440  
Absolved by Vrban the 6. 446  
Florian brother of Tacitus. 70 

Usurped the Empire, and is slain Ibid.    
Florus moved the jews to war. 18  
France followeth the fashion of the Roman Mass 207  
France divided into certain kingdoms 197  
France agreeth in their Ecclesiastical singing with the Romans 256  
Frances Dandalus D. of Venice 425  
Frances Curiario Vicar of the Empire, taken of the Venetians and slain in prison 452  
S. Frances canonised 383  
Frances Petrarke 420  
Fratricelli condemned and persecuted 384  
Fredegunda slayeth Chrisperic. 203  
Fredegunda slain in the Church Ibid.  
Frederic Barbarossa goeth into Italy 329  
He is excommunicated of Alexander the third. 344  
Felix Bishop of Rome 71  
Formosus Pope 258  
Ferdinand. 1. 554  
Frederic Barbarossa is surprised by the soldan, and set at liberty 273  
Trodden under foot by Alexander the third 348  
Frederick the 2. declared an enemy to the Church 389  
He is constrained to lead an Army into Syria 390  
Frederick the 2. excommunicated and deprived of his Empire by Innocent the 4. 393  
Frederick 2. being angered at the Pope, made many notable persons die 363  
Frederick D. of Ostrich beheaded at Naples, with others. 399  
Frederick Count of Misne, elected Emperor 441  
Frederick D. of Brunswic elected Emp. slain by the Count de Waldec 317  
Frisons receive the faith 266  
Frodesque Saluiat Archbishop of Pisa, hanged 479  
Fulco succeeded Baudwin in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. 363  
Fuscus overcome by Derpains. 300  
Fulbert Bishop of Chartres, made Stirps jesse 322   

G  
GAmma invented 284  
Galeaze Duke of Milan 456  
Galerius Max. eaten with worms 80  
Gallien Emperor 72  
Gallus Emp. he and Vclutian are slain Ibid.  
Ganclon betrayeth the Peers of France 257  
Gantier Divelot slain in the Church 78  
Gautlier d' Annoy an adulterer, scorched and hanged 430  
Geneva and Orleans founded by Aurelian,  
Geneva ordains a Duke 80  
Geneviefue the Parisians Diana. 179  
Gregorian calendar 642  
Refused 647  
Gregory 13. Pope dieth 651  
Gregory the 14. 677  
Gerard Brazut Hildebrands instruments to kill Pope's 537  
Gibelins set up 357  
Gnostics 35  
Godfrey of Bullen king of jerulem 353  
Gratian persuades 3. Popes. 19 to depose themselves. 306  
greeks grant Purgatory, and the Pope to be primate of the Church 427  
Gregory one of the four Doctors of the Church 206  
Gregory calleth himself the servant of servants 79. And will not judge an universal Bishop Ibid.  
Gregory celebrateth the Supper in the vulgar tongue Ibid.  
Gregory the 2. Pope, opposeth himself against the ordinance to burn Images 190  
Gregory the fourth accepted not the Popedom unless the Emperor allowed the election. 221  
Gregory Alias Hildedrand defended Simony and single life. 345  
Gregory the seventh cast the Host into the fire Ibid.  
Gregory the 7. a lively picture of Antichrist  
Gregory the 7. after his death tormented in hell, doth great miracles 340  
Guelphs the Popes fautors, and Gibelins the Emperors. 390  
Guilbert Archbishop of Ravenna taken up again 16. years after burial 256  
Guido Aretine the first inventor of the Gamma & the notes 284  
Guillaine Pion Duke of Aquitaine, founder of the first Monastery of the order of Augustine Friars 219  
Guillian Orseure showed that the Pope is Antichrist 227  
Guillaine Count de Holland chosen Emperor against Frederick the second. 257. Is slain. Ibid.  
Guiniard Bishop of Nantes martyred 294  
Guisards audition 300  
Guy de Lusingam last king of jerusalem. 357  
Gaul began to be called France. 188  
Gordian Emperor 56  
Grasshoppers out of the bottomless pit 461  
Guns invented. 432   

