scenes of cavalry or soldiers on horseback, including battle formations, marching formations, and single combat 
MILITARY INSTRUCTIONS for the CAVALL'RIE According to the Modern wars    

MILITARY INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE cavalry: OR RULES AND DIRECTIONS FOR THE SERVICE OF HORSE, COLLECTED OUT OF DIVERS FOREIGN AUTHORS ANCIENT AND MODERN, AND RECTIFIED AND SUPPLIED, ACCORDING TO THE PRESENT PRACTICE OF THE LOW-COUNTRIES WARS.  PROVERBS 21.31. 
The horse is prepared for battle: but victory is from the Lord.  
Printed by the printers to the UNIVERSITY of CAMBRIDGE. MDCXXXII.   

To the Reader.  
OF making many books there is no end, 
Eccles. 12.10.  said the wise King, many ages past; yet for some arts and faculties, I suppose (even in this printing age of ours) we may complain of scarcity. For among so many authors ancient and modern, which have written of the Art Military, is it not strange that hardly any hath fully handled that which concerneth the cavalry? Among the ancients, Aelian hath somewhat touched upon the manner of ordering the horse, among the Grecians; and Vegetius (where he speaketh of the Roman cavalry) lightly passeth it over, and concludeth in 
a Lib. 3. cap. 26.  these words, De equitatu sunt multa praecepta: sed cùm haec pars militiae usu exercitii, armorum genere, & equorum nobilitate profecerit, ex libris nihil arbitror colligendum, cùm praesens doctrina sufficiat. Now the reason why they (bestowing their chief labour about the Infantry) left so little direction for the horse, may be, either because that (both with Grecians and Romans) the 
b Magis reipublicae necessarii pedites; qui possunt ubique prodesse. Veg. lib. 2. cap. 1.  foot were of greatest esteem (as that wherein their chief strength consisted, and whereon they principally relied) & so the less regard was had of the horse; or else because the service of horse was not 
c Equestris Romaneram militia imperfecta fuit, unde nostra jure potior existimanda est. Scipio Amiratus, Dissert: polit. lib. 19  grown to that perfection in those times, which it since attained. For what great effect could be expected of horse using no 
d When they were to charge the enemy, they used to pull off their bridles T. Liv. lib. 4.  bridle, and having neither 
e Lip. ad Polyb. lib. 3. 219. 220.  saddle nor stirrups: bearing only 
f Polyb. lib 6.  a weak slender pole (which the very motion of the horse would shake in pieces) and a little round target (as the Romans manner was at first) or else a staff or kind of 
g Contus.  lance (which they afterward used in imitation of the Grecians) with three or four darts? and having no surer stay to counterpoise their forced motion, what certainty or violence could they use, either in charging or casting their weapons? and whereas they usually had of the light armed foot 
h Caes. Com. lib. 1. cap. 17. So did the Germans, of whose light armed foot Caesar reporteth thus; Tanta erat horum exercitatione celeritas, ut, jubis equorum sublevatis, cur sum adaequarent. Com. 1.10.  intermingled among them, how could they be so serried together for the shock as to do any great effect in making impressions upon their enemy? which surely was the cause they were often commanded 
i So did the Consul Valerius in the war against the Sabines. Liv. lib. 3. And S. Tempanius, against the Volsci. idem lib 4. and many others.  to alight, and (forsaking their horses) to fight on foot. But for modern authors there is not the like reason: and yet of so many as have written, none have treated of rules and instructions for the cavalry, until lately George Basta, Count of the holy Empire, and Lewis Melzo knight of Malta, wrote their books of cavalry. These works of theirs afford good directions: but yet it may be said of them as Aelian saith of those authors which had written before him, 
k Omnes ferè ità unani miter scripsisse, quasi docere homines vellent non ignaros, sed satìs earum rerum peritos, quas explicare statuerent. Aelian. de instruend. acieb. cap. 1.  That they had so written, as if none should read them but such as were already skilful in the art military. This defect one Walhausen taketh upon him to supply something he hath done in the motions, but for the first rudiments, for the handling of arms etc. he (as all others) is silent. But these and the like being written in the foreign languages, and among so many of our military pamphlets none treating of cavalry; I have adventured (though altogether unfit for such a task) to employ some idle hours in the diligent reading, and conferring of the said authors together with such other books and informations as I could obtain out of the Low-countrieses and other places, for my better satisfaction herein: 
l Lapides & ligna ab aliis accipio, adificii tamen extructio & forma, nostra. Nec aranearum sanè textus ideo melior, quia ex se fila gignunt: nec noster vilior, quia ex alienis libamus, ut apes. Lips. Polit.  endeavouring to extract the marrow and quintessence of their prolixer discourses, and to digest them into such a method, as I conceived might afford brevity and perspicuity: wherein I have observed to go upon good grounds, affirming nothing of mine 
m Nihil mihi authoritatis assumo, sed horum, quos suprà retuli, ea quae dispersa sunt, velut in ordinem epitomata conscribo. Veget. lib. 1. cap. 18.  own authority. It is true, I have sometimes made bold to descent from others, but adding my reason, and leaving the judicious reader to his liberty. For the style, I conceived the 
n Neque curiosam aliquam verborum inanitatem conquirentes, sed verbis tantùm communibus planísque usi, militarem dicendi formam potissimùm secuti sumus. Leo Tact. in Epilogo.  bluntest and plainest to be most proper for this subject. If my annotations be displeasing to any, they may use them like country styles, and step over them. To others they may serve to show the truth of that assertion, That a 
o Proved at large by Sr. Cl. edmond's, in his preface to Caesar's commentaries by him translated.  mere practical knowledge cannot make a perfect soldier: for had we not been beholding to 
p Apud veteres res militatis in oblivionem saepius venit, sed à libris repetita est, postea ducum authoritate firmata. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 10.  books, the military art (in all likelihood) had been utterly obscured from our knowledge. For what is there in these modern wars, which is not borrowed from antiquity? wherein we follow them step by step (mutatis mutandis, the later inventions of fire weapons, and the use and dependency there of only excepted) not only in their manner, but even retaining their very words of command; as in this treatise is partly showed, and would be more manifestly apparent if the subject were Infantry; which no way disparageth the modern practice, but rather (for the antiquity of it) gives it the more respect and estimation.  
Now, lest the Tyro or untutored horseman should be deterred, and should judge his task to be overgreat; I have set down a table of the chapters, that so he may apply himself, only to those things (at first) which are principally necessary for him to know and practise.  
The defects of our trained bands of horse, will argue the work neither unnecessary nor unseasonable, had it but had the hap to light into the hands of a better workman. But as I have seen when an excellent musician could not be entreated to handle an instrument, some bungler hath fallen upon it; which caused the musician (out of impatience and indignation) to undertake it; so, if these essays may be a means to incite some one or other, better able, 
q Nam cùm hoc opus, usús potiùs aliorum, quàm meae commendationis causâ aggressus sim, adjuvari me ab bis, qui aliquid illi astruent, non argui credam Frontin. in praef  to put pen to paper, I shall think my pains abundantly rewarded. In the mean time I desire they may be received with the right hand, as they are offered; and conclude in the words of the Poet, 
— 
r Horat. epist. 6 lib. 1.  Si quid novisti rectius istis,  
Candidus imperti; si non, his utere mecum.    

❧ A table of the chapters.  

PART I.  


Of levying of men.  
Chap. 1 OF Officers in general page 1  
Chap. 2 Of the General of horse page 3  
Chap. 3 Of the Lieutenant general of horse page 5  
Chap. 4 Of the Commissary general page 7  
Chap. 5 Of the Quartermaster general page 8  
Chap. 6 Of the Captain ibid.  
Chap. 7 Of the Lieutenant page 10  
Chap. 8 Of the Cornet page 12  
Chap. 9 Of the particular Quartermasters page 13  
Chap. 10 Of the Corporals page 14  
Chap. 11 Of the Trumpeters ibid.  
Chap. 12 Of the Auditor page 15  
Chap. 13 Of the Provost marshal page 15    


Of soldiers in general.  
Chap. 14 Of the corruption of the cavalry page 16  
Chap. 15 How to reform the cavalry page 18  
Chap. 16 Of distributing booty page 20  
Chap. 17 Of the soldiers pay page 22  
Chap. 18 Of supplying the cavalry with good horses page 24.  
Chap. 19 Of the proportion of cavalry with the Infantry page 26    


Of soldiers in particular.  
Chap. 20 Of the enrolling of a soldier, and his qualities page 27  
Chap. 21 Of the arming of the cavalry, and their kind's page 28  
Chap. 22 Of the Lancier his arming ibid.  
Chap. 23 Of arming the Cuirassier page 29  
Chap. 24 Of arming the Harquebusier & Carabine page 30  
Chap. 25 Of arming the Dragon page 31  
Chap. 26 Of exercise in general, and the necessity of it ibid.  
Chap. 27 Of managing the horse page 34  
Chap. 28 Of exercising the lance in their postures page 36  
Chap. 29 Of exercising the Cuirassier in their postures page 37  
Chap. 30 Of exercising the Harquebusier and Carabine in their postures page 43  
Chap. 31 Of exercising the Dragon in their postures page 44  
Chap. 32 Of exercising the cavalry in their motions page 45     

PART II.  


Of marching.  
Chap. 1 OF Guides page 56  
Chap. 2 Of intelligence page 57  
Chap. 3 Of the order of marching page 59  
Chap. 4 Of scouts and discoverers page 60  
Chap. 5 Of the order of marching by day page 61  
Chap. 6 Of the order of marching by night page 62  
Chap. 7 How the baggage is to march page 64     

PART III.  


Of encamping.  
Chap. 1 OF making the quarter's page 65  
Chap. 2 Of distributing the quarter's page 66  
Chap. 3 Of the necessity of securing the quarter's page 67  
Chap. 4 Of the manner of securing the quarter's page 68  
Chap. 5 Of the Rendez-vous, or alarm-place page 69  
Chap. 6 Of the guards page 70  
Chap. 7 Of the sentinels page 72  
Chap. 8 Of scouts to discover the highways page 75  
Chap. 9 Of foraging page 78  
Chap. 10 Of garrisons page 79  
Chap. 11 Of spies page 81  
Chap. 12 Of dislodging. page 83     

PART FOUR  


Of embattelling.  
Chap. 1 HOw to assail a quarter page 85  
Chap. 2 Of giving the charge page 88  
Chap. 3 Of ambuscadoes page 89  
Chap. 4 How to do, meeting the enemy marching page 94  
Chap. 5 How to receive the charge page 95  
Chap. 6 Of ordering the troops for combat by single companies page 97  
Chap. 7 How the cavalry are to fight against foot page 99  
Chap. 8 Of ordering the cavalry in battle page 100  
Chap. 9 Of certain ceremonies before fight page 105      

MILITARY INSTRUCTIONS for the cavalry.  


THE ARGUMENT.  
cavalry, so called of 
a Derived from the Latin word Caballus, and this from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  Cavallo; (which in the Italian and Spanish signifieth a horse) is worthily esteemed a most noble and necessary part of the military profession: which being the subject of my discourse, it may be reduced to these four heads.  


b Primùm idoneos eligamus, etc. dein & in itinere, & in castris, & in praeliis ipsis instructum exercitum habeamus; Aelianus de instruendis aciebus, cap. 3.  1 The levying of men,  
2 Their marching,  
3 Their encamping,  
4 Their embattelling.   
In the levying of men, there be two things considerable; 1. The election of officers. 2. The election of soldiers.  
Concerning the officers, they may be considered, 1. In general, 2. In particular.   

CHAP. I. Of officers in general.  
AS in politic government, so in this military profession, every man by a natural impression is ready to conceive himself to be fit to command and govern others, though he never knew how to obey; whereas in every mechanical trade or manufacture, an apprenticehood is first passed in the learning of it, before it be professed and exercised. In this profession of arms (
c Le plus releué, le plus hasardeux, & le plus difficille subject du monde. Le mestier des Nobles, lafoy prattique des courageux, & l'exercice des Princes & des Roys; Monsieur Praissac.  an art obtained with greatest difficulty, and practised with most danger) men would be Captains before they be soldiers. And hereof the chief cause is ignorance, the fruitful mother of all errors. For surely, if their end and aim were honour, and they knew how frail and mutable the estate of a soldier is; and that in a moment a man may lose all the reputation obtained by many year's industry; (
d In aliis rebus si quid erratum est, potest postmodum corrigi: Praeliorum delicta emendationem non recipiunt, cùm poena statius sequatur errorem; Cato apud Vegetium, lib. 1. cap. 13  the errors in war admitting no amendment, as in other professions; but carrying their present punishment with them) and had they seen many shamefully chased from the army, and proclaimed infamous; and others pass through the hands of the hangman; they would (doubtless) strive with much industry and diligence to enable themselves, before they came to undertake the exercise of so dangerous an employment. And they are not a little mistaken, which think their 
e Non repellatur imperator pauper si cum virtute sit, quanquam claris ac illustribus majoribus ortus non sit; Leo. Tract. cap. 2. 25.  birth a sufficient pretence to places of honour, without any qualification or merit; there being other things more real and essential 
f In legitimo duce quinque haec requiro; Scientiam, virtutem, providentiam, autoritatem, fortunam; Lips. polit. lib. 5. cap. 15.  required in an officer; namely, Knowledge, experience, valour, dexterity, etc.  
To be under command for a time, depresseth those vehement passions which nature exciteth, especially in young men, which would be very dangerous in a chief or commander. Moreover, it accustometh a man to danger, and 
g Scientia rei bellicae dimicandi nutrit audaciam; Veg. lib. 1. cap. 15.  maketh him courageous; so as being suddenly assailed, he can recollect himself without astonishment; a most necessary thing in a commander. Add to this, that by using himself to travel and labour, watching, hunger, thirst, rain, and frost; and by 
h 
Mars is therefore called Gradivus (as Festus hath it) quia gradatim, & per ordinem militaria officia distribuenda sunt.  
And that this was the constant practice of antiquity, is most apparent. Rufus diu manipularis, deia centurio, mox castris praefectus; Tacit. lib. 2. etc.   an orderly ascent (by degrees) from a Corporal to a Quartermaster, from thence to a Cornet, and so to a Lieutenant, he prepareth himself for a Captain's charge. He learneth the trick of entertaining his soldiers, and to keep them in good affection and reverence towards him. He knows their several dispositions and sufficiencies, and accordingly entrusteth them with employments. Honour must be his chief end; to attain which, he must be very vigilant not to lose 
i Occasio in bello ampliùs solet juvare quàm virtus; Veg. lib. 3. cap. 26.  any occasion of any brave exploit: by which means he will be always observing his enemy, studying how to prevent him or endamage him; always bearing in mind this maxim, That in war no great or remarkable matter can be effected without danger and diligence. To this end let him be sure to take heed that he 
k Quid fieri debeat tractato cum multis; quid verò facturus sis, cum paucissimis ac fidelissimis, vel potiùs ipse tecum; Veg. lib. 3. cap. 26.  trust not too much to his own judgement and valour, without acquainting his officers with his counsels. And let him so know the several inclinations and sufficiencies of his soldiers, as to take particular notice of such as deserve well, and to reward them accordingly; and to rid himself of base and debauched fellows and cowards.  
He must always aspire (in way of 
l For this, Caesar recordeth a memorable example in Pulfio and Varenus; lib. 5. cap. 19  virtuous emulation) to higher degrees of honour. 
m Sit celso adversus pecuniam animo; Plutarch. in Philop.  Covetousness he must hate; for nothing will better continue his soldiers good affections towards him then liberality. Gaming he must detest. 
n Philopoemenes pubem ad se armandum impulit, deinde delicias & luxum eorum optimè invertit. Omnes inflammavit, ut quotidianis repressis in corpus sumptibus, gestirent in militari & bellico ornatu ostentare se splendidos. Profusio impensa in hujusmodi res, roborat animum, extollítque; Plutarch. in Philop.  In stead of costly apparel, let him delight in good arms and horses; wherein oftentimes both his life and honour consisteth. He must be continent and sober, not given to luxury nor 
o The State's edict of Marshal law provideth, that such as in their drunkenness shall commit any offence, shall not therefore be any way excused, but the more severely punished; Art. 67.  drunkenness, but always be as a good example to his soldiers: for otherwise he cannot have that requisite liberty to chastise them for those vices which his own conscience will accuse himself to be guilty of.  
Above all, let him set before his eyes (as the original and foundation of all perfection) the fear of God; carrying himself (so fare as may be) internally and externally inculpable. For the horror of a guilty conscience, and the imminent danger and apprehension of death meeting together, take away all courage and valour. And thus having reform himself, he shall the more easily reform his soldiers, and make them fit for every honourable enterprise.   

CHAP. II. Of officers in particular. Of the General of horse.  
TOuching the particular officers, the 
a Iphicrates resembled an army to a man's body; calling the heavy armed the body, the light armed the hands, the horse the feet, and the General the head; Plutarch.  General of the horse, as being one of the principal Chiefs of an army, must be a soldier of extraordinary experience and valour; having in charge the nerve of the principal forces, and on whom the good success of many designs and actions dependeth, as being most usually executed by the cavalry, especially in battles: where the charging of the enemy in good order usually giveth victory; and contrariwise, the 
b 
Witness the battle of Gembloers, described by Meteren. lib. 8. where the Infantry is overthrown by their own horse.  
So did the Burgundians; Les hommes d'armes Bourgognons rompirent leurs propres Archers; Phil. de Comines. lib. 1. cap. 3.   disorders of the cavalry often disturb and disband the whole army. The General of the horse was wont to supply the place of Lieutenant General of the army, and in the Lord General's absence to command the whole army. True it is, that the Lord Martial, forasmuch as he giveth the orders, used to have some superiority of command, according to the opinions of some; whence it cometh that the Lord General, absenting himself from the army, used to take along with him either the General of horse, or the Lord Martial, to avoid the occasions of competition. It is his office to take particular notice not only of the Captains and officers, but also of those private soldiers which are careful and punctual in their service, 
c Perscrutaberis qui se in bello stremè gesserint, illisque idoneos honores habebis, ignavoes antem quo par est supplicio constringes; Leo. Tact. cap. 16.  rewarding and 
d 
Monsieur de la Noiie reporteth, that (in his time) in the regiment of Colonel Pedro de Pas (consisting of 23 companies of Spaniards) there was more than 1200 crowns a month given for extraordinary services & signal acts. Whence he draweth this observation,  
Qui est un bon tesmoignage quill estoit rempli d'hommes valeureux; Discourse Polit. & Milit.   honouring them in public when they perform some signal act, and advancing them to offices without partiality. On the other side, 
e Omnes culpas legibus vindicet, nulli errantium credatur ignoscere; Veg. lib. 3. cap. 10.  he must chastise delinquents, and such as are wanting in their endeavours: by which means he shall be reverenced and loved of good men, and feared of such as are bad. It belongeth to his care, that the cavalry be in good equipage, and fitted with all necessaries requisite: And that the companies (being to march) be provided of nags; without which the soldiers can hardly preserve their horse of service, by reason that with them they must go to forage (for want of bidets or nags) after their march, and presently enter into guard in the army or quarter, without any rest to refresh their horses. He is not to suffer the Captains either to make officers, or to absent themselves from their companies, without his leave and approbation. He hath his officers apart, and in that which concerneth the cavalry, neither the Lord Martial, nor Lord General himself useth to dispose of any thing without his advice. If he pass among the quarters of cavalry or Infantry, his trumpets are to sound; but not where the Lord General lodgeth, or where he is in person. When he commandeth in the army (in absence of the Lord General) upon occasion of fight, his place is in the battle, that he may be able to give order to all. He hath usually a company (heretofore of lances) to lodge with him, and to serve him as his guard; having usually six soldiers or more of his company attending on him. 
f 
Of Caesar it is said, Dubium cautior an audentior. Suet.  
A good Commander should rather look behind him then before him, said Sertorius. Plutarch. in Sertor.   He should not resolve upon any enterprise, unless he first consider seriously of all that might happen; that so, propounding to himself greater difficulties in the action, then in effect they be, he may prepare remedies surpassing all the said difficulties: it being a benefit not to be expressed, to be able to 
g Temeritas, praeterquam quòd stulta est, etiam infelix; Livius 22.  foresee (with good judgement) those things which might succeed in the uncertain and variable accidents of war. Especially he must be 
h Intentus fis, ut neque tua occasioni deses, neque suum hosti des. Ibid.  ready in execution: for suppose a determination never so well grounded, yet it may prove vain and hurtful, if it be not executed with requisite promptitude.   

CHAP. III. Of the Lieutenant General of horse.  
THe charge of the Lieutenant General of the horse hath ever been held of very great importance; and therefore must be supplied by a person of great experience and valour: one that must be very careful and diligent, because he usually marcheth and lodgeth with the cavalry. For which cause he ought to be well versed in the opportunity of the ways, upon occasion of meeting the enemy in marching.  

a Erat Philopoemen praecipuae in ducendo agmine locísque capiendis solertiae atque usus. Nec belli tantùm temporibus, sed etiam in pace ad id maximè animum exercuerat. Vbi iter quopiam faceret, & ad difficilem transitu saltum venisset, contemplatus ab omni parte loci naturam, cúm solus iret, secum ipse agitabat animo; cùm comites haberet, ab iis quaerebat, si hostis coloco apparuisset; quid si à front, quid si à latere hoc aut illo, quid si à tergo adoriretur, capiendum consilii foret; T. Livius dec. 4. lib. 5.  He must always have his thoughts busied about the motions of the enemy, discoursing with himself from what part they might show themselves, with what number of men, whether with Infantry or not, in how many hours they might come upon him from their army or garrison, and whether they might present themselves in a place of advantage; that so it might be prevented, as need should require.  
He must also advisedly choose commodious places for the quarters or lodgings, providing good guards, causing the highways to be scoured or discovered, placing men on those passages where the enemy might make head, not neglecting to send out rounders, and omitting no diligence to secure the quarter in which the cavalry findeth itself exposed to greater dangers than can befall it any other way, especially being lodged without Infantry.  
He must also procure to have spies, not only in the enemy's army, but also upon their frontiers, to penetrate their designs and intentions, omitting no inventions which may stand him in stead to avoid inconveniences; knowing that diligence is the mother of good fortune. 
b Cui enim tanta potestatis insignia tribuuntur, cujus fidei atque virtuti possessorum fortunae, tutela virium, salus militum, rei publicae creditur gloria: non tantùm pro universo exercitu, sed etiam pro singulis contubernalibus debet esse solicitus. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 10.  His particular care is to see that the Captains wrong not their soldiers, that they keep their companies in good state and well armed, and that themselves and their officers do their endeavours, and observe good order and discipline.  
Towards the soldiers he must be no less affable, and ready to hear them willingly in their just complaints, and to help them in their necessities, then rigorous in punishing.  
He should also (himself being free from covetousness) give order to others to use no 
c Extortions (of divers kinds) are punishable with death, by the edict of Marshal law, published by the States of the united provinces; Artic. 41.  extortion, whereby the country is ruined, and the soldier made odious, to the prejudice of the Prince his service; it being evident that too great a liberty of the soldiers produceth nothing but very bad effects.  
Upon diverse occasions of sending a good part of the cavalry to diverse places, the charge is given to the Lieutenant general; not only of the horse, but also of the foot which accompany them, according to the occurrences: for which cause he must also know how to command the Infantry.  
In absence of the General the whole weight resteth upon him; and to him are the orders sent from the Lord General or Lord Martial, and to him (as Chief) reports are made of all the occurrences of the cavalry.  
He may sequester a Captain from his company, upon just cause and demerit; but cannot restore him without order from the General, who first gives notice thereof to the Lord General.  
He was wont to have a company of lances, which usually were lodged near his person; whereof four soldiers always attend him. When he passeth by the quarters of cavalry the trumpets sound, but not in the General's quarter, or where he is. When the General of horse commandeth the whole army, and therefore takes his place (in fight) in the battle, the Lieutenant General placeth himself in the vanguard of the cavalry, where otherwise the General useth to be.   

CHAP. FOUR Of the Commissary General.  
THe Commissary General commandeth in the absence of the Lieutenant General, and therefore must be a man of great experience. This charge was first instituted by Don Ferrand de Gonzagua, afterward continued by the Duke of Alva, and confirmed by the Duke of Parma, and so remained. He must be vigilant, and careful to appease dissensions which grow among the soldiers, as he which dealeth most with them. He is to send and distribute the orders, and keep 
a 
The Romans were very exact in keeping records and lists of their forces, watches, duties, pays, etc.  
Quotidianas (etiam in pace) vigilias; item excubitum sive angarias de omnibus centuriis & contuberniis, quae vicissim milites faciunt; ut nè quis contra justitiam praegravetur, aut alicui praestetur immunitas: nomina eorum qui vices suas fecerunt, brevibus inseruntur. Veg. lib. 2. cap. 19   record of the lists of the guards, convoys, and other services. He is to go every evening to receive the orders and the word; and having given it to the General and Lieutenant General, he is to give it to the Quartermaster General, that he may distribute it. Sometime he hath a company of harquebusiers given him, in acknowledgement of his merit, not as annexed to his place. In all actions he is of singular use, entrusted especially with the execution of the orders. In appointing the lodgings, or places in several exploits, he must be free from partiality; and such as at this time have cause of discontent, he must make amends the next; that so they may see it was of necessity, not of partiality. His place is of very great use and importance, as will appear throughout this discourse.   

CHAP. V Of the Quartermaster General.  
THe Quartermaster General must be a man of great dexterity and diligence, and well experienced in cavalry. 
a This officer among the Romans was called Praefectus castrorum. Ad quem castrorum positio, valli & fossae destinatio pertinebat. Tabernacula vel casae militum, cum impedimentis omnibus nutu ipsius curabantur; Veg. lib. 2. cap. 11.  It is his office to appoint the lodgings or quarterings; wherefore he must well know the country, the villages and places, where to place the corpse dugards, and sentinels, and what ways must be scoured. He is to keep a list of the guards, convoys, cavalcadoes (or exploits by horse) etc. He must visit the guards and sentinels by day and night, and must show the allarm-place to the particular Quartermasters, when they go to him in the evening to receive the word. He must (by 
b Itineraria non tantùm adnotata, sed etiam picta habent: ut non solùm consilio mentis, verùm aspectu oculorum viam profecturis, locúmque castris idoneum, eligat; Ibid. lib. 3. cap. 6.  maps or otherwise) be well informed of the country, knowing the quality and bigness of every village, and their distance one from another, obtaining from the Marshal of the field some one of the country to inform him. He must be true in his reports, and if any order (for haste) be given him by word of mouth, himself must go and deliver it, and not trust it to others. On the Spanish side, in the Low-countries wars, the Quartermaster General hath two assistants allowed him, to help to discharge the travels of his office; but on the State's side that service is performed by the particular Quartermasters.   

