THE EXPLANATION. OF THE TRUE AND LAWFUL RIGHT AND TITLE, OF THE MOST EXCELLENT PRINCE, ANTHONY the first of that name, King of Portugal, concerning his wars, against Philip King of Castille, and against his Subjects and adherentes, for the recovery of his kingdom. TOGETHER WITH A BRIEF History of all that hath passed about that matter, until the year of our LORD. 1583.  
Translated into English and conferred with the French and Latin Copies.  
By the commandment and order of the Superiors. At Leyden In the Printing house of Christopher Plantyn. 1585.   

The order of the Privilege.  
MAurice Earl of Nassawe, Catzenellebogen, Vianden, Dietz, etc. and the counsellors of estate appointed in the provinces united of the low countries: To all to whom these presents shall come greeting. Th'ambassador of the most noble prince Anthony King of Portugal, Algarbes etc. hath declared unto us, that he hath caused a little treatise to be made, in the Latin, French, and Flemish tongues, containing the justification of the said king Anthony, with a brief history of all that hath passed between his majesty and the King of Castille: until the taking of thislands of Assores, together with an exhortation to all princes & potentates of Christiandome, how much it standeth them upon, to aid and secure the said king Anthony to recover his kingdom. The which discourse the said Ambassador is desirous to cause to be imprinted with as much expedition as possibly he may, to wit in the Latin & French tongues by Christopher Plantin, & in the Flemish tongue by Peter Verhaghen printer of Dordright. Wherefore & for other causes us hereunto moving, we have given & granted, & by these presents do give & grant unto the said declarer licence, authority & permission to cause the said treatise & book to be printed by the said Christopher Plantin & Peter Verhaghen, & to put the same to sale in the tongues aforesaid. Wherefore we command all men generally and particularly that they suffer the said declarer fully and peacablie to enjoy and use this our present licence authority and permission, causing all troubles and empechements contrary to the same, clearly to surcease and be removed: Forbidding as hereby we do straightly prohibit & forbid all other printers of the said provinces united, to imprint or imitate the said book in any of the said three tongues or in any other language without the knowledge and consent of the said ambassador, or his successor in office, to sell or distribute the same either within the said Provinces united, or elsewhere, without the same, upon pain of arbitrary correction and to forfeit L. l. for a fine For so have we found it convenient, Given at Delft the 15. of januarie. 1585. Ad Meetkerke.  
In the absence of my Lord the Earl, by thorder of the counsellors of estate abovesaid. I. VAN, LANGEN.   

●…resent work. 〈…〉 the second his cozen germane,  
〈…〉 e wives.  

3 ●…ONOR, the sister of th'emperor Charles the fift, by whom ●…he had one son named Charles that died in his infancy, and Marie that died unmarried.  
6 ●…LPHONSVS ●●o was made cardinal.  
7 HENRY, who was also made Cardinal, and after king by the death of King Sebastìan.  
8 EDWARD, who married Theodosia Duchess of Bergantia of whom issued 

●…ARIE who married 〈…〉 nder Prince of Par 〈…〉 whom are issued 〈…〉 children.  
KATHERINE, who married the Duke of Bergantia.  
Edward who died and was never married.    
9 ANTHONY, who died in his infancy.    

The explanation of the true and lawful Right and Title, of the most excellent Prince, Anthony the first of that name, King of Portugal, as touching his wars against Philip, king of Castille and his Subjects and adherents, for the Recovery of his kingdom. Together with a brief history of all matters passed upon that occasion until the year of our Lord. 1583.  
WHen john the second of that name, King of Portugal, was departed out of this mortal life, without any issue of his body lawfully begotten, then living, (For his only legitimate son Alfonsus, while his Father was living, died at Santaren, by the fall of a horse.) The kingdom of Portugal descended, or rather was given by election of the people, unto Emanuel the first of that name, son of Ferdinando, who was uncle to the same king John. This was that king Emanuel, which in the time of his Reign conquered and annexed to his crown, a good part aswell of the East as of the West Indies, together with divers Cities and Towns of Africa, which at this day remain subject to the kings of Portugal. The which king Emanuel had three wives, the first whereof was Isabella the eldest daughter of Ferdinando and Jsabell king and queen of Castille. which queen Isabella wife of the said king Emanuel died in childbed after she had brought forth her first and only son Michael, who when he was declared and sworn Prince of Castille and Portugal died in his young years. whereupon the said king Emanuel took to his second wife, Marry the second daughter of the said king Ferdinando and queen Jsabell his wife. By which Marie he had nine children. The first whereof, was John the third, who succeeded his father in the kingdom, and took to his wife, Catherine, the daughter of Philip, the first of that name, king of Castille, and archduke of ostrich, etc. The second child was Jsabell who married the Empeorour Charles the fift, of whom isissued three children, to wit Philip the second of that name now King of Castille, Marry who married the Emperor Maximilian the second of that name, and jane who was married to John prince of Portugal the son of King john the third of that name. The third child of the said King Emanuel was Beatrice who married Charles Duke of Savoy. The fourth was Lodowick who (as it hath been since found) was secretly married to one Jolenta of honest parentage, & of a singular beauty, adorned with virtue and good qualities, by whom he had one only son, named Anthony: (who is the same party, of whom and concerning whose right and title this treatise principally maketh mention). The fift child of the said King Emanuel, was Ferdinando who married a daughter of the Earl of Marialua in Portugal, by whom he had two sons who died while their father and mother were living. The sixth was Alfonsus who was made Cardinal and so died without issue. The seventh was henry who likewise was made Cardinal and primate of Portugal, and after that King, by the death of King Sebastian, as hereafter in this treatise more at large shall be declared. The eight child was Edward who married Theodosia Duchess of Bergantia: by whom he had three children, that is to say, Marry who married Alexander Prince of Parma of whom are issued three children: also Katherine who married john Duke of Bergantia. And Edward who died unmarried. The ninth child and last son of the said King Emanuel of his said second marriage was Anthony, who also died in his infancy. The third wife of the same Emanuel was Eleonour sister to the Emperor Charles the fift, by whom he had two children, to wit, Charles, who died in his infancy, and mary who also deceased and was never married. When the said Emanuel was deceased, john the third of that name, his eldest son succeeded him in the kingdom as is aforesaid, who by Katherine his wife had many children the which died all in their infancyes, except Prince John, and mary; The which mary married Philip, now King, and then prince of Castille, and died before her said husband came to his Crown, leaving one only son whose name was Charles. Whom (as the fame thereof is constant) his father King Philip commanded to be put to death in prison. When Prince john came to the age of sixteen year, he married Jane the daughter of the said Emperor Charles, and died about one year after leaving his wife great with child, who in the sixth month after the death of her husband, brought forth a son whose name was Sebastian, which young Prince when he came to about the age of four years, succeeded in the kingdom by and after the death of the said john the third his Grandfather by the father's side.  
Now when King Sebastian was come to the age of four and twenty years, upon the entreaty and solicitation of Mulei Mahumet King (as he pretended) of Fez and Marrocos, who by Mulei Maluco his brother was expelled and driven out of his kingdom, the said King Sebastian at the last determined to pass into Affryca with a great and puissant Army, to restore this Mulei mohammed to his kingdom. And for the better accomplishment thereof, he prayed his uncle King Philip of Castille to vouchsafe some aid unto him in that beehalfe. The King of Castille granting this petition, promised to aid him, with fifty Galleys well appointed and furnished, and four thousand armed soldiers. King Sebastian trusting thereunto, with all care and diligence prepared his army, wherewith in the month of june. 1578. he departed from Lisbon and came to a port of Castille near the straight of Gibraltare called, el puerto de Sancta Maria, where he stayed certain days for the Galleys and men which the King of Castille had promised to send unto him. But the King of Castille, under pretence that the great Turk, prepared an Army for that year, not only denied to perform his promise, but also (that is far worse) caused a proclamation to be made and published throughout all Spain, subject to his jurisdiction, whereby all his subjects were commanded upon great pennalties that none of them should accompany King Sebastian in that Voyage, whereof certainly there can no other conjecture be gathered, saving only that the king of Castille by his unmeasurable ambition & insatiable desire to have dominion, neither coveted nor hoped for any other thing then only that the young prince king Sebastian his nephew, for want of sufficient force, should be overthrown and come to destruction in the same journey, so as thereupon the said king of Castille might by that mean have opportunity to join the kingdom of Portugal to his kingdom of Castille as it came to pass.  
Nevertheless the said king Sebastian being a prince of great magnanimity, when he had all things in a readiness, and employed infinite expenses upon the furnishing of this army which was above a thousand Sail, determined to pursue his voyage, and arrived in Africa and there landed all his army amounting to about fifteen thousand fight men. Thereupon in the end he came into a plain field which beareth the name of Alcazar, where the fift day of August in the same year, was fought a great and terrible battle between him and the enemy, wherein the said young king Sebastian was not only overcome but also slain in the field together with Mulei mohammed whose part he took, at what time neither did Mulei Maluco the king that fought against them escape, For he, in the time of the battle being sick and weary of sitting his horse, was removed into his horselitter and there died during the battle. A battle certainly worthy to be had in remembrance, for in the same died three kings together in one day, as in like manner there were slain in the same above six hundred of the chiefest of the Lords and gentlemen of the kingdom of Portugal besides the common soldiers, the most whereof were slain in the battle, and the rest taken prisoners, amongst which number Don Anthonio of whom this book specially treateth was one of the Captives. Further there be certain persons who affirm, that after the death of the said king Maluco, there was found in his pocket a letter written unto him from king Philip wherein he assured king Maluco, that king Sebastian nephew of the said king Philip shounde have no aid at his hands. whereby may be perceived a great unfaithfulness of king Philip against his own blood.  
Now when as by the death of king Sebastian, the lineage of king john the third his grandfather by the father's side, was utterly extinct: it must follow of necessity (if collateral succession, take place in this behalf,) that recourse must be had to the lineage of the said Lodowick as second son of the aforenamed king Emanuel. Which Lodowick (as is afore alleged) had one only son called, Don Anthonio, who therefore (his lawful birth presupsupposed) was the only lawful and rightful successor of the kingdom. But it fell so out, that while he in the said discomfiture of Africa was taken prisoner and there remained captive, (howbeit unknown of the enemy,) as it was always before that time unknown, yea and that also to Don Anthonio himself, that he was the legitimate son of the said Lodowick: Henry the Cardinal his uncle, the fift issue male of King Emanuel, was preferred to the kingdom being then a very old man. within a little while after, by a wonderful mean, or rather by the providence of God, the said Don Anthonio about forty days after the loss of the battle, was delivered out of captivity, and returned into Portugal, where he was with great joy received, not only by King Henry, but also by all the nobility and principal gentlemen of the country, and most chief and principally by the common people. For he was beloved of all men, as well in respect of his noble and excellent disposition of mind, as for the singular and rare virtues of his said Father Lodowick which most clearly shined in him.  
Within a few days after Don Anthonio was arrived at Lysbone the metropolitan City of the kingdom, he was advertised by one of his father Lodwikes ancient servants who was a man of good calling and approved integrity, that his father Lodowicke (as is afore mentioned in this treatise) was secretly married to the said jolenta. And how there were diverse credible witnesses yet living that could testify the truth thereof. And besides that diverse men of good credit & calling, had expressed and declared the same by their last wills and testaments for the discharge of their consciences notwithstanding that it was always kept very secret through the endeavour of the said Lodowick aswell in respect of thine quallitye of the persons, as also for that the publishing thereof was not material at that time, for that Don Anthonio was brought up to be a Priest and Churchman and for that also there were then many other heirs of the kingdom that were nearer to the Crown than he. When Don Anthonio had received the same advertisement, he opened the matter to King Henry his uncle, and besought him to vouchsafe the examitation thereof, and to grant that he might produce certain witnesses and poofes whereby the truth of the matter might be found out and manifestly known, for the avoiding of all controversies and wars which otherwise were like to arise between them who after the death of the said King Henry might pretend Title to the kingdom. For sith he was the only son of the said Lodowick second son of the said King Emanuel (if his birth be proved to be legitimate) he necessarily excluded and barred all others that by title of consanguinitye might aspire or pretend title to the succession of the kingdom, notwithstanding there were any of the children living who were beegotten of the daughter of the said King Emanuel, which was elder than the said Lodowick her brother, forasmuch as the kingdom of Portugal falleth not by succession to the woman nor any other descending of her.  
