THE SEAMAN'S SECRETS,  
Divided into 2. parts, wherein is taught the three kinds of Sailing, horizontal, Peradoxall, and sailing upon a great Circle: also an horizontal Tide Table for the easy finding of the ebbing and flowing of the Tides, with a Regiment newly calculated for the finding of the Declination of the Sun, and many other most necessary rules and Instruments, not heretofore set forth by any.  
Newly published by john davis of Sandrudge, near Dartmouth, in the County of Devon. Gent.  
¶ Imprinted at London by Thomas Dawson, dwelling at the three Cranes in the Vinetree, and are these to be sold, 1595.   

To the right honourable Lord Charles Haward, Baron of Effingham, Knight of the noble order of the Garter, Lieutenant of her majesties Counties of Sussex and Surrey. Constable of her majesties Honour and Castle of Windsor, Lord high Admiral of England, Ireland, and Wales, and of the Dominions and Isles of the same, of the Town of Calais and marches thereof, Normandy, Gascony, and gains, Captain general of her majesties Seas and Navy royal, and one of her majesties most honourable privy Counsel. john davis wisheth increase of honour and perfect felicity.  
RIght Honourable and my especial good Lord, as by the instinct of nature all men are desirous of knowledge, and take pleasure in the varieties of understanding, so it is likewise engraffed by the same benefit of nature, in the hearts of true nobility, not only to excel the vulgar sort, but also to cherish, support, and countenance all such as shall in due course prosecute their vocation: and as such practices either speculative or mecanicall, shall receive savourable place in the honourable opinion of nobility, by so much the more shall the practiser be esteemed: which is the cause that at this time imboldneth me, to present unto your most honourable favour this small treatise of Navigation, being a brief collection of such practices as in my several voyages I have from experience collected Among which in my three several attempts for the discovery of the Northwest passage, thereby to find a short and navigable course unto the rich and famous Countries of Cathayo, China, Pegu, the Isles of Molucan and Phillipina, that thereby to the great and inestimable benefit of our Country, there might be a rich and plentiful trade procured between us and the said nations in short time to be performed, and with great safety in regard of the course: which action and discovery (by means of that honourable Counsellor Sir Francis Walsingham Knight, principal Secretary to her Majesty) was with good resolution accepted by the Merchants of London but in the decay of his honourable life, the attempt was likewise quailed: but howsoever men's minds alter, yet undoubtedly there is a passage navigable, and easy to be performed by that course (whensoever it shall please God to reveal the same) by invincible reasons, and sufficient experience to be proved: and although before I entered into that discovery, I was sufficiently persuaded of the certainty thereof, by historical relation substantially confirmed, whereof to the adventures I made sufficient proof, but especially to my worshipful good friend Master William Sanderson, the only Merchant, that to his great charges with most constant travail did labour for the finishing thereof: yet I thank God that of late it hath been my very good chance to receive better assurance than ever before of the certainty of that passage, and such was my vehement desire for the performance thereof, that thereby I was only induced to go with M. Candishe in his second attempt for the South Seas, upon his constant promise unto me, that when we came to the Callifornia, I should there have his Pinnace with my own Bark (which for that purpose went with me to my great charges) to search that North west discovery upon those back parts of America, but God hath otherwise disposed our purposes in his divine judgements, for M. Candishe being half way through the straits of Magilane, and impatient of the tempestuous furiousness of that place, having all his Ships and company with him, returned for Brasill, by the authority of his command, when with a leading wind we might have passed the same, and returning more than 80. leagues toward Brasill, myself being in his Ship named the Desire, without Boat, Oars, Sails, Cables, cordage, victuals, or health of my company sufficient for that attempt, was separated in a fret of weather, and forced to seek the nex short for my relief, and recovering a harborough by us named Port Desire, being in the lati. of 48. deg. did there repair my most miserable wants, and there staying four months in most lamentable distress, did again conclude with my company to give an other attempt to pass the straits, as my best mean to gain relief. And three times I was in the South Seas, but still by furious weather forced back again: yet notwithstanding all this my labour to perform the voyage for his profit, and to save myself, (for I did adventure and my good friends for my sake 1100. pounds in the action.) M. Candishe was content to account me to be the author of his overthrow, and to write with his dying hand that I ran from him, when as his own Ship was returned many months before me,  
I am bold to make this relation unto your Lordship, only to satisfy your Honour of my conversation, for were I faulty of so foul a crime, I were worthy of ten thousand torments, in presuming to present this Treatise to your honourable Lordship, and now referring my cause to your Lordship's consideration, I will again return to my purpose.  
In those Northwest voyages where Navigation must be executed in most exquite sort, in those attempts I was enforced to search all possible means required in sailing, by which occasion I have gathered together this brief treatise, which with myself I do dedicated to your most honourable protection, being desirous if it lay in my power, to do far greater matter in your Lordship's service, hoping of your honourable pardon, because it is only done to show my dutiful affection, and not for any singularity that the work containeth, For I think there be many hundreds in England that can in a far greater measure and more excellent method express the noble art of Navigation, and I am fully persuaded that our Country is not inferior to any for men of rare knowledge, singular application, and exquisite execution of the Arts Mathematic, for what Strangers may be compared with M. Thomas Digges Esquire, our Countryman the great master of Archmastrie, and for Thericall speculations and most cunning calculation M. Dee and M. Thomas Heriotts are hardly to be matched: and for the mecanicall practices drawnefrom the Arts Mathematic, our Country doth yield men of principal excellency, as M. Emery Mulleneux for the exquisite making of Globus bodies, and M. Nicholas Hellyar for the singularity of portraiture hath the praise of Europe, M. Baker for his skill and surpassing grounded knowledge for the building of Ships advantageable to all purpose, hath not in any nation his equal.  
And now that I may return to the painful Seaman, it is not unknown to all nations of the earth, that the English goeth before all others in the practices of sailing, as appeareth by the excellent discovery of Sir Franncis Drake, in his passage through the straits of Magilane, which being then so rawly known, he could not have passed, unless he had been a man of great practice and rare resolution: so much I may boldly say, because I have seen and tasted the frowardness of the place, with the great unlikelyhoode of any passage to be that way.  
I might here repeat the most valiant and excellent attempts of Sir Hugh Willougbie, Sir john Hawkins, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, and your Lordship's servant M. George Raymond, with divers others that have given most resolute attempts in the practices of Navigation, as well for the discovery as other execution, whereby good proof is made, that not only in the skill of Navigation, but also in the mecanicall execution of the practices of sailing, we are not to be matched by any nation of the earth.  
And sith Navigation is the mean whereby Countries are discovered, and comunitie drawn between nation and nation, the word of God published to the blessed recovery of the foreign of casts from whom it hath pleased his divine Majesty as yet to detain the brightness of his glory: and that by navigation common weals through mutual trade are not only sustained, but mightily enriched by whole hard adventures such excellent benefits are achieved, for by his exceeding great hazards the form of the earth, the quantities of Countries, the diversity of nations, and the natures of Zones, Climates, countries and people, are apparently made known unto us: Besides, the great benefits mutually interchanged between nations, of such fruits, commodities, and artificial practices wherewith God hath blessed each particular Country, coast, and nation, according to the nature and situation of the place.  
For what hath made the Spaniard to be so great a Monarch, the Commander of both India's, to abound in wealth and all nature's benefits, but only the painful industry of his Subjects by Navigation: their former trade was only figs, Oranges, and Oil, but now through Navigation it is brought to be gold, silver, pearls, silks, and spice, by long and painful trade recovered. Which great benefits only by her majesties loving clemency and merciful favour he doth possess: for if her highness and her most honourable Lords would but regard the small distance between her dominions and those famous rich kingdoms, the easiness of the passage being once discovered, (the Northwest I mean) with the full sufficiency of her highness Subjects to effect the same, there could then be no do doubt but her stately seat of London should be the storehouse of Europe, and a nurse to all nations, in yielding all Indian commodities in a far better condition, and at a more easy rate then now brought unto us, exchanging commodities of our own store, with a plentiful return at the first hand, which now by many exchanges are brought unto us.  
Then should the Spaniard again return to his old trade, and our sacred Sovereign be seated the Commander of the earth: which trade and most fortunate discovery, we above all nations ought most principally to regard, because of the singularity and inviolable force of our Shipping, which is not only the commanding fortress of our Country, but also the dread of our adversary, and glory of our nation: wherein we do in no sort flatter ourselves▪ for it was made apparent to all nations of the earth, by the late most famous conquest that her Majesty had against the huge supposed invincible fleet of the Spaniard, being by her Navy under the command of your Lordship who there in person and in place of her Majesty, to your eternal glorious same did disgrace their glory, and confound their force, and manifest their weakness by their dastardly flight, through God's providence and your Lordship's stately resolution.  
Then sith Navigation is a matter of so great moment, I suppose that every man is bound in duty to give his best furtherance thereunto: among whom as the most unmeet of all, yet wishing all good to the painful traveler, I have published this short treatise, naming it the Seaman's Secrets, because by certain questions demanded and answered, I have not omitted any thing that appertaineth to the secret of Navigation, whereby if there may grow any increase of knowledge or ease in practice, it is the thing which I chiefly desire.  
To manifest the necessary conclusions of Navigation in brief and short terms is my only intent, and therefore I omit to declare the causes of terms and definition of artificial words, as matters superfluous to my purpose, neither have I laid down the cunning conclusions apt for Scholars to practise upon the shore, but only those things that are needfully required in a sufficient Seaman: beseeching your honourable Lordship to pardon my boldness, and with your favourable countenance to regard my dutiful affection, I most humbly commit your good Lordship to the mercies of God, who long preserve your health with continual increase of honour.  
From Sandrudge by Darthmouth the 20. of August 1594.  
Your Lordships in all dutiful service to command, john davis.   


Imperial The first movable Cristalin The firmament Saturnus jupiter Mars Sol Venus Mercurius Luna    

THE first BOOK OF THE SEAMAN'S SECRETS.  

What is Navigation?  
Navigation is that excellent Art which demonstrateth by infallible conclusion, how a sufficient Ship may be conducted the shortest good way from place to place, by Corpse and travers.   

What are those infallible conclusions?  
Navigation consisteth of three parts, which being well understood and practised, are conclusions infallible, whereby the skilful Pilot is void of all doubt to effett the thing purposed. Of which, the first is horizontal Navigation, which manifesteth all the varieties of the Ships motion, within the horizontal plain superficies, where every line drawn is supposed a parallel.  
The second is a peradoxall or Cosmographical Navigation, which demonstrateth the true motion of the Ship upon any course assigned in longitude, latitude and distance, either particular or general, and is the skilful gathering together of many horizontal Corpse's, into one infallible and true motion peradoxall.  
The third is great Circle Navigation, which teacheth how upon a great Circle drawn between any 2. places assigned, (being the only shortest way between place and place) the Ship may be conducted, and is performed by the skilful application of horizontal and peradoxall Navigation.   

What is a Corpse?  
A Corpse is that peradoxall line which passeth between place and place, according to the true horizontal position of the Magnet, upon which line the Ship prosecuting her motion, shallbe conducted between the said places.   

What is a Travers?  
A Travers is the variety or alteration of the Ships motion upon the shift of winds, within any horizontal plain superficies, by the good collection of which Traverses, the ships uniform motion or Corpse is given.   

What Instruments are necessary for the execution of this excellent skill?  
THe Instruments necessary for a skilful Seaman, are a Sea Compass, a Cross staff, a Quadrant, an astrolabe, a Chart, an instrument magnetical for the finding of the variation of the Compass, an horizontal plain Sphere, a Globe, and a paradoxal Compass. By which instruments all conclusions and infallible demonstrations, hydrographical, Geographical, and Cosmographical, are without controlment of error to be performed: but the Sea Compass, Chart, and Cross staff, are instruments sufficient for the seaman's use: the astrolabe and Quadrant being instruments very uncertain for Sea observations.   

What is the Sea Compass?  
THe Sea Compass is a principal instrument in Navigation, representing and distnguishing the Horizon, so that the Compass may conveniently be named, an Artificial Horizon, because by it are manifested all the limits and distinctions of the Horizon required, to the perfect use of Navigation, which distinctions are the 32. points of the Compass, whereby the Horizon is divided into 32. equal parts, and every of those points hath his proper name, as in the figure following appeareth. Also every point of the Compass doth contain degrees, minutes, seconds, and thirds, etc. Which degrees are called degrees of Azumuth, whereof there are in every point 11¼. so that the whole Compass of Horizon containeth 360. degrees of Azumuth, for if you multiply 11¼. degrees, the degrees that each point containeth, by 32. the points of the Compass, it yieldeth 360. the degrees of the Compass. And of minutes each point containeth 45. being ¾. of an hour, so that the whole Compass is hereby divided into 24, hours, by which account there are in an hour 15. degrees, so that every degree containeth 4. minutes of time, for an hour consisting of 60. minutes, hath for his fifteenth part 4. minutes of time, and in every minute there is 60. seconds, and every second containeth 60. thirds, either in degrees applied to time, or degrees applied to measure: so that the general content of the Compass is, 32. points, 360. degrees, and 24. hours, with their minutes, seconds, and thirds.   

What is the use of the 32. points of the Compass?  
THe use of the 32. points of the Compass, is to direct the skilful Pilot by horizontal travers, how he may conclude the corpse or peradoxall motion of his Ship, thereby with the greater expedition to recover the place desired, because they divide the Horizon into such limits as are most apt for Navigation, they do also distinguish the winds by their proper names, for the wind receiveth his name by the part of the Horizon from whence he bloweth.   

What is the use of the 360. degrees of Azumuth?  
BY the degrees of Azumuth is known the quantity of the rising and setting of the Sun, Moon and Stars, whereby is known the length of the days and nights in all climates, and at all times, they also show a most precise horizontal distiuction of the motion of the Sun, Moon and Stars, whereby the certainty of time is measured, and the variation of the Compass, with the Poles height is ingeviously known at all times and in all places, by help of the Globe.   

How is the hour of the day known by the Compass?  
IT hath been an ancient custom among Mariners to divide the Compass into 24. equal parts or hours, by which they have used to distinguish time, supposing an East Sun to be 6. of the clock, a Southeast Sun 9 of the clock, and a South Sun 12. of the clock: etc. as in the figure following shall plainly appear. But this account is very absurd, for with us in England (the Sun having his greatest North declination,) it is somewhat past 7. of the clock, at an East Sun, and at a Southeast Sun it is past 10. of the clock: also when the Sun is in the Equinoctial, the Sun is half the day East, and half the day West, to all those that be under the same, so that the Sun then and to those people useth but 2. points of the Compass, to perform the motion of 12. hours: therefore the distinctions of time may not well be given by the Compass, unless the Sun be upon the Meridian, or that you be far toward the North, in such places where the suns horizontal motion is very obliqne, for there the hour may be given by the Compass, without any great error, but elsewhere it cannot. Therefore those that travail must either use the Globe, or an Equinoctial dial, by whom time may be most certainly measured, if there be good consideration of the variation of the needle by which the Equinoctial dial is directed, for this is a general thing to be regarded aswell in the compass, as in any dials or other instrument or conclusion whatsoever wherein the use of the needle is required, that unless there be good regard unto the variation of the same, there can no good conclusion follow of any such practices.  
  

What is the next necessary thing to be learned?  
Having perfectly learned the Compass, the next necessary thing for a Seaman to know, is the alteration or shifting of tides, that thereby he may with the greater safety bring his Ship into any barred Port, Haven, creak, or other place, where tides are to be regarded. And this difference of tides in the alteration of flowing and reflowing, is by long experience found to be governed by the moons motion, for in such proportion of time as the Moon doth separate herself from the Sun, by the swiftness of her natural motion: in the like proportion of time doth one tide differ from another, therefore ta understand this difference of the moons motion, is the only mean whereby the time of tides is most precisely known.   

Of the moons motion.  
YOu must understand the Moon hath two kind of motions, a natural motion, and a violent motion, her violent motion is from the east toward the West, caused by the violent swiftness of the diurnal motion of primum mobile, in which motion the Moon is carried about the earth in 24. hours and 50. minutes nearest one day with another, for although the diurnal period of the first mover the performed in 24. hours, yet because the Moon every day in her slowest natural motion moveth 12, degrees, therefore she is not carried about the earth, until that her motion be also carried about, which is in 24. hours and 50. minutes nearest.  
Her natural motion is from the West towards the East, contrary to the motion of the first mover, wherein the Moon hath 3. differences of moving, a swift motion, a mean motion, and a slow motion all which is perfourmes by the divine ordinance of the Creator, in 27. days and 8. hours nearest, through all the degrees of the Zodiac.  
Her slow motion is in the point of Auge or apogeo, being then farthest distant from the earth, and then she moveth in every day 12. degrees.  
Her swift motion is in the opposite of age or perigeo, being then nearest unto the earth, at which time she moveth 14. degrees, with some small difference of minutes in every 24. hours.  
Between those 2. points is her mean motions, and then she moveth 13. degrees nearest, all which differences are caused by the excontricitie of her Orb wherein she moveth, and are only performed in the Zodiac, but the Sea men for their better ease in the knowledge of tides, have applied this the moons motion, to the points, degrees, and minutes of the Compass, whereby they have framed it to be an horizontal motion, which sith by long practice is found to be a rule of such certainty, as that the error thereof bringeth no danger to the expert Seaman, therefore it is not amiss to follow their practised precepts therein.  
In every 29. days 12. hours 44. minutes, one with another through the year, the Sun and Moon are in conjunction, and therefore that is the quantity of time between change and change, for although the Moon in 27. days and 8 hours performing her natural motion, doth return to the same minute of the Zodiac from whence she departed, yet being so returned, she doth not find the Sun in that part of the Ecliptic where she left him, for the Sun in his natural motion moving every day one degree towards the East, is moved so far from the place where the Moon left him, as that the Moon cannot overtake the Sun to come in conjunction with him, until she have performed the motion of 2. days, 4. hours, and 44. minutes nearest, more than her natural revolution, and that is the cause wherefore there are 29. days, 12. hours, 44 minutes, between change & change, one with another through the whole year: but the Seaman accounteth the moons motion, to be uniform in all places of the Zodiac alike limiting her general separation from the Sun, to be such as is her slowest natural motion, which is 12. degrees, or 48. minutes of time, in every 24. hours.  
By which account there are 30. days reckoned between change and change, being 11, hours, 16, minutes, more than in truth there is: but because this difference breedeth but small error in their account of tides, therefore to alter practised rules where there is no urgent cause, were a matter frivolous, which considered, I think it not amiss that we proceed therein by the same method that commonly is exercised.  
Allowing the Moon in every 24. hours to depart from the Sun 12 degrees, or 48. minutes of time, and in this separation the Moon moveth from the Sun Eastwards, until she be at the full, for between the change and the full, it is called the moons separation from the Sun: for after the full she doth apply towards the Sun, so that between the full and the change it is called the moons application to the Sun, in which time of application she is to the Westward of the Sun, as in her separation she is to the Eastward, or I may say in the Seaman's phrase, all the time of her application she is before the Sun, and in the time of her separation she is abaft the Sun.  
Then if the Moon do move 48. minutes of time in 24. hours, it followeth that she doth move 24. minutes in 12. hours, and in 6. hours she moveth 12. minutes, therefore every hour she moveth 2. minutes, and such as is the difference of her motion, such is the alteration of tides, and therefore every tide differeth from the other 12. minutes, because there is 6. hours between tide and tide, and in every hour the course of flowing or reflowing altereth 2. minutes, whereby it appeareth that in 24. hours the four tides of flowing and reflowing do differ 48. minutes of time.  
And sith the whole knowledge of this difference or alteration of tides, as also the quantity of the moons separation and application to and from the Sun, dependeth upon the knowledge of the moons age, it is therefore necessary that next you learn how the Sun may be known.  
For the performance whereof there are 2▪ numbers especially required, named the Prime and the Epact, for by the prime the epact is found, and by help of the Epact the moons age is known.   

