Spadacrene Anglica.  
OR, THE ENGLISH SPAW-FOUNTAINE.  
Being A BRIEF TREATISE of the acide, or tart Fountain in the Forest of Knaresborow, in the West-Riding of Yorkshire.  
As also a Relation of other medicinal Waters in the said Forest.  
BY Edmund Deane, Dr. in Physic, Oxon. dwelling in the City of YORK.  
LONDON, Printed for john Grismand: and are to be sold by Richard Foster, near the Minster gate in York. 1626.   

TO THE PHYSICIANS OF YORK.  
THough it was my fortune first of all to set a new edge on this business; yet my journeys to this Fountain have not been made without your good companies and association, nor the several trials had there, and at home, performed without your worthy helps and assistance: nor this little Treatise begun without your instigations and incitements. Therefore I find none so fit and meet to patronise it, as yourselves; being able out of your own knowledge and observation to defend it against all malicious detractions. To extol it above the German Spa, may be thought in me either indiscretion, or too much partiality; but why I may not parallel them (being in natures and qualities so agreeable) nor I, nor you (I suppose) know any inducing, much less persuading argument. Wherefore being thus confident, I thought it no part of our duties, either to God, our King, or Country, to conceal so great a benefit, as may thereby arise and accrue not only unto this whole Kingdom and his Majesty's loving subjects, but also in time (after further notice taken of it) to other foreign nations and countries, who may perhaps with more benefit, less hazard and danger of their lives, spoiling and robbing, better partake of this our English Spa Fountain, then of those in Germany.  
It were to be wished, that those two famous Physicians, Dr. Hunton and Dr. Bright had been yet living, to have given testimony of the great good hopes and expectation they conceived of it. The former of which did oftentimes request me to publish it to the world: and the other was resolved (in case he had longer lived) to have done it himself. So careful were they both to promote their country's good, and ●udious to procure the health of their Countrymen.  
I am as brief and plain, as possibly I may, to the end the Reader may not be wearied, nor the patient deluded; and if for these causes I may seem to be censured, yet I am well assured, that to yourselves brevity and perspicuity cannot, but be acceptable. So wishing you all happiness, I shall ever rest and remain  
From my house in York, this 20th of April. 1626. Your assured friend, Edm: Deane.   

THE ENGLISH SPA.  

CHAP. 1.  
Of the situation of the Town of Knaresborow.  
GNaresbrugh (commonly called Knaresborow) is a very ancient Market town in the West-Riding of Yorkshire, distant 14 miles from the City of York; where the Pole is elevated 54 degrees, and 20 odd minutes. On the South-west part thereof is that fair, and goodly Fort, so much renowned, both for the pleasant situation, and remarkable strength, known by the name of Knaresborow Castle, seated on a most ragged and rough Rock; whence (as learned Mr. Camden saith) it is so named.  
Both the Castle and Town are fenced on the South and West parts with the River Nid: which is beautified here with two fair Bridges of stone, which lead from the Town into the Forest adjoining, as also unto a large impaled Park of his Majesties, called Bilton park, well stored with fallow Deer: part whereof is bordered with the said river.  
The Town itself standeth on a hill, having almost on every side an ascent to it; and about it are diverse fruitful valleys well replenished with grass, corn, and wood. The waters there are wholesome and clear; the air dry and pure. In brief, there is nothing wanting, that may fitly serve for a good and commodious habitation, and the content and entertainment of strangers.  
Many things are very observable in this place, which because they rather do appertain to the volumes of Geographers, & Antiquaries, then to the purpose intended in this little treatise, are here omitted.   

CHAP. 2.  
Of the several earths, stones, and minerals, found near and about this place.  
ALthough there are in sundry places of this Kingdom as many, or more several kinds, and sorts of earths, quarreyes of stone, minerals, and mines of metals, then in any other Realm whatsoever; notwithstanding no one place hath been observed to have them either in such plenty, or variety in so small a distance, as this. For here is found not only white and yellow marvel, plaster, ochre, rudd, or rubric, freestone, an hard greet-stone, a soft reddish stone, ironstone, brimstone, vitreall, nitre, alum, lead, copper, (and without doubt divers mixtures of these) but also many other minerals might (perhaps) be found out by the diligent search, and skilful industry of those, who would take pains to labour a little herein.  
All which do manifestly demonstrate, that nature hath stored this little territory with a greater diversity of hidden benefits, then great and spacious Countries otherwise abounding in outward native commodities, and that the fountains, or springs of water hereabouts cannot otherwise then participate of their several natures, and properties.   

CHAP. 3.  
Of the fountains, of pure and simple waters near, and about the Town.  
AS generally most parts of the West Riding of Yorkshire (especially the hilly and more mountaineous places thereof) are stored with fountains and springs of clear, limpide, and pure simple waters; so likewise the territory here about is not without plenty of them. Two whereof have gotten and purchased that reputation, as to be sainted: The one called by the name of Saint Magnus, or Mugnus-Well: th'other, that of Saint Roberts.  
These, formerly for a year, or two, have been in great request in these parts amongst the common sort, much sought unto by many, and great concourse of people have daily gathered and flocked to them both near, and a far off, as is most commonly seen, when any new thing is first found out. Fama enim crescit eundo, even unto incredible wonders and miracles, or rather fictions, and lies. All which cometh to pass as we may well suppose, through our overmuch English credulity, or (as I may better say) rather superstition. For to any such like Well, will swarm at first both young and old (especially the female sex, as ever more apt to be deluded) halt, lame, blind, deaf, dumb, yea, almost all, and that for all manner of maladies and diseases, both inward and outward.  
But for as much, as these are springs of pure, and simple waters merely, without any mixture at all of minerals, to make them become medicinable, it is verily thought, that the many & several cures, which have been attributed unto them in those times, when they were so frequented, were rather feigned, and imaginary, then true, and real; and that those, who then visited them, were desirous (either to uphold, and maintain the credit, and reputation of their Saints, or else, to avoid the scorn and derision of their own delusion) to have others likewise deceived.  
Time hath quite worn all their strength, and consumed all their virtues; so that nothing of worth now remains with them, saving only their bare names and titles:  Sic magna suâ mole ruunt. 
Wherefore to omit these, as scarce worthy the mentioning; those are chiefly here to be described, which do participate of mineral virtues, and faculties.   

