THE HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT and modern Estate of The Principality of Wales, Duchy of Cornwall, and Earldom of Chester.  
Collected out of the Records of the Tower of LONDON, and diverse ancient Authors.  
By Sir JOHN DODRIDGE Knight, late one of his Majesty's ludges in the King's Bench.  
And by himself Dedicated to King JAMES of ever blessed memory.  
LONDON,  
¶ Printed by Tho. Harper, for Godfrey Em●ndson, and Thomas Alchorne, M. DC. XXX.   

TO THE HIGH AND MIGHTY JAMES, BY THE GRACE OF GOD King of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, defender of the faith etc.  
My most dread Sovereign and Liegelord,  
AMong temporal blessings given from God, and poured upon men, this is not the least, for a man to behold the fruit of his own body, surculum exradice, an imp, or graft, the Olive branches about his table, the hope of his posterity, the image of himself, and the staff of his old age. The consideration of the want whereof caused that good Patriake out of the bitterness of his soul to cry and make his complaint unto his God in these words. Behold I go childless, and the Steward of my house is Eleazar of Damascus; lo to me thou hast given no seed, wherefore a servant of mine house must be mine heir. But to be furnished with masculine issue, and to have his first borne of that sex, to whom the Birthright is due, as to the sanctfiied of God, and the preserver of his name and patrimony, is a double blessing unto all men, much more unto Kings, the Lords anointed, whereby his horn is established, his subjects in the midst of the day present, do behold the Sun that shall arise upon them the day succeeding, and have their hearts settled to say unto their Sovereign, we and our seed will serve thee and thy seed for ever: This made the Prophetical King in the day of his departure to bless God, and say, Blessed be the Lord my God, who hath caused mine eyes to see this day that one of mine own loins shall fit upon my Throne. But chose was Achah accursed, of whom God said he would not leave him one mingentem ad parietem, threatening (as it were) by that circumlocution to root out all issue male of Achab that might succeed him. And hence it is that all Potentates of the world have highly respected and advanced in the eyes of their subjects, their heir apparent, and given and conferred upon him very high and eminent titles of honour: Of the 
Suetonius. Lampridus. Tacuus.  Romans he was called Caesar and Princeps juventutis, as the principal of all their hopes in their posterity Of the French he is honoured by the name of the Dolphin of that part of the Country, being his patrimony. And in like manner in this our Country of England, the Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall, and Earl of Chester. He is, next his father, the chief in the Realm, and by course of the civil Law, is to sit at his right hand in all solemn assemblies of state and honour: So that not without reason did King Edward the third King of England, place Richard, his grandchild, and next heir apparent, in his solemn feast at Christmas, at his table next unto himself, above all his Uncles, being the sons of that King, and men manifoldly renowned for their prowess and virtue. And yet hath not the Prince any Kingly prerogatives allowed unto him by the Laws of this Realm, in the life of his progenitors, other than such as are due unto other Noble men, that he might acknowledge himself to be but a subject, and whereof he is put in remembrance even by the Poesy that he useth in the old English or Saxon tongues in this form conceived, je dien, I am a servant. The due consideration whereof hath caused me by the encouragement of an honourable, learned, and worthy Councillor my Lord of Buckhurst, your Majesty's Lord high Treasurer of England, and my very good Lord, and being eased therein by the careful pains and industry of a Gentleman Mr. Richard Connock his servant, in some convenient method after my rude and unlearned manner, to set down what the ancient and true estate of his excellency the Lord Prince hath been, what it now is, and how impaired, and to what estate and dignity by your Majesty's high and Princely wisdom, it may again be reduced: Beseeching your highness of your accustomed clemency, to pardon this my bold attempt, and to accept my poor travels therein, with that gracious aspect as you do the manifold gratulations of other your Majesty's loving subjects.  
Your Majesty's loyal and obedient subject I. D.   

ABSTRACTS AND ADVERTISEMENTS concerning the Contents of this HISTORY.  

THe original and ancient estate of Wales, before, and until the Conquest thereof by King Edward the First, in the eleventh year of his Reign.  
Edward of Carnarvan, (so called because he was born at Carnarvan Castle in Wales) and son to King Edward the First, constituted Prince of Wales, and the policy used therein by King Edward the First.  
The creation of Edward, surnamed the black Prince, to be Prince of Wales, and the ancient manner of the investure of the Princes of Wales.  
The strange limitation of the estate of the Lands of the said Principality, and the reasons thereof, and the difference between the Principality of Wales, and the Duchy of Cornwall, for the eldest son and heir apparent of the King of England, is Duke of Cornwall, as soon as be is borne, or as soon as his father is King of England. But he is created Prince of Wales by a special creation, investure, and donation of the lands thereunto belonging, and not by birth.  
The yearly value of the revenues of the Principality of Wales, as the same were in the bands of the Prince, commonly called the black Prince.  
Richard surnamed of Bordeaux, son of the said black Prince, was after the death of his father, created Prince of Wales, at Havering, at the Bower, in the County of Essex, by E 3. his Grandfather.  
Henry of Munmouth, son to King Henry the Fourth, created Prince of Wales, he was afterwards King, by the name of King Henry the fifth.  
Edward, the son of King Henry the sixth, created Prince of Wales, and Earl of Chester, and for that he was then very young, there was ordained by an Act of Parliament, what allowance should be made unto the said Prince for his Wardrobe, servants wages, and other necessary expenses, until the said Prince should be of fourteen years of age.  
There was also a Counsel of diverse honourable personages, as Bishops, Earls, and others for the government and direction of the revenues of the said Prince, which dispose the same accordingly, with the assent and advice of the Queen, who was also especially appointed in that behalf.  
Edward, the son and heir apparent of King Edward the Fourth, created Prince of Wales, and a Council of honourable personages allowed to him also for the government of his revenues, and the Lord Rivers, Uncle by the mother's side of the Prince, was appointed Governor of the Person of the said Prince.  
The creation of Arthure, son and heir apparent to King Henry the Seventh, to be Prince of Wales, the Copy of the Charter of that creation observed for the form and manner of penning thereof, and the names of the Councillors that were assigned unto him.  
After the death of Prince Arthure, Henry his brother, who was afterwards King Henry the Eight, was created Prince of Wales, after whose time there are no Charters found of the creation of any Prince of Wales, although King Edward the sixth, in the life of his Father, and Queen Mary carried the name of Prince general: and the reason why this discourse hitherunto is drawn after an historical manner.  
After the said historical discourse. Three things are further considered of, viz. First, in what manner and order the said Principality and Marches of Wales were governed and directed under the Princes of Wales, as well before, as after the English Conquests thereof: wherein by the way are noted, the Courts of justice of the said principality of Wales, the original of the Baronyes Marchers: and when the first Council was established in the Marches of Wales unto England, and in what manner the same was done, and the commodities ensuing thereof; which union or annexation may serve in some respect, as a precedent in other cases of like consequence.  
The second principal thing proposed, is the consideration of the ancient and modern Officers of the said principality, serving the Lord Prince, and none others, and what fees and salaries were allowed unto them.  
The third principal matter is the present revenues of the principality of Wales, as the same was in charge before the Auditors this last year past, viz. the forty four year of the late Queen Elizabeth.   

The Dukedom of Cornwall.  
The Dukedom of Cornwall was the first erected Duchy in England after the Norman conquest, and made to be a Duchy in the eleventh year of King Edward the Third, and given to his eldest son, commonly called the black Prince, who was the first Duke in Cornwall after the Conquest, to him and to his first begotten sons and heirs apparent of the Kings of England, and the difference that is between the Principality of Wales and the said Duchy.  
At what age of the Duke of Cornwall, Livery may be made unto him of the said Duchy.  
Moreover touching the said Duchy of Cornwall, three things are considered; First, what revenues were bestowed upon the said Duchy, for the erection thereof, both annual and casual, and the particulars thereof: the several natures and differences of them in the construction of the Law, together with the Stanneryes and coinage of Tin, and the laws, usages, and customs of the said Stanueryes concerning the managing of Tin.  
The diverse kinds of Tynners' and Tin, and the coinage of Tin is, and for what cause due and payable, and the privileges that the King and Duke of Cornwall have in their preemption of Tin.  
The revenues of the Duchy of Cornwall as it is rated by survey taken in the fifth year of King Edward the Third.  
The revenues of the said Duchy of Cornwall, as it was in the fifteenth year of King Henry the Eight.  
The revenues of the said Duchy, as it was in account unto the late Queen Elizabeth, in the 44. year of her reign, which is the last account, and the clear yearly value thereof, as it may be drawn to an estimation annual, appeareth.   

The County Palatine of Chester and Flint.  
The third principal revenue belonging to the Prince, as Earl of Chester, which Earldom is a County Palatine.  
Edward surnamed the black Prince, created Earl of Chester, by King Edward the Third his Father, in the seaventh year of the said King Edward the Thirds reign.  
The total revenue of the said County Palatine of Chester and Flint, as it was in the 44. year of the late Queen Elizabeth.  
The ancient revenues of the said Earldom of Chester and Flint, as the same were in the fifth year of King Edward the Third.  
The reasons why in this History diverse an tiquities (not vulgarly known) are discovered concerning the Principality of Wales, Duchy of Cornwall, and Earldom of Chester.   Inconueniens erit omissis initijs atque origine non repetita, atqueillotis (ut ita dixerim) manibus, protinus materiam tractare. Ex lege prima Digestorum juris Civilis, titulo de origine juris.  

THE ANCIENT REVENUES OF the Lord PRINCE consist of these three kinds: 

The Principality of Wales,  
Duchy of Cornwall,  
And Earldom of Chester,   And therefore of every of these in order as followeth.  

The Principality of Wales.  

Wales, what part of the Island of Albion.  THat part of this Island which is called Wales, is thought by some learned, to be the same which the Romans (having 
Hum. Lloyd apud Ort●lium in Thesaur Geographico.  reduced this Island under their government) called Britannia Secunda, of some others it is supposed to be the same that 
Et idem Hum. Lloyd in frag▪ mento Britanniae descriptioue ●ol. mi●i ●O. Rilsanus Duflius in Dictionario suo Teutonico-Latino in verbo Walliae.  was called by the Romans Valentia but howsoever the truth thereof be, it was anciently called by the Britons, Cambria who divided the whole Island of Albion into these three parts, Loegria, Albania, and Cambria, The Saxons conquering this Island, called the said Territory, (into the mountains whereof the remnant of the Britain's that remained were fled, and not to be overcome by them,) Wallia, and the people Welshmen, that is to say, unto them strangers, And the other part, those Britain's or Welshmen do yet in their language call the English Saissons or Saxons. 
Saissons or Saxons.   
It was also anciently divided into three Provinces or Principalities, the first and principal called by them Guyneth, or as they have written in Latin Venedotia viz: that which is called North-Wales. The second they have called in Latin Demetia, and is that we call South-Wales. And the third Powisia or Powisland, and every of these Provinces were again subdivided into canters and every Cantred into Comots. The Records do divide the same into three parts also, Westwales, North-wales, & Southwales. The whole Country is now allotted into Shires which are thirteen in number, and namely these  

1 Radnor shire.  
2 Brecknock shire.  
3 Munmouth shire.  
4 Glamorganshire.  
5 Carmarthenshire.  
6 Pembrookeshire.  
7 Cardiganshire.  
8 Montgomeryshire.  
9 Merionethshire.  
10 Ca●rnaruoushire.  
11 Denbighshire.  
12 Flintshire.  
13 Anglesyshire.   

Wales anciently no parcel of the Realm of England. 10. b 4. 6. b. 19 b. 6. 12. a. ●2. b. 6. 25. b. 36. b. 6. 33. b. Com. Blow 129. b. & 2 6 b.  This Parcel of the said Island called Wales, thus possessed by the remnant of those Britain's, was no parcel of the dominion of the Realm of England, but distinguished from the same, as the books of the Laws of this Realm do testify; and as it were a Realm of itself not governed by the Laws of England and was by some of the Saxon Kings divided from England, & by a ditch called of the name of the King which caused the same, King Offa his Ditch. 
Vid. Cambd. in come Radnor expolicratico Io●●nis Barisburiensis   

10. b. 4. 6 b. Com. Ploughed: 126. b. 129. b.  Yet nevertheless was the same Dominion of Wales ever holden in Chief, and in Fee of the Crown of England. And the Prince thereof being then of their own Nation compellable upon Summons to come and appear in the Parliaments of England, and upon their rebellions and disorders the kings of England devised their Scutagium or Escuage, as it is called in the Laws of England, that is, to levy aid & assistance of their tenants in England which held of them Per Seruitium militare to suppress such disordered Welsh, tanquam Rebels and Non hosts, as Rebels, and not as foreign Enemies. 
Les ancient tenors fol 116. Com. Plow. 12●. b.   

Edw. 1. taken upon him the name of Prince of Wales  And hence it is that King Henry the third upon those often revolts of the Welsh endeavoured to resume the Territory of Wales as forfeit unto himself, and conferred the same upon Edward the Longshanckes his heir apparent, yet nevertheless 
Record. Tu●●is London 29. H. 3. Polydor Virgil. lib. 16. fol. mi●i 311. Doctor Powel in the Welsh Chro. fo. 311.  rather in title then in possession or upon any profit obtained thereby. For the former prince of Wales continued his government, notwithstanding this, between whom and the said Edward, wars were continued. Whereof when the said Edward complained to King Henry the third his father, the said King made this answer as recordeth Matthew Paris a Cosmographer living in that time. Quid ad me terra tua? est ex dono meo. Exerevires primitivas, famam excita iwenilem, et de caetero timeant inimici etc. 
Matth. Paris. a●●o 1257. so. mi●i 914.   

Patent. 51. ●. 3 Pa●●prima.  But the Charter of this gift is not now readily to be found among the Records. For after this time it appeareth by the Records of the Tower of London that by the mediation of Oth●bon Deacon, Cardinal of S Andrews, a peace was concluded between the then Prince of the Welsh blood, and the said Henry the 3. which nevertheless as it seemeth continued not long, for sundry battles were fought between the said Edward (both before and after he was King of England) Lewlyn the last Prince of the Welsh blood, and David his brother, until 
Wales su●●●ed by K. Edw. 1.  both the said Prince, & his said brother were overcome by the said Edward, after he was King of England, and who thereby made a final and full conquest of Wales, annexing the same unto the Crown of England, dividing some parts thereof into Shires, and appointing Laws for the government of that people. 
The Shires made by E. 1. were these.  Although the Welsh nation do not willingly acknowledge such conquest, but refers it rather to composition. The words of the Statute made in Wales at Ruthlan presently upon the conquest are these: Divina Providentia quae in sui dispositione non fallitur, inter alia dispensationis munera, quibus nos & regnum nostrum Angliae decorari dignata est, Terram Waliae cum incolis suis prius nobis iure fendali subiectam jam sui gratia in proprietatis nostrae dominium obstaculis quibuscunque non obstantibus totaliter et cum integritate convertit et corona Regni pradicti tanquam partem corporis eiusdem annexit et univit. 
Statum Waliae. 12: Ed. the first.   

The Chronicle of Wales compiled partly by H. Lloyd, and partly by Doctor Powel page 376.  This Territory of Wales thus being united, the said King Edward used means to obtain the people's good will to strengthen that which he had gotten by effusion of blood with the benevolence of his Subjects of Wales who promised their hearty and most humble obedience if it would please the King either to remain among them himself in person, or else to appoint under him a governor over them that was of their own nation & country: The King thereupon purposing a pretty policy sendeth for the Queen, then being great with Child, to come unto him into Wales, who being delivered of a son in the Castle of Carnarvan in Wales, called by reason thereof Edward of Carnarnon, the King thereupon sent for all the Barons of Wales took their assurance and submission according to their offers formerly made, if they should have a governor of their own nation, affirming unto them that he was then ready to name unto them a Governor borne in their Country and who could not speak any word of English, whose life and conversation, no man was able to stain, and required their promise of obedience; whereunto they yielding, the King thereupon named unto them his said son borne at Carnarvan Castle a few days before, unto whom the Barons of Wales afterwards made their homage, as appeareth Anno 29 E 1. at Chester.  

Cronica Angliae ●mnia huiu● temporis.  The said Edward of Carnarvan after the death of his father, was King of England by the name of King Edward the second, living in a turbulent time between him and his Barons, was afterwards deposed for his ill government, and came to a violent death in the Castle of Barkeley, and Edward his son by the name of King Edward the third reigned in his stead. Nevertheless this Edward the third being called Edward of Windsor in the life of his father was created Prince of Wales, and Duke of Aquitane, in a Parliamant holden at York.  

Edward the black Prince, Prince of Wales Ex chartacreationis in parliaments a. 15. ●. ●  Edward the third in a Parliament holden at Westminster in the fifteenth year of his reign created Edward his eldest son, surnamed the black Prince, Prince of Wales, being then of tender years, and invested him in the said Principality with these ensigns of honour, and as in the Charter is contained, Per sertum in capite, et annulum in 
The manner of the inucsture of the Prince.  digit● aureum, ac virgam argenteam iuxta morem: By a Chaplet of Gould made in the manner of a Garland, for the word Sertum importeth, by a gold ring set on his finger, and by verge, Rod or Sceptre of Silver, how be it in the investure of the succeeding 
Garter King at arms hath the manner and order of this creation and investure painted.  Princes, this Rod or Sceptre (as appeareth by the Charters of their several creations) was changed into a verge of gold.  

Ex charta regia data 4 Mar●●j a. 17. Ed. 3.  The said King for the better maintenance of the said Prince his son in honourable support according to such his state and dignity, gave unto him by his Charter dated the twelfth of May, in the seventh year of his reign of England and in the fourth year of his reign of France, 
Termino Michaelis, a. 16 E. 3. Rot 6. exparte remen. ●ratoris Thesaury in curia Scaccari●.  and enrolled in the Exchequer in the Term of S. Hillary in the eighteenth year of the said King Edward the third. The said Principality and the Manors, Lordships, Castles and Lands ensuing to appertain to the said Principality. viz.  
All his Lordships and Lands in North-wales, Westwales and Southwales.  

1 The Lordship, Castle, town and County of Carnarvan.  
2 The Lordship, Castle and town of Conway.  
3 The Lordship, Castle and town of Crucketh.  
4 The Lordship, Castle and town of Bewmarish.  
5 The Lordship, Castle and town of Hardlagh.  
6 The Lordship, Castle and towns and Counties of Anglesey and Merioneth.  
7 The Lordship, Castle, town, and County of Caermardin.  
8 The Lordship, Castle, and town of Lampaderuaur.  
9 The Lordship and Stewardship of Cantermawer.  
10 The Lordship, Castle, town and County of Cardigan.  
11 The Lordship, Castle, and Town of Emelyn.  
12 The Lordship, Castle, and Town of Buelt.  
13 The Lordship, Castle, and Town of Haverford.  
14 The Lordship, Castle, and Town of Montgomery.   

