HONI· SOIT· QVI· MAL· Y· PENSE  
A Brief Introduction to SYNTAX.  
Compendiously showing the true use, grounds, and reason of Latin construction. Collected for the most part out of Nebrissa his Spanish Copy.  
With the Concordance supplied, By I.H. Med. Doct. Together with the more difficult assertions, proved by the use of the learned Languages.  
London, Printed by Thomas Harper, for G. Emondson. 1631  
TH.  
DEA CERES  
DEA CERES   printer's or publisher's device   

TO MY HONOVRED FRIEND, Sir KENELME DIGBIE, Knight.  
WEre it not well known to me, and more clearly to some singularly literate men, endowed with sublime wits (with whom great is your name) whose ingenuity, doctrine, judgement, and justice I have not without cause) in high esteem. Were it not that the voices of all those Scholars who have occasionarily conversed with you, testify your great gifts by nature, your enrichments by industry, methodically commenced in the Latin, Greek, and the mystical Languages (rare instruments of universal knowledge) prosecuted in the liberal Sciences, perfected in the high and divine. I say your propitious nature, your named addictions, with attentions not ordinarily found in any so intensive, yea, and so immersed, by which the accomplishment of them, as also almost of all speculative and practic hath been by you rarely acquired. Were you not known to be a great Animater to Learning, and hence affect and cherish all the ways to the acquisition of it in favour of them, who yet are to be bred; were there not yet over and above manifestations of your courteous respects to our family, my notable encouragement among these so many foresaid.  
I should not have been so bold to have presented this, alas, poor Introductory offering, so far below you, so richly in this and other excellent parts endowed.  
And lest yet I prove too too hardy in my presumptuous importunities upon the precedent named. I here crave humbly that I may under your wings coverture deliver these not formerly received in our kingdom, to this our country's view; yet such, as I am no ways diffident, but will square to true, authentic, and genuine Latin construction, with evident perspicuity, and easy manuduction, therefore profitable & full of encouragement to youth. All which will clearly appear to your worthy self, as singular helps, I say, to those who are not arrived to the habit of Latin construction.  
Let but the lustre of your incomparably endowed self appear favourable to my labours, and many sollicitudes in this little compiled piece, then will Momists snarls easily be checked, nipped, and intelligent men (such as are not preiudicated) to whose judgements I humbly submit myself, will not disdain the reading hereof, were it that they were solely alured by your acceptation. For further abilities cannot they acquire by this low subject. Language already in them being spunged up from authentic Authors true fountains.  
And though small be my present, yet may not I give the attribute of the entire piece to myself. Should I be bold herein, it must necessarily be that I were a betrayer of the Truth. Though I may well say that I have not been idle. The most part of the Regimen, as you read it in Latin, was compiled by Nebrixa (a rare professor of Salamanca) His Spanish Comment, vindicatory of his texts truth, I turned into English. Yet have I strengthened the one and the other diversely, and in many places.  
Whatsoever concerneth Concordance is mine, there being not found in the said Nebrixa, such as might ought profit, or exceeding little.  
The total cutting off the figures of Construction hath been my attention; which I have wrought to release the learner from innecessary perplexities: which both the truth and profit will plainly appear to the intelligent, and will facilitate the ignorants task.  
The further reasons of all will appear in the Preface which is drawn, at my request, by a friend, well versed in the learned Languages, importuned by me to confront the Latin with them. Upon assurance was my request that there would be found consonance and harmony in this Latin Language and them. I am satisfied in my friend's integrity therein, that so they are found.  
Be you (worthy Sir) judge who are expert in them. And were it that the Latin Syntaxe should appear divers from the construction of those Languages; yet notwithstanding, so delivered as it is, The Latin will answer in its true fountain completely for itself.  
Thus wishing happiness, and all graces to your worthy self, Noble Sir, I humbly take my leave.  
Yours in all due respect: JOH. HAWKINS.   

THE PREFACE to the READER.  
IF that be true which the Orator writes in his first Book, De Finibus, saying, that those who use liberality, get themselves good will: and (which is most important to live in quiet, Love: I hope, yea am confident (courteous Reader) that both these will not be wa●ting to this worthy Author, both in regard of the goodness of his cause, and the wisdom of thy judgement. For if you turn over all the writings both of ancient and modern in this kind, you will not find any who communicates his knowledge more liberally and bountifully, I add more willingly and courteously; only desiring to deserve well of such as shall please to make use of these his useful labours. Well in this case hath Ennius counselled, That what good may be done without our own de●riment and loss, must not be denied even to strangers, and such as are unknown to us. Nor are the gates of the Muses unlike to those of Hecale, which ever open made 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, An ever open house of bounty, according to Callimachus, their breasts as free from envy at others good, as full of desire to promote any thing commodious for their progress. And let thy breast (good Reader) be open in receiving what is here laid down, thy mind courteous and well opinionated, and thy judgement and candid censure void of all malice. Be alike loving to him, whom the love of thy commodity hath drawn to these labours, and the apprehension of a certain way and means wholly confirmed. For although the Author hereof is rather desirous to instruct such as desire it, then blame any other, yet must he needs confess, what with others he cannot but acknowledge, that of so many, very few have either so far as is requisite delivered the knowledge hereof, or with such perplexity, as that the over tediousness of it hath proved too oft the utter discouragement and confusion of the learner. Well saith the Arabian, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The lustre of speech consisteth in brevity. And the same being true in the delivery of any art, being done without obscurity: it may well be esteemed and judged, how much the Author hereof (absit verbis invidia) hath excelled all in this kind, as being not only brief in delivery of rules, but also by the same having quite cut off and solved all grammatical figures, so great impediments of the quick progress of the learner, and the causes of so much incertainty and ambiguity, either in understanding or writing. And verily if we take a view of other languages, wherein the Authors of grammar neither trouble themselves nor their Readers in like manner, we shall find as hard constructions as may be found in Latin, solved by genericke rules. As what reason have we to say that this Saucis frontem is necessarily by Synecd. more than that of Homer, Il. a. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Iratus cor, for cord: or of Nazianz. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Deus quidnam sit naturam & rem, for natura & re? Or not to solve this, Omnes laudare, etc. by a common rule, as well as the Hebrews do the like: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, & animalia ire & redire, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: that is as if one would say, Currebant & redibant, sive [erant] currentes & redeuntes, or by a subintellection of an Indicative to the Infinitive: Currendo currebant, redeundo redibant. Or that this Sic ore locuta est, is a greater redundancy then that which is common to the Syrians, and in particular used, Luke. 2.4. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Ex domo eius & familia eius Davidis: i Ex domo & familia Davidis. Or the use of the adiective for the adverbe, more figurative then of the mere adiective for a Substantive usual in Arabic, as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Vniversitas hominis, id est, omnes homines. But if we should speak of the discordance (yet concordance) of the Nominative case and the Verb, in number and gender common to the Hebrews and Chaldaeans, the putting of the Future for the Participle, often used by the Syrians and Arabians, with many other kinds of speech no less usual, we may very well conclude, that as by general rule such constructions no less difficult than in Latin are solved, and supplied; so in Latin with more brevity by the like means may they well be satisfied.  
2. Whereas in delivery of any Art, not only truth, but a certain 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or congruity of the precepts, as proper to the Art is required. For an absurdity it were in Geometry, to teach Arithmetic; or in Grammar, Logic. Surely they err, who in Grammar induce Prolepsis, Epanalepsis, Hyperbaton, and many other, being (as to one well considering may easily appear) figures proper to Rhetoric.  
3. Whereas all precepts ought to be proper, that is things general to be spoken generally and once, things particular and special more oft and specially, as to make it plain by this similitude. Sleep is a natural affect common to a man and a beast. If the natural Philosopher therefore should explicate this affect in a man and a beast, specially taken, he should do amiss, because he should repeat a thing which generally might be said and satisfied. The cause of error in this kind, Cicero 2. de Legib. under the person of Lawyers thus expresseth. Lawyers, saith he, either to breed a mistake in their Auditors, whereby they may seem to know things more in number, and more hard, and difficult, or (which is more likely) through the ignorance of teaching, often infinitely dissipate that which consisteth in one notion. Against this some Grammarians have offended in delivering a construction by rule, and after making the same figurative, as in Pars abiere, in one place by rule, in another by Synthesis: In criminibus terrere novis, by rule of subintellection, and Enallage, etc. In which act (me thinks) they imitate that Medea, whom the Poets say in her flight out of Pontus to have scattered the limbs of her Brother in those places, by which her Father followed her, so forcing pity out of an impious act, and by the enforced collection of them foreslowing his just and desired revenge: so have the parts of this Art been dissipated, so have the species been placed without their Genera, and both confounded, that what by some things was meant, whereto others did appertain, could hardly be discerned. Whereby all speed in attaining any perfection in these kinds of studies was not only hindered, but even all hope was utterly taken away.  
Whereas to know aright according to that great light of knowledge (even Aristotle himself) is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, to know the first grounds, or primary causes; this in regard of prepositions expressed, or with other parts together understood, hath been qu●te left untouched by other Grammarians, being here without comparison excellently expressed: to the great benefit & assurance of the Learner. And so well laid down, that whether I seek brevity, propriety both in the matter and manner of the delivery, certainty, (things being examined according to their first grounds and causes) or in a word whatsoever is requisite to this useful and necessary Art: I am enforced to say of this, what the Ithacan feared not to pronounce of his assisting Pallas. Hom. Odyss. 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  So is whatsoever may be required fully satisfied, so doth fullness of matter seem to contend with right order. So is brevity joined with perspicuity, that I may well say of the Author, what is commended by an ancient Father, He knew, to the end to edify and profit others.  
Now if we should a little consider the learned Languages, I mean the Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Chaldaie, Syriaque, and Arabic together, as we shall find some Idioms and proprieties of every one in particular; so shall we find them in most points of construction (for of Etymology I say nothing) to agree together. That of all these the Hebrew was most ancient, besides Christians, Targum Hiersol. Gen. 11.1. averreth in these words: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is, And all men of the earth were of one language, and one speech, for they spoke in the holy or Hebrew tongue. And the jews Thalmud, Tract. Sanhedrin, cap. 23. In the beginning was the Law given to Israel in the Hebrew tongue. But when they were in banishment in the time of Esdras, they took the Assyrian Character, and Language, and left to the Samaritans the Hebrew. From the Hebrew corrupted proceeded the Chaldaie, Syriaque, and Arabic. Now as man was first created in the East, and therein the Church first planted; so from hence were letters first derived, & the use of them brought into other Nations (as if a man say 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, etc. he speaks Chaldaie) Read the learned Tractates, De dijs Syris, and Sacer Aristarchus, you will confess, that even the religious of the greeks and Latins (to say nothing of other) came out of the East, and that so much as the names of the gods cannot otherwise be understood, then by the Eastern tongues. And as from these Languages are derived into the Latin, and Greek, divers words, some of which you may find noted by the learned Caninius, So doth the construction of all these for the most part agree. Let these therefore learn — Risu cognoscere matrem. To imitate the other, and without such abundance of figures, creeping in by constructions less usual, but in the other Languages no less usual, as well as the other to be taught.  
It is recorded in the jews Thalmud Tract. Bava bathra (or according to them Basra) cap. 2. that there were two Schoolmasters, whereof one taught many things, but had no care of his Scholars how and how much they learned: The other taught few things, but was exceeding careful of their progress, which they explicate briefly and sententiously thus: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. The one read and took no care: the other took care and read not. The same, me thinks, I see here imitated. Other Grammarians not regarding the time in learning, or the difficulty in retaining, have delivered multiplicity of rules, and added unnecessary matter, which our Author attending the commodity of the learner, hath more wisely, and with better reason quite cut off. And desiring indeed rather to profit then to arrogate any thing to himself, he cert●fies the Reader that the Regimen herein contained is translated (for the most part) out of Spanish, written therein by one Aelius Antonius of Nehrissa, by the command of Philip the third. The notes inferring the more learned Languages added by one who hath vowed and dedicated his service to so worthy a Gentleman. The Concordance for the better perfecting of the whole with the supplying of figures, adjoined by himself.  
For these reasons (gentle Reader) kindly interpret this excellent Labour of this worthy Author, intended for thy better progress, which if he find willingly, and gratefully received, you shall not only move, but oblige and bind him to labour in other things necessary to the same. Farewell, and to speak with Virgil: Et nos, & tua dexter adi pede sacra secundo.   


Ad clarissimum virum, & amicum eius dignissimum, Dominum johannem Haukins, Med. Doct.  
INclyta Longaevo lacerata scientia bello,  
Et metuens priscas inde subire vices,  
Te petit, & Criticae commonstrat vulnera turbae  
Quaeque tulit Medicum commonet aegra suum.  
Proh superi, geminam praestas Aesclepius artem,  
Auxilium referunt corpora mensque tuum.  
Ille micat coelis uno praefulgidus astro,  
Tu (meritus) gemino lumine clarus eris.   

Wars more than civil, raised by the crew  
That challenge judgement to themselves as due:  
(Wherein no Foe opposed in general,  
Each others Foe gave wounds reciprocal)  
You have appeased; you conquering have allayed  
All future strifes, and endless concord made.  
Rare victory which joy and peace doth bring,  
Whence to the Foe o'ercome, such ease may spring.  
Guilhelmus Bold Armiger:    

GRammatices morbos curâsti, membra dolentis,  
Quae infirmae &, firmae est, convalet arte tuâ.  
Arte Haukine tuâ haec, aeternum, credo, valebit.  
Huic vitam impertis, vivere teque facit.  
Ars haec, arte tuâ, reparatur: te ergo negaret  
Mors hic esse diu? vivere fama jubet.  
C. C.   

WHat mar's young wits, what drives them in their prime,  
From getting Knowledge, is't not things sublime?  
And passing their capacities which make  
Some borne for Arts, inferior courses take.  
This seen, the Author did himself apply  
To give this groundwork such facility,  
Whereby wits weak through Authors deep may wade:  
No Comments used, rules hard so plain are made.  
Grammar's unmasked. What is not here discerned?  
Read, reap much fruit, ye less, and better learned.  
C. C.   

CVm Pharum liquit Solymaea proles,  
Sorte concessos repetens penates  
(Quo darent hostes geminum triumphum)  
Abstulit Aurum▪  
jussa coelesti superum loquela  
Praemium iustum misero labori  
Hinc capit; terras spolijs onusta  
Quaerit avitas.  
Praessit haec longo teneram dolore  
Ars iuventutem, tibi cedit omnes  
Haec opes, coelo duce quas reportas  
Dives ab hoste.  
Divites vestro sumus hinc labore,  
Et iugum nostris humeris regestum est:  
Libero aeternum spaciare coelo  
Grata inventus.  
johannes Fish.   

To my noble friend, the Author, upon his worthy and useful Worke.  
WHat time is lost, what wit vexed ' what health spent,  
Only in search of things impertinent?  
What war mongst critics raised, to reconcile  
Some little difference both in speech and stile,  
So that in this war too, our costs & pain  
Are more to get the outworks, than the main.  
Then your great Oracle Hypocrates  
His truth and knowledge fully did express,  
When he said life was short, and Art was long,  
You who know all his Art, and know the wrong  
Our minds & bodies suffer in such strife,  
And study for the perfect use of life,  
In opening us this secret, shall do more,  
Even for our health, than Art could do before.  
Since those rough ways, our youth hath passed with pain,  
Are by your noble industry made plain.  
I. G.   

VMbris Roma novos redit en visura triumphos  
Discutiens cineres,  
Obvia quae cultae nunc dat penetralia linguae  
Vix adeunda prius.  
Per varios casus, per quot discrimina rerum  
Tendimus in Latium?  
Sidere nunc meliore, leves appellimus oris,  
Quid superesse putem?  
Artibus ut grata Palinuro ment Litemus  
Qui patefecititer.  
I. S.   

To my honoured Friend upon his Introduction.  
IF they which find out clear & happy ways  
To wealthy kingdoms, where the treasure pays  
Their cost again,  
Deserve to have their name  
Shine, in the list of fame,  
What honour then,  
Shall we and time bestow  
On him, to whom we owe,  
For this near way to know?  
Grammar which opens to the arts, had lost  
Her golden key, this new one is thy cost;  
Ages were spent,  
And many Rocks our youth  
Were forced to climb to truth,  
Till this was lent.  
For which great trust, since we  
Are bad security,  
The Arts are bound to thee.  
ja. Shirley.   

Dear Sir, It is not my desire to show  
Your Peerless worth, which all the world doth know:  
Nor (with those ●ond Astronomers who take  
Great heights, with little instruments, and make  
Unpardonable errors) to express  
Deserts with unproportioned feebleness:  
'Tis my ambition to be known your Friend,  
" Worth clear to all, it's needless to commend.  
john Fish.   