When King henry had understanding thereof being a very old man (as afore is alleged) and fearing least himself should (in case Don Anthonio were proved to be borne in lawful marriage) be deprived of his kingdom, he conceived so great indignation thereat, that immediately he banished Don Anthonio, thirty miles from his court, with express commandment that he should not presume to return thither until his Majesty should take further order in that behalf. Thereupon Don Anthonio yielding his obedience to the same commandment made his repair to the City of Columbria being four and thirty miles from Lysbone where at that time King Henry kept his Court. But yet nevertheless the said Don Anthonio left at Lisbon, the said ancient servant of his fathers, from whom he had received the said advertisement, who at the same time was in the service of the said King Henry and very far in his favour. To this man, the said Don Anthonio at his departing from Lisbon, gave a special charge, to sollycite his cause to the King in his absence with all endeavour and diligence. The which the same Minister promised with all fidelity to accomplish, and made humble petition to King Henry, that with his good favour and licence, he might prosecute the affairs of the said Don Anthonio. Which the King not only granted, but also expressly commanded him so to do.  
When the said Agent had received this answer of the King, he required Emanuel Bishop of Almada, then conseruator of the privileges of the order of the Knights of saint john at Thisle of Malta, competent judge, of the said Don Anthonio as prior of Crato of the same order: To receive and hear the depositions of witnesses and certain documents and instruments whereby the said Don Anthonio intended to verify and prove himself to be issued of a lawful marriage: praying the said Bishop nevertheless to keep the matter very secret lest the King by understanding the same should conceive some new displeasure. Whereupon the said bishop proceeded in the examination of the cause. Before whom were produced three witnesses, who perfectly & with lawful circumstances deposed that they were present at the celebration of Marriage between the said Lodowick and jolenta parents of the said Don Anthonio. Also there was brought and produced before the said conservator, the Testament of one Rui Celema, who while he lived was known to be a very honest credible man, of approved integrity, and was servant to Don Antonio's Father and in good estimation not only with him but also with King Henry. This Rui Celema by his testament had declared that he always understood & certainly knew, that the said Lodowick Father of Don Anthonio was secretly married to Jolenta, setting down therewithal diverse reasons which sufficiently prove the same, and because he was at point of death, and for that in time to comeit might be expedient and beehovefull to the common wealth of the kingdom of Portugal to know that Don Anthonio was issued of a lawful marriage, therefore and for the discharge of his conscience, he had made true declaration thereof in his said Testament. There was also exhibited before the said Bishop, the Testament of the said Lodowick whereby he ordained and appointed the said Don Anthonio his son his only heir, not only in all his goods Patrimonial, but also in certain patronall rights of great im-Portance which were left unto the said Lodowick by the testament of his brother Ferdinando and his wife who (as is aforesaid) died without children. Further there were produced before the said Bishop other witnesses of good calling and credit, who deposed that King John the third of that name, immediately after the death of the said Lodowick his brother, gave unto Don Anthonio, the signet and Arms of his father commanding him to use the same frankly and freely without bar or breach, in as ample manner as his said father had the use thereof, as the said Don Anthonio hath always since accordingly done. Upon the proof of all these things, the said Bishop taking unto himself certain other judges of the same order gave sentence touching the same matter: whereby it was pronounced and declared, that the said Don Anthonio was the lawful son of the said Lodowick and jolenta, the which sentence was also pronounced and confirmed in the Chancery of the said order, howbeit secretly for the cause afore alleged.  
In the mean time, King Henry, assembleth the estates of his kingdom to treat of divers matters concerning the commonwealth and tranquillity of the same, and specially to deliberate, who should be the next and meetest Heir to the crown after his decease: and yet nevertheless gave express commandment to Don Anthonio, not to come to the said assembly but to send some deputy or agent that might represent his person there. Also the same king Henry being very fearful lest Don Anthonio should prove himself to be legitimate, required the Pope of Room to vouchsafe to commit unto him the hearing and examination of the cause touching the legittimation of the said Don Anthonio. In the mean time the same king Henry proceedeth with the convocation of the said estates, and commandeth, that these personages should be cited thither, to wit Philip King of Castille as son of Isabella eldest daughter of the said King Emanuel, which Isabella (as is afore alleged) was married to the Emperor Charles the fift. Also the Duke of Savoy as nephew of Beatrice daughter of the same King Emanuel. Also Katherine Duchess of Bergantia daughter to the said Edward sixth son of the said King Emanuel, and lastly the prince of Parma as father and tutor to his eldest son which he had by Mary daughter also to the said Edward. All the which princes and potentates, were cited by the said King Henry to appear at a certain day to th'intent every of them, by his Ambassador or Agent might propound and set down in the said assembly of th'estates all such right and title as every of them after his death could pretend to the said kingdom. Saying he was minded to determine the same cause in his life time if possibly he could bring it to pass. But if death should prevent his purpose therein, his meaning was to commit and appoint not only certain persons to govern the kingdom, but also certain judges to determine who had best right, and title to succeed & enjoy the crown, alleging he took that course, to avoid all controversies inconveniencies, & wars which otherwise were like to happen.  
Whereupon all the said princes and potentates thus lawfully cited, sent their Ambassadors or deputies, with sufficient instructions on their behalf to propound in the said assembly of th'estates their several rights and titles which they pretended to the said kingdom, Except only Philip King of Castille, who answered, he neither had, nor acknoledged and judge in earth, but only in heaven. And therefore would not commit his right and title to the determination of any judges that should be appointed concerning that matter, adding withal how he was sufficiently informed by his best learned lawyers in his own kingdom, that there was no other parsonage in the world saving only himself that had lawful right to succeed in the said kingdom of Portugal after the death of the said King Henry, which right in case it should be denied unto him, that then he would obtain the kingdom by force of arms.  
When the most excellent princess Katherine de Medicis the french King's Mother, was advertised of these matters, namely that King Henry had commanded all them to be cited which pretended any title to the kingdom, she sent into Portugal for her Ambassador the Bishop of Comminges to propound in like manner on her behalf in the said assembly of th'estates, the right which she pretended to the said kingdom, grounding her title, upon her descent from King Alfonsus brother to King Sancho the second of that name, who before he was King, had married in France, Mawde Countess of Bulloyne, by whom he had two sons, one of the which was married in France, of whom the said Katherine de Madicis descended, the other of the same sons deceasing in Portugal without issue: and the plea exhibited on the behalf of the said Kathereine de Medicis, was received by the said King Henry in the said assembly of thestates.  
Also when the people of Portugal understood the right of succession of the kingdom was committed to examination, and considering themselves had lawful power & right to elect & choose a King for and in default of a lawful heir Masle descending directly of the Masculine line, therefore they exhibited a supplication to king Henry, that his majesty would vouchsafe to grant them licence to propound and allege their right in that behalf and to exhibit a plea which they had made thereof, containing in substance and effect as followeth: To wit. That the people of Portugal had made and chosen for their King, Alfonsus the first King of Portugal, son of Earl Henry. Also that the same people had deposed from the administration and government of the kingdom, King Sancho, the second of that name after he had Reigned by the space of five and twenty years, and that thereupon the same people committed the administration and government of the kingdom to his brother Alfonsus' Earl of Bulloyne who had married Mawde the Countess, and after the death of Sancho, they elected the same Alfonsus to be their King. Further that the same people had elected & made their king, john the first of that name, the base son of King Alfonsus the fourth, notwithstanding there remained living two legitimate daughters of the same king Alfonsus. Which King John, the same people of Portugal did confirm in the royal seat & maintained and defended him, against John King of Castille also the first of that name who pretended title to the succession of the said kingdom of Portugal, for and in the name of his wife eldest and legitimate daughter of the said King Alfonsus. Whereupon there grew sharp war between the same two Kings concerning that matter, wherein the King of Castille in th'end was overthrown in battle, about a certain town of Portugal called Algibarotta. Moreover that the same people had created their King, Emanuel the first, for that King john the second had left no issue male descending of the right Masculyne line. lastly that they had made the said Cardinal Henry their King after the decease of King Sebastian who was slain in the battle of Africa leaving no lawful issue of his body to enjoy the Crown. By all these reasons the said people concluded, that their power and right to make the said election, was offarre greater force and effect, than the right and title of succession, whereupon the other pretenders grounded themselves, and the same people added withal, that by the Law, called the mental Law, made by the said King john the first of that name, no woman can nor ought to inherit any goods or possessions depending of the Crown, and therefore neither might they who descended of the issues female as all the said pretenders did, saving only the said Don Anthonio. Upon thunderstanding of all these matters so propounded and set down on the beehalfe of the people, King henry likewise admitted their plea.  
hereupon while the states of the Kingdom of Portugal were assembled treating upon the nomination and election aswell of those persons which after the death of the said King henry should have the administration and government of the kingdom, as also of such as should decide and judge the question and controversy touching the succession of the crown, Thagent of Don Anthonio was informed that one Alphonsus of Alburquerque an advocate of the city of Lysbone was subcrned and won by some of the King of Castile's fautors, and that he had manifestly declared his advise and opinion to certain great men of the kingdom whereby it evidently appeared that he was altogether bend and inclined to the King of Castile's part. Wherefore the same Agent propounded and put in against the same Alfonsus a plea or bill of recusation to th'intent he should have no voice in th'election neither of the said administrators or governors of the kingdom, nor of the judges that should have the hearing and determination of the cause touching the succession of the crown, & also the same Agente avouched how he would declare sufficient causes that moved him to make the said recusation in case the said Alfonsus would not admit the same. Whereat the said Alfonsus conceived great displeasure and made grievous complaint thereof to certain special men that favoured the King of Castile's part, at whose hands he obtained so much favour that they went with him to king Henry, to whom they declared this matter as they thought most fit for their own purpose, alleging unto his majesty that Don Antonio's Agent had propounded this scruple of recusation for no other intent but only to hinder and divert th'election of the said judges for this purpose that Don Anthonio after the death of the said king Henry might with the more facillitye attain to the kingdom. This complaint wrought so effectually in the mind of the said king Henry, that forthwith without hearing the said Agent in his answer and defence touching the same he commanded him to be cast into close prison where he was detained by the space of nine days until the said Governors and judges were ordained and established according to the kings will and mind. Upon the accomplishment whereof, king Henry caused the said Agent to be delivered out of the prison where he remained, commanding him nevertheless immediately to repair home to his own house, and not to return to the Court, without his majesties special licence. Whereby the same king most manifestly uttered his extreme hatred against the said Don Anthonio being his own nephew, sith before that time (as is before alleged in this treatise) he had given his consent to the said Agent, yea and expressly commanded him freely to prosecute the cause of the said Don Anthonio.  
Within a while after: the king commanded Don Anthonio then remaining at Colimbre, to repair to his Majesty to Lisbon to take an oath to obey the judgement, that should be given, touching the right of the Crown, by the judges in that behalf appointed. Affirming that the other pretenders would do the like, by themselves their Ambassadors or agentes. Upon this commandment, Don Anthonio came to the king, and when the said oath was offered unto him he answered he was ready to take the same in case the king of Castille would do the like, but if he refused it there was no reason why either the said Don Anthonio or any of the other pretenders should be constrained thereunto. Notwithstanding king Henry persisted and in great rage commanded him to take his oath, in so much that in th'end he did so, with this protestation first made in the presence of certain of his friends, that he took not the same oath with a frank and free will but by compulsion and commandment of the king.  
The next day after, Don Antonio had taken this oath, king Henry caused the Pope's letters patents to be showed unto him whereby the same Henry was constituted to take notice and information of the cause touching Don Antonio's legittimation, and thereupon commanded him to appoint his procurer to plead his cause before his majesty as judge. And that yet nevertheless, within four and twenty hours the said Anthony should depart again thirty miles from the Court. Whereunto Don Anthonio answered that the King could not be judge in the cause for two reasons: th'one for that he was party himself, tother for that in his former actions he had plainly showed a great hatred against him, alleging a fresh example thereof, in that the said King Henry had lately before imprisoned his Agent, for prosecuting his cause as he thought convenient by order of law: And that therefore he doubted he could not find any other that would take upon him to pursue and follow his business. Upon this answer, the king with all expedition sendeth word to the said Agent that he might freely come to the court and prosecute the cause of Don Anthonio denying expressly, that himself was party therein, and therefore signifying how his will and meaning was to proceed therein, yea and that he would proceed against the said Anthony as contumax for default of answer in case he refused to plead his cause before him & to inform him therein as should be meet and convenient. Wherefore King Henry granted unto the said Agent his liberty and commanded him to prosecute Don Antonio's cause.  