This Rice ap Meredick rebelled against K. Edw. 1. after his Conquest of Wales, as appeareth in the Chronicles of that time. voidance of Bishoprickes. Customs and prices of wines Executions of justice and a Chancery, Forests, Chases, Parks, Wariens.  And all the Lands that were of Rice ap Meridick which came to the hands of King Edward the first, together with all the Lordships, Cities, Castles, Borrows, Towns, Manors, Members, Hamlets, Lands, Tenements, Knights fees, Voydances of Bishoprics, Aduowsons' of Churches and of Abbeys, Priories, and of Hospitals, with Customs and Prisages of wines, The exercise and execution of justice, and a Chancery, Forests, Chases, Parks, Woods, Warrens, Hundreds, Comots, etc. and all other Hereditaments, as well unto the said Principality as unto the said King, in those parts then belonging.  To have and to hold the same unto the said Prince and his heirs Kings of England. 
This lymitation of Estate of this Principality unto the Prince and his heirs Kings of England, may seem strange to our modern Lawyers. For how is it possible that the Kings of England, can 
Vid. 4. et 5. P. et M. 159 nu. 34. Vid. Com. 217. a.  inherit the Principality, sithence the Principality being the lesser dignity is extinguished in the Kingly estate, being the greater: for in Praesentia maioris cessat, id quod minus est. Forasmuch as the Heir apparent of the Crown (being Prince) is presently 
1. Eliz. 165. a. nu. 1. Dier.  upon the death of his ancestor, Eo instant, in himself King, and the Principality as the lesser not compitable with the Kingdom being the greater.  
But when I consider that this age, wherein this Charter was penned, was a learned age of judges and Lawyers (by whose advice no doubt in a matter of this importance this Charter was penned) and this age much commended for exquisite knowledge of the Laws, by those learned men that lived in the Succeeding times, I cannot but think reverently of Antiquity, although I cannot yield sufficient reason of their doings therein. 
14. h. 4.  For I am taught by julianus that learned Roman Lawyer, Non omnium quae a maioribus constituta sunt ratio reddi potest. 
Libre prime digestorum juris Civilis. tituulo de legibus lege 19  Whereof also Naratius there yieldeth a reason, Etideo rationes eorum quae constituuntur inquiri non oportet alioquin multa ex iis quae certa sunt subverterentur. Nevertheless forasmuch as all the Charters in the ages following made to the Prince do hold the same manner of lymitation of estate, I am persuaded some mystery of good policy to lie hidden therein, which as I conceive may be this or such like. The Kings of England thought to confer upon their Prince and Heir apparent an estate of fee simple in the lands that they bestowed upon him; for a lesser than an Inheritance had not been answerable to so great a dignity. And yet they were not willing to give him any larger estate, than such as should extinguish again in the Crown when he came to be King or died; for that he being King should also have the like power to create the Prince ce of his Heir apparent, and to invest him into that dignity as he being the father was invested by his Progenitor. For the wisdom of the Kings of England was such, as that they would not deprive themselves of that honour but that every of them might make new Creations and investures of the Principality to their eldest son or next succeeding Heir apparent; and that those Lands so given unto the Prince, might when he was King be annexed, knit and united again to the Crown, and out of the Crown to be of new conferred; which could not so have been, if those Lands had been given to the Prince and his Heirs generals, for then the Lands so given would have rested in the natural person of the Princes, after they came to the Kingdom distinct from the Crown Lands, & might, as the case should happen descend to others than those which were his Heirs apparent to the Crown. And herein I do observe a difference between the Principality of Wales given to the Prince, and the Duchy of Cornwall given unto him. For every Prince needeth and so hath had a new Creation and Inuesture. But he is Duke of Cornwall as soon as he is borne, if his ancestor be then King of England; and if not, he is Duke of Cornwall, Eo instant, that his father is King of England, as shall be more evidently proved hereafter, by matter of Record, when I shall come to speak of the Duchy of Cornwall.  

Ex charta regui data 20. Septem. irrotulata in memorandis Scij. a. 36. e. 3. termino Michaelis Rot. 14.  The said King also by another Charter dated the twentieth of September in the said seaventh year of his reign, granted unto the said Prince all arrearages of rents, duties, accounts, stocks, stores, goods, and chattels remaining in all and every the said parties due, or of right belonging unto the King; and thereupon the Prince accordingly was possessed by virtue of these Charters of all these aforesaid.  

It resteth here that we set down the total annual value of the said Principality of Wales by itself as it appeareth upon a diligent survey thereof taken in his fiftieth year of the reign of the said King Edward the Third of England, and in the seven & thirtieth year of his reign of France.  
The Survey of the Principality of Wales is drawn out of a long Record, and to avoid tediousness, the value of the Revenues of every County or Shire is here set down, and then the total of the whole, omitting the particulars of every Manor, Lordship, Town, or other profit in every of the said Counties. The setting down whereof at large would have been exceeding cumbersome and intricate.  
It is therefore in this manner.  

The Province of North-wales.  
The sum total of the Prince's revenues in the County or Shire of Carnarvan.— 1134. l. 16. s. 2. d. ob. q.  
The sum total of the revenues of the Province in the County of Anglesey.— 832. l. 14. s. 6. d. ob. q.  
The sum total of the revenues in the County of Merioneth amounteth unto— 748. l. 11. s. 3. d. ob. q.  
The perquisits and profits of the Sessions of the justices of North-wales.  
The sum total of all the former revenues in North-wales amounteth unto— 3041: l. 7. s. 6. d. q.  
Whereof deducted for the yearly fee of the justice of North-wales, and so there remained the sum of 3001. l. 7. s. 6. d. q:   

The Province of Southwales.  
The sum total of the yearly revenue of the Prince-in the County of Cardigan.— 374. l. 11. s. 3. d. q.  
The sum total of the yearly revenue of the Prince arising in the County of Carmarthen.— 406. l. 1. s. 7. d.  
The fee farm of Buelt.— 113. l. 6. s. 8. d.  
Montgomery.— 56. l. 13. s. 4. d.  
Perquisits and profits of the Sessions of the justices of Southwales.— 738. l. 6. s. 9 d. ob.  
Perquisits of the Courts of Haverford.— 41. l. 5. s. 3. d. ob.  
The sum total of the revenue in Southwales. 1730. l. 4 s. 11. d. ob.  
Out of which deducted for the fee of the justice of Southwales fifty pounds, there then remaineth— 1680. l. 4. s. 11. d. q.  
The total of all which the revenues of the Principality of Wales cast up in one entire sum together.— 4681. l. 12. s. 5. d. q.   
This Survey was made upon this occasion, as it seemeth, after the death of the Prince called the Black Prince: the Princess his wife was to have her dower to be allotted unto her out of those Revenues, which could not be without an extent and survey thereof first had by Commissioners thereunto appointed. And because the yearly value of the said revenues by reason of the sundry casual profits thereof were more or less yearly, and not of one certain value, the Commissioners observed this course, they did make choice of three several years, viz. 47. and 48. and 49 of E. 3. and did take out of the several profits of those years, and did cast them all into one sum, which they again divided into three equal parts, esteeming only of the said three parts to be the just yearly value of the said revenues, communibus an●i●, that is, one year with another. And in this account we find no other charges or reprizes allowed then the justice's fees only.   

This survey and account made above 200. years past is here inserted, to the end it might appear what the revenue of this principality alone was, besides the Duchy of Cornwall and Earldom of Chester near the first certain erection thereof in the hands of that worthy Prince commonly called the Black Prince.  
The said Prince of Wales surnamed the Black Prince, being also Duke of Aquitane, Gyves, and Cornwall, and Earl of Chester, after many fortunate victories achieved by him, having subdued a great part of France, and having taken john the French King prisoner at Poyteers in France, and after that also having vanquished Henry at Nave-roit in Spain, and restored Peter King of Arragon, he died in june being then about the age of forty six years, and in the fiftieth year of the reign of his father King Edward the Third, leaving behind him Richard his son and heir, borne at Bordeaux, and thereof surnamed Richard of Bordeaux. 
The Cronicks of England of this time.   

Rich. of Bordeaux son of the Black Prince created Prince of Wales after the death of his father.  This Richard surnamed of Bordeaux, son and heir of the said Edward the Black Prince, after the death of his father was created by his grandfather King Edward the Third, to be Prince of Wales, at Havoring at the Bower in the County of Essex the twentieth day of November in the fiftieth year of the reign of the said King Edward the third, the said Richard then being about the 
Charta Regia d●●a 20. Nou. An. 50. Ed. 3.  age of eleven years, and upon Christmas day then next following, the said King Edward the third caused the said Prince (being his Nephew) to sit at his table in high estate above all his uncle's being the King's sons, as representing the personage of the heir apparent to the Crown; and gave to him the two parts of all the said Principality, Counties, Lordships, Castles, and the most of the said Lands, which belonging to the said Black Prince, and the reversion of the third part thereof; (the possession of the third part thereof, then being to the mother of the said Prince Richard for her dowry) with a hundred thirteen pound six shillings eight pence yearly rend, payable by the Earl of March, as a fee farm for the Lordship and Lands of Beult; and eighty five marks for the fee Farm of the Castle, Lordship, and Land of Montgomery, with the vacations of Bishoprickes, excepting the fees of the Baron Marches of Wales, which do always hold of the Crown in Capite: and excepting the avoidance of the Bishopric of S. David's in Wales, which anciently also belonged to the Crown, with the like limitation of estate, viz. To the said Prince Richard & his heirs, Kings of England.  
It seemeth that these Lordships of Beult and Montgomery, being formerly granted to Edward the black Prince, were before this time, given away in fee farm, rendering the rents here spoken of.  
After the death of the said King Edward the Third, which was in the 51. year of his reign, the kingdom of England descended unto the said Richard, being his grandchild; and he was Crowned King thereof by the name of King Richard the Second: and in the three and twentieth year of his reign, he resigned his kingdom (or rather more truly) was deposed against his will, and after by a violent death, departed this life without issue. Henry of Bullinbrooke, Duke of Lancaster and Hereford, Earl of Derby, Leicester, and Lincoln, son and heir to john of Gaunt, fourth son to King Edward the Third, reigning in his stead.  

Ex Rotule Chartarum de deanno 1. regni regis, b. 4. Alta Charta eodem Anno.  Henry of Bullingbrooke, by the name of King Henry the Fourth by his Charter, dated at Westminster the fifteenth day of October, in the first year of his reign, created Henry his eldest son, surnamed of Munmouth, Prince of Wales, and invested him with the said Princely ornaments▪ viz. the Chaplet, Gold-Ring, and Rod or Verge of gold, To have and to hold, unto him and his heirs, Kings of England. And by one other Charter of the same date gave unto him, and to his heirs, Kings of England, the said Principality, with the Lordships, Castles, and Lands before mentioned in the Chartermade to the Black Prince, together with four Comots in the County of Carnarvan, viz. the Comots of Isaph, Vghaph, Nanconeway, and Grewthyn, not named before, and the reversion of the Lordship of Haverford, with the prices of Wines there, and of the Lordships Newyn, and Pughby in North-wales, which Thomas Percy Earl of Worcester then held for term of his life, of the demise of King Richard the Second; together also with the reversion of the County and Lordship of Anglesey in North-Wales, and the Castle of Bewmarris, and the Comots, Lands, Tenements, and Hereditaments belonging thereunto, which Henry Percy, son of the Earl of Northumberland, then held for term of his life, of the demise of the said King Henry the Fourth: and by an Act of Parliament made in the first year of King Henry the Fourth, whereby the Duchy of Lancaster is severed from the Crown of England. The Style of the said Prince is declared to be this, Prince of Wales, Duke of Aquitane, of Lancaster, and of Cornwall, and Earl of Chester. For the said King Henry the Fourth, having been himself Duke of Lancaster, before his assumption of the Crown; and knowing that the name of Duke being an inferior dignity, would extinguish and be surrounded in the Crown as in the Superior desired, (as by that Act of Parliament appeareth) not only to separate the said Duchy of Lancaster, and the lands thereof from the Crown, to the intent he might still hold the said Duchy as his ancient Patrimony, if he were put from the Crown, being but his new acquired dignity, but also to preserve the said style, title and name of Duke of Lancaster, in his posterity; which as the said act affirmeth, his Ancestors had so worthily borne and sustained.  
Afterwards the said Henry the Fourth, died in the fourteenth year of his reign, and the said Henry of Munmouth, Prince of Wales, succeeded him in the kingdom, by the name of King Henry the fifth, who also in the tenth year of his reign, died, leaving Henry his son behind him, being an Infant of the age of ten months, who by reason of his tender age, was not (as by any record extant can be proved) ever created Prince, but was proclaimed King immediately after the death of his father, by the name of King Henry the Sixt.  

Carta Regia 15. Marty. 32. he●. 6. Edward, son and heir apparent of King Hen. the sixth, Prince of Wales.  King Henry the sixth, by the advice and counsel of his Lords spiritual and temporal given to him in his Parliament holden in the thirty one year of his reign; did after wards by his Charter, bearing date at Westminster the fifteenth day of March, in the thirty two year of his reign, created Edward his son, borne at Westminster, by one and the selfsame patent, to be both Prince of Wales, and Earl of Chester, and invested him therein with the usual ensigns of that dignity, as had been in former time accustomed, 
His Creation.  To have and to hold the said dignities to him and his heirs, Kings of England: which Charter is recited in the Act of Parliament made for the confirmation thereof by Parliament, holden at Westminster the ninth day of july in the three and thirtieth year of the reign of the same King. 
33. h. 6.   
In which act of Parliament, is also recited another Charter, likewise confirmed by the said Parliament, whereby the said King did give unto the said Prince, the said Principality of Wales, together with all his Lordships and Lands, Castles and Tenements, by special names above mentioned, and in the former Charters granted and conveyed to the former Princes, and the said fee Farms and Rents of 113. l. 6. s. 8. d. out of the Lordship and town of Buelt, and the said 56. l. 13. s. 4. d. out of the Lordship, Castle and Town of Montgomery, likewise mentioned in the Charters of the former Prince. To have and to hold the same to him and his heirs Kings of England.  

The King to have the reucnues, till the Prince accomplish the age of fourteen years.  By the same act of Parliament also it was enacted (because the said Prince was then of tender years) there was assigned unto him a certain number of servants to attend on him according to his estate and dignity, which should beat diet in the King's house, until the said Prince should accomplish the age of fourteen years, and that the King should have all such sums of money as should clearly remain unto the Prince, due of all manner issues and revenues which the Prince then had in respect of his said Principality, Duchy, and Earldom, until the said age of fourteen years, the said Revenues to be accounted for to the King in his Exchequer: reserving unto the said Prince, until he should come to be of the age of eight years, a thousand pound yearly, and from that age, till he come to fourteen years, two thousand marks yearly for his wardrobes, wages of servants, and other necessary expenses. But saving always unto the King, the Aduousons' of Bishoprickes and spiritual livings, and the gifts of all offices, wards, releefes, and escheats belonging to the said Prince, until he should accomplish the said age of fourteen years, saving such estate in certain of the said lands, as the Queen had to her before the said time, assured unto the said Prince, should be of the said age of fourteen years, and saving certain particular sums of money in the said Act of Parliament, mentioned as were formerly appointed out of the said Lands, as well for expense of the Kings of England for their household, as otherwise during such particular times as are therein declared: provided that all offices formerly granted by the King, and needing actual exercise, and the fees due to the same should not be prejudiced by the said Act.  

Ex Charta Regia dot. In Scaccario penes Remem●r. Thesaurar. remanente.  Afterwards by another Charter, the said King doth release unto the said Prince, all the said grant of the said yearly sums of money issuing out of the revenues aforesaid; and all things by the said Act granted and appointed unto the said King, reserving only for the same unto the said King yearly, five hundred twenty seven marks, four shillings, seven pence halfpenny, to be issuing out of the said Principality and Earldom; and feaven hundred sixty seven marks, eleven shillings seven pence halfpenny; yearly, out of the said Duchy, until the said Prince should be of eight years of age; then reserving out of the said Principality and Earldom, yearly unto the King, two hundred seventy seven marks, four shillings seven pence half penny; and out of the said Duchy yearly, five hundred and seventeen marks, eleven shillings, seven pence half penny, until the said age of fourteen years of the Prince, for the said Duchy, and to be employed towards the charges of the King's household, and not otherwise.  
And the said King, by his Letters Patents, dated the eighteenth of january, in the five and thirtieth year of his reign, during the minority of the said Prince, ordained the then Archbishop of York, the then Bishop of Winchester, Hereford, Coventry, and Lichfield, and the Lord Keeper of the privy Seal; the Earls of Shrewesbury, Stafford, 
In Chartes pat. 35 b 6 pars 2. ●.  and Wiltes, the then Viscount Beaumont, and also john Sutton, and Thomas Stanley, Knights, to be of the privy Council unto the said Prince; enjoining all Officers and Ministers of the said Prince, that they and every of them should be obedient in the execution of all Commandments and Warrants of the said Councillors, or at the least, sour of them together, with the assent and consent of the Queen in all causes and matters concerning the titles, rights, possessions, and interests of the said Prince; and that the said Commandments and Warrants should be as available in that behalf, as if the same had been made or done by the said Prince himself, being of full age: which Commandment in all Leases of the said Prince's inheritance, was pursued accordingly.  
In the nine and thirtieth year of the said King Henry the Sixts reign, he being of the house of Lancaster, (such is the mutability, and so unstable are all humane things) that the said King being a man (as the times than were devout and religious) the founder of Schools and Colleges, virtuous, and a lover of peace, was by the violence of the heirs of the house of York, put from his kingdom, and committed to prison, and Edward, Earl of March, son and heir to Richard Duke of York, reigned in his stead, by the name of King Edward the Fourth.  
But yet behold the hand of God, for in the tenth year of the said King Edward the Fourth, upon discontentment, conceived against him by Richard Earl of Warwick, a man more popular and potent then was fit for a Subject, the said Richard, with a collected power, so pressed the King, that he was driven to fly the Realm, and to seek foreign aid, seeing his homebred subjects proved so unfaithful.  
Then King Henry the sixth, after ten years' imprisonment, readepted the kingdom, and in the said tenth year of King Edward the Fourth, wrote the forty ninth year of his reign, having endured ten years' intermission in the computation of his time, as appeareth in the books of Law of that age. But being thus seated, he was yet unsettled and after much effusion of blood; (for in a civil war, there is no true victory, in as much as he that prevaileth is also a loser:) King Henry the sixth was compelled again to give place to his adversary, and after to make that part sure, was deprived of life, having lost also Edward his son, Prince before spoken of, the hope of all his posterity, in the battle of Tewksbury.  