Clarissime Domine:  
QVantum respublica literaria solerti industriae tuae debeat, non tyrones modo, qui in literarum elementis haesitabundi ad fastidum usque desudant, sine re, sine spe: Sed & veterani etiam, qui cum compendium & perspicuitatem methodi tuae cum prioris aevi dispendio & obscuritate aequa libraverint lance, benedicent Deo & vigilijs tuis, qui è tenebrosa antiquitatis caligme lucem eruisti merėdiana clariorem, adeoque conspicuam, quòd lippus per eam deviare non poterit. Macte Domine, & progredere bonis avibus, ita quòd non coëtanei tui tantum, sed & nati natorum & qui nascentur ab illis, ubertatem calami tui poterint redolere: In tractatu ho● quem ad me misisti intentus haesi, & plurima reperi quae bonum commune meo iudicio multum possunt promovere; In cuius rei gratiam & tuam, licet poesi nuntium misi, soluta tamen oratione, inter amantissimorum tui iudicia & congratulationes quin & calculos meos subijcere non sustinui.  
Amoris & reverentiae ergo, Mich. Huggansonus. A cancellis Regijs.   

Ad clarissimum virum, Dominum johannem Haukins, Med. Doctorem.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
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〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
R. abbey.   

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉:  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉,  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
R. abbey.   

EGregiae sincera domus Haukine propago,  
Inclyta Cantiacis quem tulit ora iugis.  
Quem facilis splendor, facilis quem gratia morum  
Imbuit, & docti gratia blanda salis.  
Hoc pignus tibi sacrat amor, ducitque recessu  
Pectoris, & votis addere vot a parat.  
Progredere, O foelix, generosam invadito laurum  
Angliacaeque novum tu iubar adde scholae.  
Quo dum fata trahant longaevae stamina vitae  
Et meritus famae perpetuetur honos,  
Addê is nostri Princeps heroïbus aevi,  
Dum monstret tantam docta papyrus open.   

AVthority had like the Scythian Snake  
Long kept this golden treasure, and did take  
All courage from adventurers, to tame  
The monstrous Foe, & vindicate the same;  
You noble Sir, like jason, boldly try,  
And free this science from obscurity,  
That like the Sun amidst th' enamoured day  
She spreads her rays, and drives dark clouds away,  
Could ages, like the billows of the maine  
Reduce themselves to former state again.  
Or back restore the men, that in their time  
Used Romans tongue, when Rome was in her prime.  
They would confess, that pen did ne'er declare  
This Art with better art, with skill more rare.  
R. abbey.   

Lector benevole:  
Constructionis figuras (discentium maxima impedimenta & obices) corum commodo, quantum in nobis situm est, consulentes, regulis Syntaxi nostrae insertis, hoc modo supplemus.  

Appositio. p. 8. l. 10.  
Evocatio. p. 1. l. 14.  
Syllepsis. p. 2. l. 9  
Zeugma. p. 1. l. 18.  
Synthesis p. 4. l. 13.  
Antiptosis p. 4. l. 2.  
Synechdocho p. 16. l. 12. & alibi.  
Ecclypsis p. 89. l. 12.  
Enallage ibid. l. 18.   
Reliquas ad Rhetoricam potius spectantes, scientes omisimus. Vale & fruere.   

SYNTAXIS EST PARS GRAMMATIcae vocum connexionem dirigens, estque vel Concordantia vel Rectio.  

De Concordantiâ.  
COncordantia est partium orationis in communibus affectionibus convenientia.  
Concordantia est triplex; Nominativi & Verbi: Substantivi & Adiectivi, Relativi & Antecedentis.   

Concordantia prima.  
Nominativus & Verbum conveniunt numero & personâ: ut, Probitas landatur & alget. Suus cnique est mos.  

Observatio.  
Cum unum verbum ad plures nominativos diversos repertum cum propiore numero & personâ convenit: ut, Hic illius arma, hic currus fuit. Aeneid. 1. Tu quid ego, & populus mecum desideret, audi.   

Cum digniore personâ: ut,  
Si tu & Tullia lux nostra valetis, ego & suavissimus Cicero valemus. 14. Epist. 5. jam.  
Plures nominativi coniuncti verbum plurale expetunt. Interdum etiam omissa copulativa, ut Frons, oculi, vultus persaepe mentiuntur, oratio vero saepissime. Cic. ad Quint. Fr.  
Interdum singulari contenta sunt. Vt mens & ratio & consilium in senibus est.    

Concordantia secunda.  
Substantivum & Adiectivum conveniunt casu, genere, & numero: ut, Corrumpunt bonos mores colloquia prava. Quandoque bonus dormitat Homerus.  
Tam in hac quam in praecedenti regula reperitur nonnunquam anomalia & irregularitas apud Poetas, sicut enim dicunt Graeci, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 pro 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, sic & Latini, Virg. 2. Aeneid.  
— Quibus Hector ab oris.  
Expectate venis, pro expectatus.  Pers. S. 3. Censoremve tuum vel quod trabeate salutas, pro trabeatus. Virg. Adsis laetitiae Bacchus dator, pro Bacche. 

Observatio prima.  
Cum unum Adiectivum ad plura substantiva diversa referatur cum propiore genere numero & convenit; ut, Locus et tempus constitutum est. Caper tibi salvus & haedi. Virg. 7. Ecl.   

Cum digniore genere: ut,  
Pater & mater mortui. Eun. Act. 3. Sc. 3.   

Observatio secunda.  
Substantivis rerum inanimatarum subijcitur saepe Adiectivum plurale neutrum: ut Divitiae, decus & gloria in oculis sita sunt.    

Concordantia tertia.  
Relativum & Antecedens conveniunt genere, numero, & personâ: ut, Literae placuerunt, quas ad me dedisti. Qui leviter saeviunt, sapiunt magis.  

Observatio prima.  
Si Relativum & Antecedens eidem verbo adiungantur, etiam in casu conveniunt; ut, Vrbem quam statuo, vestra est. 1. Aeneid.   

Observatio secunda.  
Relativum Qui, positum inter duo Antecendentia diversorum generum, nunc cum priore, nunc cum posteriore convenit: ut, Vnus erat toto naturae vultus ●n orbe, Quem dixêre Chaos. Animal plenum rationis, quem vocamus hominem.   

Ob●ervatio tertia.  
In Concordantiâ quic quid in vicem Nominativi, substantivi, vel Antecedentis venit, casum, genus, numerum, & personam induere potest eius, in cuius vicem venit: ut, Divellimur inde Iphitus & Peiias mecum. Pars certare parati. Vbi illic scelus est, qui me perdidit.   

Observatio Quarta.  
Interrogatio & responsio eodem fere ponuntur casu: Cui Praeceptori dedisti operam? Platoni. Cuius est haec oratio? Ci●eronis. Quo morbo fuisti impeditus? assidua febricula.  
Excipe quaestionem factam per Quanti; ut Quanti emptus est Liber? duobus denarijs.  
Et Cuius, cum ad hanc respondendum est per pronomen possessivum: ut, Cuius est Liber? meus. Cuius puerum adduxisti? meum.  
Et quando respondendum est per verbum variae Syntaxeos: ut Furtine accusas, an Homicidij? utroque.    

De octo Partium orationis Constructione Lib. unicus.  
BEfore ought be commenced in the construction of a Noun and Verb, that is to be noted in general, that Rection or Government of as many cases as the●● are in Latin, is in three manners only; either it is a Genitive of Possession, the which dependeth necessarily of a Noun substantive: I would say, that as often as you shall find a Noun substantive in the genitive case, it must of force be governed by some substantive which is either expressed or understood.  
The second, all Verbs that are, do govern their Accusative, and the Accusative is governed by them.  
The third, Prepositions govern their cases answerable to their Natures; The first rule hath two exceptions: for a Noun adjective ma● govern a Genitive; as Studiosus virtutis: but this is a Greek construction.  
Likewise Adverbs may govern a genitive; as, satis temporis and then it is said, that they take the place of a Noun. In such sort that setting ap●rt these two exceptions, each genitive is governed of a noun substantive; each Accusative of a verb, each other case what soever, of his preposition; if the case be capable of a preposition.  
Secondly, it is to be observed that the Nominative, Dative, and Vocative are never governed of any: as for the relation which is between the nominative and the verb, it is not called Rection, but Concordance: the dative is always of loss or profit, which we call a Dative of Acquisition▪ the Vocative is that with which we speak, and to which we address our speech. This will we examine by the following notes, in which the Reader shall be rationally informed, of some things said, against that which hath hitherto been in use: which notes shall serve for a comment; for there is no reason, that all other parts of the Art should be well possessed and yet there should remain a deficiency in the syntax, whereof there is m●st need. In the same notes, there shall be inserted, the particular constructions of some verbs, which we have cut off from the general Rules, because it hath seemed expedient, to many learned men, that the syntax should be brief, for that boys may have less to commit to memory.  
The Notes that shall succeed under each occurrent are principally for learned men: for being to teach some things in the syntax against some received opinions, it is meet I should distinctly render account of them.  
The grounds of them shall be rendered as is aforesaid: for if it should be taught according to the opinion of many learned men, that a superlative doth not make comparison, as hitherto hath been said: and that Refert and Interest have after them an accusative, and others in the same manner, it would be an argument of imprudence, not to declare the reason and ground of those things, and produce the Authors whom we follow. And because in this place a large exposition cannot be composed, we desire that the Notes may serve for a brief Comment.   

De constructione Nominis substantivi.  
DVo Substantiva continuata, si ad eandem rem pertinent, eodem casu gaudent: ut, Vrbs Athenae.  
Si autem ad diversas alterum cui sit possessionis nota erit Genetivus. Cic. In Pison. Supplicium est poena peccati.  

1. Note.  
Be you advertised that the Genitive of Possession importeth action, or passion; as, Vulnus Achilles, he would say, the wound that Achilles gave to another; or the wound that was inflicted on him Achilles. The same have you to understand of the possessives, Meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester: Laurentius Valla without foundation teacheth the contrary. Cicero pro Marcel. Quis non intelligat tua salute contineri suam: where salute tua, is that which Caesar had; in such sort that tua is taken actively. Idem Cic. Philip. 10. An vero hoc pro nihilo putas, in quo quidem pro amicitiâ tua iure dolere soleo? where amicitia tua, is not what you have, but what is had to you, for you, and in your behalf; and so said Budaeus in his Comment. Pro amicitia tua, id est, pro amore quo tu diligeris. Answerable to Valla his doctrine, it should be rendered pro amicitiâ tui. This which we profess, Budaeus, Muretus, and most amply Franciscus Sanchez in his Minerva lib. 2. cap. 13. and others deliver.  
Si vero Genitivus laudem, vel vituperaetionem significet, in Ablativum mutari potest. Cic. 4. Fam. Neque te confirmare audeo maximi animi hominem, vel maximo animo. Adiectiva cum substantiuè ponuntur, more substantivorum construuntur. Cic. Tantum cibi, & potionis adhibendum est, etc.    

De Constructione Nominis Adiectivi.  
ADiectiva, quae scientiam, communionem, copiaem, & his contraria significant, cum genitivo iunguntur: ut, juris peritus, consilii particeps, plenus officij.  
Item, quaedam in axe, iüs, idus, & osus: ut, Philosophus tenax recti, nulliu● culpae conscius, avidus virtutis, studiosus literarum. Quibus adde memor, Immemor, securus: ut, Memor beneficij▪ immemor injuriae, securus rumorum. High casus reguntur ab adiectivis Graeco more.  
Partitiva nomina, Numeralia, & quaecunque adiectiva partitionem significant, genitivum possessionis, vel ablativum multitudinis cum praepositione, E, vel Ex, vel de admittunt: ut, Nulla belluarum, unus militum multae arborum, vel ex arboribus: unus militum, id est, unus ex numero militum: ex numero, inquam, nam est partitio▪ Sic dicitur Animalium haec binis, illa quaternis pedibus incedunt.  

2. Note.  
The Grammar of this, is Vnus Militum, id est, unus ex numero Militum. And ●o this genitive is of possession, for it is governed by the substantive Numero; which is to be understood necessarily, for the being Partitives is nothing else, then for one particular, to be parted, and divided from the common number.    

Superlativa.  
Superlativum Nomen est, quod dissolvitur in Positivum, & Adverbium valdè, aut maximè: ut, doctissimus, valdè doctus, aut maximè doctus. jungiturque cum genitivo plurali possessionis, vel singulari, qui multitudinem significet. Cic. 5. Tus. Theophrastus elegantissimus omnium. idem ●ro Rab. Plato totius Graeciae doctissimus. Est autem doctissimus omnium, idem, quod, doctissimus ex numero omnium. Hic genitivus in ablativum cum praepositione E, vel Ex, vel De mutari potest. Cic. pro Cluen. Ex his omnibus natu minimus. Inter dum in accusativum cum praepositione, Inter. Senec. 2. Contro. Croesus' inter reges opulentissimus.  

3. Note.  
Very learned men aver, that the genitive of the superlative is by way of comparison: others instance that there is no comparison in the superlative, but partition only; which no body denieth: the difference is the first will that there be comparison, and partition; the second, that there be partition only; And that there is not in the superlative any comparison, it appeareth evident, it being that comparison hath his force in these two particles, magis quam, more then: and the superlative admitteth not these, for the same resolved, is, Doctissimus, quasi valdè, or Maximè doctus, id est, most learned, or very learned. In such sort that this speech, Cicero is the more learned of the Romans, is not to be thus rendered, Cicero doctissimus omnium Romanorum, but is to be delivered by comparative, as hereafter shall be seen: for the word doth not comprehend in it a superlative; so as, Doctissimus omnium, shall import the same, that Doctissimus ex numero omnium, most, or very learned of the number of all. And the Castilian language must maintain these said of necessity, for all acknowledge, that every superlative, is partitive: and is to be declared as partitive, so as the genitive shall be of possession. You will say that a superlative includeth always excess, which cannot be without comparison. I say that it always containeth excess, yet not comparative excess, which consisteth in this particle, More, for from hence would it follow, that Magnus, which is a positive, might bear comparison.  
Moreover that the superlative includeth excess without comparison is manifest by the Hebrew and Chaldaie circumlocutions, Gen. 1. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Chal. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 valde bonum, id est, optimum. As who would say, exceeding good, or good beyond comparison. For so some jewish expositors explicate the place.  
Secondly, you will instance that these manner of speeches are in the Latin tongue very ordinary, Prudens, prudentior, prudentissimus; from whence it appeareth, that there is a comparative ascent received. I answer, that the Spanish is, to run, Prudente, mas prudente, prudentissimo, or muy prudente, and that it is a mere deceitful folly to say muy mas prudente, for that the superlative importeth an excess, beyond all comparison (so likewise in our English tongue is it found Prudent, more prudent, and most prudent: which though it express not the superlative, in one single word, yet most so added, add excess without all comparison) by what we have produced: for really if I were to make comparison, were it an hundred times, I should be constrained to repeat the word Prudentior, as Horace hath done, saying, Aetas maiorum peior avis, tulit Nos nequiores mox daturos Progeniem vitiosiorem, where as least according to the Grammarians Rules, he should have put a superlative in the last. Yet be it observed, that whensoever there shall be annexed any preposition, including any excellency, then shall it have comparison, as, Doctissimus ant● omnes, supra omnes, prae omnibus, more learned than all the rest.  
Which comparison taketh his force from the preposition, as in the like case it doth in Greek; Lucian de Galatea, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Ego ex omnibus pulcherrima visa sum: nor for this may it be said to compare, for the positive hath the same, as, Formosus prae omnibus, more fair than all besides. The prepositions è, ex, de, inter, do not import excellency, and even so say we, Doctissimus omnium, is the same that is ex omnibus & inter omnes.    

Genitivus vel Dativus post Nomen.  
Nomina quae similitudinem aut dissimilitudinem significant item Communis, Proprius, interrogandi, vel dandi casui haerent, Teren. Eunu. Domini similis, vel Domino. Cic. de Senect. Proprium senectutis vitium. Commune valetudinis, vel valetudini.  

4. Note.  
This construction, in that which concerneth the Genitive is Greek, and the Dative is of acquisition, which is to be noted in all these like Nouns.    

Dativus post Nomen.  
Nomina quibus commodum, voluptas, graetia, favor, aequalitas, fidelitas, & his contraria significantur, iunguntur eleganter Dativo acquisitionis: ut, Consul salutaris, perniciosus Reipublicae. jucundus, molestus, gratus, invisus, propitius, infestus civibus, fidus, infidus imperio: par, impar tanto oneri. Item verbalia in bilis: ut, Amabilis omnibus, & quaedam nomina, quae ex particula con, componuntur: ut, conscius mihi, consentaneus omnibus. Denique, quaecunque Adiectiva habent hunc Dativum acquisitionis. Pleraque autem eleganter efferuntur interdum cum accusativo, et praepositione ad: ut, accommodatus, appositus, aptus, habilis, Idoneus, utilis, natus huic rei, vel ad hanc rem.   