CHAP. VI Of the Captain.  
SInce that the 
a So Melzo and Basta testify, and complain of it in their writings.  Captain's places have been disposed of by the Prince (as the Captains in Flanders are appointed at the court of Spain) there are grown these two inconveniences upon it; First, young and unexperienced gentlemen are made Captains. Secondly, many good soldiers are lost, which seeing their hopes of advancement by degrees and merit cut off, abandon the service. Whereas the charge of a Captain of horse is of so great importance and quality in the army, as it should not be given to any, but to men of singular valour and experience: for often it falleth out, that of themselves, without orders or counsel of any other (as occasion requireth) they must execute services of great weight and consequence. 
b Dux itaque vigiians, sobrius, prudens, etc. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 9 Sit agilis, magìs ad faciendum quàm ad loquendum paratus: qui suos ad disciplinam retineat, & ad armorum exercitia cogat, ut bene vestiti sint, ut arma omnium defricentur ac splendeant; Cum admiratione equum possint ascendere, equitare fortissimè, conto scienter uti, ad omnia eruditi quae equestris pugna deposcit; Veg. lib. 2. cap. 14.  He must be vigilant, sober, continent, modest in his apparel, curious to have good horses and arms, thereby to give example to his soldiers, and to see them punctual in their service, and exactly observant of discipline; for their excursions and extortions cannot be remedied, unless the Captain keep them in order: wherein if he be negligent, he looseth his reputation with his superiors. If he be covetous or given to gaming, he is ready to be drawn to lay hands (oftentimes) on the pay due to the soldiers; whereby he also overthroweth his reputation and credit. A covetous desire of riches should not enter into a generous heart. He must diligently and punctually observe the orders which shall be given or sent him from his superiors, and be at the place at the appointed hour with his company, and others under his charge. On all occasions he must be first on horseback, and keep his company full and complete. He must always strive by desert to advance himself to higher places, always studying how to endamage his enemy; to this end he ought often to 
c Praecipua res & utilitas ducis, est ut, adhibitis ex universo exercitu scientibus viris, de suis & hostium copiis saepius tractet, etc. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 9  consult with his best experienced soldiers. He must endeavour to know every one of his soldiers by their 
d Sciat etiam (si potest fieri) nominatim, quis comes, quis tribunus, quis domesticus, quis contubernalis, etc. Ibid. cap. 10.  names, that so he may distinctly name them upon occasion of employment; it being an encouragement to them to be known by name of their Captain. Whatsoever should befall, he must 
e Nam necesse est, ad fugam parati sint, qui ducem suum sentiant desperare; Veg. lib. 3. cap. 22.  take heed of discovering any fear, on whose courage and countenance the soldiers depend, and must always show a good resolution in the orders which he shall give, without confounding himself; knowing that there is no place for counsel in him, who hath his discourse of reason seized by fear. He must 
f Strenuos viros muneribus honorabis, etc. Ità enim fiet, ut majori fortioríque animo sint qui dimicabunt. Vbi enim honores & praemia habentur bonis, supplicia & poenae afferuntur malis, ibi bonam spem habebit exercitus; Leo, Tact. cap. 16.  cherish his well deserving soldiers, and cashier the contrary; and it must be his care to have one or more of his soldiers well 
g Tuum & hostilem exercitum, locorum situm, naturam regionis nosce; Livius, 22.  skilled in the ways of the country, to serve him as guides: (because the boors are neither always at hand, nor always to be trusted) and to such he is to give some allowance extraordinary. Out of his company he is to choose his Lieutenants, Cornets, etc. weighing only every one's merit, without any passion; whereby he shall give content and encouragement to his soldiers, and shall be sure not to be crossed by the General in the confirmation of the said officers.  
The charge of the troops used to be given to the Captains of lances, as having a prerogative above other Captains of horse, or to the eldest Captain: yet the Chief aught to have regard to their sufficiency for command, and to give the charge to them that are ablest to perform it.  
In absence of the Captains of lances (when they were in use) the Captains of cuirassiers commanded; and in their absence, the Captains of harquebusiers. The Lieutenants observed the same rules.   

CHAP. VII. Of the Lieutenant.  
IT is necessary, that the Lieutenant of a troop of horse be a man of ability and experience, nourished and educated in cavalry. To this office such were usually raised, which (for their deserts) had been Corporals and Cornets.  

a So much his name implieth: for the French word Lieutenant signifieth one which supplieth the place of another.  In the Captain's absence he commandeth the company, upon whom usually all difficulties do rest; because (oft times) the companies are given to young gentlemen which want experience. He must be strict in seeing the soldiers do their service with all fitting punctuality, and to have a care of their horses and arms. 
b The Lieutenant (with antiquity) was called Tergidux, that is, Reare-commander; and therefore the rear is fitly assigned him as his proper place.  He always marcheth in the rear of the company, causing the soldiers to follow the Captain and Standard (or Cornet) in good order, well closed together, and to suffer none to departed from the troop. Upon occasion of fight he is still to be on the rear with his sword drawn, encouraging the soldiers, and killing any that shall offer to fly or disband: but in case of the Captain's absence, he shall take the Captain's place, appointing an officer to be in the rear. In the ordinary marching of the company, or passing by some place, or going to the allarm-place, or to the parado, the Lieutenant must not take the Captain's place, but march in the rear, because the lances and cuirassiers have their Cornets to lead them at the head of the company. Among the harquebusiers the Lieutenant was wont to take the Captain's place, (according to Melzo and Basta) because then they had no 
c As the Velites among the Romans, qui nec signa propria habuere, nec duces; Lips. ad Polyb. lib. 2.  Cornets; but these last wars having given them Cornets, the rule holdeth for them as for the lances and cuirassiers.  

d 
The Romans required it in their private soldiers, and to cast account also.  
In quibusdam notarum peritia, calculandi computandíque usus exigitur; Veg. lib. 2. cap. 19   He must of necessity be able to write and read, because he keepeth the list of the names and surnames of the soldiers of the company; and by reason of orders or letters sent to him from his superiors, which he must not show to others. He must know the sufficiency of every soldier, and upon occasion make use of them accordingly.  
The company going to the guard in any place, and approaching near it, the Lieutenant goeth before to take notice of the Corps-du-guard, and speaking with the Lieutenant of the company which is to change, informeth himself by him of the place, of the sentinels, for day and night, what ways he must scour, and of all other things requisite. He must himself go and place the sentinels, visiting them often, and using all diligence, keeping himself always armed, (at least with the breast and cask) and his horse bridled, when he hath the guard.  
The company being lodged in some village, he must cause the billets to be signed by the Quartermaster of his company, to be distributed to the soldiers before the Cornets lodging, where the Alto is made to attend the said billets; that so (in case of an alarm) the soldiers may know where to assemble together at their Cornet.  
If they stay longer than a day in one place, the Lieutenant is to visit the houses, to see good rule kept by the soldiers; and being to march away, to command them carefully to put out their fires. Going to be lodged in a town or sort, there to keep their garrison, the Lieutenant must accommodate their lodgings according to their degrees and deserts. And wheresoever they lodge longer than a day, he must write the names of the soldiers on the said billets, and keep a register of them; that so upon any complaint of their hosts, it may be easily remedied, by the ready finding and punishing of the delinquents.  
When the company is to march, and the trumpets sound to horse, 
e 
The good example of a Leader hath ever been observed to be of marvellous efficacy, according to that of the Poet,— Componitur orbis Regis ad exemplum, etc.  
Ipse manu sua pila gerens, praecedit anheli Militis ora pedes: monstrat tolerare labores, Non jubet; Lucan. 9 de Catone.   he must be first ready and mounted, having care that all the soldiers immediately do the same. And if he find any linger, either of laziness, or with a purpose to stay behind to pillage the houses, he must chastise them with all severity, for example to others. He must have knowledge of the country and ways, being often sent upon exploits where the guides are not always ready. If the company be charged by the enemy, the Lieutenant, with some of the best mounted soldiers, is to remain behind.   

CHAP. VIII. Of the Cornet.  
THe Cornet of horse must be courageous. In absence of the Captain and Lieutenant he commandeth the company. His place of march is in the front, before the first rank, yet behind the Captain. In fight, the Cornet of lances used to march even with the Captain, upon his left hand; and charging with him, strove to break the standard upon his enemy; which being so broken and falling to the ground, 
a This is contrary to the use of Infantry, among which the preserving of the colours hath ever been prized above life: as appeared (among others) by one Jaques Martaeus, who finding himself forsaken by most of the soldiers, fought so long as he could; then wound himself in his colours and died; Meteren. lib. 4. But if the enemy should get the cornet unbroken, than it were a great disgrace; Basta lib. 4.  he was not to regard to get it up again (especially not to alight for it.) If he were to charge a flying enemy (whether horse or foot) he was also to assay to break his standard.  
The Cornet of cuirassiers in march hath his place at the head of the company, and also presenteth himself in the allarm-place; but in fight he is to be in the middle of the troop, leaving ⅔ parts of the soldiers behind him: 
b Optimus cujusque decuria praponi, & ductor caeterorum omnium esse debet; Aelian. cap. 5. Curandum, ut etiam jugum secundum milite constet idoneo; Ib. cap. 13 The reason is, because the first rank being the edge, it must be made good by the second and the rest, if occasion be.  those before him must be of the best armed, and most courageous. He must also keep a list of the company, to send so many to the guard as the Captain or Lieutenant shall appoint. Once a day, at the Lord Generals first passing by the troop, he is to do obeisance, by inclining the cornet towards the ground.   

CHAP. IX. Of the particular Quartermasters.  
THe 
a The particular Quartermasters, the Romans called Metatores; Veg. lib. 2. cap. 7. Also Mensores, qui in castris ad podismum dimetiuntur loca, in quibus milites tentoria figant, vel hospitia in civitatibus praestant; Ibid. Metatores sive mensuratores praemittes, qui castrorum ambitum, in quo castra ponentur, dimetiantur; & certam quandam mensuram cum proportione justa unicuique turmae tribuant; Leo Tact. cap. 9.7.  particular Quartermasters should be men so qualified, as reasonably they might pretend the Cornet, and (in absence of the Cornet) might command the company. When all the companies are lodged together, they accompany the Quartermaster General in making the quarters: but being to be lodged in several places (as often it happeneth) some accompany the Lieutenant General, others the Commissary General. Where a Captain commandeth the quarter, the particular Quartermaster of that respective company maketh the quarter. There is much fidelity required in them, in consideration of distributing the word, and the billets. They use also to distribute the soldiers pay, in the King of Spain's wars; but on the State's side the clerks of the company only meddle with the soldiers pay, and account to their Captain; having a cuirassiers pay, and being exempted from bearing arms, or doing the duties of a soldier.  
In going with the Quartermaster General to make the lodgings, the Quartermaster must be very diligent, taking with him one or two soldiers (such as the Lieutenant shall appoint him) which shall return to their company, and conduct them to their quarter.   

CHAP. X. Of the Corporals.  
Corporals are very useful in a troop of horse. They must assist the Lieutenant in placing the sentinels, when the soldiers of their particular squadron are to perform that service.  
The harquebusiers are usually sent to discover or scour the highways, and to be forerunners or scouts, under the charge of one of their Corporals; 
a Mistakes in such as are sent out to discover, do often bring much trouble upon the army, and shame upon themselves. A memorable example hereof is recorded by Phil. de Comines, of the Burgundians, who taking a field of great thistles to be a gross of their enemy's lanciers, reported it so to their Chiefs, and caused a great hurly burly in the whole army; Lib. 1. cap. 11.  for which respects he must be a man of experience. Some passage or place of importance being to be guarded, a Corporal is sent thither with his squadron. He must be able to write and read, keeping a list of his squadron. The Captain alloweth him half a place of forage, and a share of 10 per cent.   

CHAP. XI. Of the Trumpeters.  
IT is not enough that a Trumpeter know how (exactly) to sound all the several sounds of the trumpet, but he must also be discreet and judicious; not only to be fit to deliver embassies and messages as they ought, but (at his return) to 
a Ne manco si lasci troppo usare la frequentia di venire trombetti & tamburri: perch in quel'essercito tall'-hora son huomini molto astuti & pratichi; da poterti nocere assai; G. Cataneo. di fortif. & ' cap. 4.  report what he hath observed concerning the enemy's works and guards, and what he hath further gathered and spied. To do this, he must be witty and subtle, knowing how to invent and affirm things which are not, artificially concealing whatsoever passeth among those of his own side. He must sound the 
b That is, set on the saddle; being the first sound when the horse are to march: the next is a cheval, that is, mount on horseback: the third and last is a standard, that is, repair to your Cornet. See chap. 32.  boutezselle precisely at the hour appointed him; and when the Cornet giveth him the list of the guards, he must signify it unto them. One Trumpeter must always lodge with the Cornet, to whom the Captain is to give means for his entertainment. He must always have his trumpet about him, to have it ready at a sudden alarm.   

CHAP. XII. Of the Auditor.  
ON the Spanish side in the Low-countrieses, the cavalry have an Auditor by themselves; who must be a man of great integrity, well seen in the laws, and of great practice. In the absence of the Auditor General, he supplieth his place. He heareth and judgeth the causes of the cavalry, and maketh report of all that passeth to the General, or the Lieutenant General in his absence; without whose order he cannot execute any of his sentences. The cavalry lying in garrison, he condemneth not to death, without reporting first to the Lord General and Auditor General. He is to keep near the person of the General or Lieutenant General, who are to see him duly respected. He is to take notice of the prices of victual which are brought to the quarter of horse, that they be sold at a reasonable rate; and to see that the victuallers suffer no extortion by the Provost Martial or his officers.  
But in the State's army, the horse and foot have but one Auditor or fiscal General; who passeth no sentence himself, but that is done by the 
a The council of war among the Romans, consisted of their Legates, Questor, Tribunes, and the Centurions: Convocato concilio, etc. omniúmque ordinum adhibitis centurionibus; Caesar Com. lib. 1. cap. 16.  council of war, wherein every Captain hath a voice.   

CHAP. XIII. Of the Provost Martial.  
OF all things in the charge of the Provost Martial, his principal care must be about the victuals. He must be an honest man, and content with his fees. He is to look to the weights and measures, and to guard the victuallers (or sutlers) from insolences. Himself or some of his men must always be in the marketplace, or where the victuals are sold; and he is to inform himself where and at what price the sutlers buy their victual, that the Commissary and Auditor may tax them accordingly. He must cause the orders to be strictly observed which shall be published in the horse-quarters: and those quarters must he purge of rogues and thiefs. He must always carry his staff or truncheon in his hand, (the badge of his office) and having the same, 
a See the State's edict, Art. 78.  it is death for any soldier any way to lay hands on him. If he be to take a prisoner, he must not enter the quarter without leave of the Chief, but the Chief is to cause the delinquent to be delivered to him. But if the offence be heinous, so as the delinquent is like to run away for it, he may (of his own authority) enter any quarter; but not carry the prisoner away without licence of the Chief of that quarter. In marching, he is to clear the byways of straggling soldiers, to prevent them of pillaging.  
Some make it part of his charge to provide guides, and to have regard to the baggage, both for the placing of it in the quarter, as also for the safety of it; to that end sending one of his men before, with the Quartermaster General, by whom the baggage may be conducted to the place assigned. But this more properly belongeth to the office and charge of the waggonmaster.   

CHAP. XIIII. Of soldiers in general. Of the corruption of the cavalry.  
Soldiers take their name from the Dutch word Soldye, which signifieth pay or stipend; profit being one of the ends why men undertake the military profession, and honour not the only 
a Monsieur de la Noüe his soldiers, in service of the States, so regarded their reputation, as (after some want of pay) news being brought that it was come, & they being to receive it, they made answer, it was not then a time to take money, but to attend the exploits which they had in hand; Meter. lib. 9  (though the chiefest) of their aims. And therefore they which were of opinion, that the way to reform the Militia of Flanders, was to redouble the labours of the soldiers and shorten their pay, were much mistaken. And it will rather be found, that the scanting of the soldier's profits and increasing their toil, procured the corruption of their cavalry. The honest profit of a soldier may be twofold. 1. Ordinary, which is set pay. 2. Extraordinary, which are rewards for special meriting services; and these are joined with honour.  
Among the Romans, 
b Anno urbis conditae 349. decrevit Senatus ut stipendium miles de publico acciperet, cum ante id tempus de suo quisque sunctus eo munere esset. Livius. lib. 4.  the Legionary soldiers had allowance of pay, corn, and apparel, by a decree of the Senate 349 years after the building of the city; having till that time served without pay, but not without many profits, and having all necessaries provided them of the public. A horseman's pay was then a drachma or denarius a day (of our money about 
d Imperatoris miles, qui veste & annonâ publicâ pascitur. Veget. lib. 2. cap. 19  7½) In Caesar's time it was doubled; (as 
c Julio, cap. 26.  Suetonius testifieth) and Augustus augmented it to 3. denarii a day. They had their 
d Imperatoris miles, qui veste & annonâ publicâ pascitur. Veget. lib. 2. cap. 19  apparel allowed them of the public, and corn; namely wheat for themselves and attendants, and barley and oats for their horses, 
e Polyb. lib. 6.  being two medimni of wheat, and seven of barley and oats a month (the medimnus being about a bushel and a half of our measure) They had also their shares of booties, which were very large and ample. Besides, for extraordinary rewards, they had oftentimes 
f Livius, lib. 31.  assignments of land, of inheritance, and houses also; sufficient to maintain them without using any trades. Moreover, they had rewards in money. At the triumph of 
g Appianus. Mithrid.  Pompey out of Asia, every private soldier had 1500 drachmas, (of our money 46 pounds 3 shillings 9 pence) and the officers in proportion. And shortly after, at the triumph 
h Ibid. de Bel civ. lib. 2.  of Caesar, every soldier had 5000 drachmas, (which is 156 pounds 5 shillings) etc. Furthermore, 
i Lipsius' de Milit. Rom. lib. 5. ex Polyb.  they had many kinds of honourable rewards for signal acts, and those bestowed in great pomp at public assemblies of all the commanders, by the Imperator (or General) himself, and a record kept of those services. These rewards were of many kinds; as several sorts of arms, horses, rich trappings, jewels, golden bracelets; etc. Besides, their several sorts of crowns, as their 
k For the several kinds of these Crowns (both for matter and form) see them represented in figure by Stewechius upon Vegetius. For what merits they were bestowed Lipsius setteth down, lib. 5. de milit. Rom.  Corona civica, obsidionalis, muralis, castrensis, vallaris, navalis; etc. which crowns were put upon their heads in great state and solemnity by the General. These they wore upon all public occasions; as at plays, in triumphs, in judgement, etc. 
l Vrbanum verò magistratum non antè capere cuiquam fas, quàm decem stipendia militíae adimplerit. Polyb.  for their military profession made them the more capable (afterwards) of offices in the administration of the Commonwealth.  
If but such profits and encouragements were given to soldiers in these days, it were easy to keep them in good order and discipline. But what is 
m A horsemans' pay in the king of Spain's army.  seven Phillip's dallers (35 shillings english) a month for a horseman, to maintain himself, his boy, and two horses, and that but ill paid? whence shall he have means to provide himself apparel? and if his horse fail, how shall he be able to buy another? And whereas a horseman at the time when this pay was first ordered, could put himself in 
n The Romans (out of the public treasury) allowed to every horseman dena millia aeris (about 25 pounds sterling) to buy his horse: and bina millia (five pounds) to keep him, Livius, lib. 1.  sufficient equipage for 20 or 25 Phillips dallers (which is 5 pounds, or 6 pounds 5 shillings) now the price of all things is so raised, as he shall hardly accomplish it with 60, which is 15 pounds' starling. As for extraordinary rewards they are very rare, offices usually being bestowed for favour, if not for money. So that good spirits and honest men (seeing their way of 
o Thus Melzo and Basta complained, being both Lieutenant Generals in the king of Spain's wars, in the Low countries.  advancement cut off, and considering that without pillaging and robbing they cannot live) give over the service. They which remain, infringing all discipline (many of them) 
p Quibus ob egestatem & slagitia, maxima peccandi necessitudo est. Tacit. 3. Annal.  fall to extortion and stealing: and if an officer shall punish them for it, he giveth occasion of mutinies.   

CHAP. XV. How to reform the cavalry.  
AS every Commonwealth is supported by reward and punishment, so to reform the Cavalry (where there is need of reformation) there must be good laws, and good pay: for, 
a Disciplinam non potest servare jejunus exercitus. Cassiod.  to suffer a soldier to fall into want by not giving him competent maintenance, maketh him forget obedience and discipline. It were therefore better to diminish their 
b La discipline manquante, plus y a d' hommes, plus y a de desordre et confusion. De la Noüe. disc. milit. & polit. 13.  number then their profits: That done, they may easily be brought to a strict observation of discipline and obedience. The laws and articles which ought to be propounded unto them, should comprise all that is to be observed in military discipline: for brevity sake (presupposing all good orders about the service of God, the severe chastising of blasphemers, the strict forbidding of gaming (as the occasion of waste of money, and begetting quarrels) and such like moral institutions. It shall here suffice to touch upon some few of the most necessary for the cavalry.  
1 
c The State's edict entitled Crychs-recht etc. in the 17. article. Alle Capitetjuen &c. punisheth every Captain with death that shall receive any soldier of another company without lawful consent of his former Captain.  That no Captain receive any soldiers of another company, or make any officers, without approbation of the General; to the end he may take notice of the quality of the person. And that such soldiers as are disabled to undergo the labour of the war, through age, be removed to some castle etc. and be provided of some competency, out of dead pays, or otherwise.  
2 That, to avoid the 
d The baggage, the Romans called impedimenta; because of the hindrance which it bringeth to the army marching.  trouble of much baggage, which much slackeneth the motion of the cavalry, no man carry a 
e Among the military institutions of the Emperor Frederick the first (ano. 1152) recorded by Guntherus, this is one; Non erit in nostris nobiscum foemina castris. etc.  woman into the field. That no soldier have above one horse of service for his baggage, unless some person of quality, with whom the Commissary General may dispense. And that no officer of a company have a waggon, but only the Captain, and he to have only one.  
3 That rewards and honourable recompenses be established for soldiers of special desert, and punishments for sluggards: in particular, about attending the Cornet and obedience to the sound of the trumpet. 
f Die marcherende etc. sin vaandel oft Cornette shall veriaeten, sal (sunder all genade) metre do't gestraft word. Ibid. artic. 24.  And that such as forsake the standard (or cornet) whilst it is advanced, be punished with death. That in fight, when the trumpet soundeth a retreat, 
g Cyri miles hosti imminens repressit ensem, simul receptui canere audierat. Plutarch. Lac. Inutilis miles qui signum receptui datum negligit. Seneca de ira. cap. 9  whosoever presently retireth not, be punished with severity. And that the Captain (as oft as the Cornet entereth the Corps-du-guard) himself enter with it, all excuses set aside.  
4 
h So saith the said edict. totidem verbis. artic. 38. And that on pain of death.  That the soldiers be kept from straggling here and there, and have the companies ready upon all occasions: the officers are bound not to absent themselves from their companies without leave of their superiors. 
i To this agreeth the edict; whether it be under pretence of foraging, or any other colour whatsoever. Artic. 22.  And if any soldier depart without licence, he is to be punished with death.  
5 That good order be observed about distribution of booty; whereof shall be treated in the chapter following.  
6 
k All Mutineers or accessaries thereunto, all causers of unlawful assemblies, or such as are present at any such, or that shall utter words rending to mutiny etc. the said edict commandeth to be punished with death. Art. 6. 7. 10. 11. etc.  That mutinies be prevented: and whosoever is found to have a hand in any, is to be proclaimed infamous, and perpetually banished.  
7 To the end that these (and what other orders may be thought fitting) be duly observed, the authority of the Captain and other officers must be established and confirmed, as also that of the Provost Martial, according to those rules before mentioned in the office of the Provost Martial.   

CHAP. XVI. Of distributing booty.  
ALl 
a The Romans had excellent laws for distributing of booty. It was all brought to the Quaestor, and by him sold. The Tribunes divided it equally among the soldiers. At the taking of any town by assault, none left their stations but such as were appointed to pillage, because they were sure of their just share Spe enim lucri inter omnes certâ, sive maneant, sive pradas agant, nemo locum ordinémque deserit. Polyb. lib. 10. The States, in their edict for Martial law, have established many excellent laws about the taking, registering, selling and distributing of booty as may be seen, Crychs-recht Artic. 41. 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64. Also about taking and ransoming of prisoners. ibid.  booty (whether it be given by occasion of defeating the enemy, or going out upon parties, etc.) is free to them that take it, whether they be prisoners, or any thing else, the Lord General being in the field. But otherwise, it is to be shared among them that were employed in the action.  
One part is for the Infantry, and two for the cavalry: and it is death to him that shall let go any prisoner, or horse, or other booty, or shall use any fraud whatsoever: and they that shall not discover it (knowing of any such deceit) shall lose their shares. The Captains, being present at the taking of booty, use to have five shares, and two for two pages. The Lieutenants three. and the Cornets two, and either of them one for a page. But of later times the Captains take ten parts, the Lieutenants six, the Cornets four, according to the places which they have in forage.  
The booty being reparted, every company giveth 10 per centum to their Captain of what is gotten, though he were not present: to the chief of the troop (though but a private soldier) two parts, and so to the guides.  
All the booty being brought together, they choose two of the discreetest soldiers to cause the booty to be sold: these keep account of the money taken for it, certifying the Chief thereof, who ordereth to every man his due proportion. The trumpets must have leave of the chief Commander of the place to sell the said booty, and the buyer is to give one of every twenty to the trumpeter, for his pains in the sale: which money is to be divided among the trumpeters which were employed in the taking of that booty; they having no other share.  
If one or more horses were hurt or killed in the combat, or any soldiers chanced to be hurt in the said action, those horses must be made good, and the soldiers are to be recompensed, before the booty be divided, at the discretion of the Chief.  
If any soldier's horse fall lame, after the troop be marched a good distance from the quarter, so as he be forced to return back, yet shall that soldier have his share of the booty, as if he had been present at the taking thereof.  
Moreover, concerning the taking of prisoners, because other authors are scant in this particular, it will not be amiss (for the better satisfaction of such as are not acquainted with that language) to add something out of the State's edict, as followeth.  
Artic. 59 Every soldier (of what condition soever he be) shall forthwith, and before evening, bring all such of the enemy as are taken prisoners before him, which commandeth in the quarter; upon pain of losing his prisoner, and being punished with death.  
Artic. 60 And if any should take some eminent officer, or commander of the enemy prisoner, or other person of quality; they shall be bound to present the same (or cause him to be presented & delivered) immediately to the Lords the State's general, or the Council of state, receiving for them (as also for other prisoners which the said States shall take to themselves) some reasonable recompense, according to the quality or ability of the said prisoners; yet not exceeding the sum of 500 pounds, whereby the said prisoner shall remain at the disposing of the said States: and they which took him, aught to have no further pretence to him.  
Artic. 61 It shall not be lawful for any man to cause a prisoner to be killed, or set at ransom: nor (after ransom be paid) to suffer him to departed, without leave of the General, or of him that commandeth in the quarter, on pain of being disarmed, and banished out of the provinces.  
Artic. 62 And if any prisoner be found to walk about the leaguer or place of garrison, without leave of the General or Commander in that quarter or garrison; the party which had taken him shall forfeit his said prisoner, to the profit of him who first shall apprehend the said prisoner.  
All lawful booties are to be certified by the takers thereof, to the Commander of the quarter within three hours after their arrival; and are to be registered, and sold in the open market etc. upon pains of forfeiture, and of corporal punishment, etc.   