CHAP. 4.  
Of five fountains near unto the town, which do participate of mineral virtues.  
Out of the diverse Fountains springing hereabouts, five are worthy the observation of Physicians. The first whereof is very near unto the river bank, over against the Castle, called by the name of the Dropping-well, for that it droppeth, distilleth, and trickleth down from the hanging rock above. The water whereof hath a certain quality or property to turn any thing, that lieth in it, into a stony substance in a very short space.  
Three of the others (being all of them much of one, and the same nature) are termed by the country people thereabouts the Stinking-wels, in regard they have an ill, and fetide smell, consisting most of Sulphure-vive, or quick brimstone. One of them, and that which hath the greatest current, or stream of water, is in Bilton park.  
The other two are in the said Forest; one is near unto the town; the other is further off, almost two miles from it, beyond a place called Haregate-head, in a bottom on the right hand of it, as you go, and almost in the side of a little brook.  
The fifth, and last (for which I have principally undertaken to write this short Discourse) is an acide, or tart fountain in the said Forest, commonly named by the vulgar sort, Tuewhit well, and the English Spa, by those of the better rank, in imitation of those two most famous acide fountains at the Spa in Germany, to wit Sawenir, and Pouhon: whereof the first (being the prime one) is half a league from the Spa, or Spa village; the other is in the middle of the town.   

CHAP. 5.  
A more particular recital of the first four Wells.  
I Purpose to speak somewhat more in this place of the firs● four Springs mentioned in the former Chapter, in regard the consideration of them may perhaps give some light to those, who shall hereafter search further into the secrets, which nature may seem to afford in the Country hereabouts.  
The first is the Dropping-well, known almost to all, who have traveled unto this place. The water whereof distilleth and trickleth down from the hanging Rock over it, not only dropping wise, but also falling in many pretty little streams.  
This water issueth at first out of the earth, not far from the said hanging rock, and running a while in one entire current, continueth so, till it cometh almost to the brim of the crag; where being opposed by a dam (as it were artificial) of certain spongy stones, is afterwards divided into many smaller branches, and falleth from on high in manner aforesaid.  
It is therefore very likely, that Mr Camden in person did not see this Fountain, but rather that he had it by relation from others; or at least wise (if he did see it) that he did not mark, and duly observe the original springing up of the water, when in his Britannia he saith thus: The waters thereof spring not up out of the veins of the earth, etc.  
Concerning the properties and qualities thereof, I have nothing more to write at this time (there being formerly little trial had of it) saving that diverse inhabitants thereabouts say, and affirm, that it hath been found to be very effectual in staying any flux of the body: which thing I easily believe.  
The other three are sulphureous fountains, and cast forth a stinking smell a far off, especially in the winter season, and when the weather is coldest. They are all noisome to smell to, and cold to touch, without any manifest, or actual heat at all; by reason (as may most probably be thought) their mines, and veins of brimstone, are not kindled under the earth; being (perhaps) hindered by the mixture of salt therewith.  
Those, who drink of their waters, relate, they verily think there is gunpowder in them, and that now and then they vomit after drinking thereof.  
The waters, as they run along the earth, do leave behind them on the grass and leaves a grey slimy substance; which being set on fire, hath the right savour of common brimstone. They are much haunted with Pigeons, an argument of much salt in them; of which in the evaporation of the water by fire, we found a good quantity remaining in the bottom of the vessel.  
One thing further was worth observation; that white mettle (as silver) dipped into them, presently seemeth to resemble copper: which we first noted by putting a silver porringer into one of these; unto which Sir Francis Traps did first bring us. Which tincture these waters give by reason of their sulphur.  
Touching their virtues, and effects, there may in general the like properties be ascribed unto them, as are attributed unto other sulphureous Baths actually cold, participating also of salt.  
The vulgar sort drink these waters (as they say) to expel reefe, and felon; yea, many, who are much troubled with itches, scabs, morphews, tetters, ringworms, and the like, are soon holpen, and cured by washing the parts ill affected therewith. Which thing they might much more conveniently, and more commodiously do, if at that in Bilton park were framed 2 capacious Baths, the one cold, the other to be made hot, or warm, by art, for certain known hours a day.   