11. E. 4 pars 1. membr. 1.  Edward the Fourth, having thus gained the Crown, which had been thus shaken from his head, did by his Charter dated the 26. of ●une, in the eleventh year of his reign, create Edward of Westminster, his son, & heir apparent, Prince of Wales, and Earl of Chester. And by another like Charter of the same year, gave unto him the Lands and revenues of the said Principality and Earldom, To have and to hold, to him and his heirs, Kings of England. This Edward the Prince being of tender years, was borne in the Sanctuary of Westminster, whither the Queen his Mother was fled for her security; and during the time that the King her husband had avoided the Realm.  
Afterwards the said King by his letters Patents, bearing date the eight day of july, in the said eleventh year of his reign; ordained his Queen, the then Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, George Duke of Clarence, Richard Duke of Gloucester, brothers to the said king. The then Bishops of Bath and Wells, and Durham; Anthony Earl Rivers, the then Abbot of Westminster, Chancellor to the Prince, William Hastings knight, Lord Chamberlain to the king, Richard Fynes, Lord Dacres, Steward of the said Prince, john Fog, john Scot, knights, Thomas Vaughan, Chamberlain to the Prince, john Alcocke, and Richard Fowler, to be of Council unto the said Prince, giving unto them, and every four of them thereby, with the advice and express consent of the Queen, large power to advise and counsel the said Prince, and to order and dispose the Lands, revenues, and possessions of the said Prince, and the nomination of Officers belonging to the said Prince, when they should happen to become void, or that the parties were insufficient. The said authority thus given unto the said Councillors, to continue until the said Prince should accomplish the age of fourteen years, which was performed by them accordingly in all Leases, Dispositions, and Grants of the revenues of the said Prince.  

pat. 13. E. 4. pars 2.  The said king Edward the Fourth, by one other Charter, composed in English, and bearing date the tenth of November, in the thirteenth year of his reign, appointed the said Earl Rivers, being brother unto the Queen, to be the Governor of the person of the said Prince, and to have the education and the institution of him in all virtues worthy his birth, and to have the government and direction of his servants.  
King Edward the Fourth having reigned full two and twenty years, in the four and twentieth year of his reign, left this mortal life, ended his days at Westminster, & was interred at Windsor. Edward the Prince his son and heir then being at Ludlow, necre the Marches of Wales, for the better ordering of the Welsh under the government of the said Lord Rivers his uncle on the Mother's side, and upon the death of his father drawing towards London to prepare for his Coronation, fell into the hands of his uncle by the father, Richard Duke of Gloucester; and the said Lord Rivers being upon the way towards London was intercepted, and lost his head at Pomfret, for what cause I know not other than this, that he was thought to be too great an obstacle between a thirsty tyrannous desire and the thing that was so thirstily and tyrannously desired.  
Edward King of England the fist of that name (for so he was although he enjoyed it not long, being thus surprised under the power of his natural uncle, and yet his mortal enemy) was brought to London with great solemnity and pomp, and with the great applause of the people, flocking about to behold his person, as the manner of the English Nation is to do, whose new joys cannot endure to be fettered with any bonds. His said uncle calling himself Lord Protector of the King and his Realm, but indeed was the wolf to whom the Lamb was committed; for having thus surprised the King's person, he laboured by all means to get into his possession also the younger brother being Duke of York, knowing that they both being sundered, the safety of the younger would be a means to preserve the elder, and therefore by all sinister persuasions and fair pretences having obtained the younger Duke from his mother, the King and the Duke both for a time remained in the Tower of London, and there shortly after both in one bed were in the night smothered to death, and buried in an obscure and secret place unknown how and where, until one of the executioners thereof after many years being condemned to die for other his manifold crimes, confessed also his guilty fact in this pitifully tragedy, and the circumstance thereof, of which by reason of the secrecy and incertainty, diverse had before that diversely conjectured. And by this means all the provision 
Ed. 4. upon his return into England took an oath at York that he would not claim the Kingdom, but only the Duchy of York.  for the coronation of innocent Edward served the turn to set the Crown upon the head of tyrannous Richard: Out of which by the way I cannot but observe how hateful a bloody hand is, to almighty God the King of Kings, who revenged the bloodshed of those civil broils, whereof Edward the father had been the occasion, and the breach of his oath, upon those his two innocent infants.  
This tyrant and stain of the English Story, Richard Duke of Gloucester, usurped the Kingdom by the name of Richard the third, and became King; yet as our records of Law witness de facto, sed non de iure. And in the first year of his reign created Edward his son being a child of ten years of age, Prince of Wales, Lieutenant of the Realm of Ireland.  
But for that the prosperity of the wicked is but as the flourishing of a green tree, which whiles a man passes by is blasted dead at the roots, and his place knoweth it no more. So shortly afterwards, God raised up Henry Earl of Richmond the next heir of the house of Lancaster, to exteute justice upon that unnatural and bloody usurper and to cast him that had been the rod of God's judgements upon others, into the fire also. For in the third year of the reign of the said Richard, at the battle of Bosworth, whereinto the said Richard entered in the morning crowned in all Kingly pomp, he was slain, and his naked carcase with as much despite as could be devised was carried out thereof at night, and the said Henry Earl of Richmond, the Solomon of England, father to Margaret your Majesty's great Grandmother reigned in his stead, by the name of King Henry the seventh.  
This King Henry the seventh took to wife Elizabeth the eldest daughter, and after the death of her brothers, the relict heir of King Edward the fourth, by which marriage all occasions of further contention-betweene those noble families of York and Lancaster were taken away, and utterly quenched, and the red rose conjoined with the white. 
Inter warra. ad magnum sigillum in Cancellaria.   
The said King Henry the seventh by his letters patents dated the first day of December in the fifth year of his reign created Arthur his eldest son and heir apparent being then about the age of three years, Prince of Wales.  

Ex charta de concess. de ●ryg. etc. 9 h. 7.  Also there was a Charter of the grant of the lands of the said Principality, Earldom of Chester, and Flint, dated the twenty seventh of February in the said fifth year of the said King made unto the said Prince.  

Inter war. ad magnum sigillum in cancellaria.  The said King Henry the seventh by his Charter bearing date the twentieth day of March in the eight year of his reign did constitute and appoint the said Prince Arthur to be his justice in the County of Salope, Hereford, Gloucester, and the Marches of Wales, adjoining to the said Shires, to inquire of all liberties, privileges, and franchises, being possessed or claimed, or which then after, should be possessed or claimed by any person or persons, and which were to be seized into the King's hands, and of all escapes and felons, and those Inquisitions so from time to time to be taken to certify into the Chancery. And by the same Charter gave him power to substitute and appoint others under him for the better execution of the same which after wards by commission was executed accordingly.  
And the said King also by his Charter bearing date the fourteenth of june, in the eight year of his reign made and constituted the said Arthur Prince of Wales, and Governor, and Warden of the Marches of England towards Scotland, and substituted as his Lieutenant and vice-warden under him Thomas Earl of Surrey for the due execution thereof.  
Likewise the said King by his letters patents dated the fifth day of November in the ninth year of his reign in augmentation of the revenue of the Prince did grant unto the said Prince the honour, Castle, and Lordship of Wigmore, and diverse other Castles, Manors, and Lands, which sometime had been belonging to the Earldom of March, which came to the Crown by King Edward the fourth, who was himself Earl of March before he assumed his regal estate, To have and to hold during the pleasure of the King, yielding yearly the rent of two hundred pounds.  

A Council assigned the said Prince.  This Prince was sent into the Marches of Wales for the government of that Country, and in the seventeenth year of the reign of the said King his father, had a Council of very wise and worthy persons assigned unto him, as namely, Sir Richard Poole chief Chamberlain of the said Prince, Sir Henry Vernon, Sir Richard Crofts, Sir David Phillips, Sir William V dal, Sir Thomas Englefield, and Sir Peter Newton, Knights: john Wilson, Henry Marian, Doctor William Smith Precedent of his Council, and Doctor Charles, where not long afterwards the said Prince died in the Castle of Ludlow, without issue.  
After the death of the said Prince Arthur, King Henry the seventh by his letters patents dated the eighteenth of February in the 19 year of his reign, 
Charta creationis Pri●●. Waliae  in Parliament created Henry then his only son who after was King Henry the eight, and whom before that in the 11th. he had made Lord Lieutenant of Ireland by another Charter of the same year, Constable of the Castle of Dover; to be Prince of Wales, and Earl of Chester, being then about the age of twelve years, to have and to hold, 
10. h. 7.  to him and his heirs Kings of England for ever, being the like limitation of estate and with the like investure as in former times had been accustomed.  
But whether the said King did grant the lands and revenues belonging to the said Principality, unto the said Prince Henry or no, as he had done unto Prince Arthur his brother, doth not appear by any Charter that as yet thereof can be found.  
After the death of King Henry the seventh, the said Prince Henry was King of England by the name of King Henry the eight, he had issue, a son called Henry, who died very young, he likewise had issue, the Lady Mary, afterwards Queen, and the Lady Elizabeth our late Sovereign of most happy memory, and lastly Prince Edward the youngest in years, who first reigned after the death of his said father by the name of King Edward the sixth.  
But there cannot be found any Charters among the records, whereby it may appear that any of them were created Princes of Wales, or whereby any of the revenues of the said Principality were given or conferred unto any of them; so that it seemeth they were Princes generally by their birth, and not Princes of Wales by any creation or investure; for in a record of an account of the Duchy 
Com. ministre. ducat. cornws. 30. & 31. b. 8. inter recordeur augment.  of Cornwall in the time of the said Prince Edward, he is called by the name of the Prince of England, and not by the name of the Prince of Wales.  
And thus much touching the succession or ranks of the Princes of Wales which I have drawn in an historical, although a plain and homely manner, thereby the better to take away the harshness of the particularities of records intermingled therewith, which of themselves although they afford profitable knowledge, yet they do carry with them small delight; but also for that the variety of things in those succeeding ages in the sundry occurences and accidents thereof do yield good matter of observance and worthy memory, representing as it were the English State for the time of more than two hundred years together.  
Now therefore do rest nevertheless three things concerning the said Principality to be further considered of. First, in what manner and order the said Principality and Marches of Wales were governed and directed under the said Prince. Secondly, what officers aswell domestical as others, the said Princes had about them, and their fees as far forth as I could come to any certain knowledge thereof. And thirdly an abstract of the revenues of the said Principality, as they now stand in charge and be esteemed to your Majesty, whereby may be perceived what in time past the said revenues have been, and in what case they now stand.   

The manner of the government of the Principality and Marches of Wales.  
THe said Principality being under the government of the Princes of the Welsh blood (whose ancient patrimony yet remained until the Conquest thereof by King Edward the first, as before hath been showed) was guided, governed, and directed by their own municipal and homebred Laws, and the Customs of their Country. Most of which had their commencement from the Constitutions of one of their ancient Princes called Howell Dah, as their Historians have recorded. 
Doctor Pow. in Chronic. Wall.  But being reduced under the yoke by the said King Edward he divided certain parts of that Territory into Shires (as hath been declared) he caused the Welsh Laws to be perused, some whereof he did allow and approve, some others he did abrogate and disannul; and in their place appointed new, altogether according to the English manner of executing justice. He caused to be devised ce ta'en Briefs, Writs, or formulaeturis; 
Statum Walliae fol. 53.  and he instituted their manner of Process, plead, and course of their judicial proceedings. All which things do manisestly appear by the act of Parliament made at Rithlan in Wales, called therefore Statutum Walliae, which afore is remembered, and when they want a writ of form to serve the present case, then use they the writ of Quod ei deforciat, which supplieth that defect. 
2 E. 4 12 a.  And although the Principality of Wales, as hath appeared by some of the records above mentioned, were divided into three Provinces, North-wales, Southwales, and Westwales; for so in some of the former patents they are mentioned, yet for the jurisdiction thereof, it was divided into two parts, North-wales, and Southwales: for a great part of Westwales was comprehended within the Shire of Pembroke, which is a very ancient Shire of Wales, and the Territory thereof conquered by the English, 
Geraldus Camb. 23. 24. E. I. Ro●. 51.  in the time of William Rufus. Long time before the general conquest of Wales by Richard Strangbow, being English, and the Earl thereof, and called also by some Earl of Strigulia, or Chepstow, was the first that attempted the conquest of Ireland, in the days of Henry the second, which was above an hundred years before the conquest of Wales by King Edward the first. This Earldom of Pembroke had in ancient time palatine jurisdiction, and therefore in some records is called regalis comitatus Pembrochiae. 
Hill. 7. E. apud 〈…〉 r. Sca 〈…〉 rij.   

The Chamberlains accounts.  The Provinces of North-wales and Southwales were governed for Law in this manner. The Prince had and used to hold a Chancery, and a Court of Exchequer in the Castle of Carnarvan for North-wales, and had a judge or justice which ministered justice there to all the Inhabitants of North-wales, and therefore was called the justice of North-wales. The like Courts of Chancery and Exchequer he held in the Castle of Carmarthen for Southwales, where he had a justice also called the justice of Southwales, and the Courts of their justices 
3. E 3. 19 & i● le novel print. 63. a. 7. H 35. b. Chamberlains accounts.  or judges so held within their several Provinces, were called the great Sessions of those Provinces, and sometimes these justices were itinerant, and sat in every of the several Counties of his Province, in these great Sessions the causes of greatest moment, real, personal and mixed, and pleas of the Crown concerning life and members, were heard and determined. In these great Courts also upon creation of every new Prince, there were granted by the people of that Province unto the Prince, 
Minister's accounts 18. H. ●.  nomine recognitionis ad primum adventum principis, certain sums of money as it were in acknowledgement or relief of the new Prince, which sums of money are called by them Mises. These Mises or sums of money were granted by the people unto the Prince for his allowance of their Laws and ancient Customs, and a general pardon of their offences fineable or punishable by the Prince, and that sum of these Mises 
Minister's accompe●. 16 E. 4  for the Shire of Carmerthen only, amounted unto eight hundred marks, and for the Shire of Cardigan the total sum of these Mises 
Chamberlains accounts.  amounted unto six hundred marks, as by sundry records doth appear; these sums of money were paid at certain days by several portions, such as were appointed, and in the said Sessions agreed upon. Also in ●u●ry Shire of eu●ry of the said Provinces there were holden certain inferior Courts, called therefore County Courts, and Shire Courts, and Turns, after the manner of England; and which by some were also the petty Sessions. And there were also Courts inferior in sundry Counties for ending of causes of less moment and importance; and if any wrong judgement were given in any of these Courts inferior, the same was redressed by a writ of false judgement in the Court superior. And if any erroneous judgement were given in the 
19 H. 6. 12. b. 21. H. 7. 33. a.  great Sessions, which was the supreme Court of justice, that error was either redressed by the judgement of penal justices itinerant, or else in the Parliament, and not otherwise in any the Courts of justice now at Westminster.  

The Marches of Wales  As touching the government of the Marches of Wales, it appeareth by diverse ancient monuments that the Conqueror after he had conquered the English, placed diverse of his Norman Nobility upon the confines and borders towards Wales, and erected the Earldom of Chester, being upon the borders of North-wales, to Palatine, and gave power unto the said persons thus placed upon those borders, to make such conquests upon the Welsh, as they by their strength could accomplish, holding▪ it a very good policy, thereby not only to encourage them to be more willing to serve him, but also to provide for them at other men's costs And hereupon further ordained that the lands so conquered, should be holden of the Crown of England in capite, and upon this and such like occasions deuers of the Nobility of England having lands upon the said borders of Wales made roads and incursions upon the Welsh, whereby diverse parts of that Country near or towards the said borders were won by the sword from the Welshmen, and were planted partly with ●nglish Colonies; and and the said lands so conquered, were holden per Baronia, and were called therefore Baronyes, Marchers. 
Another policy  In such manner did Robert Fitzhamo● acquire unto himself, and such others as assisted him, the whole Lordship of Glamorgan; using in some resemblance the Roman policy, to enlarge Territories by stepping in between two competitors, and by helping the one he subdued the other, and after ●urning his sword against him whom he assisted, and making this the pretence of his quarrel allege that he whom he had assisted, had denied to make unto him sufficient recompense for his sustained travils, and so made himselve absolute owner of all, likewise Barnard Newmarch 
The original of the Baro▪ ni●s Ma●●●●●●s.  conquered the Lordship of Brecknock, containing three canters, and established his conquest by a marriage in the Welsh blood: H●gh Lacie conquered the lands of Ewyas, called after his name Ewyas Lacie, and others did the like in other places of the borders, all which were Baronies, Marchers, and were holden by such the Conquerors thereof in capite of the Crown of England, and because they and their posterity might the better keep the said Lands so acquired, and that they might not be withdrawn by suits of Law from the defence of that which they had thus subdued. The said Lordships and Lands so conquered, were ordained Baronies Marchers▪ and ●ad a kind of Palatine ●urisdiction erected in ●u●ry of them, 
1●. E 2. Fitz. ●ss●●. 182.  and power to administer justice unto their Tenants in every of their Territories; having therein, Courts with diverse privileges, franchises, and immunities; so that the Writs of ordinary justice, out of the King's Courts, were for the most part not currant amongst them. Nevertheless if the whole Barony had come in question, or that the strife had been two Barons Marchers, touching their Territories or confines thereof: for want of a Superior, they had recourse unto the King their supreme Lord; and in these and such like cases, 
13. E. ●. Fitz●a. jurisdiction 23. 47. E. 3. 5. 67. 6. h. ●▪ Fitz●a. ●urisdiction 34. 7. ●. 635. 36. ●. 30. ●6. 6. ●.  where their own jurisdiction failed, justice was unministred unto them in the Superior Courts of this Realm. And this was the state of the government of the Marches of Wales, both before and after the general Conquest of Wales, made by king Edward the First, as hath been declared, until the seven and twentieth year of King Henry the Eight.  
And as touching the first Council, established in the Marches of Wales, it is conceived by the best and most probable opinions amongst Antiquaries, that the same began in or about the seaventeenth year of king Edward the Fourth, when as Prince Edward his son was sent unto the Marches of Wales, under the tuition of the Lord Ri●ers his Uncle by the Mother's side, as a●ore hath appeared: and at what time also ●ohn, Bishop of Worcester, was appointed Lord Precedent of Wales. 
●ohn, Bishop of Worcester, first Precedent of the Marches of Wales. Doctor powel, in C●●on. Walli● p. 389.   
Prince Arthure, the son of King Henry the Seaventh, in the seaventeenth year of the reign of the said King, went into Wales; at what time, Doctor William Smith was then Precedent of the Council of the Marches of Wales, who was after Bishop of Lincoln, and founder of the College of Br●sen nose, in the University of Oxford. This man was also Precedent in the time of king Henry the eight, until the fourth year of the reign of the same king; at what time ●effry Blyth Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, succeeded in the office of Precedent of the said Council.  
The Lady Mary, eldest Daughter of king Henry the Eight, and afterwards Queen, did carry the title of Princes of Wales for a while, although the parent of her creation be not now to be found: under whom, ●ohn Voysey Doctor of the laws, and afterwards Bishop of Exeter, was Precedent of that Council.  
There succeeded him in the office of Precedent of the Council of the Marches of Wales, Rowland Lee, Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield. And this was the state and government of the Principality and Marches of Wales, in the seven and twentieth year of king Henry the Eight.  