Of the prime or Golden number.  
THe Prime is the space of 19▪ years, in which time the moon performeth all the varieties of her motion with the sun, and at the end of 19 years beginneth the same revolution again, therefore the Prime never exceedeth the number of 19 and this prime doth always begin in january, and thus the prime is found: unto the year of the Lord wherein you desire to know the prime add 1. then divide that number by 19 and the remaining number which cometh not into the quotient is the prime. Example, in the year of our Lord 1590. I desire to know the prime, therefore I add I. unto that year, and then it is 1591. which I divide by 19 and it yieldeth in the quotient 83. and there remaineth 14. upon the division, which cometh not into the quotient, which 14. is the prime in the year of our Lord 1590. 

1590.  
1  
1591.   

1  
74  
1591.  
199 (83  
1527  
1  
5     

Of the Epact.  
THe Epact is a number proceeding from the overplus of the solar and lunar year, which number never exceedeth 30. because the moons age never exceedeth 30. for the finding whereof this number only serveth: and thus the Epact is known, which Epact doth always begin in March, multiply the prime by II. (being the nearest difference between the solar and lunar year) divide the product by 30. and the remainder is the epact. Example, in the year of our Lord 1590. I would know the Eqact, first I seek the prime of that year, and find it to be 14. I therefore multiply 14. by 11. and that yieldeth 154. which being divided by 30. it giveth in the quotient 5. and there remaineth 4. upon the division, which 4. is the Epact in the year 1590. which beginning in March, doth continue until the next March of the year 1591. 

14  
11  
14  
17  
154   

15 (4  
130 (5  
50     

Of the solar and lunar year.  
THe solar year or the Sun's year consisteth of 12. months, being 365. days, and about 6. hours, the lunar year of the Moons year containeth 32. Moons, and every Moon hath 29. days, 12. hours, 44. minutes nearest, which amount unto 354. days, 5 hours, 28. minutes, the content of the Lunar year, which being substracted from 365 days, 6. hours, there resteth 11. days and 32 minutes, the difference between the said years, from which difference the Epact cometh.  
BY this Table the prime and Epact may for ever be found, for when the years be expired, you may begin again and continue it for ever at yaur pleasure.  
The first circle containeth the years of our Lord, the second the prime, and the third and inner circle showeth the Epact: under every year you shall find his prime and Epact, the prime beginneth in january, and the Epact in March.   

How to find the moons age.  
FIrst consider the day of the month wherein you seek the moons age, then note how many months there are between the said month and March, including both months, unto those numbers add the Epact of that year, that is, you must add into one sum the day of the month, between March and your month, reckoning both months and the Epact, all which numbers joined together, if they exceed not 30. is the moons age, if they be more than 30. cast away 30▪ as often as you can, and the remainder is the moons age, if it be just 30. it is then new Moon, if 7. it is the first quarter day, if 15. it is full Moon, if 22. it is then the last quarter day, and thus the moons age is found for ever.  
And now being able for all times either passed, present or to come, to give the moons age, I think it good by a few questions convenient for the Seaman's practice, to make you understand the necessary use thereof.   

For the account of Tides.  
WHen you desire to know the time of full Sea in any place, at all such seasons as occasion shall require, you must first learn what moon maketh a full Sea in the same place, that is, upon what point of the Compass the Moon is, when it is full Sea at the said place, you must also know what hour is appropriated to that point of the Compass, as before is showed: for upon the change day it will always be full Sea in that place, at the same instant of time, by which considerations you must thus proceed for the search of tides.  
Multiply the moons age by 4. divide the product by 5. and to the quotient add the hour which maketh full Sea in that place upon the change day, if it exceed 12. cast away 12. as oft as you may, and then the hour of full Sea remaineth, and for every 1. that resteth upon your division, allow 12. minutes to be added to the hours, for 2. 24. minutes, for 3. 36▪ and for 4. 48. minutes, for more than 4. will never remain, and thus you may know your tides to a minute. Example, the Moon being twelve days old, I desire to know the time of full Sea at London: first it is found by experience, that a south-west and north-east Moon make full sea at London, next, I consider that 3. of the clock is the hour appropriated to that point of the Compass, which number I keep in memory, than I multiply the moons age, being 12. by 4. and that yieldeth 48. which being divided by 5. it giveth in the quotient 9 and three remaineth, I add the quotient 9 to the hour 3. and it maketh 12. hours, and for the remaining number 3. I also add 36. minutes, so that I find when the Moon is 12. days old, it is 12. of the clock. and 36. minutes past, at the instant of full Sea at London: by this order you may at all places & times know the certainty of your tides at your pleasure.  
But those that are not practised in Arithmetic may account their tides in this sort, knowing how many days old the Moon is, he must place the Moon upon that point of the Compass which maketh full Sea at the place desired, and then reckoning from that point with the sun according to the diurnal motion, must account so many points, and so many times 3. minutes as the Moon is days old, that is for every day one point and 3. minutes, and there finding the Sun, he must consider what is the hour allowed to that point where he findeth the Sun, for that is the hour of full Sea. As for Example, the moon being 12, days old, I desire to know the hour of full Sea of London, now finding by former experience, that a south-west Moon maketh full Sea at London, I therefore place the Moon upon the point south-west, than I account from the point south-west 12, points, reckoning with the Sun according to the diurnal motion, south-west and by west for the first point, West south-west for the second, West by South for the third, West for the fourth point, and so forth until I come to North, which is 12. points from south-west, and because the Moon moveth 3. minutes more than a point in every day, I therefore add three times twelve, which make 36. minutes unto the point North, at which place I find the Sun to be, and knowing that twelve of the clock is appropriated to the point North, I may therefore boldly say that at twelve of the clock 36. minutes past, it is full Sea at London. when the Moon is twelve days old, which 36. minutes are added, because the Moon hath moved 36. minutes more than twelve points in those twelve days, which is one point and 3. minutes for every day, as before.  
Hear followeth a very necessary Instrument for the knowledge of the Tides, named an horizontal tide Table.   

Of this Instrument and his parts.  
THis necessary instrument for the young practising Seaman's use, name● an horizontal tide table, whereby he may shift his Sun and Moon (as they term it) and know the times of his tides with ease and very certainly, besides the answering of many pleasant and necessary questions used amongst Mariners) I have contrived into this method, only for the benefit of such young practisers in Havigation.  
The first part of this instrument is a Sea Compass, divided into 32. points or equal parts, the innermost circle of which Compass is divided into 24. hours, and every of those into 4. quarters, each quarter being 15. minutes, and against every point of the Compass those places are laid down, in which places it is full Sea when the Moon cometh upon the same point, so that whatsoever is required as touching time, or the points of the Compass, is there to be known.  
The next movable circle upon this Compass, is limited to the Sun, upon whose index the Sun is laid down, which circle is divided into 30 equal parts or days, signifying the 30, days between change and change, according to the Seaman's account, so that whatsoever is demanded as touching the age of the Moon, is upon the circle to be known.  
The uppermost movable circle is applied to the Moon, upon whose index the Moon is laid down, which is to be placed either to the points and parts of the Compass, or to the time of her age, as the question requireth: which considered, the use of this instrument is largely manifested, by these questions with their answers following.   

How to know the hour of the night by the Moon, being upon any point of the Compass, by this instrument.  
I. Q. The Moon 10. days old, I demand what it is a clock, when she is East north-east.  
1. A. In this question the moons age and the point of the Compass is given, thereby to know the hour, I therefore place the index of the Moon upon the point East north-east, there keeping the same not to be moved, then because the Moon is 10. days old, I move the index of the Sun until I bring the tenth day of the Moon's age unto the index of the Moon, and there I look by the Index of the Sun and find upon the Compass that it is twelve of the clock at noon and 30. minutes past, when the Moon is upon the point East north-east, being 10. days old,  
2. Q. The Moon being twelve days old, I demand at what hour she wile upon the point S. S.?:  
2. A. In this question the point of the oampas of Moon's age is given, as in the first, therefore I place the index of the Moon upon the point S. E. C. and there holding it without moving, I turn the index of the sun, until the twelfth day of the moons age come to the index of the moon, and then the index of the Sun showeth me upon the Horizon the hour 8. therefore I say that 8. of the clock at night the moon was then upon the point South Southeast.  
And thus you may at all times know the hour of the night by the Moon, upon any point of the Compass, so that moons age be also had.   

How by this Instrument, you know at all times upon what point of the Compass the Moon is.  
I. Q. When the Moon is 10. days old, upon what point of the Compass will she he, at 9, of the clock in the morning.?  
1. A. In this question the hour of the day and the moons age is given, thereby to find upon what point of the Compass she is at the same time. I therefore place the Index of the Sun upon the Compass, at the hour 9 of the clock in the morning, being upon the point Southeast, than I turn the Index of the Moon, until I bring it to the tenth day of her age, and then I see upon the Compass that the Moon is North and by east, and 15. minutes to the Eastwards, at 9 of the clock when she is 10. days old.  
2. Q. When the Moon is 20, days old, upon what point of the Compass will she be at 2. of the clock in the after noon?  
2. A. I place the Index of the Sun upon the hour 2. noted in the compass, there holding the same without moving, than I turn the Index of the Moon, until I bring it unto the twentieth day of her age, and there I see upon the Compass that the is north-east and by north, and 15. minutes to the Northward, at 2. of the clock in the afternoon, when she is 20. days old.   

To find the moons age by this instrument.  
1. Q. When the Moon is North at 7. of the clock in the forenoon, how old is she:  
1. A. In this question the point of the Compass and the hour is given for the finding of the moons age: therefore I set the Index of the Sun upon the hour 7. in the forenoon, there holding it without moving, than I bring the Index of the Moon to the point North, and then upon the circle containing the days of the moons age, I see the Moon is 8. days and about 18. hours old, when she is North at 7. of the clock in the forenoon.  
2. Q. When the Sun is East, and the Moon south-west, how old is the Moon?  
2. A. In this question the points of the Compass are only given for the finding of the moons age, therefore I set the Index of the Sun upon the point East, there holding him steady, than I put the Index of the Moon upon the point south-west, and there I see that moon is 18. days and 18 hours old, when the Sun is East, and the south-west.  
After this order by the variety of these few questions, you may frame unto yourself many other pleasant and necessary questions, which are very easily answered by this Instrument: and entering into the reasons of their answers, you may very readily by a little practice, be able by memory to answer all such questions with ease.   

How to know the times of your tides by this instrument.  
I. Q. When the Moon is 12. days old, I desire to know the time of full Sea at London.  
1. A. To answer this question, I first look through all the points of the Compass of my instrument I find where London is written, for when the Moon cometh upon that point of the Compass, it will then be full Sea at London: therefore I place the index of the Moon upon the same point, which I find to be south-west or north-east, there holding the index not to be moved, than I turn the index of the Sun until I bring the twelfth day of the moons age to the Index of the Moon, and then the index of the Sun showeth me that at 12. of the clock 36. minutes past, it is full Sea at London, the Moon being 12. days old.  
2. Q. The Moon being 21. days old, at what time is it full Sea at Dartmouth?  
2. A. I find upon my instrument, that Dartmouth is noted upon the points East and West, whereby I know that when the Moon is East or West it is always full Sea at Dartmouth: therefore I place the Index of the Moon upon the point East, and there holding it without moving, I turn the Index of the Sun until I bring the 21. day of the moons age unto the Index of the Moon, and then the Index of the Sun showeth me upon the Compass, that at 10. of the clock and 48. minutes past, it is full Sea at Dartmouth, when the Moon is 21. days old, and not only at Dartmouth, but my instrument showeth me that the same instant it is also full Sea at Exmouth, Weymouth, Plymouth, Mounts bay, at Lynne, and at Homber: and thus with great facility the time of flow and reflowings is most precisely known.  
And now that there may be a final end of the uses and effects of the Compass, it is convenient that I make known unto you, how many leagues▪, shall be sailed upon every particular point of the Compass, for the raising or laying of the degrees of latitude, and in the distance sailing how far you shall he separated from the Meridian from whence the said courses are begun, for as every point of the Compass hath his certain limited distance for the degrees of the Poles elevation, so they do likewise lead from longitude to longtitude, every point according to his rateable limits, which distances of leagues are without alteration, keeping one and the same proportion in every particular Horizon of any latitude, but the degrees of Longitude answerable to such distances, do differ in every altitude, according to the nature of of the perallell, as hereafter shallbe more plainly manifested. And now know, that in sailing North and South, you depart not from your Meridian, and in every 20. leagues sailing you raise a degree; Nor and by east raiseth a degree in sailing 20. leagues and one mile, and leadeth from the Meridian 4. leagues: Nor noreast raiseth a degree in saying 21. leagues and two miles, leadeth from the Meridian 8. leagues & one mile: Noreast by norht raiseth a degree in sailing 24. leagues, and leadeth from the Meridian 13. leagues and a mile: Noreast raiseth a degree in sailing 28. leagues and a mile, and leadeth from the Meridian 20. leagues: Noreast by east raiseth a degree in saling 36 leagues, and leadeth from the Meridian 30. leagues. East noreast raiseth a degree in sailing 52. leagues and mile, and leadeth from the meridian 48. leagues and 2 mile: East and by north raiseth a degree in sailing 102. leagues and a mile, and leadeth from the Meridian 100 leagues and 2, mile: East and West do not raise or lay the Pole, but keepeth still in the same perallell: the like allowance is to be given to every quarter of the Compass, as is laid down upon this North-east quarter.  
Leagues separated from the Meridian in raising a degree.   

Q. I perceive that degrees are to great purpose in Navigation, What is a degree?  
An. IT is most true, that degrees are of very great employment in Navigation, and a degree is the 360. part of a circle, how big or little so ever the the practices Gubernautick, so that there be degrees of longitude, degrees of latitude, degree of Azumuth, degrees of altitude, degrees applied to measure, and degrees applied to time.  
A degree of longitude is the 360. part of the Equinoctial.  
A degree of latitude is the 360. part of the Meridian.  
A degree of Azumuth is the 360. part of the vertical circle, or the 90. parts of the distance between the Zenith and the Horizon.  
Every degree applied to measure, doth contain 60. minutes, and every minute 60. seconds, and every second 60. thirds, etc., and every degree of a great circle so applied, containeth 20. leagues, which is 60. mile, so that every minute standeth for a mile in the account of measure, and a mile is limited to be 1000 paces, every pace 5. foot, every foot 12. inches, and every inch 3. barley corns dry and round, after our English account, which for the use of navigation is the only best of all other: so by these rates of measure you may prove that a degree is 20 leagues or 60. miles, a minute is a mile or 5000. feet, a second is 83 ⅔. feet, and a third is 16 ⅔. inches: and thus much of degrees and their parts applied to measure.  
Of degrees applied to time, there are 15. contained in every hour, so that every degree of time standeth in the accompe of time for 4. minutes, for an hour consisting of 60. minutes of time, hath for his fifteenth part 4. minutes, so that a degree being the fifteenth part of an hour, containeth 4. minutes of time, so that 15. degrees or 60. minutes make an hour, 24. hours make a natural day, and 365. days 6. hours, are contained in a year, and thus much as touching time, and degrees applied to time.   

What is the use degrees?  
The use degrees is to measure distances between place and place, to find altitudes, latitudes, and longtitudes, to describe countries, to distinguish courses, to find the variation of the Compass, to measure time, to find the places and motions of all celestical bodies, as the Sun, Moon, Planets and Stars: to conclude, by degrees have been performed all mathematical observations whatsoever, whose use is infinite.   

What is the Poles altitude, and how may it be known?  
ALtitude is the distance, height, or mounting of one thing above another, so that the altitude of the pole, is the distance, height, or mounting of the pole from the horizon, and is defined to be that portion of the meridian, which is contained between the Pole and the Horizon, which altitude or elevation is to be found either by the Sun, or by the fixed Stars, with the help of pour Cross staff, Duadrant, or astrolabe, but the cross is the only best instrument for the Sea man's use.  
And in the observation of this altitude there are 5. things especially to be regarded: the first is, that you know the meridional distance between your Zenith and the Sun of Starresa, which by your Cross staff or Astrolabye is given: the second, that the declinaiton be truly known at the time of pour observation. And the other three are, that you consider whether your Zenith be beweene the Equinoctial and the sun or Stars, or whether the Equinoctial be between your Zenith and them, or whether they be between your Zenith and the Equator, for there is a several order of working upon each of these three differences.  
Latitude you must also know, that so much as the Pole is above the Horizon, so much is the Zenith from the Equinoctial, and this distance between the Zenith and the Equator is called latitude or wideness. and is that portion of the Meridian which is included between your Zenith and the Equator, for it is general rule for ever, that so much as the Pole is above the Horizon, so much the Zenith is from the upon Equinoctial, so that in this sense altitude and latitude is all one thing, the one having relation to that part of the Meridian contained between the pole and the Horizon, and the other to that part of the Meridian which is contained between the Zenith and the Equinoctial.  
You must further understand, that between the Zenith the Horizon it is a quarter of a great circle, containing 90. degrees, so that knowing how much the sun or any Star is from the Horizon, if you take that distance from 90. the remainder is the distance between the said body and the Zenith: as for example, if the Sun be 40, degrees 37. minutes from the Horizon, I subtract 40. deg. 37. min. from 90. and there remaineth 49. deg. 23. min. which is the distance between my Zenith and the Sun, etc. Those instruments that begin the account of their degrees at the Zenith concluding 90. in the Horizon, are of most case for the finding of the latitude by the Sun or fixed Stars, because they give the distance between the Zenith and the body observed, without further trouble, and that is the number which you must have, and for which you do search in your observation: all which things considered, you must in this sort proceed for the finding of the Poles height or altitude.   