CHAP. 6.  
A more particular description of the fifth, or last fountain, called the English Spa.  
THis, being the principal subject of this whole Treatise, is in the said forest, about half a league, or a mile and a half west from the town; from whence there is almost a continual rising to it, but nothing so great, as the ascent is from the Spa village to the Sawenir. This here springeth out of a mountainous ground, and almost at the height of the ascent, at Haregate-head; having a great descent on both sides the ridge thereof; and the Country thereabouts somewhat resembleth that at the Spa in Germany.  
The first discoverer of it to have any medicinal quality (so far forth as I can learn) was one Mr. William Slingesby, a Gentleman of many good parts, of an ancient, and worthy Family near thereby; who having traveled in his younger time, was throughly acquainted with the taste, use, and faculties of the two Spa fountains.  
In his latter time, about 55 years ago, it was his good fortune to live for a little while at a grange house very near to this fountain, and afterwards in Bilton Park all his life long. Who drinking of this water, found it in all things to agree with those at the Spa. Whereupon (greatly rejoicing at so good and fortunate an accident) he made some further tr all and assay: that done, he caused the founta ne to be well, and ar●●●cially walled about, and paved at the bottom (as it is now at this day) with two fair stone flags, with a sit hole in the side thereof, for the free passage of the water through a little guttered stone. It is open at the top, and walled somewhat higher, than the earth, as well to keep out filth, as Cattle for coming and approaching to it. It is foursquare, three foot wide, and the water within is about three quarters of a yard deep.  
First we caused it to be laded dry, as well to scour it, as also to see the rising up of the water, which we found to spring up only at the bottom at the chink, or cranny, between two stones, so left purposely for the springing up of the water at the bottom: Which as Yliny observeth in his 31 book of his Natural History, and the third Chapter, is a sign above all of the goodness of a fountain.  
And about all (saith he) one thing would be observed, and seen unto, that the source, which feedeth it, spring and boil up directly from the bottom, and not ●ssue forth at the sides: which also is a main point that concerneth the perpetuity thereof, and whereby we ●y collect, ●hat it will hold still and be never drawn dry.  
The stream of water, which passeth away by the hole in the side thereof, is much one, and about the proportion of the current of Sawenir.  
The above named Gentleman did drink the water of this Fountain every year after all his life time, for helping his infirmities, and maintaining of his health, and would oftentimes say and aver, that it was much better, and did excel the tart fountains beyond the seas, as being more quick and lively, and fuller of mineral spirits; effecting his operation more speedily, and sooner passing through the body.  
Moreover, Doctor Timothy Bright of happy memory, a learned Physician, (while he lived, my very kind friend, and familiar acquaintance) first gave the name of the English Spa unto this Fountain about thirty years since, or more. For he also formerly had spent some time at the Spa in Germany; so that he was very able to compare those with this of ours. Nay, he had furthermore so good an opinion, and so high a conceit of this, that he did not only direct, and advise others to it, but himself also (for most part) would use it in the Summer season.  
Likewise Doctor Anthony Hunton lately of Newarke upon Trent, a Physician of no less worth and happy memory, (to whom for his true love to me, and kind respect of me, I was very much beholden) would often expostulate with me at our meetings, and with other Gentlemen of Yorkshire, his patients, how it came to pass, that I, and the Physicians of York, did not by publi●e writing make the fame and worth thereof better known to the world?   

CHAP. 7.  
Of the difference of this Fountain from those at the Spa, to wit, Sawenir, and Pouhon.  
THis springeth almost at the top of the ascent (as formerly hath been said) from a dry, and somewhat sandy earth: The water where of running Southeast, is very clear, pure, full of life, and mineral exhalations.  
We find it chiefly to consist of a vitrioline nature and quality, with a participation also of those other minerals, which are said to be in the Sawenir fountain; but in a more perfect, and exquisite mixture and temper (as we deem) and therefore to be supposed better and nobler, than it. The difference between them will be found to be only Secundum maius & minus, that is, according to more, or less, which maketh no difference in kind, but in degrees. This partaketh in greater measure of the qualities, and lesser of the substances of the minerals, then that doth; and for that cause it is of a more quick and speedy operation; as also for the same reason, his tenuity of body, and fullness of mineral spirits therein contained, it cannot be so far transported from its own source, and spring, without loss, and diminution of his strength, and goodness. For being carried no further, then to the town itself (though the glass or vessel be closely stopped) it becometh somewhat weaker: if as far as to York, much more: but if 20 or 30 miles further, it will then be found to be of small force, or validity, as we have often observed.  
Whereas chose the water of the lower fountain at the Spa, called Pouhon, is frequently and usually carried and conveyed into other Countries far off, and remote, as into France, England, Scotland, Ireland, diverse parts of Germany, and some parts of Italy; yea, and that of Sawenir, (which is the better fountain, and whose water cannot be carried so far away, as the other may) is oftentimes used now adays at Paris, the chief City of France.  
But this of ours cannot be sent away any whit so far off without loss and decay of his efficacy, and virtue: so airy, subtle, and piercing are its spirits, and mineral exhalations, that they soon pass, vanish, and fly away. Which thing we have esteemed to be a principal good sign of the worthy properties of this rare Fountain. So that this water, being newly taken up at the Well, and presently after drunk, cannot otherwise, but sooner pass by the Hypochondries, and through the body, and cause a speedier effect, than those in Germany can. Whereby any one may easily collect, and gather, that this getteth his sovereign faculties better in its passage by and through the variety of minerals, included in the earth (which only afford unto it an halitious body) than those do.  
If then we be desirous to have this of ours become commodious either for preserving of our healths, or for altering any distemper, or curing any infirmity (for which it is proper and available) it ought chiefly to be taken at the fountain itself, before the mineral spirits be dissipated.   

CHAP. 8.  
That Vitriol is here more predominant, than any other mineral.  
WE have sufficiently been satisfied by experience and trials, through what minerals this water doth pass: but to know in what proportion they are exactly mixed therewith, it is beyond humane invention to find out; nature having reserved this secret to herself alone. Nevertheless it may very well be conjectured, that as in the frame, and composition of the most noble creature, Man (the lesser world) there 〈…〉 of the four elements rather adjustitiam (as Philosophers say) then add pondus; so nature in the mixture of these minerals, hath likewise taken more of some, and less of others, as she thought to be most fit, and expedient for the good and behoof of man's health, and the recovery ●nd restitution of it decayed; being indeed such a work, as no Art is able to imitate.  
That Vitriolum (otherwise called Chalcanthum) is here most predominant, there needs no other proof, then from the assay of the water itself; which both in the tart and inky smack thereof, joined with a piercing and a pricking quality, and in the savour (which is somewhat a little vitrioline,) is altogether like unto the ancient Spa waters: which according to the consent of all those, who have considered their natural compositions, do most of all, and chiefly participate of vitriol.  
Notwithstanding, for a more manifest, and fuller try all hereof, put as much powder of galls, as will lie on twopences, or threepences, into a glass full of this water newly taken up at the fountain, you shall see it by and by turned into the right and perfect colour of Claret wine, that is fully ripe, clear, and well fined, which may easily deceive the eye of the skilfullest Vintner.  
This demonstration hath been often made, not without the admiration of those, who first did see it. For the same quantity of galls mingled with so much common water, or any other fountain water thereabouts, will not alter it any thing at all; unless to these you also add Vitriol, and then the colour will appear to be of a bluish violet, somewhat inkish, not reddish, as in the former, which hath an exquisite and accurate conjunction of other mineral exhalations, besides the vitrioline. But this probation will not hold, if so be you make trial with the said water being carried far from the well; by reason of the present dissipation of his spirits.   