Now when the said agent was returned to the Court, he prayed one of the kings confessors, to be a mean to his majesty, that sith he was by the kings commandment urged to take upon him the prosecution of Don Anthony's, cause, he might therefore freely employ and endeavour himself in the same as he should think to be most meet and convenient for the safeguard and preservation of his masters right and title. And that his majesty would neither be displeased nor take in evil part if he proceeded in the same sort that he did when (as is afore recited in this treatise) he sought to remove the said Alphonsus of Alburquerque as a person suspected. But if he might not prosecute the cause freely as appertained, than he besought his majesty to voutchesafe to discharge him of that burden and to grant him licence to return again to his own house where he dwelled when King Henry commanded him to be sent for to take the charge and administration of those goods which Don Anthony possessed in Portugal when he remained in Aphrica. When the King was advertised hereof, his majesty gave in commandment again to this Agent to prosecute this cause freely before him in as good and ample sort as he should think most behoveful.  
When Don Anthony saw himself thus pressed to plead his cause before the king & that his majesty purposed to give sentence against him for default of answer, he commanded his Agent to nominate the witnesses which were there at hand protesting he had yet further proofs to produce, whereupon having given perfect instructions to his Agent, Don Anthony departed from the Court within the time appointed by the king. Then the king commandeth those three witnesses to be called before him which were produced before thaforesaid Bishop and conservator of the privileges of thorder of the knights of S. john at Malta, Who being come before the king persisted in their former depositions made before the said conseruator, to wit, that they were present when marriage was secretly celebrated between the said Lodowick & Jolenta. The king upon the hearing thereof, used great threatening speeches unto them, saying he would cause them all three to be hanged in case they would not upon their oaths confess, they were won by promises and otherwise, by Don Anthonio or some other in his behalf, to give thaforementioned testimony before the conseruator. And when two of those witnesses affirmed that no body had induced or persuaded them thereunto, and that their deposition therein was according to the plain and simple truth, the King caused them to be committed to prison, and the third witness for fear revoked part of his former deposition saying he was not present when the said marriage was privily had & concluded, but the truth was, he had heard it by report of others by reason he was household servant to jolentaes' parents. The King by reason thereof was moved immediately to sent for all the Acts, depositions of witnesses & instruments exhibited on the behalf of Don Anthonio before the said Bishop and conseruator to prove his matter, together with the sentence given thereupon, all the which being brought before him he caused to be cast into the fire, & would not admit any other witnesses & profess which the said Agent offered yet further to produce in the same cause amongst the which were diverse religious men of good calling who had been confessors to the said Lodowick, besides divers other witnesses of good credit & estimamation. Howbeit the king contemning and rejecting all the same, contrary to all order of law gave sentence whereby he pronounced the former sentence before given by the said bishop and conseruator to be void & of no force or effect. And thereupon gave order to the high marshal of the kingdom called Edward de Castle branco (whom since the King of Castille hath made one of the chief treasurers of the kingdom) that he should bind and bring Don Anthonio to the Court as Captive & prisoner, and commanded that the two witnesses which remained prisoners should be banished, but contrariwise, greatly rewarded him that had altered his deposition granting unto him a crossado of the knights of thorder of Saint james withal the rent and revenues thereunto appertaining, but Don Anthonio being in due time advertised of all these things removed immediately from the City of Colymbre, so that the marshal came thither in vain & so returned to Lisbon.  
Assoon as the said sentence was given Don Anthony's Agent, sent a supplication to the bishop of Rome, complaining of the great injustice done to Don Anthonio by the king, beseeching the said bishop to vouchsafe his aid to Don Anthonio by remedy of law against that sentence so wickedly given, and also to inhibit the King that by force of the same he should proceed no further nor execute any thing against the said Don Anthony. Upon the exhibiting of this supplication, the Pope with all expedition caused his letters patents to be dispatched whereby he declared the said sentence of King Henry to be altogether void and of no force, most specially for that he had rashly proceeded to to sentence definitive, without commission or authority, forasmuch as the former letters by virtue whereof he proceeded against the said Don Anthonio contained no other matter saving only that he might hear and examine all the witnesses, and receive therewithal all instruments and such like things whereby Don Anthonio meant to prove his cause, and that upon the hearing of the witnesses, and the cause duly pleaded, all the acts instruments and proofs should be sent to the said Bishop of Room that he might judge and determine of the same as he should think to be most convenient. Expressly commanding the said King Henry to proceed no further nor attempt any thing against Don Anthony's person by virtue of the said sentence given against him by the same king henry, but to send unto the Pope all th'acts instruments, and proofs produced before king Henry on the beehalfe of Don Anthonio, to th'intent the cause might be decided and judged by the Pope himself or such judges as he should appoint. When these letters were by the Pope's legate denounced to king Henry: immediately thereupon the same king commanded Don Anthony's Agent, within ten days, upon pain of death to depart out of his kingdom, because the king understood the Pope's letters were obtained through his industry and and diligence, by reason whereof the same Agent upon this commandment departed presently from Lysbone to a monastery of Castille adjoining to the borders of the kingdom of Portugal.  
Now when king Henry, by reason of the Pope's inhibition, could proceed no further, nor attempt any thing against Don Anthony by virtue of the said sentence: he determined to take another course for th'execution of his rancour against him. Whereupon, under pretence and colour that Don Anthony had come within six miles of his Court contrary to his commandment, he commanded him likewise upon pain of death to departed out of his kingdom within fifteen days, declaring and decreeing with all that by the same occasion he had forfeited all his right which he pretended to the kingdom, commanding moreover that none of Don Anthony's servants upon pain of death should attend & serve their master in that extremity. This most hard and rigorous sentence he presently caused to be signified to Don Anthonio then being at the said town of Colimbre, whereof when the Burgesses of the town, and chiefly the scholars of th'university there amongst whom remained many of the nobility, were advertised, there arose such trouble that they put themselves in arms, crying every where in the town, how King Henry doting with age and moved with hatred against Don Anthony, would deliver the kingdom of Portugal into thandes of the King of Castille, and for the same occasion, had given this rigorous sentence against him, Wherefore they would not suffer him in this manner to be expelled out of the kingdom. Offering themselves to be his valiant and faithful defenders herein, and ready to spend their lives and goods for his safety. Nevertheless Don Anthonio not minding to stir up any tumult in the Realm for his cause, gave great thanks to the multitude for their ready good will and affection toward him, desiring them to pacify and content themselves. For he was wholly determined to obey the kings commandment, in hope that when his Majesty had better weighed the matter, he would at the last revoke the same sentence, whereupon having by this mean pacified the tumult and dismissed thassembly, he departed toward the kingdom of Castille, and went to the same place whither his Agent within a few days before was gone, which was a monastery of Franciscan Friars distant one mile from the town of Valentia of Alcantara.  
When the king of Castille understood of Don Anthonio's banishment out of Portugal, he sent letters forthwith to all Governors, Majors, and other high officers of his towns, Castles Borowghes and Villages bordering toward Portugal, to show unto him in case he resorted thither all manner of courtesy and honourable entertainment, but yet nevertheless to take heed and have special regard, that he returned no more into Portugal. Thereupon the said Agent upon advertisement to him thereof given, required a special friend of his then remaining in Portugal near the confines of Castille, to spy out in those quarters some secret place far from the common passages, where Don Anthony might saelye remain for a certain space. In the mean while when thagent understood what day Don Anthony would come to the monastery, he caused a notary of the said town of Valentia to come thither the very same day, by whom assoon as Don Anthonio was come, he caused a certificate or testimonial to be made wherein was contained that he was then come to the said monastery, causing the same testimonial, for the better credit of the matter to be subscribed by the chiefest religious persons of the said monastery. This instrument thagent sent forthwith to th'archbishop of Lisbon to be showed to the King, and wrote withal to the said Archbishop, how Don Anthonio was already departed from thence for thaccomplishmentaccomplishment of a pilgrimage which he had vowed to make when he was captive in Aphrica. But contrariwise Don Anthonio dismissing a great part of his train which he had brought thither, went the same day accompanied with his Agente and only two servants to the secret place prepared for him, where he continued the space of about twenty days, but his Agente in the mean while returned presently to the said monastery.  
Within few days after: letters were brought to the said Agent, wherein certain of Don Antonio's friends wrote, that it was not convenient for Don Anthonio to absent himself far from the Court, least after King Henry's death (who was very sickelye and full of infirmities) the people should be moved to choose the Duke of Bergantia for King. For as touching the King of Castille he was to be feared in no respect saving only thinvasion of the Realm by force and violence, further for as much as King Henry had in all places appointed spies, and likewise the Duke of Bergantia, and the King of Castile's Ambassadors, who made diligent search whether Don Anthonio stayed secretly within the limits of the Kingdom of Portugal, to th'intent, (in case he did) he might then be apprehended and put to death by virtue of that latter and most rigorous sentence given against him by King henry. Don Antonio's Agente upon thunderstanding thereof appointed one of his said masters servants called Sebastian Figueira; then remaining in the said Monastery, a very trusty and faithful man, to higher a Bark in a town near thereunto called Brantoes situate upon the river of Tagus, and to furnish the same with victuals and all other necessaries, that Don Anthonio by the space of certain days might be kept secret in the same upon the said river and so escape thandes of the spies, so when the said Bark and all things serving thereto were in a readiness, Don Anthonyo, not without great danger to be known and entrapped in the way, at last came to the said Bark, and goeth aboard the same, wherein he was carried up and down and River, about the space of eight or ten days without arriving in any Haven, but in th'end being weary and sickelye, he came privily to Lisbon and secretly conveyed himself into a priests house, where his Agent had informed him he might continue in safety.  
About the same time or shortly after, the King of Castille sent a gentleman of good calling to the said Agent, to the monastery where he remained, requiring him to exhort Don Anthonio, to compound with him touching the controversy that was like to arise between them about the succession of the kingdom, and for the better bringing to pass thereof, the same gentleman required the said Agent to go with him to Madril to the King of Castille. But thagent suspecting all that was propounded on the King of Castile's behalf, answered how the same course was not in any respect convenient for the King of Castille himself, aswell for that the people of Portugal upon thunderstanding of Don Antonio's treaty about agreement with his majesty would be quickly moved to elect the Duke of Bargantia for their King, as also for that the said Agente could do nothing therein without express commission from Don Anthonio whom the matter concerned, saying he would with speed repair unto him about the same cause, and in the mean time the said gentleman might make his return to the King of Castille.  
Heereuppon this gentleman returned to the King of Castille, and the Agente in great danger came secretly to Lisbon where he found Don Anthonio in the priests house. And having signified unto him, what had passed between him and the gentleman aforesaid Don Anthonio answered he was very glad his Agent had thus escaped the king of Castile's hands. And as touching the making of any accord with the same King, it was far from his meaning, but his determination was rather to expect what should be resolved and determined by the judges therefore ordained. Within a little while after Don Anthonio was advertised, how King Henry was informed of his secret being in Lisbon, and had already searched many houses for him. Upon thunderstanding whereof, he repaired secretly with his Agent, Didaco de Carcamo, Anthony de Sosa, and Anthony S●●…res, into a Bark which his said Agent kept always ready for a need in the haven of Lisbon. Wherein after he had been by the space of a few days conveyed again up and down the river, he received news that King Henry was dead, Which happened about the beginning of February 1580.  
When Don Anthonio was more certainly advertised of these news, he came forthwith to Lisbon, giving notice of his coming to the governors and Captain general of the same City, who resorted presently to him to congratulate his coming, offering to make him king. Whereunto he answered very discreetly that king Henry was but newly deceased and how th'estates, and governors of the kingdom were assembled to dispose of the succession of the same, and that there were also other princes and potentates pretending to have right and action thereto, and therefore he determined to expect what should be judged therein by way of justice.  