CHAP. XVII. Of the soldiers pay.  
THe means to have these and other good orders duly observed, is (as is above said) by giving to the soldiers their pay in competent measure and due time. 
On the Spanish side they were wont to allow no Cornet to the Harquebusiers (as is elsewhere showed) and therefore no pay is here set down for him; but that course is since altered, and his pay is only 1/12 part inferior to the pay of a Cornet of Cuirassiers.  The proportion which was observed on the king of Spain's side, since the end of the late truce with the States of the united provinces, is as followeth.  

The General of horse his pay or entertainment, is 500 crowns a month, besides 86½ for his company.  
The Lieutenant General 200 and 86½ for his company.  
The Commissary General 80. and the pay of a Captain of Harquebusiers, when he hath a company.  
The Captains of lances and Cuirassiers 80. and 6½ for their page.  
The Lieutenant of lances and Cuirassiers 25. and 6½ for a page.  
The Cornets 15. and 6½ for a page.  
The soldiers of lances and Cuirassiers have 6½ crownes a month.  
The Captains of Harquebusiers have 70 crowns a month, and 6 for a page.  
The Lieutenant 25 and 6 for a page.  
The soldiers have six crowns a month.  
Besides these stipends, there is given to every company 10 per centum, (without the advantages and entertainments) which the Captain distributeth among the best deserving soldiers.  
The Captains or other officers which are reform (that is, dismissed from their service, for their age or otherwise) have their wont pay continued.  
The Quartermaster General hath 25 crowns a month, and each of his assistants 15.  
The chief Chaplain hath 30.  
The Auditor 30, and 18 for his three officers.  
The Provost Martial hath 25, and for every of his men (which must not exceed 12) he hath 5 crowns.  
The chief Chirurgeon hath 25.  
In winter when the cavalry is in garrison, the soldiers are paid by the day, for the better keeping of their horses.  
To the General 40 places are allowed as General, and 10 as Captain.  
To the Lieutenant General 20, and 10 as Captain.  
To the Commissary General 10, and 10 as Captain.  
To every Captain 10.  
To the Lieutenant 6.  
To the Cornet 4.  
To the reformed officers 1½.  
To the Auditor 6.  
To the Quartermaster General 4.  
To each of his assistants 2.  
To the Provost Martial 2, and 1 to each of his men.  
To the chief Chaplain 5.   
Every place is worth 13 stuyvers (about 16 pence English) of these 13 stuyvers, 10 are paid for forage, and 3 for service. Half of the said 13 stuyvers is paid to the soldiers in money, the other half in 16 pound of hay, 
a Picotins'.  three small measures of oats, and two bundles of straw, which are sufficient to keep a horse for a day.  
At the end of the accounts, every soldier is abated half a real (3 pence) upon every place.  
The several pays given by the States of the united Provinces at this day, being reduced to English money, are much about this proportion following.  

To the General of horse 4 per diem.  
To the Lieutenant General 2l.  
To the 
b Or Commissarie General.  Sergeant Major 30s.  
To the Quartermaster General 6 8d.  
To the Provost 5s.  
To the Carriage-master 3 4d.  
To the Preacher 4s.  

Note, that the Captain of horse mustereth 6 horse, the Lieutenant 4, the Cornet 3, for which they receive allowance extraordinary.  To the chief Chirurgeon 4s.  
To the Captains 8s.  
To the Lieutenant 5s.  
To the Cornets 4s.  
To the Corporals 2 6d.  
To the Trumpets 2 6d.  
To the Quartermasters 2 6d.  
To the Surgeons 2 6d.  
To the soldier's Cuirassiers 2s.  
To the Harquebusiers 1 6d.    

CHAP. XVIII. Of supplying the cavalry with good horses.  
FOr the reforming of the cavalry, there is moreover required a singular care, that the companies be supplied with good horses: wherefore it will be necessary, that when the cavalry is retired from the field, the Captains make sale of such horses as be unfit for service, and buy better. When the companies be entered into garrison, the soldiers which are on foot must presently be remounted; that so, in the time of winter, they may at leisure fit their horses for service: for being only remounted at the time of their going into the field, the 
a Equos assuluo labour convenit edomari. Veg. lib. 2. cap. 14.  horses are not fitted for service, and being young and not used to the bridle, by any little toil they become unprofitable: beside, when a man is put (on the sudden) to buy such as he findeth, they prove not only the worse, but the dearer. Moreover, those soldiers which want horses are of no service; and these are they (usually) which straggle disbanded, and do most mischief about the quarters. And because oftentimes there is not money assigned apart to remount the soldiers, it were good that among the companies there were a brotherhood or fellowship erected, (which the Spanish call Platta) which consisteth in making a cash, wherein the money which is gathered to that end, is kept; as followeth. First, the soldiers of every company choose four of their most judicious fellows, with consent of the Captain. These, with the farrier of the company, must view all the horses of their company, prising every one according to his value, and concealing it from the soldiers, to avoid disputes: and of this prising they must keep a record, that so, if any horse happen to die, it may be known what is to be allowed; provided always, that they go no higher than 50 crowns. To raise this cash, the Captain must give order, that a crown be defalked out of every soldiers first pay, four reals out of a third of pay, and eight out of the contributions of a month: or else this proportion to be for the first beginning, and afterwards the moiety; or more or less as need shall require.  
Every horse dying in service, or by mischance, without the soldier's fault, shall be made good to the soldier that lost him.  
If a soldier's horse be killed, or otherwise die whilst he is abroad (with the Captains or Officers leave) about his private business, he shall not be allowed for the same.  
If a soldier by negligence or malice hurt his horse, or use him so ill that he die; he shall not only bear the loss of him, but be chastised by his superiors, and chased from the company.  
The Captains must take care that the said deputed soldiers and the farrier visit all the horses of the company once every week: and finding any not fit for service, to sell them, and buy others.  
The said deputies must admonish the soldiers to give their horses good use, as is fitting, giving them oats ordinarily; and against such as they find to do otherwise, to proceed as abovesaid.  
These courses will be found very available to preserve the horse; but when the companies are in the field, by occasion of combats, sometime twenty, or twenty five, or more horses being lost in a day out of one entire company, in such cases the said cash is not of sufficiency to supply them, but the Prince is to furnish them.   

CHAP. XIX. Of the proportion of cavalry with the Infantry.  
IN every well ordered army, it is fit that there be such a number of cavalry as may be proportionable to the place where the war is to be, and to the number of Infantry which shall be resolved to be levied.  
Touching the diversity of places and countries, it shall not be necessary here to say any thing, considering that we are to direct our course according to the practice of the Low-countrieses, which will be found not unfitting to be appropriated to this kingdom. As for the proportion to be observed between the Infantry and cavalry, the Romans in Romulus his time had their legion consisting of 3000 foot and 300 horse; one horse to ten foot.  
In the free state the number was fare increased. 
a Vegetius lib. 2 cap. 6.  Legio plena habet pedites sex millia centum, equites septingentos viginti sex; that is, A full legion hath of foot 6100, and of horse 726. But when their Auxiliaries were added to a legion (which exceeded them in horse) the proportion was altered. 
b Ibid. lib. 3. cap. 1.  una legio mixtis auxiliis, hoc est, decem millia peditum, & duo millia equitum. They were (together) 10000 foot and 2000 horse, 
c Alexander the great invaded Persia (the mightiest and largest empire then in the world) with 30000 foot, and 5000 horse: which is one horse to six foot; agreeing with Aelians proportion, Tact. cap. 8.  which was one horse to five foot. Melzo, for the wars in the Low-countrieses would have, for 15000 foot, 4000 horse; which proportion was nearly observed in the State's army at the famous battle of Newport, which consisted of 12000 foot and 3000 horse.  
Touching the several kinds of cavalry, what number of each were most fitting, the said Melzo would have his said 4000 horse to be of 
d The Grecians had 64 in a troop. Omnes turmae numero sexaginta quatuor statuentur. Aelian cap. 20. The Romans but 32. Habet una turma equites 32. qui sub uno vexillo reguntur. Veg. lib. 2. cap. 14.  100 men in every company, so to make 40 companies; of these he would have 10 to be lances (as then the manner was) 18 Cuirassiers, and 12 Harquebusiers. Basta would have the cavalry to be divided into four parts, two whereof should be Cuirassiers, one Lances, and one Harquebusiers. For the number of each company, 
e Wallhausen. fol. 56.  some would have the Lances to be but 64 in a company, the Cuirassiers 100, Harquebusiers 64, & Dragons 200. 
f D. De solemn.  Others proportion the Cuirassiers to be 80 in a company, & the Harquebusiers 100 etc.   

CHAP. XX. Of Soldiers in particular; their Enrolling, Arming, Exercising. Of the enrolling of soldiers, and their qualities.  
IN a soldier to be 
a The Romans allowed none of the 6 classis (being the inferior rank of citizens) to be enroled into their legions: but of such as were è tribubus benestissimis. Their reason was this, Diligenter pro victoria laborant, qui praeter libertatem bona defendunt: illi autem quibus nullae opes sunt, facilè poterunt existere pro ditores. Neither did they presently enrol their Tyrones (or new soldiers) verùm antè exercitio praetentandi, utrùm verè tanto operi apti sint. Veg. lib. 1. cap. 8. Non leve hoc officium etc. Juventus enim cui defensio provinciarum, cui bellorum committenda fortuna est, & genere & moribus debet excellere. Honestas enim idoneum militem reddit. Verecundia, dum prohibet fugere, facit esse victorem. Ibid cap. 7.  enroled into the cavalry, all things must be presupposed which are common to him with the Infantry; as soundness of body, vigour of members, fitting age, (as from 20 to 40 years) a resolution to addict himself to that profession, and a desire to learn it; a virtuous emulation of advancement by merit; due obedience to his superiors; a strict observation of military discipline. Above all the fear of God, which will direct him to virtuous actions, and to abhor vices.  
Besides, in particular, though he need not be so strong as the foot, yet he must be more active and nimble, and one that loveth (and knoweth what belongeth to) a horse. And because it is the property of horsemen not to attend the enemies coming, but to go & affront him; he must be a man of spirit and resolution. He must be careful and curious to keep his horse and 
b Cataphractas & cassides frequenter tergere curent: quis enim credat militem bellicosum, cujus arma rubigine foedantur? Ibid. lib. 2. cap. 14. Concerning the election of soldiers, Vegetius showeth at large lib. 1. For their country, cap. 1. Their profession, cap. 3. & 7. Their age, cap. 4. Their stature, cap. 5. Their countenance and proportion of body, cap. 6. etc. Also Leo Tact. cap. 4.1.  arms in the best manner. Every horseman must wear a skarf of the Prince's colour whom he serveth, and not put it off, whether he go out of the quarter or not, whether he be alone or in company, upon great penalties: by which means (besides the ornament) they will forbear many unfitting actions (as being subject thereby to be distinguished) and upon occasions of battle they shall be sure by that means not to offend each other.   

CHAP. XXI. Of the arming of the cavalry, and their kinds.  
AS the ends and employments of the cavalry are diverse and several, so there is a diversity necessarily required in their persons, arms, and horses. 
a The Grecians and Romans distinguished their horse by heavy and light armed. Cataphracti, qui non solum sua corpora, sed etiam equos lorica undique muniunt. Partis autem non cataphractae alii hastati (vel contati) alii ferentarii. Aelian. cap. 2.  The cavalry are according to their arming, of two sorts; heavy, and light.  
The heavy armed (the ancient manner of men at arms being long since abolished) are for the most part said to be Lances and Cuirassiers, howsoever authors differ in their opinions about them: for Basta reckoneth the Lancier, and Melzo both Lance and Cuirassier among the light.  
The light armed are of three kinds, Harquebusiers, Carabines, and Dragon's; being three distinct and several kinds of arming, howsoever the said authors (and others) take them promiscuously for one and the same.  

The arming of the Cuirassier, is chief Defensive.  
The arming of the Harquebusier, Carabine, and Dragon; is chief Offensive.  
The arming of the Lancier (where he is used) is chief Offensive, and Defensive.    

CHAP. XXII. Of the Lancier his arming.  
THey which preferred the Lance before any other kind of 
a This kind of cavalry was borrowed from the Grecians, & Romans, which were called Hastati, being armed with a cuirasse, a head-piece, a lance, and a sword; some of them also bore a small target. Polyb. lib. 6. 471.  cavalry, gave this double reason. 1 Because the Lancier requireth more exercise and pains both for himself and his horse: 2. Because he must have a horse of a higher price than the rest.   depiction of a suit of armour for a cavalry lancer, with its component parts and equipment 
The Cask open  
The Gorgett  
The right Pouldron and vantbrace  
The left Pouldron and Vantbrace  
The fore part of the armed Lancier  
The Placcate  
The Breast  
The Back  
The guard de reine  
The Pistol with the appurtenances  
The Pistol  
The Spanner  
Figu: 1. Par: 1. Cap: 22.  
His arms were a close casque or head-piece, gorget, breast, pistol proof (as all the cuirasse in every piece of it) and calliver proof (by addition of the placcate) the back, pouldrous, vanbraces, 2 gauntlets, tassets, cuissets, culets, or guard-de-rein; all fitting to his body: A good sword (which was to be very stiff, cutting, and sharp pointed) with girdle and hangers, foe fastened upon his cuirasse as he might readily draw it: a buff coat with long skirts to wear between his armour and his : his lance, either after the wont manner, or (as Walhausen hath it) after the manner of a pike, only some what thicker at the but end, the head of it to be either three-edged or otherwise like a pike-head, made strong and sharp, the length to be about 
b 
Because it hath been usually objected (to such as stand for the continuance of the lance) that it is of no effect against foot, because of the length of their pikes.  
Walhausen here would take a way that argument, by having the lance made of a length exceeding the pike: but how any man (so laden with arms) should be able (with one hand) to wield a lance of 18 foot long. I leave to the consideration of the judicious.   18 foot, it being (otherwise) of little effect either against Infantry or cavalry: within two foot of the but end to be bored through, and through it a thong of strong leather to be put, to fasten it to the right arm, for the surer holding and better managing thereof. On the outside of his right stirrup, to have a socket of leather fastened thereunto, to place the but end of his lance therein. His saddle to be handsome, made with advantage, fit for the rider, to keep him firm against the violence of a shock: thereat he should have one, if not two pistols, of sufficient boar and length, with keys and cartouches: also he must have flask and touchbox, and all appurtenances fitting. All which is apparently demonstrated in figure 1. Par. 1.   

CHAP. XXIII. Of the arming of the Cuirassier.  
THe Cuirassier is to be armed at all points, and accounted with a buff coat under his arms, like the Lance. 
a By the Edict for musters published by the States, neither cuirassier, nor harquebufier, is allowed to have his horse under 15 hand high.  His horse not inferior in stature and strength, though not so swift. He must have two cases with good firelock-pistols, hanging at his saddle, having the barrel of 18 inches long, and the bore of 20 bullets in the pound (or 24 rolling in) a good sword stiff and sharp pointed like the Lancier. This sort of cavalry is of late 
b Namely by the Germans, il leur faut donner l'honneur d'auoir mis les premiers en vsage les pistoles. De la Noüe. Discourse. 18.  invention: for when the Lanciers proved hard to be gotten; first, 
c Another (if not the chief) reason, why the Lances were left, is because they are of no effect, or use, but in a strait line, and where they may have leisure and room for their career: whereas the Cuirassier is not subject to either of those inconveniences.  by reason of their horses, which must be very good, and exceeding well exercised: secondly, by reason their pay was abated through scarcity of money: thirdly and principally, because of the scarcity of such as were practised and exercised to use the lance, it being a thing of much labour and industry to learn: the Cuirassier was invented, only by discharging the lancier of his lance. He is to have a boy and a nag (as is other where said) to carry his spare arms, and oat sack, and to get him forage. His saddle and bit must be strong, and made after the best manner. He is also to wear a skarf, as hath been showed cap. 20. He is to have his bridle made with a chain, to prevent cutting; and he must be very careful to have all his furniture strong and useful.   

CHAP. XXIIII. Of the Arming of the Harquebusier and Carabine.  
THe Harquebusier was first invented in France, at the time of the wars of Piedmont; whom Melzo and Basta would have either not armed (though they confess themselves contradicted therein by others) or but slightly (only with a head-piece & breast) and those but some few of the foremost. But the printed edict of the States of the united provinces expressly commandeth, that every Harquebusier be 
a 
Which condemneth the late practice of our trained Harquebusiers to be erroneous; which have wholly left off their arms, and think themselves safe enough in a calves' skin coat.  
It was otherwise with the Romans, for which Vegetius giveth this reason; Necesse enim est, ut dimicandi acriorem sumat audaciam, qui munito capite & pectore non timet vulnus. lib. 1. cap. 20.   armed with an open cask, gorget, back and breast, of the horseman's furniture: and Captain Bingham, in his low-country exercise, appointeth him a cuirasse pistol proof. Moreover, by the late orders resolved on by the council of war, the Harquebusier (besides a good buff coat) is to have the back and breast of the Cuirassiers arming, more than pistol proof, the head-piece, etc. For offensive arms, he must have the harquebuse of two foot and a half long (the bore of 17 bullets in the pound rolling in) hanging on a belt by a swivell, a flask and touchbox, and pistols like the Guirassiers (as some writers have it.) His horse (according to the said edict of the States) should not be under 15 hand high, being swift and well managed. The Carabine is to be mounted on a middling gelding, and to have a good buff coat, a carbine or petronel (the barrel 2½ foot long, the bullet 24 in the pound, rolling in) hanging as the harquebuse, a sword, girdle and hangers, flask and touchbox, as the Harquebusier.   

CHAP. XXV. Of the arming of the Dragon.  
THe 
a One De Renol. hath (not long since) published a book which he calleth Milice , or Infantry voiante, wherein he is earnest to have the Carabines or Harquebusiers put down, and Dragoniers used in their stead: their muskets having the barrel of 2 foot 9 inches long, but wider bore then the musket: their pikes but 13 foot etc. He is very confident in his conceits, for the ordering of them for fight, but such as can judge, hold him frivolous.  Dragon is of two kinds; Pike, and musket. The pike is to have a thong of leather about the middle of the pike, for the more commodious carrying of it. The musketier is to have a strap or belt fastened to the stock thereof, almost from the one end to the other, by which (being on horseback) he hangeth it at his back, keeping his burning match and the bridle, in the left hand. His horse is of the least price, the use thereof being but to expedite his march, alighting to do his service.   

CHAP. XXVI. Of exercising the cavalry, in General and Particular. Of exercise in general, and the necessity of it.  
THe Romans called an army exercitus, 
a Exercitus ex re ipsa atque opere exercitii nomen accepit, ut ei nunquam liceret oblivisci quod vocabatur. Veg. lib 2. cap. 1. Legio ab eligendo. ib.  a word derived ab exercendo, of exercising, and not without reason: for, in every battle, not so much the multitude and untutored strength of men, as art and exercise, use to give victory: (as 
b Lib. 1. cap. 1. Exercitus dicitur, quòd melior fiat exercitando. Varro.  Vegetius testifieth) for which he giveth this reason, (among the rest) that the knowledge of that which belongeth to war, giveth courage. Nema facere metuit (saith he) quod se bene didicisse confidit; No man feareth to do that which he hath well learned how to do.  
The benefit of this exercise is such, as the same author doubteth not to affirm, that nothing is more firm, nor more happy or commendable, than that commonwealth in qua abundant milites eruditi, in which skilful soldiers abound. To this end antiquity maintained their campi doctores, teachers for the field, by whom the young and new-entertained soldiers were 
c Manè & post meridiem. Nam pro tyronibus habendi sunt, qui pugnare longo tempore desierunt. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 9 Neque enim longitudo atatis, aut annorum numerus artem bellicam tradit, sed continua exercitationis meditatio: post quanta volueris stipendia, inexercitatus miles semper est tyro. Ibid. lib. 2. cap. 23.  exercised twice every day ad omne genus armorum, at all kinds of weapons and arms; and the old practised soldiers sine intermissione semel in die, once a day without intermission. To which purpose they had very spacious buildings, within which (in winter, or upon occasion of unseasonable weather) they could exercise both horse and foot. The Grecians were they which gave a pattern to the Romans in the practice of this art, for so saith 
d Lib. 3. cap. 10. Discat miles in otio, quod proficere possit in bello. Animos subitò ad arma non erigunt, nisi qui se ad ipsa idoneos, praemissâ exercitatione, confidunt Theod. apud Cassiod. The Imperatores themselves (as Valerius, Pompey, Trajan, etc.) continually exercised among their soldiers: Omnia inter infimos militum munia haud gravatè abeundo. saith Livy of Valerius. And of Pompey Plutarch reporteth thus (in Pompeio) in bello civili jam senem & duo de sexaginta annos natum, peditem atque equitem, se inter suos assiduè exercuisse.  Vegetius: Artem bellicam quondam, relictis doctrinis omnibus, Lacedaemonii, pòst coluere Romani. Among other examples tending to this purpose (wherein all histories abound) that is worthy of observation, which is testified of the inhabitants of the Balearie islands (now called Majorca and Minorca) where the women would not suffer their children to eat any meat, but that which they could hit at an appointed distance, with a stone cast out of a sling: by which means they grew so expert at it, as that people are said to be the inventors of that weapon, and therein to have excelled all others. Every mean trade requireth exercise for the obtaining of it; how much more the art military? which is rebus omnibus potior, per quam libertas retinetur, & dignitas provinciae propagatur, & conservatur imperium: that is, by which liberty is continued, the dignity of the province is propagatd, and the empire preserved. And this is confirmed by Josephus (Exid. lib. 3.) to be true, that not fortune, but the good orders of the Romans in their Militia, made them masters of the world: whose forces (even in times of peace, and (as it were) to keep their hands in ure) were 32000 foot, 2400 horse; but upon occasions they could make 70000 or 80000: and at a view taken of their own forces, and their allies, in Italy, there were found 700000 foot, and 70000 horse. Augustus maintained 23 legions; Tiberius' 25. In Galba's time the State maintained 31 legions: so that ordinarily in those and later times, there were (of legionary and auxiliary soldiers) maintained 372000 foot, and 37200 horse: whose ordinary pay (besides corn and apparel) at one denarius a day for the foot, and three for the horse (besides the increase of wages given to the officers) amounteth to five millions, five hundred sixteen thousand sixty two pounds, and ten shillings, by the year: which is more (as Sr. H. Savile observeth) than the great Turk at this day receiveth in two years towards all charges. Besides these, they maintained a guard of many thousands for the Prince, with double pay, and others for other employments; and yet they never mutined for lack of pay. 
g Virtus militaris praestat caeteru omnibus. Cicero, pro Mur. Nobilis res atque inprimis utilis, militaris est scientia. etc. Leo. Tact. cap. 20.  O viros summâ admiratione laudandoes (may be said of them, as Vegetius saith of the Lacedæmonians) qui eam praecipuè artem ediscere voluerunt, sine qua aliae artes esse non possunt! that is, O men worthy to be praised with highest admiration, which would principally learn that art, (speaking of the art military) without which other arts cannot subsist! But now, if we shall compare our times with these, must we not be forced to cry out with 
h De militia Rom. lib. 5.  Lipsius, O pudor, O dedecus!  
The Low-countrieses are (without all controversy) worthily styled the Academy of war, where the art military (if any where) truly flourisheth; and yet, in comparison of the Romans, the said Lipsius is constrained to say (who would not speak the worst of his own country (Exercitium nobis neglectum, etc. Ubi campi doctores nostri sunt? ubi quotidianae meditationes armorum? etc. With us (saith he) exercise is neglected. Where are our teachers for the field? where are our daily practisings of arms? Or whereas otherwise 
i Omnes arts in meditatione consistunt. Athleta, auriga, venator, propter exiguam mercedem, vel certè plebis favorem, quotidianâ meditatione arts suas aut servare, aut augere consuescunt. Militem (cujus est manibus servanda respublica) studiosiùs oportet scientiam dimicandi, usúmque rei bellicae jugibus exercitiis custodire. Cui contingit non tantùm gloriosa victoria, sed etiam amplior praeda, quémque ad opes ac dignitates ordo militiae & imperatoris judicium consuevit evehere. Veg. lib. 2. cap. 24.  no man professeth any art which he hath not learned, shall the military art be only that which men suppose they can leap into, and be expert in, both at an instant? Tympanum sonuit etc. The drum beats, they run together, and enter their names with the Clerk of the band, something they change in their habit, and their gate; they swagger and drink; ecce jam miles, behold (saith he) here is a soldier already. Another complaineth after the like manner. 
k Voyla que c' est de nostre milice et discipline militaire, et principalement de ceste party, tant noble; Vn rustault chargé d'armes, et monté a cheval, c'est assez pour la cavalry. Walhauson. Disciplina hodie non dicam languet apud nos, sed obiit: neque mala, sed nulla est. Lips. Politic. lib. 5. cap. 13. Hodiernam militiam tristi oculo intueor; pudendam lugendámque nobis, hosti ridendam aut spernendam. Ibid. cap. 8.  See (saith he) what our militia and military discipline is come to, and principally this so noble a part of it. (speaking of the horse) A clown is laden with arms, and mounted on horse back, that is enough for the cavalry.  
Now if we should bring our trained bands (especially the horse) to the touchstone, and try what alloy they be of, I fear we may ask (with Lipsius') haec ridenda, an miseranda sunt?  
A principal defence and bullwork of the kingdom, consisteth in having the trained bands (horse and foot) well chosen, well armed, and well disciplined. But how this is generally in every part neglected is too shamefully apparent. Whether for want of good laws, or of good men to see them strictly executed, it is not for me to determine. Sure I am, there is great need of reformation. But my zeal transports me beyond my bounds, and I digress from what I intended; therefore, for this matter, hîc terminus esto.   