H  
HAalon K. of the Tartarians, overcometh the Persians 177  
Helchesites heretics 25  
Henry the 8. Emperor, invented the combat of tourneys. 65  
H. the 3. upon his marriage day drove away all Morris-players, and such like 284  
H. the 4. Emperor, showeth a dejection of heart unworthy an Emperor 130  
H. 4 poisoned by his son, unburied by the space of 5. years. 315  
H. the 5. resigneth the investitures to the Pope 334  
H. Landgrave of Thuring, elected Emperor, dieth 361  
H. the 6. will needs be crowned at Rome 349  
H. the 7 poisoned in an Host. 357  
H. the 1. K. of England, deprived of his right by an Archbishop 223  
Henry Carperell Provost of Paris, a false judge, condemned. 422  
Heliogabalus Emp. 51  
Hilary 1. Pope 157  
Herculean Bishop of Peruse hath his head sawn.  
Heresy of Ebion. 29. Nicholaits. 29. Menander. 29. Basilides. 35. Saturnine. 35. Cerinthus. 40. Valentine. 35 Marcian and Montanus. 35 Carpocrates Gnastici. 35. Cerdin. 38. Cataphryges'. 42. Apalles. 42. Talianus. 142. Fratricelli. 420. Severians. 43 Theodorus. 57 Proclus and Berillus. 62. Noetus and Sabellius. 64. Of the Manichees. 71. Arrius. 95. Pelagius. 82. Acephales'. 84. A quaternity 47. Of many Monks. 22. Of john Bishop of Constantinople. 302. Athenians and others. 89. Prifallian. 30.12. Monothelites. 214. Of Constantius. 363. Of Paul the successor of Pyrrhus. 249. Of Peter the successor of Patriarch. 223. Constant. by him abjured. 229. Of Machoris Bishop of Antioch, Monothelite. 215  
Heresy of a Council 309  
Heresy pernicious of Transubstantiation 359  
Herman of Saxe elected Emperor 257  
Herod stirreth persecution. 2. And dieth by a horrible judgement Ibid.  
Herod Antipas beheaded john. 4  
Herod Tetrarch banished to Lions 6  
Herodes Agrippa beheaded James. 9 His death 15  
Herodias wife of Philip Herodes 4  
Hours Canonical sung by note. 357  
Hildebrand causeth eight Popes to die 427  
Hildericke king of the Vandals, restoreth the Catholics. 461  
Hirene assembleth a Council at Nice. 222. Causeth her sons eyes to be put out 223  
Holland erected into a County. 259  
Homousis and Essence 99  
Hungary and Boheme become one kingdom 371  
Honorius King of the Vandals persecuteth the Christians, and dieth of vermin 472  
Hospitals 164  
Hospital of the holy Ghost builded at Rome. 474  
Hospitaliers called the knights of S. john of Porsale 321  
H. K. of Navarre. 643  
Heluetians 658  
Huguenots 667  
H. the 3. K. of France 669  
H. 4. King of France crowned. 686  
He is absolved of the Pope. 691  
Hussites do reject all human traditions. 221. Are assaulted by Sigismond Emperor and the Pope. 691  
Hypona besieged by the Vandals 346   