The next day Don Anthonio withdrew himself into a monastery near the City of Lisbon, called Belen of thorder of S. Jerome, half a mile from the same city, where his grandfather king Emanuel and tother two kings descending of him were buried. And having there accomplished his devotions, he repaired to Santaren a mile from Almerine where the said governors of the kingdom were then assembled: who being suborned by the King of Castile's ambassadors and very desirous to deliver the kingdom into his hands, took it in very evil part that Don Anthonyo came thither, sith by king Henry's commandment he was upon pain of death banished the realm. Wherefore they commanded him to depart ten miles from thence until King Henry's testament were opened, thopening whereof, they intended to de●●●●●, 〈◊〉 the Ambassadors or deputies of tother Princes ●●●…ending ●…yt●e to the kingdom, were come. Hereunto Don Anthony answered, he supposed the rancour and hatred of King Henry against him, had not taken so deep root, as that he did persevere therein to the end, but rather before his death had showed some token of repentance thereof. And therefore very instantly prayed them to open the said testament without further delay, that it might be manifest what king Henry had ordained, touching the succession of the kingdom: insomuch that the governors moved therewith, commanded the kings last will and testament to be opened, in the presence of th'ambasssadors of the king of Castille, the dukes of Savoy, and Bargantia, and of the Prince of Parma: whereby it was found, how King Henry had ordained, that the judges appointed to determine the matter, touching the succession of the kingdom, should proceed no further nor decree any thing therein, until the cause concerning Don Anthony's legittimation were decided by the judges therefore authorized by the Bishop of Rome, which sufficiently proveth all the rigorous dealing of king Henry against Don Anthony, to have proceeded rather through diffidence or for fear of the king of Castille, then otherwise of any reason grounded upon right and justice. Upon the sight of this testament, the governors declared to th'ambassadors, of tother pretenders, how they could not now determine any thing touching the succession of the kingdom, except the cause of Don Anthony's legittimation were first decided. Wherefore they sent word to Don Anthonio to prosecute the cause touching his legitimation, before the judges thereunto authorized, namely the Pope's nuncye then being in Portugal and th'archbishop of Lisbon.  
In the mean space, the king of Castille (having since the death of king Sebastian, by little and little gathered a mighty army together, under pretence of attempting some enterprise against Aphrica,) not minding to stay for judgement in the matter of Don Anthony's legitimation, nor in the cause of the succession of the crown, commanded all his men to join together under the Duke of Alva captain general over the same army, about the town of Badaioz in the kingdom of Castille, bordering upon the limits of Portugal. Upon notice whereof, the governors and judges authorised to decide the cause of the succession of the kingdom, sent certain deputies to the King of Castille, praying him to vouchsafe to leave the way of arms and take the course of justice sith there were judges ordained to hear and examine the cause and to judge & determine the same according to right and equity. To whose judgement tother pretenders were ready to stand: informing him withal that by proceeding to obtain the kingdom by force of Arms he stood in danger to lose all his right and title thereto by means of a decree made for that cause by King Henry, whereby it was ordained and provided, that every of the pretenders going about by force of Arms to get the kingdom and refusing to stand to the judgement of the judges authorized to decide the cause, should thereby lose and forfeit all his right and title which he had or might pretend to the kingdom.  
Howbeit the King of Castille, (who as is afore mentioned) had long before hand declared, how he would not submit his right to any man's judgement,) trusting upon his own power, and thendevourendeavour of the said governors and other noble men whom he had won to his side by gifts and fair promises, without any regard of that information, commanded the Duke of Alva with his army (which he had in a readiness) to proceed and invade the kingdom of Portugal by force. Upon notice whereof, the governors forthwith departed from Almerin to setubal fifteen miles from Santaren fearing least the people of Portugal upon knowledge of the Duke of Alua's coming to invade the realm, would first fall upon them and then proclaim Don Anthonio King. Within a short space after the departure of the governors from Almerin, news came to Santaren how the Duke of Alva had taken two towns in Portugal bordering upon Castille, to wit Eluas and campo maior. Whereat the Citizens of Santaren being greatly moved first took counsel together for the fortifying of their town against the violence of thenemy, and therefore went in all solemnity with the clergy and nobility to survey and view the walls, & give order for the beginning of the work. After that they resorted all together in great multitude to Don Anthonyo then remaining in a monastery not far from thence, where ill with one voice salute & call him king leading him from thence to the principal church, and then to the townhowse, instantly rerequiring him to accept the royal name and dignity and to bind them to him by oath. Howbeit Don Anthonio contrariwise alleged unto them how the cause touching the succession of the Crown was in controversy between him and other Princes pretending title thereto, wherefore he would not accept the royal name, but rather expect the determination of the judges therefore authorized. But if they would use him as their defender he was ready to spend his life and goods for them and the common liberty of the country. Whereunto the Citizens of Santaren answered again how their resolution was to make him King, sith the people of Portugal (as is before expressed) might lawfully do it for default of heirs masles in the right line. Which they were the more desirous to accomplish, for that the king of Castille in contempt of all other judgement, would be his own judge & went about to possess the kingdom by violence & force of arms. Thereupon when Don Anthonio could no longer resist, he was sworn, King, by the three members of the same place, namely, the Clergy, the nobility, and the common people, with erection of the kings standard and all other solemnities according to the ancient custom of the country, being conducted from thence with the said standard to a Chapel of great devotion, called Sancto Milagre and other accustomed places and last of all to the royal Palace. Of all which things public acts were made & subscribed by the said three members, and thereupon registered in the townhowse of the same city. Upon th'accomplishment whereof Don Anthonio protested openly in the presence of the same three members and many others that he accepted the royal name more by force, then of his own accord, and that therefore he determined to lay down the same, and expect the judgement of the judges, in case the King of Castille would call back his army which he had already sent into Portugal, & submit his cause to the judgement of the judges authorised as aforesaid, of which protestation he caused a public act to be made and enroled the same amongst the records of Santaren.  
Within three days after, Don Anthonio went to Lisbon where within a mile from the city, he was met by the ordinary garrisons of the realm with their Captains, and many of the chief of the nobility, amongst whom were Peter Dor a French gentleman agent for the most excellent Princess the french queenemother & M. Edward Perin each of them with a goodly company of strangers. When he came to the gate of the city, there stayed for him the religious men of the three orders of the friars minors, who received his majesty with great devotion and reverence, and in form of procession marched before him singing Te Deum laudamus. etc. In this sort the king was first brought to the Cathedral Church, and in all places where he passed, the people showed themselves so joyful, as the like thereof was never seen before at th'election or receiving of any of the said former Kings. When he came to the Cathedral Church, he was there received with great honour and reverence by all the Clergy, with the celebration of all ceremonies thereunto by custom appertaining, and from thence was conduced to the Regal Palace. The next day, the governors & magistrates with the most noble and principal men of the city together with the three estates of the realm, caused the royal standard to be carried before them, through all the principal streets of the city, crying aloud, God save king Anthony, & grant him long life. In th'end they came all to the said Palace, where they swore him for King, binding themselves to him by other: whereof likewise public acts were made. Don Anthonio making protestation thereupon in the like sort that he had made at Santaren, when he was there chosen and sworn for king: whereof also a public act was made and enroled as abovesaid.  
Now when it came to the knowledge of the governors of the Realm then remaining at setubal, that Don Anthonio was chosen King, the greater part of them withdrew themselves into Castille, to wit, john Masquerennas, Francis de Sa, and Diego Lopez de Sosa, tother two, namely th'archbishop of Lisbon, and John telo de Meneses came within three miles of Lisbon, and sent to King Anthony, beseeching him to vouchsafe to receive them into his favour: which they easily obtained at his hands, sith the one of them namely John telo de Meneses had always showed himself to bear a good affection to the common wealth, and th'archbishop had always showed himself a neutre, where contrariwise tother three which were fled into Castille, being won and corrupted by the king of Castille with gifts and promises, had always openly maintained his quarrel: and yet in th'end did penance for their horrible treason. For shortly after they died all for very grief and melancholy that they had sold their country, and could obtain little or nothing of all that had been promised unto them on the behalf of the king of Castille by his ambassadors.  
Within certain days after, king Anthony departed from the city of Lisbon, to setubal, where still remained the deputies of the towns, with the high chancellor, the principal counsellors of the realm, and many of the nobility: By whom he was likewise created and sworn King with all solemnities thereunto convenient. Where the third time he made the like protestation that he had made afore in Santaren, sending two of the said deputies from thence to the king of Castille, with commission to declare unto him, that if he would desist from force of arms, and submit his cause to the determination of the judges thereunto authorized, that then he would do the like, and lay down the name and dignity of king. And having first given order for the defence of a town called Monte Maior (which was in danger to be besieged by the duke of Alva) he returned from thence to the city of Lisbon. In the mean while the king of Castille, how much the more he was moved by Don Anthonio and others to commit his cause to be determined by way of justice, so much the more he endeavoured to get the kingdom by force, making great offers notwithstanding to Don Anthonio, in consideration that he should yield up the royal name, and renounce his action to the kingdom. But nevertheless Don Anthonio seeking the liberty of his country, more than his own benefit, would never yield to accept any conditions, how great soever they were.  
Now when Don Anthonio was come back to Lisbon, he dispatched letters immediately to all cities and towns of the kingdom, and to the towns and castles of Aphrica, and thylandes and firm land, subject to the crown of Portugal, certifying them how he was chosen and sworn king, and therefore required them all from thenceforward, to take & knowledge him for their king, the like also was written to all the said towns, Castles, Islands and firm land, by the said governors and magistrates of the city of Lisbon. Immediately upon the delivery of these letters, Don Anthonio was in all places acknowledged and proclaimed king in all solemnity, and that so greatly to the joy and contentation of all thinhabitants as is scant possible to be believed. In the mean space king Don Anthonio ceased not to provide as far as lay in his power, for the defence of the said City of Lisbon, (which is the chief City of the realm,) for that the Duke of Alva approached from day to day with a great army which he brought by land & sea, amounting to about six and twenty thousand fight men aswell horsemen as footmen, all old soldiers and well appointed, the most part of them coming by land & the rest by sea in fifty galleys and about as many great ships. At last these two armies coming by land and sea, met and joined together at the town of setubal which was quickly brought under the power of thenemy by reason it was neither any strong town, nor provided of gunpowder, which in great plenty together with th'artillery and other munitions of war had been before that conveyed into Castille by the said governors under colour of th'expedition which was pretended into Aphrica.  
The Duke of Alva having thus taken this town of setubal, caused the most part of the footmen to be embarked in the galleys, and the rest in the great ships wherewith he went to the town of Cascais standing by the Ocean sea, seven miles from Lisbon, having in his company Anthony de Castro lord of the same town, who a little before yielded himself to the said Duke. Through this man's labour and industry, the Duke in few days easily got this town into his hands, where Diego de meneces a gentleman of a noble house was governor, who after the yielding up of the town was beheaded by the Duke of Alua's commandment, and one of the captains called Henry Perera hanged upon a gibette notwithstanding that each of them had yielded himself.  
After the taking of this town of Cascais the Duke of Alva removed his camp to the strong castle of Saint john within three miles of Lisbon, wherein Iristan vaz de vegna was captain, a man very notable in military experience having made great trial of his valiauncye in th'east Indie, and now when the said Duke by the space of one day had beaten the Castle with great ordinance, without doing it any harm, the next day the said governor though he wanted neither munition nor any other necessaries, yet after parley with the Duke of Alva, yielded the Castle into his hands upon the Duke's promise that the King of Castille should yield unto him a great pension yeerelye during his life, but even as traitors by gods just judgement are commonly paid according to their desert, so this man was so far from having promise kept with him, as that contrariwise he was presently by the King of Castile's commandment banished into Africa for the space of ten years there to serve against the moors because he had withstood the Duke of Alva a whole day and yielded not the Castle at the first summons but after by composition, whereas he had before promised and written, that immediately upon the Duke's coming he would yield up the Castle. Wherefore he purchased the name of a Traitor without reaping any commodity thereby as it often happeneth to traitors.  