By the Sun or fixed Stars being between your Zenith and the Equinoctial the latitude is thus found, in what part of the world soever you be.  
FIrst place the Cross staff to your eye, in such good sort as that there may grow no error by the disorderly using thereof, for unless the Centre of your staff and the centre of your sight do join together in your observation, it will be erroneous whatsoever you conclude thereby: your staff so ordered, then move the transuersary upon your staff to and fro as occasion requireth, until at one & the same instant you may see by the upper edge of your transuersary half the body of the Sun or Stars, and that lower edge or end thereof do likewise touch the Horizon, at that place where it seemeth that the Sky and seas are joined, having especial regard in this your observation, that you hold the transuersary as directly upright as possibly you may, and you must begin this observation somewhat before the Sun or Stars be at South, and continue the same so long as you perceive that they rise: for when they are at the highest than are they upon the Meridian. and then you have the meridional altitude which you seek, at which time they will be due South from you, if your Compass be good and without variation, and then doth the transuersary them upon the staff the degrees and minutes that the said body in from your Zenith, if the degrees of your instrument be numbered from the Zenith toward the Horizon: or else it showeth the distance between the said body & the Horizon, if the degrees of your instrument be numbered from the Horizon, concluding 90. in the Zenith as commonly Cross staves are marked, which is not the easiest way: but if your staff be accounted from the Horizen, then subtract the degrees of your observation from 90. and the remainder showeth the distance between your Zenith and the Sun or stars, which is the number you must know: unto that number so known by your instrument, add the declination of the body by which you do observe, whether it he the Sun or any star, and that which cometh by the addition of those 2. numbers together, is the poles height, or the latitude of the place wherein you are: as for Example. In the year of our Lord 1593. the 3. day of March, the Sun being then between my Zenith and the Equinoctial, I observed the suns Meridional altitude from the Horizon to be 72. deg. and 20. min. but because I must know the distance of the Sun from my Zenith, I therefore subtract 72. deg. 20. min. from 90. deg. and there remaineth 17. deg. 40. min. the distance of the Sun from my zenith, to that distance I add the suns declination for that day, which by my Regiment I find to be ●. degrees of South declination, and it ameunteth unto 20. deg. 40. min. so much is the South pole above the Horizon, and so much is my Zenith south from the Equinoctial, because the Sun having South declination, and being between me and Equinoctial, therefore of necessity the Antarctic pole must be above my Horizon.  

89— 60— the distance between the Zenith and the Horizon.  
72— 20— the suns altitude.  
17— 40— the Suns dist. from the Zen.  
3— 00— suns declination.  
20— 40— Poles height.    

When the Equinoctial is between your Zenith and the Sun or Stars, the latitude is thus found in all places.  
BY your instrument as before is taught, you must seek the meridional distance of the Sun or Stars from your Zenith, which being known, subtract the declination of the Sun or Stars from the said distance, and the remaining number is the poles height or latitude which you seek: Example.  
The 20. of October 1593. I fitnde by my instrument that the Sun is 60 deg. 45. min. from the Zenith at noon, being then upon the Meridian, the Equator being then between my Zenith and the Sun, I also find by my Regiment that at that time the Sun had 13. deg. 47. min. of South declination, because the Equinoctial is between me and the Sun, therefore I subtract the Sun's declination from the observed distance, and there resteth 46 deg. 58. min. latitude desired, and because the Sun hath South declination, and the Equinoctial being between me and the Sun, therefore, I may conclude, that the pole artic is 46. deg. 58. min. above my Horizon, or that my Zenith is so much toward the North from the Equator.  

g m  
59— 15— the suns distance.  
13— 47— the declination.  
46— 58— the latitude.    

When your Zenith is between the Sun or Stars and the Equinoctial, the Latitude is thus found.  
BY your instrument as in the first example is showed, you must observe the Meridional distance of the Sun or Stars from your Zenith, you must also by your Regiment or other tables, search to know the declination of that body which you observe, then subtract the observed distance from pour Zenith out of the declination, and the remaining number is the latitude desired: Example, The Sun having 20. deg. of North declination, and being upon the Meridian is 5. deg. 9 min. from my Zenith, I therefore subtract 5. deg. 9 min. from 20. deg. and there resteth 14. deg. 51. min the latitude desired: and because the Sun hath North declination, my Zenith being between the Sun and the Equinoctial, therefore, I conclude that the North Pole is 14. deg. 51. min. above my Horizon.  

g m  
19— 60— the Sun's distance from my Zenith.  
5— 09— the declination.  
14— 51— the Poles height.    

How shall I know the true order of placing the Cross sffe to mine eye, to anoide error in my observation?  
TO find the true placing of the staff at your eye thereby to amend the parallar or false shadow of your sight, do thus: take a staff having two crosses, a long cross which endeth in 30. degrees, and a short cross which beginneth at 30. deg. where the long cross endeth, put the long cross upon his 30. deg. and there make him fast, than put the short cross like wise upon his 30. de. there fasten him without moving, then set the end of your stasse to your eye, moving it from place to place about your eye, until at one instant you may see the ends of both crosses, which when you find, remember that place and the standing of your body, for so must your staff be placed, and your body ordered in all your observations.  
  

Are these all the rules that appertain to the finding of the Poles height?  
THose that travel far towards the North under whose Horizon the Sun setteth not, shall some time have occasion to seek the latitude by the Sun when the Sun is North from them, the pole being then between the Sun and their Zenith. When such observations are made, you must by your instrument seek the Sun's height from the Horizon, subtract that height from his declination, and the remaining number showeth how far the Equinoctial is under the Horizon upon the point North, for so much is the opposite part of the Equator above the Horizon upon the point South, subtract that Meridional altitude of the Equinoctial from 90. and the remaining number is the poles height desired. Example.  
The Sun having 22. degrees of North declination, his altitude from the Horizon is observed to be 3. degrees 15. minutes, therefore substracting 3. deg. 15. min. from 22. degrees, there resteth 18. deg. 45. min. which is the distance of the Equinoctial from the Horizon, which being taken from 90. there resteth 71. deg 15. min, the poles elevation desired.  

g m  
22— 60— the Sun's declination.  
31— 15— the suns altitude.  
18— 45— the altitude of the equinoctial.  
gm———  
89— 60— the dist. between Zen. & Dori▪  
18— 45— altitude of the Equator.  
———  
71— 15— the altitude of the pole.   
But you must know that the declination found in your Regiment, is not the declination which in this case you must use: for the regiment showeth the Sun's declination upon the Meridian or South point, in the place for whose Meridian the same was calculated, and not otherwise: therefore it is necessary to know the Sun's declination at all times, and upon every point of the Compass: for I have been constrained in my Northwest voyages, being within the frozen zone, to search the latitude by the Sun, at such times as I could see the Sun, upon what point of the Compass soever, by reason of the great fogs and mists that those Northern parts are subject unto: and there is consideration also to be had upon every difference of longitude for the suns declination, as I have by my experience found at my being in the straits of Magilane, where I have found the sun's declination to differ from my regiment calculated for London, by so much as the Sun declineth in 5. hours, for so much is the difference between the meridian of London, and the Meridian of Cape froward, being in the midst of the said straits.   

How may this declination be found for all times, and upon all points of the Compass?  
FIrst consider whether the Sun be coming towards the Equinoctial, or going from him, that being known, consider the time wherein you seek the declination, then look for the suns declination in your regiment for that day, and also look his declination for the next day, subtract the lesser out of the greater, and the remainder is the whole declination which the Sun declineth in 24. hours, or in his moving throughu all the points of the Compass, for which number you may by the rule of proportion find his declination upon every point of the compass, as for every hour of the day, as by these examples may appear. Example, In the year 1593. the 20. of March, I desire to know the Sun's declination when he is upon the North part of the Meridian of London, I seek the Sun's declination for that day, and find it to be 3. deg. 41. min. the Sun then going from the Equator, I also search his declination for the next day being the 21. of March, and find it to be 4 de. 3. min I then subtract 3. deg. 41. min. from 4. de. 3. min. and there resteth 22 min. so much the Sun doth decline 24. hours, or in going through all the points of the Compass. Then I say by the rule of proportion, if 24. hours give 22. min of declination, what will 12. hours give, etc. I multiply and divide, and find it to be 11. min. the Sun's declination in 12. hours motion to be added to the declination of the 20. day, being the Suns going from the Equator, or for the points of the Compass I may say, if 32. points give 22. min. of declination, what will 16. points give, which is the distance between South and North: I multiply and divide as the rule of proportion requireth, and find that 16. points give 11. min. the Sun's declination, in moving through 16, points of the Compass, which is to be added to the declinanation of the 20. day, because the Sun goeth from the equator, so I conclude the declination to be 3. deg. 52. min. the Sun being North the 20. of March.  

ho. m. ho.  
24— 22— 12— 11  
12  
—  
44  
22  
—  
264  
  

ho. m. po. m.  
32— 22— 16— 11  
16  
—  
132  
22  
—  
352  
  
Being West from the Meridian of London 19 degrees of longitude, I desire to know the Sun's declination when the Sun is upon the Meridian the 20. of March 1593. I must here consider that 90. deg. of longtitude make 6. hours of time, for every hour containeth 15, deg. whereby I know that when the Sun is South at London he is but East from me, for when it is 12 of the clock at London, it is but 6. of the clock in the morning with me, and when it is 12. of the clock with me, it is then 6. of the clock in the after noon at London: therefore I must seek for the declination of the Sun at 6. of the clock in the afternoon, and that is the meridional declination which I must use, being 90. deg. West from London, which to do, the last example doth sufficiently teach you, whereby you may easily gather the perfect notice of whatsoever is requisite in any of these kind of observations, if you read with the eye of reason, and labour to understand with judgement that which you read.  
There is another way most excellent for the finding of the Sun's declination at all times, that is to search by the Ephemerideses the suns true place in the Ecliptic for any time proposed whatsoever, and then by the tables of Sinus the declination is thus known. Multiply the Sinus of the Sun's longtitude from the Equinoctial points of Aries or Libra, to which soever he is nearest, by the Sinus of the Sun's greatest declination, and divide the product by the whole Sinus, and the ark of the quotient is the declination dlsircls but because Seamen are not acquainted with such calculations, I therefore omit to speak further thereof, sith this plain way before taught is sufficient for their purpose.  
A necessary Instrument for the better understanding of such things as are required to the finding of the Poles Elevation.   

The use of this Instrument.  
BY this instrument you may sufficiently understand, the reasons of whatsoever is before spoken for the finding of the Poles elevation, or the latitude of your being: into the consideration whereof, because the young practiser may the better enter, I think it not amiss by a few examples to express the necessary use thereof.  
1. Q. The Sun having 7. degrees of North declination, and the pole artic being 45. degrees above the Horizon, I demand what will be the suns meridional distance from my Zenith:  
1. A. First I turn the Horizon until I bring the North Pole to be 45. degrees above the same, there holding the Horizon not to be moved, I then bring the thnd that is fastened to the Centre of the instrument, 7. degrees from the Equinoctial towards the North, because the Sun hath so much North declination, and the third doth show me upon the vertical circle, that the sun is 38. degrees from my Zenith.  
2. Q. The pole artic being 50 deg. above the Horizon, and the Sun's distance 30. deg. from the Zenith, I demand what is the Sun's declination?  
2. A. As in the first question I place the North pole 50. degrees above the Horizon, there holding the Horizon not to be moved, than I bring the third to the 30. degree upon the vertical circle, because the Sun is 30. Degrees from my Zenith, and then the third showeth upon the Meridian between the tropic of Cancer and the Equinoctial, that the Sun hath 20 degrees of North declination.  
3. Q. The Sun having 10. deg. of South declination, being upon the Meridian, is 53. deg. from my Zenith, I demand what is the poles height:  
3. A. In the first question the Poles height and the suns declination are given, fore finding of the suns meridional distance from the Zenith. In the second the Poles height is given, and the suns meridional distance from the Zenith, thereby to find the suns declination. And in this question the suns declination and meridional distance is given, for the finding of the Poles height. I therefore bring the third fastened in the centre of the instrument 10. degrees South from the Equator, between the Equinoctial and the tropic of Capricorn, there holding the third not to be moved, I then turn the Horizon until I bring the 53, degree of the vertical circle under the third, and then the Horizon showeth me, that the North pole is 43. degrees above the same.  
4. Q. The Sunhaving 12. degrees of south declination, and being upon the Meridian South from me, is 30. degrees above the Horizon, I demand how far the Sun is from my zenith, how much the Equinoctial is above the Horizon, and what is the Poles height?  
4. A. First I bring the third to the place of the suns declination as before, there holding it not to be moved, than I turn the Horizon until I bring it to be 30 deg. under the third, and then the third showeth me that the Sun is 60. deg. from my zenith, and the Horizon showeth that the Equinoctial is 42 deg. above the same, and that the North pole is also elevated 48. deg. above the horizon. Although these questions are so very easy and plain, as that they may readily be answered by memory, yet because the reasons how they are answered may the better appear, is the cause wherefore they are demanded and in this sort answered, only for the benefit of such as are not altogether expert in these practices, that thereby they might like wise frame unto themselves questions of other variety, and so gather thereby the more sufficient judgement in this part of Navigation.   

What is the Zenith?  
THe Zenith is that prick or point in the heavens which is directly over your head, from whence a line falling perpendicularly, will touch the place of your being, and so pass by the centre of the sphere, and this line may be called the Axis of the Horizon, and the Zenith the Pole of the same being 90. deg.   

The use of the Regiment.  
FOrasmuch as the Poles height cannot be observed by the Sun, unless the Sun's true declination be known, I have therefore carefully calculated these Tables or Regiment, out of Stadius Ephimerides, for the years 1593. 94. 95. and 1596. which will serve until the year 1612. without further correction: and because there may grow no error by mistaking the years, I have over every month written the year of the Lord, in which the declination of the same month is to be used, therefore when in any year and month you seek the suns declination, first look for the month, and there you shall find 4 of those months, which are the months between the Leap years, then look over each of those months, until you find the year of the Lord wherein you seek the declination, and directly under that year is the month wherein you must seek the Sun's declination. Example, 1595. the tenth day of February I would know the Sun's declination, first I seek out February, and over the third month I see the year 1595. therefore that is my month, against the tenth day of which month I find that the sun hath 11. degrees 10 minutes of south declination, and after the like manner you must do in all the rest as occasion requireth.  

january.  First. Second. Third. Fourth. 1 2 3 4 1593. 1594 1595 1596 Year of the Lord 1597 1598. 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. 1 21 50 1 21 52 1 22 56 1 21 57 2 21 40 2 21 43 2 22 9 2 21 48 3 21 30 3 21 33 3 21 36 3 21 38 4 21 20 4 21 23 4 21 26 4 21 28 5 21 9 5 21 16 5 21 15 5 21 17 6 20 58 6 21 1 6 21 4 6 21 7 7 20 47 7 20 50 7 20 53 7 20 55 8 20 35 8 20 38 8 20 41 8 20 44 9 20 22 9 20 26 9 20 29 9 20 32 10 20 9 10 20 1● 10 20 16 10 20 20 11 19 56 11 20 0 11 20 3 11 20 6 12 19 43 12 19 47 12 19 50 12 19 53 13 19 29 13 19 33 13 19 36 13 19 39 14 19 14 14 19 19 14 19 22 14 19 25 15 19 0 15 19 4 15 19 8 15 19 11 16 18 45 16 18 49 16 18 53 16 18 56 17 18 29 17 18 34 17 18 38 17 18 41 18 18 14 18 18 19 18 18 22 18 18 26 19 17 58 19 18 3 19 18 7 19 18 11 20 17 42 20 17 46 20 17 50 20 17 54 21 17 25 21 17 30 21 17 34 21 17 38 22 17 8 22 17 13 22 17 17 22 17 21 23 16 51 23 16 56 23 17 0 23 17 4 24 16 32 24 16 38 24 16 43 24 16 47 25 16 16 25 16 21 25 16 25 25 16 29 26 15 57 26 16 3 26 16 7 26 16 12 27 15 39 27 15 45 27 15 49 27 15 54 28 15 21 28 15 26 28 15 30 28 15 35 29 15 2 29 15 7 29 15 12 29 15 23 30 14 43 30 14 48 30 14 53 30 14 58 31 14 24 31 14 29 31 14 34 31 14 39  

February.  First. Second. Third. Fourth. 1 2 3 4 1593. 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598. 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. 1 14 4 1 14 9 1 14 14 1 14 19 2 13 44 2 13 50 2 13 54 2 14 0 3 13 24 3 13 29 3 1● 35 3 13 40 4 13 4 4 13 9 4 13 15 4 13 20 5 12 44 5 12 49 5 12 54 5 13 0 6 12 23 6 12 28 6 12 34 6 12 39 7 12 2 7 12 7 7 12 13 7 12 18 8 11 41 8 11 46 8 11 52 8 11 58 9 11 20 9 11 25 9 11 31 9 11 37 10 10 58 10 11 4 10 11 10 10 11 15 11 10 37 11 10 43 11 10 48 11 10 54 12 10 15 12 10 21 12 10 26 12 10 33 13 9 53 13 9 59 13 10 5 13 10 11 14 9 31 14 9 37 14 9 43 14 9 49 15 9 9 15 9 15 15 9 21 15 9 27 16 8 47 16 8 53 16 8 59 16 9 5 17 8 25 17 8 30 17 8 36 17 8 43 18 8 2 18 8 7 18 8 13 18 8 20 19 7 36 19 7 45 19 7 51 19 7 58 20 7 16 20 7 22 20 7 28 20 7 35 21 6 53 21 6 59 21 7 5 21 7 12 22 6 30 22 6 36 22 6 42 22 6 49 23 6 7 23 6 13 23 6 19 23 6 26 24 5 44 24 5 50 24 5 56 24 6 4 25 5 21 25 5 27 25 5 32 25 5 40 26 4 58 26 5 3 26 5 9 26 5 17 27 4 34 27 4 40 27 4 46 27 4 54 28 4 10 28 4 17 28 4 22 28 4 30    29 4 7  

March.  First, Second. Third. Fourth. 1 2 3 4 1593. 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598. 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. 1 3 47 1 3 53 1 3 59 1 3 43 2 3 24 2 3 29 2 3 35 2 3 19 3 3 0 3 3 6 3 3 12 3 2 56 4 2 36 4 2 42 4 2 48 4 2 32 5 2 13 5 2 18 5 2 25 5 2 9 6 1 49 6 1 55 6 2 1 6 1 45 7 1 25 7 1 31 7 1 37 7 1 22 8 1 2 8 1 11 8 1 14 8 0 59 9 0 39 9 0 47 9 0 50 9 0 34 10 0 15 10 0 ●0 10 0 26 10 0 11 11 0 8 11 0 3 11 0 3 11 0 12 12 0 32 12 0 27 12 0 21 12 0 36 13 0 56 13 0 51 13 0 44 13 0 59 14 1 19 14 1 14 14 1 8 14 1 23 15 1 43 15 1 37 15 1 31 15 1 46 16 2 6 16 2 1 16 1 55 16 2 10 17 2 30 17 2 24 17 2 18 17 2 33 18 2 54 18 2 48 18 2 41 18 2 56 19 3 17 19 3 11 19 3 5 19 3 20 20 3 41 20 3 34 20 3 28 20 3 4● 21 4 3 21 3 57 21 3 ●● 21 4 6 22 4 27 22 4 21 22 4 ●● 22 4 29 23 4 50 23 4 44 23 4 38 23 4 52 24 5 13 24 5 7 24 5 1 24 5 15 25 5 36 25 5 30 25 5 24 25 5 38 26 5 59 26 5 52 26 5 47 26 6 1 27 6 21 27 6 15 27 6 10 27 6 23 28 6 44 28 6 38 28 6 32 28 6 46 29 7 6 29 7 1 29 6 55 29 7 8 30 7 29 30 7 23 30 7 18 30 7 30 31 7 51 31 7 46 31 7 40 31 7 52  