Stat. 27 h. 8. cap. 26.  The said king by a Statute made in the seven and twentieth year of his reign, united and annexed the Principality and Dominion of Wales unto the Realm of England; altering in many parts, the former jurisdiction and government thereof, bringing the same to the like administration of justice as was, and yet is usual in England: appointing that the laws of England should take place there, and that all Welsh Laws, sinister Customs and Tenors, not agreeable to the Laws of England, should be thenceforth for ever abrogated and abolished. Of which union and annexation, first for that there of hath ensued great peace, tranquillity, civility, and infinite good to the Inhabitants of that Country of Wales. Secondly, because in some respect it may serve as a project and precedent of some other union and annexation by your Majesty, of as much, or of more consequence and importance: And thirdly, because the same union doth contain an express image of the politic government of the Realm of England. I have presumed with convenient brevity upon this good occasion here in this place to express the same: 
Statutum de 24. h. 8. cap. 26.  Therefore whereas in former time there had been in Wales anciently eight several Shires or Counties, besides the County of Munmouth, which was the ninth, and that some other Territories in Wales were then no shire grounds, by reason where of the laws of England could have no currant passage therein. For all the ordinary Ministers and executioners of the process of the Laws of England, or which have Vicountiell jurisdiction, are the Officers of particular Shires, as the Sheriffs, the Coroners, the Escheators, and such like. Therefore by the said Act of Parliament, there are erected in Wales, four other new ordained Shires of the Lands not formerly so divided; namely, the several Shires of Radnor, Brecknock, Montgomery, and Denbyh; and those also together with the former ancient shires, are by that Act of Parliament, and by the Statute of 38. h. 8. subdivided into canters, and all the March grounds being then neither any part of Wales, although formerly conquered out of Wales, neither any part of the Shires of England. 
Stat. 27. h. 8. cap. 26.  The said king by his said Act of Parliament, did annexe and unite, partly unto the said Shires of England, and partly unto the Shires of Wales, next adjoining, as was thought then (by reason of vicinity of place, and other correspondency) most convenient, as by the said Acts of Parliament appeareth: which the said king was the rather occasioned to do, for most of the said Baronies Marchers were then in his own hands. And for that also diverse murders, rapes, robberies, and enormities had been there committed; and by reason of the flight of the offenders, from one Barony, as is usual upon the borders, they had escaped due and condign punishment for their such enormities and odious offences. 
Stat. 27. h. 8. cap. 26.  He ordained also that the County of Mounmouth, formerly being a Shire of Wales, should be governed from thenceforth in like manner, and by the same judges, as other the Shires of England. And for the other twelve Shires, he ordained a special jurisdiction and Officers, but yet in substance, agreeable, and after the manner of the English Laws, although for the circumstance of time, and place, and persons, in some few things discordant.  

Stat. 27. h. 8. cap. 26.  He ordained, that out of every of the said Shires of Wales, there should be one Knight, and out of every of the shire Towns of Wales, named in the said Act of Parliament, there should be one Burgess elected, after the English manner: which Knights and Burgesses so selected, and duly upon summons of every Parliament in England, returned, should have place and voice in the Parliament of England, as other the Knights and Burgesses of England used to have.  

Circuits. 34. h. 8. cap. 26. Stat.  And for the administration of justice in the said twelve Shires of Wales, there was by the Act of Parliament of 34. H. 8. ordained sour several Circuits, Precyncts, or Conuentus juridicus, allotting to every of them, three of those Shires, so that the chief justice of Chester hath under his jurisdiction, the three several Shires of Denbigh, Flint, and Montgomery; his fee is yearly, 100 l.  

justice  The Shires of Carnarnon, Merioneth, and Anglesey, are under the justice of North-Wales, whose fee is 50. l.  
The Counties of Carmardin, Pembroke, and Cardigan, have also their justice, whose yearly fee is 50. l.  
The Counties of Radnor, Brecknock, and Glamorgan, have also their justice, whose fee is yearly 50. l.  

Stat. 18. Eliz. cap. 8.  After by an Act of Parliament made 18. Eliz. cap. 8. one other justice assistant, was ordained to the former justices: so that now every of the said four Circuits, have two justices, viz. one chief justice, and a second justice assistant.   

Their Jurisdiction.  

Stat. 34. h. 8. cap. 2. & 4. Stat. 18. Eliz. cap. 8.  THese justices in every of their Circuits, have almost the same jurisdiction, that the ancient justices in Eyre, or justices Itinerant had. 
Criminal Causes.  First, they had power to hear and determine all criminal causes which are called in the laws of England, The pleas of the Crown: and herein they have the same absolute jurisdiction, that the justices have of your Majesty's Bench, commonly called the King's Bench.  

Civil Causes.  They have also jurisdiction to hear and determine all civil Causes, which are called in the Laws of England, Common pleas, 
Common pleas.  and to take the acknowledgement of all Fines, levied of lands or hereditaments, without suing any dedimus potestatem; and herein they have the same jurisdiction, that the justices of the Common place do execute in the Hall at Westminster. Also they may hear and determine all assizes upon disseisons of lands or hereditaments, wherein they equal the jurisdiction of the justices of affize.  

justices of af●ise.  They may hear and determine all notable violences and outrages perpetrated or done within their several Precyncts, and therein they have the power, authority, and jurisdiction of the justices of Oyer and Terminer.   

Their Chancery Seal and Writs.  
FOrasmuch as no suit can commence between party and party, nor orderly justice can be done without complaint of the Pursuant, and summons and monition given unto the defendant: which summons, the policy of England from the beginning of the first foundation of this Commonwealth hath appointed to be performed by that kind of formulae juris, which the common law calleth a Writ or Brief: so called as Bracton saith, Breve quia rem quae est et intentionem petent is breviter ●narrat, and which Writ is always conceived in form in the King's name, in manner of a Precept royal, and sealed with the King's great Seal. Therefore in the appointing of this jurisdiction, there is ordained to every Circuit or Precynct, a several Seal for the sealing of such Writs and 
Writs either judicial or Original.  Commissions as the case shall require within that Circuit. And forasmuch as all Writs are either original, such as do begin the Suit, or else judicial, such as command and warrant the execution; therefore it is by the said Statute made in 34. h. 8. ordained that the Seal serving for Original Process in the several Shires of Denbigh and Montgomery, should be in the custody of the Chamberlain of Denbigh; and that the Original Seal of Chester, shall be, and stand for the Original Seal of Flint, and shall be in the custody of the Chamberlain of Chester. The like Seal serving for the several Shires of Carnarvan, Merioneth, and Anglesey, to be in the custody of the Chamberlain of North-Wales.  
The like Seal concerning the several Shires of Radnor, Brecknock, and Glamorgan, is committed to the custody of the Steward of Brecknock.  
And finally, the like Seal serving the several Shires of Carmarden, Pembroke, and Cardigan, is in the usage of the Chamberlain of South-Wales.  
These Chamberlains are as Chancellors in this behalf, and have the sealing of all Original Writs and Commissions, within their several Precyncts, and these Chamberlains may also award out several Writs to all under-receivers of the revenues and ministers to make their accounts.  
The Seal for the sealing of judicial Writs, is appointed by the said Statute of 34. h. 8. to be and remain by the justices of every of the said Circuits for the more expedite execution of their judgements.   

Their Sessions and manner of Sittings.  

The great Sessions.  EVery of these justices in their several Circuits, shall be Itinerant twice every year, and sit in every of the Shires within their authority, by the space of six days together, at a place certain by them to be appointed; and upon proclamation of summons to be made fifteen days before the said sit, where all persons requiring justice, may purchase their Writs, and proceed in their suits. 
Adiournements.  And where adiournements of the Causes there depending, shall be de die in diem, and if the Cause can have no end during the sitting, then from Sessions to Sessions, as the nature of the business shall require, and according to the discretion of the said justices: and these sit are called the great Session.  
And if there shall be such multitude of pleas personal, as that they cannot be tried at the same great Sessions, than the issues there in trial, shall and may be tried at some other Sessions before the Deputy justice, which is therefore called the petty Sessions. 
34. ●. 8. cap. 26. ●. 33.   
And if any erroneous judgement be given by the said justices in any real action, the same shall be reversed by Writ of error, before the justices of the King's Bench. And if the said erroneous judgement shall be in any action personal, the same shall be reversed by Bill before the Lord Precedent of the Marches and Council there.   

Officers, Ministers, Clerks, and Writers for the expediting of the said great Sessions.  
FIrst, there are the Chamberlains of every of the said Circuits, as hath been said, who are properly and originally the Treasurers of the revenue within their charge, and by the said Statutes, are also keepers of the Seals as aforesaid, wherein they do undertake in part the office of a Chancellor.  
And in every of the said Circuits, there is the Attorney or Regius advocatus and Solicitor.  

Prothonatory.  There is a Prothonotary or chief Register, who draweth all the plead, entereth and engrosseth the Records and judgements in civil causes, and engrossing Fynes. 
Clerk of the Crown.  And there is also a Clerk of the Crown, which draweth and engrosseth all Inditements and Proceedings, Arraignements and judgements in Criminal causes. And these two Officers are at your Majesty's appointment. 
At the King's appointment.   

The Marshal.  There is a Marshal to attend the persons of the judges at their common sitting, and going from the Sessions or Court.  

Cryer.  There is a Crier, tanquam publicus preco, to call forth such persons, whose appearances are necessary, and to impose silence to the people. And these two Officers last remembered, are disposed by the justices. And thus much touching the justices of the great Sessions.  
There are also other ordinary officers appointed for every shire in Wales, by the said Statute of 34. h. 8. such and in like manner as in other the Shires of England.  
There is a Commission under the great Scale of England, to certain Gentlemen, giving them power to preserve the peace, and to resist and punish all turbulent persons, whose misdemeanour may tend to the disquiet of the people: and these are called the justices of Peace, and every of them may well be termed Eirenarcha. The chief of them is called Custos Rotulorum, in whose custody all the Records of their proceedings are resident. Others there are of that number, called justices of the Peace, and quorum, because in their Commissions, whereby they have power to sit and determine Causes, concerning breach of peace and misbehaviour; the words of their Commission are conceined this quorum, such and such, unum vel duos, etc. esse volumus, and without some one or more of them of the quorum. No Sessions can be holden, and for the avoiding of a superfluous number of such justices; for through the ambition of many, it is counted a credit to be burdened with that authority. The Statute of 34. h. 8. hath expressly prohibited, that there shall be but eight justices of peace within every of the Counties and Shires of Wales; which if the number were not indefinite for the Shires of England, it were the better. These justices do hold their Sessions quarterly.  
And it is further ordained by the said Statute of 34. h. 8. that two justices of peace, where of one to be of the quorum, may hold their Sessions without any greater number.  

The Clerk of the Peace.  In every of the said Shires where the said Commission of the Peace is established. There is also a Clerk of the Peace for the entering and engrossing of all proceedings before the said justices and this Officer is appointed by the Custos Rotulorum.  

The Sheriff. 34. h. 8. cap. 16.  Every of the said Shires hath his Sheriff, which word being of the Saxon English, is as much to say, as a Sbire Reeve, or minister, or Bailiff of the County: his Function or Office is two fold, Ministerial or judicial. As touching his Ministerial office, he is the Minister and executioner of all the process and precepts of the Courts of Law, and thereof aught to make return or certificate. And as touching his judicial office, he hath authority to hold two several Courts of distinct natures, the one called the Turn, because he keepeth a Turn or Circuit about his shire, holding the same in several places; wherein he doth inquire of all offences perpetrated against the Common Law, and not forbidden by any Statute or Act of Parliament. And the jurisdiction of this Court, is derived from justice distributive, and is for criminal offences. The other is called the County Court, 
The County Court derived from justice Commutative.  where he doth determine all petty and small causes. Civil under the value of forty shillings, arising within the said County; and thereof it is called the County Court. And the iutisdiction of this Court is drawn from justice Commutative, and is held every month. The office of the Sheriff is Annual, and by the Statute of 34. h. 8. it is ordained, that the Lord Precedent, Council and justices of Wales, or three of them at the least, where of the Precedent to be one, shall yearly nominate three fit persons for that office, of whom the King's Majesty may elect and choose one, who thereupon shall have his Patent, and be Sheriff of the said shire.  

Escheator. 34. h. 8. cap. 16.  Every of the said Shires hath an Officer, called an Escheator, which is an officer to attend the King's revenue, and to seize into his Majesty's hands, all lands, either escheated, goods or lands for seited, and therefore he is called Escheator, and he is to inquire by good inquest, of the death of the King's Tenants, and to whom their lands are descended; and to seize their bodies and lands for ward, if they be within age, and is accountable for the same. And this Officer in Wales is named by the Lord Treasurer of England, by the advice of the Lord Precedent, Council, and justices, or three of them at the least, whereof the Lord Precedent to be one. There are also in every of the said shires, two Officers, called Coroners; 
Coroners. 34. h. 8. cap. 26.  they are to inquire by inquest, in what manner, and by whom every person dying of a violent death, came to his death, and to enter the same of Record, which is matter criminal, and a plea of the Crown, and thereof they are called Coroners or Crowner's, as one hath written, because their inquiries ought to be public, & in corona populi. These Officers 
Skeene in verborum significationem juris Scotiae. These are in Scotland.  are chosen by the Freeholders' of the Shire, by virtue of a Writ out of the Chancery de Coronatore eligendo; and of them I need not to speak more, because these Officers are elsewhere.  

Constables of the hundred.  Forasmuch as every shire is divided into hundreds, there are also by the said Statute of 34. h. 8. cap. 26. ordained that two sufficient Gentlemen or Yeomen shall be appointed Constables of every hundred.  

The Goal.  Also there is in every Shire, one Goal or Prison appointed for the restraint of liberty of such persons, as for their offences are thereunto committed, until they shall be delivered by course of law.  
Finally, in every hundred of every of the said shires, the Sheriffs thereof shall nominate sufficient persons to be Bailiffs of that hundred, and Vnderministers of the Sheriff, and they are to attend upon the justices in every of their Courts, and Sessions.   

The Government of the Marches of Wales, after the Statutes of an. 27. & 34. H. 8.  
BY the said Statute of 34. H. 8. ca 26. it is further ordained that the Precedent and Council in the said Dominion and Principality of Wales, and the Marches of the same, with all Officers, Clarks and incidents thereunto, should continue and remain in manner and form as was then formerly used and accustomed.  
And therefore the said Rowland Lee spoken of before, being Lord Precedent of the Council of the Marches of Wales at the time of the making of the said Statute, so continued after the making thereof, until his death, being in the four and thirtieth year of the said King Henry the eight. After whom succeeded in the office of the said Precedent Richard Samson, Bishop first of Chester, and after removed to Coventry and Litchfield, who continued Lord Precedent until the second year of King Edward the sixth, at what time john D●dley then Earl of Warwick, and after Duke of Northumberland, was Precedent of the said Council, who so continued until the fourth year of the said King. And after him succeeded Sir William Herbert Knight of the noble Order of the Garter, and after Earl of Pembroke, who continued Precedent until the first year of Queen Mary. Next succeeded Nicholas Heath, than Bishop of Worcester, and after Archbishop of York, and Lord Chancellor of England. And upon the removing of the said Archbishop, the said Sir William Herbert again succeeded as Precedent of the said Council, until the sixth year of the said Queen Mary, at what time followed him Gilbert Browne, Bishop of Bath and Wells, who so continued until the death of the same Queen. In the beginning of the reign of the late Queen Elizabeth, Sir john William's, Lord William's of Tame, of whom the Lord Norris is descended, was appointed Precedent of the said Council, and died the same year. And after him succeeded Sir Henry Sidney, Knight of the noble Order of the Garter, whose love to learning, & favour to learned men, need not here to be spoken, he continued Lord Precedent of Wales about four and twenty years and six months, he served in Ireland eight years and six months, being there three several times Lord Deputy general in that Country. During some part of the time of the abode in Ireland of the said Sir Henry Sidney, there served in Ireland as Precedent or Vice-President, john, Bishop of Worcester, and now Lord Archbishop of Canterbury. After this succeeded Henry Earl of Pembroke, son in law to the said Sir Henry Sidney, and father to the right honourable the Earl of Pembroke that now is. And after him Edward Lord Zouch, now present Lord Precedent of that Council.  
The Precedent and Council of the Marches of Wales have power and authority to hear and determine 
The jurisdiction of the Council of the Marches of Wales. Statum 34. H. ●. ca 26.  by their wisdoms and discretions, such causes and matters as be or shall be assigned to them by the King's Majesty, and in such manner as shall be so prescribed unto them by instruction signed with his hand.  
The Council assisting the Lord Prince, consisteth of these, the chief justice of Chester, together with three other of the said justices of Wales, who after their Sessions ended, are for the most part resident at the Council; and these are ordinary; there are diverse extraordinaries, both Lords and Knights, and such others as are learned in the Laws, and are to be called to Council when the Lord Precedent shall think requisite, and every such of the Council extraordinary learned in the Laws, when they are called, and do serve there, they are allowed their diet for them and their men, and six shillings eight pence per dum, during the time of their Attendance.  
The Officers there serving to the administration of justice (as I am informed) are these: The Clerk of the Counsel, the Clerk of the Signet, the Register: all which were granted to one man by the late Queen Elizabeth, and are executed by his deputy, the Examiner, the Remembrancer, the Receiver of the Fines, the Attorney, the Solicitor, the Porter: to whose custody such delinquents as deserve to suffer restraint of liberty are committed, etc. Two Messengers, and a Sergeant at Arms.  
And thus much, briefly, touching the ancient and modern estate and government of the Principality of Wales, and of the Marches of the same.  
Next followeth to be considered (according to the former order proposed) the ancient and modern officers of the said Principality serving the Lord Prince, and what fees and salary were allowed unto them.  
The ancient Officers their names and fees collected out of diverse ancient Accounts, were these following.   