I  
IAcobius founded upon Pope Honorius his dream. 351  
jacobius of Berne. 494  
Idolatry finds the Pope a defender thereof 209  
Idolatry of them of Gaunt. 228  
Idolatry of Chaplets 362  
john Baptist preacheth 4  
john Apostle and Evangelist dieth 27  
john of Antioch heretic and a jew, compiled the Alicoran. 190  
john king of England subjecteth his Crown to the Pope. 227  
Ignatius cast to beasts 31  
Innocent the first 146  
john the 1. Pope. 167.2.169  
john surnamed Teutonicus, opposeth himself against the Pope's demanding of tenths in Almain. 421  
john Duke of Britain slain with a wall 262  
john 22. an heretic 392  
john de Roquetaillade martyred. 421  
john Colunban and Frances Vincent the first Jesuits 417  
john Wickliff 443  
john Gerson 443  
john Hus commendeth the doctrine of Wickliff to the people. 426  
john Hus and Hierome of Prage go to the Council and are burned. 442. Their death. Ibid.  
john 24. saluted of an Owl, is much troubled. 440. He flieth from the Council of Constance.  
john Paleoleauge Emp. of Constantinople 400  
john Guttenberge inventor of Printing 455  
john Pusters Called Gurman, and Peter Sheffert sell their printing Ibid.  
john Huniades escapes from the battle. 372. dieth. Ibid.  
john justinian of Geneva beheaded 391  
john an English man burnt. 479  
john Fissers author of the repentants order 364  
john Picus Prince of Miradula. 297  
johan of Orleans a maid, burned 448  
Jerome died 149  
Jerome Savanaroll burned. 229  
julius Max. Emperor slain. 54  
Iust. of faith 147  
julius Philipp. Emperor. 57  
jerusalem divided into 2. Sects. 4 Is in sedition. 6. Left of the Christians, is besieged. 22. Horrible famine 23  
jerusalem taken 23  
jerusalem changeth the name. 34  
jerusalem taken by Cosroes king of the Persians 121  
jerusalem taken by the Mahometists 282  
jerusalem taken by the Christians 299  
jerusalem razed even to the foundations 92  
Images broken. 57 Taken out of Churches. 29. Restored Ibid. Taken away and burnt, forbidden to honour them upon pain of death. 54. Thrown down by Sabin K. of Bulgaria. Ibid.  
Images and paintings abolished in Churches 223  
Images set up by Hyren. 223. Impugned by Charlemagne. Ibid.  
Imbert Dauphin of Vienna, makes himself a jacobin 426  
Indians brought to the Roman Church, promise to keep the Sacrament of confirmation. 439  
Indulgences do penetrate even to such as are in purgatory. 498  
Invention to pray for the dead. 122  
Inuestatures agreed to Henry, revoked 239  
Inuestatures resigned to Pope Calixtus 25  
jonathes high Priest, slain by joseph 49  
joseph the Historiographer. 26  
jovinian a Christian Emper. 122  
Jesuits original 417  
Ireneus is slain 50  
Isaad Exarch ratifieth the election of Stephen 123  
Italy and Burgoine subjecteth to Arnulphe 100  
Italy the sea of seditions. 224  
Italy in great factions 427  
Italy governed by three Cardinals, having the power of Senators 361  
Italy afflicted by the Turks. 373  
jubilee first 299  
jubilee remitted to fifty years. 412  
Celebrated at Rome Ibid.  
jubilee of 25. years, to 25 years.  
jubilee celebrated by Alexander the 6. 371  
john de Austria 623  
johannes Basilides 649  
james king of Scots besieged and taken 660  
Innocent. 9 678  
His death Ibid.  
Irish rebellion 630  
jews and leonard's punished for poisoning waters 406  
jews crucify a Christian chude. 466  
julian Medici's slain in hearing Mass 396  
justin Emperor 166  
justin the Pelagian dieth out of his wits 225  
justinian seduced by Antsenius to depart from his error. Ibid.  
justinian compileth the Roman laws. 171 Dieth of frenzy  
justinian Emperor breaketh his faith given to the Saracens. 222 Scent inta exile. Ibid. Kisseth the Pope's feet. 230. His head is cut off.  
jul. an Emp. 100 His death. 122   

K  
Kingdom 

of Cyprus. 473.  
Of Arragon made a prey by the Pope.    
King of Bulgaria doth receive the faith 251  
King of the Romans Emp. divers names, but of one substance. 460  
King. Philip. 2. 635  
King of Navarre excommunicated 657  
King Philip displeased with the Pope▪ 670 He dieth. 708  
King of Er● excommunicated. 668  
King of France converted. 683   