April.  First. Second. Third. Fourth. 1 2 3 4 1593. 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598. 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. 1 8 13 1 8 8 1 8 10 1 8 15 2 8 35 2 8 30 2 8 25 2 8 37 3 8 57 3 8 52 3 8 47 3 8 58 4 9 19 4 9 14 4 9 9 4 9 19 5 9 41 5 9 36 5 9 30 5 9 41 6 10 2 6 9 57 6 9 52 6 10 2 7 10 23 7 10 18 7 10 13 7 10 23 8 10 44 8 10 40 8 10 34 8 10 44 9 11 5 9 11 1 9 10 55 9 11 5 10 11 25 10 11 21 10 11 16 10 11 25 11 11 45 11 11 42 11 11 36 11 11 46 12 12 6 12 12 2 12 11 56 12 12 6 13 12 26 13 12 22 13 12 16 13 12 26 14 12 46 14 12 45 14 12 36 14 12 46 15 13 6 15 13 3 15 12 56 15 13 5 16 13 25 16 13 23 16 13 16 16 13 25 17 13 44 17 13 42 17 13 35 17 13 44 18 14 4 18 14 1 18 13 55 18 14 3 19 14 22 19 14 20 19 14 14 19 14 22 20 14 41 20 14 38 20 14 32 20 14 40 21 14 59 21 14 58 21 14 51 21 14 59 22 15 17 22 15 15 22 15 9 22 15 17 23 15 35 23 15 33 23 15 27 23 15 35 24 15 53 24 15 50 24 15 45 24 15 52 25 16 10 25 16 8 25 16 2 25 16 9 26 16 27 26 16 25 26 26 19 26 16 27 27 16 44 27 16 42 27 16 36 27 16 4● 28 17 1 28 16 58 28 16 53 28 17 0 29 17 17 29 17 14 29 17 9 29 17 16 30 17 33 30 17 30 30 17 26 30 17 32  

May.  First. Second. Third. Fourth. 1 2 3 4 1593. 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598. 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. 1 17 49 1 17 45 1 17 41 1 17 48 2 17 57 2 18 1 2 17 57 2 18 3 3 18 12 3 18 16 3 18 12 3 18 18 4 18 27 4 18 31 4 18 27 4 18 33 5 18 41 5 18 45 5 18 45 5 18 48 6 18 56 6 19 0 6 18 56 6 19 2 7 19 9 7 19 13 7 19 10 7 19 16 8 19 23 8 19 27 8 19 23 8 19 29 9 19 36 9 19 40 9 19 38 9 19 42 10 19 49 10 19 53 10 19 50 10 19 56 11 20 2 11 20 6 11 20 3 11 20 8 12 20 14 12 20 17 12 20 15 12 20 20 13 20 26 13 20 30 13 20 27 13 20 32 14 20 38 14 20 41 14 20 39 14 20 43 15 20 49 15 20 53 15 20 50 15 20 54 16 21 0 16 21 4 16 21 1 16 21 5 17 21 10 17 21 14 16 21 11 17 21 16 18 21 20 18 21 24 18 21 22 18 21 26 19 21 30 19 21 34 19 21 2 19 21 35 20 21 59 20 21 43 20 21 41 20 21 45 21 21 49 21 21 ●2 21 21 50 21 21 54 22 21 ●7 22 22 0 22 21 ●9 22 22 2 23 22 6 23 22 8 23 22 7 23 22 10 24 22 14 24 22 16 24 22 15 24 22 18 25 22 21 25 22 24 25 22 22 25 22 25 26 22 28 26 22 21 26 22 0 26 22 3● 27 22 35 27 22 ●7 27 22 36 27 22 ●9 28 22 41 28 22 4● 28 22 ●2 28 22 45 29 22 4● 29 22 49 29 22 ●8 29 22 ●● 30 22 52 30 22 54 30 22 53 30 22 ●6 31 22 57 31 23 0 31 22 ●● 31 23 1  

june  First. Second. Third. Fourth. 1 2 3 4 1593. 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598. 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. 1 2● ● 1 23 4 1 23 3 1 23 6 2 23 9 2 23 8 2 23 7 2 23 10 3 23 13 3 23 12 3 23 11 3 23 13 4 23 16 4 23 16 4 23 15 4 23 17 5 23 19 5 23 19 5 23 18 5 23 20 6 23 22 6 23 21 6 23 21 6 23 22 7 23 24 7 23 23 7 23 23 7 23 24 8 23 26 8 23 25 8 23 25 8 23 26 9 23 27 9 23 26 9 23 26 9 23 27 10 23 28 10 23 27 10 23 27 10 23 28 11 23 28 11 23 28 11 23 28 11 23 28 12 23 28 12 23 28 12 23 28 12 23 28 13 23 28 13 23 28 13 23 28 13 23 28 14 23 27 14 23 27 14 23 27 14 23 26 15 23 26 15 23 26 15 23 26 15 23 25 16 23 24 16 23 25 16 23 25 16 23 23 17 23 22 17 23 23 17 23 23 17 23 21 18 23 19 18 23 20 18 23 21 18 23 18 19 23 16 19 23 17 19 23 18 19 23 15 20 23 13 20 23 14 20 23 15 20 23 12 21 23 9 21 23 10 21 23 11 21 23 8 22 23 5 22 23 6 22 23 7 22 23 4 23 23 1 23 23 2 23 23 4 23 22 ● 24 22 56 24 22 57 24 22 58 24 22 54 25 22 51 25 22 52 25 22 ●3 25 22 49 26 22 45 26 22 46 26 22 48 26 22 43 27 22 38 27 22 40 27 22 41 27 22 3● 28 22 32 28 22 34 28 22 35 28 22 30 29 22 25 29 22 27 29 22 26 29 22 23 30 22 18 30 22 20 30 22 21 30 22 15  

july.  First. Second. Third. Fourth. 1 2 3 4 1593. 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598. 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. 1 22 10 1 22 12 1 22 21 1 22 12 2 22 2 2 22 4 2 22 6 2 22 4 3 21 54 3 21 56 3 21 58 3 21 56 4 21 45 4 21 47 4 21 49 4 21 47 5 21 35 5 21 38 5 21 40 5 21 38 6 21 26 6 21 28 6 21 ●● 6 21 28 7 21 16 7 21 19 7 21 21 7 21 19 8 21 6 8 21 6 8 21 11 8 21 2 9 20 55 9 20 58 9 21 0 9 20 52 10 20 44 10 20 47 10 20 49 10 20 40 11 20 33 11 20 36 11 20 38 11 20 29 12 20 21 12 20 24 12 20 26 12 20 17 13 20 9 13 20 12 13 20 14 ●3 20 5 14 19 57 14 20 0 14 20 6 14 19 52 15 19 44 15 19 47 15 19 49 15 19 4 16 19 31 16 19 34 16 19 36 16 19 27 17 19 17 17 19 20 17 19 23 17 19 13 18 19 4 18 19 7 18 19 10 18 18 59 19 18 42 19 18 53 19 18 56 19 18 45 20 18 35 20 18 38 20 18 43 20 18 31 21 18 21 21 18 24 21 18 28 21 18 16 22 18 6 22 18 9 22 18 13 22 18 1 23 17 51 23 17 54 23 17 58 23 17 47 24 17 35 24 17 38 24 17 42 24 17 30 25 17 19 25 17 23 25 17 26 25 17 14 26 17 3 26 17 6 26 17 11 26 16 58 27 16 47 27 16 50 27 16 55 27 16 42 28 16 30 28 16 33 28 16 38 28 16 25 29 16 13 29 16 17 29 16 21 29 16 8 30 15 56 30 16 0 30 16 4 30 15 51 31 15 39 31 15 42 31 15 47 31 15 33  

August.  First. Second. Third. Fourth. 1 2 3 4 1593. 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598. 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. 1 15 21 1 15 25 1 15 30 1 15 15 2 15 3 2 15 7 2 15 12 2 14 57 3 14 45 3 14 49 3 14 54 3 14 39 4 14 27 4 14 31 4 14 36 4 14 20 5 14 8 5 14 12 5 14 18 5 14 2 6 13 49 6 13 53 6 13 59 6 13 43 7 13 ●0 7 13 34 7 13 40 7 13 24 8 13 9 8 13 15 8 13 2 8 13 5 9 12 51 9 12 56 9 13 2 9 12 4● 10 12 31 10 12 36 10 12 42 10 12 25 11 12 12 11 12 16 11 12 23 11 12 5 12 11 52 12 11 56 12 12 ● 12 11 41 13 11 32 13 11 36 13 11 42 13 11 25 14 11 11 14 11 16 14 11 22 14 11 4 15 10 51 15 10 59 15 11 2 15 10 44 16 10 ●0 16 10 35 16 10 41 16 10 23 17 10 9 17 10 14 17 10 20 17 10 2 18 9 48 18 9 53 18 9 59 18 9 41 19 9 27 19 9 31 19 9 39 19 9 19 20 9 5 20 9 10 20 9 16 20 8 58 21 8 44 21 8 49 21 8 55 21 8 35 22 8 22 22 8 27 22 8 33 22 8 15 23 8 0 23 8 ● 23 8 11 23 7 53 24 7 38 24 7 43 24 7 50 24 7 31 25 7 16 25 7 21 25 7 28 25 7 9 26 6 53 26 6 ●9 26 7 5 26 6 47 27 6 31 2● 6 36 27 6 43 27 6 25 2● 6 9 28 6 14 28 6 20 28 6 1 29 5 46 29 5 51 29 5 57 29 5 39 30 5 23 30 5 29 30 5 31 30 5 16 31 5 0 31 5 6 31 5 12 31 4 53  

September.  First. Second. Third. Fourth. 1 2 3 4 1593. 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598. 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. 1 4 38 1 4 42 1 4 49 1 4 43 2 4 14 2 4 20 2 4 26 2 4 20 3 3 51 3 3 56 3 4 3 3 3 57 4 3 28 4 3 33 4 3 39 4 3 34 5 3 5 5 3 10 5 3 16 5 3 12 6 2 37 6 2 47 6 2 53 6 2 47 7 2 18 7 2 23 7 2 29 7 2 24 8 1 55 8 2 0 8 2 6 8 2 1 9 1 31 9 1 37 9 1 43 9 1 37 10 1 8 10 1 13 10 1 19 10 1 14 11 0 45 11 ● 49 11 0 56 11 0 51 12 0 21 12 0 ●6 12 0 32 12 0 27 13 0 2 13 0 3● 13 0 9 13 0 3 14 0 25 14 0 21 14 0 15 14 0 20 15 0 48 15 0 44 15 0 38 15 0 43 16 1 12 16 1 8 16 1 2 16 1 7 17 1 35 17 1 31 17 1 25 17 1 30 18 1 58 18 1 55 18 1 48 18 1 54 19 2 22 19 2 18 19 2 12 19 2 17 20 2 45 20 2 45 20 2 35 20 2 41 21 3 9 21 3 5 21 2 59 21 3 4 22 3 32 22 3 28 22 3 22 22 3 27 23 3 55 23 3 51 23 3 45 23 3 50 24 4 18 24 4 15 24 4 9 24 4 14 25 4 41 25 4 38 25 4 32 25 4 37 26 5 4 26 5 1 26 4 55 26 5 0 27 5 27 27 5 23 27 5 18 27 5 23 28 5 51 28 5 46 28 5 41 28 5 46 29 6 14 29 6 9 29 6 4 29 6 8 30 6 36 30 6 32 30 6 26 30 6 31  

October.  First. Second. Third. Fourth. 1 2 3 4 1593. 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598. 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. 1 7 0 1 6 54 1 6 48 1 6 53 2 7 22 2 7 17 2 7 11 2 7 16 3 7 44 3 7 39 3 7 33 3 7 38 4 8 7 4 8 1 4 7 55 4 8 1 5 8 29 5 8 24 5 8 18 5 8 23 6 8 51 6 8 46 6 8 40 6 8 45 7 9 13 7 9 8 7 9 2 7 9 7 8 9 36 8 9 30 8 9 24 8 9 30 9 9 58 9 9 52 9 9 42 9 9 52 10 10 19 10 10 13 10 10 8 10 10 13 11 10 41 11 10 35 11 10 39 11 10 35 12 11 2 12 11 0 12 10 51 12 10 56 13 11 23 13 11 18 13 11 12 13 11 17 14 11 45 14 11 39 14 11 33 14 11 39 15 12 5 15 12 0 15 11 54 15 11 59 16 12 26 16 12 21 16 12 15 16 12 20 17 12 47 17 12 41 17 12 36 17 12 41 18 13 7 18 13 1 18 12 56 18 13 1 19 13 27 19 13 22 19 13 17 19 13 21 20 13 47 20 13 41 20 13 36 20 13 41 21 14 6 21 14 1 21 13 56 21 14 1 22 14 26 22 14 21 22 14 16 22 14 17 23 14 45 23 14 40 23 14 ●5 23 14 39 24 15 4 24 14 59 24 14 54 24 14 58 25 15 23 25 15 17 25 15 13 25 15 17 26 15 41 26 15 36 26 15 31 26 15 35 27 15 59 27 15 54 27 15 50 27 15 54 28 16 17 28 16 12 28 16 8 28 16 12 29 16 35 29 16 30 29 16 25 29 16 29 30 16 52 30 16 47 30 16 43 30 16 47 31 17 9 31 17 4 31 17 0 31 17 4  

November.  First. Second. Third. Fourth. 1 2 3 4 1593. 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598. 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M▪ 1 17 26 1 17 21 1 17 17 1 17 36 2 17 42 2 17 38 2 17 33 2 17 53 3 17 58 3 17 54 3 17 49 3 18 9 4 18 14 4 18 9 4 18 6 4 18 25 5 18 29 5 18 25 5 18 22 5 18 41 6 18 44 6 18 40 6 18 37 6 18 55 7 18 59 7 18 55 7 18 52 7 19 10 8 19 14 8 19 10 8 19 6 8 19 24 9 19 26 9 19 24 9 19 21 9 19 38 10 19 42 10 19 36 10 19 35 10 19 52 11 19 45 11 19 52 11 19 48 11 20 5 12 20 8 12 20 5 12 20 7 12 20 18 13 20 21 13 20 18 13 20 14 13 20 30 14 20 34 14 20 30 14 20 27 14 20 43 15 20 46 15 20 42 15 20 39 15 20 54 16 20 57 16 20 54 16 20 51 16 21 6 17 21 8 17 21 5 17 21 3 17 21 17 18 21 19 18 21 16 18 21 14 18 21 27 19 21 29 19 21 27 19 21 24 19 21 37 20 21 39 20 21 37 20 21 35 20 21 47 21 21 49 21 21 47 21 21 44 21 21 56 22 21 58 22 21 56 22 21 54 22 22 5 23 22 7 23 22 5 23 22 3 23 22 14 24 22 15 24 22 21 24 22 11 24 22 21 25 22 23 25 22 14 25 22 19 25 22 29 26 22 31 26 22 29 26 22 27 26 22 36 27 22 38 27 22 37 27 22 34 27 22 43 28 22 44 28 22 43 28 22 41 28 22 49 29 22 50 29 22 49 29 22 47 29 22 55 30 22 56 30 22 54 30 22 53 30 23 0  

December.  First. Second. Third. Fourth. 1 2 3 4 1593. 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598. 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. 1 23 1 1 23 0 1 22 58 1 23 5 2 23 6 2 23 5 2 23 4 2 23 10 3 23 10 3 23 9 3 23 8 3 23 14 4 23 14 4 23 13 4 23 12 4 23 17 5 23 17 5 23 17 5 23 16 5 23 20 6 23 20 6 23 20 6 23 9 6 23 22 7 23 23 7 23 22 7 23 22 7 23 25 8 23 25 8 23 25 8 23 24 8 23 26 9 23 26 9 23 26 9 23 26 9 23 27 10 23 27 10 23 27 10 23 27 10 23 28 11 23 28 11 23 28 11 23 28 11 23 28 12 23 28 12 23 28 12 23 28 12 23 28 13 23 28 13 23 28 13 23 28 13 23 27 14 23 27 14 23 27 14 23 27 14 23 26 15 23 26 15 23 26 15 23 26 15 23 24 16 23 24 16 23 24 16 23 25 16 23 21 17 23 21 17 23 22 17 23 23 17 23 18 18 23 19 18 23 20 18 23 20 18 23 15 19 23 16 19 23 17 19 23 17 19 23 12 20 23 12 20 23 13 20 23 14 20 23 8 21 23 8 21 23 7 21 23 10 21 23 6 22 23 ● 22 23 4 22 23 5 22 22 57 23 22 58 23 22 59 23 23 1 23 22 52 24 22 52 24 22 54 24 22 56 24 22 46 25 22 47 25 22 48 25 22 50 25 22 40 26 22 40 26 22 42 26 22 43 26 22 33 27 22 36 27 22 35 27 22 37 27 22 25 28 22 30 28 22 28 28 22 30 28 22 18 29 22 22 29 22 20 29 22 22 29 22 9 30 22 14 30 22 12 30 22 14 30 22 0 31 22 6 31 22 4 31 22 6 31 21 52   

What is the Sea Chartley?  
THe Sea Chart is a special instrument for the Seaman's use, whereby the hydrographical description of the Ocean Seas, with the answerable geographical limits of the earth, are supposed to be in such sort given, as that the longitudes and latitudes of all places, with the true distance and course between place and place might thereby be truly known. But because there is no proportionable agreement between a Globus superficies and a plain superficies, therefore a Chart doth not express that certainty of the premises which is thereby pretended to be given, for things are best described upon bodies agreeable to their own form. And whereas in the true nature of the Sphere there can be no perallelles described but the East and West courses only, the rest of the courses being concurued lines, ascendent toward the Poles, the Meridian's all concurring and joining together in the Poles, notwithstanding in the Sea Chartley all those courses are described as perallells, without any diversity, alteration, or distinction to the contrary, whereby the instrument is apparently faulty: yet it cannot be denied but Charts for short courses are to very good purpose for the Pilots use, and in long courses, be the distance never so far, if the Pilot return by the same course, whereby in the first he prosecuted his voyage, his Chart will be without error, as an instrument of very great commodity: but if he return by any other way, then by that which he went forth, the imperfections of the Chart will then appear to be very great, especially if the voyage be long, or that the same be in the North parts of the world, the farther towards the North, the more imperfect: therefore there is no instrument answerable to the Globe or peradoxall Chart, for all courses and climates whatsoever, by whom all desired truth is most plentifully manifested, as shall hereafter at large be declared: but for the costing of any shore or country, or for short voyages, there is no instrument more convenient for the Seaman's use, than the well described Sea Chart.   

What is the use of the sea Chartley?  
BY the directions of the sea chart, the skilful Pilot convaieth his ship from place to place, by such courses as by the chart are made known unto him, together with the help of his Compass or Cross staff as before is showed, for the Cross staff, the Compass and Chart, are so necessarily joined together, as that the one may not well be without the other, in the execution of the practices of Navigation: for as the Chart showeth the courses, so doth the compass direct the same, and the Cross staff by every perticutar observed latitude doth confirm the truth of such caurses, and also giveth the certain distance that the Ship hath sailed upon the same.  
And in the use or understanding of the Sea Chartley there are five things chiefly to be regarded.  
The first is, that the Countries or geography of the Chart be known, with every Cape, Promontery, Port, Haven, Bay, Sands, Rocks, and dangers therein contained.  
Secondly, that the lines drawn upon the Chart, with their several properties be likewise understood.  
Thirdly, that the latitudes of such places as are within the Chart be also known, as by the Chart they are expressed.  
Fourthly, that you be able to measure the distances between place and place upon the Chart.  
And fifthly, the Seaman must be able by his Chart to know the true courses between any les, contenents, or Capes whatsoever, for by these five diversities, the Chart is to be used in the skill of Navigation.   