CHAP. 9  
Of the properties, and effects of Vitriol, according to the ancient and modern Writers.  
THe qualities of Vitriol, according to Dioscorides, Galen, Aetius, Paulus Aegineta, and Oribasius, are to heat and dry, to bind, to resist putrefaction, to give strength and vigour to the interior parts, to kill the flat worms of the belly, to remedy venomous mushrooms, to preserve flesh over moist from corruption, consuming the moisture thereof by its heat, and constipating by his astriction the substance of it, and pressing forth the serous humidity.  
And according to Matthiolus in his Commentaries upon Di●●orides, it is very profitable against the plague and pestilence, and the chemical oil thereof is very available (as himself affirmeth to have sufficiently proved) against the stone and stopping of urine, and many other outward maladies and diseases, (Andernacus and Gesner add to these the Apoplexy) all which, for avoiding of prolixity, I do here puposely omit.  
Neither will I further trouble the Reader with the recital of diverse and sundry excellent remedies, and medicines, found out and made of it in these latter times, by the Spagyricke Physicians, and others: In so much that joseph Quercetanus, one of those, is verily of opinion, that out of this one individual mineral, well and exquisitely prepared, there might be made all manner of remedies and medicines sufficient for the storing and furnishing of a whole Apothecary's shop.  
But it will (perhaps) be objected by some one or other in this manner: If vitriol, which as most do hold, is hot and dry in the third degree, or beginning of the fourth, nay, of a caustic quality, and nature (as Discorides is of opinion) should here be predominant, than the water of this fountain must needs be of great heat and acrimony; and so become not only unprofitable, but also very hurtful for man's use to be drunk, or inwardly taken.  
To which objection (not to take any advantage of the answer, which many learned Physicians do give, viz. that vitriol is not hot, but cold) I say: First, that although all medicinal waters do participate of those minerals, by which they do pass, yet they have them but weakly (viribus refractis) especially when in their passages they touch, and meet with diverse other minerals of opposite tempers and natures.  
Secondly I answer, that in all such medicinal fountains, as this, simple water doth far surpass and exceed in quantity, whatsoever is therewith intermixed; by whose coldness it cometh to pass, that the contrary is scarce, or hardly perceived. For example, take one proportion of any boiling liquor to 100 or more, of the same cold, and you will hardly find in it any heat at all. Suppose then vitriol to be hot in the third degree, it doth not therefore follow, that the water, which hath his virtue chiefly from it, should heat in the same degree. This is plainly manifest not only in this fountain, but also in all others, which have an acide taste, being indeed rather cold, then hot, for the reasons above mentioned.   

CHAP. 10.  
Of the effects, which this fountain worketh, and produceth in those, who drink of it.  
EXperience showeth sufficiently, besides reason, that this water first, and in the beginning cooleth such, as use it: But being continued, it heateth and drieth; and this for the most part it doth in all, yet not always. For (as we shall more fully declare afterwards) it effecteth cures of opposite, and quite contrary natures, by the second and third qualities, wherewith it is endowed; curing diseases both hot, cold, dry, and moist.  
Those waters (saith- Renodaeus) which are replenished with a vitrioline quality, as those at the Spa, do presently heal, and (as it were) miraculously cure diseases, which are without all hope of recovery; having that notable power, and faculty from vitriol; by the virtue and efficacy whereof, they pass through the meanders, turnings, and windings of all parts of the whole body. Whatsoever is hurtful, or endammageth it, that they sweep and carry away: what is profitable and commodious, they touch not, nor hurt: that, which is flaccid, and loose, they bind and fasten: that, which is fastened, and strictly tied, they lose: what is too gross and thick, they incide, dissolve, attenuate, and expel.  
More particularly, the water of this fountain hath an incisive and abstersive faculty to cut, and loosen the viscous and clammy humours of the body, and to make meable the gross: as also by its piercing and penetrating power, subtlety of parts, and by his deterging and desiccative qualities to open all the obstructions, or oppilations of the mesentery (from whence the seeds of most diseases do arise and spring) liver, splen, kidneys, and other interior parts, and (which is more to be noted and observed) to cool, and contemperate their unnatural heat, helping, and removing also all the griefs and infirmities depending thereupon.  
Besides all this, it comforteth the stomach by the astriction it hath from other minerals, especially iron, so that (without doubt) of a thousand, who shall use it discreetly and with good advice (their bodies first being well and orderly prepared by some learned and skilful Physician, according to the states thereof, and as their infirmities shall require) there will scarcely be any one found who shall not receive great profit thereby.  
Moreover, it cleanseth, and purifieth the whole mass of blood contained in the veins, by purging it from the seresity peccant, and from choleric, phlegmatic, and melancholic humours; and that principally by urine, which passeth through the body very clear, and in great quantity, leaving behind it the mineral forces, and virtues.  
Their stools, who drink of it, are commonly of a blackish, or dark green colour, partly because it emptieth the liver and splen from adust humours, and melancholy, or the sediment of blood; but more especially, because the minerals intermixed do produce and give such a tincture.   