L  
Lantgraves' 366  
Lambert Bishop of Liege rebuketh Pepin for adultery 274  
Lewis 184  
Laudo Pope 264  
Lansrancus the first author of Transubstantiation 285  
Laurence Deacon of Rome suffereth Martyrdom. 68  
Laurentius Valla 245  
Laurence de Medici's excommunicated 333  
Legends of Saints forged 182  
Leger Bishop martyred. 320  
Leo Emperor burneth Images. 257  
Leo Emp. of Constantinople slain in his Palace 343  
Leontius and Tiberius Emperors beheaded 376  
Litanies the great instituted. 154  
Levites 5  
Liberty to preach the Gospel in France 215  
Liberius the Arrian canonised. 256  
Lombard's reigned in Italy. 262  
Lombard's have the Empire converted to the faith. 279  
They occupy the Exarchate. Linus. 20. His death. 25  
Libraries 95  
Licinius Emperor 81  
Longin Gracian the first Exarch in Italy 176  
Lotharius dieth a Monk. 277  
Lewis Debonair giveth power to the Roman Clergy to elect the Pope 345  
Lewis son of king Philip first, came to Artois 301  
Lewis S. marketh blasphemers with an hot Iron 299  
Lewis Emperor declared heretic by the Pope 297  
Crowned by 2. Senators of Rome Ibid.  
giveth a reason of his faith. 390  
Lewis Archbishop broke his neck in a dance 154  
Lewis Duke of Orleans murdered at Paris 453  
Leo the 10. Pope 153  
Lucian the Apostate 30  
Lucius king of England received the faith 44  
Lucius B. of Rome martyred. 564  
Lucrece daughter, wife & daughter in law to the Pope 484  
Luitprandus king of Lombard's, besiegeth Rome 297  
Leopold D. of ostrich takes the King of England prisoner. 322  
Lupus Bishop of Troy approveth Litanies 167  
Luquois entreateth the liberty of their commonwealth. 312  
Livonia or Lisland converted to the faith 362  
Lent attributed to Telesephorus. 35  
First Lent in England 194  
Lotharius Emperor 233  
Liberius Emperor 113  
Luther. 106. Excommunicated 504  
Lewis Beltram Friar 671   

M  
MAhomet an Arabian a false Prophet. 189. Adored after his death. 221  
Mahomet's Koran 190  
His Paradise laws and ceremonies Ibid.  
Mahomet and the Pope conferred together 192  
Mahometists take jerusalem. 282  
Master of the Synagogue. 52  
Mancinellus 486  
Manes heretic, broiled alive. 99  
Manichees books burnt at Ro. 27  
Manicheus again condemned, are cast out of Rome 151  
mantel episcopal 253  
Mark preacheth in Egypt. 15  
Mark the Evangelist dieth. 19  
Marcelline offereth a grain of incense to Idols 203  
Marcian heretic 40  
Martion heretic 38  
Margarite Queen of Navarre condemned to perpetual prison for fornication 375  
Marriage public 30  
Marriage forbidden to Priests. 91  
Mary the mother of our Lord dieth 15  
Martian Emperor slain. 149  
Martin Empress, hath her tongue cut out 216  
Marcell Bishop of Rome 78  
Massacre in France 606  
Marcus Bishop of Rome 108  
Martyrs suffer divers torments. 58  
Martyr the word when used. 89  
Martyrs of the Pope differ from them of the Church 315  
Martyrain builded in jerusalem 89  
Maxentius drowned in Tiber 82  
Maximian chooseth his own death 83  
Maximilla and Prisca Prophetesses 219  
Maximin hath his hand and tongue cut off 200  
Matild the harlot of Gregory the 7. is called S. Peter's daughter. 305. She giveth all her goods to the Pope 319  
marquess 366  
Maurus the Roman, and Faustus the Italian, teach the Monastical life. 175  
Malcontents 629  
Maximilian dieth 622  
Moluches death. 632  
Mulei Mahamet drowned. 632  
Monsieurs voyage into Flaunders 632  
Mariade lavisitatione 666  
Max. taken prisoner 666  
M. Cavendish voyage 661  
Marcus Bragadinus 675  
Mauricius beheaded with his wife and children 182  
Macrin Emperor 56  
Menander Disciple of Simon Magus 14  
Max. Emperor 483  
Mendicant Friars 384  
Mess the word, how it was used. 87. His Introite. 150. Augmented. 163. Called the Gregorian office. 167. Invention of the word. 181. Song after the Roman manner. 112. Celebrated in Latin. Ibid. Augmented with Gloria in excelsis. 220  
metropolitans and Archbishops 90  
Michael Emperor of Constantinople 213  
Milan taken, made subject to the Empire, reuoulteth. 35. After a siege of 7. years, is sacked. 564. Re-edified and called Alexandria 365  
Ministers 14  
Miracles lying 200  
Miracles & apparitians forged. 322  
mitre of the Pope 468  
Monkery planted 192  
Monks heretics, banished from Rome 181  
Monks black privileged 185  
Monks of three sorts 124  
Monks may not carry to baptise 182  
Monks may not be kept in Monasteries against their wills. 218  
Monks rends 226  
Monks voluptuous. 242. Commanded to marry.  
Monks of England have by gift the 10. part of the kingdom. 265  
Monks privileges 143  
Monks, Venetians, and of the Mount Olive 437  
Monasteries founded 146  
Montanus and his heresy. 17  
Moses brother of Calapine. 451  
Marcus Aurelius 40  
Meldriades king of R. 84   