How is the latitude of places known by the Chart?  
THe latitude is thus found by the Chart, upon the place whose latitude you desire to know, set one foot of your compasses, then stretch the other foot to the next East and West line (for that line is your director) keeping that foot still upon the same line, move your hand and Compasses East or West as occasion requireth, until you bring the Compasses to the graduated Meridian, and there that foot of the Compasses which stood upon the place whose latitude you would know, doth show the latitude of the same place.   

How is the course between place and place known?  
WHen there are two places assigned, the course between which you desire to know, set one foot of your Compasses upon one of the places, then by discretion consider the lines that lead toward the other place, stretching the other foot of the Compasses to one of those lines, and to that part of the line which is nearest to you, keeping that foot still upon the same line, move your hand and Compasses toward the other place, and see whether the other foot of the Compasses that stood upon the first place, do by this direction touch the second place, which if it do, than that line whereupon you kept the one foot of your Compasses, is the course between those places: but if it touch not the place, you must by discretion search until you find a line, whereupon keeping the one foot of the Compasses, will lead the other foot directly from the one place to the other, for that is the course between those two places.   

How is the distance of places found upon the Chart?  
IF the places be not far asunder, stretch a pair of Compasses between them, setting the one foot of the compasses upon one of the places, and the other upon the other place, than not altering the compasses, set them upon the graduated Meridian of your Chart, and allowing 20. leagues for every degree that is contained between the 2. feet of your Compasses, the distance desired is thereby known: if between the places there be 5. degrees, than they are 100 leagues asunder, etc. But if the distance between the places be so great, as that the compasses cannot reach between them, then take out 5. degrees with your compasses which is 100 leagues, and therewith you may measure the distance as practise will teach you. There is also in every Chart a scale of leagues laid down, whereby you may measure distances, as commonly is used.   

How doth the Pilot order these matters, thereby to conduct his Ship from place to place?  
THe Pilot in the execution of this part of Navigation, doth with careful regard consider three especial things, whereupon the full practices are grounded.  

1 Of which the first is, the good observation of his latitude which how it may be known is before sufficiently expressed.  
2 The second is a careful regard unto his steredge, with very diligent examination of the truth of his Compass, that it be without variation or other impediments.  
3 And the third is a careful consideration of the number of leagues that the Ship saileth in every hour or watch, to the nearest estimation that possibly he can give, for any two of these three practices being truly given, the third is thereby likewise known.   
As by the Corpse and height the distance is manifested, by the distance and Corpse the height is known: by the height and distance the Corpse is given, of which 3. things the Pilot hath only his height in certainty: the corpse is somewhat doubtful, and the distance is but barely supposed, notwithstanding from his altitude and corpse he concludeth the truth of his practice, proceeding in this sort.  
First he considereth in what latitude the place standeth from whence he shapeth his Corpse, which for an example shallbe the Lyzart standing in 50. degrees of septentrional latitude, then directing his corpse S. w. saileth 3. or 4. days or longer in such thick weather, as that he is not able to make any obseraution of the Poles altitude, in which time he omitteth not to keep an account how many leagues the ship hath sailed upon that corpse as near as he can guess, which number of leagues in this example shallbe 100 according to his iwgement: then having convenient weather, he observeth in what latititude he is, and findeth himself to be in 47. degrees, now with his compasses he taketh the distance of 100 leagues, which is the quantity of the Ships run by his supposition, and then setting one foot of the compasses upon the Lizart, which is the place from whence he began his corpse, and directly S. W. from the same he setteth the other point of the compasses, by the direction of another pair of compasses, in such source as corpses are found, and there he maketh a prick for the place of his ships being, according to his reckoning and Corpse.  
And now searching whether it do agree with his height, (for the height, corpse, and distance, must all agree together) he findeth that his prick standeth in 46. degrees, 29. minutes, but it should stand in 47. degrees, to agree with his observation. Therefore perceiving that he hath given the ship too much way, he bringeth his corpse and observed altitude to agree, and then he seethe that his ship hath sailed but 85. leagues, and there he layeth down a prick for the true place of his ships being, according to his corpse and latitude, for so by his corpse and height he findeth the truth of his distance, and reproveth his supposed account to be 15. leagues too much: and after this sort he proceedeth from place to place, until he arrive unto his desired port: which is a conclusion infallible if there be no other impediments, (whereof there hath not been good consideration had) which may breed error, for from such negligence there may arise many inconveniences.   

What may those impediments be?  
BY experience at the Sea we find many impediments that so disturb the expected conclusion of our practices, as that they agree not with the true positions of art. For, first it is a matter not common to have the wind so beneficial, as that a ship may sail thereby, between any two assigned places upon the direct corpse, but that by the contrariety of winds, she may be constrained to travers upon all the points of the Compass, (the nature whereof I have before sufficiently expressed.  
Secondly, although the wind may in some sort favour, yet the ship may have such a leeward condition, as that she may make her way 2. or 3. points from her caping.  
Thirdly, the steredge may be so disorderly handled, as that thereby the Pilot may be abused.  
And lastly, the compass may be so varied, as that the Pilot may likewise thereby be drawn into error, of all which things and many more, as the nature of his sailing, whether before the wind, quartering, or by a bowling, or whether with lofty or low sails, with the benefits or hindrances of the sea, tydegates, streams, and forced set thereof, etc. Of all which things I say, the skilful Pilot must have careful consideration, which are better learned by practice then taught by pen: for it is not possible that any man can be a good and sufficient pilot or skilful Seaman, but bypainefull & diligent practice, with the assistance of art, whereby the famous Pilot may be esteemed worthy of his profession, as a member meet for the common weal.  
And now having sufficiently showed you the ordering of your Chart for the execution of the skill of Navigation, and being also desirous that you should effectually understand the full nature and use of the same. I think it good by a few questions to give you an occasion to exercise yourself in the perfect accomplishment of such conclusions as are by this excellent and commodious instrument to be performed.   

Necessary questions for the better understanding of the commodious use of the Chart.  
1 Q. If I sail 70. leagues upon the south-west corpse, I demand how many degrees I shall lay or depress the Pole?  
A. The difference of the latitude willbe 2. degrees, 30. minutes.  
2 Q. If in sailing West Norwest I raise the Pole 3. degrees, 30. minutes, I demand how many leagues I have sailed?  
A. The distance sailed, is 180. leagues.  
3 Q. If in sailing 108. leagues between West and Nor, I raise the Pole 3. degrees, I demand upon what corpse I have sailed, and how far I am from the Meridian from whence I began that corpse?  
A. The corpse sailed is N. w. b. W. and the distance from the Meridian is 90. leagues.  
4 Q. If in sailing 154. leagues I be 80. leagues West from the Meridian from whence I began my corpse, I demand upon what point of the compass I have sailed, and how much I have raised the Pole?  
A. The corpse is N w, b. N. and the Pole is raised 6. degrees.  
5 Q. If I sail N w. until I be 50. leagues from the Meridian where I began my Corpse, I demand how many leagues I have sailed, and how much the Pole is raised?  
A. The distance sailed is 71. leagues, and the Pole is raised 2. degrees, 30. minutes.  
6 Q. If in sailing W. N. W. I do in 30. hours raise 2. degrees, how many degrees should I have raised the Pole, if the same motion had been North and by West?  
A. You should have raised 5. degrees?  
7 Q. A Ship sailing towards the West, for ettery 80. leagues that she saileth in her Corpse, she departeth from the Meridian from whence she began the same Corpse 45. leagues, I demand upon what point of the Compass, and how many leagues she hath sailed, in raising the Pole 5. degrees:  
A. She hath sailed Northwest by North 120. leagues.  
8 Q. A Pilot sailing toward the West 100 leagues, hath forgotten his Corpse, yet thus much he knoweth, that if he had sailed upon such a Corpse, as that in 160. leagues sailing he should have raised the Pole 3. degrees, he should then have been twice as far from the Meridian as now he is, and should also have been ½ degree further to the Northwards then now he is. I would now know what Corpse he hath sailed, how many leagues, and how far he is separated from the Meridian from whence he began the said Corpse.  
A. She hath sailed 88 leagues Northwest bywest, and is 73. leagues from the Meridian nearest.  
9 Q. Two Ships departing from one place, the one in sailing 145. leagues towards the West, hath raised the Pole 4. degrees, and the other hath raised the Pole 7. degrees, and is 95. leagues West from the Meridian of the place from whence he began his corpse, I demand by what corpse the said ship hath sailed, how far they be asunder, and by what corpse they may meet?  
A. The first ship hath sailed Northwest by west, the second hath sailed Northwest bynorth, 170 leagues, they are asunder 65. leagues, and the corpse between them is North North-east, and South south-west.  
10 Q. Two ships sailing from one place, the one is sailing 180. leagues, is to the Eastward of the Meridian where he began his corpse 150. leagues, I demand upon what corpse and how many leagues the other ship shall sail, to bring himself 50. leagues N. b. W. from the first ship?  
A. The first ship hath sailed N. e. b. e. and hath raised the Pole 5. degrees, the second ship must sail North-east bynorth 237 leagues.  
ALthough it may seem (to some that be very expert in Navigation) that these questions are needless, and without use, being so plain as not deserving in this sort to be published, notwithstanding that their opinion, I do in friendly courtesy advise all young practisers of this excellent art of sailing, that they do not only by their Charts prove the truth of these answered questions, but also endeavour themselves to propound divers other sorts of questions, and in seeking their answers, to enter into the reason thereof: for by such exercise, the young beginner shall understand the substantial grounds of his Chart, and grow perfect therein: for whose ease and furtherance only, I have at this present published this brief treatise of Navigation, knowing that the expert Pilot is not unfurnished of these principles, but every little help doth greatly further in every beginning: and therefore for the further benefit of the practiser, I have hereunto annexed a particular Sea Chart of our Channel, commonly called the Sleve, by which all that is before spoken as touching the use of the Chart, may be practised, wherein the depths of the Channel are truly laid down: being an instrument most commodious and necessary for all such as seek the Channel coming out of the ocean Sea, much of it is from my own practice, the rest from Pylotes of very good sufficiency: I have found great certainty by the use of this Chart, for by the altitude and depth I have not at no time miss the true notice of my Ships being, which (through God's merciful favour) by my land falls I have always found to be without error, therefore have it not in light regard, for it will give you great evidence, and is worthy to be kept as a special jewel for the Seaman's use, be he never so expert.  
And thus having sufficiently expressed all the practices appertaining to the skill of horizontal Navigation, which kind of sailing is now of the greatest sort only practised, I think it good for your better memory briefly to report that which before is spoken as touching this kind of Navigation, and withal it will not be a miss to show you after what sort I have been accustomed to keep my accounts in my practices of sailing, which you shall find to be very sure, plain and easy: whereby you may at all times examine what is past, and so reform the corpses laid down upon the Chart, if by chance there should any error be committed. And so concluding this part of Navigation, will in the next treatise make known unto you the use of the Globe, such uses I mean as the Seaman may practise in his voyages, and that are most necessary for his knowledge.  
A Table showing the order how the Seaman may keep his accounts, whereby he may at all times distinctly examine his former practices, for in every 24. hours, which is from noon to noon, he doth not only lay down his latitude, with the corpse and leagues, but also how the wind hath blown in the same time.  
The first Column is the months and days of the same, the second is the observed altitude▪ the third is the horizontal corpse or motion of the Ship, the fourth the number of leagues that the Ship hath sailed, the fifth is a space wherein must be noted, by what wind those things have been performed: and the next great space is to lay down any brief discourse for your memory.  

Anno. 1593.  Months and days of the month. Latitude. G. M. Corse. leagues Wind The 23. of March, cape S. Augustine in Brasill, being 16. leagues east from me, I began this account. March. 24 7 30 N. N. E. 25 East.  25 5 44 N. b. E, norly 36 E. b. N. Compass varied 9 deg. the South point w eastward. 26 4 1 N. b. N. 35 E. b. N. Compass uried 8. deg. the South point westward,  27 2 49 N. 24 E. b. N.  28 1 31 N. esterly. 26 E. b. N.  29 1 4 N. N. W. 9 N. E. Compassse varied 6. deg. 40. ●. the South point westward. April. 31 0 0 N. b. W. 21 E. N. E. Observation, the Pole artic above the Horizon. 4 0 39 N. W. b. N. 15 N. E.  7 1 53 N. N. W. 28 N. E.  9 3 5 N. W. b. N. 30 N. E. b. E.  10 4 5 N. w. b. N. 22 N. E.  11 4 45 N. W. 18 N. E. b. N.  12 5 16 N. W. 14 N. E. b. N.  13 6 11 N. W. b. N. 23 N. E.  14 7 16 N. W. b. N. 24 N. E. Compass varied 7. deg. the north point eastwards.   

A brief repetition of that which is before spoken.  
THere are 3. kinds of Navigation, horizontal, paradoxal, and sailing upon a great Circle, performed by Corpse and travers.  
A Corpse is the paradoxal line, which is described by the Ships motion upon any point of Compass.  
A Travers is the variety of the Ships motion upon every alteration of Corpse's.  
The Compass is an artificial Horizon, by which Corpse's and Traverses are directed, and containeth 32. points, and every point containeth 11¼. degrees, or 45. minutes, being ¾ of an hour.  
By such quantity of time as the Moon separateth herself from the Sun, by the like rate of time every tide doth one differ from another.  
In every hour the tide altereth two minutes, in every flood twelve minutes, and in every ebb twelve minutes, and in every day 48. minutes, because that so is the moons separation from the Sun: for the Moon doth separate herself from the Sun, in every day one point and 3. minutes, between the change and the full she is to the eastwards of the Sun, and then is her separation, at which time she is before the Sun in respect of her natural motion, but in regard of her violent motion, she is then behind or abast the Sun.  
Between the full and the change, she is to the Westward of the Sun, applying towards the Sun, and then is her application, at which time she is behind are abast the Sun, in respect of her natural motion, but in consideration of her violent motion, she is then befare the Sun.  
She hath a violent motion, a natural motion, a slow, swift, and mean motion.  
In every 27. days and 8. hours she performeth her natural motion through the Zodiac.  
Between change and change there is twenty nine days, twelve hours, forty four minutes nearest.  
The solar year consisteth of 12. months, and the lunar year of 12. Moons.  
The moons age is found by the Epact.  
All instruments used in Navigation, of what shape or form soever they be, are described or demonstrated upon a Circle, or some portion of a Circle, and therefore are of the nature of a Circle.  
A degree is the 360. part of a Circle, how big or little soever the Circle be.  
A degree is applied after 6. several sorts, to the Equator, to the Meridian, to the Horizon, to the vertical Circle, to measure, and to time.  
Altitude is the distance, height, or mounting of one thing above another.  
The Poles altitude is the distance between the Pole and the Horizon, or that portion of the Meridian which is contained between the Pole and the Horizon.  
The altitude of the Sun above the Horizon, is that portion of the circle of Azumuth, which is contained between the Horizon and the Sun.  
Latitude is that ark of the meridian which is contained between the parallel of any place and the Equator, or that part of the Meridian which is included between the Zenith and the Equinoctial.  
Longitude is that portion of the Equator contained between the Meridian of S. Mihels', one of the Isles of the Assones, and the Meridian of the place whose longitude is desired: the reason why the account of longitude doth begin at this isle, is, because that there the Compass hath no variety, for the Meridian of this isle passeth by the Poles of the world and the Poles of the Magnet, being a Meridian proper to both Poles.  
The longitude between place and place, is the portion of the Equator which is contained between the Meridian's of the same places.  
Declination is the distance of the Sun, Moon and Stars, from the Equinoctial, or that portion of the Meridian which passeth by the Centre of any celestial body, and is contained between the same centre and the Equinoctial.  
Hidrographie is the description of the ocean Sea, with all Isles, banks, rocks and sands therein contained, whose limits extend to the geographical borders of the earth, the perfect notice whereof is the chiefest thing required in a sufficient Pilot, in his excellent practice of sailing.  
Geographie is the description of the earth only, whereby the terrestrial form in his due situation is given, whose distinction is by mountains, rivers, valleys, cities, and places of fame, without regard of the Circles, Climates, or Zones.  
cosmography is the description of the heavens, with all that is contained within the circute thereof, but to the purpose of navigation, we must understand cosmography to be the universal description of the terrestrial Globe, distinguished by all such circles, by which the distinction of the celestial Sphere is understood to be given, with every Country, Coast, Sea, Harborow, or other place, seated in their true longitude, latitude, Zone, and Climb.  
The Chart is a special instrument in Navigation, pretending the Cosmographical description of the terrestrial Globe, by all such lines, circles, corpses and divisions as are required to the most exquisite skill of navigation.   
The end of the First Book.   

THE SECOND PART OF THIS TREATISE OF NAVIGATION.  
WHEREIN IS TAUGHT, THE nature and most necessary use of the Globe, with the Circles, Zones, Climates, and other distinctions to the perfect use of Sailing.  
By which most excellent Instrument is performed, all that is needfully required to the full perfection of all the three kinds of Navigation.   

  

THE SECOND BOOK OF THE SEAMAN'S SECRETS.  

What is the Sphere?  
THe Sphere is a solid body, contained under one superficies, in the midst whereof there is a point or prick, which is the Centre of the Sphere, from whence all right lines drawn to the circumference, are equal the one to the other, whereby it is to be understood, that the centre of the Sphere is so evenly placed in his midst, as that it hath like distance from all parts of the Circumference. And forasmuch as the Sphere is an instrument demonstrating nnto us the nniversall engine of the world, we must therefore understand this Centre to be this terrestrial Globe, wherein we have our being, which compared to the celestial Globe or heavenly circumference doth bear property, as the centre to his circle: which earthly globe by the divine mighty workmanship of God, doth admirably hang upon his centre, being of equal distance from all parts of the circumference.   

What are the distinctions of the Sphere?  
THe Sphere is distinguished by ten circles, whereof six are great circles, and 4. are lesser circles: whereof there are only 8. described upon the body of the Globe, limiting the Zones and motion of the Planets, as the Equinoctial, the Ecliptic, the Equinoctial Colour, the Solsiticial Colour, the Tropic of Cancer, the Tropic of Capricorn, the artic Polar Circle, and the Antarctic Polar Circle. The Horizon and Meridian are not described upon the body of the Globe, but artificially annexed thereunto for the better perfection of his use.   

Which are the great circles, and which the lesser?  
THe Equator, the Ecliptic, the 2. Colours, the Meridian and the Horizon are great circles, because they divide the sphere into 2. equal parts. The 2. Tropics, the 2. Polar circles, are lesser circles, because they divide the Sphere into 2. unequal parts.   