CHAP. 11.  
In what diseases the water of this Fountain is most useful and beneficial.  
OVer and beside the peculiar and specifical faculties, which this fountain hath, it showeth diverse and sundry other manifest effects and qualities in evacuating the noxious humours of the body, for most part by urine, especially when there is any obstruction about the kidneys, ureters and bladder: Or by urine and stool both, if the mesentery, liver, or splen, chance to be obstructed. But, if the affect or grief be in the matrix or womb, than it cleanseth that way according to the accustomed and usual manner of women.  
In melancholic people it purgeth by provoking the haemorrhoides, and in choleric by siege, or stool. If it causeth either vomit or sweat, it is very seldom and rare.  
See here a most admirable work guided by the omnipotency and wisdom of the Almighty, that a natural, clear, and pure water, should produce so many and several effects and operations, being all of them in a manner contrary one to another, which few medicines composed by art can easily perform without hurt and damage to the party. Wherefore being drunk with those cautions and circumstances necessarily required thereunto, it is to be preferred before many other remedies, as not only procuring these evacuations; but also (which is more to be noted) staying them, when they grow to any excess. For seeing that here are minerals contained both hot, cold, dry, aperitive, astringent, etc. there is none so simple but must needs think and grant, that it cannot otherwise be but good and wholesome in grievances, and diseases, which in their own natures are opposite.  
But I may instance in some few, for which it is good and profitable, and therein observe some order and method; It drieth the over moist brain, and helpeth the evils proceeding therefrom, as rheums, catarrhs, palsies, cramps, etc.  
It is also good and available against inveterate headaches, migrims, turnings, and swimmings of the head and brain, dizziness, epilepsy, or falling sickness, and the like cold and moist diseases of the head.  
It cheereth and reuiueth the spirits, strengtheneth the stomach, causeth a good and quick appetite, and furthereth digestion.  
It helpeth the black and yellow jaundisse, and the evil, which is accompanied with strange fear and excessive sadness without any evident occasion, or necessary cause, called Melancholia Hypochondriaca. Likewise the cachexy, or evil habit of the body, and the dropsy in the beginning thereof, before it be too far gone. For besides that it openeth obstructions, it expelleth the redundant water contained in the belly, and contemperateth the unnatural heat of the liver.  
It cooleth the kidneys or reynes, and driveth forth sand, gravel, and stones out of them, and also hindereth the increase or breeding of any new, by the concretion, and saudering of gravel, bred of a viscous and clammy humour, or substance. The same it performeth to the bladder, for which it is also very beneficial, if it chance to have any evil disposition either in the cavity thereof, or in the neck of it, and shutting muscle called Sphincter, whereby the whole part, or member is let and hindered in his office and function.  
Moreover, if there chance to be any ulcer in the parts last specified, or any sore, or fistula in perinaeo through an imposthume ill cured, this water is a good remedy for it, in regard of its cleansing, cicatrizing and constringing power, and virtue; and for that cause it is very proper and commodious for the acrimony and sharpness of urine, and against the stopping and suppression of urine, difficulty of making water, and the strangury.  
Although it is very available against the stone in the kidneys, and against the breeding, and increase of any new there; yea, and against little ones, that are loose in the bladder; yet notwithstanding it will afford little or small benefit to those, in whom it is grown to be very great and big in the bladder: Because nothing will then serve to break it, as Brassavolus saith, but a Smith's anvil and hammer. Nevertheless, if in this case incision be used, it will be very commodious both for mundifying and consolidating the wound, made for the extraction of it.  
It shall not be needful to speak much of the profit, which will ensue by the fit administration of it in the inveterat venereous Gonorrhaea, causing it to cease and stay totally, and correcting the distemper, and the evil ulcerous disposition of the seed vessels, & the vicine parts.  
There are very few infirmities properly incident to women, which this water may not seem to respect much. The use whereof, after the advice and council had of the learned Physician, for the well and orderly preparing their bodies, is singular good against the green sickness, and also very commodious and behooveful to procure their monthly evacuations, as also to stay their over much flowing; as well to correct, as to stay their white floods; as well to dry the womb being too moist, as to heat it being too cold, through which causes and distempers conception (for the most part) is let and hindered in cold Northern Countries, as England, and the like. For by the help of it these distempers are changed and altered, the superfluous humidities and mucosities are taken away, the part is corroborated, and the retentive virtue is strengthened.  
This hath been so much, and so often observed at the ancient Spa, that it cannot otherwise, but be also verified at this in after times, when it shall be frequented (as those have been) with the company of Ladies, and Gentlewomen: divers whereof, having been formerly barren for the space of ten, twelve years, or more, and drinking of those waters for curing and helping some other infirmities, then for want of fruitfulness, have shortly conceived after their return home to their husbands, beyond their hopes and expectations.  
Besides all this, it is good for those women, who, though otherwise apt enough to conceive, yet by reason of the too much lubricity of their wombs, are prone to miscarry and abort, if before conception they shall use it with those cautions and directions requisite.  
Also it respecteth very much the hard scirrhous and cancarous tumors, and the grievous sores, and dangerous ulcers of the matrix All these excellent helps and many more it performeth to women with more speedy success, if it be also received by iniection. But here by the way, all such women, who are with child, are to be admonished, that they forbear to use it during that time.  
In children it killeth and expelleth the worms of the guts and belly, and letteth and hindereth the breeding and new increase of any more.  
I will here forbear to write any thing of the benefits which it affordeth against old and inveterate itches, morphews, leprosies, etc. in regard the other three sulphurous fountains, before mentioned, do more properly respect such like grievances. Neither will I now spend any more time in showing what virtues it hath in the cure of the Indian, commonly called the French; or rather Spanish disease: because experience hath found out a more certain and sure remedy against it.   