When this Castle was thus yielded (whereby the free passage of Galleys and Ships to Lisbon was greatly hindered,) The Duke of Alva removed his camp to the subburbes of the City of Lisbon where King Anthony then remained in the subburbes called Alcantara, with his Army consisting of about six thousand footmen, and eight hundred horsemen of his own kingdom, the greatest part thereof being smallly experienced in feats of arms. Wherefore although it seemed not sufficient to resist so puissant an army as the Duke of Alva brought, yet King Anthony more regarding the common wealth and liberty of his Country, than the safety and preservation of his own person, determined to hazard the battle rather then lightly and ignominiously to yield himself and his people into thandes of the Tyrants, hoping for the like good success that in time passed King john the first, of that name had who with six thousand Portugals in a very like quarrel overcame john King of Castille the first also of that name, with his Army of thirty and two thousand men, in a battle fought between them near the village of Algiba Rotta But after certain skirmishes, wherein two-thousand castilians were slain, it fortuned the same day that the said king Don Anthonio thought to have joined battle with the king of Castile's power (which was the xxiiii. day of August) early in the morning, many of them that were with him, seeing th'enemy approach, began to fly: whereof certain went to thenemies, specially the horsemen, a great part whereof (as afterwards manifestly appeared) were corrupted by the king of Castille, beside there was great want of gunpowder in King Anthony's camp: for at that time by the default and treason of the said governors (who as is afore declared) had conveyed a great quantity of gunpowder into Castille, there could not be found above two thousand pound weight of the said powder in all the city of Lisbon.  
Upon consideration of all these things, King Anthony's most principal & faithful servants counseled him to provide in time for the safety of his person, for as long as it was safe, there remained some hope of the recovery of the liberty of the country, which in case he were lost, was utterly unrecoverable for ever. Which advise by his majesty well weighed and considered, he determined with many of his noble men and others that were very faithful unto him, to break thorough a squadron of horsemen, whereby th'enemy supposed to have cut away from him all possibility to escape away. And thereupon without delay causing the King's royal standard to march before him, they all set spurs to their horses, and so furiously assail thenemies, that straitghtwaies they drove them from their place, and so with their weapons procured their passage. Wherein King Anthony himself received two great wounds in his head by staying (and that not without effect) to help Ferdinando Valeroso out of the hands of thenemies. And although the King was greatly troubled and weakened by means of those wounds whereout the blood ran in great abundance down his eyes and face: yet more by God's providence then by man's strength or industry he escaped from the enemies, and yet not once but divers times was driven to break thorough the midst of them with four or five horsemen that continually followed him (of the which number was Frances of Portugal earl of Vimioso) the residue of those that holp to make the said passage being turned another way carrying the King's standard before them. Now when the king had passed through all the City, of Lisbon, meeting his enemies in divers places, at last he came to the shoreside of the river of Tagus which runneth by thest end of the City where he found Emanuel of Portugal Uncle to the said Earl of Vimioso, already embarked to fly to the City of Santaren. Who assoon as he knew the King, caused the Bark to be brought to the shore, that his Majesty might be received thereinto and so pass away with the said Earl and others amongst whom was Simon Masquerennas' dean of Ebora who came to the king at that very instant when he was ready to enter the Bark.  
Now as the king was sailing up the river in the said bark toward Santaren, his Agent (having followed the standard) came presently by great chance to the same place where the king was taken into the bark, and understanding his Majesty to be therein seeing the same a far off, and perceiving how certain of the king of Castile's galleys pursued the same very near discharging store of harquebus shot thereat, he galloped after by the river side in all possible haste to overtake the bark and being come right against the same, ceased not to make signs from the shore side that it should come to land in the place where he was, and as it was coming toward him, he caused two of them that were in his company to alight their horses namely Anthony de Sosa, and Jerom de Sylva, appointing the best horse to the King, and tother to th'earl of Vimioso and Emanuel of Portugal his uncle, and taking Simon Masquerennas behind him upon his own horse. In this manner they galloped away all as fast as they could through Olive trees and other unfrequented places, till they were in some better safety. But scarcely was the King with tother three lords aforenamed landed, when the bark was presently assailed and taken by one of the Galleys so as the rest that remained behind could not come to shore, the greatest part of thenemies leaping into the water where it was shallow for the easier taking of the said bark, where they took many prisoners, amongst whom the chiefest were emmanuel de Castro and Anthony Botado and other the King's servants.  
When the duke of Alva was entered into Lisbon, supposing Don Anthonio had hid himself there, he made no great search after him in the fields. In so much that while the soldiers were busy in spoiling the subburbes, and search was made in the town for him, the King with them of his company came first to a Village three miles from Lisbon, where after he had stayed a little to dress his wounds he passed further from thence by unfrequented ways, and came that night to a house of pleasure a mile from Santaren, belonging to Peter de Menezes one of his treasurers who overtook his majesty in the way, flying also from thenemy in the company of the Bishop of Guardia. The next day after his majesties coming to this place, he sent his Agent to Santaren to declare to the governor and Magistrates of the Town, how he was determined to come thither, praying them to receive and defend him in case th'enemy pursued him thither. Whereupon the governor and Magistrates, upon notice of the Kings coming, went with a great company of the Citizens to meet him half a mile without the Town, and there very humbly received him not without great lamentation for that which had happened at Lisbon the day before: and so conducted him to the royal palace of the City, offering all with one accord to spend their lives and goods in his defence if he would stay there. but for that the Town was not very strong nor conveniently furnished, with a garrison, munitions of war and other necessaries, to abide a siege, he stayed there only two days to heal his wounds, and then took his journey toward Porto of Portugal a sea town indifferent strong, about fifty miles from Lisbon, (whither the Duke of Alua's army easily could not pass) where the King might have convenient place and opportunity to repair his army and stay for aid, which he hoped for out of France or England. In this journey the king Don Anthonio was accompanied, by the Bishop of Guardia, the Earl of Vimioso, Emanuel de Sylva then governor of the said City of Santaren, Peter de Meneses, and his majesties Agent, being all of his privy counsel, with many other Lords, Gentlemen, and other persons of great worship and calling to the number of about two hundred horsemen and a thousand footmen. And in the same by reason of his wounds became so weak and feeble, that he could not abide to sit his horse nor be carried in his Litter, but was driven to be borne upon men's shoulders. Then coming to the Town of Montemaior not far from Col●mbre, his majesty stayed there six days to refresh himself and cure his wounds, gathering men together in the mean space, to about the number of eight thousand wherewith he marched to the City of Avero and was in all places as he passed through the country received and acknowledged as King, notwithstanding that the King of Castille had already subdued Lisbon the chief city of the kingdom. When the said King Don Anthonio drew near to this city of Avero he summoned thinhabitants to take his part and topen the gates of their City unto him according to their oath. Upon refusal whereof on their behalf madehee gave in charge to th'earl of Vimioso (whom after that he made Counstable of Portugal) to do his endeavour to take it by force, giving also the spoil of the city to the soldiers. And though it were well furnished with munitions of war and other necessaries, yet the greater part of the Citizens refused to make resistance against King Anthony's men, insomuch that the Town was taken easily by scaling the walls and otherwise, and so brought under his obedience and sacked. But yet upon the taking of the same, his majesty gave such order that the soldiers exceeded not in their insolency, so that all things were soon in quietness, his majesty lodging there first in the monastery of the dominican freres by the space of three days, went from-thence to a very fair large house pleasantly situated upon the river and beelonging to Francisco de Tavares a gentleman who a little before was gone to the king of Castille to sue for pardon because he had saluted and acknowledged king Anthony for king. When King Anthony had caused certain traitors in this City to be executed by order of law, he continued his journey toward the said town of porto of Portugal, likewise summoning the citizens of the same to acknowledge him for their king, and to open the gates of their city unto him. In this town was then governor Pantaleon de Sà brother of Francis de Sà one of the three governors, which presently after Don Anthony was chosen King, fled to the king of Castille. This governor being likewise won to the King of Castile's side, was a mean with other of his complices that entrance into this town was denied to King Anthony, his majesty conceiving great displeasure thereat assembled men from all parts thereabouts to increase his army & made all possible preparation to pass over the river and take the town by force. When all things necessary for the siege were in a readiness, as the king was marching with all his host against the town having in his camp about twelve thousand men, and yet the most of them unarmed, the Citizens began presently to rise in such a mutiny against Pantaleon the governor and his complices who pretended to resist Don Anthonio and his men, that the said gogovernor and his partakers had much a do to save themselves by flight from the fury of the people, whereby it came to pass that all the religious and clergy men of the town camme forth to meet the King, beseeching his majesty to pardon the Citizens in that they had not yielded the town into his hands upon the first summons according to their allegiance and the duty of their oath. Whereupon the King in th'end, was content of his natural clemency to pardon their offence upon condition they should compound with the soldiers to whom he had granted the sacking of the town. By reason whereof the Citizens promised for the safeguard of the same from sacking, to give the soldiers a hundred thousand Ducats. And so the King at his entrance into the town was honourably received by the Citizens, whereupon his majesty presently sent the Bishop of Guardia from thence with all speed to the next province called Entre dueroe Minho to encourage thinhabitants and gather men & victuals for thaugmenting and provision of his camp, and so stayed certain days in the same town expecting aid and gunpowder from France.  
Now the Duke of Alva (understanding how King Anthony was come to Porto and there increased his army) feared least his Majesty should receive aid from France, and therefore in all hast sent Sancho de Auila (sometime governor of the Castle of Antwerp) with two thousand horsemen and eight thousand foot men, Artillery and all other munitions and necessary provision of war to besiege the said town of Porto, who arrived there about thirty days after King Don Anthonio came thither. Now when the said King Don Anthonio was informed of thenemies coming he gave order to all towns where they should pass, to give them free passage without resistance for that his majesty could not defend them by reason he wanted horsemen and gunpowder, and that the greatest part of his soldiers which served him in the getting of Porto, were retired home to their own houses. When Sancho Davila was come before the Town of Porto, he stayed with his army and planted his artillery upon the farther side of the river of Dureto over against Porto, from whence he began to batter the walls of the town with his artillery, but forasmuch as he got little this way by reason of the great space which was between him and the town, he determined to pass over the river to that side, which lieth next Porto. And in the end accomplished his determination with certain barks and boats, which for the same purpose he had procured from all parts. For King Don Anthony's men were not able to hinder the said passage, by reason they were for the most part unarmed and unexperienced.  
King Anthony seeing his affairs in these hard terms determined to make his retreat to the town of Viane, a port also of the sea, intending there to embark himself for France, with many noble men and others following him, to about the number of five hundred, with whom he came to Viane very late in the night, weary and evil at ease, & not yet thoroughly healed of his wounds. In this place, he prepared five ships the next day, and furnished them with victuals and all other necessaries for the said embarquement. Now when all things were ready thereunto, and the king and his company almost all embarked, there chanced a great tempest with a contrary wind out of the sea, whereby the ships were all stayed and could not departed out of the haven. In the mean space Sancho Davila sending his horsemen before, came after himself with the rest of his army to besiege the town. Wherefore King Anthony fearing lest the ships would from the the land at last be vexed and sunk with the artillery of the enuemie, and seeing he could not sail out of the haven by reason of contrary wind, determined (while he had time) to save himself from so apparent a danger, before th'enemy had hemmed him in on all sides. And therefore in all haste forsaking the ships, with great grief, he took his leave of the principal noble men, and others that were about him, exhorting them, every man to provide for their safety by the best means they could: amongst whom the chief were, the said Earl of Vimioso, the Bishop of Guardia, Emanuel de Sylva, Peter Fernando, and Diego de Meneses, with many other of the ancient nobility, praying them to be all of good courage, hoping at last fortune would so change that he might give them honourable recompense for their good services done unto him and which he hoped to receive at their hands in time to come.  
Thus King Anthony with all possible speed passed away on foot up the river side, having in his company only his said Agent, and one of his servants called Thomas Cachero, with two honest Burghesses of the said town of Viane who knew the coasts of the country, sending his treasurer before him with about forty men attending the same. But having in this manner passed but a little way, they spied upon an hill not far off, a troop of the enemies horsemen being fifty in number or above, who seemed to come down into the plain field, and directly to take their course toward the king.  
Wherefore for the avoiding of so present a danger, by his Agentes counsel, he caused the company attending his treasure to departed from him and to martche and pass with the same over the plain field, whilst himself with his Agent, Thomas Cachero and the said two Burghesses of Viane held on their way by the river side. This devise took good success, for the enemy directed his course strait toward the greater company, making none account of the smaller number which passed by the river side. Insomuch that while the enemy spent his time to pursue and take the treasure (amounting to little less than a million of gold) The king found mean (when he was got a good way of) to save himself (with those four that were in his company) by wading over the said river where it was shallow, but yet the water came up to their breasts as they passed through.  