N  
NAples conquered by Charles the 8. 443  
The disease of Naples 436  
Nero persecuteth the Christians and killeth himself 21  
Nicasius Bishop of Rheims slain 178  
Nicholaites 314  
Nichomedia the seat for the Eastern Emperors 287  
Names of dignities 252  
Nuns and invention of their habits 337  
Nuns dispensed with to marry. 344  
normans receive the faith. 290  
Norway receiveth the faith. Ibid  
Hath a privilege to sing Mass without wine Ibid.  
Notaries and Protonotaries. 54  
Nerua Emperor 27  
Nicholas 1. Pope 241   

O  
Observation of days. 154. Of betters Ibid.  
Ocham and Dantes held for heretics 428  
Office of a king 83  
Office of a subject Ibid.  
Office of a Bishop 91  
Office of Priests 93  
Office of Deacons 95  
Olympus Bishop of Carthage, suddenly burnt 89  
Order of the holy Ghost 632  
Ovid's Tomb  
Orange receiveth the Gospel. 125  
Orange sacked 227  
Orcanes 2. Emperor of the Turks 409  
Ordinance of Bigamies 166  
Of orders 167  
Of extreme unction 174  
Of protections 185  
To say Mass toward the East. 187  
To celebrate prayers of Baptism and the Supper with an high voice. 188. Of the feast of Candlemas. Ibid. Of punishing heretics. 20. Of the 7. Canonical hours. Ibid. Commemoration of the dead at Mass. Ibi.  
Of Lent not universal. 213. To sing the Creed on high. 205. Of offering bread and wine. Ibid. Of lamps burning in Churches. 184. Altar coucred with clean clothes. Ibid. That the Corporal should be kept clean. Ibid. That a Bigant should not be made Priest. 290. Of the exaltation of the holy Cross. 287. Of the sign of the Cross. Ibid. Of burial out of Churches. 223. Of Organs. 231. Of supplications against thunder. Ibid. Of bearing children to baptism. 274. To kiss the Pix or Mass. 275. That Popes should be made with consent of the Emper. 28 That Clerks should bring up no dogs nor hawks. That a lay man should not lay hands upon a Clerk 292  
Ordinances human made equal with the word of God. 3018.  
Ordinance of Pope Vrban 2. 331  
Ordinances execrable 318  
The order of Clugny 256  
Of the Carmes. 399. Of William Hermit. Ibid Of the Trinity. 362 Offa the brethren of the hospital. Ibid. Of the jacobins confirmed. 372. Of the Caelestines. 391. Of the Pawlines in England 400  
Order of the Jesuits 406  
Four new orders of such as were crossed. 318  
Orobite heretics in Bohe. 463  
Organs first in use in France. 221  
Origines. 54. His fall, his end. 64  
Ostragoths made war with Belizarius. 185  
Otho the first 267  
Otho the second 274  
Otho the third. 300. He causeth his wife and the Adulterer to be burned. 318. He is poisoned 321  
Otho the 4. excommunicated of the Pope 365  
Ottoman the first, Emperor of the Turks, by little and little usurpeth upon Europe. 388.   