CHAP. XXVII. Of exercise in particular. Of managing of the horse and arms.  
THe cavalry being to be exercised, must be instructed how to manage their horse and their arms.  
Concerning the horse (presupposing him to be of sufficient stature and strength, nimble of joints, and sure of foot etc.) he must (of necessity) be made fit for service, so as you may have him ready at command to pace, trot, gallop, or run in full career; also to advance, stop, retire, and turn readily to either hand, and all with alacrity and obedience. Now, to bring him to this ready turning, he is to be ridden the ring, and figure 8, first in a great compass, and so in a less by degrees; first upon his pace, then on the trot, and so to the gallop and career. These things he may be taught by using the hand, leg and voice. For the hand (observing not to move the arm, but only the wrist) if you would have him to face to the left, a little motion of the little finger on that rain, and a touch of the left leg) without using the spur) doth it: if to face (or turn) to the left about, a harder, etc. If you would have him to troth, you are to move both your legs a little forward; for the gallop, to move them more forward, and for the career to yerk them most forward, and to move the body a little forward with it. After every motion performed, it were good to keep him a while in that motion, as when you bid him stand, to stand a while, etc. Also it were not amiss, after every thing well done, to give him some bread or grass as a reward. For the voice, you may use the words, Advance, hold, turn, or the like, but because the voice cannot always be heard, it were good to use him chief to the motions of the hand and leg. It will also be very useful to teach him to go sidewayes: this he may be brought unto by laying his provender somewhat fare from him in the manger, and keeping him from turning his head towards it. He must also be used to the smell of gunpowder, the sight of fire and armour, and the hearing of shot, drums and trumpets, etc. but by degrees and with discretion. When he is at his oats (at a good distance from him) a little powder may be fired, and so nearer to him by degrees. So may a pistol be fired some distance off, and so nearer: in like manner a drum or trumpet may be used. The groom may sometime dress him in armour, and he may be used (now and then) to eat his oats from the drum head. It will be very useful sometime to cause a musketier to stand at a convenient distance, and both of you to give fire upon each other, and thereupon to ride up close to him: also to ride him against a complete armour, so set upon a stake, that he may overthrew it, and trample it under his feet: that so (and by such other means) your horse (finding that he receiveth no hurt) may become bold to approach any object. He may also be used to mountainous and uneven ways, and be exercised to leap, swim, and the like. But for further directions for the art of riding and managing the horse, I refer the reader to 
a Besides many of our own writers; Pierre de la Noüe in his cavalry Franchoise et Italienne. also Instruction du Roy (de France) en l'exercice de monter a Cheval, par Antoyne de Plubinel. lately published, and diverse others.  them which have written of horse-manship ex professo, whose books are every where obvious.   

CHAP. XXVIII. Of managing arms, extending to postures and motions. Of exercising the lance.  
Howsoever the use of the lance be now left off in the Low-countries', either for the reasons alleged chap. 23, or by reason of the discommodity of the country (for the lance is of no use but in a spacious, hard, and even ground) yet will it not be altogether impertinent to show the manner of exercising the same, seeing that 
a I. Lips. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Item de Milit. Rom. N. Machiavelli. G. du Bellay. C. Bingham upon Alien. Sr. Cl. edmond's, on Caes. Com. Sr. Hen. Savilc. etc.  many have taken pains to revive unto us the knowledge of those arms which sometime were in use among the Grecians, Romans, and other nations, which have been for many ages totally abolished.  
The manner of carrying the lance, is either advanced, or couched, that is, when it is carried so abased, as the enemy can hardly discover it until he feel the shock.  
The charging of the lance is twofold, either by the right, or left.  
The right is, when it is presented or charged along by the right side of the horse.  
The left is, when it is born across the neck of the horse, by the left ear.  
The first is the manner used by the Turks and Hungarians, and by some preferred before the other. One reason which they give for it, is, because that in charging by the left, the Lancier must incline his body to the left, and so sitteth the less sure in his saddle.  
Basta would have the second way to be best. Howsoever, all agree that a Lancier must ever strive to gain the left side of his enemy, and charge him on the left.  
Now there be three ways of charging;  

1 By carrying the lance sloaped upwards.  
2 By charging it level, in a strait line.  
3 By charging it sloping, or inclining downwards.    four representations of of a knight on horseback aiming a lance at a target 
Fig: 2 Par: 1 Cap: 28  
The second is, by charging a horseman about the middle, (to bear him out of the saddle) or on the breast of the foot.  
The third serveth to pierce the breast of the enemy's horse, or a kneeling musketier, or pike charging at the foot against horse.  
These three several ways must be diligently practised, and require much dexterity: to which end a stake is to be set up, having an arm (as it were) stretched out from it, and thereunto a white (either of paper or linen) fastened, at several heights, which the Lancier must exercise himself to hit in full career; also to take up a glove (or the like) from the ground with the point of his lance, etc. All which is shown figure 2. part 1. chap. 28. In his charging of the enemy, he gins upon his pace or troth, 
b Monsieur de la Noüe, blameth the French for their error in this point. De 200 pas ils commencent à galloper, et de 100 à courir à toute bride, qui est fair erreur, n' estant besoin de prendre tant d'espace. Discourse. 18.  then falls into a gallop, but must not begin his career until he be within some 60. paces of his enemy; presenting his lance (from the advance) at the half of that distance, and charging it for the shock as occasion serveth. Against an armed Lancier, the best way of charging is judged to be, not after the two first ways, but by the third, that is, at the breast of the horse, and that towards the left side of him, where his heart and vitals are; and for this, the charging by the right is held best.  
Having given his charge with the lance, so as it becometh unuseful to him, he must betake himself to his pistol, in the use whereof he is to be very skilful. His last refuge is his sword, which he must also be well practised in. Of both which weapons shall be spoken in the next chapter.   

CHAP. XXIX. Of exercising the Cuirassier.  
ALthough it be supposed and expected that no horseman will presume to mount his horse to repair to his cornet before his pistols, harquebuse, or carabine be spanned, primed, and laden: his cases furnished with cartouches and all other equipage   depiction of a cavalry soldier and horse 
1 To Horse   depiction of a cavalry soldier and horse 
2 Vncapp your Pistols   depiction of a cavalry soldier and horse 
3 Draw your Pistol   depiction of a cavalry soldier and horse 
4 Order your Pistol   depiction of a cavalry soldier and horse 
5 Spann your Pistol.   depiction of a cavalry soldier and horse 
6. Prime your Pistol.   depiction of a cavalry soldier and horse 
7. Shutt your Pann.   depiction of a cavalry soldier and horse 
8. Cast about your Pistol.   depiction of a cavalry soldier and horse 
9 Gage your Flasske   depiction of a cavalry soldier and horse 
10 Lad your Pistol   depiction of a cavalry soldier and horse 
11 Draw your Rammer   depiction of a cavalry soldier and horse 
12 Lad with Bullet and Ramhome   depiction of a cavalry soldier and horse 
13. Return your Rammer.   depiction of a cavalry soldier and horse 
14. Pull down your Cock.   depiction of a cavalry soldier and horse 
15. Recover your Pistol.   depiction of a cavalry soldier and horse 
16. Present and give Fire.   depiction of a cavalry soldier and horse 
17 Return your Pistol   depiction of a cavalry soldier and horse 
18 bend your Cock   depiction of a cavalry soldier and horse 
19 Guard your Cock   depiction of a cavalry soldier and horse 
20 Order your Hammer   depiction of a cavalry soldier and horse 
21. Free your Cock   depiction of a cavalry soldier and horse 
22.   depiction of a cavalry soldier and horse 
23.   depiction of a cavalry soldier and horse 
24.  3. Draw your pistol. 
He is to draw the pistol out of the case, with the right hand, (and always the left pistol first) and to mount the muzzle of it, as in posture 15.  4. Order your pistol. 
He is to sink the pistol into his bridle-hand, and to reremove his right hand towards the muzzle, and then to rest the but end upon his thigh.  5. Span your pistol. 
He is to sink the pistol into his bridle-hand, and taking the key (or spanner) into his right hand, to put it upon the axletree, and, and to wind about the wheel till it stick: and then to return the spanner to its place, being usually fastened to the side of the case.  6. Prime. 
Holding the pistol in the bridle-hand (as before) he is to take his priming box into his right hand, and (pressing the spring with his forefinger to open the box) to put powder into the pan.  7. Shut your pan. 
He is to press in the pan-pin with his right thumb, and so to shut the pan.  8. Cast about your pistol. 
With the bridle-hand he is to cast about the pistol, and to hold it on the left side, with the muzzle upwards.  9 Gage your flasque. 
He is to take the flasque into the right hand, and with his forefinger to pull back the spring, and turning the mouth of the flasque downward, to let go the spring.  10. Lad your pistol. 
Having gauged his flasque (as in the former posture) he is to press down the spring (which openeth the flasque, with his forefinger, and so to lad his pistol.  11. Draw your rammer. 
He is to draw his rammer with the right hand turned, and to hold it with the head downward.  12. Lad with bullet, and ram home. 
Holding the rammer-head in his right hand (as before) he is to take the bullet out of his mouth, or out of the bullet bag at the pistol case, being in fight, with the thumb and forefinger, and to put it into the muzzle of the pistol, and the rammer immediately after it, and so to ram home.  13. Return your rammer. 
He is to draw forth his rammer with the right hand turned, and to return it to its place.  14. Pull down your cock. 
With the bridle-hand he is to bring the pistol towards his right side; and placing the but end upon his thigh, to pull down the cock.  15. Recover your pistol. 
He is to take the pistol into his right hand, mounting the muzzle.  16. Present, and give fire. 
Having the pistol in his right hand (as in posture 15) with his forefinger upon the tricker, he is to incline the muzzle (with a fixed eye) towards his mark; not suddenly, but by degrees, (quicker or slower according to the space he rideth) and that not directly forward toward the horse head, but towards the right; turning his right hand so as the lock of the pistol may be upward: and having gotten his mark, he is to draw the tricker, and give fire.  17. Return your pistol. 
He is to return his pistol into the case, and then to draw his other pistol (as occasion may serve) and to do as before.  
Now concerning the snap-hane pistol, those postures wherein it differeth from the firelock pistol, are these as in figure.)  18. bend your cock. 
Holding the pistol in the bridle-hand, (as before hath been showed) with the right hand he is to bend the cock.  19 Guard your cock. 
With the right hand he is to pull down the back-lock, so to secure the cock from going off.  20. Order your hammer. 
With the right hand he is to draw down the hammer upon the pan.  21. Free your cock. 
With the right thumb he is to thrust back the back-lock, and so to give the cock liberty.  
But the more compendious way of lading, for the gaining of time (which in the instant of skirmish is chief to be regarded) is by using cartouches. Now, the cartouch is to be made of white paper, cut out of convenient breadth and length, and rolled upon a stick, (or the rammer, if it be not too little) fit (according to the bore of the barrel) to contain a due quantity of powder, & the bullet. The proportion of powder usually required is half the weight of the bullet; but that is held too much by such as can judge. Having moulded the paper, the one end of it is to be turned in (to keep in the powder) and the due charge of powder to be put into it, at the other end; which powder is to be closed in by tying a little thread about the paper: then the bullet is to be put in, and that also tied in with a little thread. When the Cuirassier is to use his cartouch, he must bite off the paper at the head of it, and so put it into the barrel of his pistol, with the bullet upward, and then ram it home. By 
b For the more speedy lading of the pistol, and avoiding the trouble of carrying either flasque or touchbox, there is a late invented fashion of spanner or key, (which I have represented in figure 1) which contains six charges of powder (at the least) and priming powder sufficient for those charges, & for the cartouches wherewith the pistol cases be furnished: which the Cuirassier will find to be of very good use, when he is used thereunto.  this means he shall much expedite the lading of his pistol. The Cuirassier being become ready in his postures, his next (and chiefest) study is, to be an exact marks man. And to this end he must frequently be practised at some 
c The Romans exercised their soldiers at several heights at stakes set up in Campo Martio. Ad palum quoque vel sudes juniores exerceri percommodum est, cùm latera, vel pedes aut caput petere punctim caesímque condiscant. Veg. lib. 2. cap. 23. But their manner of fight with their swords was not caesim, but all upon the thrust or point; because that manner sooner pierced the vitals, and laid not open the body in fetching of a blow. Ibid. lib. 1. cap. 2.  marks, to be set up at some tree or stake, of several heights. Now because the Cuirassier is armed pistol proof, he must not give fire but at a very 
d Lafoy pistol ne fait quasi nul effect, si elle n'est tirée de trois pas. Monsieur de la Noüe. discourse. 18.  near distance, being careful to bestow his bullets so, as they may take effect. The principal place of advantage to aim at, is the lower part of the belly of the adverse Cuirassier, also his armpits, or his neck. Some would not have a Cuirassier to give 
e Les Reitres bien instruits ne deschargent point leurs pistols qu'en heurtant, qu'ils addressent tousiours aux cuisses ou aux visages. Ibid.  fire, until he have placed his pistol under his enemy's armour, or on some unarmed parts. If he fail of an opportunity to hurt the man, he may aim at the breast of the horse, or his head, as he shall see occasion. He usually giveth his charge upon the trot, and seldom gallopeth, unless it be in pursuit of a flying enemy, or such like occasion. Having spent both his pistols, and wanting time to lad again, his next refuge is his sword; whereof the best manner of using is to place the pummel of it upon his right 
f As is showed in the posture 22.  thigh, and so with his right hand to direct or raise the point to his mark, higher or lower as occasion serveth: either at the belly of the adverse horseman (about the pummel of the saddle) or at his arm pits, or his throat, where if it pierce not, (as it is very like it will not fail, by slipping under the casque) yet meeting with a stay in that part of the body, where a man is very weak, and having a sword of a very stiff blade, (as aforesaid) it will doubtless unhorsed him. Being past his enemy, he is to make a backblow at him, aiming to cut the buckle of his pouldron, whereby he disarmeth one of his arms, etc. Basta highly commendeth the aiming at the enemy's fight, and so (by raising the vizures of his casque with the point of the sword to run him into the head. But this seemeth not so likely to take effect as that of aiming at the throat; and sometimes (as some casques are made) it would be of no use.  
In these and the like exercises the Cuirassier is frequently and diligently to practise himself at some mark; which will render him fit for service when need shall require.  
Some authors (for the disposing of the Cuirassiers for fight) hold that they ought to be ordered in gross bodies, that so (
g The Cuirassiers among the horse, are like the gravis armatura of foot among the Romans, quae tanquam murus ferreus stabat, & si hosts fugâsset, non sequebatur; quia ejus jus est, facilè nec fugere, nec sequi. Veg. lib. 2. cap. 17. Or like the Equites Cataphracti among the Grecians. Aelian. cap. 2.  by their solidity and weight) they may entertain and sustain the shock of the enemy. They are also fit for troops of reserve, to give courage to the other cavalry, and to give them opportunity to re-assemble themselves behind them, etc.   

CHAP. XXX. Of exercising the Harquebusier and Carabine.  
ALthough there be some difference between the Harquebusier and the Carabine, in regard of their horse, their arming, and their piece, (howsoever most authors take them for one and the same) yet in regard the harquebuse differeth nothing from the carabine in length, but only in the boar, their manner of using their several pieces is one and the same; and so one instruction may serve for both.  
In march, he is either to carry his carabine hanging at his belt by the right side, 
See fig. 3. posture 23, and 24.  (as is showed chap 24.) or else to order it upon his right thigh, as the Cuirassier, in posture 4.  
In fight he is to strive to gain the left side of his enemy, (contrary to the Cuirassier) because that in presenting he is to rest his carabine on his bridle-hand, placing the but end on the right side of his breast, near his shoulder.  
He must be taught to use his carabine with all exactness and dexterity, and to be an exquisite marks man. For the 
h Walhausen would have the Harquebusier to give fire not only to the front and flanks, but to the rear also, by turning his body only; the horse running the contrary way in full career. But how possible this is to be done, I leave to the judgement of any man that knows what belongs to cavalry.  manner of handling of the harquebuse or carabine, the directions for the pistol (in the foregoing chapter) mutatis mutandis, may serve for sufficient instruction. Yet in regard the carabines with us are for the most part snap-hanes, and so something differing from the firelock, I will set down the order of handling it, in the words of command: holding it needless here to dilate them.  

Postures for the Snap-hane carabine.  
1 Order your carabine.  
2 Sink your carabine into your bridle-hand.  
3 bend your cock.  
4 Guard your cock.  
5 Prime.  
6 Shut your pan.  
7 Cast about your carabine.  
8 Gage your flasque.  
9 Lad your Carabine.  
10 Draw your rammer.  
11 Shorten your rammer.  
12 Lad with bullet, and ram home.  
13 Withdraw your rammer.  
14 Shorten your rammer.  
15 Return your rammer.  
16 Recover your carabine.  
17 Order your hammer.  
18 Free your cock.  
19 Present.  
20 Give fire.   
For the use of his sword, he is to demean himself as the Cuirasier.   

CHAP. XXXI. Of exercising the Dragon.  
THe Dragon was invented for special services to assist the cavalry as Infantry; considering there be many exploits which cannot be effected by the cavalry alone.  
The musketier must exercise himself to give fire on horseback, as the Harquebusier. Being come to guard a passage, or to do any other the like service, they are to alight, and to demean themselves as Infantry. Whereof it shall be needless here to enlarge, seeing we have books in such abundance upon that subject, as they are able rather to 
a By reason of the frivolous impertinences, and manifest errors which abound in many of them.  distract, then instruct the reader; and (in my opinion) had need of an Index expurgatorius.  
Being so alighted to do their service (as abovesaid) every of them is to cast his bridle over the neck of his side-mans' horse, in the same order as they marched: keeping them so together, by the help of such as are thereunto especially appointed.   

CHAP. XXXII. Of exercising the cavalry in their motions.  
HAving showed how every horseman is to be exercised in the managing of his horse, as also in the use of his particular arms; it followeth now that he be taught how to demean himself, being joined in a body.  
And here, before we enter into the motions, it were fit to explain the terms of 
a 
The Grecians and Romans had the same order of exercise, and that in the same words, which we retain to this day.  
A file, the Romans called Versus, and Decuria: A rank, Jugum. A fileleader, Decanus, because their decuria (or file) used to consist of 10 among the foot, with some 16. a bringer up, Tergiductor: a leader (being every odd man in the file) Prostes: a follower (which is every even number) Substes: a side-man, Astes.  
Their distances were the same with us. Their 2 cubits (every cubit being a foot and an half of our measure) agreed with our 3 foot. Their 4 cubits, our 6 foot: and so increasing upon occasion. They ordered their horse-troops at 6 foot distance between file and file, in march, and 3 foot in fight.   art therein used, and to show what is meant by a file, a rank, half files, and half ranks; the front, flanks, and rear, and the like. But (for brevity sake) I pass them over, referring the reader to the books of Infantry.  
To exercise the horse, they are to be drawn up into a body, not by ranks, but by files: and those of 5 deep, as most affirm, or of 6, as others would have it, and that because the number of 5 is not divisible by 2, and so in doubling of ranks, or half files, or the like, there is always an odd rank. Some would have them (especially the Harquebusiers) to be 8 in file, taking the troop to consist of 64. Being put in Battalia, that is, ordered into a square body, and silence strictly commanded; the first thing to be taught them, is distance. And herein authors disagree. Some make close order to be 2 paces; open order, 4 paces, and so for double, triple, and quadruple distance proportionable. Others make but 2 kinds of distances: Close order, which is 3 foot: and open order, which is 6 foot. But this must be understood cum grano salis: (as the Civilians speak) for here we must observe a difference between the manner of taking the distance of the cavalry, and that of the Infantry: for in the foot, the distance is taken from the centre of the soldier's body, which here cannot be so understood, but only of the space of ground between horse and horse.  
Monsieur de Praissac is more plain, who would have the distance between rank and rank (both for the length of the horse, as also for the space between horse and horse) to be six paces, & one pace between file and file. Yet, if we take every pace for five foot (as that is the usual dimention) by this rule they should be at a very large distance.  
In my opinion, the cavalry, being to be exercised in their motions, should be at their distance of six foot, or open order (taking it as hath been showed) ᵈ standing right in their ranks and files. 
b Omnes milites incedendi ordinem servant. Veg. 1.9.  aquali legitimóque spatio miles distet à milite, nec ultrà quàm expedit, aut conglobent agmen aut laxent. ibid. cap. 26.   

c In all the motions we also retain the same words of command which they used. Facing, they called declinatio, to the right ad bastam. and left ad scutum. facing about, immutatio. Doubling, by ranks and files. Duplicandi due genera, per juga & versus. Their countermarches the same which we use, 

evolutio Chorica. per decurias, & juga.  
evolutio Macedonica. per decurias, & juga.  
evolutio Laconica per decurias, & juga.   Wheelings the same with us, conversio ad hastam vel conversio ad scutum. Reversio est conversionis restitutio. Inflexio, wheeling about. etc.  Now the motions are of four kinds. 1. face. 2. doublings. 3. countermarches. 4. wheelings.  
The use of face is to make the company perfect to be suddenly prepared for a charge on either flank or the rear.  
Doubling of ranks, or doubling by half files, or bringers up, is used upon occasion of strengthening the front.  
Doubling of files, or doubling by half ranks serveth to strengthen the flanks.  
Countermarches serve, either to reduce the fileleaders into the place of the bringers up; and so to have the best men ready to receive the charge of an enemy in the rear: or to bring one flank into the place of the other: or front, and rear, or either flank into the middle of the body.  
The use of wheelings, is to bring the front (which is always supposed to consist of the ablest men) to be ready to receive the charge of the enemy on either flank or rear.  
These motions (for the more easy apprehension of the untutored soldier) are represented in figures, by a company of Harquebusiers of 64 men. And therein the fileleaders and bringers up are distinguished by a differing letter, as followeth.   military diagram The form of the first standing. 
To face them to the right, is done by commanding  
Front.  
Right flank.  
Rear.  
Left flank.   military diagram To the right hand. 
Which is done by turning (all at one and the same time) to the right hand.  
Thus the front is where the right flank was.  
To reduce them to their first form, the word of command is  As you were. 
Which they perform by turning to the left hand. From thence, to face them to the left, you command   military diagram To the left hand. 
Which is performed by turning towards the left.  
From hence they are to be reduced by commanding As you were. Which they do by turning to the right.  
Now, to face them to the rear, though it be proper first to do it by the right hand, yet for the more ready way, I would say,   military diagram To the left hand about. 
Which is done by turning towards the left hand, until their faces front to that place which was before the rear.  
To reduce them to their first form (as that must be observed) the word is  To the right hand about, as you were.  military diagram Ranks, to the right double. 
The use hereof hath been showed before.  
Every other rank, that is, every even number passeth into the odd, upon the right hand of his leader. The second rank into the first, and so successively.  
To reduce them, the word is  Ranks, as you were. 
Which is best done, by causing those ranks which doubled to stand, and those which stood to advance.   military diagram Ranks, to the left double. 
The difference of this motion from the former, is nothing, but that here they which double do it to the left hand of their leaders, which before they did to their right hands, as the figure maketh it plain.  
This done, they must be reduced by commanding  Ranks, as you were.  military diagram Files to the right double. 
To do this, the second file passeth into the first (every man behind his sideman) accounting from the right hand: the 4 into the 3, and so the rest: which must be done throughout the company at one instant, all together. But because the first rank of the company is as the edge, and the files are for the most part appointed but 5 deep, there seemeth no great necessity of doubling of files.  
They are reduced by commanding  Files to the left as you were.  military diagram Files to the left double. 
The difference between this and the former motion, is the difference of hands. And by this means, those files that stood before, now move; and they which moved, now stand, as appeareth by the figure. They are reduced by commanding  Files as you were, or, Ranks to the right double.  military diagram Half files, to the right hand double the front. 
Thus the middle-men double the first rank, on the right hand. The other three ranks double the three following ranks, as is manifest in the figure.  
To reduce them, the word is  Half files as you were. 
Unless it be better (and so I conceive it) to cause them that double, to stand: and the first division to advance.   military diagram Half files, to the left hand double the front. 
This motion only differeth from the former in the hand.  
There be also doublings of ranks by the half files entire to the right, or left, or both by division: But because the files (especially of Cuirassiers) are seldom above five deep; the doubling of ranks, half files, etc. is little used.  
The reducing of them hath been showed in the former motion.   military diagram Bringers up, to the right hand double the front. 
In this motion, the last rank passeth into the first, and so successively, as the figure showeth it.  
It is of good use: yet because it is very troublesome for the horse to perform, (especially in reducing them) it may be used, or omitted, as shall be thought fit. They are reduced by saying, Bringers up, as you were.   military diagram Files, to the left hand Countermarch. 
Though it were fit to begin with the right hand, yet for the convenient turning of the horse to the left, I think it not amiss to prefer the left.  
The figure representeth the Choraean manner.  
There be also countermarches after the Macedonian and Lacedaemonian ways, and those in ranks as well as files, which are here omitted for brevity sake.   military diagram Files, close to the right and left to your close order. 
Being about to wheel the company, they must be closed, first the files, and then the ranks. And being to open them again, the ranks are first to be opened, and then the files.  
All the files close from the right and left, towards the middle of the body.   military diagram Ranks, close forwards, to your close order. 
All the ranks move forwards, saving the first, which standeth.  
The second rank having their distance, stand; so all the rest. Now the horse being to wheel, it must be considered that it cannot be performed by them in such exact manner, and so straight a room as the foot: therefore, the commander is to ride a reasonable compass, that so they may do it with convenience.   military diagram To the left hand wheel.  military diagram 
Because Melzo and Basta would have the horse, in all their wheelings, to do it by the left (which indeed is the readier way unless the ground, or other hindrance will not permit it) I have omitted the wheeling to the right, which in order should go first.  
All the body moveth to the left, upon the left fileleader, as the centre. Then to wheel as they were.   military diagram 
There is also wheeling to the right, or left about, wheeling wings into the front, etc. which are here omitted for brevity.  
To reduce them, first the ranks are to be opened, (as abovesaid) then the files, which bringeth them to their first form.  
In opening the ranks, the best (if not the only) way is to do it by opening forward.  
These and the like motions are directed and commanded by the voice of the commander: 
a Vox autem percipi interdum non petest, aut propter armorum sonitum, aut propter equorun transitum & himitum, & multitudinis strepitum, etc. Aelian. cap. 35.  but because the voice sometime cannot be heard (especially in gross bodies) by reason of the clashing of armour, trampling or neighing of horses, or tumultuous sound, or noise of the multitude, (and that especially in fight) 
b Nam cum voce sola inter praeliorum tumultus regi multitudo non possit, etc. antiquus omnium gentium usus invenit, etc. Tria generasignorum, Vocaliae, semivocalia, muta. etc. Veget. lib. 3. cap. 5.  Antiquity hath invented helps; making three kinds of military signs or directions:  

1 Vocal, which is by the commander's voice, pronounced by the inferior officers to the ear.  
2 Semivocall, by trumpet or other war like instrument, to the ear.  
3 Mute, by signs to the eye, as the ensign, &c   
The cavalry therefore must be taught 
c Praecipies autem ut perfectè cognoscant buccinae sonum, ut ubi consistere eos jubet, consistant, etc. Leo Tact. cap. 9.82.  distinctly to know the several sounds of the trumpet; as when to clap on their saddle, when to mount, when to repair to the cornet, when to troop away, when to give a charge, when to retreat, when to attend the watch, and the like. All which being the louder voice of the commander, 
d Intenti ad ducis non signum modò, sed nutum. Curtius. 3.  they must punctually observe and obey.  
Now, howsoever I have here propounded a company of 64 horse, to be exercised in the motions, and those of 8 in file (as I see it observed by 
e Walhausen would have the Harquebusiers to be 8 in file, and the Cuirassiers 10. lib. 2. cap. 2, & 3. But therein (as in diverse other things) he is singular, and dissenteth from others.  some) yet the general opinion is, that they ought not to be deeper than 5 in file, though the company consist of 100 horse.  
Every such company must be furnished with  

A Captain.  
A Lieutenant.  
A Cornet.  
A Quartermaster.  
Three Corporals.  
Two Trumpeters.  
A Clerk.  
A Saddler.  
A Chirurgeon.  
A Farrier.   
When the company be 
f About the manner of marching of a company of horse, there is much disagreement among authors. Melzo, Basta, and Walhausen would have them to march in one entire deduction) not by squadrons) the Captain to march first, next after him two attendants with spare horses, they bearing his armour: then the trumpeters, than the cornet, in the first rank of horse. But Walhausen placeth the Lieutenant next after the Trumpeters, before the Cornet: all others place him (as he ought to be) in the rear. Flamen: de la Crore would have them march in divisions, and every Corporal to lead one; but this (the Corporals being leaders of files) disordereth their ranks. I follow that order which is prescribed to be generally observed by the council of war.  to march, they are to be divided into 3 equal parts (and each of these is called a squadron) according to the number of the corporals; and these are distinguished by the names of the Captains, Lieutenants, & Cornets squadron.) The first squadron to be led by the Captain, the second by the Cornet, the third by the eldest Corporal. The Lieutenant & Quartermaster are to come in the rear. And when they come to be exercised (or to do service) the Captain's squadron stands, & the other squadrons sleeve up on the left hand, & so they become a Battalia. As for their marching in gross, that comes to be spoken of in the next part.    