Accusativus post nomen.  
Adiectiva quae vel patriam, vel gentem, vel habitum, vel partem in homine significant, et à Grammaticis per praepositionem, secundum, exponuntur; apud Poetas saepius, in prosa oratione rarius, accusativum adsciscunt. Vir. 4. Aeneid.  
Omnia Mercurio similis vocemque coloremque, Et flavos crines, etc.  
Tradunt in Misia feram esse quae Bon●sus vocatur, equina iuba, caetera tauro similem. Pl. l. 3.   

Ablativus post Nomen▪ Comparativa.  
Comparativum nomen est, quod unum vel plura quocunque modo superans dissolvitur in positivum, & adverbium magis: ut, Doctior, magis doctus; iungiturque cum ablativo, Cic. 1. Cati. Luce sunt clariora nobis tua consilia. Plin. lib. 36. cap. 9 de quadam navi. Omnibus, quae in mari visae sunt mirabiliorem. Est autem doctior omnibus, idem quod doctior prae omnibus. Quod apud Hebraeos magis patet, exprimunt enim comparativum per particulam 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, ex, five prae, ut Cant. 1. Boni amores tui 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 prae vino. Eodem modo caeterae linguae orientales cum Graeca lingua circumscribunt comparativum.  

5. Note.  
Hitherto it hath been a wont to exclude comparatives, and this was held for false Latin, Cicero est doctior omnibus Romanis: saying that it should have been expressed by the superlative; yet so many authorities are there, which teach the contrary, that we were compelled to deliver the Rule as it is now. Plin. lib. 36. cap. 9 making mention of a ship, useth these words: Omnibus quae in mari visae sunt mirabiliorem. Valerius Max. speaking of three Dionisio's. Tertium te importuniorem habere caepimus. Ovid. 13. Metamorph. Omnibus inferior quas sustinet arduus aether; and 2. Praestantior omnibus Hearse. Plaut. capti. Non ego nunc Parasitus sum, sed Regum rex regalior. Martial. lib. 11. Hic totus volo rideat libellus & sit nequior omnibus Libellis. Ovid treating of the five Zones. Quinta est ardenuor illis. Plin. lib. 36. cap. 7. writing of the Marmoles. Viride cunctis hilarius. Thus the Greek often use the Comparative, as it were, instead of the Superlative. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Omnibus difficilius est praeesse animabus for difficillimum, Nilus. In confirmation of this, there might be brought in, many more testimonies: so as well shall this speech be delivered. Virgilius poetis omnibus politior est. Latinis excellentior, Graecis praestantior, Homero divinior, caeteris, cunctis, reliquis suavior. But mark well, that the Ablative of the Comparative is ruled by the Preposition, Prae, which is understood, and so the Grammar is Doctior omnibus, id est, doctior prae omnibus: which Preposition, many clearly expressed. Apulei. lib. 8. Prae ceterie feris mitior cerva. Ibid. Vnus prae ceteris fortior. Moreover and above, that this Doctrine is of the learned Sosipater, Charifius, lib. 1. doth clearly likewise teach it; and bringeth examples, wherewith he doth ratify it. And to make this Rule more general, it is to be understood, that how many soever they are, by virtue of a Preposition, one while it is joined to Verbs, sometimes to Nouns, Positives, Comparatives, or Superlatives. Plaut. Mostel. Nihil pendere omnes prae Philolache. Cic. Sulpitio. Prae nobis, beatus vir. O foelix una ante alias Priameïa virgo. Idem, Scelere ante alios immanior omnes. Sucton. Galba. Crucem statui iussit praeter caetera altiorem. We have spoken of the Superlative already, in his proper place. In such sort, that of two particles, that it hath which maketh comparison, viz. Magis quam, more then, the Comparative hath in himself the first place, for Doctior is the same, that is Magis doctus, and the rest it receiveth of a Preposition.  
Pleraque Adiectiva iunguntur Ablativo quae significent Laudem, Vituperationem, vel Partem. Q. Cic. de petit. Consul. Nequaquam sunt tam genere insignes, quam vitijs nobiles. Sal, de Bel. Catil. Antonius pedibus aeger.   

6 Note.  
This Ablative is governed of the Preposition In, or of some other which may be commodiously understood: which the Latins have forsaken, for elegancy sake; the reason of this is, that oftentimes they applied a Preposition to the same things.  
Opus nomen substantivum eleganter Ablativo, vel Nominativo adiungitur: ut, Opus est mihi libro, opus est mihi liber. Mi obra, y negocio es ellibro.   

7 Note.  
Hitherto it hath been taught that opus was a Noun Adjective, although it cannot be other than a Substantive, which is manifest, because sometimes it is found with an Adjective. Horat. sunt quibus unum opus est, intactae Palladis urbem, Carmine perpetuo celebrar●: this proposition, Opus est mihi Liber, is the same, that, Totum meum opus est liber, all my business and entertainment, is a Book: the greeks say 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Opus est mihi Libro, id est, Totum opus meum est in libro positum: So do learned men of the University of Salamanca expound these speeches. In such sort, that Opus est mihi liber, doth not import, I have need of a book, but my business and entertainment, and my work, is a book, as is seen in other like expressions. For as it is said, Opus est mihi liber, so likewise is spoken, Cura est mihi liber, a book is my care; Senectus mihi est morbus; Pater mihi est taedium, imagine that you say, Liber est opus meum: All my business is a book; the same likewise will it be, meum, being left out. 
Sextum Nudus amat. Dignus, Contentus, Inanis  
Atque Refertus, item Locuples, Alienus, Onustus.  
Immunis, Plenus, Casus, Divesque, Potensque.  
Tum Fretus, Vacuus, tum captus, Praeditus, Orbus.  
Praeterea Extorris, quibus omnibus addito Liber.   
Cic. Atti. Huic tradita est urbs nuda praesidio, referta copijs. Horum pleraque iunguntur etiam Genitivo, Graeco more: ut, dignus honoris. So say they, Hom. Il. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Vnus vir medicus dignus multorum aliorum. So chrysostom, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Nihil dignum amici fidelis. Ablativus horum nominum pendet a varijs praepositionibus.  
Alienus interdum cum dativo reperitur, ut pro Cec. ●d dicit quod illi causae maxime est alienum. Vbi alienum est dativus acquisitionis incommodum significans.   

8 Note.  
The Ablative of these nouns dependeth ever more of a Preposition, for many Authors have attributed it to them, and even it will be necessary sometimes to express the preposition, to avoid Amphibology: as liber servitute, may have two meanings, id est, liber a servitute, vel liber in ipsa adhuc servitute; so in the same manner, vacuus, vel ab ipsa cura, vel in cura ipsa, and so others.  
Adiectiva diversitatis, & Numeralia Ordinis Ablativum cum Praepositione A vel Ab. admittunt, Cic. 4. Acad. certa cum illo, qui a te totus diversus est. Hir. de Bel. Alex. Imperio & Potentia secundus à Rege.  
Item securus. Liber; vacuus. Purus, Nudus. Inops. Extorris. Cic. pro Dom. Tam inops aut ego eram ab amicis, aut nuda Resp. à Magistratibus.    

De constructione verbi.  
Omne verbum Personale, seu finitum, utrinque Nominativum habere potest, cum utrumque nomen ad eandem rem pertinet, maxime verbum substantivum, ut suo loco dicetur, & vocativum. Cic. de Orat. Qui habentur, & vocantur sapientes.   

De Constructione verbi cognatae significationis, vulgo neutri.  
Note that the intention is according to Syntax, which is handled, not Etymology.  
BEfore entrance be made in the Verb, which is ordinarily styled a Neuter, be advertised, that there be many learned men, who with great reason think that there are no such verbs, rather that all they so called, are Actives: the ground is, for that Verbs are in two kinds: the one, whose action passeth not further than to an accusative, denominated Cognatae significationis, which is the same as if one should say, passeth not further than to an accusative, which declareth the action contained in the same verb, for further clearness not expressed, but when he would have some thing more added: as vivo requireth this accusative vitam, and it needs not to be added for clearness, and if it had been set down, it would have been a speech of Pleonasmus, and Redundance without necessity; yet if I would express aught besides that which is signified by this acculative vitam, I must deliver it thus; Vivo vitam perdifficilem. And so Cicero had no cause why he should h●ve said, Gaudere gaudium, because it was in itself clear; yet when he would add more, he expressed himself thus, Vt suum gaudium gauderemus; and Virgil: Furere hunc furorem. And likewise many others, as Cicero, Curro arduum cursum. Consimilem luserat ludum: dormit somnum Endymionis; Navigat navigationem asperam: The same have the verbs which all the world acknowledge to be Actives, Verbi gratia lego, iudico. With which it sufficeth to say, Legit Magister, judex indicat, for now is understood Lectionem, judicium, and surely as you will not profess, that this speech Legit Magister, is of a verb Neuter, as little have you to aver of this. Nauta navigat.  
And although some of these under the Active termination, have a passive signification, yet may they rightly be styled Actives, as in other languages in the same case they are. For Xenoph. speaketh thus: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: Ille à vobis interfectus est vir bonus cum esset. So in Hebrew in Active coniugations, the signification is plainly neuter and intransitive, as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Piel festinavit 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Hiphil surrexit. So in the Chald. and Syriaque 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 pervenit, in Pael. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Aphel regnavit. So in Arabic in the first conjugation merely active, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 contristatus est, in a passive and intransitive signification.  
The other sort is of Verbs, which clearly all men call Actives, to which is added an accusative, because of incertainty, as, Amo filium: Libros: Haereditatem: And if you shall answer, that to have one only action, is not sufficient that they be called Actives: this answer satisfieth not the learned, for one action is enough to prove a verb to be active, without that very many of them have more than one action: of which we will lay before your view a brief Catalogue, in the succeeding ninth Note, which hath reference to this Note. Finally, when an appropriate accusative was not found for these verbs, in lieu of action they applied their own Infinitive: and therein, were many ancient forms, of speaking, grounded. Plautus, Pseudo. Pergitis pergere. Cic. in Arato. Post hunc ore fero Capricornus vadere pergit. Livi. lib. 22. Pergit deinde ire sequentibus paucis: and so were many others, as jaceo jacere, perit perire, etc. which is the construction of the greeks, who use much this kind of action.  
The Hebrew tongue and Chald. use the like manner of speaking, Gen. 2. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Ch. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 mori morieris, cap. 3. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Non mori moriemini.  
Finally, the Grammarians themselves, and Authors of Arts acknowledge, that all Verbs have no more, than action and passion: which you shall survey in the underwritten note, which I take out of the seventh Note of the third Book of my Author; and whilst they profess so much, yet make they so many divisions of verbs; not agreeing with their own proper doctrine.  
In conclusion, be it known, that these verbs besides the accusative of their proper action tacit, or expressed, many have other common cases which are Genitives of possession, Dative of acquisition, Ablative which dependeth of a preposition: which cases, although they may be annexed to many verbs, yet with particular elegancy they are joined to those which are placed in the three following orders.  
Verbs Deponents are so called, not for the reason delivered by some Grammarians, but for that anciently, there were many verbs in Or, which were common, ●ignifying action and passion, and this in imitation of the verb called medium of the greeks: yet now by custom they have forsaken their passive signification, abiding only with the active, insomuch as it is all one, to name verbs deponents, as to say verbs actives deponents. For Amplector virtutem, is action, and so these verbs are actives. And those of these deponents which are styled Neuters, are also Actives, & that there are no more verbs than actives and passives, the Grammarians themselves deliver, Priscian lib. 8. Verbum est pars orationis cum temporibus, sine casu, agendi, vel patiendi significativum. Hâ dissinitione omnia tam finita quam infinita verba comprehenduntur, & neutra etiam quae dicuntur absoluta; & Deponentia omnino naturali●er, vel in actu sunt, vel in passione. Antoninus de Nebrixa, lib. 3. professeth the same. Verbum est pars orationis declinabilis cum modis & temporibus agendi, vel patiendi significativa. Scaliger saith, Quibus manifestum est verba Neutra non esse ab activis seiuncta. Besides this all good Philosophers do deliver, that in all actions there is Agere, vel Pati; for that these verbs which are called Neuters, have place in humane actions, which is all one, as if you should aver, that they neither have action nor Passion: and less have the deponents, unless it be so far forth as they are Actives.  