P  
Paganism 216  
Palace of avignon burnt. 209  
Paleologue Emperor. 399. He is excommunicated. Ibid.  
Palladium carried to Constantinople 103  
Pantheon builded 27  
Pantheon burned 26  
Pantheon dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and to all Saints. 459  
The papalty returneth to Rome 437  
It decayeth. 444. It was void 2. years 447  
Pope ratified by the exarch. 224 He is elected without the Emrours' authority. 235. Consecrated with a new ceremony. Ibid.  
Pope defender of Idolatry. 232  
The King of France holdeth his bridle 224  
Pope authorized of the devil, bestoweth the kingdoms of the world 224  
Pope condemned by a Pope. 220 Goeth on Procession on foot. 212 Abuseth the Emperor. 226. Cause of schism, in the Empire. 233. Transgresseth his own laws. Is called God. 236 Deposed and again restored. 266. Entereth by devilish Art. 221. Slain in adultery. 300 Disgraded and after banished. 310. He studieth Necromancy. 399. Appeared after his death. 301. A Symoniake. 312 Chosen by corruption. 317. Is an Apostate Ibid.  
Pope elected at Rome, an other at Senes. 319. Recovereth S. Peter's Patrimony by Arms. Ibid Called Prince of Sodom, servant of the servants of God 179. He is showed to be Antichrist. 138. He will be judged of no man. 290. He may be deposed by the Council. 293  
Pope's imitators of Doiclesian. 296  
Excommunicated. 298. Rise against Emperors. 301. Do crown Emperors, sell public benefices. 317. Change their names: proved by the shame fast parts 277  
Popes schismatics ane Simoniniakes 326  
Three Popes at once. Ibid. Make war with one another. Excommunicate one an other. 327  
Papists run to false miracles. 243  
Papinianus slain 57  
Paternus Monk, burnt in his Cloister for the vow of obedience. 323  
Poulian Pope 54  
Probus Emperor 70  
Paschal 1. Pope 250.  
Patrick Bishop of Soissons. 302  
giveth the Country thereof to the Church of Rome Ibid.  
Patrician 226  
Paul his parents, and place of his birth 8  
Paul converted. 9 Led to Felix. 18. Sent to Rome Ibid.  
Paul Samosatenian. 68 Condemned by the Council of Antioch Ibid.  
Paul heretic 98  
Paul Patriarhe condemned. 114  
Parma created Duke 628  
Prince of Orange shot. 640  
He is slain 645  
Poland troubled 666  
Patriarch of Constantinople. 65  
Prince of Sax. prisoner. 653  
Prince of Conde poisoned. 665  
Priests reconciled 672  
Peter Barrier 683  
Peace between Fr. and Spain.  
Philip the 3 king of Spain. 708  
Pentecost 83  
Palatines 386  
Persecution under Herod. 2  
Persecution in Flaunders 371  
Persecutions at Paris. 457  
Petrarke 420  
Peterpence 238  
Peter Lombard 327  
Petrus Comestor 327  
Petrus Bercoris Ibid.  
Philip preacheth in Samaria 89  
Philip Bishop of Alexandria martyred with his daughter. 66  
Peter whether he were at Rome. 14  
Peter in bonds past thereof. 9  
Peter de Bailard heretic Pelagian 79  
Peter de Ruere spent in 2. years 200000. Skutes  
Pilate cited to Rome 10  
Peregrin a Philosopher, cast himself into the fire. 42  
Pilgrimages began 111  
Printing 455  
Pelagius. 147  
Philip de Anjoy, the Queen of Navarres adulterer, broiled alive 34  
Philip Emperor a Monothelite 357  
Pientia builded by Pius second. 200  
Platina writeth the Pope's lives. 141  
He is imprisoned Ibid.  
Plurality of benefices began. 291  
Polycarpus 40  
Polycarpus burned 41  
Pomeriana receiveth the faith. 322  
Porphyrius 53  
Pragmatike sanction. 453. Abrogated 495  
Priest and his signification. 14  
Priests communicate under both kinds 231  
Priests cannot communicate alone 243  
Priests of Greece might marry. 195  
Priests rents 217  
Priests married in France about 900. years after the Apostles. 219  
Priests married in England, are condemned. 271  
Prayers of the Church 92  
Prayers for the dead 213  
Primacy of the Church established by an homicide & a traitor 185  
Pius the first 39  
Privilege of the Temple. 17  
Privilege of the Roman Church 124  
Probus bringeth Germany into a Province 121  
Prophets and their interpretation 14  
Purgatory invented 239  
Pyrrhus' Patriarch, dieth shamefully  
Penitentiaries. 408   

Q  
QVadratus governor of Syria. 201  
Quadratus Bishop of Athences Ibid.  
Quatorrian heretics 47  
S. Quintin in Vermendois founded 245  
Quintilianus 21  
Quintilius brother of Claudius the Emperor 69   

R  
RAbbi masters 14  
Rastrix D. of Cleve, hath his eyes put out 290  
Reliquaries sold and given to the poor 227  
Red hats 468  
Relics invented by Satan. 131  
Repertory moral 433  
Reservation of benefices 414  
Rodolph. 2. Emperor 622  
Reformed Church of Antwerp. 629  
Riga 683  
Rodoaldus K. of Lombardie slain in adultery 198  
Rome set on fire by Nero. 19 Given to Sylvester by Constantine. 82. Taken again by Genseric. 144. Taken of the Hunes. 161. Of the Goths the second time 172  
Rome and Italy return from the obedience of the Emperor Leo 191  
Rodolphus a child, martyred by the jews 209  
Reconciliation. 45   