THE SECOND PART. OF MARCHING.  

THE ARGUMENT.  
HAving showed in the first part, how the cavalry is to be levied, it followeth now to speak of their manner of marching: a matter of no small 
a Plura in itineribus, quàm in ipsa acie solent contingere pericula. Name in conflictu armati sunt omnes, & hostem cominus vident, & ad pugnandum animo veniunt praeparati. In itinere minùs armatus minùsque attentus est miles, & superveniente impetu vel fraud repent turbatur. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 6.  consequence, in the well ordering whereof, oftentimes (especially upon occasion of sudden charges) the safety of the troops, or of the whole army consisteth. For the orderly handling whereof I purpose to direct my discourse to these 3. heads.  
1. The knowledge of the ways, and discovery of the enemy's designs, and residence.  
2. The conducting of the troops to their Rendez-vous, and their orders.  
3. The particular distribution of the whole train upon the way; And the scouts or forerunners. And how they are to march in an open or straight country, by day or night.   

CHAP. I. Of guides.  
FOr the knowledge of the ways (a 
a For want of good guides the late Prince of Orange failed of an Aenslach (or enterprise) upon Bruges, a city in Flanders. For when he had marched all the night (himself and many other great personages often riding up to the horses bellies in waters) he found himself within half an hours march of the place he landed at; The day appearing frustrated the design, and caused him to dismarch re infectâ. Meteren. lib. 17.  matter of great importance, either to prevent the taking of one way for another in marching, or in pursuing the enemy, he having received the charge, and flying by usual ways) the use of maps may somewhat help, but (being too general) is not sufficient. And therefore the waggonmaster is to provide good guides, of the inhabitants of those places where the march is to be, which may be able to give certain and particular information concerning the 
b Dux locorum intervalla non solùm possuum numero, sed etiam viarum qualitates per discat: compendia, diverticula, montes, stamina, ad fidem descripta consideret.  highways and cross-ways, how many there be of them; whether they be even, large, and free: or strait, hilly, or impeached with difficult passages. Also concerning ditches and rivers, whether there be bridges or not. And if there be diverse ways, which is the most safe and shortest, or most exposed to the enemy's advenues or approaches, or most commodious for the baggage. Whether there be requisite commodity for the lodgings, as forage, water, etc. In so much as they may be able to know every hedge or ditch, and all other particulars. And that you may be assured of their fidelity, and the truth of their informations, it is good to have them to be soldiers in pay; or where they are not, to take them of the 
c Ad hoc a prudentioribus locorumque gnaris separatim debet universa perquirere, & veritatem colligere de pluribus.  boors or inhabitants (as aforesaid) from place to place, keeping them separated from each other. And if they differ, either from the soldiers which serve for guides, or from each other, they must be confronted; and by the mutual consent of all, the best way is to be resolved on. These guides usually (to prevent their running away, which they will often do if they see an opportunity of escaping) are led bound, 
d Eósque custodiae mancipare, additâ poenae ostentatione, vel praemii, etc. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 6.  or at least committed to the custody of some soldier. Recompense is promised them if they do their endeavour, and punishment threatened if they direct amiss.   

CHAP. II. Of Intelligence.  
EVery good commander must have these two grounds for his actions; 1. The knowledge of his own forces, and wants, (knowing that the enemy may have notice thereof, and therefore must he be always studying for remedies, if the enemy should come suddenly upon him) 2. The assurance of the condition and estate of the enemy, his commodities, and necessities, his counsels and designs: thereby begetting diverse occasions, which afterward bring forth victories. 
a M. Cato in Hispania, quia ad hostium cons●lia aliâ viâ pervenire non poterat, jussit trecentos milites simul impetum facere in stationem hostium, raptúmque unum ex his in castra perferre incolumem; tortus ille, omnia suorum arcana confessus est. Frontin. Stratagem. lib. 1. cap. 2.  And because the commodity of spies cannot always be had; some of the enemy's men must be assayed to be taken, from whom there may be drawn a relation of the estate of the adverse part, and this exploit is called, 
b The French call it prendre langue.  taking of intelligence, a duty of great importance, (whereon the deliberations which are to be taken do depend) and also of much travail and danger.  
To effect this, an expert officer, with 20 or 25 of the 
c Dux cum agmine exercitús prosecturus, fidelissimos argutissimosque cum equis probatissimis mittat, qui loca per quae iter faciendum est, in progressu, & a tergo, dextrâ, leuáque perlustrent, nè aliquas adversarii moliantur insidias. Ibid. Veg.  best mounted, stoutest, and hardiest Harquebusiers (or mixed of Cuirassiers and Harquebusiers, according to Melzo) with two Trumpets are to be employed. These are to carry with them some refreshment for themselves and their horses; to that purpose retiring themselves into some wood, or shady place; placing good Sentinels upon trees. If they find the enemy marching, they shall follow him on either flank (as opportunity shall direct them) or on the rear, or meet him on the front, assaying to take some that are disbanded, or some forrager. In the night they must approach the enemy's army, assaying to take some Sentinel, or some disbanded soldier in some of the houses there about. And because it well may fall out that (after the taking of some prisoner) the troop shall be charged by the enemy; the Chief (which must be valiant, 
b How abundant Antiquity was in stratagems, all their histories testify. Frontine (a man of consular dignity among the Romans) hath written four books of stratagems, being collected out of diverse authors Greek and Roman; and yet many by him let slip, as himself acknowledgeth in praefatione ad lib. 1. also Poliaenus. In stratagems Hannibal is said to have excelled.  ᵈ and abundant in resolutions and inventions of stratagems to make his retreat by some woody place,) shall send (or first there leave them) four of his best and best mounted soldiers with a Trumpet; with order, that when they see the troop coming, charged by the enemy, they show themselves, the trumpet sounding. For, it being an usual thing in military courses to go and observe who they be which appear, the enemy by this means makes Alto, (or a stand) for fear of some embuscado, which gives leisure to the troop to advance their retreat: and the said four soldiers may make their retreat, either severally, or together, safe enough, by reason of their good horses. If the enemy be likely to come from diverse parts, the like number would be sent to each suspected place. These should be sent before with the Quartermasters which go to make the quarters, that so they might have 2 or 3 hours' refreshment, before they go to take intelligence. If the army be lodged in a very suspicious place; after the first troop so sent out, a second shall be sent; but neither of them knowing of each others sending out. if the army be to march the next day, the chiefs of the said troops must know towards what place the march is intended.   

CHAP. III. Of the order of marching.  
THe Commissary General, grounding himself upon good informations, is to give the orders in writing for the manner of marching, as well of the soldiers as the baggage. Every Captain is to receive his written directions overnight, that so, the sign given, he may appear at the Rendez-vous in such rank and place as shall be commanded him.  

a Epoi lodata consuetudine il dividar gli esserciti in three squadrons, cioè vanguardia, Battaglia, & retroguardia; & che ogni giornato si venga mutando. Cataneo di fort. cap. 8. Alternis diebus altera legio & alterum cornu praecedunt, eadémque rursus sequuntur, mutantes semper ordinem, ut alternatim primi incedant. Polyb.  Every army is divided into three parts; The vanguard, battle, and rear. That part of the army which is most exposed to the enemy (and that most usually is the front) should be the best; and therefore all chiefs desire the vanguard. The manner therefore is (for general satisfaction) that they which this day had the van, to morrow have the rear; and they which had the rear, the battle. So changing alternatively; except the Lord General's guard (consisting of two troops, as Melzo hath it) or the General's regiment (according to C. Bingham) which hath always the vanguard. And if the enemy should change place, and from your front become to be upon your rear, whereby the rear (as most dangerous) becomes most honourable; that Captain which to day hath led the battaillon, to morrow (in stead of the vanguard) may challenge the rear.  
The scouts alter their course also, and attend the enemies proceed on the rear.  
If occasion be (in time of march) to send out one or more troops for some service, they are to observe the same orders. But the army being come to their quarter, and occasion being to send out 
b When all or a good part of the horse are employed in some exploit, without Infantry, it is called a cavalcado. Such was that when the States men surprised the castle of Crapoel in Limburg. etc. Meteren. lib. 23.  all or part of the cavalry upon some exploit; that troop which first appeareth at the place of Rendez-vous shall be appointed by the Commissary General (who is to be there) to the first place; the second to the second place. If two troops come together, at the same instant, they shall cast lots.  
By this means, every man desiring honour, they will be the readier to appear in due time. The same course shall be taken when the troops are to be sent upon some embuscado, convoy, or the like. If the march be but of one day, he which commandeth shall appoint the best experienced and ablest to lead; 
c Others hold it much better to observe the same order in the dismarch which was used in the march, so that company which went out first, comes in first.  who is to be in the rear, returning back to the quarter. And these may have private order to be at the place of Rendez-vous sooner than the rest, to avoid jealousies.  
The vanguard, battaillon, and rear, must be divided from each other 300 paces.   

CHAP. IU. Of scouts, or discoverers.  
TO be secured from unexpected assaults of the enemy, neither the army nor the cavalry alone, no not a company, must march without 
a These the Romans called exploratores, or speculatores. See Veg. lib. 3. cap. 22. Nè secreta noceant, ducis praestat industria, quem omnia prius convenit explorare. Idem lib. 3. cap. 6.  discoverers: which must be sent out, not only by the direct way where the enemy is like to come, or you are to march, but to scour all the byways on either side. And sometime the first discoverers are seconded by a second company, to secure the march.  
They that shall be employed in this service must be choice men, valiant, vigilant, and discreet: such as neither fear nor misconceit can easily distract. They must see that with their own eyes which they inform, the least error of theirs misleading the whole body. Those select men appointed for this service, are to be 
b P. Considius, qui rei militaris peritissimus habebatur, & in exercitu L. Syllae, & postea in M. Crassis fuerat, cum exploratoribus praemittitur. Caes. come. lib. 1. c. 5.  led by an able officer; it being a task so difficult, that many have lost that reputation by it which they had been long in gaining of. This officer shall send word of what he discovereth; and what he seethe not himself, he is to signify it as so reported to him; and having seen it, then to certify it as for certain.   

CHAP. V Of the order of marching by day.  
THe 
a Omni curam, omnique diligentiâ providere debet dux, ne proficiscens patiatur incursum, vel si non facilè, at sine damno repellat illatum. Veg. ibid.  march must be so ordered as the companies may readily (from that order) be brought into a good form of battle, upon occasion of a sudden charge. The cavalry (supposed to consist of 40 troops, and the country spacious) is to be divided into two bodies of 20 troops a piece. Melzo would have 3 troops of Harquebusiers in front of the vanguard, which Basta and Walhausen are against, because they are (for the most part) but ill armed. These two divisions are to march in even front, 150 paces divided. Coming to straight passages, the right wing is to march before the left. The officers must suffer none of the baggage nor any other to intermingle with their troops.  
The Captain of Harquebusiers which hath the vanguard (or one of them in that division, when the Cuirassiers have it) 
b Praemittes etiam ad loca exploranda equites quosdam, praesertim si sylvosa sint, aut collibus aut montibus inclusa, per quae transeundum est, etc. Leo cap. 9.38.  must send out a Corporal with 15 horse and a good guide, some league before; whereof two shall be sent out directly before him; two towards the right, and other two towards the left; 
c Caesar exercitum per insidiosa itinera duxit nunquam, nisi praespeculatus locorum situs etc. Sueton. Jul.  to discover among the woods and valleys, and to get intelligence, at any dwelling houses or villages, advising the Corporal of what they discover. Who is from time to time to advise the chief, which is to march at the head of the first troop.  
After these 15 he is to send out 4 others, led by a sufficient soldier, to bring reports of what those 15 shall discover; the rather because the enemy might come upon them upon the flanks, after the first 15. were passed.  
The Captain of Harquebusiers which hath the rear of the left wing, must leave a Corporal with 15 horse a mile behind him. Of these 15, two are to be some 12 or 14 score behind the rest, to give notice if the enemy follow them in the rear.  

d Illud vitandum, nè aliis festinantibus, aliis tardiùs incedentibus, interrumpatur acies, aut certè tenuetur. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 6.  The Captain which leads in front must march so as the other troops must keep foot with him; and passing over a bridge or narrow passage, must make Alto so soon as he is over, or in the plain, leaving a soldier at the bridge or strait, which shall give him knowledge so soon as the rear be passed over or through. 
g Quando per angustias aliquas, aut per arduos aviósque montes profecturus es, praemitte ex tuis qui juga montium & loca ibi editissima occupent, & qui aditus angustos & minùs patentes anticipent. etc. Leo Tact. cap. 9.26.  And if in these straight passages there be any advenues by which the enemy might charge you, those must be prepossessed by Harquebusiers, or Dragons, alighting, and keeping themselves upon some height, or in some valley, or behind some hedge or ditch, to secure their flanks.  
Every troop is to leave 100 paces distance between each other, and are to suffer no baggage nor others to trouble them, as abovesaid.   

CHAP. VI The order of marching by night.  
UPon occasion of marching with all or part of the cavalry by night, the companies are punctually appointed their places of march by written orders delivered to their officers. Before the troops, a Corporal with 12 or 15 Harquebusiers is to be sent, by the space of half a league, to discover and take intelligence at the houses, whether there be any news of the enemy. And passing by places which are at the enemy's devotion, some of them must have the language, and feign themselves friends, the better to know what passeth.  
Not long after these, 4 others are to follow, as in the former chapter. Besides, a chosen troop of Cuirassiers are to be ready, led by a Captain of special desert, with order to 
a Capienda rebus in malis praeceps via est. Seneca.  charge resolutely upon any adversary; and these are to march 150 paces before the rest.  
The chief Commander is to march at the head of the first troop which followeth the said chosen troop of 60 Cuirassiers, and with him one of the best soldiers of every troop, to carry the orders (upon all occasions) to their Captains: sending before him 4 of his ablest men, to give him notice if the said select troop of 60 Cuirassiers charge the enemy: which if it happen, he shall cast his company out of the way, and charge the enemy on the flank; and so the rest of the troops, observing that they intermix not their troops.  
The troops must not leave such distances between each other as in the day march, unless they hear news of the enemy's approach. 
b Progredientes viam faciunt silentio & quietè, decenter omnes proprium ordinem asservantes. Josephus, of the Romans manner of marching, cited by Lipsius de milit. Rom. lib. 5.142.  They must march with all possible silence. At any by way, the first company must leave a soldier at the entrance thereof, which shall be relieved or changed by the next company, and so successively until all be past. Coming into open and champion places, the officers shall draw up their troops, and cause them to march in square bodies, well closed, having regard that none slep. The spare horses or pages must not march at the heads of the troops. If the enemy charge the rear, the chief officer in the rear shall cause the last company to face about; and so the rest, if need be: but those companies which were in front must not come to the rear, for avoiding of disorder, and lest the enemy cunningly make an alarm in the rear, when he meaneth to charge the front. In the rear of all, a Corporal with 15 horse shall march as above mentioned, with a guide. The day being come, the said 60 Cuirassiers shall return to their several companies. If the companies refresh themselves in the night, they must not be suffered to unsaddle their horses, nor disarm themselves The guides (divers of them) must go before the troops, whether on foot or on horseback, guarded by two soldiers which know the language, and no other to speak to them. 
c Interdum autem imperita rusticitas plura promittit, & credit se scire quae nescit. Veg. lib. 3. Cap. 6.  These are diligently to observe them whether they seem doubtful, looking here and there, as doubting of the way, and thereof shall presently certify the officer, that he may call others, to be assured.   

CHAP. VII. How the baggage is to march.  
AS little baggage as possible may be must be conducted with the cavalry. It is the waggon-masters charge to order it for the march. First the General's baggage is to march, than the Lieutenant Generals, than the Commissary Generals, and so the other officers in their degrees.  
The place of march is uncertain; 
a Awertendo ancora, i tutti li impedimenti & artiglierie sempre camino da quelle parte, che non sia volta verso all nemico. Cataneo. cap. 8. This agreeth with Aelians directions, cap. 51. Impedimenta etc.  but always it must be most remote from danger. If the danger be in the front, it marcheth in the rear, etc. The waggonmaster (or with some the Provost) must see that all march in their appointed place, and disband not. A company of Harquebusiers is to guard the baggage. The horse boys march after the wagons, and must not be suffered to march among the troops.    

THE THIRD PART. OF ENCAMPING.  

THe next part to be handled (according to our former distribution) is Encamping. In the skilful performance whereof, the military prudence and good judgement of the Commander of an army chief appeareth. And herein three things are principally considerable.  
1 In what place, and by whom the quarter is to be made, and how distributed.  
2 The manner of securing the quarter, by guards, sentines, discoverers, spies, etc.  
3 Of dislodging, and the way how to perform it.   

CHAP. I. Of making the quarters.  
IN 
a Castra tuto semper facienda sunt loco: ubi & lignorum & pabuli & aquae suppetat copia. Et si diutiùs commorandum est, loci salubritas eligetur, etc. Veg. lib. 1. cap. 22.  the choice of a fitting place for encamping or quartering, regard must be had, 1 To the commodity of the soldiers. 2 To the situation; to be able to resist the enemy. For experience teacheth what benefit or loss an army may receive by a good or bad quartering, and hereof histories yield a world of examples.  
To lodge or encamp the cavalry, a special care must be had of the commodity of water, and where they may be under shelter: for one cold or rainy night might ruin the cavalry, nothing hurting a horse sooner than cold or wet. By this means the soldier shall find forage at hand, and needeth not to go seek it abroad with his horse of service, all not having nags. When the horse be lodged in several quarters, two soldiers of every quarter attend the person of the General, or the chief Commander, to carry any sudden orders to their several quarters. But of such companies as are quartered near him, 
b Vnus ex omnibus manipulis imperatori in diem excubat. Polyb.  one is sufficient. When all the cavalry is lodged together, the Lieutenant General, Commissary General, and Quartermaster General are usually lodged near the General, for the better distributing of the General's orders.  
The appointing of the quarters belongeth to the Commissary General and the Marshal, by whose directions the Quartermaster General proceedeth. It is fit for them to have some demonstration on paper, of the place beforehand; and to know the commodities and discommodities, also the advenues of the enemy; wherein the guides can better direct them then the usual maps, which (if not false) are too general. When the Quartermaster General 
c Cùm verò appropinquaverint ubi castra ponenda, praeeunt Tribunus, & Centurionum illi, qui ad hoc munus semper electi sunt, etc. Polyb.  goeth before to make the quarters, not only the particular Quartermasters, but also two soldiers of every company are to go with him; which then go back again to conduct their respective companies to their assigned quarters; especially in the night. The Provost (or rather the Waggonmaster) sendeth one of his men to take notice of the place for the lodging of the baggage, who afterward conducteth him thither. Where he than assigneth the Sutler's (or victuallers) their quarter, and causeth all carts or wagons to be removed out of the streets, lest an alarm be given.   

CHAP. II. Of distributing the quarters.  
GReat discretion must be used in appointing to every one such quarter as is 
a Pro gradu legionibus & auxiliis, equitibus & peditibus, loca deputantur in castris. Veg. 3.8.  fitting & conformable to the quality of his person, and convenience of the place. The best way to avoid suspicion of partiality is, that such as be ill lodged now, be better accommodated the next time. The marketplace (for the conveniency of all, and for safety) is to be in the middle; but so as no streets run through it leading to the Rendezvous or place of arms.   military diagram 
Fig: 4 Par: 3 Cap: 2  
THis Regiment consisteth of 4 Troops of Horse, viz. two of Cuirassiers, and two of Harquebusiers: which Regiment containeth in breadth (or front) from A. to B. 700 foot, and in depth (or length) from B. to C. 300 foot. from A. to D. is 205 foot in breadth, for one Company of Cuirassiers, which consisteth of 80 horse, together with 80 Nags, which have 5 files of huts, and 5 files of horse, which Cuirassiers are quartered (or lodged) on the right hand of the Regiment.  
From E. to Z. is 115 foot in breadth for a Company of Harquebusiers, which consisteth of 100 horse, and it hath 3 files of huts and horses.  
From A. to G. is the space of ground where the Colonel of the Regiment is lodged, on the right hand of these 4 Companies, and the said enclosure for the Colonel is 70 foot broad, from A. to G.  
From G. to H. is 40 foot in depth (or length) for the said enclosure for the Colonel: and so are all the other enclosures of the Officers.  
From H. to I. is 20 foot in breadth, for the street between the Colonels Enclosure, and the Enclosure for the Lieutenant and Cornet of the said Colonels Company (which are both lodged in one Enclosure, marked I. K.) which hath also 70 foot in breadth, as that of the Colonel; which Enclosure is divided into 2 parts: The Lieutenant being lodged on the right hand, and hath 40 foot in breadth for his Enclosure: And the Cornet on the left hand (with one of the Trumpeters) having the other 30 foot in breadth of the said Enclosure; which maketh 70 foot for them both.  
Fron K. to L. is another street of 20 foot broad, to the enclosure marked L. M.  
L. M. is the Enclosure where the Quartermaster is lodged, with two other horsemen which he pleaseth to admit of, which is 25 foot broad, and 40 foot long, as the rest. Their hut (within the said Enclosure) being 12 foot square for them three, and their Stable is 25 foot broad, for their six horses.  
From M. to N. is 30 foot for the street between the Quartermasters Enclosure, and the first huts for the horsemen, marked N.  
Fron N. to O. is 180 foot for the quartering of the files of huts for the horsemen. viz. for 16 huts, and their 32 horses in a file, agreeable to the Regiments of Infantry: That so, where the Regiments of Cavalry are to be lodged in the Champain ground, among the Infantry, they might all make one and the same line before and behind the Regiments. And through the said two Troops of Cuirassiers there be 2. streets marked P. which streets are of 13 foot broad, and the huts of the horsemen are 10 foot broad, and 8 foot long for one horseman and his Boy. And between 2 huts there is 2 foot of space for the drain of rain water, dropping from the thatch or covers of the huttes. These huts have their chief doors or passages towards the heads of their horses, and a small one opening into the street where they lay their hay and straw, every one behind his own hut.  
Q. are two streets of 12 foot broad, which pass through the Troops of Harquebusiers.  
R. is a street of 5 foot broad, between the horsemen's huts, and the mangers for their horses.  
S, is 10 foot for the Stables for their horses, which horses are placed with their heads toward their huts, and every horse hath 4 foot in breadth for his Litter, and 8 foot for the 2 horses; according to the length of their huts. And more ground than 8 foot they must not take; for otherwise it would cause a great disorder and confusion, not observing the said precise measures.  
T. is a street of 20 foot broad between the heels of their horses: in which street they mount and alight off their horses; which street they are bound to keep clean, and to carry away the dung every two or three days.  
V is 30 foot in breadth, for the street called the Victuallers (or Sutler's) street.  
W. are the Sutler's huts, being 〈◊〉 foot square, and more room they they must not take, unless (when they have many Pensioners) the Quartermaster give them a foot or two more in breadth, but not in depth, to observe the measure of 300 foot in the depth of the Regiment, as the Infantry.  
X. is 10 foot of ground behind the Sutler's huts, for a place for the Sutler's, the horsemen and their wives to dress their victuals. And in no other place of the Quarter must any fire be made. Neither are they to cast any filth, etc. within the Quarter, but to carry it to the place appointed thereunto, upon pain of a fine, which the Provost taketh.  
E. F. is the Enclosure of the Captain of a troop of Harquebusiers, being of the same breadth and depth as those of the Capt. of Cuirassiers, viz. 70. foot broad, and 40 foot deep. And the ancientest Captain of Harquebùsiers, or Cuirassiers closeth the battalion of the Regiment on the left hand, at the corner marked B.  
F. Y. is a street of 20 foot broad, to the Lieutenant of the Troop of Harquebusiers his enclosure Y.  
Y. Z. is 25 foot in breadth for the enclosure of the said Lieutenant, where also are placed his 4 horses; having in depth 40 foot. And the Cornets of the Troops of Harquebusiers are lodged on the right hand in the 2 first huts of the horsemen, and that to place his 3 horses, and the 4th horse is the Trumpeters, who always lodgeth with the Cornet. These Companies of Harquebusiers have also 180 foot depth for the quartering of their 3 files of huts marked (in the Cuirassiers) N.O. but these have but 15 huts in every file for 30 horse. having also two streets (as the Cuirassiers) through them marked Q. being of 12 foot broad (as above said) leaving 3 foot of space between their huttes for the drain (whereas the Cuirassiers have but 2 foot) their huts are (also) of 10 foot broad and 8 foot deep for 2 Harquebusiers, and 8 foot for the litter of their two horses, and 10 foot for their Stable. And 5 foot for a street between their huts, and the mangers for their horses: their Sutler's streets, their Sutler's huts, etc. are as the Cuirassiers.   military diagram 
The manner of Quartering the Pr. of Orange his Army both horse and foot  
Fig: 5. Par: 3. Cap: 2.  
When the quarter, is to be in some suspected place, it should (if possibly it could) be made in the day time, before the approach of the night, that so the fittest place for the alarm place might be made choice of, and also for the corps-du-guard; also the better to discover and observe the approaches of the enemy, and to appoint the stands of the Sentinels; that so the soldiers finding all things ready, be not put to find out their lodgings in the dark with lighted straw, in danger to fire the houses: beside, a Lieutenant with 25 Harquebusiers useth to be sent out before, and to place themselves beyond the further side of the village where the quarter shall be, placing Sentinels a good distance before them, to prevent the enemies sudden approach on that part. The best house must be appointed for the General, as near the Corps-du-guard as may be; the rest of the officers are to be accommodated in their order. Every Captain must lodge among his soldiers. The troops, being come near to the quarter, make Alto; and receiving information by the Quartermaster General, or one of the particular Quartermasters, that the quarters are ready, the Chief giveth licence to the Captains to enter their quarters. They which have the guard are to be conducted to the place by the Quartermaster General. But if the army be encamped in the field, the cavalry is to be quartered, according to the 
b 
The Romans manner of quartering or encamping, is showed in figure by Lipsius, in his book de Milit. Rom. lib. 5. dial. 4.  
Also by Sr H. Savile, in his annotations upon Tacitus.  
And by Sr Cl. edmond's in his observations upon Caesar's commentaries, lib. 2. cap. 9  
And described by Veg. lib. 3. cap. 8.   manner of quartering of a regiment, 
c 
For the modern quarterings, see S. Stevin his castrametarion.  
Also D. de Solemn, and others.   represented in figure 4. part 3 chap. 2. And of the whole army in Fig. 5.   