CHAP. 12.  
Of the necessity of preparing the body before the use of this water.  
IT is not in most things the bare and naked knowledge or contemplation of them, that makes them profitable to us; but rather their right use, and opportune and fit administration. Medicines are not said to be Deorum manus, that is, the hands of the Gods, (as Herophilus calleth them) or Deorum dona; that is, the gifts of the Gods (as Hypocrates believed) till they be fitly applied and seasonably administered by the counsel and advice of the learned and skilful Physician, according to the true rules, and method of Art.  
Temporibus medicina valet, data tempore prosunt,  
Et data non apto tempore vina nocent.  
That is, 

Medicines avail in their due times,  
And profit is got by drinking wines  
In timely sort; but in all reason  
They do offend, drunk out of season.    
Therefore to know th'original minerals, faculties, and virtues of this worthy acide fountain, will be to no end, or to small purpose for them, who understand not the right and true use, nor the fit and orderly administration of it. For not only Physic or medicines, but also meats, and drinks taken disorderly, out of due time and without measure, bringeth oftentimes detriment to the party; who otherwise might receive comfort and strength thereby: So likewise this water, if it be not drunk at a convenient time and season, in due fashion and proportion, yea, and that after preparatives and requisite purging and evacuation of the body, may easily 〈◊〉 hurt those, whose infirmities otherwise it doth principally respect. For medicines ought not to be taken rashly, and unadvisedly, as most do hand over head without any consideration of time, place, and other circumstances; as that ignorant man did, who getting the recipt of that medicine, wherewith formerly he had been cured, made trial of it again long after for the same infirmity without any help or good at all; whereat greatly marvelling, received this answer from his Physician: I confess (said he) it was the self same medicine, but because I did not give it, therefore it did you no good.  
To the end therefore, that no occasion may hereafter be either given, or taken by the misgovernment, or overrashnesse of any in using it to calumniate and traduce the worth, and goodness of this fountain, I will briefly here sh●w, what course is chiefly to be followed and observed by those who shall stand in need of it.  
First then, because very few men are throughly and sufficiently informed concerning the natures, and causes of their grievances, it will be necessary that every one should apply himself to some one, or other, who either out of his judgement, or experience, or both, may truly be able to give him counsel and good advice concerning the conveniency of this fountain. And if he shall be avised to use it, then let the party (in the fear of God) address himself for his way to it, against the fit season of it, without making any long and tedious day's journeys, which cause lassitude, and weariness.  
Then, being come to the place, he ought after a day's rest, or two, to have his body well prepared, & gently cleansed with easy lenitives, or purgatives, both fit, and appropriate, as well to the habit and constitution thereof, as also for the disease itself, and as occasion shall require, according to the rule of method, which teacheth that universal or general remedies ought ever to precede and go before particula●●. Now what these are in special, to fit every one's case in particular, is impossible either for me here, or any else to define precisely. Ars non versatur circa individua. We may see it true in mechanical trades. No one shoemaker can fit all by one Last: nor any one tailor can suit all by one, and the self same measure.  
Yet in regard it may perhaps be expected that something should be said herein, I say, that in the beginning (if occasion serve) some easy Clyster may very fitly be given, as well for emptying the lower intestines from their usual excrements, as for carrying away and cleansing the mucose slimes contained therein. After that, it will be convenient to prepare the body by some julep or Apozeme, or to give some lenitive medicine to free the first region of the body from excrements. For otherwise the water might peradventure convey some part of them, or other peccant matter, which it findeth in his passage either into the bladder, or to some other weak, and infirm member of the body, to the increase of that evil disposition, which is to be removed, or else to the breeding of some other new infirmity.  

Object.  Some perhaps will here object and say, that the time of the year, in which this fountain will be found to be most useful, will be the hottest season thereof; or (if you list so to call it) the dog-days, when it will be no fit time to purge at all.  

Answ. 1.  To this I answer and say: First, the purging medicines here required are not strong, and generous, but gentle, mild and weak, such as are styled Benedicta medicamenta: which may with great safety and profit be given either then or at any other time of the year without any danger, or respect of any such like like circumstance at all.  

2.  Secondly I answer; Although this observation of the dog-days might perhaps be of some moment in hotter countries, as Greece, where Hypocrates lived, who first made mention of those days: Yet in colder climates, as England, and such like Countries, they are of little or small force at all, and almost not to be regarded any whit, either in using mild & temperate purgatives, or almost in any other; or in blood-letting: though very many, or most do erroneously say and think the contrary. So that (if there be cause) they may as well and safely then purge, as at any other time: Or, if occasion shall urge, as in plethorical bodies, and many other cases, a vein may safely (or rather most commodiously) be then opened, and so much blood taken away, as the skilful Physician shall think in his discretion and wisdom to be needful and requisite.  
Let no man here think, that this is any strange position, or a new paradox (for the learned know the contrary) or that I am studious of innovation, but rather desirous to root out an old and inveterate error, which in all probability hath cost more English men's lives, than would furnish a royal army, in neglecting those two greater helps or remedies, to wit, Purging, and Blood-letting in hot seasons of the year; which in all likelihood might have saved many of their lives, while expecting more temperate weather, they have been summoned in the mean time, or interim, by the messenger of pale death to appear in an other world.  
Wherefore let all those who are yet living, be admonished hereafter by their examples, not obstinately and wilfully to eschew and shun these two remedies in hot seasons, and in the time of the Dog-days, (much less all other manner of physical helps) not once knowing so much as why, or wherefore, and without any reason at all, following blind and superstitious tradition, and error, haply first broached by some unworthy and ignorant Physician, not rightly understanding Hypocrates his saying in all likelihood, or at least wise misapplying it. Which hath so prevailed in these times, that it hath not only worn out the use of purging, but also of all other physic for that season, because most people by the name of physic understanding purging only, and nothing else. As though the art and science of Physic was nothing else, but to give a potion or purge. Then we rightly and truly might say, Filia devoravit matrem.  
But for as much as most people are altogether ignorant of the true ground or reason, from whence this so dangerous an error concerning the Dog-days did first spring and arise, give me leave a little to go on with this my digression, for their better instruction, and satisfaction; and I will briefly, and in few lines show the case, and the mistake somewhat more plainly.  
Hypocrates in his fourth book of Aphorisms, the fifth, hath these words: Sub canicula, & ante caniculam difficiles sunt purgationes. That is, under the canicular, or dog-star, and before the dog-star, purgations are painful and difficile. This is all that is there said of them, or brought against them for that season, or time of the year. A great stumbling-blocke, against which many have dashed their feet, and knocked their shins, and a fearful scarecrow, whereat too many have nicely boggled. Here you do not find or see purging medicines to be then prohibited, or forbidden to be given at all (much less all other physic) but only said to be difficile in their working: partly because (as all expositors agree) nature is then somewhat enfeebled by the great heat of the weather; partly because the humours being then, as it were, accended, are more chaffed by the heat of the purging medicines; partly, and lastly, because two contrary motions seem then to be at one and the same time, which may offend nature; as the great heat of the weather leading the humours of the body outwardly to the circumference thereof, and the medicine drawing them inwardly to the centre. All which circumstances in our cold region are little, or nothing at all (as formerly hath been mentioned) to be regarded. For as jacobus Hollerius, a French Physician, much honoured for his great learning and judgement, hath very well observed in his Comment upon this Aphorism; Hypocrates speaketh here only of those purging medicines, which are strong, and vehement, or hot and fiery; and that this precept is to take place in most hot Regions, but not in these cold Countries, as France, England, and the like.  
Over and beside all this, those churlish hot purging medicines, which were then in frequent use in Hypocrates his time, and some hundred of years after, are now for most part obsolete, and quite grown out of use, seldom brought in practice by Physicians in these days; because we have within these last six hundred years great choice and variety of more mild, benign, and gentle purgatives found out by the Arabian Physicians, which were altogether unknown unto the ancients, to wit, Hypocrates, Dioscorides, Galen, etc. which have little heat, and acrimony, many whereof are temperate, and diverse cooling, which may most safely be given either in the hottest times and seasons of the year, or in the hottest diseases. Let us add to these the like familiar and gentle purging medicines more lately, yea, almost daily newly found out since the better discoveries of the East and West Indies. So that henceforth let no man fear to take either easy purgatives, or other inward Physic, in the time of the canicular, or dog-days.  
The same Hollerius goeth on in the exposition and interpretation of the said Aphorism, and confidently saith: Over & beside that we have benign medicines, which we may then use, as Cassia, etc. We know and find by experience no time here with us more wholesome and more temperate (especially when the Etesian, or Easterly winds do blow) than the Canicular days: so that, we find by observation, that those diseases which are bred in the months of june and july, do end in August, and in the Canicular days. Wherefore, if a disease happen in those days, we fear not to open a vein diverse times, and often, as also to prescribe more strong purging medicines.  
Wherefore away henceforth with the scrupulous conceit, and too nice fear of the Dog-days, and let their supposed danger be had no more in remembrance among us. And if any will yet remain obstinate, and still refuse to have their beams pulled out of their eyes, let them still be blind in the midst of the clear Sunshine, and grope on after darkness: and let all learned Physicians rather pity their follies, then envy their wits.   