In North-wales.  

justice of North-wales.  THe justice of North-wales whose ancient fee was uncertain, but yet for the most part yearly his fee was 50. l. howbeit I find that Sir William Stanley Knight, to whom King Henry the seventh gave the office of justice of Nothwa●es; for his life he had the yearly fee of 133. l. 8. s. 8. d. a. ●. H. 7. but this seemeth to have been of favour.▪ 50. l.  

Chamberlain.  The Chamberlain of North-wales whose ancient fee was yearly— 20. l.  

Auditor.  The Auditor of North-wales, viz. Chester and Flint, his ancient fee was 10. l. yearly, with allowance of 10. s. per diem, while he was in executing this office, and finishing the account.— 10. l.  

comptroller.  The controller of all pleas, fines, amerciaments, and redemptions, or ransoms, his yearly fee was— 12. l. 3. s. 4. d.  

Attorney.  The Attorney for North-wales, viz. of the Counties of Carnarvan, Merioneth, and Anglesey, his fee was yearly— 56. s. 8. d.  

Surveyor.  The Supervisor or Surveyor of the Castles, Manners, Lands, Tenements, and Hereditaments of the Prince in North-wales, his yearly fee was— 10. l.  

Constable.  The Constable of the Castle of Carnarvan, his fee was uncertain, sometimes 60. l. and sometimes but— 40. l.  

Captain.  The Captain of the Town of Carnarvan, his fee was yearly 12. l. 3. s. 4. d. and some times one man had both the offices of Constable of the Castle, and Captain of the Town having 60. l. yearly for both the offices.— 12. l. 3. s. 4. d.  

Soldiers.  There were allowed sometime unto the said Constable and Captain 24. Soldiers for the safe custody of the Castle and Town, and every of them was allowed 4. ds per diem, amounting in the whole unto 146. l. by the year.— 146. l.  

Porter.  The Porter of the Gates of the said Town of Carnarvan, whose fee was yearly— 3. l. 10. d.  

Constable.  The Constable of the Castle of Conway, his fee was yearly, sometimes 40. l. and sometimes— 50. l.  

Captain.  The Captain of the Town of Conway had for his yearly fee 12. l. 3. s. 4. d. and most commonly he that was Constable of the Castle, was also Captain of the Town.— 12. l. 3. s. 4. d.  

Soldiers.  There were also allowed to the said Constable and Captain 24 soldiers for the safe custody of the said Town and Castle, and every of them was allowed 4. d per diem, amounting yearly to— 146. l.  

Porter:  The Keeper and Porter of the Gates of Conway, his fee was— 4. d. per diem.  

Constable  The Constable of the Castle of Hardlaigh in the County of Merioneth his fee yearly was 26. l. 13. s. 4. d in some accounts he was allowed 50. l. which I think was for ●oth offices of Constable and Captain.— 26. l. 13. s. 4. d.  

Soldiers.  There were also allowed 24 soldiers for the guard of the said Town and Castle of Hard●aigh, their wages amounting yearly to— 146. l.  

Constable.  The Constable of the Castle of Bewmarisse, his yearly fee was— 40. l.  

Captain.  The Captain of the Town of Bewmarisse, his yearly fee was— 12. l. 3. s. 4. d.  

Soldier's  There were also 24. soldiers allowed for the guard of the said Town and Castle of Bewmarisse, every of which were allowed 4. d. per diem, amounting to— 146. l.  

Porter.  The Porter or Keeper of the Gate of Bewmarisse had for his fee— 9 l. 2. s. 6. d.  

Forrester;  The chief Forester of the Forest of Snowdon, his fee.— 11. l. 8. s.  

Steward.  The office of the Steward of the Towns of Newborough and Roffaire, his fee was yearly— 10. l.  

Martial.  The Marshal and Keeper of the justice house in the Town of Carnarvan, his yearly fee was— 26. s. 8. d.  
The Clerk of the great Sessions I find not.  

Exchequer.  There was a Court of Exchequer of the Prince's revenues for North-wales holden in the Castle of Carnarvan, in which Court there were certain fees allowed for expenses of parchment, paper, bags for money, and for portage of money, and such other small charges, which were variable according to the occasions and times   

Southwales.  

justice,  THe justice of Southwales, whose ancient fee was yearly 20. l. at some times— 40. l.  

Auditor.  The Auditor of Southwales, his ancient fee was yearly 40. l. but sometimes his fee was but 20. l. and 5. s. per diem, whiles he exercised his office.  

Attorney.  The Attorney of South wales, who had yearly for his fee— 8. l. 13. s. 4. d.  

Constable.  The Constable and Usher of the Castle of Carmarthen, whose yearly fee was— 20. l.  

Sheriff.  The Sheriff of the County of Carmarthen, whose yearly fee was— 50. s.  

Steward.  The Steward general of the Comets of the County of Carmarthens fee— 6. l. 13. s. 4. d.  

Clarke.  The Clerk of the County, Courts, and small Sessions in the County of Carmarthen, his yearly fee— 40. s.  

Crier.  The Crier of the County, Courts, and small Sessions in the said County, whose fee is yearly— 6. s. 8. d.  

Steward.  The Steward of the Welsh Courts in the County of Carmarthen, his fee— 6. l. 13. s. 4. d.  

Penkeys.  The office of the Penkeys in the Comets of Widegada and Elvet fee— 4. s.  

Steward.  The Steward of the Welsh Courts of Widegada and Elvet, his yearly fee— 3. l. 6. s. 8. d.  

Clarke.  The Clerk of the Welsh Courts of Widegada and Elvet, whose yearly fee— 6. s. 8. d.  

Bailiff.  The Bailiff itinerant for Carmarthen, whose yearly fee was— 5. l.  

Baliffe.  The Bailiff itenerant for Gantree, whose yearly fee was— 6. l. 13. s. 4. d.  

Constable  The Constable of the Castle of Cardigan, whose ancient fee was yearly— 40. l.  

Sheirffe.  The Sheriff of the County of Cardigan, whose yearly fee is— 5. l.  

Clarke.  The Clerk of the County, Courts, T●rnes, and small Sessions of the County of Cardigan, his yearly fee was— 40. s.  

Cryer.  The Crier of the County, Courts, and small Sessions in the said County, fee— 6. s. 8. d.  

Clerk.  The Clerk of the Hundreds in Cardigan, his fee was yearly— 6. s. 8. d.  

Steward.  The Steward of the Welsh Courts in the County of Cardigan, his fee was— 10. l.  

Clerk.  The Clerk for writing the rolls in the Welsh Courts, his yearly fee was in the County of Cardigan— 6. s. 8. d.  

Clerk.  The Clerk for writing of the rolls in the Comets of Isherwen, his yearly fee— 6. s. 8. d.  

Bailiff.  The Bailife itinerant of Cardigan, his ancient fee was yearly— 5. l.  

Bailiff.  The Bailife itinerant for Lampaderne, his yearly fee was— 6. l. 13. s. 4 d.:  

Captain.  The Captain of the Town ●f Abeenstowith, his yearly fee was 18. l. 5. s. he was allowed twelve Archers for the custody of the said Town and Castle.  

Escheator.  The Escheator for the two Shires of Carmarthen and Cardigan, his yearly fee— 10. l.  

Clerk.  The Clerk of the great Sessions for both the Counties of Carmarthen and Cardigan, his yearly fee was— 5. l.   

Exchequer.  There was a Court of Exchequer likewise for the revenues of the Prince of Southwales, kept in the Castle of Carmarthen, and yearly allowances for the expenses thereof, as in the Province of North-wales.  
By this it appeareth that the Province of Southwales chargeable to the Prince, extended for the most part into the two Counties of Carmarthen and Cardigan, the rest of Southwales, as Munmoth and Glamorgan, etc. were in the hands of others, as before hath appeared.  
The reason of the difference of the officers that were in Southwales from those that were in North-wales was, for that North-wales was divided in Counties, and framed into Shires, and ordered according to the English Laws by the Statute made at Ruthlane, called Statutum Walliae, often before mentioned, made in the time of King Edward the first, whereas Southwales nevertheless remained governed in some things according to the Welsh Laws and customs, even until the said Statute made in an. 27. H. 8.  
Thus much concerning the officers of both Provinces of North-wales and Southwales.   

The Province of Wales had also diverse and sundry officers about his person,  
and of his household, which were these that follow, as they are collected out of Records, where mention is made of them.  

The Council.  The Council of the Prince, consisting of diverse Honourable, Worshipful and Learned persons, to council, for the leasing and good disposing of his revenues.  

Governor.  The Governor of the Prince's person to whom the education and institution of the young Prince was committed. Such was the Lord Rivers unto Prince Edward, I 〈…〉 to King Edward the Fourth, wherein also the Queen, Mother unto the Prince; had a special interest, for few things were done concerning the Prince, without her privity and advice.  

Chamberlain 21 E. 3 pat. part 2.  The Chamberlain to the Prince, it appeareth that Richard ●e 〈…〉 B 〈…〉 e was Chamberlain to the black Prince, son and heir to King Edward the Third: And Sir Thomas Poole was chief Chamberlain to Prince Arth●re: so was Thomas V 〈…〉, to Prince Edward, son to King Edward 
Hollinshead.  the Fourth.  

The Attorney. 11 E. 4 ●at. pars 1.  The Attorney general to the Prince▪ William Ruddall was sometimes Attorney to the Prince.  

The Clerk.  The Clerk of the Prince's Council, or Secretary, and the keeper of his Books, Writings, and Records, his fee was 10. l. per annum, and his dy 〈…〉▪ one Thomas Tamworth had this office.  

The Usher.  The Usher of the Council Chamber of the Prince, his fee was 10. l. per annum, and his charges for attendance of the Council there; one Thomas 〈◊〉 sometimes and this office.  

The Usher of the Prince's Chamber.  The Gentleman Usher of the Princes privy Chamber, Sir Thomas Wroth had this office to Prince Edward in the life of King H. 8. and yet was that Prince never created Prince of Wales.  
The keeper of the Prince's Wardrobe, who sometimes was one Giles Danies, and had a Patent there of with a fee of 5. l. 10. s. yearly.  

These Officers that follow, are principally necessary, besides many other Officers inferior left out and ●● doubt did serve the Princes of this Realm, although no mention of them of Record.  
The Treasurer or Receiver general of the Prince of all his Revenues, which appeareth in this, that he had his general Exchequer at Westminster.  
The Princes chief Secretary.  
The Master of the Prince's Horses, under whom are his Equiryes, and those that teach him to ride.  
The School masters of the Prince, as namely, those that teach him 

The Arts and Philosophy.  
The Tongues, as the French, Italian, Spanish, etc.  
The principles of the Laws of the Realm, and of the civil and Ecclesiastical laws.      

A note of the Officers both modern and present of the local Principality of Wales, which Officers are allowed fees and other charges going out of the said Principality, as doth appear by diverse accounts before the Auditors the last year, viz. the 44. year of Elizabeth.  


Carnaruonshire.  THe Chamberlain of North-Wales in the Counties of Carnarvan, Anglesey, and Merioneth, his yearly fee is——— 20. l.  
The Constable of the Castle of Carnarvan, his yearly fee is—————— 60. l. 10. d.  
The P 〈…〉 ●f 〈…〉 of C 〈…〉 3. l. 10. d.  
The Porter of the Town of Conway—— 6. l. 1. s. 8. d.  
The Constable of the Town of Conway— 1●. l. 6. s. 8. d.  
The said two justices are allowed yearly, white they are in Circuit in the time of the great Sessions. 6. l.  
The two justices for the Counties of Carnarvan, Anglesey, ●●d Merioneth▪ each of them ●a●ing for his yearly fee▪ ●●. l. amounting in the whole to the sum of— 100 l.  
The Attorney in the three Counties aforesaid, is allowed for his yearly fee— 6. l. 6. s. 8. d.  
The chief Forester of Snowdon his fee— ●1. l. 8. s. 1. d.  
The 〈…〉 o of the Pleas, Fines, and Redemptions before the justices of North-Wales, his yearly fee was— 12. l. 3. s. 4. d.  
The Fee of the Marshal and keeper of the Sh●rehouse in the Counties of Carnarvan, Anglesey, and Merioneth— 2. l. 6. s. 8. d.  
The Protonotary and Clerk of the great Sessions is allowed for a Reward for his labour, in engrossing of the estreats of the Sessions holden in the said three Counties— 3. l. 6. s. 8. d.  
The Barons of the Exchequer of Carnarvan— 13. l. 6. s. 8. d.  
For their attendance at Carnarvan yearly— 40. s.  
Towards the expenses allowed the Clerk of the Exchequer attending the great ●●ssio●● in the said Counties of Anglesey and Merioneth, for writing of the Original Writs of every Sessions— 10. s.  
For the expenses of Parchment, Paper, Ink, and other necessaries spent in the office of the Clerk of the Crown— 26. s. 8. d.  
The Crier, whose yearly fee is— 13. s. 4. d.  
For expenses of Paper, Parchment, Ink, and other necessaries spent in the Exquerer at Carnarvan, and for bags to put money in— 1. l. 10. s.  
For expense of Bailiffs Itinerant, bringing the Writs for collecting of the money by the Receivers. 1●. s.  
Summa totalis of Carnarvan is 303. l 19 d▪  

Anglesey-shire.  The Constable of the Castle of Bewmarris, and Captain of the Town, whose yearly fee was— 26. l. 13. s. 4. d.  
The Steward of M●ney, whose fee was yearly— 5. l.  
The Steward of Rossaire, whose fee was yearly— 20. s.  
Summa totalis Anglesey 32. l. 13. s. 4. d  

Merioneth-shire.  The Constable of the Castle of Hardleigh, whose fee is yearly— 50. l.  
The Auditors, whose yearly fees are— 61. l. 18. s. 4. d.  
And for their charges, they are allowed— 90. l.  
The Receiver, whose yearly fee and allowance for portage of money— 30. l. 1●. s. 6. d.  
The Surveyor, whose-yeerely fee is— 20. l.  
The Woodward, whose yearly fee is— 10. l.  
Summa totalis for Merioneth 262. l. 16. ●. 10. d.  
The total sum for North-Wales 599. l. 8. ●▪ 5.   

South-Wales.  


Cardiganshire.  The Protonotary and Clerk of the Crown, in the Counties of Cardigan, Carmarden, Pembroke, and the Town of Haverford-west, whose fee is— 40. s.  
The 〈…〉 in the Counties of 〈…〉, Cardigan, Pembroke, Brecknock, and Radnor, whose yearly ●eeis— ●. l. 13. s. 4. d.  
The Stewards of the Welsh Courts, whose yearly fee is— 6. l.  
The Sheriff of Cardigan, whose fee is— 5. l.  
Summa totalis of Cardigan 21. l. 13. s. 4d.  

Carmarden▪ shi●e.  The Chamberlain and Chancellor of Carmarden, whose yearly fee is— 35. l. 11. s. 8. d.  
The Crier of the great Sessions holden in the Counties of Carmarden, Cardigan, and Pembroke, whose fee is— 6. s. 8. d.  
The Constable of the Castle of Carmarden, whose yearly fee is— 20. l.  
The Steward of the Welsh Courts of the County of Carmarden, whose fee is— 10. l.  
The justices of the Counties of Carmarden and Cardigan, their yearly fee is to each of them, 50. l. and they are allowed for their diet in the times of their great Sessions— 40. l.  
There is paid yearly to the Protonotary, and Clerks of the Crown for their travel in making and engrossing the estreats of the great Sessions— 5. l.  
Summa total is Carmarden— 215. l. 19 s. 8. d.     

The present revenue of the Principality of Wales,  
as the same was in charge before the Auditors this last year past, viz. 44 Elizabeth.  


The County of Carnarvan.  The Farm and yearly rents certain of the Manors, Lands, and Tenements, in the County of Carnarvan, amounteth unto 423. l. 3. s. 4. d. ob. q.  
The casual profits thereof, 76. l. 19 s. 9 d. ob.  
Summa totalis is— 500 l. 3. s. q.  

The County of Anglesey.  The Farm and yearly rents certain of the Manors, Lands, and Tenements in the County of Anglesey, 398. l. 19 s. 11. d. q.  
The casual profits thereof, 26. l. 10. s. 10. d.  
Summa totalis is— 425. l. 10. s. 9 d. q.  

The County of 〈…〉.  The Farm and yearly rend certain of the Manners, Lands, and Tenements in the County of Merioneth 202. l. 9 s. ob. q.  
The casual profits 60. l. 16. s. 10. d.  
Summa totalis is— 263. l. 5. s. 10. d. ob. q▪  
Summa totalis of North-Wales yearly amounteth unto— 1138. l. 19 s. 8. d. q.   

South-wales.  


The County of Cardigan.  The Farm and rents certain of the County of Cardigan, amounted to 213. l. 2. s. 2. d.  
The casual profits thereof 86. l▪ 9 s. 2. d.  
Summa totalis is— 299. l. 11. s. 4. d.  

The County of Carmarden.  The Farm and rents certain of the County of Carmarden, amounted to 185. l. 6. s. 3. d. ob.  
The casual profits 180. l▪ 11. s. 7. d.  
Summa totalis is— 376. l. 17. s. 10. d. ob▪  
The sum total of South-Wales— 676. l. 9 s. 2. d. ob▪  
The yearly sum, total being cast up together, amounteth unto— 1865. l. 8. s. 10 d. ob. q▪  
The charges above specified, and other issuing all manner of ways out of the same revenues, amount to 530. l. 6. s. 7. d.  
Which being deducted out of the former total sum of 1865. l. 8. s. 10 d. ob. q. there doth rest clear, the yearly sum of— 1335. l. 2. s. 3. d. ob. q.  
Whereby may be observed, that the revenue of the Principality of Wales, in the time of Prince Edward, called the black Prince, almost three hund'ed years ago, without deductions, amounted to 4681. l. 12. s. 5. d. q. is now worn and wasted to the sum of 1865. l. 8. s. 10, d. ob. q. and with the ordinary deductions and Reprizes taken out of it at this present in charges, fees, to officers, and other reprizers, is brought to the sum of— 1335: l. 2. s. 3. d. ob. q.  
Which small sum also (as the revenue was to Queen Elizabeth) was much lessened, for that a greater sum in the whole amounting yearly to 1789. l. 3. s. 2. d. which did partly arise by reason of the allowance of the diet of the Council of the Marches, being yearly 1106. l. 13. s. 4. d. The fees of the Barons of the Exchequer in Wales, being officers of the Principality of Wales, the Auditor's fees, woodward's fees, Receivers fees, Surveyors fees; and for the portage of money, was charged as well upon this revenue of the Prince, as upon other lands and revenues belonging to the Crown within the several Counties of Wales.     
And so much of the Principality of Wales.   