CHAP. III. Of the necessity of securing the quarters.  
NOthing sooner deceiveth an unexperienced Captain, then to persuade himself that he is superior in forces, and in advantage of place, and so fare distant from his enemy as he cannot, or dare not assail him. Upon which supposition the 
a Militibus ad capiendum cibum occupatis, aut munera facienda dispersis, facilè nectuntur insidiae. Noctis obscuritas, necessitas somni, pascentium equorum dispersio, occasionem supervenientibus praestat. Veg. lib. 3.8.  surprisings of quarters are often grounded, it being no marvel that secure & disordered men should be assaulted by well ordered men & resolute; among the cavalry especially, where the soldier cannot arm himself without help his horseboy nor himself being scarce themselves, (as but newly roused out of their sleep by the alarm) can hardly tell where to find bridle or saddle, or light: so as the enemy is upon their jacks before they can mount, or at least unite themselves together.  
These things oftentimes happen, but are justly derided by good soldiers, 
b Castrorum munitio curanda: nihil enim neque tam salutare, neque tam necessarium invenitur in bello. Idem lib. 1. cap. 21.  and therefore all diligence must be used at all times as if the enemy were at hand, ready to set upon the quarters every moment.   

CHAP. IU. Of the manner of securing the quarters.  
ALl the diligences used about securing of the quarters, seem only to serve for the gaining of time, 
a Subita conterrem hosts, ustata vilescant.  and that the enemy may not charge you on the sudden, so as the soldiers have not convenient time to arm themselves, mount their horses, and assemble at the place of arms. To effect this, there is no better way then to 
b 
The Romans manner of fortifications about their camps, for security, are fully described by Veges. lib. 1. cap. 24.  
If the enemy were near, all the army stood ready for battle, to guard them which (behind them) wrought about the trenches. And this was done by every century by turns: every soldier becoming a pioner for the time. Ibid. cap. 25.   make sure the enemy's approaches. If the quarter be in a suspected place, the companies of Harquebusiers are to be quartered in the advenues of the village, the Lances (if any be) and Cuirasfiers in the middle.  
At the entrances of all the streets, either trees or 
c 
For a sudden defence of the quarter (it being in a champain country, destitute of any other) it hath been usual to enclose the quarter with wagons and carts. So did the Helvetians (now called Swissers) as Caesar recordeth it, Com. cap. 10. And to this purpose vide Veg. lib. 3. cap. 10.  
Persae (imitantes Romanae) ductis fessit castra constit●●●t; & quia are●●sa sunt propè omnia, s●●●● qu●● i●●●es portaverant, ex p●●ver●●●● (qua 〈◊〉) ●●rra comp●●●●, 〈…〉 facium. ibid.   wagons are to be placed across, giving order to the Harquebusiers to guard those passages, and that none of them mount on horseback without special order: that so, the rest may have time to assemble at the place of arms, if the enemy come upon them, unto which a new passage must be cut, for the more privacy and security. If there be Dragons, than they are to guard the said approaches: If infantry, then is it their task to do it.  
If the situation of the place be such as that the enemy may environ it round, the usual entrances or approaches to the village are to be stopped up, and new ones cut in some secret places, as gardens or the like, distant from the usual ways: that so the enemy may be afraid to charge home a Sentinel or Corps-de-guard, thereby to enter with them as they retreat. The quarters are to be well barricadoed about, except the new cut passages leading to the Rendez-vous.   

CHAP. V Of the Rendez-vous, or alarm place.  
THe alarm place is that place without the village, where the soldiers are to assemble to withstand an assailing enemy, being a place of great consequence.  
In the election of this place, consideration must be had of the situation of the villages and country, whether it be large or straight; also of the time, whether it be by day or night: again, whether the cavalry be lodged together, or in several villages. If together in one village, and in the night, (when the enemy may come upon them the more at unaware, as not being discoverable very fare) then this place must not be in front of the village, as being too near the enemy's approach, whereby it might be seized on by him, and so your men cut off one after another as they come thither to assemble themselves: but it must be on the sides or flanks of the village, though the baggage be hazarded; which 
a This all ages have verified. The State's men (by a stratagem) had surprised Sr. Hertogen-Bosh, anno 1585. but by reason of the covetousness of the soldiers (neglecting their charges, to fall to pillaging) were beaten out again with loss. Meteren. lib, 12.  inviting the enemy to pillaging, often giveth him occasion of disorder. But in the day time it were best to be in front, showing the more courage.  
If the cavalry be quartered in divers villages (which often happeneth, especially in places little suspected) the quality of the country must be considered. Some villages may be backed with rivers, & so give but one entrance to the enemy: then the general place of arms or rendezvous shall be in the centre. And those villages which are exposed to the first brunt, shall be as corps-de-guard to assure the rest. These (upon alarm given) must assemble in their particular alarm places, from thence they shall advance, united to receive the charge, though the enemy fare exceed them in number: and must sustain him so long, till they may be assured that the rest are all met at the general Rendez-vous, whither (being forced by the enemy) they shall retreat by little and little, the other advancing to relieve them. If the country be open, so as the enemy may assail which he please, than they must use those diligences as when the cavalry is lodged altogether in one village. They which are first assaulted must make resistance until the other be met at the general Rendez-vous.  
Touching the order of their assembling together in the alarm place, the Commissary General, or Quartermaster General, overnight appointeth a certain place for every troop, where they shall stand, which way faced, etc.   

CHAP. VI Of the guards.  
THe Commissary General is to keep account of the 
a Of the guards, and means of securing the quarters, used among the Romans, Vegetius handleth at large, lib. 3. cap. 8.  guards, and to give orders requisite to those that are to have the guard: wherein he may employ one or more companies, according to occasions. The Corps-de-guard must be in the middle of the village. The guards, being disposed in their places, must be every night visited by the Commissary General (which often the Lieutenant General, and sometime the General himself ought to do) to keep the soldiers in the greater awe. The General's company is exempt from the ordinary guards and convoys, because they must be a guard to the General, (unless the General go in person) and so is the Lieutenant General's company.  
The companies entering the guard, must be completely armed, and sound their trumpets; their Lieutenant taking information of all things from the Lieutenant which goeth from the guard, and then certifying his captain, who is to acquaint his superior officers with all occurrences, and with the reports of such as went to discover and scour the high ways, also of the convoye, and other duties.  
If the cavalry lodge in several villages (which ever must not be fare distant from each other) in every village a company must have the guard and Sentinels.  

b Edict for Martial law. art. 58.  The Captains, officers and soldiers which have the guard must be armed all night, and have their horses at hand, ready bridled, observing all possible silence.  
In the day time, if there be any open champain within half a league (or thereabout) of the quarter, the company which hath the guard shall send out a Corporal with 12 or 15 horse, which shall hide himself in some covert place near the entrance of the said champain. There he shall place double Sentinels in some eminent place, who seeing some cavalry, one shall go to descry them, the other shall go and tell the Corporal; who sending word to the Corps-du-guard, shall advance at large, sending out 2 horses to take knowledge of the said cavalry. If there be some high tree near the place where the said Corporal stood, he may thereon place a Sentinel, and save the sending out of the said 2 Sentinels. These horse shall be changed (or relieved) twice a day, by those which have the guard. If the enemy charge them, they are to retreat to the said entrance and there to entertain the enemy till they of the guard can be ready (upon the former notice given them) and come to second them.  
If all the cavalry go to oppose the enemy, the Captain of the guard shall have the vanguard. If more companies than one be employed for guard, that company shall have it, near which the alarm was given.  
Sometime it so happeneth as that the troops come to their quarter in the night and in ill weather, so as the advenues cannot be observed, nor fitting places for the guards nor Sentinels: Then the Commissary General (or the General himself) is to go and appoint them as he shall judge most convenient: appointing to every company 10 soldiers of guard, (more or less as need shall require) and commanding all to be in readiness, giving order to the Corps-du-guard (as the only remedy) that if the enemy assail the quarter, they go resolutely & charge him: which (besides the honour and reputation so gotten) oftentimes proveth 
c Andaces fortuna juvat.  fortunate. Some use (to keep their soldiers awake) to sound the boute-selle at midnight, as if the enemy were at hand; but that might prove more dangerous than profitable: For after the first time, it maketh the soldier's secure and careless. Better it is that (after 2 or 3 hours refreshing) in such cases, the companies be caused to go out into the champain, every 
d Si fiut ista cattelae, nihil nosturni aut diurni superventus hostium nocere possunt. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 10.  soldier taking with him some oats and other refreshments; placing the Corps-de-guard as shall be thought fit, and not giving ear to the murmuring of the soldiers. But if the weather be rainy and tempestuous, such as that they must be under shelter, every officer (by certain hours) shall divide the night, and go from house to house, knocking and calling to the soldiers, causing them to saddle their horses. A while after him, another is to enter the houses, and see every soldier armed and ready to mount, punishing those that are sluggish.  
The Quartermasters shall also (by turns) visit the quarters and guards. The Chief himself is also to visit the soldiers, calling to one and to another with a loud voice, to make them the more attentive.   

CHAP. VII. Of the Sentinels.  
SEeing 
a The Romans manner of setting out of Sentinels, and all that belongeth to the watch, Vegetius showeth lib. 3. cap. 8.  that they of the guard cannot be always on horseback, nor discover the enemy a fare off, to prevent a sudden surprise, Sentinels have been invented; which every Corps-de-guard setteth out, of those soldiers which have the guard. These are usually placed 
b Necessariis locis ac temporibus non modò simplices, verùm etiam duplices vigiliae constituendae sunt, ut si quid alteram lateat, ambas latere non possit. Leo Tact. cap. 14. 31.  double, that while one goeth to certify the Chief of the Corps-de-guard what he hath heard or seen, the other stayeth to observe new accidents which might happen.  
They are placed where most high ways join, to possess all the advenues, if they exceed not 300 paces distance.  
Nearer to the Corps-de-guard there useth to be placed a single Sentinel, to observe the motions of the other double.  
Between these, another single Sentinel sometime is placed (when the double are somewhat further off to possess some cross way, or when for some other hindrance they are not in view of him) which may have both them and the nearest single Sentinel in view. So that every Sentinel must know that he is only placed there to certify the Corps-de-guard of all occurrences; so as (though he were provoked by any advantageous occasion) he must not stir a foot; or else he committeth a 
c 
That soldier which (by day or night) shall remove from the place where he was placed Sentinel by his Corporal, before he be by him called away or relieved, shall be punished with death, without favour. Edict. art. 28.  
Poena mortis apud Romanos, illi qui locum deseruisset aut omnino fugisset ex station Polyb. lib. 1.   capital crime. While the one is gone to relate his observation to the Corps-de-guard, if the second be forced by the enemy, he shall by little and little retreat to the said Corps-de-guard.  
No Sentinel must alight from his horse, unless for natural necessity; and then but one at once.  
In the day time, the Sentinels are to be placed on high places to discover the further, but not on the highways, lest they be surprised by foragers or others of the enemy, pretending to be friends: he shall therefore keep a stones cast out of the highway, suffering none to accost him.  
In the night (if it may be) they shall be placed in valleys, because from thence one seethe best what cometh from the higher ground. They shall suffer no person (whosoever he be) to enter or go out of the quarter; but causing him to stand at 30 or 40 paces distance from them, the one shall go and certify his officer; who (
d Since the Prince of Parma's time, the Sentinels have not been trusted with the word: by reason of a miscarriage at the siege at Tournay, which the State's men relieved by wresting the word from a Sentinel.  having the watchword) shall go and take notice of him, and know his business in that place, and at that time.  
The Sentinels are to be changed (or relieved) after this manner, The 
e 
The Romans divided their night (& so-their day) into 4 watches, every watch containing 3 artificial hours, which were unequal and planetary. The first night-watch ever began at sunsetting; the second continued until midnight: the rest accordingly. Every Sentinel watched 3 hours, and then was relieved.  
In quatuor partes ad Clepsydram sunt divisae vigiliae, ut non ampliùs quàm tribus horis nocturnis necesse sit vigilare. A tubicine omnes vigiliae committuntur, & finitis horis à cornicine revocantur. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 8.   hour being come, the Lieutenant parteth from the Corps-de-guard with that number of horse which are to stand Sentinel, the one half of these he committeth to a Corporal, or old expert soldier which goeth with him (for the Cornet must not forsake his standard) the other moiety he retaineth to himself. This division made, the Lieutenant with his troop goeth one way, the Corporal with his, the other; encompassing the whole quarter, each of them having a trumpet with them. Thus they (riding one towards another) change the Sentinels from place to place, conducting the discharged Sentinels with them, till they meet each other.  
The Captain having gone the first round, 
f The sending out of rounders was also used by the Romans. Idoneos tamen tribuni & probatissimos eligunt, qui vigilias circumtant, & renuntient si qua emerserit culpa, quos circuitores appellabant. Veg. ibid.  the rounders are to be sent out, to see whether these Sentinels be vigilant. And sometimes 4 other rounders are sent out, twice as fare beyond the Sentinels, as they are from the quarter, (twice at least in a night) to discover round about the quarter, and to observe whether the dogs bark more then usually, etc.  
If they observe any thing, one comes back to bring the news, the other 3 go on. In the day time, a Sentinel shall be placed on the top of the steeple of the village, where the quarter is, and a boor with him, as best knowing the passages and approaches. If the Sentinel which always walks before the Corps-de-guard cannot hear him, another Sentinel shall be placed at the foot of the steeple, so that these three may understand each other, and (without loss of time) give notice to the Corps-de-guard. Besides, there ought to be double 
g Equites extra vallum nocturnas excubias facere debent. Ibid.  Sentinels on horseback placed on high places without the quarter, to be able to discover the further.  
The General hath always a Sentinel at his tent, so hath the Lieutenant General, (taken out of their own guards) and so the Commissary General. No Captain may have a Sentinel (not to overburthen the soldiers) unless he command the quarter, or have the Cornet lodging with him: except the Captains of Harquebusiers which lodge in the advenues, that so they may the sooner have notice of an alarm.  
The Commissary General must show the Captain that hath the guard, where the Sentinels for the quarter shall be placed. The one Sentinel (when they see men approaching) shall withdraw himself somewhat from the other, towards the quarter; that so (if any violence be offered to the other) he may run to the Corps-de-guard.  
They are not only to certify of the approach of the enemy or any other; but also are to observe the fires which they see, or the barking of dogs which they hear more than usual, or shooting with canon or small shot afar off, and of all to inform the Corps-de-guard.  
If an alarm be given whilst the Lieutenant and Corporal aforesaid are about to change the Sentinels, they must presently send word to the quarter, and instantly hasten towards the place where the alarm is, leaving the Sentinels to stand somewhat the longer.  

h 
Castra munire semper tutum est, etc. si enim aliquid adversum contingat, minùs imperatorium erit dicere aliquando, Non putâram.  
Leo Tact. cap. 20.   To assure the quarter in an open and champain country and much suspected, it is good to place Sentinels 200 or 300 paces from the quarter, answering one upon another (as upon all occasions they must be) as in a circle round about it. And these not to stand near the ways or principal approaches, (as the manner is) but always passing to and fro, one towards another, as if they would change places: By which continual motions none may pass undiscovered. As fare beyond these, they which went to discover have their courses, sometimes riding up even to the adverse garrisons (if they be not too fare distant) which shall be showed at large in the next chapter.   

CHAP. VIII. Of scouts to discover the highways.  
THe quarters being thus accommodated, the Commissary General shall depute a Corporal with 12 or 15 horse, and a trumpet to discover or scour the highways towards the enemy's abode; without which diligence the enemy might charge the Sentinels so suddenly, and enter with them, as there would be no time for the Corps-de-guard and others to prepare themselves for defence. These do consist partly of Cuirassiers, and partly of Harquebusiers, to give the alarm. They are to advance towards the enemy some 3 or 4 hours' march, by the several highways, 4 or 5 to a way, as occasion shall require. They must not set foot a ground, but must silently go, listening if they hear any rumour, which in the 
a Tutiùs operantur exploratores noctibus quàm diebus; nam quodammodo ipse sui proditor invenitur, cujus speculator fuerit ab adversariu deprebensus. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 6.  night is easy to be heard. If they hear any thing without being discovered, the Corporal shall secretly send word to the quarter by a soldier of the approach of the enemy. And when he judgeth the first is arrived, he may send a second to assure the former advice, retreating by little and little, and observing the enemy and the number of his horse: which he may easilier guess by their footing, then by view. But if the enemy perceived him, he shall cause a Carabine or two to be discharged, and shall speedily dispatch away a soldier to certify the quarter. Or if the enemy's number be great, he shall set on fire some house thereabout, they of the quarter knowing beforehand wherefore it is done. And sending two soldiers with more certain news, they shall give fire to their Carabines when they be so near the quarter as that they may be heard, thereby to give them the more time to get ready. If the quarter be in a very suspicious place, more companies of discoverers must be sent out, and they are to have a countersigne given them (as the name of some town, etc.) to know each other by in the night.  
Alarms (though false) cannot be prevented, it being in the enemy's choice to show himself as often as he please, happily for no other intent but to weary your soldiers; or by that stratagem to make them secure and careless. To remedy this, the Captains use to give the alarm secretly (without sound or noise) by silent advices; that so the enemy vaunt not of putting you to trouble, but weary himself And thus the horror of the sounds of trumpets and noise of warlike cries is avoided, which hinder the hearing of the Commanders directions. But if the enemy charge the said Discoverers or Sentinels so heard, as that they have no opportunity to send word, but the enemy puts on to enter the quarter with them (which is the best way for him to compass his purpose) than they shall (flying to the quarter) give the alarm with firings of the Harquebusiers and calling out aloud, entering not at the usual ways; but at the private ones, to give the enemy occasion of suspense, not knowing whither they might draw him on. Moreover, when the alarm is thus secretly given (as before shown) and having some notice of the enemy's forces how strong they are in number, you may cause your soldiers to mount with all possible secrecy, and order them for fight, on the flank of the enemy's advenue, leaving the Sentinels (with some trumpets) there standing, with command that, when the enemy approacheth them, they shall 
b 
Such a stratagem was used by Sr Fran. Vere, Anno 1589. who being to pass through a wood near Lo●, the enemy from that castle came forth, to gaul them in their passage. Sr. Fran. with 50 horse and 6 Trumpets made a stand about the middle of the wood, hasting the troops and carriages out of the wood into the plain, placing 100 foot with 6 drums in the rear. The enemy gave 3 shouts (as the Spanish manner is when they go to charge) burr could neither see nor be seen by reason of the winding of the way in the wood. Upon this he commanded the Drums and Trumpets to stand, & sound a charge: whereat the enemy made a stand, expecting to be charged; which gave time for all the troops to get into the plain, by hastening their march.  
Manuscript penned by Sr. Fran. Vere, of his own exploits, etc.   bravely sound an alarm. Whereupon the enemy (if he be a soldier) will charge them in full careare with one squadron to enter with them, and then second those with the rest of his troops: whereupon it will be hard (especially in the night) to keep the soldiers from pillaging. The first (entering without resistance) will be scattered about the houses; the rest will hasten to get their shares and whatsoever the Captains do, they shall not be able to keep them in such order as they ought. Then shall your troops resolutely charge them, not doubting of a good issue, they being now surprised which thought to find you asleep. Or if it be not thought fit to fight, yet may you by this means make a safe retreat, so as you be not troubled with too much baggage.  
If there be no bridges or straight passages between the quarter and the enemy, by which he must necessarily pass, the further the discoverers ride towards the enemy, the better; if he lay in garrison (so as the distance be not too great) they may ride to the very gates. But if there be such straight passages or bridges by which the enemy must of necessity pass if he will assail the quarter, there must be guards of Harquebusiers placed, which by their giving fire, or otherwise, shall give notice if the enemy shall approach. Sometime a whole company is to be sent out upon this service, being a guard for the whole army.   

CHAP. IX. Of foraging.  
Foraging is an action of great importance and danger. 1 Of importance, because thereon dependeth the sustenance of the horses. 2 Of danger, by reason of 
a Hosts qui longè a suis aut pabuli, aut praedae gratiâ commorantur, subitò occupandi cum delectis. Veg. lib. 3 cap. 10.  the enemy's endeavours to set upon the guards and convoys of foragers, which must be sent out at least twice a week. Therefore, that these foragers may the better be secured, there must always be a good gross of Infantry and cavalry sent with them, under the command of a chief officer, or at least a well experienced Captain. The Provost or one of his assistants is to go with them, to punish such as are exorbitant or straggle. If the forage be for the whole army, the Lieutenant general is to lead the convoy. 
b Pugnatores ab impedimentis laxamento aliquo dividuntur, nè constipati laedantur in praelio, ambulante exercitu. Ibid. cap. 6.  The baggage nor horse-boyes must be mingled among the troops.  
It is not fit to go twice together to one place to forage, lest the enemy knowing it, watch an opportunity. At first it is good to forage in the most remote places, & where the enemy is like to come to encamp: but if the enemy be settled, it is not good to forage so near him as that he might set upon the convoy with Infantry and cavalry; but rather in such places, where he can hardly (without great danger to himself) endamage the foragers. 
c  locorum varietas advenerit, ità defensionis ratio varietur. Ibid.  If there be one or more streets by which the enemy might come, between the quarter and the place of forage, some convenient number of foot, and 10 or 12 horse must be left at the advenues of each of the said streets. The horse are to place a Sentinel, & to send out two to discover the ways a good distance before them. By this means the foragers having finished their foraging, make their retreat safely; to which purpose also one or two troops of 25 horse a piece use to march upon the flanks of the foragers. When all the foragers are marching back again towards the quarter, all the convoy marcheth in the rear; it being unlikely that the enemy will set upon them with any great forces between their convoy and their quarter.  
At the place of 
d Vbi pabulandi tempus fuerit, alii pabulum colligant, alii apparati instructique sequantur, ut nè si omnes se ad pabulum colligendum converterint, & subita quaedam irruptio aut insidiae fuerint, ipsi imparati sparsíque opprimantur. Leo Tact. cap. 17.  forage, the Chief shall cause a troop of Harquebusiers to advance somewhat before the rest, there to stand and to suffer none to pass beyond: he is also to send out some soldiers on every side, and to visit woods and valleys, etc.  
For the better securing of the said foragers, or the quarter, there use to be 50 or more of the Infantry (which may be fitly performed by Dragoniers) with a competent number of horse, placed in some castle or strong Church within 2 or 3 hours riding of the quarter. But to secure the quarter, there ought to be two places equidistant so guarded, which might cut off those small troops which run near the army on either side. And if the troops be of number, these may (by their discoverers or spies) receive notice thereof, and so suddenly inform the quarter.   

CHAP. X. Of garrisons.  
BY reason of the affinity between a camp and a garrison, it will not be amiss (though somewhat by way of digression) to say something of them. The fittest places for the cavalry to be laid in garrison are those which are frontiers towards the enemy: thereby the enemy's excursions are hindered, and their own friends secured. Whereas otherwise (though they be never so strong of Infantry,) they are like to have some of the enemy's horse always at their gates. Besides, it gives more 
a Adversus omnia profuit, milites quotidiano exercitio reborare, &c. &  courage to the cavalry to have their garrison thus on the frontiers, against the time of their going out upon service; then if they had spent all the winter 
b severè in defides vindicare. Veg. lib. 1. cap. 1 Exercitus labore profificit, otio consenescit. Ibid. lib. 3. cap. 26.  lazily in some garrison more within the country. It is good to appoint them their ordinary settled garrisons, that so they may there leave their baggage, and go into the field with the less encumbrance; which will also make them the better skilled in the knowledge of the country and ways. If there be one troop or more of horse laid in garrison in some kind of spies cannot continue long without being discovered.  
If it be possible, such spies must be had, as are entertained into domestical service of the chief officers of the enemy, the better to know their intentions and designs.  
On the other side, there must be exceeding great care taken to beware of the enemy's spies, which otherwise may do you as much mischief as you reap benefit by your own. To remedy this inconvenience,  
1 First, those which shall be discovered must be punished with extreme rigour, which will be a means to deter others which are or might be so employed.  
2 Rogues, vagabonds, and idle persons must be chased out of the leaguer.  
3 No officer is to entertain any unknown person into his service. For oftentimes at table and otherwise things happen to be spoken, which were more fit to have been kept secret.  
4 No stranger is to be lodged within the quarters by any officer or soldier without special licence. To this purpose a sudden 
c Cùm explorator hostium latenter oberrat in castris, omnes ad tentoria sua per diem redire jubeantur, & statim deprehenditur explorator. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 26.  command useth to be published, for every man to repair to his tent or cabin, whereby the Provost takes such as are remaining in the streets; which are made to give account of their business there.  
5 A means may be used to deceive the enemy by his own spies, giving it out that you intent one thing, and do a contrary: also by seeming no way mistrustful of the enemy's drums and trumpets (which are often sent with some pretended message, to hear and observe) and letting fall some words (which carry with them some probability) in their hearing, which they may take for truth.  
6 
d Si speculatores hostium ceperis, nè uno eodémque modo illos tractaveris, etc. Leo Tact. cap. 17.  Sometimes it is wisdom, having discovered a spy, in stead of punishing of him, to tell him that (out of a good inclination to him) in stead of severe punishment you desire to do him good, etc. by such baits they may become double spies. And if you suspect any of your own soldiers, it is best to dissemble it, and to make much of them, the better to discover them.  

e Edict for Marshal laws. Art. 13.  Lastly, no drum nor trumpet of the enemies is to be admitted into the leaguer, but first to be stayed by the Sentinels of the cavalry, until notice be given to the Lord Martial, and he give leave for their admission: then they are to be committed to the Provost Martial, which suffereth no man to speak with them. The Lord Martial having understood their message, acquainteth the Lord General therewith, that so a course may be taken for their dispatch. Other ways and means may be used for discovering and preventing of spies; wherewith the ready 
f Solertia enim imperatoria ubi occasionem rerum gerendarum ceperit, non in iis solùm quae inventa sunt consistit, sed etiam multò plura ac saepe meliora excogitat. Leo Tact. cap. 18.  invention of a quick spirited Commander will abundantly furnish him upon every occasion.   