When they were thus come to the other side of the river being that side where the town of Viane is situate, they spied a far off, other troops of horsemen and foot men who (by all likelihood) sought also for the King, for which cause his majesty and his company thought good to go over the river again to the same side from whence he came. Upon the accomplishment whereof they hid themselves amongst bushes and young trees by the water side, where they abode all the same day which was the twelfth of October fasting and wet, for it scant ceased from raining all that day. At night they went a foot from thence by paths and otherwise as they could, to a Village about two miles from Viane, being there received into a poor widows house where he rested all the same night and the day following. The next night he departed from thence to other places through unfrequented ways and deserts, taking with him to the company he had before, a fift man whose name was jasper de Gran, whom he found upon the shore at his first passage over the river. This Jasper was one of his old and most faithful servants, who was the greatest mean that the King had, so happily escaped out of the moors hands when he was captive in Aphrica.  
Now for that Sancho Davila could not find the King in the ships, neither in the Town of Viane nor elsewhere there abouts, he gave order to all his horse men and foot men to disperse themselves in diverse troops, and to pass into all places and Villages of the province adjoining, called in the Portugal tongue, Entre Dueroe Minho, to seek for King Anthony, promising great and ample reward to whosoever should bring him prisoner: and wrote to the Duke of Alva remaining still at Lisbon to appoint sufficient watch and ward in every of the sea ports to watch diligently that King Anthony embarked not himself to departed out of the kingdom.  
Also the Duke of Alva himself and Sancho Davila withal, wrote to the like effect, to all towns and places of the Kingdom of Castille bordering upon Portugal. In somuch▪ that great and curious search was made in every place for King Anthony. Besides, many Spaniards and Portugals were hired and appointed to that business, by the Duke of Alva and other of the king of Castile's ministers. But the king of Castille not so content proclaimed in all places that whosoever could bring king Anthony either dead or alive, should have five and twenty thousand Ducats of gold for his reward. Whereof open proclamations were set upon the principal Church doors, and also upon the gates of the City of Lisbon and other places of Portugal and Castille, and besides all this, the King of Castille grievously punished whomsoever he knew or suspected to bear good will to King Anthony, some by death, some by perpetual exile, not sparing many men and women though they had let slip but a word only in favour of King Anthony.  
Yet notwithstanding the king of Castille got nothing by all these more than tyrannical devices and means. For King Anthony being (more, by God's providence and sufferance then by man's industry) preserved about the end of seven months wherein he had wandered about by rocks deserts and other solitary places, at last found means to embark himself for France the tenth of May 1581., near the afore said town of Setubal, in a ship of Holland of the town of Anckbuysen whereof wasmaister Cornelius de Egmont, and arryvod at the Port of calais in France the ninth of june following, having in the preparation of his embarquement, very great help and furtherance at thandes of a diligent and faithful widow whose name was Beatrice Gonsalues dwelling near unto setubal, whose picture, after the matter was discovered and she fled away, was hanged by the king of Castile's appointment. There accompanied King Anthony in his passage to France Emanuel de Silva (whom his majesties afterwards made Earl of Torres Vedras and governor of Th●sles of Assories,) the kings Agent, (whose name is purposely concealed in his book for a certain consideration) Thomas Cachero, Diego Roys, Constantine de Britto, and Diego de Quaresma the king's ministers, Dominicke Gonsalues brother to the said Beatrice, and Ferdinand Martin's a man of the country whose help and service the King had used to provide his victuals, and other necessaries, during the time that he secretly remained amongst the Rocks and deserts.  
But if all perils and discommodities which King Anthony suffered while he thus wandered in deserts and solitary places to escape thandes of his enemy, should here be expressed and set down, scarce would a large volume suffice thereunto. Yet this is to be noted, how all this happened to his majesty when he was above th'age of forty years, and not in perfit health, in the midst of winter, and coldest country of all Portugal, where he was constrained to spend many nights in the plain fields and that very often in snow and rain all the night long, without either fire or other remedy against the cold, being for the most part all the whole day without meat or drink, for his food (such as it was) for the most part was brought unto him in the night by the said countryman Ferdinando Martin's. (Yea his majesty thought himself happy when he could put his head under some roof, and rest himself upon a pad of straw, which kind of lodging the countrymen use in those parts of Portugal without either beds or sheets (specially where there be no through fairs) so that his majesty was driven commonly to lie in his apparel wrapped only in a coverlet which the said Thomas Cachero always carried with him for that purpose. Many times also his majesty was almost apprehended by his enemies who left no place unsifted for him, insomuch that the spaniardes often came to the very same place where the King had been, within an hour or thereabouts after his majesties departure from the same, where they miserably afflicted the poor husbandmen that had harboured his highness, executing some by the cord, and burning their houses. But yet for all that, other husbandmen refused not to harbour his majesty in their houses when occasion required, notwithstanding they knew his person very well, for they were so well affectioned toward him, that none of them ever bewrayed him to the Castilians, and yet were they not ignorant of the great quantity of money which the king of Castille by open proclamations had promised to whosoever could deliver him dead or alive. In all these so great and incomparable dangers the said king Don Anthonio hath always showed so cheerful and constant a mind as though no misfortune at all had chanced unto him, always encouraging and comforting those that were in his company, setting always before his own eyes a steadfast hope not only to pass and overcome all these dangers & toils but also in th'end t'attain to the recovery of his kingdom.  
Hear also is to be noted, that whilst King Anthony was tossed in all these dangers and misfortunes he omitted not any thing that might further his escaping from the tyrant's hands. For four times he attempted to take shipping for France, before he could bring it to pass, having every time made convenient preparation, defrayed the charges of his shipping, and made all other necessary provision for his voyage, first at the town and port of Avero, the second time at Lisbon, the third time at Villa Nova of Milfontes, the fourth time at the Haven of Sizimbre near setubal, but the number of spies and traitors aswell Portugals as spaniards was so great, and their awaiting and vigilancy so extreme, that these the kings attempts were frustrated (although moste secretly handled,) yea his majesty was not far from his apprehension at what time he first prepared for his embarking at Lisbon, for he was there almost entrapped as more particularly hereafter shall be declared. Besides his majesty in the month of December sent secretly into France Jerom de Silva a gentleman of a noble and ancient house to signify unto the most Christian french King and the most excellent princess the Queen-mother that he was yet living and in good health, for that he understood, the King of Castille had written to many Princes of christiandome, how he was dead.  
Now when the king of Castille had established his affairs in Portugal according to his pleasure, he sent incontinently letters to all the towns of Aphrica, of the East Indies, the country of Brasile and other countries and Islands depending of the Crown of Portugal, requiring them from thenceforth to acknowledge him for their sovereign Lord and Prince, which he easily obtained at their hands, by reason there ran a rumour that King Anthony was dead, and for that they saw no likelihood how he could ever recover his kingdom, and besides these countries and towns cannot want the traffic of Portugal from whence they have their provision of victuals, munitions of war and other necessaries. wherefore in th'end they submitted themselves into the king of Castile's hands more by necessity, then for any good will. The King of Castille also wrote to the like effect to thisles of Assores where at that time remained governor Cipryan Figueredo de Vascogoncelos established there by king Sebastian before his going into Aphrica, in respect of his great wisdom and experience linked with a singular and commendable constancy and fortitude of mind and courage. After good and mature deliberation had thereupon the same governor together with th'inhabitants of the Islands answered how they were bound by oath to king Anthony, and in regard thereof could not acknowledge the king of Castille for their sovereign lord nor do homage unto him before they were certainly advertised and sure that king Anthony was dead, and therefore resolved to defend themselves against all force, (wherewith the king of Castille threatened them) until they should receive, certain news of king Anthony's death, or express commandment from him to yield themselves into the said king of Castile's subjection and obedience.  
With this answer the king of Castille was highly offended, and therefore within short space after prepared an army by sea amounting to about three thousand men, whereof Peter Baldez was Captain, who arrived with his navy well appointed in the beginning of june 1581. near thisle of Tercera the strongest of of all thislands of Assores, and albeit the same Island remained unfurnished not only of soldiers but also of armour, gunpowder, and other necessaries fit for the wars, yet by Cyprian Figueredo his virtue and industry (whom the inhabitants of thisland had chosen for their Captain) thenemy was repulsed with the loss of about seven hundred of his spanyards all old soldiers and amongst them many of the chief gentlemen that first set foot on land who were all presently slain, which spectacle cast such a fear into the rest of th'army remaining in the ships, that none of them durst come a land, insomuch that Baldez with this foil was driven to return into Portugal to his great shame.  
About the same time, when King Don Anthonio was (as is aforemencioned) come to Calais, he stayed not long there, but passed with all expedition into England, from whence he presently dispatched a caravel, toward the said Island of Tercera with letters to Cyprian de Figueredo advertising him of the success of his voyage, and how he was arrived in health in the realm of England. Upon the receit of these letters, Cyprian himself and all th'inhabitants of thisland conceived such joy as is scant possible to be believed. For many of them thought his majesty had been either dead or fallen into thandes of his enemy notwithstanding the Constable, and Anthonye de Britto Pimentill had persuaded certain of thislanders, (who repaired into France to inquire news of him) how his highness was come thither and for a certain respect kept himself secret in a Castle, whereat thislanders greatly rejoiced, whom Cipryan confirmed in this good opinion, although he supposed the same to be cunningly invented (as in truth it was) by the Constable and Anthony de Britto to encourage the people and keep them in good devotion toward his majesty, who came not into France till a good while after. But it fell so out that this was no small furtherance to thobtaining of the victory whereof mention is before made. Cyprian and the rest of thinhabitants of thisland sending back the caravel to his highness certified him of the victory obtained, which was gotten but two days before the coming of the caravel, offering their ready service to spend their lives and goods for the maintenance of his majesties authority, and preservation of thislance as they had already done. At the return of this caravel into England, King Anthony was there still preparing an Army wherewith he purposed to meet the fleet which was to come that year to Spain and Portugal from thest and west Indies. But But for as much as it was after known to be then to late to execute th'enterprise, it remained in suspense, without any thing effected that year. Wherefore King Anthony departed out of England and in the month of October following, arrived at the haven of deep and passed from thence to Paris, where he was honourably received aswell by the most Christian king, as by the Queenemother.  
The King of Castille (considering how greatly it stood him upon to subdue the said Islands of Assores, and specially Tarcera as the most principal and chiefest amongst them that he might thereby better assure his navigation from the East & West Indies,) determined to prepare a great and puissant army by Sea for the year following 1582. Upon notice whereof King Anthony gave advertisement of the same presently to the queen-mother She for the repression of the King of Castile's purpose gave order for the preparation of another army by sea in France for King Anthony, appointing her cozen the lord Philip Trossi general of the same, and the county of Brissake for his lieutenant. This army consisted of seven and fifty ships of war aswell great as small and four or five thousand soldiers, with about six hundred french gentlemen of name and arms, and certain Portugals. King Don Anthonio determined to go personally in the same army, to see the said Islands of Assores and thank his good and faithful subjects thinhabitants of the same, for their duties and loyalty thitherto showed unto him, and withal most principal to maintain military discipline amongst his soldiers, meaning also by the way to take thisle of saint Michael, one of the greatest of thislands of Assores and then possessed by the King of Castille. Whereupon about the end of june 1582 his majesty sailed from Belisle with his said army, and arrived before saint Michael's Isle the three and twenty of july following, which presently yielded to his highness by reason thinhabitants were well affectioned toward him saving certain traitors, who were constrained with the spaniardes that lay there in garrison to about the number of eight hundred to flyinto a strong Castle there. In which Island King Anthony landed with the principal heads of his army & many of his Captains and soldiers, where his majesty was well and humbly received by his subjects according to their duties. But the third day after they spied approaching toward the said Island the King of Castile's navy under the conduction of the Marquis of saint Cross bringing therein about nine or ten thousand fighting men. By occasion whereof it was thought necessary for all them which were gone a land, to repair back to their ships and to prepare themselves for the battle, howbeit the lord Strossi, the Constable, and others of authority, counseled, and entreated king Don antony to absent himself from the battle, and to rytire into thisland of Tercera and not to hazard his person in a doubt full battle, sith thereof depended the liberty, not only of the people of Portugal, but also of all the rest of Christiandome. The King was against their advise a good while, but in the end (over come with their reasons) he resolved to follow their counsel, and in a little caravel together with his agent, Edward de Castro, and certain others was conveyed into the said Isle of Tercera, leaving in th'army the Constable with about two hundred Portugals aswell gentlemen as others who came to his Majesty into France.  