9 Note.  
Besides, an Accusative, which Verbs improperly called Neuters, have of their own Action, as Vivo vitam, curro cursum, etc. Many others have Accusatives, though Neuters called: first it shall not be needful to bring examples of eleven several Verbs which are wont to be numbered in the neutral order, since that all Grammarians confess that they have an Accusative. These are Antecedo, Anteeo, Antesto, Anteverto, Attendo, Praesto, Praecurro, Praeeo. Praestolor, Incessit, Illudo. And in truth, as these are, all the rest are, and I know not why they did not reckon the rest together with these eleven, since they have likewise an Accusative. Let us then draw up a Catalogue of these Verbs, giving them Accusatives, from the authority of very approved Authors.  
Abstineo, Brutus ad Attic. Vt se maledictis non abstineat. ¶. Abnuo. Sallust. jugar. milites abnuentes omnia. ¶. Abutor. Teren. In prologis scribendis operam abutitur. ¶. Adoleo. Adolere verbenas auctores omnes dicunt. ¶. Adulor. Cice. 2. de Divi. Adulari fortunam alterius, & Tacit. lib. 6. Neronem adulari. ¶. Adversor. Tacit. lib. 17. Deos infaustam adoptionem adversantes. ¶. Aestuo, Papinius, Aestuat annum, quod dixit, Turnebo adnotante, ut aestum aestuare. ¶. Allatro. Livi. 38. Allatrare eius magnitudinem solitus erat. ¶. Ambulo. Cice. 2. Fin. Ambu●are maria, &. terram navigare, loquitur de Xerxe. ¶. Anhelo. Cice. 2. Cati. Anhelare Scelus. ¶. Annuo. Catul. Epith. Annuit omnia omnibus. ¶. Appello, is. Valer. Ma. lib. 1. cap. 7. cum ad littus navem appulissent. ¶. Ardeo, Virg. Coridon ardebat Alexinalij, are det virginem, aurum, pecuniam, etc. ¶. Arrideo. Agelli. En. Flavius id arrisit. ¶. Aspiro. Virg, Ventosque aspirat eunti. ¶. Assentor. Terent. Eun. Imperavi egomet mihi omnia assentari: alij legunt assentare.  
¶. Assentor, & Assentio; Plaut. Amph. Qui illud, quod ego dicam, assentiant. Cic. ad Octau. Timet multa, assentitur omnia. ¶. Attinet faciunt impersonale, sed est Attineo, attines, idem fere quod teneo, aut tango. Plaut. Capti. Nunc iam cultros attinet, & Tacit, lib. 1. Ni proximi prehensam dextram vi attinuissent.  
Caleo. Plaut. Ego illius sensum pulchrè caleo; alij, calere virginem, id est, ardere, aut amare. ¶ Careo. Plaut. cur id, quod amo, careo: careo pecuniam, citat ex Catone-Scaliger. ¶ Caveo. Cic. Topic. cum mihi meisque multa saepe cavisset, & Cato. 5. c. Rei Rust. Scabiem pecori, vel iumentis caveto. ¶ Cede maiori, id est, locum maiori. Valer. Max. lib. 1. cap. 5. Ego tibi libenter meam sedem cedo. ¶. Certare cum aliquo, id est, certamen, sic legitur de Terentio, Multos incertos certare hanc rem vidimus. Coëo, Cicero alijque, coire socitatem, & societas coita. ¶ Coenare epulas, tritum: et Apule lib. 9 sacrificales epulas coenitabat. ¶ Collachrymo. Cice. p. Sestio, Histrio casum meum collachrymabit, ¶ Commisereor Agel. lib. 7. cap. 5. Commisereatur interitum eius. ¶ Conclamo. Ovid. 13. Metam. conclansat socios; Caes. Conclamare Victoriam. ¶ Conqueror, Cice. Pauperiem meam conqueror, & Plaut. Conqueri libidinem, vim. ¶ Consulo tibi, id est, utile, vel commodum. ¶ Consuesco. Lucret. lib. 6. Brachia consuescunt, firmantque lacertos; & Colum: Plaustro, aut aratro invencum consuescimus, Contendo, Virgil. Cursum contendere; contendere tormenta, Hastam, passim obvia. ¶ Crepo, Proper: Et m●nibus faustos ter crepuere sonos. ¶ Corruo, Plaut. Corruere divitias; & Propert. lib. 3. Voverat, & spolium corruit ille jovis. ¶ Corusco, Virg. 10. Aeneid. Strictumque coruscat Mucronem. ¶ Curro, Cic. 3. office Qui stadium currit.  
Declino. Plaut. Aulul. Declinavi paululum me extra viam, declinare mala, tritum est. ¶ Deficio, Horat. Animus si te non deficit aequus. Quod et Graeci dicunt, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Degere vitam, tritum est, ¶ Degenerare a parentibus, id est, genus dedecorare, pervertere, vel quid simile. Colum. lib. 7. c. 12. Venus' cambus carpit vires, animosque degenerate. ¶ Deliro, Lactan. de opificio cap. 6. Illius enim sunt omnia, quae delirat Lucretius. ¶ Despero, Cicer. Attic. Pacem desperavi. ¶ Disputo, Plaut. Men. Vt hanc rem vobis ad amussim Disputem: aisputare rationem, aliquoties dixit Cicero. ¶ Doleo, Ovid. Tu vero tua damna doles. ¶ Dormio, Endymionis somnum dormis; Adagium est: Cic. Edormi crapulam, & exhala, dixit, & Plaut. omnem obdormivi crapulam.  
Egeo, Censorinus apud Agel. multa egeo: Varr. lib. 4. de ling. Lati. Dives a Divo, qui ut Deus nihil indiger. * Emergo, Cic. de Aru. Resp. ut sese emergit, & fertur illuc. * Emineo, Curti. lib. 4. jamque paulum moles aquam eminebat. * Efflo, Ovi. 7. Meta. Vulcanum naribus efflant Aeripedes tauri, Virg. Latos afflarat honores. Lucret. lib. 5. Flaret e corpore flamma. * Eo, ire viam, tritum est, sic composita in Plaut. Rud. Abi tuam viam. Cice. pro Mur Redire viam, dixit, & ibid. Inire viam. * Erumpo, Cas. 2. Lib. portas sese foras erumpunt, & tribu. lib. 4. Erumpat terra liquores. * Eructo, Cic. 2. Cat. Eructant caedem honorum. * Evado. Suet. Tibe. Carmillus me evasit. Virg. Gra. dus evaserat, altos.  
Fastidio, Virg. high te hic fastidit Alexis. & Horat. Fastidire lacus, & rinos ausus apertos. * Festino, Virg. jussa sybillae, Festinant. & Fleo, Ovid Flere funera. * Fluo Activum fecit Homer. Odies. 9 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Fluit ●ons aquam limpidam. * Fruor, Apul. libr. 9 beatam illam, quae libertatem fruitur. Fungor, Tacit, lib. 4. Hominum officiae fungi. * Furo, Livius, Id furere, & Virg. Furorem furere.  
Gaudeo, Stati. lib. 9 Tu dulces lituos, ululataqus proelia gauds. * Garrio, Horat. Dum quidlibet ille garriret. * Gemo, Cice. p. Sestio Gemere plagam. * Glacio. Hor. lib. 5. Od. 10. Vt glaciet nives jupiter.  
Horreo, Cic. Horreo crimen ingrati animi, * Hyemo. Pli. lib. 19 cap. 4. Decoquunt alij aquas. mox & illas hyemant. * Hiulca, Catul ad Manli. Cum gravis exustos aestus hiulcat agros.  
Ignosco, Cic. hanc culpam ei facile ignoscamus. * Illuceo, Plaut. Bacchi. Dij diem illuxere. * Impendeo, Ter. Phorm. Tanta te imparatum impendent mala. * Impono, Cic. 2. de Nat. Onera bestijs imponimus. Cum audis, alicui imponere, id est, engannar a alguno, propriè est, tratar le como a un iumento, deest enim, clitellam. * Incubare de avibus, id est, ova. * Incumbo, Sallust. 3. Hist. citante Frotone, Arma sua quis que encumbered. * Indigeo, Var. lib. 1. cap. 31. quoth indigent potum poma dicta. * Indulgeo, Sueto. Domit. Exilium indulsit. * Inservio, Plau. Mostel. Non est meretricium unum inservire Amantem. * Insanio▪ Proper. Lynceus ipse meos seros insanit amores. * Insuesco. Horat. Insuevit pater optimus hoc me, sic legit Turneb. & docti omest tametsi Lambinus aliter. * Insulto, Tac. lib. 4. Qui patientiam senis, & segnitiem iuvenis insultet. * Insisto. Cic. 3. Orat. Quonam igitur modo tantum munus insistemus: & Plaut. Mili. Insiste hoc negotium. * Insto huic rei, id est, operamdo, Virg. lib. 8. Marti currumque rotasque volucres Instabant. * Invideo tibihoc, vel illud. tritum est. * Intendere animum, omnes sciunt. * jurare alicui, id est, iusiurandum: Cice. Atti. Qui te negat, & iuravit morbum. Ovid. Stygias iuravimus undas.  
Laboro, Cic. Atti. Ad quid laboramus res Romanas? * Latro, Horat. Catullus cervinam pellem latravit. * Luceo, Plaut. Cass. Lucebis novae nuptae facem. * Ludo, Sueton. Troiam lusi● turma duplex. * Manent me damna, tritum.  
Mano. Horat. Manare Mella. Plin. Manat picem. Idem, sudorem purpureum emanat. * Medeor, Cic. 12. Fam. Epis: 15. Haec mederi voluerunt. * Medicor, Plaut. Most. Ego istum medicabor metum. Virg. 7. Aen. Medicari cuspidis ictum, * Mereo, pro, milito, deest stipendium, vel aera: Ovid. i Am. jussit & in castris aera merere suis. * Metuo. Cic. 3. Ver. Pupillo metuo calamitatem. * Micare hastam: poetae passim. * Migro, Agel. lib. 2. cap. 19 Cassita nidum migravit. * Milito, deest, militiam: Lactan. lib. 7. cap. ultim. Militiam infatigabilem deo militemus. * Moereo. Cic. 1. Tus. Cum graviter filij mortem moereret.  
Nato. Mart. lib. 14. Ipsa suas melius carta natabit aqua. ¶ Nitor, Virg. 12. Aen. Nitentem gressus. ¶ Navigo, Cice. 2. Fin. Terram navigasset. ¶ Noceo, id est, noxam; sed praeterea Plau. Mi. jura te non nociturum esse hominem. Seneca 5. Controu. Dum filium vindico, ubi me gravissimènocere possit, ostendit. ¶ Nubo, Arnobi. lib 3. contra Gen. Quod aqua nubat terram appellatus est Neptunus. Virg. Comas obnubit amictu. Columella in Hort. Tellus, cupiens se nubere plantis.  
Obire mortem, diem, legationem nemo negabit ¶ Obedio. Apul. lib. 10 Haec omnia perfacile obediebam. ¶ Obsequor omnia, dixit Teren. Adel ¶ Obstrepo, Virg Culic. Vox obstrepit aures. ¶ Occumbere mortem, dixit Cic. 1. Tusc ¶ Officio, Plau. iam ego hercle. te hic affatim officiam. ¶ Oleo, Horat. Pastilloes Ruffillus olet, Gorgonius hircum. ¶ Terent. Olet Vnguenta.  
Palleo, Persius, Eupolidem palles: Horat. Mediasque fraudes palluit audax *. Parco, Agel lib. 16. cap. 19 Vitam sibi ut parcerent. Terent. Nihil parcunt seni. * Pareo, Statius. Parchimus omnia matri. *. Parturio, Horat. Neque parturunt imbres perpetuos *. Pascor. Virg. 4. Geor Pascuntur & arbuta passim. * Paveo Pavesco, Luca, lib. 7 Pavere pugnam: Tacit. li. 1. seditiosum exercitum pavescerent. *. Pecco, Cic. 1. de Nat. Xenophon eadem ferèpeccat. *. Penetro, Plaut. Amph. In fugam se penetrare. *. Pereo, Plaut. Truc. Tres unam pereunt adolescentes multerem. *. Plangere pectus, usitatum est. *. Plaudere choreas. Virg. 6. Aen. Cic. de Ora. Pedem supplosit. *. Pluit lapides, & sanguinem trita in prodigijs. *. Potiriurbem, Cic. ●uscul. *. Praesideo. Tacit. lib. 4. sociorum manus littora Oceani praesidebat. * Procedo, id est, Iter, vel viam. *. Propero, Virg. Pro perare iussa. & properat mortem per vulnera. *. Proficiscor, id est, viam, Fest, Pom. Profecturi viam. *. Prospicio tibi, & Provideo tibi, id est, u●ile. * Pugnare proelia Horat. 4. Carm.  
Quadro, Horat. & quae pars quadret acervum. * Quiesco, Apul. lib. 9 somnum humanum quievi. *. Queror calamitatem, pauperiem, obvia.  
Regnare, id est regnum possidere: regnata rura. Horat. idem regnata Bactra. * Requiesco, Virg. Ecl. 8. Requierunt flumina cursus. *. Resideo, Resident Esuriales ferias, dixit. Plaut. Capt▪ & Plin. l. 34. c. 14. dixit, residere poenitentiam ¶. Ro●●, Plin. lib. 17 cap. 10. Si roraverit quantulumnumque imbrem. ¶ Ruc, id est, ruinam, & item a●ia. Teren. Adel. Caeteros ruerem, agerem, ●●nderem▪ & prosternerem. ¶ Rutilo, Val. Max. lib. 2. cap. Capillos cinere rutilarunt.  
Salto, Horat. Pastorem saltaret uti Cycopla rogabat. *. Sapio rem meam, multa ungues demorsos obvia. * Satisfacio, Cato. Rei Rust. cap. 149. Donicum pecuniam satisfecerat. *. Sitio, Cice. 5. Phil. sanguinem nostrum sitiebat. * Somnie, Sueton: Galb. somniavit speciem fortunae. * Sono, Virg. Nec vox hominem sonat. *. Spiro, Virg. 1. Aen. comae spiraverunt odorem. *. Studeo, Cic. de Reditu, cum verè literas studere caepit: Plaut. Mil minus has res studebant: Cic. 6. Phi. unum omnes studetis: Teren. Quin tu hoc stude. *. Stupeo, Virg. 2. Aen. Pars stupet donum Minervae. *. Sudo. Virgil. Quercus sudabunt mella. *. Succenseo imuriam, dicit Agel. li. 16. cap. 11. Supersideo, Agel. lib. 2. ca 29. operam supersident. *. Suspiro, Tibul. lib. 4 suspiret amorem: Horat. lib. 3. Od. 2. Illum adulta virgo suspiret.  
Taceo, Plaut. Mil. Taceo te. Teren. Eun. Ne hoc quidem tacebit Parmeno. *. Tendo, Plaut. Pse. tenes, quo●sum haec se-tendant. Titillo, Cice. Fin. Voluptas titillaret sensus: Hora. ne vos titillet gloria. *. Tono, Plin. Pref. Quanto tu ere patris laudes tonas? & Virg. Tercentum tonat ore Deos.  
Vescor, Plin. lib. 8. cap. 50. Caprinum iecur vescantur. *. Vivo, Plaut. Paenu. Vivimus vitale aevum. ¶. Vlulo, Luc. lib. 1. Vlularunt tristia Galli. ¶ Vtor, Teren. Mea bona utantur: Plaut. Asin. Caetera, quae v●lumus uti, Graeca mereamur fide.  
So many examples we have brought in, to the end that we might banish the abuse of these Verbs Neuters. This Note belongeth of due unto the great diligence of Francis Sanchez, the collector of them, and many more examples, in the third book of his Minerva: And although in that his book, there hath been taken great pains, yet it hath seemed expedient to compile this note. For we understand that this Art will draw together more hands besides these of Minerva. We have left other many examples and Verbs, for hardly is there any verb of these, in which is found no action: and it is not necessary that a Verb to be active, should have all the accusatives, that are, those that every one confesseth to be actives, have them in as little measure; for to say, Agere ve●ba, would be Barbarism, to say Accuso parietem furti, would be innecessarie: and an infinite of others of the same sort. ●nd answerable to what hath been said, it is not needful that a verb active have as many accusatives, and actions as there are in the world.  
The reason of this construction is very probably the active and transitive signification of these verbs. For so we find in like manner in other tongues, ●hat verbs absolute and intransitive govern an accusative. For the greeks sa●, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 privor bona, for bonis. So the Syriaque, joh. 7. useth the passive participle, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the active signification, and joineth it with an accusative. The reason of this is, that the signification becometh transitive. So where it is said, Coelos splendido coruscat astro, id est, facit coelos coruscare. In the Greek, the preposition 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is understood. In the Syriaque is the like subintellection, which in Heb. 1. Sam. 12. is expressed.    

De Genitivo.  
Interest, & Refert Genitivo possessionis iunguntur, Cic. 1. Fini, Interest R●gis recte facere, id est, recte facere est inter officia Regis.  
Item his Accusativis, Mea, Tua, Sua, Nostra, Vestra; Teren. Hecy: Tua quod nihil refert, percontari desinas, Mea▪ interest id▪ est, est inter mea, videlicet, officia, aut munerae.  
Item his Genitivis, Magni, Parvi, Tanti, Quanti. Cice. 6. Tir. Magni ad honorem nostrum interest, me ad urbem venire; Caetera huiusmodi per Adverbium adduntur. Cice. Theodori nihil interest. Cuia, v●l cuius interest pereleganter dicitur.  
Verbum interest loco genitivi potest accusativum cum praepositione recipere. Cic. Et quidem ad laudem nostram non multum video interest.  
Verbum est impersonale pro licet, fieri potest, vel fas est quandoque accipitur, & tunc infinitivum asciscit. Virg. Aeneid. 6.  
Nec non & Tityon terr● omnipotentis alumnum Cernere erat▪ id est, licebat. Plin.  
Nocturnorum animalium veluti felium in tenebris fulgent radiantque oculi, ut contueri non fit.  

10. Note.  
These words, Mea, tua, sua, etc. according to some, are Ablatives of the singular number, and that the meaning is, Mea interest, id est, mea re interest, mea re refert. But if this be as is delivered, we might likewise say, Meo interest, id est, meo negotio interest. Caelius Calcagninus, lib. 1. Epist. julius Scaliger de causis: and Franciscus Sanchez in his Minerva, avouch with great confidence, that these words are accusatives, of the plural number, and neuter termination: and that the sense is Mea interest, est inter mea negoria, aut officia, aut munera. And indeed the greeks often express a preposition after the verb Est impersonal, as Nazi. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Non est ad virum bonum, id est, non est viri boni. For that the Ancients with more facility supplie words of the neuter gender then any other. In the same manner, Mea refert, is, Refert mea negotia, munera, aut officia, id est, Repraesentat, as Ego refero patrem, id est Repraesento. For that these being Accusatives, as these Authors determine, there cannot be other meaning, than what is delivered. In the same manner, Donat. Phorm. Terent. upon those words, Quid tua, malum, id refert, professeth clearly, that these are accusatives: and addeth, that they are governed of a preposition which is to be understood, not unlike said Horace, 1. Ser. villa.— Quae superest Claudi cau pona, id est, quae est super Claudi caupona. The sense of this preposition: Regis interest, aut ref●rt, is this: Est inter officia Regis: Refert, id est, Repraesentat officia Regis: and so the Genitive is of possession. Satago etiam Genetivo adiungitur. Terent. Heaut. Clinia rerum suarum satagit.   

11. Note.  
This Genitive is governed of the Adverbe sat, or satis, of which the verb is compounded, and so the meaning will be, Ago aut agito satis mearum rerum. Plaut. Bacchid. treating of those things of fate; Nunc agitas tute sat tuarum rerum.  
Other verbs there are, to whom there is not only annexed a genitive, but other cases, and so as verbs of exception we place in the 12. Note.   

12. Note.  
Misereor is joined sometime with a genitive. Cic. Qui miserere mei: another time with a dative. Senec. Controu. Misereor tibi puellae. The genitive is ruled of the accusative vicem, which is understood: Misereor tui, id est, vicem tui. The Dative is of acquisition. Obliviscor, Recordor, Reminiscor, are joined sometimes to a Genitive, some times to an accusative. Cic. 3. Tuscul. Ob livisci suorum, vel sua, to which is added, Memini, when it doth signify the same that doth Recordor. Cic. de Senect. Omnia quae curant senes meminerunt, vel omnium. The same Memini when it signifieth Mentionem facio, sometimes is joined to a Genitive, sometime to an Ablative with the Preposition De. Quintil. lib. 11. cap. 2. Neque omnino huius rei meminit usquam Poeta: vel de hac re.    

De Dativo.  
Verba, quae auxilium, adulationem, commodum, incommodum, favorem, studium significant, iunguntur Dativo Acquisitionis: (praeter juvo & Laedo quae accusativo gaudent) ut, Auxilior▪ Adulor, commedo, incommodo, faveo tibi, studeo Philosophiae▪  
Vide 29. Note.  
Dativo item adhaerent composita ex verbo sum: & quae obsequium, obe dientiam, submissionem, Repugnantiam significant: ut, Prosum, obsequor, obtempero, servio, repugno tibi.  
Item quae eventum significant. Cic. i offi. Quod cuique obtigi●, id quisque teneat. Teren. Facite, quod vobis libet. Praeter Attinet, Pertinet, Spectat ad me.  
Multa denique composita, ex verbis cognatae significationis, & praepositionibus Ad, Con. In. Inter. Ob. Prae. Sub ut, Assurgo, consentio, Immineo, illacbrymor, intervenio, obversor, praeluceo, succumbo oneri.  
In the ensuing 13. Note, we do put the Verb Incumbo, Consulo, Interdico, because ●hey are particulars. Concerning those Verbs which others use to dispose in this place which sometimes have a Dative, sometimes an Accusative, as Praesto tibi, vel te, we treat of in the 9 Note in the beginning.  