CHAP. 13.  
At what time of the year, and at what hour of the day it is most fit and meet to drink this water.  
TO speak in general terms, it is a fit time to drink it, when the air is pure, clear, hot and dry: for then the water is more tart, and more easily digested, then at other times. On the contrary, it is best to forbear, when the air is cold, moist, dark, dull and misty: for than it is more feeble, and harder to be concocted.  
But more specially, the most proper season to undertake this our English Spa diet, will be from the midst or latter end of june to the middle of September, or longer, according as the season of the year shall fall out to be hot and dry, or otherwise.  
Not that in the Spring time, and in Winter it is not also good, but for that the air being more pure in Summer, the water also must needs be of greater force and power. Notwithstanding it may sometime so happen in Summer, that by reason of some extraordinary falling of rain, there may be a cessation from it for a day or two. Or if it chance to have reigned over night, it will then be fit and necessary to refrain from drinking of it, until the rain be passed away again: or else (which I like better) the fountain laded dry, and filled again, which may well be done in an hour, or two at most.  
Touching the time of the day, when it is best to drink this water, questionless the most convenient hour will be in the morning, when the party is empty, and fasting, about seven aclocke: Nature having first discharged herself of daily excrements both by stool and urine, and the concoctions perfected. This time is likewise fittest for exercise, which is a great good help, and furtherance for the better distribution of the water, whereby it doth produce its effects more speedily.   

CHAP. 14.  
Of the manner of drinking this water, and the quantity thereof.  
THose who desire the benefit of this Fountain, aught to go to it some what early in the morning, &, if they be able and strong of body, they may do very well to walk to it on foot, or at least wise some part of the way. Such, as have weak and feeble legs may ride on horseback, or be carried in coaches, or borne in chairs. As for those, whose infirmities cause them to keep their beds, or chambers, they may drink the water in their lodgings, it being speedily brought to them in a vessel or glass well stopped.  
It is not my meaning or purpose to describe here particularly, what quantity of it is fit and meet for every one to drink: for this is part of the task and office, which belongeth to the Physician, who shall be of counsel with the Patient in preparing and well ordering of him: who is to consider all the several circumstances, as well of the malady or disease itself, as of his habit and constitution, etc. Nevertheless I may advise, that at the first it be moderately taken, increasing the quantity daily by degrees, until they shall come at last to the full height of the proportion appointed, and thought to be meet and necessary. There they are then to stay, and so to continue at that quantity, so long as it shall be needful. For example, the first morning may happily be 16 or 18 ounces, and so on by degrees to 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. or more, in people, who are of good and strong constitutions. Towards the ending, the abatement ought likewise to be made by degrees, as the increment was formerly made by little and little.  
Here by the way every one must be admonished to take notice, that it is not always best to drink most, lest they chance to oppress and overcharge Nature, that would rather be content with less. It will therefore be more safe, to take it rather somewhat sparingly, though for a longer time, then liberally and for a short time. But, indeed, the truest and justest proportion of it, is ever to be made and esteemed, by the good and laudable concoction of it, and by the due and orderly voiding of it again.  
It will not be here amiss to add this one observation further: That it is better to drink this water once a day, than twice, and that in the mornings, after that the Sun hath dried up & consumed the vapours retained through the coldness of the night, etc. as is formerly declared. After drinking it, it will be needful to abstain from meat & other drink for the space of three or four days.  
But if any one, who hath a good stomach, shall be desirous to take it twice a day; or if any shall be necessarily compelled so to do for some urgent cause, by the approbation of his Physician, let him dine somewhat sparingly, and drink it not again, until five hours after dinner be past, or not until the concoction of meat and drink in the stomach be perfected: Observing likewise, that he content himself in the afternoons with almost half the quantity he useth to take in the mornings.   