The next day being the six and twentieth of july, the Lord Strossi having set his army in order, determined himself first of all to aboard thenemy, and therefore coming out of a great and mighty ship of seven hundred tons which served for th'admiral of his army, he shipped himself with the Constable and many gentlemen aswell frenchmen as Portugals in an other ship of smaller burden which sailed well, wherewith having overcome & sunk certain of th'enemies ships, he set so fiercely upon the Marquis his vice-admiral conducted by Don Lopus de Figueroa, that he slew about six hundred spaniards therein, and had her rendered unto him, howbeit at the very same instant he was so furiously assailed by the marquis of saint Cross himself (coming in a very great & strong ship called the galleon saint Martin,) that in the end he was vanquished for want of aid; For he was not aided by any other saving only the said Earl of Brissack, who fight valiantly with two ships greatly endamaged thenemy, but yet at last seeing himself sore wounded and that he laboured in vain being not seconded by others as was convenient, he made his retreat in time returning into France with the loss of many of his men and his ships in evil plight. During this great battle the Lord of Sansolenne viceadmyrall to the Lord Strossi, and the lord of Fumei captain of five ships, for want of wind, (as they pretended) never invaded thenemies. These two lords, when they saw the lord Strossi overcome, retired with twenty ships to king Anthony into thisle of Tercera. His Majesty upon notice of thill success of the battle, conceived great sorrow, (as he had good cause) and that most specially for the deaths of the lords Strossi & the Constable both lords of great valour, and took it in very evil part, that Sansolenne and Fumei had so miserably forsaken them in the battle. These lords of Sansolenne and Fumei shortly after by his majesties licence retired into France, leaving in thisland about two thousand and five hundred french soldiers for the defence of the King's person in case thenemy would assault thisle. But the Marquis of saint Cross having lost in the battle about two thousand of his best soldiers durst attempt no further against thisland of Tercera but only stayed for the fleet which came out of the east and west Indies, and when they were joined with him he took them under his conduction and so returned presently toward Spain with all his atmye.  
Upon the advertisement whereof King Don Anthonio with all expedition gathering together all the ships aswell french as others which were at the said Island of Tercera and other places there abouts to the number of seven and thurtye ships, embarked himself with two thousand french soldiers and as many portugals, to th'intent to pass therewith to thisland of Madera, belonging to the Crown of Portugal, but then holden by the King of Castille. But when the month of October was come (at what time the sea beginneth greatly to swell in those parties) there arose so mighty and furious a tempest in the midst of their journey with a contrary wind that it was unpossible for them to pass any further, and for their ships to keep company together, but being dispersed diverse ways, arrived with great travail and danger, part in France, and part with the King in thisle of Tercera. After the King had sojourned there about twenty days, and set such order in thisland as was convenient, he departed from thence with five ships toward France and arrived there with the help of a favourable wind within twelve days, taking in his company Cyprian de Figuereds (who till then had governed the said Islands of Assores), and appointing in his place Emanuel de Silva Earl of Torres Vedras (of whom more shall be spoken hereafter;) His majesty being arrived in France, was there again very honourably received aswell by the most Christian king, as by the Queen-mother who then offered to give him any assistance to prevail against his enemy and as time and occasion should serve to restore him to his kingdom, naming unto him shortly after, the Duke of joyence for general of th'armies. Which for that cause should thereafter be prepared.  
But in the mean time the king of Castille (seeking all possible means for the cause afore alleged, to bring the said Island of Tercera and the rest of thislands of Assores under his subjection,) appointed therefore, to be prepared for the year following another mighty and great army of many gallyons, galleys, & other vessels both great and small to the number of a hundred and twenty. Of which navy the Marquis of saint Cross was appointed general again. In the mean space King Don Anthony understanding thereof, omitted nothing that might tend to the defence and preservation of thisle. For by the favour & assistance of the queenemother, he prepared a navy and levied two thousand french soldiers to be for that cause employed under the conduction of Mounsir de Chartres a noble gentleman and of great valour, of whom the queenemother had made special choice (amongst many) for that service. This Mounsyr de Chartres with the said navy and number of soldiers about the beginning of spring time, departed toward the said Isle of Tercera to furnish it with a strong garrison and defend it against thinvasion of the King of Castille, & arrived there with a favourable wind without any misfortune.  
Now when the King of Castile's army was ready, amounting to a hundred and twenty sails, and ten or twelve thousand fight men, the Marquis of saint Cross departed with the same from Lisbon about th'end of june. 1583. and arrived before the said Isle of Tercera, the four and twenty of july following, and having spent two or three days in viewing where to land his men best, upon the third day after by the●lpe and benefit of his Galleys which (contrary to many men's opinions) he brought thither, he landed his men of war in a certain place, lest suspected by the captains & inhabitants of thisland, where remained but a very small garrsion. By reason whereof it came to pass that before the principal body of the garrison which was two miles of, could come thither, then'nimy had leisure to land almost ten thousand fight men, and had half entrenched them. first therefore Mounsyr de Chartres came thither in all expedition with his regiment of frenchmen and hotly skirmished with the enemies, wherein many were slain on either side, but specially of the spaniards. At last also came th'earl of Torres Vedras' governor of the Isle with a good number of Portugal soldiers and men of the Island well armed and sufficiently trained. And perceiving in what case things stood, treated with Mounsyr de Chartres touching the joining of present battle with the enemy. Hereupon they all prepared themselves to fight, & the squadrons being set in order are appointed to march against the enemy. But for that the Marquis had twice as many men in his army as were in King Anthony's, and also it seemed very late in the day to give this battle, the said Earl propounded to Mounsyr de Chartres to differre it till the next day, and that in the mean space he would cause victuals, gunpowder, munition, and other necessaries to be brought into a convenient place amongst the rocks of the Isle, to the intent to make their retreat thither to stay for aid out of France or the other Islands, if they fortuned to lose the victory: Alleging withal that the enemies army could not stay long about the said Island for want of a haven, and specially how the galleys could not abide the Ocean sea when it began to swell, which happened commonly about the month of August then being at hand: further how the enemy with all his army could not long remain there if the commodity of victuals were taken from him. When Mounsyr de Chartres had conferred with his captains about these matters, some were of advise to give present battle, others and the greater part resolved with the Earl to differre it till the next day.  
The Earl being advertised of this resolution, called before him certain of the chief Portugal captains, declaring unto them what had passed in this matter, exhorting them to keep diligent watch that night, that none of their soldiers departed from the camp. But when the Portugals (who before were willing to join battle) understood the differing of the same till the next day, their hearts began to faint, insomuch that by little and little they forsook the camp and went home to their houses. Upon the understanding whereof, the Earl distrusting the victory, conveyed himself about midnight, with ten or twelve of his company out of the camp, to the intent to save himself by flight (as appeared afterwards by certain barks which he had prepared for that purpose,) yet feigning to make present return. But on the morrow after thinking with his company to be embarked, he was disappointed by certain women dwelling about the place, where the barks lay, who broke them in pieces to stop his passage: Then seeing himself in this adversity and deceived of his expectation, he went in despair, and hid himself in the best sort he could among the rocks.  
Now when it was light day, Mounsir de Chartres hearing no news of th'earl, and perceiving how in a manner all the Portugals were gone from the camp, thought no other but that th'earl had withdrawn himself with his portugals to the rocks, according to his speech had the day before: Whereupon presently the said Mounsyr de Chartres setting all his men in order of battle, marched strait to that place which th'earl had before nominated unto him, But forasmuch as he found there neither the said earl, nor victuals and other necessaries which he had promised to convey thither, Therefore he assembled all his Captains and officers with the chief of the Portugals which yet stayed in the camp, to consult what was best to be done. Thereupon they all concluded how it was best to agree with the enemy, insomuch that upon conference had between him and them, at last a conclusion was made, whereby it was lawful for all the soldiers, aswell frenchmen, as portugals to departed with bag and baggage out of the Island, whithersoever they would, leaving behind them their armour, Ensigns, and Drums. Also the enemy promised to furnish them with ships & victuals for their passage. Howbeit the said earl of Torres Vedras and certain natural borne subjects of thisle were excepted out of this treaty & agreement, whose pardon thenemy would in no wise yield to grant. After this composition thus made, all thisle was miserably sacked by the space of 3 days, many of th'inhabitants hanged & Emanuel Serradas beheaded, (who a little before, by king Anthony's commandment had taken & sacked thisle of Caboverde) neither could th'earl of Torres vedras escape his fortune, for the 3. day after thagreement made, he was found among the rocks, by means of a maid-slave bewraying him, & thereupon was also beheaded.  
And although the loss of this Island of Tercera with thothers depending thereof, was unto the said king Don Anthony a great & lamentable misfortune, yet for all that, never abating his courage, he hath always reposed his confidence in God, and thuprightness of his just cause, hoping by the grace of almighty God, & good assistance of Christian princes, at last to recover his kingdom which the king of Castille hath tirannicallie taken from him, as we are taught by many histories, how the reign of tyrants lasteth not long. And this is the very reason that hitherto the said King Don Anthony hath refused all manner of composition with the said king of Castille, notwithstanding he hath had very large offers at his hands of some of the which and specially of the chiefest, it shall not be from the purpose here to make rehearsal. It is therefore convenient to be known, how the king of Castille by Christopher de mora, his ambassador in Portugal, offered unto Don Anthony yearly (before he was created king), 500 thousand ducats and the governorship of Portugal during his life, with the free disposition of all offices, benefices and dignities aswell ecclesiastical as temporal falling void in that time within all the kingdom of Portugal, upon condition that he should renounce his action to the kingdom of Portugal. Afterwards when Don Anthony was overcome & wandered in great danger in deserts & unfrequented places: the king of Castille gave in charge to jeronimo de mendoza, a gentleman & commander of thorder of the knights of S, james, to endeavour by all possible means to come to the speech of Don Anthony's agent, to propound some other mean of agreement. Therefore this Jeronimo de Mendoza, taking in his company Emanuel of Portugal, a special friend of the said agent, and uncle to th'earl of Vimioso, came to the wife of the said agent to a house of his about 8. miles from Lisbon, delivering unto her a safe conduct from the king of Castille, for the surety of her husband's person with particular letters directed to him & desired her to send them to him, assoon as she could learn where he was, telling her it was a matter of very great importance, which he had to treat upon with him, where of depended the wealth & tranquillity generally of all the kingdom of Portugal, & particularly of the said Don Anthony, & her husband his agent. It fortuned that within 8. days after the said agent ignorant hereof, came fecretly to his wife, to th'intent to take order for the said king Don Anthony's first shipping, which he thought to have taken at Lisbon, leaving the same king Don Anthonio 2. miles from thence in a secret place (where he was to stay) till all things were ready for his embarking, in a ship which then unladed at Lisbon being covertly sent thither for that purpose, by the said queen mother, with master Peter Dor a gentleman of great wisdom, and discretion, who always had been well inclined to King Anthony's side, and had express commandment to inquire whether he were dead or alive. Now when the said King Don Anthony understood by his Agent what jeronimo de Mendoza propounded from the king of Castil, he was very unwilling to consent that his said Agent should enter into any communication with him, fearing it was but a drift to entrap his said Agent and yield him prisoner into the King of Castile's hands, but yet the said Agent more regarding the kings preservation then his own safety, very earnestly entreated his majesty to permit him to confer with the said, jeronimo, sith it would be a good mean to further his highness embarking, which was in hand to be prepared. insomuch that King Don Anthony at last consented thereunto. Therefore the next day the said Agent signified aswell to Jeronimo de Mendoza, as to Emanuel of Portugal that he was come to his wife to the place afore said, and therefore they might come and declare what they had to say. First therefore came Emanuel the next day to the said Agent, and they concluded to meet Mendoza the day following in a place half a mile from the said Agents house. Now at the hour appointed meeting together, the said Mendoza declared to the said Agent how the King of Castille would give unto Don Anthonio the Kingdom of Naples, upon condition that he would yield himself into his hands, and renounce his right & action which he pretended to the kingdom of Portugal, promising also large recompense on the King of Castile's behalf to the said Agent in case he could procure king Anthony to accept this offer. Hereupon the said Agent to lengthen this business and win time, feigned he knew not where King Don Anthonio was, but yet told Mendoza he was well content to break the matter to his master assoon as he could understand where to find him, alleging how his majesty never stayed two days together in one place. At which communication the said jeronimo de Mendoza made earnest entreaty to go in the company of the said Agent to confer with Don Anthonio when it should be known where he was. Whereof the said Agent did put him in good hope and held him in suspense about the space of twenty days space, applying nevertheless in the mean time the business of his majesties shipping, which being ready the said agent returned to king Anthony, certifying Mendoza thereof, and sending him word how he would with speed, advertise him what resolution the said king Don Anthonio took in those matters which the said Mendoza had propounded. But the said agent thought nothing less than to return to Mendoza, fearing lest he would by sun pretence either detain him captive or not leave till he had brought him to king Don Anthony. Moreover the king of Castille commanded many other most ample and beneficial offers to be made on his behalf to king Don Anthony, after his arrival in France, yea and after the taking of thisle of Tercera, which for brevities sake are here omitted.  