13 Note.  
Incumbo, when it doth refer itself to things importing Addiction of the mind, as study, it is joined with the Preposition In or Ad, Cic. lib. 10. Fam. Mi Plance, incumbe toto pectore ad laudem. Consulote. I ask counsel of you: Consulo tibi, I give counsel to you, id est, Consulo tibi utile, vel commod●m. Interdico, hath an Accusative, and a Dative of Acquisition. Sueton. Domitia. Interdixit histrionibus Scoenam. Livi. 34 Foeminis duntax at usum purpurae interdicamus. Likewise it hath a Dative, and an Ablative. Caesar. Gall. Ariovistus. omni Gallia Romanis interdixit: where the Dative is of Acquisition, and the Ablative is governed of the Preposition, id est, ab omni Galliâ: for that Plin. lib. 39 cap. 1. said, Interdixit tibi de Medicis, and ●ice. pro Caecin. Praetor interdixit de vi hominibus armatis.    

De Ablativo.  
Sextum vult egeo, indigeo, Vaco, victito.  
Vescor. Vivo, supersedeo, Potior, Delector, Abundo.  
Mano, redundo, fluo, scateo, fruor, atque laboro.  
Glorior, Oblector, Laetor, quibus addito nitor.  
Consto, pluit, valeo, possum, Sto, Fungor, & utor.  
Cum Careo, Fido, Confido, Periclitor add.  
Cic. ad Q. Fr. Incredibile est, mi, frater, quam egeam tempore. In his omnibus Ablativus pendet a Praepositione.  
This Verb utor signifying the same that utilitatem capere, according to Stephanus, or usum habere, may have the Preposition Ex or Cum, very well understood, which in other Languages is expressed, as Psal. 51. verse 1. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Chalde Paraphrase explaineth it thus, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 postquam usus est, cum Bathsheba, id est postquam usum habuit.  
Eruor, according to Donatus in Eunuch. Ter▪ being the same that a frumine vesci, and servius, expressing that of Virgil 7. Aeneid. Frui colloquio deorumi, pasci, may very well have the Preposition (a) understood, as the jewish Rabbins say. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Fructus est ab hoc, id est, utilitatem cepit. Fungor is expressed by the Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 id est, finio, so that fungi officio may have the Preposition In understood, and import as much as Finio in officio. The like or more plainly of the rest.  

14 Note.  
Egeo, Indigeo, Potior, are also joined to a Genitive, Cic. 6. Phil. hoc bellum indiget celeritatis. Potior, Vescor▪ Fungor, Pluit are found oftentimes with an Accusative. Teren. Adelph. Ille sine labour, patria potitur commoda. Neuters oftentimes admit an Ablative, which signifieth part Cic 2. de Orat. In principijs dicendi tota ment, at que omnibus artubus contremisco. All the Ablatives of this third rank, depend on divers Prepositions, howbeit as use hath abandoned them altogether, with difficulty may they be found out, yet this is proved, for that many of this kind are joined with a Preposition, Cic. 1. nat. Deo. Homo qui ex animo constat & corpore. Idem de office judiciorum ratio, ex accusatione, & defension constat. Idem 3. de Fin. Gloriari de vitâ. Idem pro Mil. Cuius in vita nitebatur salus civitatis. Apulcius, Fons ex aqua redundans, So it is said, Laetari de aliqua re, etc. Mark that there are many other Verbs put in this rank, which we pass, that for they are altogether common cases, which appertain to Instrument, Manner, or Action:    

De constructione Verbi substantivi.  
Sum utrinque Nominativum Substantivum habet: ut, Senectus ipsa est morbus. Virgilius est Mantuanus, id est, civis, vel vir; Adolescentis est maiores natu vereri, id est, Maiores natu vereri est officium adolescentis.  
Cum hoc verbo iocum non habent illi Genitivi mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri: pro quibus utimur. Meum, tuum, suum, nostrum, vestrum: ut, nostrum est senes vereri; id est, senes vereri est nostrum officium.  

15 Note.  
The rest of this Verb we do reduce to the Notes, for being a common construction, when it signifieth to be esteemed, it is joined with the Genitives, Magni, Maximi, and with those of price and estimation, Cic. lib. 15. Fam. Magni crunt tuae literae. So likewise is annexed to it a Dative, of Acquisition, as sum pater tibi natura, & consilijs: and then they use to express it by the Verb habeo, as Habes me patrem natura, & consilijs. Or by two Datives, as, mihi hoc est molestiae, which is the same with A●sicior molestia. It is associated also with a Genitive or an Ablative, of Praise or Dispraise, Plin. lib. 4. Epist. Erat puer acris Ingenij, vel acri ingenio.    

De constructione Verbi Activi.  
Verbum activum, vel potius Accusativum, cuiuscunque id demum positionis sit, post se Accusandi casum postulat; ut, Deum coal, imitare Divos. Novi animi tui moderationem, non decet ingenuum pueru● scurrilis iocus. Vivo vitam perdissicilem.  
Every Verb Active doth govern only an Accusative, and whatsoever other case is joined thereunto, is a common case, & there may be added four. A Genitive of Possession, Dative of Acquisition, Accusative according as it is governed by some Preposition, and an Ablative which is likewise ruled by a Preposition. Of all these, reason is, and shall be given.   

De Genitivo praeter Accusativum.  
Verba accusandi, absolvendi, damnandi, praeter Accusativum admittunt Genitivum Possessionis, qui poenam crimenve significet. Cic. p. Rab. An non intelligis quales viros summi sceleris arguas. Teren. Eu. Hic furti se alligat, id est, furti crimine.  
Genitivus, qui crimen significet, in Ablativum cum praepositione, De, mutari potest, maxim cum his verbis Accuso, Arguo, Appello, Absolvo, Damno, Condemno, Defero, Postulo, Livi. 6. bell. Pun. Blactius de proditione Dasium appellabat.  
Hoc nomen Crimen Ablativo sine Pr●positione eleganter effertur, a qua tamen pendet. Cic. 2. Fam. Ego te eodem crimine condennabo.  
Dicimus eleganter, capite aliquem Damnare, Punire, Plectere.  
Absolvo etiam, Libero, Alligo, Astringo, Obstringo, Mulcto, Obligo, Ablativum significantem poenam, crimenue tacitâ praepositione admittunt. Liu. lib. 1. Ego me etsi peccato absolvo, supplicio non libero.  
Miseret, Miserescit, Piget, Poenitet, Pudet, Taedet, Genetivo praeter accusativum efferuntur, sic, Miseret me tui, id est, misericordia tenet me tui. Eodem modo Pigritia, Poenitentia, Pudor, Taedium.  

16 Note.  
The Genitive of these Verbs, is governed of the Ablative Crimine, which is understood, and the reason is, because many times the Authors clearly dispose it so, Martial. lib. 11. Arguimur lentae crimine pigritiae. Val. Max. lib. 4. cap. 2. Incesti crimine a Tribus Lentulis accusatus, and lib. 6. cap. 1. Crimine impudicitiae damnatus est. From hence is conceived the reason of two things. The first that disposing of all Nouns which import Crimen in the Genitive, the same name Crimen alone is put in the Ablative, for all the rest are ruled by it, and all of them are genitives of possession. The, second that this speech shall be approved in Latin: Accusasne illum superbiae? an avaritiae? an altero tantum? an utroque? an ambobus? for that Crimine, or Criminibus is understood. That which we say of the verb Miserescit▪ and the rest; that it is the same, Pudet me tui, that is, Pudor me habet tui, is the opinion of Priscian.    

Verba pretij & Aestimationis.  
Verba Pretij, atque Aestimationis praeter Accusativum hos fere Genitivos possessionis assumunt, Magni, Maximi, Pluris, Plurimi Parvi, Minoris, Minimi, Tanti, Tantidem, Quanti, Quanticunque. In his Grammatica est: Emo, aut Aestimo pallium tanti, id est: Emo, aut Aestimo pallium pretio tanti aeris.  
Dicimus etiam Magno, Permagno, Parvo, Nonnihilo, & magno pretio aestimare. Vale: Max. lib. 5. Magno ubique pretio virtus aestimatur. Parvo aestimatur, id est, parvo pretio Sic etiam tanto, quanto, quantocunque, Minore pretio. Livi. 2. Bel. Pun. Non minore pretio redimi possumus.  
Nauci, Flocci, Pili, Assis, Teruntij, Nihili, iunguntur eleganter cum verbo facio, sed & cum multis aliis; ut, Flocci te facio, aut aestimo, id est, pretio flocci.  

17. Note.  
All these Genitives are of possession, for they are governed of the Ablative of price or estimation not expressed; which Horace 1. Sermon▪ expressly setteth down; Nonnunquam pretio pluris licuisse licebit. And it is a pregnant argument, that Authors do oftentimes add with these Genitives an Adiective, in an Ablative case; which necessarily must agree with the Ablative of price, there understood. And so said Plaut. Epid. 1. Quanti emi potest? minimo, id est, pretio minimo. And Cic. ad Attic. Id propè dimidio minoris constabit, id est, dimidio pretio minoris. It being declared how they govern these genitives, it is necessary to know with whom these that are adiectives concord. Let it be noted that this genitive Aeris, must be supplied, and so Aestimo to magni will import, Aestimo te pretio magni aeris, although for elegancy the Latins have forsaken pretio, and aeris. Columel. delivered them clearly▪ lib. 3. cap. 3. Quem vulgus parvi aeris posse comparari putat. The reason why this Genitive is supplied, is because a noun adiective, as we have avouched in the third book, cannot stand alone by himself, and when it is alone some substantive is to be understood, on whom it relieth. And that rather the genitive aeris, than any other is to be understood, is because as Authors affirm, Apud veteres omnia pecunia aestimabantur. Supposed that these are common cases, these speeches shall be said; Amo te tanti; Doceo pluris; lego minoris, Maximi iter facio, etc. And it is collected from the same Authors of Arts, who hitherto have been, that these are common cases: for they deliver this Rule: Quaelibet verba Ablativum admittunt significantem pretium, vel hos Genitivos tanti, tantidem, quanti, quanticumque, pluris, minoris, and they extract more than these Genitives. Then I demand when Cicero said 3. Offic. Emit tanti, could not he have pronounced, Emit magni? Finally mark that in place of pretio, there may be substituted Ablatives of other things, like unto those of price, as, Emi hoc quinque talentis, quatuor drachmis, duabus minis, aere, argento, auro, etc.  
Note also that these genitives, tanti, quanti, etc. after verbs of estimation may be said to be used in imitation of the greeks, who use the like after verbs of estimation and permutation, as, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Aurea aeneis permutare, Demosth. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Aestimo hoc plurimi.    

De Dativo praeter Accusativum.  
Verba omnia Dativum habent acquisitionis, ut, Amo haereditatem filio meo, explico lectionem discipulis. Sed imprimis hunc sibi eleganter adiungunt verba Dandi, Reddendi, Committendi▪ Promittendi, Declarandi, Ant● ponendi, postponendi. Teren. And. Facile omnes, cum valemus▪ recta consilia, aegrotis damus. Sic, Facio tibi fidem. Miner, minitor tibi mortem.  
Multa denique composita ex praepositionibus, Ad, in, ob, prae, sub; ut, Adimo, impono, obijcio, praeficio, subtraho tibi materiam.  
Sunt etiam, quibus geminus Dativus, & uterque acquisitionis, praeter accusativum eleganter apponitur▪ ut, Do tibi hoc laudi; Vitio, Culpae, crimini, pignori, faenori: vertis id mihi stultitiae. Ducis honori, damn●.  

18. Note. Vide 29.  
The Dative is of acquisition, and it is even common to as many verbs, as there are, yet with particular elegancy, the Authors have placed it with them, which are in this rank.    

De altero Accusativo praeter primum Accusativum.  
Moneo, doceo cum compositis: item Flagito, posco, reposco, rogo, interrogo, celo, praeter primum accusativum sibi alterum adiungunt qui pendet à praepositione. Cicer. 1. Fin. Sapientia nos omnes docet vias, id est, docet nos iuxta omnes vias.  
Vtraque ratione similem habent constructionem Graeci Aeschin in Ctesiphont. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Decet rogare deos bona, & alteri accusativo expressa praepositione, ut vulgo dicitur, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, petere ab aliquo bona.  
Vide 19, 20. & 21. Notes.  

19 Note.  
Adm●neo, commoneo, commonefacio, are annexed also to a genitive after an accusative, Quintil. libr. 4. Grammaticos sui officij commonemus.   

20. Note.  
Likewise is observed this particular elegancy, Moneo, admoneo, commoneo, doceo, edoceo, erudio te de haec re, id est, commonefacio, certiorem facio. Likewise these, Interrogo, and celo, Cic. Partitio, Ego te ijsdem de rebus interrogem? Idem Bassus noster me de hoc libro celavit, vel mihi celatus est liber.   

21. Note.  
Many learned men say, and with much assurance, that the second accusative of verbs of this order, is ruled of some preposition, which is understood, Per, iuxta, secundum, in, circa, ad, etc. And so when Pla●●▪ said in Amphi. Haec heri immodestia cogit me, is the same, that Heri immodestia cogit me ad haec. Stati. 10. Theb. Quae te leges, praeceptaque belli— Erudijt genetrix, id est, erudijt te iuxta leges, & praecepta belli. The reason of this is, because we see Authors many times to the same noun do take away, and add the preposition. Cic. 4. Attic. Epist. penult. Ad quid laboramus res Romanas? and the same expres●eth he in a thousand places, Quid laboramus hoc, vel illud, etc. Plin. in Panag. In tantum diligo optimum principem, in quantum invisus fui pessimo. Others will say, Tantum quantum. Which Livy wrote lib. 4. In aeternum urbe condita, & in immensum crescente, Virgil. expressed, sedet aeternumque sedebit infoelix Theseus, for these are not Adverbes, as some mistake, but Adiectives, which concord with some substantives, as, Tempus immensum aeternum, etc. Secondly, this speech may be very well said: Doceo te iuxta omnes vias sapientiae: although the preposition be taken away, yet it shall be governed by it, and it is oftentimes an elegancy to put a preposition; always when to the second noun there shall be put an Adiective, as, Moneo te ad praestantissima consilia, ad exitus belli difficillimos, ad literas capessendas, ad improbos labefactandos. Thirdly, when these speeches are turned, as, Tu doceris à me vias sapientiae, it can never be penetrated, of whom that accusative is governed, if it be not of some preposition, id est, Tu doceris, monerisque à me ad vias sapientiae. Verbi gratiâ, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, id est, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Romanus patriam, id est, secundum patriam. Fourthly, it is apparent, that this is an imitation of the greeks, who oftentimes put accusatives, which are ruled by the preposition Kata, which is understood in the speech. And if any one shall object, that tho●e things which have been here delivered, may bear another sense, V. G. Haec, heri immodestiae cogit me, id est, cogit me haec facere. As well shall any body rise up against such an one and instance: Doceo te literas id est, Doceo te s●ire, aut intelligere literas. Haec subintellectio Graecis perquam familiaris est, Basil. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Cain à Diabolo doctus est caedem, scz. facere. By the delivered premises some phrases of the Poets will be understood, as Vultum sermone movetur, aut expleri mentem nequit, aut carpitur attonitos sensus, the Accusatives are governed of a Preposition.    

De Ablativo praeter Accusativum.  
Verba implendi, vestiendi, Onerandi, Liberandi, & his contraria ac multa praeterea Privandi, praeter Accusativum Ablativum asciscunt ut, Compleo, Exhaurio; Induo, Exuo, Onero, Exonero; Libero impleo, privo. Cic: Atti. Aegritudo me somno private.  
Vide 22 & 23 Notes.  
The Verbs which besides an Accusative have an Ablative with a Preposition, we place in the four and twentieth Note; for that many learned men judge that there ought not to be made a particular order of them, it being understood, that they are altogether governed by a Preposition.  

22 Note.  
Induo, Dono, Impertio, Aspergo, may besides an Accusative, admit likewise a Dative or an Ablative, as Dono te corona, vel tibi coronam. Cic. lib. 1. sibi torquem induit, vel se torque.   

23 Note.  
The Ablative of this Rank is ruled by a Preposition which is understood, and so said, Plaut. Libera te ex onere.   