THE SECOND PART CONTAINETH THE DUCHY OF CORNWALL.  
The second part of this revenue appertaining to the Prince, is that which ariseth unto him out of the Duchy of Cornwall, and belongeth unto him as Duke of Cornwall.  
THe uttermost part of this Island towards the West, stretching itself by a long extent into the Ocean, is called the County of Cornwall; lying over against the Duchy of Britain in France. The people inhabiting the same, are called Cornishmen, and are also reputed a remnant of the Britain's, the ancient Inhabitants of this land: they have a particular language, called Cornish, (although now much worn out of use) differing but little from the Welsh, and the language of the Britaines in France, which argueth their original to have been out of one Nation.  
This Territory was anciently reputed a Dukedom, but a little before, and also after the Norman Conquest, it was an Earldom, and so continued until the eleventh year of King Edward the Third, at which time it was of new constituted a Duchy, and the first Duchy that was erected in England after the said conquest.  
Such as were Earls thereof in ancient time, before the erection of the said Duchy, were for the most part of the blood Royal; amongst whom, many being memorable, there was as most ancient, Richard Earl of Cornwall, the elect Emperor, or King of the Romans, brother to King Henry the Third; but his posterity dying without issue, it came again to the Crown in the days of King Edward the First; who conferred the said Earldom upon Edward, the Prince his son, surnamed of Carnarvan; who being King, conferred the same upon his Minion Pierce de Gaveston; but he being afterwards attainted of Treason, and executed, the same Earldom was bestowed upon john, surnamed of Eltam, because he was borne there; younger brother to King Edward the Third; who dying likewise without issue, it was lastly erected into a Duchy (as hath been said) and conferred upon Edward, afterward surnamed, the black Prince, in the eleventh year of the reign of the said King Edward the third, his father.  
Therefore the said King Edward purposing to augment the title, of his said son, did in the Parliament holden in the eleventh year of his reign, create not only the said Edward then before made Earl of Chester, to be Duke of Cornwall, but also to honour that public proceeding the more, did at the same time create diverse and sundry worthy persons, and well deserving, to sundry dignities of nobility, as by the records extant thereof, doth appear.  
The manner of the first creation of the Duke of Cornwall was very special, for the said dignity was conferred unto the said Edward then Earl of Chester, and to the first begotten sons and heirs apparent of him, and his heirs Kings of England for ever. So that it seemeth that the intention thereof was, first that none should be Dukes of Cornwall, but such as were eldest sons and heirs apparent to the Crown; and that when there was any fail of such person, than the said dignity should remain insuspence, until such son & heir apparent again were extant. Secondly, that the said son and heir apparent without any further solemnity or creation, should presently upon his birth being then heir apparent, to the King, or from the time that he is heir apparent to the Kingdom, be also Duke of Cornwall, herein much differing from the order of the Principality of Wales, which requireth in every new succeeding Prince a new creation and investure, and gift of that Principality, as hath formerly appeared.  

Statut. de a. 33. b. 6.  The truth of this assertion is made most evident by an act of Parliament in the 33. year of the reign of King Henry the 6. the words whereof are these, Moreover the King considering that his said best beloved, first begotten son, at the time of 
In originale de a. 35. b. 6. rot. 29 ea parte Rememor. Thesaur. in Scaccar.  his birth is Duke of Cornwall, and aught of right to have Livery of the said Duchy, and of all Honours, Lordships, Signiories, Castles, Manors, Lands, Tenements, Rents, Possessions, & Hereditaments, with their appurtenances to the said Duchy belonging, or parcel of the same in any wise, by the advice, assent and authority etc. delivereth, and doth cause to be delivered to the said Prince, his first begotten son, the said Duchy of Cornwall, and all Honours, Lordships, Signiories, Castles, Manors, Lands, Tenements, etc. with all other things, Possessions, and Inheritances, Profits, and commodities, with their appurtenances, to the said Duchy annexed, united, pertaining, or belonging, or parcel of the same in any wise.  
The same was after many likewise verified by the Charter of King Henry the seventh, being the Charter of Livety, made unto Prince Arthur his son, whereof some part followeth in these words, Hemicus deigratta Angliae, Franciae, Rex, & dominus Hiberniae, etc. Salutem. Sciatis quod nos considerantes, quod regnum Angliae (cuius regni soli●● dei gratia portimur) filij primogeniti in ducatu Cornubiae haereditario in perpetuum dicti regni nostriiure sunt successuri atque ex speciali superinde Actu promulgato, primo nativitatis suae die maioris atque perfectae praesumitur aetatis, sic quod liberationem dicti ducatus eo tum à nobis petere valeant, atque de iure obtinere debeant, acsi viginti & uninius annorum aetatis plene fuissent, volentes etiam uti debemus, praecharissimo filio nostro primogenito Arthuro ius reddere & in nullo eius iure derogare, eundemque ducatum Cornubiae cum omnibus & singulis suis membris atque iuribus dicto primogenito nostro sicuti caeterorum Principum temporibns bactenus fieri consuevit, liberare ex certa scientia & mero motu nostro, ac●de advisamento & assensu Consilij nostri dedimus, concessimus & liberamus, damusque per praesentes, concedimus & liberamus pro nobis & haeredibus nostris & bac praesenti charta nostra confirmavimus eidem filio nostro sub nomine & honore Ducis dictiloci, castra, manneria, terras, & tenementa & alia subscripta, ut ipse statum & honorem ducis dicti ducatus decentius generis sui nobilitatem valcat continuare & onera in hac parte incumbentia facilius supportare etc. By which is proved not only that the son and heir apparent of the Crown, is Duke of Cornwall from his birth, or when he is known to be son and heir apparent, but that the King his father is by law to make unto him livery of the said Duchy, Lands, and the hereditaments thereunto belonging, although though he be within the age of one and twenty years, as if he were of full and perfect age.  
But to return again unto King Edward the third, and to consider the bestowing of the revenues of the said Duchy and the managing thereof, for order's sake I shall therein observe these general things.  
First, what revenues were bestowed upon the said Duchy.  
Secondly, the yearly value of the same, aswell of ancient time, as of latter years.  
And lastly, to set down the particular officers of the said Duchy, aswell ancient as modern, by all which the present state of the said Duchy may best appear.  
As concerning the former, namely, the revenues of the said Duchy as it is observed that the same do consist generally of these two kinds, first the lands and hereditaments that are annual, and secondly the revenues that are casual.  
The revenues annual are of three kinds, first the lands given by the Charter made in the eleventh year of King Edward the third, and were sometimes the ancient of the said Duchy. Secondly certain Knights fees, and other hereditaments gruen by other letters patents of the same King Edward the third, unto the said Duke, which were united and annexed by the said latter letters patents unto the said Duchy.  
Thirdly, and lastly, the lands given by act of Parliament unto the said Duchy, and annexed thereunto in lieu of other lands that by act of Parliament were afterwards taken from the same again at sundry times, as hereafter shall appear, for in every of these there is difference of estate and quality.  
The revenues annual given by the Charter made by King Edward the third, in the eleventh year of his reign, and established for the Duchy, are situate and do lie, first, in the County of Cornwall, secondly, in the County of Devon, thirdly, in other Shires dispersed within this Realm. And first of all in the County of Cornwall are these following.  

County of Cornwall.  
1 The Castle, Manor, and Park, and Borough of Launceston with his appurtenances.  
2 The Castle and Manor of Trematon, and the Borough of Saltash, and the Park there, with the appurtenances.  
3 The Castle, Borough, and Manor of tintagel (if histories do not fable) this is supposed to be the place of birth, and Seat of King Arthur.  
4 The Castle and Manor of Restormell, with the park there.  
5 The Manor of Clymesland, and Park of Kerrybollock.  
6 The Manor of Tibesta, with the Bayliwick of Powdershire.  
7 The Manor of Tewynton, with the appurtenances.  
8 The Manor and Borough of Helston in Kerier, with the appurtenances.  
9 The Manor of Moresk, with the appurtenances.  
10 The Manor of Trewervaile, also Tywervaile with the appurtenances.  
11 The Manor of Penkneth, with the appurtenances.  
12 The Manor of Peulyn, with the Park there.  
13 The Manor of Relaton, also Rillaton with the Beadlery of Eastwyve●shire.  
14 The Manor of Helston in Trigshire, with the appurtenances, and the Park of Hellesbury:  
15 The Manor and Borough of Leskeret, also Liskerd, and the Park there.  
16 The Manor of Kallestock, with the fishing there, and other his appurtenances.  
17 The Manor of Talskydo, with the appurtenances in the said County of Cornwall.  
18 The Borough or Town of Lostwythiell, together with the Milles.   

Devonshire.  
19 The fee farm of the City of Exeter, 20. l. per annum.  
20 The Manor of Lydford, with the appurtenances, together with the Chase of Dartmore.  
21 The Manor and Borough of Braduish.  
22 The water and River of Dartmouth.   

In diverse other Shires dispersedly.  
23 The Castle of Wallingford, with the Hamlets and members thereof, and the yearly farm of the Town of Wallingford, with the honours of Wallingford, and Saint Valeries in the County of Oxford, and in all other Counties wheresoever the said honours do lie.  
24 The Castle, Manor, and Town of Barkhampsted, with the Park there, and together with the honour of Barkhampsted in the Counties of Hertford, Buckingham, and Northampton.  
25 The Manor of Byflet, with the appurtetenances in the County of Surry.  
26 The Castle and Manor of Mere, in the County of Wiltshire.  
27 The Castle and Manor of Knaresborugh, with his Hamlets and members, together with the honour of Knaresbury and York, and elsewheresoever the said honours do lie.  
28 The Manor of Isleworth in the County of Middlesex.  
29 The Manors of Kenmigton and Franckshall, 
Char●a data 4. Septem. 11. E. 3.  together with a meadow in Lambeth, and Newton in the County of Surry.  
30 The Manor of Rising, with the appurtenances in the County of Norfolk, and the fourth part of the Talbot of Linne, with the appurtenances in the said County.  
31 The Manor of Chisiemore, and fourscore and eighteen pounds six shillings and eight pence rend, with the appurtenances in the City of Coventry, which were then in lease to the Queen's mother for her life.   
And thus much concerning the revenue local and annual of this Duchy of the first kind, according to the former proposed division, being the first inheritance given thereunto, and which is so annexed to this Duchy by the words of the said Charter, as that by the intent thereof, it should in no case be aliened therefrom.  
As concerning the revenue local and annual of this Duchy of the second kind, the said King Edward the third for further increase of the said Duchy, by his Charter bearing date the said 11th. year of his reign, did give unto the said Duke in such manner as is aforesaid. All his Knights fees which he then had in the said County of Cornwall, with all wards, Escheates, forfeitures, profits, and commodities whatsoever thereunto belonging, which fees he also annexed unto the said Dukedom by the words of the said letters patents, as that the same should in no wise by the intention of that patent be severed from the same. Howbeit some difference may be conceived in 
1. Mar Diar 94: b. 32.  Law, as touching the value of such annexation made by letters patents only, and the former annexation by letters patents which were confirmed or strengthened by act of Parliament, concerning the power and ability of aliening and disannexing the same from the Duchy.  
The last branch of the revenues local and annual belonging to this Duchy, are such Manors, Lands, and Hereditaments as have been given by act of Parliament, and annexed unto the said Duchy in lieu of other lands that by act of Parliament were formerly taken from the same.  
And therefore whereas (by the former letters patents hath appeared) the Manors of Isleworth in the County of Middlesex, was given and annexed by King Edward the third unto the said Duchy, King Henry the fifth having afterwards founded the Monastery which he called Zion, near adjoining to the said Manor, did by an act of Parliament in the ninth year of his reign, sever the said Manor of Isleworth from the said Duchy and conferred the same unto the said Monastery, and in lieu thereof by the same act of Parliament gave and annexed to the said Duchy, the Manor of Curry, Mallet, Stoke, Under Hamden, Milton, Fawconberge, Stratton upon Fosse, Inglesoome, Norton, with Welweyton, Widcome, Farrent, & Laverton, and the moiety of the Manor of westharptr●e, and Sheptonmallet, with their appurtenances, in the County of Somerset: the Manor of Rhyme, with his appurtenances in the County of Dorset; and also the moiety of the Manors of Maydencot in 
Parliament. 9 b. 5.  the County of Berkshire, and of Mogul in the Marches of Wales, and the fourth part of the Manor of Sellings, in the County of Kent. All which premises did exceed the value of the Manor of Isleworth yearly two hundred pounds, which doth appear aswell by the said act of Parliament made in the ninth year of King Henry the fifth, as also by one other act of Parliament made in the three and thirtieth year of King Henry the fixed, wherein the said former act of Parliament is mentioned.  
Likewise King Henry the eight at his Parliament holden at Westminster the one and thirtieth year of his reign, and prorogued upon diverse prorogations, until the four and twentieth day of july, in the two and thirtieth year of his reign, did sever the honour and Castle of Walling ford, and all Lordships, Manors, Lands, Tenements, and other hereditaments thereto belonging, from the Duchy of Cornwall, being moved thereunto, for that the said Castle and honour is near adjoining unto the Manor of Newelme, which was by the said Act of Parliament, made an honour, and therefore for the commodious situation and vicinity thereof, the said King did sever the same from the said Duchy, and made it parcel of the said honour of Newelme, whereof he was then seized in the right of his Crown, and in lieu thereof, there were given and annexed unto the said Dukedom, the Manors of Westanton, Portlow, North-hill, Portpighan, Laudrens, Triloweia, Treganoe, Trelagan, Crosthole, Trevitherne, Courtney, Landulph, Leighdurant, and Tinton, in the County of Cornwall, and all other his Lands in the said places, which came to the said King by the attainder of Treason of Henry Courtney, marquis of Exeter. Also the Manors of Anstell, Fentregan, Tremeynalls, Tremagevon, Fowey, Credyowe, and Portheaprior in the said County of Cornwall, which came to the said King's hands by the dissolution of the Priory of Trewardreth in the said County of Cornwall. And also the Manors of Breadford, Caverdon, Clymesland, Pryor, Treworgy, Stratton, Eastway, Bowyton, Bradrissey, Bucklawrue, and Bonyaluey, which came to the said King's hands, by the surrender and suppression of the Priory of Lanceston. All which Manors so newly granted unto the said Duchy, were by the said Act of Parliament so annexed thereunto, as were the said Castle and honour of Wallingford, and the members and parcels of the same, before the making of the same Act of Parliament, any Act, Law, usage, or custom to the contrary notwithstanding.  
And thus much concerning the revenues local, (and called in the laws, He●editamenta corporea) and of annual value, which were either originally given by King Edward the Third, and afterward by Patent conferred, or by Act of Parliament in lieu of other lands, granted unto the said Duchy; which threefold distinction of the said revenues, is here made, and induced to this end, that it might be observed that those Castles, Lordships, Manors, and Lands, which were either first given unto the said Duchy, and established by Act of Parliament, or lastly given by Act of Parliament, in lieu of other the lands severed from the said Duchy, might appear so to be annexed unto the said Duchy, by the intent and meaning of the said Acts of Parliament, and so knit and conjoined thereunto, as that they should not be alienated therefrom, and are of more validity in that respect then the revenues of the second sort, which were only conferred by Letters Patents, without help of Parliament, and therefore not so firmly united unto the said Duchy, as are those two former kinds mentioned.  
Inheritances of casual value belonging to the said Duchy, were these.  
1 The Duke hath granted unto him and his heirs inheritable, unto the said Duchy, yearly to elect, choose, create, and make the Sheriff of Cornwall in such sort as the King himself doth elect the Sheriffs of other Counties.  
2 The Prizes & Customs of all Wines brought 
Carta dat. 10. july, ●6 E. ●  into these Ports of the said County of Cornwall, and the profits of the Ports and Havens there; and the Customs of all Wool, Leather, and Woollsels, shipped to be transported out of the said Duchy, to be collected by Officers appointed by the said Duke, wreck of the Sea, and the prerogative of all Royal Fishes, taken and brought to land within the said County, the Hundred Courts, and County Courts, and the profits thereof: The prizes 
Carta dat. 17. Martij. 11. E. 3.  and Customs of Wines of the Port of Sutton, which is now called Plymouth, and is partly with in the County of Devon. Also the said Duke hath free warren in all his said landsgranted: Also he hath the liberty and returning of all Writs and 
Carta dat. 18. Martij, 11. E. 3.  summons directed to the Sheriff of the said County, which shall not be returned, but by the Officers of the said Duke, for the time being. Also the goods and chattels of all Felons and Fugitives, being Tenants of the said Duchy. And the benefit of all Fines imposed for any trespass, or crime fynable, and all Fynes to be paid for Licences, to levy any Fine or Concord of record: And all Am cements, Issues, and Forfeitures, and the year, day, and wast streepe and spoil of the lands of such as are Tenants of the said Duchy, upon murders, or Felons by them committed, and whereof they shall be attainted, and likewise the Escuage of all Tenants, holding by Knight's service, which 
Carta dat. 3. ●●●●. 11 ● 3.  they are to pay, being assessed in Parliament for their fail of service & absence not being with the King when he should make any Army or voyage Royal against his enemies, whereby such escuage doth come due.  
Also there is annexed unto the said Duchy, the Stannaries and profits of the Coinage of Tin within the said Counties of Devon and Cornwall.  