CHAP. XII. Of dislodging.  
FOr the manner of dislodging or removing of the cavalry out of the quarter, there are also necessary advertisements to be given.  
All the cavalry lodging together, and order being given for their remove, the Commissary General is to take notice of the precise hour: and at the distributing of the word to the Quartermasters, he is to warn them to give notice thereof to their Captains; which must be careful to cause the 
a With antiquity it was usual to remove or dislodge, by sounding the trumpet three times. Leo cap. 11.  boutezselle to be sounded when they hear the General's trumpets do it. This useth to be sounded 2 hours before the time of departing, and the a cheval when it is time to march. Upon sudden occasions or for privacy no other warning is given but only the 
b Tubicen unus insonuit, mox alii pariter responderunt. Dio. lib. 47.  General's trumpets sound, and the rest take it from them.  
If the cavalry be quartered in several places, the Quartermasters (coming for the word 
c Scipio tesseram vesperi per castra dedit, ut ante lucem viri equíque curati & pransi essent, armatus eques froenatos teneret equos. T. Livius lib. 28.  the evening before) carry the orders to the Captains, acquainting them with the just hour for their assembling at the general Rendez-vous. If the remove be sudden, word is carried by one of the two soldiers which attend the General, as is before showed. In suspected places they are to remove with all possible silence.  
The Rendez-vous where the troops must assemble, to be ready to march, must be out of the village, and free from hedges &c. (though it be somewhat the further of) towards the place to which they are to march. The company which hath the vanguard is to be first on their march towards the Rendez-vous; the soldiers of every company assemble at their Cornets lodging, who is to be first on horseback; and the 
c 
John, Duke of Calabria is said upon all occasions to have been le premier homme armé, et de toutes pieces.  
Ph. de Comines. lib. 1. cap. 11.   Captain by his readiness is to give a good example to his soldiers. The greater part of the company being met, the Captain is to advance towards the Rendez-vous.  
The company which that day hath the guard, must not stir until all be gone, their Lieutenant going to the contrary side of the village (remotest from the Rendez-vous) to draw in his Sentinels. All the troops and baggage being marched away, the said company shall also march. But if the said company be to march in the van or battaillon (to save the travel of the horses to hasten to their place of march, and the trouble of passing before the other troops) it is best to commit that duty to the company of Harquebusiers which is to march in the rear of all.  
Every Lieutenant (when his company marcheth) is to stay to reprehend or 
d How severe the ancients were in punishing of abuses, may be seen in that example of lucilius the Centurion, who having broken a staff about the bones of one of his soldiers, called for a second, and a third after that, for which he was called Cedo alteram, among the factious soldiers. Tacit. 1. Annal. Which severity of theirs wrought so good effects (as Frontine reporteth) that the Roman army being to encamp where a tree laden with fruit grew within the quarter, it remained so laden and untouched when the army was dislodged. Front. lib. 4. cap. 3.  severely punish such as stay behind, especially doing it to pillage, or for the like bad intent. The Provost or his assistants are also to stay to see the fires put out, and good order kept.  
As the troops enter the Rendez-vous, the Quartermaster General, or some of the particular Quartermasters are to place them one after another in their due places, according to the written orders; leaving spaces for every company that is to come, which after 2 or 3 days they can observe of themselves.  
The companies entering the Rendez-vous must fit themselves as for fight. The Captains must put on their casques, so must the Cornets, etc. The Harquebusiers must place their Carabines on their thighs. The Cuirassiers must hold their pistols in their hands, the trumpets sounding, until all be come to their places. If they be there to make some stay, they may put off their casques and alight a while, (with leave) but must not omit to place Sentinels on some high places:    

THE FOURTH PART. OF EMBATTELLING.  

THE ARGUMENT.  
OF all other military actions, the 
a Acies, si suplenter disponitur, plurimùm juvat: si imperitè, quamvis optimi bellatores sint, malâ ordinatione franguntur. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 14.  chiefest is that of embattelling, or ordering an army for combat; which now (in the last place) I am to treat of.  
The occasions of combat for the cavalry are many and frequent, (sometime by a sole company, sometime by more troops, otherwhile by all the horse together) of diverse kinds, upon differing accidents, and those (for the most part) sudden and unexpected. Since therefore no 
b 
Nulla ars mittùs habet stabilia pracepta quàm militaris ars, adeò subita in bellis ingruunt pericula, & fortunae varietas dominátur.  
Scipio Amiratus, Dissert. Politic. lib. 21. discourse. 2.   rules nor directions can be so full and ample as to meet with all sorts of accidents, my purpose is to aim at the chiefest; & to show  
1 How to assail a quarter; to give the charge in fight; and to order ambuscadoes, by way of offence.  
2 How to do, meeting with the enemy in marching; and how to receive the charge, by way of defence.  
3 How to order the troops in battle, 1. by single companies apart. 2, by all the cavalry united in a gross body.   

CHAP. I. How to assail a quarter.  
A Captain which is desirous to gain honour by some enterprise upon the enemy, though much his superior in strength, hath 
a In mansione dormientibus opportunum praelium semper infertur, cum hostis priùs interimatur quàm praeparare se possit. Veg. Ibid. cap. 19  no better way then to assail him in his quarter. To effect this, he must have good knowledge of the village and the country thereabout: and if he can (by taking a little compass) charge him on the rear or on the flanks: if there be any negligence in the quarter, it is like to be on those parts.  
If he cannot (by other means) get knowledge how their guards are kept, and other duties either observed or neglected; he may conjecture by the 
b Ad rem pertinet qualis ipse adversarias vel ejus comitos sint, nósse: utrùm temerarii an cauti; audaces, an timidi; scientes artem bellicam, an ex usa temerè pugnantes, etc. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 9  qualities of their Chief, whether he be a good soldier or not; whether he be proud and hasty, or that he be advised and deliberate: for ignorance joined with a natural fury causeth a man to despise his enemy, and to think it a disparagement to him (as an argument of fear) to use such cautelous courses in assuring his quarter; especially knowing himself the stronger.  
In the assailing of his quarter, there are two things to be observed;  
1 To make your approaches as near the village as possible may be.  
2 
c In campis sparsis atque securis, opportunum praelium infertur, exceptis superventibus vel incursionibus repentium ex occasione, quam nunquam dux exercitatus amittit. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 19  To hinder him from uniting his troops into a body.  
Touching the first, the first troop shall advance (without any forerunners) as secretly as may be: and assoon as they perceive themselves to be discovered (without losing a moment of time) shall charge the Sentinels, and enter the quarter with them, and surprise the Corps-de-guard before they be able to mount on horseback.  
For the second, there must be an exquisite observance of the orders given, and not a man to disband. Suppose the enemy hath 1000 horse and you but 500, you may fitly divide your forces into five troops. The first having surprised the Corps-de-guard (as before mentioned) shall from thence pass to the marketplace, with resolution to sustain any resistance which they shall meet with. The second troop (perceiving the quarter invested) shall follow upon the gallop closely united, and finding no resistance, shall possess the alarm place, and send some horse to run through the streets, to keep the soldiers in; and to hinder them from mounting on horseback.  
The third shall come fairly on to the said place, and so the fourth; which (leaving the third there firm) shall hasten to the place where they hear the most noise: then shall they alight and enter the houses, putting to the sword what enemies they find. The running of these horse through the streets, hindering the soldiers to mount, will surely make them think rather 
d Nec insequentium ullum periculum est, cùm victi (quibus defendi poterant) arma converterint in fugam. Ibid. cap. 21.  of escaping by flight through the gardens or otherwise, then of resisting: neither can there (in such a tumult) be good orders given or observed. Therefore the fift troop hearing the noise cease, may conjecture there is no need of there help to take the village; and so shall divide themselves into two parts, and environ the quarter on the outside, to hinder the enemy's flight on foot. The horse-boyes may fire a house or two, especially where the enemy shall endeavour to fortify: then (as the soldiers) to enter the houses to pillage and take prisoners, etc.  
Another way of assailing the quarter, is this. The enemy's camp removing, the Chief or Captain must labour to inform himself of the place where he purposeth to lodge that night; and where the quarter for the cavalry shall be: which may easily be learned, because overnight it is usually published: or having good knowledge of the country, he may conjecture it. He must consider the number of his enemy's horse, and of his own, and though he be inferior by half (as beforesaid) yet may his enterprise take good effect, if it be well carried. He must fit the time 
e Nam vel celeriùs vel tardiùs aliquò pervenire quàm constitutum est, propositum persaepe nostrum intervertit. Leo Tact. cap. 15. 42.  so justly, as that he may come to the enemy's quarter in the evening, before the guards be disposed, or the orders given. And if the distance were such, as that he must march when the enemy marcheth, he shall departed from his quarter with all secrecy, and 
f 
A good commander (like a good wrestler) ought to make show of one thing, and to put another in practice: to the end to deceive the enemy, and gain the victory. Ibid. cap. 20.  
Tutissimum namque in expeditionibus creditur, facienda ab hostibus nesciri. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 6.   pretend to march to some other place, taking a way contrary to that which leadeth to the place intended. And (when he thinketh fit) he shall face about, and march on the flank of the enemy as covertly as may be. But to do this two things must be observed; 1 That your march be through your friend's country. 2 That you have more than one spy in the enemy's cavalry, so as they be not able to stir without your knowledge. It must be also considered, that if you go to assail your enemy's quarter, he may have means to discover your purpose by his scouts or otherwise, and so be prepared for you therefore must you have a care to be provided for it by taking good order beforehand, and securing your 
g Nam disciplinae bellicae, & exemplorum periti, nusquam majus periculum iminere testantur, quam in recessu ab hostibus. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 21.  retreat by placing a good number of Infantry or Dragoniers in the mid way at some convenient place. Going about this exploit in the night (as the fittest and safest way) every soldier must have some token or sign of a 
h 
This kind of service is called a Camisado, because the soldiers use to put shirts over their arms to be distinguished by.  
So did the Duke of Alva his soldiers (Anno 1572) in the night assail the Prince of Orange his quarter, dounant une Camisàde.  
Petit. lib. 10.   white colour on their casks, to distinguish each other by. It often falleth out that the enemy (having got intelligence of some intention to set upon his quarter) keepeth extraordinary guards, and is very vigilant in the night; but in the day time they all go to rest and are careless, as fearing no danger: at which time many have been so found and defeated.   

CHAP. II. Of giving the charge.  
TO know rightly how to charge the enemy, is a matter of great consequence. If you meet the enemy marching in the day time, and he retreat, whereupon you resolve to charge him; you are first to send a troop of Harquebusiers to charge him on the rear, as followeth. The Lieutenant shall first give on with 25 horse, charging the enemy upon a full trot or gallop: him shall the Captain follow with the rest of that troop. These are to be seconded by a company of Cuirassiers, as fittest to sustain the enemy, if he resist. But if the way be narrow, the said Cuirassiers shall follow immediately after the first 25 Harquebusiers, and then the Captain with the rest of them. The other troops shall second these, keeping always 100 paces distance between every company.  
If you meet a troop of the enemy's horse, yourself having also but one troop, both of equal number, and that it so fall out that the enemy retreat; you are to send your Lieutenant with 20 horse to charge him in the rear, following him with 50 to the same effect, closed as firm as may be: the rest must follow at a good distance under a good Corporal, which shall not engage himself to fight (though the enemy turn head) unless he see his Captain and Lieutenant in great danger: and then he shall courageously charge the enemy, to give time to those of his company to reunite themselves: 
a 
Milites lectissimes habeat Dux post aciem in subsidiis praeparatos: ut sicubi hostis vehementiùs insistit, nè rumpatur acies, provalent subitò & suppleant loca; additâque virtute, inimicurum audacium frangant. Hâc dispositione nulla melior invenitur.  
Veg. lib. 3. cap. 17.   there being nothing more dangerous in combat, then to engage the whole troop at once; because if they never so little disorder themselves, they cannot reassemble unless they have fresh men to sustain the enemy. Besides, the mere sight of a reserve gives a terror to the enemy, which (upon occasion) may charge him on the flank. And if there be but 50 horse in a troop, yet some 10 or 12 would be left for a reserve. If the troop which retreateth be of 60 horse, at least 15 horse must be sent with the Lieutenant to charge the enemy, so as he be constrained to entertain them, to give time to the rest that follow to arrive in gross and united: for by your sending of a smaller number, they might save themselves without loss, by leaving only some few to make the retreat.   

CHAP. III. Of ambuscadoes.  
IT is an ordinary thing in war, to study how to endamage an enemy, and to distract his forces: to which purpose all possible means must be used, especially when the camps lie near each other. The cavalry must principally be employed to travel and molest the enemy, sometime by hindering him from his victual, sometime by endamaging his foragers, sometime by sending some troops even up to his camp to take some booty, by that means 
a Boni duces, non aperto mart (in quo est commune periculum) sed ex occulto semper attentant; ut (integris suis) quantos possunt hostes interimant, certè vel terreant. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 9  to draw him forth, and to make him fall upon some embuscadoe disposed beforehand in some fitting place.  
To order your ambuscadoes (or ambushes) as they ought, you must first know what number of cavalry the enemy hath: if he have fewer horse than you, you may employ all yours; attempting to draw out all his, and to rout them. Or else you may employ some small number, by which you may (at several times) make some good booty, the enemy not daring to issue out of his quarter. But if the enemy exceed you in horse, it is not convenient for you to make ambuscadoes, unless it be with some few horse: for being a small number you may easily retreat; but being a gross, it might be entertained by part of the enemy's cavalry presently issuing, and those seconded by more, whereby you should be hardly able to retreat without disorder, and loss.  

b 
Count Philip of Nassaw anno 1595. intending to set upon Mondragons' foragers, with 600 horse passed the river Lip, to lay an embuscadoe. But being discovered by some of the enemy's soldiers or betrayed, (as Meteren hath it. lib. 17.) was taken unawares and routed: himself and count Solms wounded to death, many others slain, and diverse taken prisoners.  
The Romans were exquisite in laying & discovering of ambushes.   The good success of an embuscadoe consisteth chief in their not being discovered; for which cause they are usually appointed to march in the night: or being to march a great way, to cause them to pass by those places in the night, where the enemy might most likely discover them. So proportioning the time, as that they might arrive at the place appointed for ambush before day, that so they may give time to lay their embuscadoe under favour of the night. The said troops arriving long before day, they are to be kept firm on the plain, and Sentinels are to be placed on every side. In the mean time you 
c Qui superventus & in sidias subsessas passus est, culpam suam non potest excusare: quia haec evitare potuit, & per speculatores idoneos ante cognoscere. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 22.  must diligently search and discover about the place appointed for your embuscadoe, lest there should be any ambush of the enemies: then (being assured for that) you are to lay your embuscadoe before the dawning of the day, and to place Sentinels in places convenient, where they may be unseen: some on trees, others couched on the ground, to discover such places as they cannot descry from the trees. The embuscadoe must not be laid much before break of day, because (otherwise) they cannot discover the approach of the enemy, but at hand, and so the embuscadoe should have no time to come forth, and put themselves in order; and being so taken on the sudden, 
d Deprehensa subsessa, si circumveniatur ab host, plus periculi sustinet quàm parabat infer. Ibid. cap. 6.  they might be defeated in their own ambush. Besides, in that remainder of the night, many might be overcome with sleep, and not use that vigilance which is required. The troops must be placed at good distances one from another, that so they intermix not, nor hinder each other in time of fight. In making the embuscadoe with a gross of cavalry, some number of Infantry must be laid in ambush about the midway, to sustain the cavalry in their retreat (if need were) or otherwise to assist them upon occasion. 
e 
With antiquity ambuscadoes were very frequent and were to be used by either party.  
Vtrique parti in itinere ad subsessas communis occasio est. Nam qui praecedit, opportunis vallibùs, vel sylvosu montibus, quasi post se relinquit insidias, in quas cùm inciderit inimicus, recurrit ipse & adjuvat suos. Qui verò sequitur adversis semitis, longè amè destinat expeditos, ut praecedentem adversarium arceat transitu, deceptúmque à front & à tergo concludat. Ibid. cap. 22.   In marching, some horse must be sent out a good way before, by the right way and the byways, to discover whether there be no ambush of the enemies. And indeed, to be the better assured of the good success of an ambush, it should be accompanied with some new and extraordinary invention.  
If the Chief of a frontier garrison will attempt to endamage the enemy by an ambush, being inferior in strength to the enemy, he must gather together so many of the troops of his neighbour garrisons, until he be superior. And by making ambuscadoes two or three times in this manner, it will terrify the enemy; in so much as that it may be conjectured, that though afterward he make ambuscadoes with fewer horse, the enemy will not hazard to come forth, and so he may the safelier take booty. When the army marcheth, there is usually some cavalry left behind in embuscadoe in some eminent place, from whence they may discover fare off, by that means to be secured from the enemy's cavalry, which usually is sent to charge the rear of the marching army, to take some prisoners, or to get intelligence. But these must not go to their place of ambush by the right way, but having passed the place, they must return to it by some by-way, lest the enemy following them, discover them by their footing.  
To employ all the cavalry (supposed to be 4000, in 40 troops) in Embuscadoe, three troops must be sent before towards the enemy, under an able Commander, giving notice only to him and the Captains where the embuscadoe shall be; & letting none of the soldiers know that any more horse are to follow them, lest any of them (in the enemy's charge) being taken prisoner, should reveal it to the enemy. Of these three troops, 100 are to be sent to the enemy's camp, viz 50 Cuirassiers with their Captain and Lieutenant; & 50 Harquebusiers with their Lieutenant. Of these Harquebusiers 
f Pauci equites praemittuntur, vallida manus per alia mittitur loca: primi ubi ad agmen inimicorum pervenerunt equites, tentant leviter atque discedunt, etc. tunc illa Manus superveniens, opprimit ignorantes. ibid.  25 shall advance before with a good Corporal, attempting to take horses, prisoners &c. as they shall be able. In view of these Harquebusiers; at the distance of a canon shot, 25 Cuirassiers must make Alto, under command of their Lieutenant, to receive those 25 Harquebusiers when they return with booty. The Captain, with the other 25 Cuirassiers & 25 Harquebusiers shall, keep behind some half league off, divided into two troops; the Harquebusiers being placed nearest the enemy in convenient manner, partly to secure the said 50 horse (which likely will be charged by the horse of the enemy's guards) & also to make their retreat, wherein the Cuirassiers are of principal use. These 4 troops must still retreat in fitting distance one from another, one of them still turning face to the enemy; unless the enemy so charge them as they must be forced to fly in disorder. The other 200 horse (being 150 Cuirassiers, and 50 Harquebusiers) shall enter the embuscadoe, with their Chief, about half an hours riding off from the other 50 horse, which when they see returning and charged, they shall issue out: The 50 Harquebusiers first giving a charge rank after rank, than the Cuirassiers, leaving 20 horse in the rear to make the retreat.  
The gross (which had taken another way, lest the enemy should perceive by the footing that there was a greater number, and so should stay or turn back) must be in ambush about an hours march behind the said 200 horse. And seeing them return charged (as surely they will, the enemy thinking himself the stronger) shall suffer them to pass, and the enemy also, that so they may charge them on the rear when they see their time. For better assurance, it were good to lead out with them (as before was intimated) some 
g C. Cassius in Syria adversus Parthos ducens aciem, equitem ostendit à front, cùm à tergo peditem in confragoso loco occultâsset: dein cedente equitatu, & per nota se recipiente, in praparatas insidias perduxit exercitum Parthorum, & cecidit. Frontin. Stratagem. 2. lib. cap. 5.  500 musketeers, and 300 pikes, which must be in ambush about a league behind the gross of cavalry, on the way by which the said 300 horse should return charged. These foot must take heed they be not discovered until the enemy be come up to them, and then shall give them a full volley to disorder them. Upon this, the gross of cavalry (now issued out) shall charge them on the rear and flanks: and then the said 300 horse are to face about, and sustain the charge; by all which means it is not like that the enemy can escape without much loss.  
According to this proportion, a greater or smaller number may be ordered, so as, if you would make an embuscadoe with 100 horse only, 50 of them must be sent before towards the enemy's camp, or village where he is quartered. Of these 50, 15 are to advance before the rest, to take some prisoners or horses: the other 35 shall be in ambush about half a league behind them, in some place (if it be possible) whence they may see those 15: but if not, then to place 2 horse between themselves and those 15, to give notice when the said 15 shall return charged. Whereupon 25 (of these 35) shall advance, leaving 10 of the best mounted at the place, to let the enemy see there is a greater number of horse. These 10 must make good the retreat, until the other 50 arrive which lay in ambush two leagues behind, with Sentinels to discover afar off towards the other 35, between which (about the midway) two horse were also placed to discover the motions of the first 50, and thereof to inform those 50 which were in ambush behind them. These seeing the first 50 return charged, shall let them pass, and then issue out against the enemy: the first 50 (making their retreat by 13 or 15 of their best mounted horsemen) having reunited themselves and taken breath, they must make 
h The word Alto, or Alte, is used in all languages in Christendom, and signifieth to make a stand. I cannot guess whence it should be derived, unless it be from the highdutch word halt, which is (as we say) hold, and with us is used in the same signification.  Alto, and assist the other as hath been showed. This order is to be observed when you have certain intelligence (by your discoverers) that the enemy hath no forces thereabout. But when you cannot be assured of that (lest the enemy with a troop of 50 or 60 horse casually meeting with some of your said small divisions, should defeat them) there might be 20 or 25 horse first sent out, whereof 15 to advance to take some booty, the other staying about half a league behind in some covert place, showing themselves when those 15 return charged, so to give suspicion to the enemy, or to make their retreat. The rest might be in ambush all together, some two leagues behind them, demeaning themselves as before hath been showed.  
In 
i Est autem optimum instruendi artificium, ut plus inferas adversariis copiarum, quàm primo aspectu ostendas. Aelian cap. 47.  gross ambushes they must make their number seem as small as may be; 
k Sin parvum habeas exercitum, plures buccinae sonent, ut magnam multitudinem hostium venire arbitrentur. Leo. Tact. cap. 17.28  but in small ones, they are to make show of a greater number than they have: for which reason, all the horse must not go out of the embuscadoe at once, but some 12 or 15 (when their number is small) must remain at the further part of the wood, to favour the retreat of the rest, (as hath been said) and to cause the enemy to think that there is a greater number of them within the wood. To this purpose some six horse may be left some league behind the rest, a little out of the way but so as they may discover if the rest return charged, and then show themselves at the end of the wood (as before is showed) to make the enemy think there is a gross embuscadoe, leaving one horseman further within the wood than the rest, and he to give fire when the enemy may perceive or hear him, which the enemy may think was done by a mistake.   

CHAP. IU. How to do, meeting the enemy marching.  
A Commander, marching with one or more troops, and chancing to meet the enemy, or otherwise having news of him, must presently resolve either to offer combat, or to retreat, or to attend the charge of the enemy: and herein he must govern himself according to the intelligence he hath, and the convenience of the 
a Bonum Ducem convenit nôsse magnam partem victoriae, ipsum locum, in quo dimicandum est, possidere. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 13.  place. To get the more certain intelligence, besides his scouts, he shall send out (a good distance before him) a Corporal with 10 or 12 soldiers, who (pretending to be of the enemy, if the country be at the enemy's devotion) shall discover and take information, etc.  
If you meet the enemy near his own quarter, and fare from yours, you must resolve with a generous courage to go and 
b In rebus asperis & tenui spe, fortissima quaque confilia tutissima sunt. Livius, lib. 35.  charge him, though inferior in number; it being often seen that valiant resolutions are seconded with good luck. But being near to your own holds, and knowing the enemy to be much stronger than yourself, it will be prudently done to 
c Observandum autem est, bawd par esse, sine magna necessitate, ut pauca copiae cum magno & instructo exercitu dimicent. Leo Tact. cap. 12. 36.  save your men by the nearest retreat: making your retreat in good order, and taking heed you spoil not your horses by too much haste, but suffer them now and then to gather breath, leaving a Lieutenant in the rear with some of the best mounted soldiers. The retreat shall be by the same way you went, so long as day continues; but night being come, you must take some other way (though the longer) to return to your garrison, or quarter. Thus you shall gain time by turning away from the enemy by the benefit of the night; causing the footing of your horses to be defaced at the place where you left the way, for it is to be supposed the enemy will follow you by the direct way. To deface or put out the footing of the horse, if the way be dusty, two soldiers are appointed to stay behind all the rest, which draw a great bough between them along the ground, and so put out the marks of the horses footing. Or if there be a great number of horse, and the way be broad, than four soldiers with two boughs do it. But if the way be soft, the Chief commandeth five or six soldiers to alight, and with their hands and feet to deface the footings; and in such ways the horse are commanded to march with doubled files and closed, for a little space when they turn out of the usual way, that so they may trample the less. Besides, you may avoid the danger of being traced by the horse footings (especially in the night) by turning out of the way at some house, or through some garden, breaking the hedge on the further side, and going into the way by ways unthought off: by all which means you gain time, whilst the enemy is constrained to spend time in discovering of your footing, and taking informatiom of the way that you took.   

CHAP. V How to receive the charge.  
IT hath been showed how necessary it is, that the Corporal which is sent out with the scouts or discoverers, be a very able soldier, to know what to do upon occasion of unexpected accidents. One or more troops of horse being on their march, with their discoverers before them, if they shall meet the enemy, and perceive him to be the stronger, the said Corporal shall presently send a soldier to certify the gross, that they may retreat: himself with his scouts also retreating, but by differing ways. For suppose the enemy hath received tidings of his contrary party, it is likely that (having discovered the said scouts) he will follow them, persuading himself that they fly to their gross: by which means the gross shall have time to save themselves, while the enemy is pursuing the said Corporal and his fellows.  
When the enemy is much stronger, and the other party have neither time nor convenience to put themselves into good order; the Chief shall call with a loud voice, and command every man to 
a Quintus Sertorius pulsus acie a Quinto Metello pio, nè fugam quidem sibi tutam arbitratus, milites dispersos abire jussit, admonitos in quem locum vellet convenire. Frontin Surat. lib. 2. cap. 13.  save himself: whereupon the soldiers disband into many parts, so as the enemy cannot charge them all: and so (especially in the night) many may escape. But this course is dangerous, and must be commanded with great judgement: howsoever, in all retreats, some of the best mounted must be left behind under a good Commander, to make the retreat.  
If passing by or through some village or wood, the first discoverers descry the enemy, not being able to discern of what number he is, one of them shall presently come and certify the Corporal which followeth with the other scouts, whereof the Corporal instantly certifieth the Chief of the troops; who thereupon puts his men in order, causing them to put their casks on their heads, (which otherwise in march they carry at their saddle, or hanging on their left arm) and in some convenient place he maketh Alto, and resolveth according to the more certain news which the Corporal shall send him. Which since it may be such as may 
b Prince Maurice, at the battle of Newport, sent the messenger (which brought him the news of Count Ernests overthrow) away to sea, and kept it from the knowledge of his soldiers: commanding away all the ships (to take away all hope of escape by flight) and caused his forces to march through the haven, to meet the enemy. Meteren. lib. 33.  discourage the soldiers, the Chief perceiving him coming that brings it, advanceth towards him, with one or two of his discreetest soldiers, and receiveth his message in private. Having heard his relation, he must presently resolve, either to retreat or to fight. If he resolve to fight (the enemy being so strong) he must give such orders as shall be fitting, especially commanding the troops to go serried close; and if there be diverse troops, that they entermingle not, but observe good order: for it might so happen, that the enemy might charge him 
c Qui dispersis suis, inconsultè insequitur; quam ipse acceperat, adversario vult dare victoriam. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 26.  so disorderly, as he might make head and endamage the enemy, especially if he have not one or more troops of reserve following him, well united and in good order.   