24 Note.  
That which others use to dispose in the 6 Order of Actives, we place it among the Notes, for that it belongeth altogether to a Preposition, and so hath it been judged by the learned. Then, all those Verbs have an Ablative with a Preposition, after an Accusative, which are of this Tenor. Petendi, Percontandi, and many others, Auferendi, Removendi, Abstinendi, Accipiendi, as Peto, Quaero, Aufero, Removeo, Abstineo, Faeneror, Mutuor abs te pecuniam. Likewise those Verbs of understanding, receive the Preposition Ex, and many others, as Cognosco, Avello, Expello, Quaero, Percontor, Sciscitor a te, vel ex te. Cic. Poma ex arboribus, fieruda sint, vi avelluntur. To others after an Accusative is joined an Ablative, with a Preposition, or a Dative, as Furor, Surripio, Eripio, Aufero tibi, vel a te pecunias.  
Finally, all Verbs may have this Ablative with a Preposition: here we will recite some, besides those which are usually reckoned. ¶ Affero. Cic. de sen. Eique dona a socijs attulisset. ¶ Amo. Plaut. Pseud. Vbi sunt isti, qui amant a Lenone? Idem in Poenu. Amat a Lenone hic. ¶ Defendo, Virg. Teneras defendo a frigore Myrtos. ¶ Deijcio. Cicer. Deiecere oculos a republica. ¶ Facio. Cic. de orat. A se aliquid facere.— Cic. de. Invent. Quod nihilo magis ab adversarijs, quam a nobis faciet. Habeo, &. Lego. Cic. pro Cluent. Itaque ei testamento legat pecuniam grandem a filio. ¶ Mitto. Cic. Attic. Ab illo mittas mihi. Munio. Tacit. lib. 10. Saevus ille vultus & rubor, a quo se contra pallorem muniebat. ¶ Numero. Cic. pro Flacco. A Quaestore numeravit. Promitto. Cic. 2. orat. Ne ipse aliquid a me promisisse videar. ¶ Reddo, Cic. Litteras a te mihi stator tuus reddidit. Cic. 5. Attic. a me solvere. & libr. 7. ab Egnatio solvat: & pro Plancio. Ab aliquo persolvere. Not these Verbs only, but all other have this Ablative, with a Preposition, and as the Authors of Arts hitherto have reckoned Verba Petendi, etc. they might also have cited these: than it stands with good reason, that there should not be assigned a particular order of these Verbs, be it that it be taught in general, that this is a common case, and that it may be applied to any Verbs. These examples have likewise been produced, for that they make, to the purpose of what shall be spoken in the following Note.    

De constructione Verbi Passivi.  
Verbum passivum habet eum Nominativum, qui in Activa Accusativus fuerat. ut, Colitur Deus; Cui etiam saepissime eleganter adiungitur Ablativus cum praepositione A, vel Ab. Cic. Attic. An tu existimas ab ullo me malle legi, quam a te.  
Vide 25, 26, 27, Notes.  

25 Note.  
There are many who think that the Ablative of the Passive with A, or Ab, is the same that the Nominative of the person Agent is in the Active. Others say, that the Ablative be it now in the Active, now in the Passive, always signifieth something to be done in the behalf of some body. As when Cic. said add Attic. A Bruto legi Antonij edictum, he would say, I have read the Edict of Anthony, which came from the part of Brutus: which speech if it should be made in t●is sort, Lectum est edictum a Bruto, would it not be the same that Brutus legit? these are the two opinions. It is certain that there are an infinite number of speeches in the Passive, which turned into the Active, will not express the same, V. G. Caesar the 2. Civil. Tecta munita ab ictu telorum is not ictus telorum munijt tecta; Cic. 1. leg. Veritas à te postulatur, is not, tu postulas Veritatem, Emuntur a me Libri, is not, Emo, rather Vendo, & alij emunt: from whence it appeareth, that this Ablative which is ruled by the Preposition, is not a Person which doth, for we see that those that have it in the Passive, retain it in the Active. Plaut. Poen. Amat a Lenonc. Plaut: Rudem praedam ab eo emerat. Cic. Senect. Dona a socijs attulisset. Idem Atti. A Bruto legi Antonij edictum. Idem Bruto, Nullas adhuc a te literas habemus. Idem 13. Attic. Ab illo mihi mittas. Idem pro Flacco. A Quaestore numeravit: and all the rest of which we have spoken in the precedent Note, which is the 24, in order, in all these it is found, even as it is in the Active. This Ablative is not a person that doth, as little will it be in the Passive, it is only a Case governed by a Preposition. And if any will instance that these speeches in the Passive have two meanings, Verbi Gr. Petitur a me, id est, Ego peto, vel alij a me petunt, it would be a very great Amphibology, from which the Latins do so much fly; that they use Reciproques, & a thousand other Rules. I say that it cannot be denied, that there are some Passive speeches, in which the Ablative with a Preposition, is the person which doth, as Diligitur a Patre meo, Filius genitus est a Patre, & Filius missusest a Patre, & spiritus sanctus mittitur a Patre & Filio: and others innumerable, in which clearly the Ablative with a Preposition, is the person which doth, yet according to the Latins, it is likewise ordinary, that the said Ablative with a Preposition, is not the person which doth, as hath been said: and it is seen in an Infinity of speeches; and for the objection which is made of Amphibology, it is answered, that this will be understood & avoided by the precedents, and subsequents, as it falleth out in many other speeches, in which there is some equivocation or amphilogie; for that a Verb or a Noun, hath divers significations, which noun is acquitted, and understood, by the Antecedent and Consequent. And it is to be observed for many other respects, that in these Notes, Documents and Rules are given, for Grammarians and Latin Authors. And if in the Scripture there have been found Phrases, which are not conformable to them, the Scripture neither is, nor aught to be tied to the rules of Grammarians. And the fault of many Grammarians hath been, to seek to declare places of Scripture by their rules, and examine, if the translation from Greek into Latin, be good or bad, it being not their parts to sift this It belongeth to them to give rules, to understand the Latin Authors: and let them leave to declare the things and speech●s of the Scripture, to them to whom they appertain, and who understand them better than they do.   

26 Note.  
It is very much received, that Vapulo, Veneo, Fio, Exulo, Liceo, are Verbs Neuter Passives, and they say that they are construed with the Preposition, A vel Ab: of the two last we will not speak, for that many Authors of Arts have already forsaken them, finding that it is false: we will speak of the first three. Many Authors have used this Verb Vapulo, and no body hath ever given it this Ablative, only Quintilian, lib. 9 cap. 2. in these words; Testis rogatus, an ab reo fustibus vapulasset? & innoceni inquit. But let it be observed, that this Authority is mistaken, for that Tullius Rufianus, a most ancient rhetorician, speaking of the figure Apophasis delivereth these words in this manner▪ Testis interrogatus ab reo, num fustibus vapulasset? innocens inquit, adding this; that no other hath assigned this ablative, it seemeth that it convinceth clearly, that this Verb hath not a passive construction.  
Secondly, observe that Vapulo doth not signify, to be beaten; it is the same that Perire, velire in malam crucem, it cometh out of the Greek verb 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. It is no marvel that this was not known until now, for that we wanted the greater part of Festus, which we now enjoy, much restored by the diligence of joseph Scaliger. And for Erasmus in the Adagy, Vapula Papyria, doth acknowledge that he cannot understand what it meaneth, for that he wanted Festus his book. Festus then saith thus. Vapula in proverbio antiquis suit, de quo Sisinius Capito sic refert, tum dici solitum esse, cum vellet minantibus significare se eos negligere, & non curare fretos iure libertatis. Plaut. in Faeneral. Heus tu in barbaria quo● dixisse dicitur liberta suae patronae, ideo dico● liberta salve, Vapula Papyria: in Barbaria est in Italia. Aelius hoc loco, vapula positum esse, ait, pro Dole, Varro pro pe●i, teste Teren. in Phor. Non tu manes S. Vapula P. id tibi quidem iam siet. Et Plaut. Cucul. Reddin, an non mulierem priusquam te huic meae machaerae obijcio mastigia? S. Vapulare ego te vehementer iubeo, ne me territes; haec Festus; By these words you shall clearly see, what we have delivered.  
In the word Veneo, likewise, the ill writing of Quintilian hath deceived us, who in the 12. lib. cap. 1. taketh this saying from Fabricius, A cive se spoliari malle quam ab hoste vaenire; It is to be believed that the place is false, for that Cic. 2. de Orat. citeth that which Fabricius speaketh in this manner: Malo compilari quam venire. Behold how Francis Sanchez doth expound this word in his Minerva.  
The Verb Fio is the same, that a verb substantive, and the greeks esteem it for the same. So they often take it for esse, Plut. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: Darius dicebat se in periculis fieri, sive esse prudentiorem. If sometimes it be found with an Ablative and a preposition, it is an Ablative of part as we say: Hic amat à patre suo, anciently it had a passive termination, as also the verb Venio. Priscian libr. 8. bringeth authorities hereof. Postquam dintius fitur, & Graeco ritu fiebantur saturnalia. So as you will rather call it a verb substantive, as julius Scaliger termeth it, than a neuter passive. And as is said, Hoc est à te, likewise is said, Hoc fit à te. Observe that when it is said, Quid me fiet, it is the same that is, Quid de me fiet. As hath marked Father Manuel Alvarez. For Cice. 2. Attic. wrote, Quid de P. Clodio fiat ne scribe. The same is to be understood of the verb Facio. Cice. 3. in ver. Quid hoc homine faciat. Teren. And. Nec quid me nunc faciam scio, id est, de me.   

27. Note.  
We have left the verbs common, for except the participles of them, they are little used. When Cic. said, A te fictis aggrederer donis, it is a passive of the verb Aggredio; which was used very long since, and in these days it is seen in some ancient Authors: the same is observed in others: for if Cic. said, Ne nos adulari sinamus; the same likewise used the active adulo, before they were verbs commons. But after those which we call deponents, left the passive signification, there are found no verbs commons, but as we have professed, they are passives, for there is not any of those which we call Verbs commons, which one time or other do not notify their active signification. Only there hath remained a relic of these verbs commons in some participles: who have action and passion, as these under-written, Abominatus, cohortatus, confessus, dimensus, execratus, meditatus, populatus, testatus, veneratus.    

Communes verborum Constructiones.  
Interrogatio & Responsio caesu coherent. Cui praeceptori dedisti operam? Flatoni.  
Genitivus semper est possessionis, pendetque à nomine substantivo tacito vel expresso.  

28. Note.  
A Genitive is always common, and is ruled of some noun, as partly hath been seen in the verbs of price, and accusation. When it is said, Potiri rerum, there is wanting Imperium. Caesar. 1. Gall. Totius Galliae sese posse potiri sperant, a little before he said, Totius Galliae imperio potiri. In verbs of memory, is wanting memoria, mentio, etc. Cic. pro Arch. Pueritiae memoriam recordari ultimam. And how be it you will say, Pueritiae Recordari: it hath Memoriam to be governed of. These forms of speaking, Desine irarum, abstine querelarum, are according to the greeks, who say, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Desine laborum pro 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. à laboribus: as likewise these, Pendeo animi, discrucior animi, although in these it might be said, that the sense is, Pendeo animi ment, in the same manner as Plaut Cist. delivered. Nullam mentem animi habeo; and Lucret. Animi vix ment videmus. In the verb substantive is wanting Munus officium, aut negotium: Regis est gubernare, id est. officium Regis est gubernare. In those verbs, Miseret, Miserescit, paenitet, taedet, piget, pudet me tui, the meaning is, Pudor habet me tui; and so doth Priscian expound. Impleo granarium frumenti; he would say, I fill the Granary, which is for wheat: As, Impleo pateram Regis. The Poets oftentimes imitate the Greeks, Virg. Implentur veteris Bacchi.    

De Dativo Communi.  
Dativus ubicumque reperiatur semper est acquisitionis, est enim in cuius gratiam, commodum, vel incommodum aliquid fit. Livi. 2. ab urb. condi. Magno illi ea cunctatio stetit. Eadem ratio est, si iungatur cum verbis passivis, Cic. Neque senatui, neque populo, neque cuiquam bono probatur. Vbi dativus est acquisitionis, non persona agens, idem enim in activa invenitur. Cic. pro Balbo: Non ut vobis rem tam perspicuam dicendo probaremus.  

29. Note.  
Every dative is of acquisition, for if it be in this, Amo haereditatem filio meo, why not in this, Do tibi pecunias: peradventure it is not profitable to give one's money to any. And because this dative is common to all verbs, it is found most often with verbs actives. Plaut. Asin. Pergin precari pessimo? Caesar. 3. Gall. Cum tela nostris deficerent. Cic. de orat. Id deceat prudentiae tuae. Plaut. Amph. Nostro generi non decet. When two datives are present, they are also of acquisition. The same is to be observed in passive speeches, as, Deus colitur mihi, where mihi is not a person doer, but a dative of Acquisition; for in the same manner, you may say in the Active, Cole Deum mihi; I honour God to my good, or God is honoured to my benefit. In Virg. Neque cernitur ulli, is that same that is, Nulli est conspicuus. The dative of Acquisition, is the dative of loss or profit. Be advertised by the way, that as little the person doer is put in the passive signification, in an accusative with the preposition Per. For it is only a case of the preposition: which you shall as well put in the active signification, in the same manner and sense. When Cic. ad Attic. lib. 2. said, Per Praetores Consules creantur, you might say, Populus create consuls per Praetores, by means of the Praetors: and also he delivered the same. Nihil interest per procuratorem agas, an per te ipsum, and when he said, Res agitur per eosdem creditores, he hath not desired to say, Ipsos creditores agere, sed amicos Regis per creditores.    

De Accusativo communi.  
Accusativus, praeter eum, qui regitur à verbo activo, semper est communis, pendetque à praepositione tacita, vel expressa▪ ut videbitur in sequentibus.  
Tempus, si per quam diu fiat interrogatio, effertur accusativo, tacita, vel expressa praepositione. Livi. Romulus septem, & triginta regnavit annos, vel per triginta annos. Idem; Obsidio vix in paucos dies tolerabiles, vel paucos dies.  
Dicimus etiam abesse bidui, tridui, sed tum aut per tempus, aut iter, aut viam subintelligimus quod exprimit Cicero Cat. Aberam ab Amano iter unius diei. Caesar Be. Gall. Cum bidui viam processisset.  
Distantia omnis aut dimensio, Accusativo etiam efferuntur tacita vel expressa praepositione. Caes. Planicies patebat tria millia passuum, id est, per tria millia passuum. Lactan. de Phoenicia: Per bis sex ulnas eminet ille locus. Varro. de re Rust. libr. 3. cap. 5. Ad duos pedes altum à stagno, latum ad quinque: vel, duos pedes altum, latum quinque. His omnibus eleganter adimes praepositiones, cum velis.  
Accusativus cum praepositione Per, communis est omnibus verbis, tam activie, quam Passivis, & in Passivis non erit persona agens. Caes. 3. Civi. Pompeius frumentum omne per equites comportaverat, vel comportatum erat frumentum per equites.  
Vide 29 Note in fine.   

De Ablativo Communi.  
Tempus, modo per Quamdiu, modo per Quando fiat interrogatio, Ablativo effertur, praepositione tacita, vel expressa. Verres depopulatus est Siciliam uno triennio, vel in uno triennio, tribus annis, vel in tribus annis. Ter. Andria. In diebus paucis, quibus haec coacta sunt, vel diebus paucis.  
Distantia quoque, & Dimensio Ablativo effertur. Abest itinere unius diei. Locus latus duobus pedibus.  
Omnibus verbis addi potest Ablativus is, qui vulgo absolutus dicitur, qui tamen re vera pendet a praepositione; ut, Rego Philippo pax floret, id est sub Rege Philippo.  

30 Note.  
That which they call an Ablative Absolute is governed of a Preposition, for it is found with a Preposition most often. Rege Philippo, id est, sub Rege Philippo. Pers: satire. 5. Marco sub iudice palle●. Stat. in Syl. Cerealia dona coronae Sub te teste tuli. Virg. Sole sub ardenti resonant arbusta cicadis. Plin. lib. 18. de muribus, said, sub Authore Aristotele. Other times the Preposition Cum is supplied, as Musis faventibus. Livi. lib. 1. Dec● 3. Agite cum Dijs bene invantibus. Plaut. Pers. sequere hac mea guata cum dijs volentibus. Ennius' apud Cic. Doque volentibus, cum magnis Dijs; as well might other Prepositions be supplied. Observe that this speech. Me consul hoc feci is good, and Latin, which some hold for barbarous. Cic. in Bruto. Se Audiente locuples author scribit Thucydides. Idem 15. Fam. Non potes effugere hnius culpae poenam te patrono. Quintil. Decla. 4. Te volente misisti. Luca: libr. 5. Et laetos fecit se consule fastos. Ovid. Lachrymas quoque saepe notavi, Me Lachrymante tuas. Plaut. Mil. Te vidente vides. Of this kind there are very many examples, and in them all, the Preposition Sub is understood.  
Ablativus Instrumenti, Causae, Excessus, aut Modi, quo aliquid fit, omnibus verbis adiungitur, qui semper pendet a praepositione. Teren. And. Hisce oculis egomet vidi. Cic. ad Q. Fra. Vestra culpa haec accidunt. Idem. Scipio omnes sale, facetijsque superabat. Idem de senec. Sapientissimus quisque aequissimo animo moritur. Causae, Excessui, aut Modo eleganter saepe praepositionem constitues. Instrumento non ita eleganter.   