Now when king Don Anthonio understood what offer Mendoza propounded unto him, he made none account thereof, but went by night with his agent, and others of his train to a secret place not far from Lisbon, adjoining near the sea, there staying for a bark which was to come from the said city of Lisbon to carry him aboard the ship wherein he was to sail away. This bark was partly prepared by the care and diligence of Peter de Alpoen Doctor of the laws, a man of great learning and integrity having always constantly maintained king Don Anthony's cause, wherein he purposed himself with certain of his friends and kindred to meet king Anthony and pass into France with him. But this matter being discovered by the treason of one Peter de Olivera (to whose charge king Anthony had also committed this business) certain galleys of Castille lying in wait for the said bark in the sea, in the place where it was to pass, assaulted and took it, wherein Peter de Alpoen with his uncle and nephew, and two religious men, and certain other persons were taken, and all put to the torture to confess whither they went. But it happened by God's permission that before the bark was taken, Bastian Figuera (one of the King's servants afore mentioned) passed along the sea side to seek for his majesty, and spied the Galleys there dispersed about the same place where the bark (that his highness stayed for) was to pass. And brought present word thereof to his highness, who immediately took horse and in great haste returned with his company to his accustomed pilgrimage until about two months after it was his hap to be embarked in deed & to come into France as is afore declared.  
This also is not to be omitted in this place, how king Don Anthonio in his passage from Lisbon toward France, was driven by contrary wind about two hundred leagues from land toward the west, where he met a great and mighty ship of war, whereof Ambrose de Guyar was captain, who had the conduction, of about 300 Spanish soldiers, to place in garrisons in the said Isle of Saint Michael. This ship (as the manner is) had a caravel with her, which came to aboard the ship wherein his majesty was. The men of the caravel demanded of the master of his highness ship, from whence they came, he answered from Calais in Andalousie. Being demanded, what news there, he answered, how the people died of the plague, & some of his mariners were already dead & others yet very sick of the same disease: Upon thunderstanding whereof, they of the caravel abandoned the kings ship, taking their course toward the said ship of war.  
When the King of Castille understood how King Anthony was arrived in France, he was so highly offended therewith, that he caused Peter Dalpoen to be forthwith beheaded, and his uncle and nephew to be perpetually banished the realm, condemning the 2. religious men to the galleys, whom nevertheless afterward (changing his sentence) he condemned to close prison for many years. causing the wife of King Anthony's agent, with his children & his cousins (of whom he had the bringing up) and his mother in Law, & 3. religious sisters of his, of thorder of S. Clare, to be all brought into Castille, & put into diverse monasteries. Likewise appointing to be brought into the said kingdom of Castille the Countess of Vimioso mother of the said constable with 3. sons and 7. daughters, together with the wife of Emanuel de silva, them governor of the said Isle of Tercera, whom he detained there until the said Constable & Emanuel de silva had lost their lives, as is afore mentioned. Also it is not to be passed in silence, how the King of Castille, even since king Don Anthony arrived in france, hath used all practices possible, to procure the said king Don Anthonio his cousin germane, to be murdered, sending many castilians' and portugals into France for that special purpose. Of which the first & chief was, Edward de Castro, a man of base birth, though very rich, a portugal borne, who notwithstanding had in former time done much good and faithful service to King Don Anthonio in Portugal. This man feigning himself to be malcontent toward the King of Castille for detaining him prisoner a certain time, came into France to K. Anthony, to whom at his first coming (for the better cloaking of his treason) he declared how for his delivery out of prison, he had promised the King of Castille to assay by all manner of means to kill the said King Don Anthony: Or if he could not bring that to pass, how at least he would find the mean to procure certain french companies or other strange soldiers (over whom he hoped to be appointed captain) to rise against his majesty at such time as he should be ready to join battle, or in hand to execute any like enterprise, or else would do some such thing as should cast the person and camp of the said King Anthony into some notable danger: wherein the very truth is, his meaning was to have kept promise with the said King of Castille. For it came to pass within a little after, when King Anthony was overcome in a sea-battail at the Isle of S. Michael, while the Marquis of S. Cross remained in the same Isle, that the said Edward de Castro being with King Anthony in thislle of Tercera, earnestly persuaded the french companies which were there in garrison (whom he had won to him by gifts and otherwise) that the portugals went about to murder them all suddenly, showing to them for proof thereof a letter written by King Anthony's agente, which (though falsely) he vouched to contain such matter, and likewise made the portugales on the contrariside believe, how they were in the like danger at the French men's hands. When he had laid this foundation, he went about to put the matter in execution, and so handled the same that one day the Frenchmen first made them ready to set upon the portugales and slew Anthony Baracho a gentleman of portugal. But as each party began to put themselves in arms, it came to pass by the great dexterity and wisdom of a portugal Captain, who in time smelled this treason, that the matter proceeded no further, but all was well pacified & the Traitor apprehended. Who upon the falling out of the matter otherwise then he expected, would presently have retired into the said Isle of S. Michael, to the Marquis of Sayncte Cross in an English ship which he had hired for that purpose for a great some of money. Thus the traitor being taken & convict of his treason aswell by his own confession in the prison, as openly upon the scaffold, was at last beheaded. Yet the said king Don Antony in remembrance and consideration of his former services, would have pardoned him had not the common people & soldiers made great instance for the open punishment of so great & dangerous a treason. About the same time Sebastian Caruaillo another Portugal was executed in the said Isle of Tercera for enterprising to kill the said king Don Anthonio. Also for the like cause, a Castilian gentleman of thorder of the knights of Malta, was afterwards executed in France, Further, for the like offence, john Francisco, and John Rodrigues desosa were prisoners in France, and upon their conviction were sent in captivity to the said Island of Tercera a little before the taking thereof, by means whereof they recovered their liberty contrary to their deserts, But the said john Rodrigues had never escaped from execution in France, had not the most excellent princess the Queen of England (with whom he had been king Anthony's Ambassador) made intercession for him.  
Whosoever therefore shall rightly consider all these dangers and great inconveniencies which the said King Don Anthonio hath endured and escaped, may easily judge that all this came not to pass without gods peculiar providence and divine sufferance & that some great matter of importance is hid thereunder, namely a great hope is to be conceived thereof, that almighty God, will use the said king Don Anthonio as a fit instrument, to break the great power & force of the King of Castille, whereby through his excessive and unmeasurable ambition, he would else in tract of time, invade not only all christiandom, but also all the rest of the world, & that under the fair colour of maintaining the Catholic Romish religion, under pretence whereof he hath thus many years afflicted thinhabitants of the low countries, otherwise a good and courteous people, that in former time had always been good & faithful subjects to him & his ancestors: to th'intent that upon the subduing of them according to his fantasy, he might easily & freely spread his armies over England, Germany, France & other nations, either for that they receive, or at least permit in their countries any other religion than only the catholic Romish religion, or else under some other kind of pretence whatsoever. This is the mark he shooteth at & will easily hit except tother christian Princes (before thevillevil creep any further,) have special regard to oppose themselves to his power & force by aiding the provinces united of the low countries now greatly afflicted, and also and that most specially, the said King Don Anthonio who with thaid of some reasonable navy of ten or twelve thousand men furnished with victuals, munition, and other necessaries, may in short time without any great difficulty recover his kingdom. Whereunto thincredible affection which the portugals bear always to their King & natural prince, together with thancient hatred they have always borne to the Castilians their ancient enemies, would serve for a great furtherance. As the like mean served the prince of Oranges for a great effect in the said low countries, to maintain wars there so long against the forces of the said King of Castille. Further if King Don Anthonio had recovered Portugal & driven away the castilians', he might also easily in short time aswell reduce into his power and dominion the towns of Aphrica with the towns and countries of the east Indies, and Brasile (where the garrisons consist all of natural Portugals) as also take from the king of Castille, his power by sea consisting chiefly of Portugal ships & Mariners. Who without doubt for the natural affection they bear toward their King and Country, and the rather because their wives, children, lands, and goods remain in Portugal: and for the natural hatred they bear to the Castilians (under whom they serve against their wills) will easily come and yield themselves to the said King Don Anthony, as we have seen the like example in the said low countries, when the wars began, for the driving away of the spaniards. Also it is to be noted, how the people of Portugal bear a general hatred against the king of Castille & his Castilians not only in respect of their ancient enmity against the said Castilians but also and most principally for the great injuries and indignities which they have suffered at their hands since the said King of Castille by force & violence possessed their country. Whereby all men's minds are so bend and inflamed against him and his Castilians, that their chief wish and expectation is for the said king Don Anthony (by the aid of some Princes) to enter into Portugal with an army, not only for their delivery from the yoke & bondage of the Castilians (whose garrisons there exceed not the number of three thousand men) but also to invade Castille in revenge of the said injuries whereinto there is long & wide access and entry out of Portugal without any strong place to hinder free passage into the said kingdom of Castille. Moreover the hatred of the Portugals against the Castilians, is grown so far, that they which before were addicted to the said King of Castille, and corrupted with money & promises to deliver their native country into his hands, do now secretly favour King Don Anthonio, avouching how they will rather yield their lives & goods to his majesties mercy, then live any longer under the tyranny of the King of Castille. Who hath them in no estimation, neither will perform what he promised when he solicited them to be authors to procure him the kingdom.  
Although all men know how small account the king of Castille maketh to fulfil his promises to such men as he hath used in like kind of affairs, & most specially when he hath no more need of them: yet it shallbe worth the noting in this place, how he hath dealt with them that were the principal authors to bring his matters so easily to pass in Portugal. These men, when King Don Anthonio was overcome & discomfited, & the King of Castille in peace able possession of the Kingdom of Portugal, & of the realms lands & countries depending thereof (saving only the said Islands of Assores which held a good while as is afore recited for king Anthony) exhibited a supplication to the said King of Castille declaring at large their services done in his behalf for thobtaining of the said Kingdom of Portugal, beseeching his majesty to vouchsafe the performance of those promises which his ambassadors, the Duke of Ossuna and Christofer de Mora had made unto them on his behalf, exhibiting writings withal to prove the said ambassadors promises. Whereunto the King commanded answer to be given, that this supplication with th'ambasssadors writing, should be sent to his counsel called in the Portugal language, Mesa da conscientia. Whereupon followed a decree touching that matter, of the tenor or effect ensuing Forasmuch as the king of Castille, is true inheritor of the kingdom of Portugal: it was not lawful for the suppliants to sell the same for gifts nor promises, but rather they had incurred the penalty of death for th●s▪ of their own accord, & without these promises, they delivered not the kingdom to the said king of Castille: But if the kingdom pertained to Don Anthonio, than they could not sell it to king Philip, wherefore the king was no way bound to perform the promises which th'ambasssadors made to the suppliants, but of his benignity and clemency he absolveth the supplyants' from the capital punishment, whereunto for this cause they had endangered themselves. A notable reward surely, yea & that such a one, as commonly all traitors receive, & as the King of Castille accustometh to bestow upon all them that do him service in like affairs; Which may serve for an example to all men, that for gifts or promises they attempt nothing against their duty nor consciences. For God is a just judge that never leaveth wickedness unpunished, nor well doing unrecompensed.  
Sith therefore it manifestly appeareth by the premises, that the fayed King Don Anthonio hath a rightful & most just cause: it is to be wished, that all christian princes or the more part of them would of their own accords, offer themselves to aid & secure him to recover his Kingdom whereof he is so unjustly and tyrannously spoiled by the king of Castille, as it also appertaineth to all princes to help them that be afflicted and oppressed by tyranny. Whereunto truly they ought to be the more forward and moved, for that it seemeth the only way and mean to deliver themselves and their posterity from the tyranny of the spaniards, which otherwise in the end they shall hardly avoid, as more particularly hath been declared in this treatise.  
FINIS.