What is the Equator or Equinoctial?  
THe Equinoctial is a great circle dividing the Sphere into 2. equal parts, leaving the one half towards the North, and the other half towards the South, and is equally distant from both the Poles of the world 90. degrees, placed evenly between them, and described upon them, this line crosseth the Horizon in the true points of East and West, and hath always his own half above the Horizon, unless it be under either of the Poles, for there the Equator is in the Horizon: it crosseth the Meridian at right Spheric angles, and it also crosseth the Ecliptic line in the first minute of Aries and Libra, dividing the Ecliptic and Horizon, and is also by them divided into two equal parts. This line is also divided into 360. equal parts or degrees, which are the degrees of Longitude, beginning the account in the point of Aries, reckoning twoards the East, concluding the number 360. in the place where the first account began: viz, where the Equator doth intersect the Ecliptic in the first minute of Aries, under which Meridian S. Mihels' one of the isles, of the assores is to be placed in the geographical description of the terrestrial Globe.   

What is the use of the Equator?  
THe use of the Equinoctial, is to know the declination of the Sun, Moon & Stars, whereby the latitude of places is given, for that portion of the Meridian which is contained between the Equator and the Centre of the Sun, Moon or Stars, is their declination: also by the Equinoctial is known the Longitude of places, for a quarter of a great Circle being drawn from the Pole, to the place whose Longitude is desired, and so continued to the Equinoctial, that degree and minute in which the quarter circle doth touch the Equator, is the Longitude of the same place, or if you bring any place (that is described upon the Globe) whose Longitude you would know, under the Meridian of the Globe, that degree of the Equinoctial that is then likewise directly under the Meridian is the Longitude desired. When the sun cometh upon the Equator, than the Days and nights are of one length through the whole world: and then the Sun riseth upon the true point of East, and setteth upon the true point of West, and not else at any time. This circle being fixed in the firmament, is moved with the first mover in every hour 15, degrees, by which account in 24. hours his motion is performed. And here note, that the degrees of the Equinoctial have a double application, the one to time, and the other to measure: in respect of time 15. degrees make an hour, so that every degree containeth but 4, minutes of time, but when his degrees have relation to measure, than every degree containeth 60. minutes, being 20 leagues, so that every minute standeth for a mile after our English account.  
But this allowance of 20. leagues to every degree of the Equinoctial, in sailing, or measuring of distances upon the East and West Corpse's, is only when you are under the same, because the Equinoctial being a perallell, is likewise a great circle, and every degree of a great circle is truly accounted for 20. leagues, or 60. miles.  
But in the rest of the perallells where either of the Poles are elevated above the Horizon, if there you sail or measure upon the Corpse's east or west, there are not 20. Leagues to be allowed to every degree, because such perallelles are lesser circles, therefore they have the fewer number of leagues to every degree: so that the further you depart from the Equator, the lesser are the perallelles, and the lesser that any perallell is, the lesser are his degrees, because every circle containeth 360. degrees, and as the circles and degrees are diminished in their quantity, in like sort the distance answerable to such degrees, must abate, as their circles do decrease. And further know, that the Equator, is the beginning of all terrestrial Latitude, and declination of the celestial bodies.   

What is the Ecliptic?  
THe Ecliptic line is greate● circle, dividing the sphere into 2. equal parts, by crossing the Equator in obliqne sort dividing him, and being divided by him into 2. equal parts, bending from the Equator towards the North and South 23. degrees, and 28. minutes, being in the first minute of Cancer and Capricorn, there determining the Tropical limits, this line likewise divideth the Zodiac, by longitude into 2, equal parts, and is divided together with the Zodiac, into 12. equal portions called signs, and every of these signs is divided upon the Ecliptic into 30. equal parts, or degrees, so that this line is divided into 360. degrees, upon which line the centre of the Sun doth continually move: this circle is described upon his proper poles, named the Pole of the Zodiac, being in all his parts 90. degrees from either of them.  
The Zodiac is a circle contrary to all the other, for they are mathematical lines, consisting only of length, without breadth or thickness: but the Zodiac hath latitude or breadth 12. degrees, whose limits are 6. degrees, of either side of the Ecliptic, wherein the Sun, Moon and Planets perform their motions and revolutions, the centre of the Sun only keeping upon the Ecliptic, but the other Planets have sometime North latitude, and sometime South latitude. And here you must understand, that the latitude of the Planets or Stars, is that portion of the eclipticall meridian which is contained between the centre of the Planet or Star and the Ecliptic line, and their longitude is that portion of the line Ecliptic, which is contained between the the said meridian and the eclipticall meridian that passeth by the poles of the Zodiac and the first minute of Aries.  
The 12. divisions or signs of the Zodiac are these, Aries ♈, Taurus ♉, Gemini ♊, Cancer ♋ Leo ♌, Virgo ♍ Libra ♎ Scorpio ♏ Sagitari ♐ Capricorn ♑, Aquarius ♒, Pisces ♓: and these are their characters that stand by them.  
The 7. Planets that keep within the limits of the Zodiac are these, Saturn ♄, jupiter ♃, Mars ♂, Sol ☉, Venus ♀, Mercury ☿, Luna ☽: Saturn perfourmes his course through all the degrees of the Zodiac, once in every 30. years: jupiter in 12. years, Mars in 2. years, the Sun in 365. days and 6. hours being one year, Venus and ☿ as the Sun, and the Moon performeth her course in 27. days and about 8. hours, through all the degrees of the Zodiac.  
And note that this natural motion of the Planets in the Zodiac, is from the West toward the East, the diurnal motion is violent, caused by the first mover, or primum mobile, who in every 24. hours doth perform his circular motion from the East to the West, carrying with him all other inferior bodies whatsoever.   

What is the use of the Zodiac?  
BY the Zodiac and Ecliptic is known the longitude and Latitude of any Celestial body, either Planets or fired Stars, for a quarter of a great circle drawn from the pole of the Zodiac to the centre of any Planet or Star, and so continued until it touch the Ecliptic, that degree and minute where the said quarter circle toucheth the Ecliptic, is the longitude of the said body, which is to be accounted from the first minute of Aries, for the longitude of Aries is the portion of the Ecliptic line, which is contained between the eclipticall meridian passing by the poles of the Zodiac, and the first minute of Aries, and the eclipticall meridian which passeth by the poles of the Zodiac and the centre of any Planet or Star.  
When the Planets are upon the North side of the Ecliptic, they have North latitude, and being South from the Ecliptic, they have South latitude.  
Also the motions of the Planets, the time of any Eclipse, and the Sun's declination by his place in the Ecliptic, are known by this circle, whose use is very ample and to great purpose, for all Astronomical considerations.   

What are the Colours?  
THe Solsticiall Colour is a great circle passing by the Poles of the world, and the poles of the Zodiac, and the Solsticial points or first minute of ♑ and ♋, cutting the Equinoctial at right spheric angles, in his 90. and in his 270. degrees.  
The Equinoctial Colour is likewise a great circle passing by the poles of the world, and the equinoctial point of ♈ and ♎, and crosseth the equator in his first and 180. degrees, and those Colours do intersect each the other in the poles of the world to right spheric angles.   

What is the use of these Colours?  
Their use is to distinguish the 4. principal seasons of the year, Spring, Summer, Autumn, and winter, dividing the Equator and Ecliptic into 4. equal parts: also that ark of the Solsticiall Colour which is included between the first minute of ♋ and the Equinoctial, is the suns greatest declination toward the North, the like ark being between the tropical point of ♑ and the Equator, is the suns greatest South declination, being in these our days 23 degrees, 28. minutes.   

What is the tropic of Cancer?  
The Tropic of ♋ is one of the lesser circles dividing the sphere into two unequal parts, and is described upon the pole artic, a perallell to the Equator 23. degrees 28 minutes from him, being the farthest limit of the Ecliptic bending towards the North, to which when the Sun cometh, the days are then longest to all those that inhabit in the North parts of the world, and shortest to the Southern inhabitants: between this circle and the Equator are included the 6. Septentrional signs, ♈, ♉, ♊, ♋, ♌, ♍, in which signs during the time that the Sun abideth, being from the 11. of March, to the 13. of September, he hath much declination, and then is the spring and Summer to all such as inhabit in the North parts of the World, and Autumn and Winter to the inhabitants of the South parts of the World: this circle doth touch the Ecliptic in the first minute of ♋, where the Sun beginneth his return toward the South, whereupon it took the name Tropic, which signifieth conversion or return, by which point of the Ecliptic, the diurnal motion describeth this Circle.   

What is the tropic of Capricorn?  
THe Tropic of ♑, is one of the lesser circles dividing the sphere into 2. unequal parts, and is described upon the pole Antarctic, a perallell to the Equinoctial 23. degrees 28 minutes from him, being the farthest bending of the Ecliptic towards the South, to which when the Sun cometh, the days are then longest to all those that inhabit in the South parts of the world, and shortest to the Northern inhabitants: between this circle and the Equator are included the 6. Southern signs, ♎, ♏, ♐, ♑, ♒, ♓, in which signs during the time that the Sun abideth, being from the 13 of September to the 11. of March, he hath South declination, and then is the Spring and Summer to all such as inhabit in the South parts of the world: and Autumn and Winter, to all the inhabitants in the North parts of the world: this circle toucheth the Ecliptic in the first minute of ♑, by which point the diurnal motion describeth this perallell.   

What is the use of the Tropics?  
BY the Tropics the Suns declination is known, as also the tropicks by the suns farthest motion towards the North and South, for so much as the Tropics are distant from the Equator, so much is the suns greatest declination: and such as is the Sun's greatest declining, such is the distance between the Tropics and the Equator they are also the limits of the burning Zone, separating the burning and temperate zones. For between the two Tropics is contained the burning Zone.   

What is the artic polar Circle?  
THe artic Polar Circle is one of the lesser circles, dividing the sphere into two unequal parts, and described upon the Pole artic in perallell, to the Tropic of ♋, having such distance from the Pole as the Tropic hath from the Equator, being 23. degrees 28. minutes, upon which circle the artic pole of the Zodiac is placed, which being fixed in the firmament, by the virtue of the first mover is carried about with the heavens, by which motion this circle is described.   

What is the Antarctic polar Circle?  
THe Antarctic polar circle is opposite to the artic, and perallell to the Tropic of ♑, being in all respect of such distance and description, from and about the pole Antarctic, as the artic polar circle is about the Pole artic.   

What is the use of the artic and Antarctic polar Circles?  
THe use of these 2. polar Circles, is to show the distance of the poles of the Zodiac, from the poles of the World, for so much as the Solsticiall points are distant from the Equator, so much are the poles of the Zodiac from the poles of the World: these circles do also divide and limit the temperate and frozen zones, for between the Tropic of ♋ and the artic Polar circle is contained the Northern temperate zone, and between the artic polar circle and the Pole artic, that is, within the artic polar circle is contained the Northern frozen zone. Also between the Tropic of ♑ and the Antarctic polar circle, is contained the Southern temperate zone, and within the said polar circle is included the Antarctic frozen zone, and cheese are all the circles that are described upon the body of the Globe.   

What is the Meridian?  
THe Meridian is a great circle passing by the Poles of the World, and by your zenyth, dividing the Horizon into 2. equal parts, in the points North and South, it also divideth the sphere with all the perallell circles therein contained, into 2. equal parts, crossing them at right spheric angles. And this Meridian is not fixed in the firmament as the rest of the circles are, for if it were, than should it be moved with the first mover as the rest are, but it is not so: therefore the Meridian is manifested upon the Globe, by a circle or ring of copper fastened unto the Globe, upon the 2. Poles, so that the Globe moveth round upon his 2. Poles within the Meridian: this Meridian is graduated in every of his quarters into 90. degrees, by which his use is performed: and note that one Meridian may have many Horyzons, yet every Horizon hath but one Meridian, yet in every sensible difference of distance you shall enter into a change of Orisons, for there be as many Orisons as there be sensible differences of distance, and there be as many Meridian's as there be sensible differences of distance, so that the difference be not upon the points North or South, but this copper Meridian annexed to the Globe, is to be applied to all differences and distances whatso. ever, as amply as if the number were infinite.   

What is the use of the Meridian?  
THe use of the Meridian is to know the highest ascending of the Sun, Moon or Stars from the Horizon, for when they be upon the Meridian, then are they farthest from the Horizon, and then is the most convenient time to take the altitude of the Sun or Stars, thereby to find the Poles elevation.  
By the Meridian of your Globe is known the latitude and longitude of any place upon the Globe contained, for if you bring any place under the Meridian, the degrees of the Meridian do show the latitude of the same, and that, degree of the Equator which the Meridian doth cross is the longitude, etc.   

What is the Horizon?  
THe Horizon is a great circle dividing the heavens into 2. equal parts the one half being above the horizon is always in sight, the other half is not seen being under the Horizon, and therefore is called the finitor or limit of our sight, for where the heavens and feas seem to join together, that is the Horizon: the Horizon is not fixed in the firmament, and yet is a fixed circle constant to his proper latitude, but because in the Globe one and the same Horizon may perform whatsoever is required to all elevations, the Horizon is so artificially annexed to the Globe, that by the motion of the Meridian, in the same there faulteth nothing in his use: and the Horizon is in all respects distinguished, as is the sea Compass. There are two kinds of Orisons, a right Horizon, and an obliqne Horizon: when the Poles are in the Horizon, then is it a right Horizon, for then the Equator doth cut the Horizon to right angles, making a right Sphere and a right Horizon, an obliqne Horizon is where either of the Poles are elevated above the same, for then the Equator doth cut the Horizon to unlike angles, making an obliqne Sphere, and an obliqne Horizon, and although the Orisons be divers and many in number, for every sensible difference of distance hath his proper Horizon, yet is the Horizon of the Globe so conveniently annexed thereunto, as that by the moving of the Meridian in the Horizon, and by the Globes motion in the Meridian, both the Horizon, and Meridian are to be applied as proper to all places whatsoever: and note that the place where you are, is always the centre of the plain superficial Horyson.   

What is the use of the Horizon?  
THe Horizon is the beginning of all altitude, for whatsoever is above the Horizon, is said to have altitude more or less, and by the horizon such altitudes are given with help of the cross staff, for placing the cross staff at your eye, if by the one end of the transuersary you see the Horizon, and by the other end (at the same instant) you see the body observed, then doth the transuersary show upon the staff the altitude desired, by the Horizon the navigable courses from place to place are like wise known, as also the quantity of the rising and setting of the Sun, moon and Stars: whereby is known the length of the days and nights in all climates and at all seasons: by the Horizon is known upon what degree of Azumuth, the Sun, Moon or Stars are, when they may be seen, in what part of the Heaven soever, whereby the variation of the Compass is found, and the Poles altitude may at all seasons be given.   

Are these all the circles appertaining to the Globe?  
There are other Circles which are fixed and do properly appertain to every particular Horizon, as Azumuths, Almicantans, the artic, and Antarctic circles.   

What are circles of Azumuth?  
Circle's of Azumuths, or vertical circles, are quarters of great circles, concurring together in the Zenith, as the Meridian's do in the Pole, and are extended from the Zenith to every degree of the Horizon, etc. And because they cannot be conveniently described upon the Globe to be applied to all Orisons, therefore upon the Meridian of the Globe there is a piece of copper artificially placed, to be removed to any degree of the Meridian at pleasure, which piece of copper representeth the zenith, and must always be placed so many degrees from the Equator, as the Pole is elevated from the Horizon: and unto this zenith there is joined a quarter of a great circle called Quarta altitudo, the end whereof doth continually touch the Horizon, and is so joined to the zenith, as that it may be moved round upon the Horizon, and to every part thereof at your pleasure: this Quarta altitudo is divided into 90 degrees, being the distinction of all altitude, and beginneth the account from the Horizon, which is the beginning of altitude, and concludeth 90, degrees in the zenith, being the end and extreme limit of all altitude.   

What are Almicantans?  
ALmicantans or circles of altitude, are parallel circles to the Horizon, and are described upon the zenith, as the perallells to the equator, are described upon the Poles, of which circle's there are 90. answerable to the distinctions of the Quarta altitudo, which are the degrees contained between the Horizon and zenith, these circles cannot be described upon the Globe, to be applied to every Horizon, but they are distinguished by the circular motion of the Quarta altitudo, fox if I desire to see the almicantar circle of 10. degrees, by moving the Quarta altitudo round about the Horizon, the zenith degree of their quarter circle, doth show the Almicanter desired, in what elevation soever.   

What is the use of these two Circles?  
THe quarta altitudo performeth the use of both, by the quart●● altitude and Horizon the courses from place to place are known according to the true horizontal position, as hereafter shall plainly appear: it also showeth the degree of Azumuth, and observed altitude of any celestial body, in what latitude soever: by the Quarta altitudo and Horizon, you may describe a peradoxall Compass upon the Globe, the Poles length is at all times thereby to be known, and the variation of the Compass is thereby likewise given, as hereafter in the practice you shall be taught.   

What are the artic and Antarctic circles?  
EVery Horizon hath his proper artic or Antarctic circle, those Orisons that have the Pole artic elevated above them, have their proper artic circle, and those that have the South pole elevated, have their proper Antarctic circle, the quantity of which circle is according to the Poles elevation, for if the Pole be much elevated, then is the artic circle great, for the Poles altitude is the semidiamiter of this circle, if the Pole be in the Zenith, then half the Heavens is the artic circle.   

What is the use of this circle?  
IF the Sun, Moon, or any Stars be within this circle, they are never carried under the Horizon during the time of their abode therein, whereupon it cometh to pass that such as travail far towards the North, have the Sun in continual view, and those that inhabit under the Pole (if any so do) the Sun is in continual sight for six months together, because the six Septentrional signs are within their artic circle, the Equator being in the Horizon etc.  
There is another small circle, which is called Ciclus horarius, or the hour circle, to be annexed to the Meridian of the Globe, for the perfection of his use, this circle must be divided into 24. equal parts or hours, and those again into such parts as you please for the better distinction of time: this circle must be fastened to the meridian, so that the hours 12. must stand directly upon the edge of the meridian, and the Pole must be the centre of this circle, upon which Pole there must be fastened an Index to move proportionably, as the sphere (upon any occasion) shallbe moved.  
There is also an half circle, called the Circle of position, which sith it serveth to no great purpose for Navigation I here omit, and thus is the Globe fully finished for the perfection of this use.   

What are the Poles of the world?  
THere are two Poles 〈◊〉 the North or artic Pole, and the South or antarctic Pole, which Poles are two movable pricks fixed in the firmament, whereupon the sphere is moved by virtue of the first mover, and are the limits of the Axis of the world, as also the extreme term or band of all declination, being 90. degrees from all parts of the Equator.  
By the raising of the Pole from the Horizon, is known the perallell or latitude of our being, it also giveth the quantity of the artic circle, and the obliquity of the sphere.   

What is the axis of the world?  
THe Axis of the world is a right line passing by the centre of the sphere, and limited in the circumference, about the which the Sphere moveth, and is therefore called the Axis of the Sphere, and as all lines comensurable are limited between two points or pricks, so is the Axis of the world, and those two limiting pricks are called the Poles of the world.   

What are the Poles of the Zodiac?  
THe zodiac hath likewise two Poles, artic and Antarctic, being two pricks fixed in the firmament, limiting the Axis of the zodiac, and are distant from the Poles of the world 23. degrees, 28. minutes, which Poles by the motion of the sphere do describe the Polar circles, performing their motion about the Poles of the world in every 24. hours, by virtue of the first mover, upon these poles the Ecliptic and zodiac is described: also a quarter of a great circle graduated into 90 degrees, being fastened to either of these Poles and brought to the centre of any Star, showeth by that graduation the latitude of the same Star, and where the quarter retire circle toucheth the Ecliptic, that is likewise his longitude, also the 7. Planets do perform their natural revolutions upon these Poles, whose motion is from the West towards the East, contrary to the motion of the first mover.   