The Coinage of Tin.  For the better understanding whereof, it is to be observed, that in the said Counties (being in many parts thereof, mountainous, full of waste grounds and Moors:) there is found great quantities of Tin, the purest, best, and most plentifullest in Europe; by reason whereof, it hath ever been accounted one of the Staple Commodities of this Kingdom, and of good estimation in foreign regions. These Ours of Tin in these West parts of the kingdom, were not unknown to the Romans, as appeareth by Diodorus Siculus, who lived in the time of Augustus the Emperor, above 1600. years sithence; and who thus writeth thereof: Britanij qui iuxta Velerium promontorium incolunt mercatorum usum qui co Stanneri gratia navigant humaniores reliquis ergahospites habentur. Hiexterra Saxosa cuius venas s●quuti effodiunt Stannum ignem eductum, in quandam Insulam ferunt Britanicum iuxta quam Ictam vocant maris fluxu videntur insulae cum vero refluit exsicato interiecto littore curribus co Stannum deferunt, etc. Ex hijs Insulis mercatores emptum Stannum in Galliam portant, inde diebus fere triginta cum equis ad fontem Eridani fluminis perducunt. That Promontory which he calleth Velerium, by the judgement of all learned in cosmography, is now called the Lizard, and is situate in the West part of Cornwall. The Island that he calleth Icta, is the Wight, and that which he saith was an Island, and at the Flood, and at low water, passable from the main, is a true description of Portland, as it is at this day, being not far from the I'll of Wight; unto which place out of Cornwall, the Tin was brought to be transported into France, from whence it was carried thirty days journey on horseback, and so over the Alps into Italy, even to the Fountains of Eredanus, as he saith, which is the River now called the Po in Piedmont and Lombary. I do allege his authority, the rather for that he in a manner set out the laborious search for Tin in those days, even as it is used by the Spaliard at this day with great industry and pains; High ex terra Saxosa venas sequunti effodiunt Stannum, etc. All the moors and wastes wherein the Tin is found, being of ancient time belonging to the Kings, and many of the said moors at this day being parcel of this Duchy of Cornwall. The Kings of this land in former times have cast their Princely care to establish a good and orderly managing of the said Commodity, and have endowed the Tynners' with sundry privileges for their good government, thereby the more to encourage them in the search of Tyn. And thereupon by ancient Charters, the whole Company and body of Tynners', in every of the said Counties of Devon and Cornwall, are cast and divided in four several Stanneryes or jurisdictions: In every of which Stanneries, there is a Court to minister justice in all causes personal arising between Tynner and Tynner, and between Tynner & Foreigner; and also for and concerning the right and ownership of Tin Mynes, and the disposition thereof, except in causes of land, life, and member; and if any false and unjust judgement be given in any of the said Courts, the party grieved may make his appeal unto the Lord Warden of the Stanneries, who is their superior judge, both for law and equity; and from him, unto the body of the Council of the Lord Prince, Duke of Cornwall, to which Duke the Stanneryes are given, as by the former charters have appeared, and from them the appeal lieth to the Kings most Royal person.  
When matters of moment concerning the state of those Ours or Stanneryes, shall come to be questioned or debated; there are in every of the said Counties, by the direction of the Lord Warden, several Parliaments, or general assemblies of the Tynners' summoned, whereunto every Stannery within that County sendeth jurates or Burgesses, by whose advice and consent, constitutions, orders, and laws, are made and ordained touching Tin; causes which being promulged, the same do bind the whole body of Tynners' of that County as firmly, as if the same had been established in the general Parliaments of the Realm. As touching the persons that deal or intermeddle with Tin, and therefore carry the name of Tynners', they are of four kinds. First, the owners of the soil where Ours are found. Secondly, the adventurer for Tin, which may have by the law of Tynners', power and disposition of a Mine or Tynworke, although he be not owner of the soil. Thirdly, the merchant, Broker or Regrator of Tin, which either buyeth to transport out of the Realm, or else to regrate and sell again within the realm. And fourthly, the Spadiard or Spaliard so called, because he liveth by his Spade, and is the Myne-worker and labourer for Tin, who commonly in respect of his poor estate, is eaten out by the hard and usurious contracts for Tin, which he is driven to make with the merchant or regrator. For those poor labourers having no wages certain, but only shares in the mines, as the quantity thereof shall arise; and being not able to sustain themselves and their family, until the Tin of coinage, and Marts for Tin shall come, which are half yearly; he is by necessity compelled for a small sum of money aforehand, to enter into bond unto the Merchant or Regrator of Tin, to deliver him at the the time of the next ensuing coinage, Tin, in value much more than the money he had formerly received.  
There are also two kinds of Tin, the one called black Tin, which is the Tin oar broken and washed, but as yet not blown, molten, or founded into mettle; and white Tin, which is the Tin after that it is founded and molten into mettle, and this is also of two sorts, soft Tin, which is best merchantable, and hard Tin, which is least merchantable; It is not lawful by the law of Tynners', and it is by the ancient Charters of the privileges granted by the Kings of England unto the Tynners', expressly forbidden under forseiture of the Tin, that no Tin shall be sold within every of the said Counties, either black or white Tin, but only at two set times of the year, at places appointed; in which places, all the vendable Tin in the said several Counties is brought, and there by the Officers of the Duke, the same is weighed by a Beam, and weights thereto appointed, and after the same is coined with a stamp, it is thereupon allowed to be sold, and not before; for which weighing and stamp, commonly called the Coinage, there is due to the Lord Prince, as Duke of Cornwall, the sum of 40. s. for every thousand weight of Tin so weighed and coined, which is parcel of the casual revenues of the said Duchy, and first granted by King Edward the third, unto the Duke of Cornwall, and annexed unto the said Duchy by the name of Coinage of Tin.  
Moreover, not only the Kings of England in their times, but also the Dukes of Cornwall in their times, have had the preemption of Tin, which is a privilege belonging and reserved unto themselves by their Charters of liberties granted unto the Tynners', which appertaineth unto them, as is conceived by the learned, Ratione proprietatis tanquam summis Dominis, & proprietarijs quam 
Casaneus in Catal●go gloriae mundi par. ●. consider. 24. numero 121.  ratione praerogativae suae: not unlike that which other Kings have in foreign Countries, whereof Casaneus thus maketh mention, Praefertur princeps in emptione metallorum, alleging an imperial constitution of the Coad for proof thereof; and of which preemption, as by some precedents may be proved, both the Kings of England, and Dukes of Cornwall have made use, when otherwise they stood in need of money for the managing of their affairs. And thus much touching the revenues of the County of Cornwall.  
The whole revenues unto Edward the Prince, surnamed the black Prince, son and heir apparent unto King Edward the Third, as by a notable survey thereof appeareth, accounting all profits annual and casual as they happened, communibus annis, one year with the other, and as rated 50. E. 3. in manner as ensueth.  
The revenues of the Duchy of Cornwall, as it was rated by survey taken 50. E. 3. amounting in the whole without reprises, unto 3415. l. 18. s. 5. d. q. whereof in particular, viz.  


For Cornwall 2219. l. 7. s. 9 d. ob.  
For Devon 0273. l. 19 s. 5. ob. q.  
In other shires 922. l. 1●. s. 2: d.  
The sum total of the whole revenue of the said Duchy, amounteth unto— 3415: l. 18. s. 5. d. q.  
The revenue of the said Duchy of Cornwall, as it appeareth by the accounts of the Receiver thereof, in the fifteenth year of King Henry the Eight, amounted of clear yearly value unto— 10095. l. 11. s. 9 d. q.    
In particular as followeth.  

Cornwall.  
The issues of the Manors and Boroughes in the County of Cornwall— 624. l. 17. s. 2. d. q.  
The issues of the Hundreds and Hundred-Courts, and of the office of the Sheriff— 59 l. 14. s. 2. d. ob:  
The issues of the Stannery Courts, in both the Counties of Devon and Cornwall, accounted for by the several Bailiffs of the several Stanneries of the Counties— 54. l. 9 s. ●. d.  
The profits of the office of the Havenour in the said County of Cornwall— 53. l. 3 d.:  
The profits of the offices of the feodary and Escheator of both the Counties— 33. l. 16. s. 10. d. ob:   

Devon.  
The issues of the Manors and Boroughes in the 
Ex compoto johannis Arundel militis receptoris generalis Ducatis. Cornubi● 15 H. 8.  County of Devon, and of the Chase and Forest of Dertmore in the said County of Devon— 170. l. 14. s. 3 d. ob. q▪  
The issues of the water of Dartmouth— 8. l.  
The fee Farm of the City of Exon, and of the Castle there— 21. l. 15 s.:  
The issues and profits of the Coinage of Tin in the said Counties of Devon and Cornwall, in the said 15. H. 8.— 2771. l. 3. s. 9 d. q.  
For white rent, which is a duty payable yearly by every Tynner in the County of Devon, and anciently due, that is, of every Tynner 8. d. which sum in the whole, collected from 424. Tynners' in that County amounted unto the sum of— 14. l. 2. s. 8. d.   

Foreign Counties.  
The issues and profits of the foreign Minnors which do lie out of the said Counties of Devon and Cornwall, in other the Counties of England— 958. l.  
So that the whole revenue of the said Duchy of Cornwall without reprizes, amounted unto— 10095. l. 11. s. 9 d. q.   
But to the intent it may appear what are the Castles, Manors, Lands, Tenements, and Hereditaments now or lately belonging unto the said Duchy, and how the present revenues thereof do rise, I will here enter into the particularity thereof, as they were accounted for to Queen Elizabeth in the fourth and fortieth year of her reign, which is the last account extant.  

Cornwall.  

Manors in the County of Cornwall.  
1 The Manor of Rylaton of the yearly rent of— 7. l. 12. s. 4. d.  
2 The Manor of Clymesland of the yearly rent of 60. l. 7. s. 2. d.  
3 The Manor of Helston of the yearly rent of— 67. l. 3. s. 10. d.  
4 The Manor of Liskerd of the yearly rent of— 64. l. 6. s. 10. d.  
5 The Manor of Tybefta of the yearly rent of— 33. l. 2. s. 4. d. q.  
6 The Manor of Tywaruaile of the yearly rent of 22. l. 2. s.  
7 The Manor of Tallyskydy of the yearly rent of 5. l. 12. s. 8. d.  
8 The Manor of Penninayne of the yearly rent of 7. l. 14. s. 7. d.  
9 The Manor of Calestock of the yearly rent of 60. l. 4. s. 6. d. q.  
10 The Manor of Trematon of the yearly rent of 52. l. 9 s. 5. d. ob:  
11 The fee of Trematon of the yearly rent of— 2. l. 5. s.  
12 The Manor of Refflormell of the yearly rent of 33. l. 15 s. 1. d. ob.  
13 The Manor of Penkneth of the yearly value of 4. l. 18. s. 6. d. ob.  
14 The Manor of Peulyn of the rent of— 6. l. 18. s. 6. d. ob.  
15 The Manor of Tewynton of the rent of— 38. l. 12. s. 7. d. ob. q.  
16 The Manor of Helston in Kerier of the rent of 56. l. 5. s. 6. d. ob. q.  
17 The Manor of tintagel of the rent of— 36. l. 6. s. 6. d.  
18. The Manor of Moresk of the rent of— 32. l. 9 s. 9 d.   

The Manors in the County of Cornwall newly annexed by King Henry the eight unto the said Duchy in lieu of the honour of Wallingford, and were in times past parcel of the possessions of the Priory of Trewardreth in the County of Cornwall.  
19 The Manor of Anstell of the yearly rent of— 5. l. 3. s. 6. d.  
20 The Manor of Fentrigan of the rent of— 3. l. 13. s. 4. d.  
21 The Manor of Trewenuen of the rent of— 9 l. 11. s. 7. d.  
22 The Manor of Crediock of the rent of— 10. l. 19 s. 6. d. ob.  
23 The yearly farm of the Manor of Fowye— 39 s. 2. d.  
24 The Manor of Porthea Prior of the rent of— 7. l. 10. s. 10. d.  
The sum total of these annexed Manors belonging sometimes to the Priory of Trewardreth— 38. l. 17. s. 11. d. ob.   

The Manors in the County of Cornwall annexed unto the said Duchy in lieu of the honour of Wallingford, which were sometimes parcel of the Priory of Launceston.  
25 The farm of the Manor of Carvidon Prior of the yearly rent of— 19 l. 15. s. 9 d.  
26 The Manor of Clymesland Prior of the yearly rent of— 7. l. 15. s. 10. d.  
27 The Manor of Treworgy of the yearly rent of 8. l. 19 s. 7. d.  
28 The farm of the Manor of Stratton of the yearly rent of— 7. l. 5. s. 8. d.  
29 The farm of the Manor of Bucklawrens of the yearly rent of— 21. l. 14. s. 8. d.  
30 The farm of the Manor of Eastway of the yearly rent of— 7. l. 5. s. 8. d.  
31 The farm of the Manor of Bonialvay of the yearly rent of— 7. l. 15. s.  
32 The farm of the Manor of Boyton of the yearly rent of— 4. l. 17. s. 2. d.  
The sum total of these Manors which were sometimes parcel of the Priory of Trewardreth— 85. l. 7. s. 10. d. ob. q.   

The Manors of the County of Cornwall, which lately were the Lands of the marquis of Exeter, and annexed unto the Duchy of Cornwall in lieu of the honour of Wallingford and S. Valeries.  
33 The Manor of Crosthole of the rent of— 28. s. 7. d.  
34 The Manor of Port Pighan of the rent of— 55. s. ob. q.  
35 The fee farm of the Manor of Portlow of the yearly rent of— 15. l. 16. s. 10. d. ob.  
36 The fee farm of the Manor of Northill— 26. s. 3. d.  
37 The fee farm of the Manor of Laudreyn— 49. s. 10. d.  
38 The Manor of Tregameere of the rent— 4. l. 17. d.  
39 The Manor of Trelugan of the rent of— 6. l. 17. s. 9 d.  
40 The Manor of Trevarven Courtney— 19 l. 15. s. 3. d.  
41 The Manor of Leighdurrant of the rent of— 22. l. 9 s. 7. d.  
Now aliened away from the said, etc.  
42 The fee farm of the Manor of Tinton— 63. l. 6. s. 7. d.  
The Receiver accounted for— 13. l. 6. s. 8. d.  
Summa totalis— 130. l. 2. s. 5. d. q.   

The Boroughs in Cornwall.  
1 The Borough of Liskerd of the rent of— 18. l.  
2 The Borough of Grampound— 12. l. 11. s. 4. d.  
3 The Borough of Helston in Kerier— 6. l. 13. s. 4. d.  
4 The Borough of Bossymy— 11. l. 16. s. 9 d. q.  
5 The Borough of Lostwythiell of the rent— 11. l. 19 s. 10. d. ob.  
6 The Borough of Camelford of the rent— 4. l. 5. s. 4. d. q.  
7 The Borough of Saltash of the rent— 18. d.  
8 The Borough of Launceston of the rent— 10. l. 8. s. 8. d.  
9 The Borough of Eastlow of the yearly value of 20. s.  
The sum total of the rent of the Boroughs in Cornwall.— 93. l. 15. s. 4. d. ob.   

The Hundreds in the County of Cornwall and the profits thereof belonging to the said Duchy.  
1 The Hundred of Kerier the issues were— 8. l. 5. s.  
2 The Hundred of Pewith the issues— 3. l. 19 s. 6. d.  
3 The Hundred of Powder the issues— 10. l. 4. s. 5. d.  
4 The Hundred of Pyder the isues are— 9 l. 8. s. ob.  
5 The Hundred of East the issues whereof— 4. l. 3. s. 4. d.  
6 The Hundred of West the issues were— 8. l. 5. s. 4. d.  
7 The Hundred of Stratton the issues— 58. s. 8. d. ob.  
8 The Hundred of Trigshire the issues— 5. l. 1. s. 4. d.  
9 The Hundred of Les●ewith the issues— 58. s.  
Summa totalis of the Hundreds amounteth— 55. l. 3. s. 8. d.   

The Profits of the office of the Sheriff which are casual, and uncertain, and not accounted for upon the last Receivers account.  
The profits of the Havenor, the profits of whose office were this last year— 38. l. 5. s. 8. d.  
The office of the Feodary, the profits whereof were this last year— 36. l. 7. s. 5. d. ob.  
The sum total whereof amounted unto 74. l. 13. s. 1. d. ob.   

The profits of the Stanneries in Cornwall. The issues of the four Stannerie Courts in the said County of Cornwall, viz.  
Of Tywarvaile— 4. s. 9 d.  
Of Blackmore— 4. l. 15. s. 9 d.  
Of Fowymore— 8. s.  
Of Pewith in Kerier— 10. l. 9 s. 4. d.  
Summa totalis— 15. l. 17. s. 10. d.  
The farm of the toll of Tin in the Lordships of Helston in Kerier, Tywarvaile, and Tewyngton— 20. l. 6. s. 8. d.  
The fines for licence given to the Ti●ners for the coinage of their Tin after the coinages appointed, namely, for such Tin as then was not ready to be coined at the set time of the coinage, that is, of every hundred weight of Tin so coined besides the ancient duty for the coinage, which amounteth in the whole to the sum of— 84. l. 15. s. 5. d.   
There are also fines imposed for the making and casting up of Tin deceitfully, if any such be found, and there are also forfeitures of Tin, being sold before the coinage thereof, wherewith the receiver is charged and doth answer upon his account when any such profit doth arise.  

The coinage of Tin in the County of Cornwall at the four Mart Towns, viz. Truro, Liskerd, Lostwithiell, and Helstow, with the profits thereof did this last year amount unto— 2502. l. 10. s. 9 d.  
Summa totalis for the profit of the Tin in Cornwall the last year— 2623. l. 9 s. 8. d.  
There was also paid by the Patentees of the preemption, 2000 l. the last year, which is not now expressed, because the Patent thereof is repealed and given up.  
The Fee-farm of the Islands of Sylley, lying in the Sea by west, the lands end in Cornwall, is yearly— 20. l.  
The whole revenue of the Duke of Cornwall, was this last year— 3713. l. 18. s.    

Devon.  

The Fee-farm of the City of Exeter, and of the Castle there yearly— 22. l. 15 s.▪  
The Manor of Lydford of the yearly rent of Assize— 9 l. 7. s. 1. d.  
For the Mayor of Lydford, for the issues of his office yearly— 1. l. 13. s. 10. d.  
Of the Manor of the Borough of South Teing yearly— 10. l. 19 s. 7. d. ob. q.  
The Manor, Borough, and other profits in Breadinch, this last year amounted to— 70. l. 9 d.  
The issues of the Forest of Dartmore— 46. l. 19 s. 10. d. ob.    

The issues of the Stannery in the County of Devon as followeth.  

The issues of the four Stannery Courts, viz. Plympton, T●●●stocke, Aisberton, and Chagford, amounted this last year unto— 35. s. 2. d.  
The White rent, which is a rent yearly paid by the Tynners' of Devon, viz. 8. d. for every Tynner, they being fourscore and seventeen in number, amounteth unto— 44. s. 8. d.  
For the Coinage of Devon, in the several towns of coinage there, viz. Chagford, Aisberton, Plympton, and Tavestock— 98. l. 17. s. 11. d. ob. q.  
Summe total for coinage of Tin in the County of Devon— 102. l. 17. s. ob. q.  
For the issues of the River of Dartmouth, received of the Mayor of Dartmouth by way of farm yearly 14. l. 14. s. 4. d.    