31 Note.  
The Instrument also is governed of a Preposition, for sometimes it is accompanied with it. Plin. lib. 9 cap. 28. Cirricum quibus venantur, this is the ancient and true reading of Pliny. Ovid. 4. Fast. verrebat raro cum pectine pratum. There is not wanting, who changeth this Verse for fault of observing that which we are about to say. Virg. Exercere solum sub vomere. Colum lib. 9 cap. 1. Semperque de manu cibos & aquam praebere. The Ablative of cause likewise is ruled of a Preposition. Teren. And. Laborabat e dolore. Cic. 4. Acad▪ Maria sole colluent, and of excess. Idem Democritus. Huic in hoc similis, uberior in caeteris. And of manner, Teren. otiosum ab animo. Plaut. Trun. Ab ingenio est improbus. Plaut Cap. Rem de compacto geri.    

De constructione verbi infiniti.  
Verbum infiniti modi post se nominativum habet, cum res ad nominativum praecedentis Verbi pertinet. Cicer. 1. de Nat. Nolo esse longior: Atsi Accusativus antecessit, & sequatur necesse est. Cic. 1. Cat. Cupio me esse clementem.  
Infinitum Esse accedente verbo Licet, Dandi, vel accusandi casui haeret, cum caeteris verbis fere accusandi. Cic. 1. Attic. Mihi negligenti esse non licet, vel negligentem, (subintellecto me) Terent. Heau. Expedit nobis esse bonas, (subintellecto nos.)  
Infinitivus saepe construitur cum alio verbo & resolvitur per, Vt. Virg. Dederatque comas diffundere vento, pro ut diffunderentur vel se diffunderent.  

32 Note.  
For that I know that learned men in this faculty do like a sufficient ground of the construction of the Infinitive; I will speak here how these Budeus comment. Linguae Graecae. Muret. in Ca●ul. Fran. Brocen. in Miner. Lambi. in Horat. Henr. Steph. jul. Scaliger declare it, all who are most learned men. The infinitive of itself, and according to the Latin ●ules, always requireth an Accusative, Tacite, or express before it, as volo scire, volo me scire. After it, it requireth another Accusative, of any sort whatsoever, one while Me, Te, Se, may precede; some other times not. Sometimes a Verb of the same subordination, may be placed before, sometimes not, Cic. pro Quint. Ne ut par quidem sit postulat, inferiorem esse patitur. Curti. Ad vestras manus confugio, invitis vobis salvum esse nolo. Plaut. Cist. Quia ego nolo meretricem possit. Of such like there are many examples, some Budeus produceth pro & con: in such manner, that answerable to the rules of the Latins, it should be said, cupio esse clementem. But these Authors d●●learnedly add, that the Authors have sought ordinarily to forsake their rules, in this particular, and endeavour to use the construction of the Creeks, for this cupio esse clemens, is a Greek, not a Latin construction; the reason is, for that the greeks do use oftentimes to govern o●e case only, and to join another for elegancy, although it be not governed of the same part, the first was, and so they say, Vt●r libris quibus habeo, egeo librorum qu●rum non habeo. Of these speeches there are an infinity among the greeks. Then in this speech, Cupio esse clemens, these Authors learnedly say, that the word Clemens, trahitur a particula, ego, quae subaudit ur in verbo, Cupio. From hence the reason of this kind of speaking is easily apprehended. Licet mihi esse negligentem, the which goeth answerable to the rules of the Latins. But this speech, Licet mihi esse negligenti, is altogether a Greek speech, where the word Negligenti is drawn from the particle Mihi.  
Appen. Cum manetur in eadem persona, accusativus non proprius casus est infinitivorum, sed potius nominativus tam apud Latinos quam Graecos, Ovid. 13. Met. Retulit Aiax Esse jovis pronepos— 2 Tristium Acoeptum refero versibus esse nocens, Plutarch in Apothegme: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Pericles dicebat usque ad aram amicus esse, id est se amicum fore.    

De Gerundijs.  
Gerundiae, quae passionem non significant, casus suorum verborum admittunt: ut, tempus obliviscendi iniuriarum, ignoscendi inimicis, coercendi cupiditates, abstinendi maledictis.  
Gerundijs in Di, adduntur substantiva, ut, tempus, causa, etc. Et nonnulla Adiectiva, ut peritus, cupidus. Cicer. de sen. Efferor studio patres vestros videndi. Idem 2. de orat. Sum cupidus te audiendi.  
Gerundijs in Dum, praeponuntur praepositiones Ad, Ob, Inter. Cic. Tus. Conturbatus animus non est aptus ad exequendum munus suum. Ante, etiam praeponitur interdum, sed rarò.  
Gerundia in Do, modo sine praepositione adhibentur: ut, Non sum solvendo. Cic. lib. 13. Attic. Plorando defessus sum, modo praeposi●iones assumunt. A, Ab, De, In, nonnunquam, E, vel Ex, Cum, Pro, Quint. lib. 1. Scr●bendi ratio coniuncta cum loquendo est.  
Gerundia, quae passionem significant, nullum post secasum admittunt. Quin. lib. 2. Memoria excolendo augotur.   

Ratio variandi Gerundia.  
Gerundia, quae Accusativo casis gaudent, in passiva hac ratione commutantur. Studios●u d●fendendi Remp▪ studiosus Reip. defendendae. Plaut. Epid. Epidicum quaerendo operam dabo frequentius Epidico quaerendo.  

33 Note.  
At the end of the Gerunds, observe that this phrase is very usual among the Latins. Tempus est legendi librorum. Plaut. Aulul. Nominandi tibi istorum, magis erit, quam eundi copia. Cic. de Inventute. Fuit exemplorum eligendi potestas. Idem de univers. Reliquorum syderum, quae causa collocandi fuerit. Sueton. Aug. Permissa iocandi licentia, diripiendique pomorum, & obsoniorum, & missilium. Plin. in Epist. Cum illorum videndi gratia, me in forum contulissem. The Grammar of these speeches is, Tempus est legendi librorum, id est, lectionis librorum. So learned men expound.    

Participiale in Dum  
Participiale in Dum, accedente verbo substantivo, dativo iungitur, post se habet casum sui verbi. Cic. 2. Tusc. Tuo tibi iudicio utendum est; si tamen casus verbi, fuerit accusativus, mutabitur oratio hoc modo; Petendum est tibi pacem, petenda est tibi pax.  

34. Note.  
It is to be noted, that the dative of this participial is of acquisition: and so, Docendum est mihi, is not, I must teach, but there must be teaching for my good. Docendum est discipulis, there must ●e Indoctrination for the profit of the Scholars, and it is evident, for the Ancients expressed. Petendum est tibi pacem; Const●tuendum est paenam latronibus. Figendum est crucem malefactoribus, id est: There must be required peace for thee; There must b● constituted punishment for Thiefs, etc. which are rendered in this manner: Petenda est tibi pax; Constituenda poena latronibus; Figenda crux malefactoribus. And this self s●me dative you may put in the Active, Serviendum mihi est Deo. Serviam Deo mihi.    

De Supinis.  
Supina in 'em, amant verba, quae motum adsignificant, & ante se nullum, post se suorum verborum casum habent. Teren. Phorm. Me ultro accusatum advenit.  
Voces illae, quae vulgo dicuntur Supina in V. nominibus adiectivis haerent. Virg. Mirabile visu.  

35. Note.  
Many learned men there are, who exclude that which we call the last Supine, saying that it is a noun, and it seemeth they fail not therein. First because they may be datives, for that Virg. who wrote Mirabile visu, in another part said, Oculis mirabile monstrum. Where Mirabile visu will be the same that Mirabile visui. And there is no inconvenience that it be so; for even as the Latins say, Parce metu, pro me tui, they may likewise say, Mirabile visu, pro visui. Secondly, we see these nouns concord with adiectives, Quint. lib. 8. Rebus atrocibus verba etiam ipso auditu acerba magis conveniunt. Agellius lib. 12. Eos versus assiduo memoratu dignos puto. Stati. 9 The● log. Longo defessa redibat Venatu. Of these are many examples. The which some answer, saying that, Res digna memoratu, is the last Supine: yet that Res digna magno memoratu, is a noun, doth not satisfy, for, if I would only say a thing worthy of memory, I will say, Memoratu. If I desire to add aught else, I will say, Magno memoratu, incredibili, ingenti, etc. From whence it will appear to be now a noun. Thirdly, the connexion of speeches in form, that these are Nouns. Wherefore the Authors (it seemeth without doubt) would join two Nouns, in the subsequent speeches. Livi. lib. 31. Id dictu quam re facilius. P●in. lib. 7. Parvum dictu, sedimmensum aestimatione. Cice. in Piso. Quis enim te auditu, quis ullo honore, quis denique communi salute dignum putavit. tacit. lib. 1. Lucos visu, ac memoria deforms. This reason hath more force with the Grammarians, that a conjunction joineth the like cases. Fourthly, the Spanish phrases are so hard, with which are declared these speeches, that they give the matter in hand to be understood as false. For this is Spanish, Affabilis dictu; Affabile de ser dicho, o, aefable que se diga. Affable to be said, or affable that it be said. Explicabile dictu. Explicabile do ser dicho, to be explicable to be spoken. How much better it is. Explicabile dictu, id est, dictione vel sermone. Explicable with a word. Some body will demand, what nouns are these, since there is no dictus, dictus, dictui. To this is answered, that many of these are entire Nouns, as Venatus, cubitus, etc. And uthers are de●ective, which the Ancients only in the datives, and ablatives singular, as Vis, Vim, à Vi. Opis, opem, ab open, and many others.    

De Participijs.  
Participia eosdem casus habent, quos verba à quibus proficiscuntur. Livi. lib. 1. ab Vr. Anius, ingenti praeda potitus, Romam redijt.  
Exosus, perosus, pertaesus, cum accusativo efferuntur. Livi. 3. Ab ur. Plebs regum nomen perosa erat.  
Participia praesentis cum fiunt nomina, & nonnulla quae dicuntur praeteriti, interrogandi casu gaudent. Cice. Atti. 9 Boni cives amantes patriae. Sallu. Cat. Aliem appetens, profusus sui.   

Appendix.  
Aliquando id quod in oratione deest, foris omnino petendum est, Cic. In Verrem 5. Ridere convivae, cachinnari ipse Apronius, scz caepit Hoc apud Graecos frequenti venit usu, Mat. 4. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, jacobus Zebedaei▪ scz. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, filius. Sic dicitur Deiphobe Glauci. Hectoris Andromache, &c quod explicat Par. Sy. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 jacobus filius Zebedaei, etc. ibidem.  
Aliquando una pars orationis ponitur pro alia, ut Virg. Horrendum stridens pro horrendo, Graeca est haec constructio.   

De Pronomine.  
Possessiva Meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester, genitivo iunguntur tam substantivorum, quam adiectivorum. Cic. 2. Phil. Tuum hominis simplicis pectus vidimus. Mea unius interest. Rempublicam defendere.  
Vbi mei & ●ui genitivi primitivorum in possessivis constructionem aperiunt.  

36. Note.  
In the first example the genitive Hominis is ruled of pectus. the second hath already been handled in the 10. Note, on the verb Interest.  
Nomina Numeralia, Partitiva, comparativa, & superlativa genitivos nostrum, vestrum habent. Nostri tamen & vestri caeteris iunguntur. Curt. l. 8. Nolo singulos vestrum excitare. Cic. 4. Cat. Habetis ducem memorem vestri, oblitum sui.    

Reciproca, sui, sibi, se.  
Reciproco, sui, utimur, cum tertia persona transit in seipsam, etiam accedente verbo. Cic. Qui à me petierit, ut secum, & apud se essem quotidie.  
Suus, etiam utimur, cum tertia persona transit in rem à se possessam, Cice. 5. Verb. Aiebat multa sibi opus esse, multa canibus suis.  
Cum duae tertiae personae in oratione praecedunt, sui, & suus tantummodo utemur, cum ad verbi suppositum prius, aut principalius referimus. Sed si nulla sit ambiguitas, hoc praecepto non astringimur. Cic. 2. Phi. Hic rogat civem, ut secum coeat societatem.  

37. Note.  
These rules of Reciproques are only to eschew Amphibology, and so they may be left wheresoever there shall not be found this hazard, for in Latin may be well said: Cepi columbam in nido suo, v●l eius vel ipsius, supposed that there be no danger of amphibology. So the greeks expressing this Reciproque, Suus, a, 'em, in the singular number, masculine, and neuter genders, use the genitive 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. In the feminine 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. In the plural number 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in all genders and cases. joh. 3. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Sic Deus dilexit mundum, ut filium suum unigenitum daret, etc. Some there are who have taught, that to say in Nido suo, is a solecism, in which they err: Ovid. in Epist. Aspice Laerten, ut iam sua lumina condas. Cic. 2. In Verrem: Vt non modo in auribus vestris, sed in oculis omnium sua furta atque flagitia defixurus sim. Seneca ad Albinam matrem. Puer ad tuum formetur arbitrium, multum sibi dabis, etiamsi nihil dederis praeter exemplum. Plin. Vinea si marcuerit, sarmenta sua comburito. Valer. Max lib. 4. ca 3. Alexander Diogenem gradu suo divitijs pel lere tentat, suo, id est, Diogenis. Some of these examples, and others of other Authors, as are, Virg. Sallust. etc. Laurentius Vala, for that he hath not observed, what hath been here delivered.  
Note also that when two persons come in the same sentence, the ancients have used another pronoun to take away ambiguity. So speaketh Quintil. in his declamation: Non sic repugnassei si illum Tribunus voluisset occidere. For if he had said (se) it could not be understood whether was meant the man accused, or the Tribune. Like as in this: Rogavit Nero Epaphroditum ut se occideret▪ A man cannot tell who is meant, Nero or Epaphroditus.    

De constructione Prepositionum.  
Verba composita saepe casum Praepositionis habent, tacita, vel repetita Praepositione. Cice. Fin. Pythagoras Persarum Magos adijt vel ad Magos.  
Versus suo casui postponitur. Cic. Arpinum versus, Itemque, Tenus, iungiturque Genitivo plurali, vel Ablativo singulari: ut oculorum tenus, capite tenus.  
In, cum quies, aut aliquid fieri in loco significatur, vel ponitur pro Inter, Ablativum amat, alioquin Accusativum: ut sum in templo, deambulo in foro. Cicer. Ami. Nisi in honis amicitia esse non potest. Brutus fuit pius in patriam, crudelis in liberos.  
Sub pro Circiter, Per, Paulo, Ant, Post, & cum tempus adsignificat, accusativum amat. Cice. 10. Fam. Sub eas literas statim recitatae sunt tuae; sub vesperum, sub noctem, sub Lucis ortum: sub idem tempus. Eadem cum verbis Motus Accusativum, cum verbis Quietis Ablativum petit, ut, Clodius se sub scalas tabernae librariae coniecit. consedimus sub umbra platani.  
Super, Accusativo servit: Ablativo vero cum pro De, ponitur, & interdum cum verbis Quietis. Tegula cecidit super caput. Cice. Atti. lib. 16. Hac superre scribam ad te. Virg. 1. Ecl. Fronde super viridi.  
Subter ferme Accusativum poscit, sive quietis▪ sive motus verbis adiungatur. Cic. 1. Tus. Plato cupiditatem subter praecordia locavit.  

38 Note.  
Some of these Prepositions, by learned men are held for Adverbs, as Versus, for in this Italiam versus, the Preposition is understood Admetus, Id est Ad Italiam versus. And this is the cause wherefore we have left out, from the number of Prepositions, both seous and usque.    

De Adverbio.  
En & Ecce Nominandi, & Accusandi casibus adhaerent, qui semper pendent ab aliquo verbo, ut, En turba, id est, En turba adest, En hominem, id est, en, vide hominem: similiter in Adverbio, Ecce.  

39 Note.  
These cases are governed of some Verb, which commodiously may be understood. An Argument hereof is, that Authors have used them so a thousand times. Teren. Adelp. Ecce autem hic adest senex noster. Plaut. Merca. Ecce illum video.    

Adverbia Loci.  
Adverbia, quibus interrogamur, sunt haec, Vbi, Vnde, Quò, Quâ, Quorsum.   