What is the Axis of the Zodiac.  
THe Axis of the zodiac, is a right line passing by the centre of the sphere, and limited in the circumference, whose limiting points are the Poles of the zodiac, and this Axis is moved with the Sphere as are his Poles.   

What are the Poles of the Horizon?  
THere are two Poles of the Horizon, which are the limits of his perpendicular dimetient, being equidistant 90. degrees from all parts of the Horizon, and are the extreme limits of all altitude, that Pole which is in the upper Hemisphere is called the zenith, and his opposite pole is called Nadir, they are extended to the firmament but not fixed in it, for they move never, but remain always stable to show proper Horizon, which could not be if they were fixed in the firmament, for than should they be moved with the firmament as the rest are, by the help of these Poles is found the Azumuth and Almicanter of any celestial body, for a quarter circled divided into 90. degrees, and fixed to the zenith as is the Quarta altitudo, being moved to any celestial body, doth by those degrees show the almicanter or altitude of the same body from the Horizon, and that part of the Horizon which the quarter circle teacheth, is the azumuth of the same body, always provided that the zenith stand auswerable to the Poles elevation, that is, so many degrees from the Equator, as the Pole is from the Horizon.  
  

How many Zones are there?  
THere are 5. zones, 2. temperate zones, 2. frozen zones, and one burning zone, the burning zone lieth between the two Tropics, whose latitude is 46. degrees, 56. minutes, which zone by ancient Geographiers is reported to be not habitable, by reason of the great heat which there they supposed to be, through the perpendicularitie of the Sun beams, whose perpetual motion is within the said zone, but we find in our travels, contrary to their report, that it is not only habitable, but very populous, containing many famous and mighty nations, and yieldeth in great plenty the most purest things that by nature's benefits the earth may procreate: twice I have sailed through this zone, which I found in no sort to be offensive, but rather comfortable unto nature, the extremity of whose heat is not furious but tolerable, whose greatest force lasteth but 6. hours, that is, from 9 of the clock in the morning, unto 3. in the afternoon, the rest of the day and night is most pleasing and delightful: therefore they did nature wrong in their rash report.   

Of the frozen Zones.  
THe frozen zones are contained within the polar circles, the artic frozen zone within the artic polar circle, and the antarttck frozen zone within the Antarctic Polar circle, which are also reported not to be habitable, by reason of the great extremity of cold, supposed to be in those parts, because of the suns far distance from those zones. but in these our days we find by experience, that the ancient Geographiers had not the due consideration of the nature of these zones, for three times I have been within the artic frozen zone, where I have found the air very temperate, yea and many times in calm wether marvelous hot: I have felt the Sun beams of as forcible action within the frozen zone in calms near unto the shore, as I have at any time found within the burning zone. this zone is also inhabited with people of good stature, shape, and tractable conditions, with whom I have conversed and not found them rudly barbarous, as I have found the Cannibals which are in the straits of Magilane, and Southern parts of America: In the frozen zone I discovered a coast which I named desolation at the first view thereof, supposing but by the loathsome shape to be waste and desolate, but when I came to an Anchor within the harbours thereof, the people presently came unto me without fear, offering such poor things as they had to exchange for iron nails and such like: but the Cannibals of America fly the presence of men, showing themselves in nothing to differ from brute beasts: thus by experience it is most manifest that those zones which have been esteemed desolate and waste, are habitable, inhabited and fruitful. If any man be persuaded to the contrary of this truth, he shall do himself wrong in having so base an imagination of the excellency of God's creation, as to think that God creating the world for man's use, and the same being divided but into 5. parts, 3. of those parts should be to no purpose: but 〈◊〉 let this saying therefore of the Prophet Esaias be your full satisfaction, to confirm that which by experience I have truly spoken: For thus saith the Lord that created heaven, God himself that framed the earth and made it, he that prepared it, he created it not in vain, he framed it to be inhabited, etc. Esai 45, 18.   

Of the temperate zones.  
THe temperate artic zone is included between the tropic of ♋ and the artic Polar circle, whose latitude or breadth is 42, degrees, 2. miuntes, within the which we have our habitation.  
THe temperate Antarctic zone is limited by the tropic of ♑ and the Aatartick Polar circle, and hath breadth or latitude 42, degrees, 2, minutes.   

What is a Climate?  
A Climate is the space or difference upon the upper face of the earth, included between two perallells, wherein the day is sensibly lengthened or shortened half an hour, for as you travail from the Equator toward the artic Pole, the Sun having North declination, the days do grow jonger and longer, until at last the Sun not setting under the Horizon, you shall have continual day, and every space or distance that altereth the day half on hour, is called a Climate: these Climates take their names from such famous places as are within the said Climates, of which there are 9 as by their distinctions may appear.  
1. The first passing through Meroe, beginneth in the latitude 12. de. 45. m. and endeth in 20. d. 30. m. whose breadth is 7. d. 45. m.  
2. The second passing through Syene, begiuneth in the latitude of 20. de. 30. m. and endeth in 27. d. 30. m. whose breadth is 7. d.  
3. The third passing through Alexandria, beginneth in the la. of 27. d. 30. m and endeth in 33. d. 40. m. whose breadth is 6. d. 10. m.  
4. The fourth passing by Rhodes, beginneth in the la. of 33. d. 40. m. and endeth in 39, d. whose breadth is 5. d. 20. m.  
5. The fifth passing by Rome, beginneth in the la. of 39 d and endeth in 43. d. 30. m. whose breadth is 4. d. 30. m.  
6. The sixth passing by Boristhines, beginneth in 43. d. 30. m. and endeth in 47. d. 15. m. whose breadth is 3. d. 45. m.  
7. The seventh passing by the Rhiphaan mountains, beginneth in 47, d. 15. m. and endeth in 50. d. 20. m. whose breadth is 3. d. 5. m.  
8. The eight passing by Meotis or London, beginneth in 50. d. 20. m. and endeth in 53. d. 10. m. whose breadth is 2. d. 50. m.  
9 The ninth passing by Denmark, taketh his beginning in the latitude of 53. d. 10. m. and endeth in the latitude of 55. d. 30. m. and hath in breadth 2. d. 20. m.  
If you desire to know how many leagues every Climate is in breadth, allow for every degree 20. leagues, or 60. miles, and for every minute a mile, so is the distance given.  
Thus have I manifested unto you all the divisions and particularities of the Spheres distinction.   

What is the use of the Globe?  
THe use of the Globe is of so great ease, certainty and pleasure, as that the commendations thereof cannot sufficiently be expressed, for of all instruments it is the most rare and excellent, whose conclusions are infallible, giving the true line, angle, and circular motion of any Corpse or travers that may in Navigation happen, whereby the longitude and latitude is most precisely known, and the certainty of distance very plainly manifested, according to the true nature thereof: it giveth the variation of the Compass, and the hour or time of the day at all seasons, and in all places. And by the Globe the Poles height may at all instants and upon every point or azumuth, of the Horizon, by the suns altitude taken, be most precisely known, by the certainty of whose excellent use, the skilful Pilot shall receive great content in his pleasing practice gubernautick.   

How are distances measured upon the Globe?  
WHen there are 2 places assigned the distance, between which you desire to know, with a pair of circular compasses you must do it in this sort: set one foot of the Compasses upon one of the places, and the other foot upon the other place, the Compasses so stretched forth bring unto the Equator, and as many degrees as may be contained between those two points of the Compass, allowing 20. leagues for every degree as the distance disired: or if the places be of such distance, as that you cannot with your Compasses reach them, then take with the Compasses 5. degrees of the Equator, which is 100 leagues, or 10. degrees for 200. leagues, and so measure how often the distance is contained between the said places, if any part of a degree doth remain, for half a degree allow 10. leagues, for a quarter 5. leagues, etc. but if you desire a most exquisite preciseness in measuring to the minute, second and third, then do thus. When your Compasses doth fall upon any part of a degree, note the distance between the end of that degree and the point of the Compasses, then with a pair of convenient compasses take the distance, then measure the same 60. times upon the Equator, (beginning at some certain place) then consider how many degrees are contained within the measure, and allow every degree to be a minute or mile, so are the leagues and miles known, if any perallell of a degree remain upon this measure of minutes, do as at the first, measuring the same 60. times upon the Equator, the degrees comprehended within the measure, are seconds; if any parcel of a degree remain upon these seconds, do as in the first, and the degrees contamed in this measure are thirds, and so you may proceed infinitely.   

How may the Globe be rectified answerable to the true position of the heavens, for any place, City, or promontery?  
THe place being known for the which you would rectify the Glode, do thus: bring the place under the Meridian, and there consider the latitude thereof: and as many degrees as that place is from the Equator, so many degrees you must elevate the Pole from the Horizon, then bring the zenith directly over the same place, and so is your Globe rectified for the execution of any practice: and without this ordering of the Globe, there is no conclusion to be executed by the same.   

How is the longitude and latitude of places known by the Globe?  
BY turning the Globe within the Meridian, you must bring the Promontery, Bay, Harborow, City, or other place, (whose latitude and longitude you seek) precisely under the Meridian, there holding the Globe steady, the degree of the Meridian that is directly over the said place, showeth the latitude thereof, and that degree of the Equinoctial which is directly under the Meridian, is the longitude of the same place.   

How is the Corpse found between place and place?  
TWo places being assigned, the Corpse between which you desire to know, first seek the latitude of one of these places, and rectify the Globe answerable unto the same, as before is taught, then bring that place directly under the Meridian and Zenith, if both places be under your Meridian, they then jye North and South, if not, then bring the Quarta altitudo to the other place, and note upon what part of the Horizon the end of the same toucheth, for that is the precise horizontal Corpse between the said places, but this you must consider, that the horizontal Corpse is not the navigable corpse, unless the places be of small distance, for if any place hare north-east from me, or East from me, or upon any other point, North or South excepted, and be distant 500 leagues, if I sail upon the horizontal Corpse, I shall never arrive unto the same place.   

How then shall the Pilot sail by the Globe? if the matter be so doubtful?  
THe shilfull Pilot that useth this excellent instrument, doth first consider the place from whence he shapeth his corpse, and rectifieth the Globe answerable to the same, then bringing the place directly under the Meridian and Zenith, there holding the Globe steady, bringeth the Quarta altitudo to the place for which he is bound, the end whereof showeth upon the Horizon the true horizontal Corpse, upon which Corpse he saileth 20. or 30. leagues, and there maketh a note or prick by the edge of his Quarta altitudo, according to the true distance proved by Corpse, reckoning an altitude as in the use of a Chart: then he bringeth that prick or note under the Meridian, and there considereth the true latitude of his being, he than rectifieth the Globe answerable to the same prick, and keeping the same under the Zenith, doth again turn the Quarta altitudo to the place for which he is bound, the end whereof showeth upon the Horizon the horizontal Corpse, then sailing as at the first he maketh a note or prick as before. and thus prosecuting his Corpse, shall arrive unto his desired place: but in this practice he shall plainly prove that his horizontal Corpse will differ greatly, and that by his sailing in this sort, he shall by his notes and pricks describe the true navigable and nearest Corpse's between the said places: The like method is to be observed upon any travers or forced course whatsoever: and therefore the Pilot must take care, that although the wind be never so favourable, yet he must not prosecute any horizontal Corpse (North and South only excepted.)  
Therefore I say, the Pilot must take special care to consider the distance of places, whether the Horizotall Corpse will lead him between the said places: for if places be more than 45. degrees asunder, the horizontal Corpse is not the mean to find those places, unless they lie Nouth & South: for the Horizoutall course between any 2. places, is a portion of a great circle, which being of large distance, must be performed by great circle navigation, and not by horizontal Corpse's: for the collection of many horizontal Corpse's being knit together, do perform a peradoxall motion, altogether differing from a great circle, as for an example: being at Cape verde, there is a place distant from me 80. degrees, upon the point Northwest, unto which place I desire to sail, I therefore bring Cape verde under the Meridian of my Globe, there considering the latitude of the Cape, I raise the Pole answerable to the same, and place the Zenith directly over the Cape, then turning the Quarta altitudo to the point Northwest upon the Horizon, all such places as the said Quarta altitudo then toucheth, do hear due Northwest from me: now prosecuting this Corpse by the direction of my Compass, the first day I sail 20 leagues, therefore I make a mark by the edge of the Quarta altitudn, 20. leagues from the Zevith, then bringing that mark lnder the Meridian, I rectify the Globe answerable to the latitude thereof, the next day I sail other 20. leagues upon the same point, and make a mark as at the first, I bring that mark likewise under the Meridian, and rectify the Globe as before, and by this method prosecuting the Corpse NW, I shall describe a peradoxall line, which will lead me to the North of the place unto which I would sail, the farther the distance, the greater the difference: by this order you may describe peradoxall lines, upon all the points of the Compass, but this is to be regarded, that your differences be as small as you may, and that none of them exceed 20. leagues, fox by the smallest distinctions, is performed the greatest certainty. And by the description of these lines, you may Very manifestly understand the differences of horizontal peradoxall and great circle Navigation.  
And this may snffise for the sailing use of the Globe, convenient for the seaman's purpose.   

What is great Circle navigation?  
GReat Circle navigation is the chiefest of all the 3. kinds of sailing, in whom all the other are contained, and by them this kind of sailing is performed, continuing a Corpse by the shortest distance between places, not limited to any one Corpse, either horizontal or peradorall, but by it those corpses are ordered to the full perfection of this rare practice, whose benefits in long voyages are to great purpose, ordering and disposing all horizontal traverses to a perfect conclusion: for there are many changes of horizontal and peradoxall Corpse's in the execution of this practice, so that upon the shifting of a wind, when that it may seem that you are forced to an inconvenient Corpse by the skill of great Circle sailing, that Corpse shall be found the shortest and only proper motion to perform your voyage. And also when with favourable winds the Pilot shall shape a Corpse by his Chart or Compass peradoxall, as the best mean to attain his port, he shall by this kind of saying find a better and shorter Corpse, and by sufficient demonstration prove the same, so that without this knowledge I see not how Corpse's may be ordered to their best advantage: therefore sith by it the perfection of sailing is largely understood, and the errors likewise most substantially controlled, it may of right challenge the chiefest place among the practices Gubernautick. The perticularities whereof if I should by an orderly method labour to express, it would be a discourse over large for this place, and as I think troublesome if the premises be not well understood: therefore I will now overpass it, until a time more convenient and of better leisure.   

Of peradoxall Navigation.  
PEradoxall Navigation, demonstrateth the true motion of the Ship upon any Corpse assigned, in his true nature by longitude, latitude and distance, giving the full limit or determination of the same, by which motion lines are described neither circular nor strait, but concurued or winding lines should be described by plain horizontal motion: for the full perfection of which practice I purpose (if God permit) to publish a peradoxal Chart with all convenient speed, and so will discover by the same at large, all the practices of peradoxall and great Circle navigation, for upon the peradoxall Chart it will best serve the Seaman's purpose, being an instrument portable, of easy stowage and small practice, performing the practices of Navigation as largely and as beneficially as the Globe in all respects: and all these practices of sailing before, mentioned, may in a general name be aptly called Navigation Geometrical, because it wholly consisteth of Geometrical demonstrative conclusions.  
But there is another knowledge of Navigation, which so far excelleth all that is before spoken, or that hath hitherto been vulgarly practised, as the substance his shadow, or as the light surpasseth the thick obscured darkness: and this sweet skill of sailing may well be called Navigation arithmaticall, because it wholly consisteth of Calculations, comprehended within the limit of numbers, destingnishing Corpse's not only upon the points of the Compass, but upon every degree of the Horizon, and giveth the distance of any travers for the particular elevation of minutes, yea, and less parts assure yourself: it giveth longitudes and latitudes to the minute second and third: in so great certainty, as that by no other means the like can be performed: in so great certainty, as that by no other means the like can be performed: it teacheth the nature of Angles and Triangles, aswell Spherical as plain superficial and solid Comensurations, the effect of lines strait, circular, and peradoxall, the quantities and proportions of perallells, the nature of Orisons, with every particular distinction of any alteration whatsoever, that may in Navigation be required, to a most wonderful precise certainty: for there can nothing be required, to a most wonderful precise certainty: for there can nothing be required, that by this heavenly harmony of numbers shall not be most copiously manifested to the Seaman's admiration and great content: the orderly practise whereof to the best of my poor capacity I purpose to make known, if I may perceive my pains already taken, to be received in good part, which I distrust not but all honest minded Seamen, and Pilots of reputation will gratefully embrace, only in regard of my friendly good will towards them, for it is not in respect of my pains, but of my love, that I would receive favourable courtesy.   

How may the Poles height be known by the Globe?  
THere are divers ways to find the Poles height by the Globe, aswell from the Meridian as upon the same, but sith before I have sufficiently taught how by the suns Meridian altitude, the Poles height may be found, I will therefore in this place speak no further thereof, but for the other kinds it may be known as followeth.   

How by the suns rising or setting, the Poles height may be known.  
BY your Compass of variation, or some magnetical instrument, observe at the sun rising, upon what degree of the Horizon the centre toucheth, according to the true horizontal position of the Magnet, all variation duly considered, that being known, search in the tables of the Ephemerideses, for the suns place in the Ecliptic, at the time of your observation, then bring that place or degree of the Ecliptic wherein you find the Sun to be, to the Horizon, and move that Meridian of the Globe as occasion requireth, until that observed degree of the Horizon and the suns place in the Ecliptic do justly touch together, for than is the Pole in his due Elevation, as by the intersection of the Horizon and Meridian may appear, in like sort you may find the Poles altitude, by any known fixed Star in the Horizon.   

To find the poles height by the Sun, upon any point of the Compass.  
BY the Compass of variation, rectified to the true horizontal position, observe the Sun until he come to any point thereof at your pleasure, and at the same instant take the suns height from the Horizon, then bring the Quarta altitudo to that point of the Compass upon the Horizon of the Globe where you observed the Sun to be, there holding the Quarta altitudo stedye, move the Globe until you bring the degree of the Ecliptitk (wherein the Sun is at the time of your observation) unto the edge of the Quarta altitudo, if it fall upon that degree of altitude as was the Suns observed height, then doth the Pole stand to his true Elevation, but if it agree not, you must elevate or depress the Pole as occasion requireth, rectifying the Zenith answerable thereunto. And again make trial as at the first, bringing the place of the Sun to the Quarta altitudo, and setting the same upon the observed point of the Compass, until it agree in all respects with your observation, and then the Meridian showeth in his intersection with the Horizon, the Elevation of the Pole from the Horizon.   