S  
SAcrament of the Altar. 287  
Saints lives are forged. 182  
Saladin killeth the Caliph. 203  
Occupieth jerusalem Ibid.  
Salic law 283  
Saladins 343  
Salue Regina 282  
sing received into the Church 140  
Sapor king of the Persians 56  
Silvester Bishop of Rome 88  
Scanderbag, Severus Pertinax. 46  
The house of Savoy made a County 100  
Schism for the Feast of Easter 223  
Schism in the papalty. 208 232  
Schism in the Empire. 400  
Serena Empress Martyr. 77  
Sergius Pope 205  
Seruians killeth Amurathes.  
Sigismond Emperor 439  
Simon Magus. 14. simoniacs. 13  
Scotland receiveth the Gospel. 163  
Scotland allied with France. 252  
School of Caesaria 121. Ethnic of Laodicea 130  
Schools of two sorts 95  
Severtists 154  
Stephen stoned. 8  
Spain followeth the manner of the Roman Mass 301  
Stephen K. of Bosne roasted alive.  
Smyrna destroyed by an Earthquake 385  
Swisses called defenders of the Roman liberty 416  
Synagogue hath his master. 73  
Sebastian King of Portugal. 625. His death 631  
S. Martin Frobisher 626  
S. W. Raleigh 647  
S. R. Greenfield Ibid.  
S. H. Gilbert 646  
Seveniaries banished 651  
Spanisp Navy 664  
S. F. Drake 665  
Sixtus the fifth 652  
S. Ph. Sidneys death. 619  
Sigismond King of Poland. 685  
Synod twice in the year 29  
Of Bishops at Rome. 440  
Touching Images, Soter Pope. 41  
Stephen king of Rome 61   

T  
TAcitus Emperor 70  
Taborites heretics.  
Tancredus 123  
Tartars 94  
Talianus heretic 99  
Titus 25  
Temple of jerusalem ended. 2  
Burned. 4. Templars began. 307  
Templars abolished 396  
Tertullian reuoulteth 47  
Theodorus Pope 260  
Theodocius Emperor 130  
Theology scholastical 201  
Theophilus 41  
Tymothe Martyr 22  
Thomas Stukley 630  
Tumult at Cracovia 677  
Treasure of the Pope's 672  
The Church troubled 695  
Turks overthrown. 682. 688  
Transubstantiation invented. 275 Is forged 285. Decreed. Practised by Gregory the seventh, and is made the 10 Article of the faith. 345. Honoured with a feast 361  
Tiber overfloweth 309  
Tyranny of the Duke of Guise.  
Tiberius' 3  
trajan Emperor 28  
Telesephorus Bishop of Rome. 35.   

V  
VAlentine heretic 438  
Valerian taken, and his misery 63  
Venice is builded 149  
Venetians have a Duke 297  
Victorinus a Rhetorician. 109  
urban 7.674. His death. 675  
Valence Emperor 125  
Valentinian Emperor 124  
Vigils observed 86. 133  
Vincent the Historian 127  
Vlpianus Ibid.  
University erected at Paris. 223 At Pavia. 292. At Prage 415 At Vienna. 420. At Lipsia. 423. At Thuring 500  
Unction forged by Popes. 48.816 406  
Victorian martyred 159  
Vandals take end in Africa. 152. Come into Mauritania. 169. Are excommunicated.  
Vespasian 20  
Vicegothes converted 170  
Vrban Bishop of Rome 53  
Victor Bishop of Rome 45  
Virgin what 248  
Victor. 2. 290  
Vigillius Pope 171  
Vitalian Pope 198   

W  
Wars proclaimed against Spain 691  
Waldois 339  
Wencelaus Emperor 42  
Willielmes hermits 341  
White Mantles 450   

X  
XIxtus Bishop of Rome. 67  
Xeques Mulei his son, turned Christian. 679   

Z  
ZAcharie Pope 215  
Zenon Isaurike Emp. 158  
Zephirim B. of Rome. 50  
Zimglius 56  
Zuric. 505.   
FINIS.