CHAP. VI Of ordering the troops for combat, by single companies.  
BEfore we come to show the several forms of battle which may be used among the cavalry, it will be fit to speak of their several kinds of fight, which they are to be practised in apart by themselves, before they be joined with the gross.  
If a company of Lances were to fight against foot, they were not to give their charge in an united body (neither upon this, nor any occasion whatsoever) because even the second rank of them hardly doth any certain execution; but they were to charge them rank after rank, wheeling off to the rear; to that end keeping large distances between rank and rank. The same order they were to observe, if they fought against horse upon the offensive. For the defensive, the company (consisting of 64, as before, Part. 1. Chap. 19) might order themselves in this manner. Two ranks (of 8 in rank) should face to the front: two to either flank, and two to the rear; leaving an open square space in the middle, they all standing back towards back, faced every way, to receive the charge wheresoever the enemy shall give on.  
The same manner might be used in greater bodies, as should seem good to the skilful Commander. If the Lances were to fight against Cuirassiers, 
a Par. 3. rangs de lances lui aller gaillardement donner par les flancs: car par ce moyen ils l'entr' owriront. Monsieur de la Noüe. Disc. 18.  they were (by two ranks together) to fetch their careers, and so to charge them, especially on the flanks and rear: every second rank forbearing the shock, till the first had done it, and was wheeled off.  
If one company of Cuirassiers be to fight against another, your enemy charging you in full career, you are to make a 
b So Walhausen would have it.  Carracoll, that is, you divide your body by the half ranks, and so suddenly open to the right and left; so as the enemy passeth through you, and you (facing inward) charge him on the flanks, as is showed in Fig. 6. Part. 4. Or if two companies fight against two other, than they observe the same manner, but keeping each company entire, as may be seen in the same figure.  
It is also to be done by the Carracoll first, and then (the enemy being within you) to wheel to the right and left inward, and so to charge him on the rear, in full career. These forms (in Walhausens' opinion) are of 
c So the said author conceiveth; but it is very doubtful. For by this opening to the right & left, you must turn troop, and then make a whole turn again, & so give advantage to your enemy. It were better therefore to cause three or four files of each of your wings to advance on the sudden, and so to charge the adverse troop on either flank. And, to equal your enemy's front, you might cause the half files of your body to double your front to the right and left by division. All which your troop must be acquainted with beforehand, and are to do it in a moment of themselves, with all possible dexterity.  special advantage, for the enemy (having charged you in full career while you went on upon the trot, only on the sudden opening to the right and left) either (saith he) must run through and effect little or nothing, or (staying himself in the career) 
d The principal strength of Cuirassiers consisteth in keeping themselves close ferried together: for this the Germans are commended. Il faut dire que les almains surpassent toutes les autres nations, parce qu'il ne semble pas seulement qu' ils soient serrez, ains qu' ils soient collez les uns avec les autres. De la Noüe: Discourse 18.  disorder his troop, and lose the force of his charge: as by Fig. 7. part. 4. appeareth. The Harquebusiers must be exercised to give fire by ranks. The first rank, having given fire, is to wheel off to the left (unless the ground will not permit it, but that it must be to the right) making ready and falling into the rear; the second rank immediately gives fire upon the wheeling away of the first, and so the rest successively. Walhausen would have them also give fire by files, the outward file towards the enemy (whether right or left) advancing before the body, in full career, and so firing; the rest successively to do the same, and in this manner to fight against Infantry that might charge them on the flanks. But others do utterly reject it, as too much exposed to inevitable danger. In their firing by ranks, the first rank advanceth some 30 paces before the body, first on the gallop, then in career (as some direct) and so to give fire: the second doth the same, and so the rest. The Dragoniers being a kind of Infantry, and doing their chief services on foot, (as hath been showed Part. 1. Chap. 31.) it will be needless here to show how they are to be exercised for skirmish, partly in regard there is no want of books for the 
e So fare as concerneth the exercising of the foot in their postures and motions, I suppose Pr. Maurice his book, & Captain Binghams' notes upon Alien (with the appendix) sufficient alone: But I wish some body would go on, and fully handle that which belongeth to the Infantry.  practising of the foot (though I dare say they exceed rather in number then in weight) and principally, because I desire to confine myself to that which properly belongeth to the cavalry. How they are to dispose of their horses in fight, hath been showed ibid. cap. 31.   depiction of a battle between cavalry formations 
Fig: 6. Cap: 6. Par: 4.   depiction of a battle between cavalry formations 
Fig: 7. Par: 4. Cap: 6.   

CHAP. VII. How the cavalry are to fight against foot.  
A Commander having intelligence of some gross of the enemy's Infantry, and resolving to set upon them, he must principally aim to encounter them in a place of advantage for the cavalry, that is, in an 
a Si equitatu gaudemus, campos debemus optare; si pedite, loca deligere angusta, fossis, paludibus, vel arboribus impedita. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 9  open champain. He must also use all possible diligence to charge them, before they can be ordered for battle, though they exceed him much for number.  
But if the said Infantry be put in good order at his approach, (if the ground be champain, and the number equal) yet may they be charged by the horse: First by some troops of Harquebusiers (or rather Dragons, because they do execution at a larger distance) which shall give on on their front, flanks, and rear. These were to be seconded by the Lances (in small divisions) when they were in use; but now by the Cuirassiers, who shall make their benefit of such overtures or disorders as shall be caused by the said Dragons and Harquebusiers.  
If the Infantry exceed in number, and so be serried in a gross body, it will be hard for the cavalry to rout them, as hath been found by experience by the Swisseses, which still had the better of the horse, by reason of their gross bodies of pikes.  
If the Infantry be ordered into several battalions, the horse are to charge them where they perceive them most open and naked. But if the foot have possessed themselves of some place of advantage, as some wood, trench, or covert way, than the horse are not to charge them, though equal, or somewhat superior to them in number, in respect of such advantage.   

CHAP. VIII. Of ordering the cavalry in battle.  
THe forms of battle used among the horse (presupposing such as are made by election, in a free and spacious champain, and not such as are forced through discommodity of place, or other respects) 
a una aciei bellicae forma non est, sed muitae & diversae, pro varietate armorum, militum, hostium, locorum, temporum. Leo Tact. cap. 20. 182.  are many; 
Ordinaturus' acient,  & ventum antè prospiciat. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 14.  and do  according to the ground and strength both of your own side and the enemies, accidents, and occasions. In all forms a principal care must be had, that the troops be drawn up from an even front, that so they may be free from disturbing each other in the retreat.  
Basta reduceth these forms to four sorts, and Melzo to three, (making the second and third to be as one and the same) which are these:  
The first is, when the troops are ordered as in one file, every troop following each other in a single order: which form is utterly disallowed, because it bringeth but few hands to fight, and the disordering of the first troop must needs endanger all the rest. 
c The Grecians had their troops of reserve, and herein the Carthaginians imitated them, and these the Romans also followed. Veg. ibid. cap. 17.   
The second is, when all the troops are placed as in 
b Si nimiùm fuerit acies attenuata, citò ab adversariis factá impressione perrumpitur, & nullum postea potest esse remedium. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 16.  one rank, or one front; the one troop being placed on the flank of the other in a single order or strait line. Which form is also disapproved, because in it all the cavalry is engaged at once, the one not being able to secure the other, and having no troops of reserve.  
The third is, when the troops are ordered chequer-wise, in squadrons, interchangeably placed one behind another: so as three or four squadrons being in front, such distances are left between each, as others behind them may come up to the front, without hindering the former. 
d Exercitus contractus & quadratus, aut non ità multùm oblongus, ad omnem occasionem atque eventum firmus, utilis, atque tutus est. Leo Tact. cap. 9.34. The Grecians had three kinds of horse-battells; The Square, the Wedge, and the Rhombe (which is as the diamond battle.) The Square was held the best for the defensive, the other two for the offensive. Of these the Wedge is preferred, because it bringeth most hands to fight; the rear division of the Rhombe being of little use. Aelian. cap. 18.  This form may well be allowed of, and is retained by the best Commanders in the present wars of Christendom: yet the forenamed authors have this exception to it, because the Harquebusiers having taken up the said distances would hinder the Lances. (then in use) And if they should be drawn from those intervalles, and placed on the wings, they must be exposed to the first assaults of the enemy.   military diagram 
Figu: 8 Cap: 8 Par: 4  
The fourth kind of forma, they make the Lunary, resembling a half moon: but in this they differ from each other in the manner. That which they call single, must needs be weak, their double form is better. But both these last forms (the Checquer, and the Lunary form) shall be more fully represented in figure.  
Walhausen maketh six sorts of battles: namely, 1. The Lunary. 2. The Checquer. 3. The Broad-fronted. 4. The Embowed. 5. The Sharp pointed. 6. The Divided.  
The Lunary (as he makes it, and the figure, Fig. 8. Part. 4. cap. 8. showeth it) is good, and indeed better than that of Basta; but is improperly called the Lunary form: for it is rather a Hollow, or Open-fronted wedge, like Aelians, 
e De instruend. acicb. cap. 36.  Coelembolos.  
His Checquer is as the forementioned, and allowable.  
His Broad-fronted is also not to be rejected.  
His Embowed (which by the name should be a Convex halfmoon, like 
f Which the Latin translation termeth Acies incurva; Aelian. cap. 47.  Aelians Cyrte) he maketh a mere wedge. The form is not the worse, though the name be not so proper.  
The Sharp pointed (in regard there is but one troop in front and that seconded but by two troops on the rear angles; then but one troop again, seconded as the first) seemeth not to be so good as the former, because it bringeth few hands to fight, and is very subject to be 
g Whereof Aelian showeth the inconveniences, cap. 50.  overwinged or overfronted by the enemy, and so to be charged on the flanks.  
The Divided, especially at so large a distance, I hold to be dangerous. True it is, that here the Dragons are used as foot, but whether so single and so extended an order be the best for them to be placed in, I refer to the judicious.  
Now concerning these six kinds of battles, they are in deed and in effect but two: that is, the Checquer and the Lunary, as he calleth them; and from these grounds the rest be form.  
But these forms being only imaginary, and withal wanting that perfection (in many respects) which is required in real battles, I shall now (to give fuller satisfaction to such as are lovers of military knowledge) communicate some forms of embattellings, which never yet were published by any.  
These are true delineations of diverse battles really ordered and performed by the absolutest Commanders of our times, according to the exactest rules of art; and such as experience hath approved to be fittest for the modern wars.  
For the better understanding whereof, I have thought fit first to put down these directions following.  
All the forces of the whole army (both horse and foot) are usually distinguished and divided into 
h So did the Romans; the Vanguard they called Cornu dextrum, the Battle Acies media, and the Rear Cornu sinistrum; as is showed by Sr. Cl. edmond's, upon Caesar's Com. lib. 1. cap. 7. Observ. 1. out of Lipsius de milit. Rom. lib. 4. and is handled at large by Leo the Emperor, Tact. cap. 18.  three parts, namely, the Vanguard, Battle, and Rear. (as hath been showed Part. 2. chap. 3.) Each of which parts is governed by its particular Officer or Chief; yet so as the absolute command belongeth to the General. These distinctions are always so understood, in the order of marching, to avoid disputes about precedency; so as they which march foremost are said to have the Vanguard, they which march in the middle, the Battle, and they which come last the Rear. And these divisions alter their names according to the place they march in, wherein they observe a divinall change, as hath been showed in the chapter above mentioned. But if we shall take the meaning of these words (according to their propriety and usual acceptation) in matter of fight or battle, conceiving that that part of the army which is called the Vanguard shall give the first charge; and that which is called the Battle, shall give the second charge, & the Rearward, the last; it will prove a mere mistake. For we are to know that the first charge must be given by the first troop, or foremost order of companies which are in front placed as in one rank, extended from the one front-angle of the whole army, to the other: and so it were impossible for them to be commanded or directed by one Commander, or Chief of one particular squadron of the army, by reason of the large extent thereof: for we see that the front of the army embattelled before Dornick. Fig. 14. (which was fare inferior to that of late, employed at the siege of the Bossch) took up 
i Six foot make a fathom, 100 fathoms a furlong, seven furlongs and a half, a mile. Five foot make a pace, 1000 paces make a mile.  6380 foot of ground (being in their close order prepared for fight) which is above a mile and a quarter of our measure.  
Besides, if the Vanguard (as it is called) should give the first charge, the Battle (which then must second them) may chance to be of a nation not only differing from the Vanguard, but at variance with them, or else some grudge or disgust between the Chiefs. And in that respect they might either neglect or slacken the seconding or relieving of those of the Vanguard, and not use that diligence which is required. In consideration therefore of these and other inconveniences, it is best that every squadron of the army be so ordered, as each of them may have their first, second, and third troops: by which means every division shall both be commanded by their own Chiefs, and shall also be seconded by those of their own squadron, or division; which will give them the more courage and assurance. The manner therefore for the ordering of an army for battle, is as followeth. That squadron which is called the Battle, is placed in the middle, the Vanguard on the right hand of it, and the Rear on the left: and all these (usually) in one front and single order; one regiment (or sometimes one company, especially among the horse as in Fig. 10.) flanking the other, as in Fig. 12.  
From hence the first troop of every division is drawn up, and placed in an even front or strait line, from one angle of the body to the other. At a convenient 
k Usually 300 foot.  distance behind these, the second troop of every squadron is placed, in an even rank, as the former; but so as the 
l The Romans also ordered their battles in three divisions, or troops: viz. their Hastati, Principes, and Triarii. The first were called Acies prima, and these were the Hastati which were to give the first charge. At a distance behind them were the Principes placed, which were called Acies secunda: these were so ordered with spaces or intervalles, that the Hastati (being put to retreat) might fall back into these spaces, and the Principes might advance to give the second charge without disturbing each other. The third troop (Acies tertia) were the Triarii, which were placed behind the Principes, observing therein such intervalles as before mentioned. Vide Livium lib. 8. & Lipsium de milit. Rom. lib. 4. ubi etiam Aciei Iconismus.  first troop (which are to give the first charge) being to retreat, and this second troop to advance, they disturb not each other: for which reason, convenient spaces are left in the first order or troop, for the second to come up into. The third troop is placed just behind the first, but at twice as large a 
m 600 foot.  distance from the second, as the second is from the first: that so the first troop retreating behind the second, they may have convenient room to make their retreat in good order. All this will appear in the figures following, among the rest in Fig. 9  
If the Infantry and cavalry be joined together, the manner is to place half the horse on the right flank of the foot, and the other half on the left, as appeareth in Fig. 12, 14, and 15. But upon occasion either of the enemy his ordering of horse within the body of foot, whereby he might annoy your Infantry; or for other respects of moment, some of the horse may be placed within the body of the army, as is showed in Fig. 16.  
What distances be observable, between Regiment and Regiment, between Squadron and Squadron, between each Troop, the second from the first, and the third from the second, the figures will sufficiently show, and especially the Scales of measure in every figure. For the more easy understanding of them, observe that every body of pikes is single hatched, thus and the musketeers crosse-hatched, thus . the horse are left white or void, as in Fig. 12. by which the other forms may easily be understood.   military diagram 
THE PRINCE OF ORANGE HIS cavalry, ORDERED FOR BATTLE BEFORE GULICK, ANNO M.DC.X  
Fig: 9 Par: 4. Cap: 8.   military diagram 
The form of the Duke of Brunswycks' horse Battle in the plain of Elton. The 5th of September 1623.  
Fig: 10 Par: 4 Cap: 8   military diagram 
The Embattailing of 37 Troopès of horse before, REees the 23 of September Ao. 1614  
Fig: 11. Par: 4. Cap: 8.   military diagram 
THE PRINCE OF ORANGE HIS HORSE AND FOOT EMBATTLED BEFORE REES, THE XIX. OF OCTOBER, M.DC.XIIII.  
Fig: 12. Par: 4. Cap: 8.   military diagram 
THE cavalry EMBATTLED BY HIS EXCELLENCE, PRINCE MAURICE, BEFORE REES, IN OCTOBER, M.DC.XXI.  
The whole Front containeth 3895. foot of ground.  
Fig: 13 Par: 4 Cap: 8   military diagram 
THE FORM OF BATTLE OF HORSE AND FOOT, AS IT WAS ORDERED BY HIS EXCELLENCE, PRINCE MAURICE, BEFORE DORNICK THE XI. OF SEPTEMBER, M.DC.XXI.  
The whole Front containeth 6380. foot.  
Fig: 14. Par: 4. Cap: 8.   military diagram 
THE infantry AND cavalry EMBATTLED BY THE PRINCE OF ORANGE, NEAR VORSTENBURGH, TOWARDS GULICK, THE XXII. OF AUGUST. M.DC.X  
Fig: 15 Par: 4 Cap: 8   military diagram 
FORM OF BATTLE ORDERED NEAR VORSTENBURGH, IN THE MARCH TOWARDS GULICK THE XXII. OF AUGUST, M.DC.X  
Differing from figure 15. in that some of the Horse are here placed within the body.  
Fig: 16 Par: 4 Cap: 8   

CHAP. IX. Of certain ceremonies before fight.  
HAving showed by these former rules and examples, how the horse are to be ordered for fight, not only by themselves, but also when they shall be joined with foot: that which 
a Quid superest nifi pugna? quae jam manuum est, non verberum. Lips. de milit. Rom. lib. 4.  now remaineth seemeth rather to require action then words. Indeed with antiquity, when the army was embattelled and ready for combat, it was usual for the General to deliver some set speech, either from some higher place of turf or stone, or at the head of the troops; and riding amongst the Maniples to encourage his soldiers. And they either with an acclamation, lifting up of their hands, or clashing of their arms, used to manifest their assenting resolution. Unto which kind of 
b Caesar's army, being so dismayed through fear as they were almost brought to desperation, (tantus subitò timor omnem exercitum occupavit, etc.) was by an elegant oration of his suddenly revived. Hac oratione habitâ mirum in modum conversae sunt omnium mentes, summáque alacritas & cupiditas belli gererdi iunata est. Caesar de bello Gal. lib. 1. cap 9  allocutions the ancient Sages use to ascribe a marvellous efficacy, not only amongst the Grecians or Romans, but also those whom they then accounted barbarous, as the Britons, Gauls, Germans &c. as the histories of those times sufficiently testify. Next to this, they sounded the Classicum (that is) a general charge; and this was seconded by a general shout of the soldiers, or a concussion of their arms. Moreover, a 
c Tunicarussa, punicea, vel caccinea. Some resemblance hereof there is in the bloody flag at sea.  scarlet, red, or carnation coloured coat or cassock was hung out upon the top of the General's tent: and a countersigne, or a word of distinction was given to the soldiers, as, 
d Veg. lib. 3. cap. 5.  Victoria, palma, virtus, or the like, to know each other by. The Grecians used also to sing the Poean, before the fight to Mars, and after battle to Apollo, etc.  
Of all which ceremonies (which they duly observed as found to be of very good use, and which were much graced by the solemn and stately manner of performing them) our times have retained very few. For as the actions of the modern wars consist chief in sieges, assaults, sallies, skirmishes, etc. and so afford but few set battles; so the practice of delivering public speeches is almost grown out of use and esteem amongst our chief Commanders. Yet the late 
e Meteren. lib. 12. J. Petit. lib. 15.  Prince of Orange at the battle of Newport before the conflict, delivered a pithy short speech to his soldiers: adding to his public Oratory, public Orisons, and riding up and down, gave courage to his soldiers. The Classicum is still retained (that is) to sound a general charge, namely amongst those troops which are to give on. And sometimes the Clamour militaris, or shout of the soldiers; which was not only an acclamation or assent unto the General's speech, but also a 
f This by the Grecians was called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and by the Latins Barritus (the original of which words is showed by Lips. ubi supra) yet afterwards when the Empire was become Christian, they used (when they were ready for conflict) to cry 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, (that is) the victory of the cross: as appeareth by Leo the Emperor (who reigned in the East from the year of our Lord 886 to 903) Tact. cap. 12 69. Cùm ad conflictationem movet exercitus, consueta Christianis vox usurpanda est, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. And after this, in the very charge, they were to make their shout, as it followeth there 106. Conflictationis tempore post vocem, Victoriae crucis, magna atqui altos clamores edere oportet, etc.  loud and dreadful kind of noise which they used to make when they gave the charge, thereby to encourage one another, and to strike a terror into the enemies: as the Turks cry, Bre, Bre, Bre; the Irish, Pharro, Pharro; the French, Sa, Sa, Sa; the Dutch, Vallaen, Vallaen, etc. But as for the countersigne or word of distinction, that is seldom used now adays, unless upon occasion of some Camisado, or other exploits in the night, when the soldiers may easily miss those means to know each other by, which in the day time the light, the sight of the ensign or cornet, their skarves (required among the cavalry) or long acquaintance, may afford them.  
But these being but ceremonies (as I called them in the title of this chapter) I willingly withdraw myself from them. Neither should I have been desirous to have meddled with them at all, but that the example of others 
g Lips. de milit. Rom. Reusnerus de arte stratagem.  (who have writ in this kind) led me unto it; and the respect unto my reader (in common civility) required it at my hands; whom I could not well leave (after the sight of so many dumb figures) without a word or two at the parting.  
There remaineth only now, that every one (according to his office, rank, and ability) strive for honour and victory; propounding to himself the goodness of the cause, the authority of the Prince, the command of the Leaders, the virtue of the soldiers, the honour of the conquest, and the disgrace and damage of the defeat. Above all, lifting up his eyes and heart unto Almighty God, from whose hands victory, and the means to obtain it, is especially to be expected. 
h Psalm. 18. vers. 32, 34.  It is God that girdeth me with strength of war, and maketh my way perfect. He teacheth my hands to fight, etc. 
i Psalm. 144. vers. 1.  Blessed be the Lord my strength, which teacheth mine hands to war, and my fingers to fight. 
k Psalm. 44 vers. 5, 6, 7.  Through thee will we overthrow our enemies, and in thy name will we tread them under that rise up against us. For I will not trust in my bow, it is not my sword that shall help me. But it is thou that savest us from our enemies, and puttest them to confusion that hate us. And to this purpose we may (not unfitly) apply that which Hezekias spoke to his Captains and soldiers (by way of encouragement) after that he had fortified himself against the power of the Assyrians, 
l 2 Chron. cap. 32. vers. 7, 8.  Be strong and courageous, be not afraid nor dismayed for the King of Assyria, nor for all the multitude that is with him: for there be more with us then with him. With him is an arm of flesh, but with us is the Lord our God to help us, and to fight our battles. Conformable to this was that admonition of Alphonsus, King of Arragon and Sicily, given to his son Ferdinand, when he sent him with an army in aid of the Venetians against the Florentines, in these words, 
m 
Cited by Reusnerus, out of Panormitanus lib. 3. derebus gestis Alphonsi, and Marineus lib. 11. rerúm Hispanicarum.  
Omne robur corporum, omnis equitatus, armorúmque apparatus, Deo non adjuvante, ab agmine formicarum prorsus nihil differt. Nicephorus Gregoras Byzantinae Historiae. lib. 3.— none me tua fervida terrent  
Dicta ferox: Dii me terrent, & Jupiter hostis. Turnus ad Aeveam, apud Virg. Aeneid. lib. 12.   Nunc maximè te admoneo, fili, nè tantum aut tuae, aut commilitonum audaciae tribuas, ut putes absque Dei auxilio victoriam ullam haberi posse. Victoria (mihi crede) non hominum consilio & industriâ paratur; sed Dei Opt. Max. benignitate atque arbitrio. Scientia igitur rei militaris ità demum profutura est, si Deum nobis pretate atque innocentiâ pacatum propitiúmque habuerimus. Deum igitur inprimis coal, in eum confide, a quo tum victorias omnes & optima quaeque provenire non dubium est. Quemsi quando tibi iratum suspicaberis, cave contendas; imò quicquid ab eo tibi accidisse videbitur, bene consul, & patientiâ atque poenitentiâ eum placa. Solet enim Deus, quos diligit, interdum malis afficere: & quos constantes in adversis videt, rursus in meliorem fortunam restituere. And now for a conclusion (in stead of an Omen) I will add that ejaculatory prayer of the Psalmist, 
n Psal. 90. vers. 17.  The glorious majesty of the Lord our God be upon us: prosper thou the work of our hands upon us, O prosper thou our handy work.    

THus have I briefly (according to my weak ability) run through that part of the Art military, which principally concerneth the cavalry: Which subject I have the rather chosen to treat of, because it is so little and so sparingly handled by those that have given us directions for war, and less observed in our ordinary practice, 
a Witness those frequent and sharp reprehensions, expressed in his Majesty's letters, from time to time: among others, that of the 21 of September. 1628., from Windsor. And the continual & serious callings upon for reformation, by the letter, from the Lords of his Majesty's most honourable privy counsel, and the right honourable the Lords Lieutenants of every county.  especially in the exercise of our trained troops here at home. Wherein yet I do not presume to have attained unto that maturity which is required for the perfect knowledge and instruction of it; much less do I take upon myself to teach others (as I doubt not but there are many thousands that are a great deal better able than myself) but only in hope that these my collections may serve either as a manuduction to those, that are desirous to be instructed in the first rudiments or confused knowledge of this Art: or else as an occasion to the judicious Masters of it, friendly & favourably to correct or supply what they shall find here to be amiss, or wanting. For myself, I shall account it a sufficient reward of my poor endeavours, if by my untunable jangling I may chance to toll and call in better ringers. But it is too late now (and at all times least of all expected in this kind of subject) to labour for apologies, or with Rhetorical colours to varnish or daub over the wants and imperfections of this discourse. 
b 2. Maccab. cap. 15. vers. 38.  If I have done well, and as the matter required, it is that which I desired: but if slenderly and meanly, it is that which I could attain unto.   
FINIS.