To find the Poles height by any given Azumuth by the Sun being above the Horizon.  
BY your magnetical instrument, or Compass of variation observe the azumuth of the Sun at any time in the forenoon, or afternoon, the nearer the Sun is to the Horizon, the better shallbe your observation, and at the same instant take the height of the Sun from the Horizon, keep these 2. numbers in memory, and note that the Azumuth be observed according to the true position of the Horizon, by having good regard to the variation of the compass, then bring the Quarta altitudo to the place of the Sun in the Ecliptic, and set that degree of the suns place in the Ecliptic upon the observed degree of altitude by the graduation of the Quarta altitudo, and if the end thereof at the same instant do fall right upon the observed degree of Azumuth, then is the Pole in his due Elevation: if not, then raise or lay the Pole as occasion requireth, always regarding that you place the Zenith answerable to the Poles altitude, and then again bring the suns place to his altitude upon the Quarta altitudo, and look again whether the end thereof do touch the observed degree of Azumuth upon the Horizon, if not, you must prosecute this order, until at one instant the place of the Sun be upon his true almicanter, by the edge of the Quarta altitudo, and that the end of the quarta altitudo do also touch the observed degree of Azumuth upon the Horizon, for than is the Pole in his true elevation, as by the Meridian and Horizon will appear.   

To find the Poles height by the Sun, by any two given azumuths and altitudes, not regarding the true horizontal position or needles variations.  
BEcause there may great errors be committed in the former observations unless the Compass be perfectly well rectified, so as it may respect the true parts or distinctions of the Horizon, it is not amiss to inform you how without regard of variation, the Poles height may be found.  
Therefore by your Magnetical instrument or Compass of variation observe the suns azumuth, without regard of the true horizontal position, and at the same instant observe also his altitude from the Horizon, keep those two numbers in memory. then after the Sun hath moved a point or two points of the Compass more less at your discretion, observe again his azumuth and altitude as the first, then consider the ark of the Horizon through which the Sun hath moved between these two observations, for by the 2. observations of the suns altitude, and by the degrees of Azumuth through which the Sun hath moved, the Poles height is thus known: First set the Globe to the elevation of the place wherein you are as near as you can guess, and bring the Zenith to the like latitude from the Equator, as the Poles elevation is from the Horizon, then bring the Quarta altitudo to the place of the Sun upon the Ecliptic, for the time of your observation, there place the Sun upon the first observed altitude by the degrees of the quarta altitudo, and note the degree of the Horizon which the Quarta altitudo then toucheth: this done, bring the suns place to the second observed altitude, by moving the Quarta altitudo and the Globe until the degree of the suns place in the Ecliptic and the degree of his altitude upon the Quarta altitudo do meet. Then again consider the degree of the horizon which the end of the Quarta altitudo toucheth, and note the Ark of the Horizon contained between your 2. observations, of how many degrees it consisteth, if it agree with the observations made by your Magnetical instrument, then doth the Pole stand in his true altitude, if not you must either raise or depress the Pole, and again prosecute the former practice, until you find such azumuths and altitudes upon the Globe, as you found by your Magnetical observations, for then the Pole doth stand in his true altitude, and then doth also appear the true azumuth of both your observations, which if it agree not with your Compass, then is your compass varied, and may hereby be corrected, so that this doth not only give the Poles height, but also the true horizontal position without error.   

To find the Poles height by taking the suns altitude above the Horizon, so that the precise time of any such observation be known.  
IF you desire at any time of the day to know the Poles height, as at 8, 9, or 10. of the clock, etc. mark diligently the time of your observation, at what instant you do observe the suns altitude from the Horizon, the time and altitude thus known, bring that place of the Ecliptik wherein the Sun is at the time of your observation directly under the Meridian, there holding the Globe stedye, bring the Index of the Ciclus horarius to the hour of 12, or noon, then move the Globe until the Index come to the hour of your observation, there hold the Globe steady, then bring the quarta altitudo to the place of the Sun in the Ecliptic, if it agree with your observed altitude, then doth the Pole stand in his true elevation, if not, move the Meridian by raising or depressing the pole as occasion requireth, until you bring the altitude & the hour to agree, and then you have the Poles height, and by the end of the quarta altitudo doth also appear the degree of azumuth, whereupon the Sun was at the time of your observation, and note that in raising or depressing the Pole of the Globe, you must also place the Zenith so far from the Equinoctial, as the Pole is from the Horizon, for this is a general rule, that so much as the Pole is elevated from the Horizon, so much is the latitude of the Zenith from the Equator, therefore you must always bring the Zenith and altitude to agree, whensoever you altar the Elevation be it never so little.   

To find the Poles height by any two observations of the suns altitude, not regarding the hour of the day, or any horizontal position of the Magnet, so that you know the distance of time between the said observations.  
ALthough there be some difficulty in giving the true time of any observations at the Sea, by reason of the alteration of Orisons, and of the needle's variation, yet it is a matter most easy by a good hour Glass, half hour Glass, and minute Glass, to measure the distance of time between any two observed altitudes, you may therefore upon that ground find the Poles height with great facility at any time, by the Sun or any fixed Star, in this sort.  
Consider in what place of the Ecliptic the Sun is at the time of your observation, bring that place to the Meridian, there with a black lead by moving the Globe describe a perallell to the Equator, answerable to the suns diurnal motion and declination for the same instant, then if between your observations there be an hour, two hours, more or less at your pleasure, as by your running glasses may be known, you must allow for every hour 15. d. of the Equator, for so much ascendeth every hour, and for every 4. minutes one degree, and for every minute 1/4 of a degree, then knowing by this order how many degrees the Sun is moved between your 2. observations, you must upon the perallell which you draw make 2. notes, so many degrees asunder as the Sun hath moved between your observations, which may be done in this sort: bring the place wherein the Sun is under the Meridian, and mark what degree of the Equator is then under the Meridian, the Globe so standing upon your perallell close by the Meridian, make the first note or mark, then turn the Globe, and reckon the degrees of the Equator that pass under the Meridian, until so many be past as was your observation, there again hold the Globe steady, and upon your perallell close by the Meridian, make your second note or mark, then knowing the suns altitude at both the observations, you must bring the Quarta altitudo to the first note made upon your perallell, there holding the globe steady, the Quarta altitudo and mark agreeing in altitude, bring the quarta altitudo to the second note, if that do also agree with your former observed altitude, then doth the Globe stand in his true Elevation: if not, you must elevate or depress the Pole by discretion, until you bring the two observed altitudes of the Sun, to agree with the two marks which you made upon your described perallell, and then is the Pole at his true elevation: and what is spoken of the Sun, the like may be done by any known fixed Star. I hold this conclusion to be very necessary, pleasant, and easy for the Seaman's purpose.   

To find the true place of the Sun in the Ecliptic at all times.  
BEcause it is most necessarily required in the former practices, that the suns true place in the Ecliptic be at all times known, I think it not amiss to inform you how the same may be done.  
The chiefest and most certain mean to know the same, is by the tables of the Ephemerideses, but those tables wanting, the Seaman may in this sort do it: by the Regiment seek out the declination of the Sun, that being known, bring the Zenith upon the Meridian, so many degrees and minutes from the Equator as is the suns declination, then move the Globe until some degree of the Ecliptic do come directly under the point of the Zenith, for that is the suns place: you must further consider, whether it be between March and Inn, for than you must find the degree in that quarter of the Ecliptic, contained between ♈ and ♋: if it be between june and September, you must find the degree in that quarter of the ecliptic contained between ♋ and ♎, etc. of the rest.  
It may also be known upon the Horizon of the Globe by a Calendar Circle that is there described, in this sort: first search the day of your month wherein you desire to know the suns declination, and directly against the same degree which standeth for that day, doth also stand the degree of the Zodiac wherein the Sun is at the same time, in a circle representing the Zodiac, and described upon the Horizon.  
But if it be Leap year, you must not take the precise day of the month wherein you seek the suns place, but the next day following, and against that day seek the declination.   

To find the Poles height by any two known fixed Stars.  
WHen you see any 2. fixed Stars which you know to be both at one instant in the Horizon, upon your Globe search for those Stars, and bring one of them to touch the Horizon of the Globe, if the other do not likewise touch the Horizon, you must raise or depress the Pole by discreet moving of the Meridian, until you bring both those Stars to be at one instant in the Horizon, for then the Globe doth stand to his true elevation.   

To find the Poles height by any two known fixed Stars, an other way.  
WHen you see any fixed Star that you know to be in the Horizon, you must presently take the height of some other Star, that you likewise know, before the first be risen from the Horizon, then upon your Globe search for the Star that you observed in the horizon, bring that star to the horizon of the Globe, there holding the Globe steady, bring the quarta altitudo to the other Star, whose altitude you observed, if it agree upon the Quarta altitudo with the observed altitude, than the Globe doth stand to his true elevation, if not, you must by discretion raise or lay the Pole until you find the one Star in the Horizon, and the other upon his true observed altitude, for then the Pole doth stand to his true elevation.   

To find the Poles height at all times by any 2. known fixed Stars.  
WIth your cross staff take the distance of any 2. stars from your Zenith, which must be done with as much expedition as may be, their distances so know, with a pair of Compasses measure so many degrees upon the Equator, as is the distance of the first observed Star, with an other pair of Compasses do the like for the second observed Star, upon the first Star set one point of the Compasses that took his distance, and upon the second Star set likewise one foot of the Compasses that took his distance, bring the other 2. feet of the Compasses to meet together, there make a mark, for that is the perallell wherein you be, and that mark is the Zenith, bring it to the Meridian by moving the Globe, and there will appear the latitude desired, for so many degrees and minutes as that mark is from the Equator, so much is the Pole elevated above the Horizon. This conclusion the Seaman ought to have in good esteem.   

To know the precise hour at all times, by the Sun.  
FOr the finding of the hour of the day by the Globe, it is necessary that the Poles height be first known, therefore set the Pole to his true elevation, and the Zenith to his answerable latitude, then bring the place of the Sun in the Ecliptic under the Meridian, there holding the Globe steady, place the Index of the Ciclus horarius upon 12. of the clock or Noon, your Globe thus ordered, then with your cross staff take the suns height from the Horizon, that being known, you must bring the place of the Sun to the Quarta altitudo, by moving the Globe and Quarta altitudo until the place of the Sun do agree with the observed altitude, there holding the Globe that he move not, the Index doth show upon the Ciclus horarius, the true hour desired.   

To find the hour of the night by any known fixed star.  
SEt the Globe to his true altitude, and the Zenith to his answerable latitude, you must also place the Index of the Ciclus horarius upon the hour of 12. or noon, by bringing the suns place under the Meridian, etc. as before you did by the Sun, then take the height of any known fixed Star, bring that Star to the Quarta altitudo, by moving the Globe and Quarta altitudo until the Star come to his true observed altitude, there holding the Globe steady, the Index doth show upon the Ciclus horarius the true time of your observation.   

To know the length of the days and nights, at all times, and in all places.  
THe place and time being given wherein you desire to know the length of the day or night, first set the Globe to his true altitude for the place, then search the place of the Sun in the Ecliptic, for the time wherein you seek the days length, bring that place of the Sun under the Meridian, there holding the Globe that he move not, place the Index of the Ciclus horarius upon the hour of 12. or noon, then turn the Globe until you bring the place of Sun to touch the East part of the horizon, there holding the Globe, you shall see by the Index of the cyclus horarius, the true time of the suns rising, then bring the place of the Sun to the West part of the Horizon, and you shall there see the true time of the suns setting, whereby the length of the day day and night doth most plainly appear. And this may suffice for the use of the Globe, necessary for the Seaman's purpose  
I might here recite the triple rising and setting of the Sarres, Cosmice, Acronyce, and Heliace, the ascensions right and obliqne, the dawning and twilight, hours equal and unequal ordinary and planetary, days natural and artificial, the triple rising of the Sun Equinoctial and Solsticiall, Circles of position with their use and nature, the horoscope and domifying distinctions of the heavens, the planets, their motions, retrogradiations, and excontricitie of their orbs, herologie, and many other most pleasant conclusions: but because they do in no sort appertain to the Seaman's use, ● I therefore omit them, as matters more troublesome than profit able for him, expecting from some learned Mathematician a work of worthy esteem, wherein these and many other excellent conclusions shall by running demonstration be made known unto us.   

Of the Cross staff and his demonstration.  
THe Cross staff is an artificial quadrant, geometrically projected into that form as an instrument of greatest ease and exactest use in Navigation, by which in any natural disturbance of wether (the Sun or Stars appearing) the Poles height may be known, when the astrolabe or quadrant are not to be used. Conveying the use of the quadrant from the beam of the Sun to the beam of the eye, for whereas by the quadrant the Sun beam perceiving the Dioptra showeth his height, so by the Cross staff the beam of the eye conveyed to the Sun or Star, doth likewise give their height. The demonstration whereof is thus.  
Make a plain square consisting of 4. right angles, as is the square, I. o. h. n. the angle I. shallbe assigned the Centre of the quadrant, where placing one foot of your Compasses, stretch the other foot to the angle n. and therewith describe a quarter of a circle, as is the ark o. d. n. then from the centre I. to his opposite angle h. draw a right line, by which line the quadrant o. d. n. is divided into 2. equal parts, in the point d. divide the ark d. n. into 90. equal parts, drawing from the centre I. lines through every of those divisions touching in the line n. h. as by this figure appeareth: then consider the length of your transuersary, and take half thereof laying it upon the line I o. in the point S. from that point S. draw a perallell to the line I o. as is the line S. Y. and as that line doth intersect the divisions of she half quadrant, so shallbe the degrees of the cross staff, and note that the sides of the square, mnst be as long as the staff that is to be graduated.  
Because the staff should be of unreasonable length to contain more than 60. degrees, the rfore to keep him in due form for the ease of his use, and that the complement of 90. degrees should be contained upon the staff, the other 30. are artificially projected upon the transitersary, as by this demonstration appeareth, and in this sort consider the length of your staff from that point S, to the last intersection which endeth in 30. degrees, lay down the length upon the line I h. at the point v. from that point draw a right line cutting the line I h. to right angles, as is the line v. a. being just the length of half the transuersary: then divide the ark o. d. into 45. equal parts, accounting from the point d. to te point o. then from the angle I. draw right lines to the first 15. of those parts, and as those lines do cut the line v. a. so must the transuersary be graduated on both his parts, whereunto banes being framed, your staff is finished to your use.  
THere is a staff of another projection, which I find by practice to be an instrument of very great ease, and certainty at the Sea, the Sun not being more than 45. degrees above the Horizon, whose use is contrary to the other before demonstrated, for by this staff the beam of the Sun shadowing upon the transuersary, doth thereby give the height most precisely, not regarding how to place the Centre of the staff to the eye, for the correction of the parrallax of the fight, and without looking upon the Sun, whose demonstration is thus.  
Draw 2. right lines, cutting each other at right angles, as do the lines d. v and d. s. upon the angle d. describe a quarter circle, as is the ark v. s. divide that quadrant into 2. equal parts by the line d. n. cutting the quadrant in the point h. divide the ark s. h. into 45. equal parts or degrees, drawing lines from the centre d. to every of those divisions, then from the point I. being the third part of the line d. s. upon the centre d. describe an ark of a circle, as is the ark I o. which is for the transuersary of this staff, and and the line d. s. is for the staff, then from the point o. where the upper end of the transursary toucheth the line d. n. draw a perallell to the line d. s. as is the line o. y. and as that line doth cut the lines drawn from the centre d. so must the staff d. s. by graduated, laying it upon the line o. y. putting that part of the staff where the point I. toucheth, upon the point o. and then from the point I. lay down the degrees, as are the intersections upon the line o. y. and so is the staff graduated.  
The transuersary at the point i. must have an artificial hole made for the staff to run in, as other slaves have, also there must be a plate of brass with a soccat to be set to the centre of the staff, as is the figure a. in the midst whereof there must be a slit, through which the sight must be conveyed to the Horizon, and this plate must receive the shadow of the transuersary, and so the staff is finished.   

How is the use of this staff?  
THe use of this staff is altogether contrary to the other, for the centre of this staff where the brass plate is fastened, must be turned to that part of the Horizon which is from the Sun, and with your back toward the Sun, by the lower edge of the half cross, and through the slit of the plate you must direct your sight only to the Horizon, and then moving the transuersary as occasion requireth, until the shadow of your upper edge of the transuersary do fall directly upon the said slit or long hole, and also at the same instant you see the Horizon through the slit, and then the transuersary showeth the height desired.  
FInding by practise the eccellencye of the Cross staff above all other instruments to satisfy the Seaman's expectation, and also knowing that those instruments whose degrees are of largest capacity, are instruments of most certainty. I have very carefully laboured to search a good and demonstrable mean how a Cross staff might be projected, not only to contain large degrees, but also to avoid the uncertainty of the sight, by disorderly placing of the staff to the eye, which demonstration I have found, and have had the instrument in practice, as well under the Sun, as in our climates: but because it hath a large demonstration with manifold uses, I here omit to manifest the same, purposing to write a particular treatise thereof, notwithstanding his form and use, by picture I have thought good to express.  
THis staff is a yard long, having 2. half, crosses, the one circular, the other strait, the longest not 14. inches, yet this staff doth contain the whole 90. degrees, the shortest degree being an inch and 3/4 long, wherein the minutes are particularly and very sensibly laid down, by which staff not regarding the parallar of your fight, nor looking upon the Sun, but only upon the Horizon, the suns height is most precisely known, as well and as easily in the Zenith, as in any other part of the Heaven. Then which instrument (in my opinion) the Seaman shall not find any so good, and in all Climates of so great certainty, the invention and demonstration whereof, I may boldly challenge to appertain unto myself be (as portion of the talon which God hath bestowed upon me) I hope without abuse or offence to any.   

Of the Quadrant.  
A Quadrant is the fourth part of a circle, containing 90 degrees, and representeth the distance between the Horizon and Zenith, being an excellent instrument upon the shore, to perform any astronomical observations, but for a Seaman it is to no purpose: and although there may be very much written of the commodious and excellent uses of the Quadrant, yet not being an apt instrument for Sea observations, it shall be from my purpose to write further thereof, and therefore the only laying down of his form may at this present suffice.  
  

Of the astrolabe.  
AN astrolabe is the representation of a great circle, containing four quadrants, or 360. degrees, which instrument hath been in long use among Seamen, and is an excellent instrument being rightly understood and ordered, but sith the unlgare astrolabe with his use is to every Seaman sufficiently known, it should be vain labour for me to lay down his use and demonstration: therefore by his form it shall suffice to express him.  
THere hath been great pains taken by many for the enlarging of the degrees contained in an astrolabe, among which there is a projection to convey the degrees of a quadrant into the concavery of a astrolabe, whereby those degrees shallbe double, to any other astrolabe of the same quantity, so that the Sun beam piercing a hole made in the side of the astrolabe, is thereby carried to the degrees noted, in the opposite concave part, as by his form may appear.  
Also myself labouring in the same matter, have found a mean whereby an Ark of quadrant whose side is 10. foot, may be conveyed into an astrolabe of 10. inches diameter, whose dioptra shall cut his limb to right angles, and shall perform the complement of 90 degrees, as amply and as effectually as by the quadrant it may in any sort be done.  
Whose demonstration, together with the demonstration of my Staff, A purpose God willing, at large to manifest. But there can be no invention that can establish the certainty of the use of either Quadrant or astrolabe at the Sea, for unless it be in very smooth water, there can be no certainty of any observation by those instruments, whereby the Seaman may rest assured of the la. which he seeketh, but the observations made by the cross staff, are without all distrust of error, and therefore no instrument may compare with the excellency of the cross staff for the Seaman's use.   
FINIS.   

Imprinted at London at the three Cranes in the Vintree, by Thomas Dawson. 1595.