De Adverbio ubi.  
Cum Interrogatio fit per Adverbium, ubi, si respondendum sit per nomina propria Pagorum, Castellorum, Vrbium, Provinciarum, Insularum, Regionum: primae, vel secundae, declinationis ponuntur in Genitivo: ut, Sum Romae, Brundusij, Siciliae, Cretae; Qui Genitivus regitur a subintellecto nomine Vrbe, Oppido, Loco, Provincia, Regno, Insula, & Grammatica erit▪ Sum Romae, id est, In Vrbe Romae; Siciliae, id est, In Insula Siciliae.  

40 Note.  
Mark first that the names of Provinces, Islands, and Kingdoms, may be also put in the Gen●ive. Varro. lib. 1. cap. 7. ●retae ad Cortiniam dicitur Platanus esse. Cice. in Verram. Sicilia cum essem Idem, Attic. Cum Cor●yrae ●pala●● essemus. Val. Max. lib. 4. cap. 1. Duos egregiae indolis fil●os suos a Gabinianis militibus Aegyptio o●eisos cognovit. Sal. jug. Romae Numidiaeque facinora eius memorat. We have set down the rule as it runneth, and the same doctrine is kept in the following rules. And it is good that they who learn, know that these forms of speaking are delivered very elegantly in Latin. Sum Siciliae, vel in Siciliâ Eo Sicilian▪ vel ad Siciliam. Eo Romam, vel ad Romam, venio Sicilia, vel ex Siciliâ. Venio Roma, vel ex Româ; for some have an opinion, that to say: sum Siciliae, eo ad Romam, venio ex Roma, etc. are solecisms, some answer that it is least used. To this I say, that in Titus Livius, and the best Historians and Poets, it is ordinary to leave out Prepositions in Provinces, and to use them to Cities, and Cic. doth so most often, and there is none of these things, of which there are not more than 500 examples, and Suetonius saith of Caesar, that he put always Prepositions to names of people, for that he liked well, that his language should be clear. And if by the authority of Quintilian only it was taught that Vapulo was a Neuterpassive, it being not, it is no wonder that this is taught here, ratified by so many authorities as there are produced.  
Secondly, observe that these genitives are of Possession, for they have their Rection of some Substantive understood: which sometime Authors have expressed. Cic. 5. Attic. In oppido Antiochiae. Idem Phil. 4. Albae constiterunt in urbe opportuna. And so the Grammar is, sum Romae, id est, in urbe Romae. Siciliae, id est, in Provinciâ Siciliae. Athenis, Babylone, id est, in Athenis, in babylon. Sueton. Cal. cap. 8 in Treviris.  
Thirdly, note this word Ruri, of which mention is made below, is no Dative, as many opinionate, but an Ablative, for that the Ancients ended Ablatives in E, oftentimes in I. Plaut. Men: Satur nunc loquitur de me & de parti m●â, Cat. cap. 37. Ex segeti vellito ebulum. Virgil. Eclog. 6. serta procul tantum capiti delapsa iacebant. Auson. de occasione. Heus tu, occipiti calvo es. In this manner it is found in many, Vesperi pro Vespere: in that which concerneth the noun Domus: be it known, that it may be said, sum domi, vel in domo: Eo domum, vel ad domum, venio domo, vel, ex domo. The same in the noun Rus; of all these are many examples in the Authors, which Franciscus Sanchez hath spoken of in his Minerva.  
Si propria tamen fuerint tertiae Declinatinationis, vel Pluralis numeri, sexto casu utendum est. Cic. Divi. babylon Alexander mortuus est. Idem. Atti. 16. Athenis esse. Hic casus pendet a praepositione In.  
Sed nomina Provinciarum, Insularum, & Regionum frequenter sunt in Ablativo cum praepositione in, quibus ad haerent nomina Appeliaetiva, ut, sum in Sicilia, in Creta, in foro, in Vrbe. Dicimus etiam Rure, vel Ruri in Ablativo. Plaut. Bacchi. Si illi sunt virgae ruri, at mihi tergum domi est.  
Propria sequuntur appellativa quatuor Humi, Belli, Militiae, Domi, quorum postremo adiungi possunt, Meae, Tuae, Suae, Nostrae, Vestrae, Alienae. Cic. Tusc. Theodori nihil refert humine, an sublime putrescat.  
Si responsio fiat per Adverbia, redduntur haec. Hic, Isthic, Illic, Ibi, Inibi, Ibidem, Alibi, Alicubi, Vbique, Vtrobique, Vbilibet, Vbivis, Vbicumque: Passim, vulgo, Intus, Foris, Nusquam, Long, Peregre, & supra, subter, Infra, Ante, Post, Extra, Cic. 6 Fam. Nemo est, quin ubivis, quam ibi ubi est, esse malit.    

De Adverbio Vndè.  
Cum per unde fit interrogatio, si respondetur per propria Vrbium, aut Provinciarum, utemur Ablativo, tacita, vel expressa praepositione, ut venio Roma, Brundusio, Carthagine Athenis, Sicilia, Creta, Rure, Domo: vel ex Roma, ex Brundusio, ex Carthagine, ex Athenis, ex Siciliâ, ex Cretâ.  
In Appellativis semper exprimitur praepositio, ut, Ex foro, ex Vrbe.  

41 Note.  
It is not only said Venio Roma, Carthagine, etc. but likewise, A Roma, a Carthagine, ab Athenis, etc. Cice. 1. Acad. Venisse ab Roma. idem Phil. 8. Ab Alexandriâ discederet. Fla. Bacch. Ex Epheso huc ad sodales literas misi, & Pseud. Ex Sicyone huc pervenisti. Martial. lib. 13. Haec de vitifera venisse picata Vienna.  
Secondly, it is not only said, Venio ex Italia, but also Italia. Sueton. Vespasian, ut eo tempore Iudaea profecti rerum potirentur, & Aug. Decedens Macedonia. Cic. Attic. Si Pompeius Italia cederet. Val. Max. lib. 1. cap. 7. Paenorum exercitum Italia pelleret; From whence you may collect, that they are governed by a preposition, expressed or tacit.  
Si per adverbia fiat responsio, redduntur Haec, hinc▪ isthinc, illhinc, indidem, aliunde, undelibet, undevis, undique, undecumque, alicunde, utrinque, Eminus, Cominus, superne, inferne, peregre, intus, foris. Terent. Heau. Vide, ne quò hinc abeas longius.    

De Adverbio Quo.  
Quando per Adverbium Quo, fiat interrogatio, nomina propria urbium, & Provinciarum reddentur in accusativo, tacita, vel expressa praepositione: ut, Eo Romam, Brundisium, Carthaginem, Athenas, Siciliam, Cretam, Rus, Domum, Vel, ad Romam, ad Brundisium, ad Carthaginem, ad Athenas, ad Siciliam, ad Cretam.  

42. Note.  
It is not only said, Eo Romam, but likewise, Ad Romam. Cic. de Sen, Miles profectus sum ad Capuam, quintoque anno post ad Tarentum. Quaestor. Caesar. 3. Civil. Cassius ad Messanam navibus evocavit. Propert. lib. 3. Ad doctas proficisci cogor Athenas Plaut. Bacchi. In Ephesum hinc abij, & Epid, Quando hinc iturus est in Seleuciam.  
Secondly, it is not only said, Eo Italiam, but likewise In Italiam. Cic. pro lege Manilia. Sardiniam cum classe venit. Suet. Aug. ca 17. Ab Actio cum Samum Insulam, In Hybernia se recepisset. justin. lib. 20. Aegyptum primo profectus Cretam contenderat. Tacit. lib. 2. Germanicus Aegyptum pro ficiscitur. Mela. lib. 3. cap. 6. Aegyptum tendere. Virg. Tendimus Italiam. There are very many examples of this kind in Livi.  
Thirdly observe, that sometimes nouns Appellatives are found without a preposition, but it is not good to use it ordinarily, Virg. l. 6. Devenere locos laetus, & amaeno vireta. Apul. lib. 9 Proximam civitatem deducere consueverunt.  
Appollativis additur praepositio: ut, Ad forum, ad urbem.  
Vide 42. Note.  
Adverbia reddentur haec: Huc, istuc, illhuceo, eodem, illo, aliquo, alio, n●utro, utroque, quoque, quocumque, quovis, quolibet, intro, foras, peregre, long, nusquam. Teren. Hecy. Abi Parmeno intro.    

De Quâ.  
Si per Qua fiat interrogatio, per propria respondentes, Ablativo utemur, vel accusativo cum praepositione, Per: ut, Qua iter fecesti? Roma, Brundusio, Carthagine, Athenis, Rure, Domo: vel, per Romam, per Brundisium, per Carthaginem, per Athenas.  

43. Note.  
Observe first that there are very learned men that h●ld Quadratus, which ordinarily is held for an Adverbe, to be the Ablative of Quis, supplying Via, as, Qua iter fecisti? id est, Qua via iter fecisti? this appeareth very probable; for that all these which answer to it, are such to which Via may be supplied, as, hac via, etc.  
Secondly, it is to be noted, that not only may it be said, Feci iter Roma, but also Per Romam. Howbeit of the one and the other there are few examples; for ordinarily they expressed it by other ways, as, Cum transirem Romam, praeterijssem Brundisium, Attigissem Capuam, etc.  
Proprijs Provinciarum, & Appellativis clare additur praepositio Per: ut, per Siciliam, per Cretam, per forum, per Vrbem.  
Cum rogamur per Qua, reddemus etiam Haec. Hac, isthac, illhac, aliqua, qualibet, quacumque. Terent. Eun. hac, illhac, perfluo.    

De Adverbio Quorsum.  
Si per Quorsum fiat interrogatio, quaecumque sint nomina ponuntur in accusativ●, cum hâc voce, versus, Vt Quorsum tendis? Romam versus, Siciliam versus.  
Redduntur etiam haec Adverbia, Horsum, istorsum, illorsum, aliorsum, sursum, deorsum, dextrorsum, sinistrorsum, laevorsum, prorsum, rursum, introrsum, vel introrsus, re●rorsum vel retrorsus, quoquoversum vel quoquoversus, Teren. Phorm. Horsum pergunt.  
Satis, abunde, affatim, parum, i●star, ergo pro causâ. Genitivum postulant: Teren Phorm. satis iam verborum est.  
Pridie, & postridie, & genitivo & accusativo eleganter iunguntur. Pridie eius ●iei venit. postridie ludos Apollinares.  
Propius, & proxime accusativo adhaerent. Propius urbem▪ proxime Italiam, id est, ad Vrbem, ad Italiam.  
Some insert here a large Catalogue, how some Adverbs are to be used, which you shall see in the 45. Note.  

44. Note.  
In the Adverbes Propius and proxime, the preposition Admetus is understood, by which the accusative is ruled: which sometimes the Latins do conceal for elegancy, and others have expressed it. Cic. in Partit. Accedere propiús ad sensum alicuius, & 1. de natura Deo. Ad similitudinem enim Deo propius accedebat humana virtus, & pro Mil. Proxime ad Deos accessit Clodius. For if these govern an accusative, why say they not, that Proximus also doth govern an accusative, since Plaut. said in Paenul. Proximus te sum? But here and in the rest the preposition ad, aught to be understood, which Ovid expressed when he said, Proximus ad dominam nullo prohibente sedeto.   

45. Note.  
Vt, when it signifieth Postquam, is joined to an Indicative: Cic. Vt ab urbe discessi: and when it importeth the same that Quomodo, with a certain admiration. Ter. Vt falsus es animi!  
Vt, after these words, Adeo, ita, sic, tam, talis, tantus, tot, is joined ordinarily to the Subiunctive mood, Cic. Non sum ita hebes, ut ista dicam.  
Antequam and priusquam, are joined to an Indicative and a Subiunctive. Cic. Priusquam de Rep. dicere incipio, vel incipiam▪  
Ne, when we command that any thing be not done, is put with a Subiunctive and an Imperative. Ne jures, ne jura.  
Nae, id est, profectò, if it shall be put before any pronoun is joined to an Indicative; or a Subiunctive. Teren. Adelph. Nae ego sum infaelix. Cic. 1. Ph. Nae tu, si id fecisses, melius famae tuae consuluisses.  
The adverbes in 'em, and these words, Per, perquam, quam sanè▪ and others such like, are joined with positives nouns, as, Perfacilis. Cic. 2. Fin. In rebus apertissimis nimium longi sumus.  
Adverbs ending in, O, are joined with comparatives. Multò and Long to comparatives and superlatives, Cice. 1. Offi. Quanto superiores sumus, tantò nos submissius geramus. Idem in Ver. Arrogantia ingenij est mul●ò molestissima. Idem in Brut. Servilius long post natos homines improbissimus.  
It is likewise said, Facile doctissimus, and Quam doctissimus.  
Note that Adiectives signifying time, are as well by the Latin as Greek Poets often put in place of the Adverbs, as, Virg. 3. Georg. Nec gregibus nocturnus obambulat, id est, nocturne vel noctu: so Aenead. 8. Nec minus Aeneas se matutinus agebat, for manè: so Homer. Il. 13. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; Non decet virum consiliarium dormire nocturnum, id est, per totam noctem. And sometimes in Prose. Plin. Haec singula & matutina & vespertina dantur, pro mane & vesperi.    

De Interiectione.  
O, Heu, & Proh. Nominandi, Accusandi, & Vocandi casibus junguntur, ut O pietas, Heu cladem, Proh jupiter.  
Hei, & vae Dativo gaudent: ut, hei mihi; vaetibi. Omnes hi casus aliunde reguntur, quam ab Interi●ctionibus.  

46 Note.  
To an Interjection are joined the said Cases, for it seemeth not probable that they govern them. The Nominative is never governed of any, only it concordeth. It cannot be understood how a Vocative should rule, since it is that to which the speech is directed. In all other Cases something is inexpressed, as, Vae tibi, id est, Vae tibi imminet supplicium, vel quid simile, etc. O, me miserum, id est, O, poena manet me miserum, etc. O, jupiter, id est, O, ubi es jupiter, insomuch as Virg. O, ubi campi, id est, O, ubi sunt campi. And this is evident, for without any prejudice of the speech, the Interjection may be left out: as Me miserum quantis assicior! jupiter quid mali foci! Misero mihi, quanta me premunt mala! Then behold you from whence these cases be governed, when there is no Interjection, which when they have them, shall be governed by the self same part: from whence cometh it, that in good Prints, is put always after an Interjection, a Comma, or rather sign, which would not be done, if the case following should be governed thereof, as Vae, mihi misero, O jupiter.    

De Coniunctione.  
Coniunctiones copulativae & disiunctivae Orationes coniungunt, disiunguntque, casus etiam similes, cum ad idem verbum referuntur, sed hoc non necessario: ut, Caesar pugnat, & Cicero scribit; forma & gloria fragilis est; Horatius. Aut ob avaritiam, aut misera ambitione laborat. Cic. 4. Epist. Me, & tibi exire ex urbe necesse sit.  

47 Note.  
It was wont to be said, that a Conjunction joineth necessarily alike Cases, which is false, as well appeareth by the two last examples of Horace, and Cicero, as also for that construction requireth oftentimes the contrary, V. Gr. fuisti Romae, an Athenis?   

48 Note.  
Etsi, Tametsi, Quanquam, in the beginning of a speech, are very elegantly joined to an Indicative, but in the middle, and end of a speech, they are joined to an Indicative, or to a Subiunctive. Cic. pro Milone. Etsi vereor judices. Teren. And Obtundis tametsi intelligo, vel intelligam. Etiamsi Quamvis, Licet, ut, when it is taken for Quamvis, require a Subjunctive. Cice. de Amici. omnia brevia, & tolerabilia esse debent, etiamsi maxima sunt.  
Tam and Quam are ordinarily annexed to positives, sometimes to superlatives, very seldom to Comparatives, Tam Doctus, quam Sapiens.    

De ut, and Ne, after the Verbs, Timeo, Metuo, Vereor.  
When we fear what we desire not, we must say, Timeo ne; when we fear what we desire, Timeo ut, as, Timeo ne pater veniat, when I desire not his coming. Timeo ut pater veniat, when I desire his coming. Timeo ne non, is the same that Timeo ut, (and not the same as Timeo Ne, as some teach) for that two Negatives make an Affirmative. Cic. Attic. 9 Timeo non impatrens, id est, timeo impatrens. Yet Timeo, ut non, vel Timeo, ut ne, or some other negative whatsoever: as, Timeo ut nolit, Timeo ut nihil faciat, in all these it is the same, as Timeo ne. Finally adding the third negation, it is understood, that one hath no kind of fear. Cic. 6. in Ver. Non vereor ne hoc officium Servilio non probem, id est, non dubito quin hoc officium meum sim probaturus Servilio. The same which hath been said in Timeo, is to be understood in Metuo, and Vereor.   
FINIS.