CHAP. 15.  
Of the manner of dyès to be observed by those, who shall use this water.  
THe regiment of life in meats and drinks, ought chiefly to consist in the right and moderate use of those, which are of light and easy digestion, and of good and wholesome nourishment, breeding laudable juice. Therefore all those are to be avoided, which beget crude and ill humours. There ought furthermore special notice to be taken, that great diversity of meats and dishes at one meal is very hurtful, as also much condiments, sauces, spice, fat, etc. in their dressing and cookery.  
I commend hens, capons, pullets, chickens, partridge, pheasants, turkeys, and generally all such small birds, as live in woods, hedges, and mountains. Likewise I do approve of veal, mutton, kid, lamb, rabbits young hare or leverets, etc. All which (for the most part) are rather to be roasted then boiled. Nevertheless those, who are affected with any dry distemper, or those, who otherwise are so accustomed to feed, may have their meats sodden; but the plainer dressing, the better.  
I discommend all salt meats, beef, bacon, pork, lord, and larded meats, hare, venison, tripes, and the entrailes of beasts, puddings made with blood, pig, goose, swan, teale, mallard, and such like; and in general all waterfowl, as being of hard digestion and ill nutriment.  
Amongst the several kinds of fishes, trout, pearches, loaches, and for most part, all scaly fish of brooks, and fresh rivers may well be permitted. Moreover smelts, soles, dabs, whiting, sturbuts, gurnet's, and all such other, as are well known not to be ill, or unwholesome to feed on. All which may be altered with mint, hyssop, anise, etc. Also cre-fish, crabfish, lobsters, and the like, may be permitted.  
Cunger, salmon, eels, lampreys, herrings, salt-ling, all saltfish, sturgeon, anchovies, oysters, cockles, muscles, and the like shellfish are to be disallowed.  
White-meats, as milk, cruds, cream, old cheese, custards, whitepots, pudding-pyes, and other like milke-meats, (except sweet butter, and new cream cheese) are to be forbidden. Soft and rear eggs we do not prohibit.  
Raisins with almonds, bisket-bread, marchpane-stuffe, suckets, and the like, are not here forbidden to be eaten.  
Let their bread be made of wheat, very well wrought, fermented or leavened; and let their drink be beer well boiled and brewed; and let it be stale, or old enough, but in no wise tart, sharp, or sour: And above all let them forbear to mix the water of the fountain with their drink at meals; for that may cause many inconveniences to follow, and ensue.  
Let me advise them to eschew apples, pears, plumbs, coddlings, gooseberries, and all such like summer fruits, either raw, in tarts, or otherwise: Also pease, and all other pulse; all cold salads, and raw herbs; onions, leeks, chives, cabbage or coleworts, pompons, cucumbers, and the like.  
In stead of cheese at the end of meals, it will not be amiss to eat citron, or lemon pills condited, or else fennel, anise, coriander comfits, or biscuits and caraways, as well for to discuss and expel wind, as to shut and close the stomach, for the better furthering the digestion of meats, and drinks. And for that purpose, it would be much better, if the Physician, who is of counsel, should appoint and ordain some fit and proper Tragea in gross powder mixed with sugar, or else made into little cakes or morsels. Likewise marmalade of quinces, either simple or compound, (such as the Physicians do often prescribe to their patients) may be used very commodiously.  
After dinner they ought to use no violent exercise, neither ought they to sit still, sadly, heavy, and musing, nor to slumber, and sleep; but rather to stir a little, and to raise up the spirits for an hour or two, by some fit recreation. After supper they may take a walk into the fields, or Castle yard.   

CHAP. 16.  
Of the Symptoms or accidents, which may now and then chance to happen to some one or other in the use of this water.  
ALthough those who are of good and strong constitutions, observing the aforenamed direction, do seldom or never receive any hurme, or detriment by drinking this water: notwithstanding it may sometime so fall forth, that some of the weaker sort may perhaps observe some little, or small inconvenience thereby, as retention of it in the body: inflation of the belly: costiveness, and the like. Wherefore to gratify those, a word two of every one shall suffice.  
First then, for to cause a more ready and speedy passage of it by urine, it will not be amiss to counsel the party after his return to his lodging to go to his naked bed for an hour or two, that thereby warmness, and natural heat may be brought into each part of the body, the passages more opened, and nature by that means made more fit and apt for the expulsion of it. During which time it will be very requisite to apply hot clothes to the stomach: but not so as to provoke sweat. Or else, to cause it to void and evacuate either by urine, stool, or sweat, exercise will be a good help and furtherance; if the party be fit for it. But if neither of these will prevail, than a sharp clyster ought to be administered.  
The inflation or swelling of the belly happeneth principally to those, who have feeble and weak stomaches; who may do very well to eat anise, fennel, or coriander comfits at the fountain between every draught, and to walk a little after; or else some carminative Lozenges, made with grossepowders, spices and seeds for breaking of wind: or what other thing the learned Physician shall deem to be most fit and proper in his wisdom, and judgement. But if the inflation chance to be very great, than a carminatine clyster must be ordained.  
Such as shall be very costive may do well to eat moistening meats, and to use mollifying herbs, raisins stoned, corants, damascene prunes, butter, or the yolks of eggs, and the like in their broths, or pottage. If these will not be sufficient, then let a day be spared from drinking the water, and let the party take some lenitive medicine, as laxative corants, or some such like thing; whereof the Physician hath ever great choice and variety, wherewith he can fit directly every one his case; to whom present recourse ever aught to be had, when any of these, or the like accidents do happen, as likewise in all other cases of weight and moment.   
FINIS.