The revenue of the Duchy of Cornwall in foreign shires as followeth.  

The Manor of, Mere, in the County of Wilts, the yearly rent is— 89. l. 15. s. 10. d. ob.  
The Manor of Fordington in the County of Dor●●t yearly— 74. l. 4. s. 1. d. ob.  
The Manor of Currymallet in the County of Somerset yearly— 15. l. 11. s. 6. d. ob.  
The Fee-farm of the City of Coventry yearly— 50. l.  
The Manor of Shipton in the County of Berke yearly— 29. l. 11. s. 11. d.  
The Manor of old Shorne in the County of Sussex yearly— 7. l. 5. s. 10. d.  
The Manor of Kensington in the County of Surrey yearly— 27. l.  
The Manor of Framsdon and Pethont in the County of Suffolk— 26. s. 8. d.  
The issues of the honour of Parkehamsted amounteth yearly to— 59 l. 11. s. 10. d. ob.  
The Farm of Wood in the Manor of Berkhamsted called Berkhamsted frith— 28. l.  
Of the issues of the Lordship of Kirton in the County of Lincoln, with the Soak there yearly— 188. l. 8. s. ob. q.  
The sum total of the issues and profits of the Duchy of Cornwall in foreign shires— 570. l. 8. s. 6. d. ob. q.  
The Farm of the Woods of diverse Manors, parcels of the said Duchy the last year, was— 6. l. 17. s. 4. d.  
The Woodward is to account yearly for wood sales with the said Duchy, which is a casual profit, and as the same falleth out upon wood sales made—  
The sum total of the revenues of the said Duchy of Cornwall in the whole, yearly was— 4569. l. 12. s. 2. d. q.   
So that it appeareth by the foresaid accounts and Records, that the said Duchy of Cornwall, now, or lately did consist of ten several Castles, which in ancient time both for building, were very stately, and for situation very strong; but now they are all either utterly ruinated, or declining to decay and ruin:  
Of Parks, parcel of the said Duchy, there were in ancient time about the number of nine, and one Chase or Forrest, all being of large extent, and replenished with Deer, but now they are almost all disparked, and the Dear spoiled and destroyed.  
The said Duchy hath, or lately had therein, about fifty three Manors, many of which are of great yearly rend of assize; and of ancient Boroughs and Towns; there are within the said Duchy to the number of thirteen of special name and regard.  
There belong to the said Duchy, as parcel thereof, nine several Hundreds, of which premises the said Duchy doth consist.  
To make an estimate of the yearly value of the said Duchy, concerning all the revenue thereof, as by the said accounts and records appeareth, may amount to above the sum of 4387. l. 3. s. 7. d. ob. but the certain yearly value, by reason it consisteth of great casual profits, cannot well be drawn to a consideration annual.   

The charges and reprizes which were paid out of the revenues of the said Duchy, and wherewith the same this last year was charged, are these which follow.  

The Receiver, whose yearly fee is— 
Officers of the Duchy.  41. l.  
The Constable of the Castle of Lanceston— 13. l. 6. s. 8. d.  
The Fee of the Feodary and Escheator— 9 l. 2. s. 6. d.  
The fee of the Controller of the coinage in the said Counties of Devon and Cornwall, with the charges of the Goal of Lostwithiell, is yearly— ●●. ●.  
The fee of the Steward of the said Duchy in the County of Cornwall— 26. l: 13. s. 4. d.  
The Steward of the Borough of Breadinch in the County of Devon, and of all the Manors of the said County of Devon belonging to the said Duchy— 20. l.  
The fee of the Forest of Dartmore is yearly— 6. l. 13. s. 4. d.  
The fee of the Steward and keeper of the Courts of the Manors in the County of Cornwall, which sometimes were the marquis of Exeter, and now parcel of the lands annexed unto the said Duchy— 46. s. 8. d.  
The fee of the Bailiff Itinerant of the said Duchy of Cornwall— 3. l. 10. d.  
The fee of the Woodward of the said Duchy of Cornwall yearly— 5. l.  
The sum total of the fees of the Officers of the said Duchy of Cornwall— 138. l. 3. s. 4. d.  
Money paid unto the Captain of the Castle of 
These sums ought n 〈…〉 e to be charged upon the revenue of the Duchy, for that these Castles belong to the Crown.  Saint Maws— 118. l. 12. s. 6. d.  
Money paid to the Captain of the Castle of Pendynas, both which Castles are for the defence of the Haven of Falmouth— 118. l. 12. s. 6. d.  
Summe total— 237. l. 5. s.  
Paid yearly to the Bishop of Exeter for the tenth of the coinage of Tin in Devon and Cornwall— 16. l. 13. s. 4. d.  
Paid yearly unto the Barons of the Exchequer forth examination of the accounts belonging to the said Duchy— 5. l.  
The sum total of all the charges and reprizes taken out thereof, amounted unto— 615. l. 9 s. 6. d.  
Which being deducted out of the general sum of the revenues of the said Duchy, being by estimation, 4569. l. 12. s. 2. d. q. there may remain of clear revenue, the sum of 3954. l. 2s. 8 d. q. which cannot be cast into a certain yearly value, by reason of the casual profits, and casual expenses which may happen yearly.    
And thus much of the Duchy of Cornwall.   

THE EARLDOM OF CHESTER.  

The third revenue, is the Earldom of Chester, whereunto is annexed the County of Flint, belonging to the Prince, as Earl of Chester.  
THe Earldom of Chester is the third revenue before spoken of: this Earldom bordering upon North-Wales for the better defence of that Country, and that the Inhabitants should not be thence withdrawn in suits of law, was made Palatyne, and conferred by the Conqueror upon his kinsman, Hugh, surnamed Loupe, or Lupus, son to the Earl of Awrenches in Normandy, to whom he gave this Earldom, To have and to hold, to him and his heirs, as the words of the first donation import, It a libere adgladium sicut ipse Rex tenebat Angliam & Coronam. This Earldom for the more honour thereof, and for the better accomplishment of the Palatyne jurisdiction therein▪ hath certain substitute Baronyes under it, who do acknowledge the Earl Palatyne to be their superior Lord: as,  

1 The Baron of Halton.  
2 The Baron of Mountalt.  
3 The Baron of Ma●ban●k.  
4 The Baron of Shibrooke.  
5 The Baron of Malpas.  
6 The Baron of Mascey.  
7 The Baron of Kinderton.  
8 The Baron of Stockport.   
This Earldom from the said Hugh Lupus, descended in his blood and kindred by sundry descents unto john, surnamed Scot, Earl of Chester, Anguise, Galway, and Huntingdon; who in the time of King Henry the Third, dying without issue, the said King Henry the Third, seized the same into his hands, giving the Aunts and next coheirs of the said john, other Lands, by exchange; which thing the said King was induced to do, as the Record saith, netanta haereditas inter colos diduceretur, not willing that so great a patrimony should be● parted amongst disttaffs.  
Afterward King Edward the first was by his father, the said King Henry the third, created Earl of Chester. But the same Earldom being afterwards conferred upon Simon de Monford, by his attainder it came the Crown. After that Edward the third in the life-time of his father, and before he took upon him the Kingdom, had the said Earldom, but afterwards he being King, gave the same to his eldest son Edward, surnamed the Black Prince, by his Charter bearing date at Pomfret the eighteenth day of March, in the seventh year of his reign, and enrolled of record in the Exchequer anno 33. of the same King.  
By which Charter the said King did grant unto the said Earl of Chester, the Castles of Chester, Beston, Rothlan, and Flint, and all his lands there. And also the cantred and lands of Englefield, together with the Knight's fees, advowsons, liberties, franchises, forests, chases, parks, woods, warrens, and other the appurtenances thereunto belonging, to have and to hold to him and to his heirs Kings of England.  
And the same King by another Charter bearing date the ninteenth of March, in the seventh year of his reign, granted unto the said Earl of Chester all his goods, chattels, stock of cattle then being in or upon the said lands of the said Earldom formerly granted.  
Moreover all the Kings of England succeeding, when they created their sons and heirs apparent, Princes of Wales, did also create them Earls of Chester, to have and to hold the same unto him so created, and his heirs Kings of England, in such manner as the Principality of Wales was given unto him. And did by their several Charters give unto the said Earl, the said Earldom, and lands, as namely, the said Castles of Chester, Beston, Rothlan, and Flint, and the Castle also of Hope, and the Manors of Hope and Hopedall, and of Foresha●, and the said Cantred and lands of Englefield, and other their lands in the said Counties of Chester, Flint, and elsewhere belonging unto the said Earldom. And the Aduouson of the Cathedral Church of Saint Asaph in Wales, and the avoidance, issues, and profits of the temporalities of the Bishoprics of Chester, and Saint Asaph aforesaid, together with all advowsons, pentions, portions, corrodies, offices, prizes, customs, liberties, franchises, lordships, comots, hundreds, escheats, forfeitures, and hereditaments unto the said Earldom belonging.  
And to the intent that it may the better appear both what the ancient revenues were of the said Earldom, and also what it is at this present, I shall according to the order before pursued, set down the ancient revenue thereof, as it was in the latter time of King Edward the third, and also how it now standeth in charge to your Majesty.   

The ancient revenues of the Earldom of Chester as it was taken upon the survey thereof made in the fiftieth of Edward the third.  

The County of Chester.  
The fee farm of the City of Chester— 100 l.  
For other profits out of the said City— 4 l  
The farm of the town of Medwick— 64. l  
The Farm of the Milles upon the River of Dee— 240 l  
The Manner of Dracklow in yearly rent— 49. l. 22. d.  
The farm of the Manor of Dummarsh— 15. l  
The Forest of Mara the issues and profits thereof— 51. l. 7. s.  
The rents and profits of Norwich are— 66 l  
The Manor of Shotwick the rents are— 30. l. 14. s. 1. d.  
The Manor of Eordsham in yearly rent— 56. l. 13. s. 4. d.  
The profits of the office of the Sheriff of the said County— 124. l. 7. s. 4. d.  
The perquisits of Courts holden by the justice of Chester— 180. l.  
The profits of the office of the Escheator— 100 l  
The sum total of the revenue of the said Earldom of Chester.— 1082. l. 21. d.   

The County of Flint.  
The profits of the Manor of Hope and Hopedale— 63. l.  
The profits of the Manor of Ellow and of the Ours of Coals there— 6. l.  
The profits of the office of Constable of Rothlan whereof he was countable— 8. l. 14. s.  
The rent of the town of Flint— 56. l.  
The rent of the town of Colshull— 4. l. 7. s. 10. d.  
The rent of the town of Carourse— 22. l. 6. s. 8. d.  
The rent of the town of Bagherge— 14. l. 3. s. 4. d. ob.  
The town of Veyvoll yearly— 13. l. 6. s. 8. d.  
The town of Rothlan and rent thereof— 72. l. 9 s. 2. d.  
The town of Mosten and rent thereof— 15. l. 6. s. 8. d.  
The profits of the office of Escheator of Englefield— 56. l.  
The Bloglot of the County of Flint, which consisteth of the profits of the hundred Courts within the said County— 72. l. 11. s. 9 d. ob.  
The perquisits of the Sessions in Flint— 30. l.  
The profits of the Escheator in the said County— 8. l.  
Summe total of the revenues of the Earldom rising in the County of Flint— 442. l. 19 s. 5. d.  
The rents of the Borough of Macklefield— 31. l.  
The profits of the Hundred of Macklefield— 31. l. 14. s.  
The profits of the Forest of Macklefield— 88 l.  
The account and profits of the store of Macklefield— 13. l. 6. s. 8. d.  
The herbage and agistments of the Park of Macklefield— 6. l.  
Summe total of the Lordship of Macklefield 170. l. 8. d.  
The sum total of all the revenue of the said Earldom of Chester in the said Counties of Chester and Flint, and the Lordship▪ of Macklefield— 1694. l. 9 s. 8. d.   
Out of which total sum there was deducted these sums following.  

Pentions in alms of the said Earldom— 61. l. 6. s. 8. d.  
To Sir Richard Stafford the sum of 129. l. paid unto him as due of a rent out of the said Earldom— 129. l.  
The fee of the justice's yearly— 100 l.  
Which being deducted, the whole revenue of the said Earldom remaining, not allowing any other fees to officers, amounted unto 1304. l. 15. s. 4. d.    

The revenues of the same Earldom as they now stand in charge to your Majesty are in this manner.  

The County of Chester.  
The fee farm of the City of Chester— 22. l. 2. s. 4 d. ob.  
The escheated Lands with the same City— 7. s.  
The rents of the Manor of Dracklow and Rudeheath— 26. l. 2. s. 6. d.  
The farm of the town of Medywick— 21. l. 6. s.  
The profits of the office of Mara and Modern— 34. l. 9 d.  
The profits of the Manor and Park of Stotwick— 23. l. 19 d.  
The Fulling M 〈…〉 upon the river Dee— 11. l.  
The annual profits of the Manor of Fordsham.— 48. l.  
The profits of the Hundred of Macklefield— 6. l. 20. d.  
The farm of the Borough of Macklefield— 16. l. 13. d.  
The profits of the Forest of Macklefield— 85. l. 12. s. 11. d. ob. q.  
The profits of the Escheeter of Chester— 24. l. 19 s.  
The profits of the office of the Sheriff of the said County— 43. l. 12. s. 3. d.  
The profits of the Chamberlain of the County of Chester— 55. l. 14. s.  
Samme total of the revenues in the said Earldom of Chester in the County of Chester— 418. l. 14. d. q.   

The County of Flint.  
The yearly value of Ellow— 20. l. 8. s.  
The farm of the town of Flint— 33. l. 19 s. 4 d.  
The farm of Cayrou●e— 7. l. 2. s. 4. d.  
The Castle of Ruthlan— 5. l. 12. s. 10. d.  
The rents and profits of Mosten— 7. l.  
The rents and profits of ●olshill— 54. s. 16. d.  
The rents of the town of Ruthlan— 44. l. 17. s. 6. d.  
The Lands in Englefield in yearly value— 23. l. 10. d.  
The profits of Vayvoll— 5. l. 9 s.  
The profits of the o 〈…〉 ce of the Esche 〈…〉— 6. l. 11. s. 9 d.  
The mines of Cole and Wood within the Manor of Mosten— 10. s.  
The office of the Sheriff in rents and casualties— 120. l.  
The mines and profits of the fairs of Northope 3. l. 9 s. 2. d.  
The total sum of the said revenue in yearly rent, 244. l. 5. s. 4. d.  
In casualties was last 37. l. 8. d.  
The total in the whole— 281. l. 6. s.    

The fees of the Officers of the said Earldom.  

The County of Chester.  
The fee of the office of the Escheator— 10. l. 10. s.  
The fee of the justices of Assizes in the Counties of Chester and Flint-— 100 l.  
The fee of the Attorney general.— 3. l. 6. s. 8. d.  
The fee of faure Sergeants at law in the said County 14. l. 6. s. 8. d.  
The fee of the Chamberlain of Chester— 20. l.  
The fee of the Sheriff of Chester— 20. l.  
The fee of the Constable of the Castle of Chester- 18. l. 5. s.  
The fee of the Constable of the Castle of Flint— 10. l.  
The fee of the Ranger of the Forest of Mara— 4. l. 11. s. 3. d.  
The fee of the Porter of the Castle of Flint— 6. l. 1. s. 8. d.  
The fee of the Porter of the said Castle, and of the Bailiff itinerant there— 9 l. 2. s 6. d.  
The fee of the Governor of the Forest of Macklefield— 12. l.  
The fee of two Clerks of the Exchequer at Chester, for every of them 4. l. 11. s. 3. d.— 9 l. 2. s. 6. d.  
The fee of the Surveyor of the works within the said County Palatine— 6. l. 20. d.  
The fee of the keeper of the Gardens of the Castle of Chester— 4. l. 11. s. 3. d.  
The fee of the Crier of the Exchequer at Chester 3. l. 15. s.  
The yearly fee of the Master Carpenter— 9 l. 12. s. 6. d.  
The fee of the Controller of the Counties of Chester and Flint— 12. l. 3. s. 4. d.  
The yearly fee of the Pregnatory— 3. l. 6. s. 8. d.  
The fee of the Master Cementer— 8. l. 12. s. 6. d.  
The fee of the Chalpaine of the Castle of Chester— 40. s.  
The fee paid unto the Dean and Chapter of Chester— 19 l. 10. s.  
To the Master of the Hospital for his fee— 4. l. 11. s.  
The sum of this charge in Chester, amounteth unto— 310. l. 9 s. 9 d.  
Which sum of 310. l. 9 s. 9 d. being deducted out of the former total sum of 699. l. 7 s. 2 d. q. there doth remain 388. l. 17. s. 5 d. q. which is the clear remain of the Earldom of Chester and Flint— 388. l. 17. s. 5. d. q.   
Hitherto have been expressed the revenues of the Principality of Wales, Duchy of Cornwall, and Earldom of Chester, and the state of them as well ancient as modern; which modern estate is much impaired in the revenue of the land, and so greatly diminished from his former amplitude, that I may fitly say thereof, Quantum mutatus a●●llo; for the reducing whereof to the pristine dignity, there may be requisite; first, a perfect and special survey of all the said revenues, after which it may stand with your Majesty's gracious pleasure, either to supply the same by Act of Parliament, as did King Edward the Third, or else to direct the same so, as to your Princely wisdom shall be thought most convenient.     

This Treatise I have accomplished with as much perspicuity and brevity, as my slender ability could afford to give unto it. For as touching perspicuity, this argument entreated of, is such as it refuseth all ornament and good composition, as a knotty Timber that rejecteth the plain: And I may say thereof truly, as in the like case the Poet affirmeth, Vix est contenta doceri. Some precedents found of Record concerning the form and disposition of the said revenues, with sundry other particularities, I have purposely omitted, fearing lest this Treatise be grown already too tedious, and yet the same are carefully reserved▪ nevertheless until time do minister occasion to make further use of them: Which my travel, with all duty and loyalty, I lay down at your Majesty's feet, craving pardon for my presumption and manifold imperfections appearing therein; for omnia habere in memoria, & in nullo errare divinum est, potius quam humanum, as writeth Bracton, an ancient judge of this Realm, who lived three hundred years ago.  
The Lord bless your Majesty with all his blessings both spiritual and temporal, and who hath given you this particular blessing, that your Majesty may truly say with King David; Thou hast delivered me from the contentions of my people, Thou hast preserved me to be the head over nations, the people which I knew not do serve me. And the Lord further grant that you and your Royal issue may govern us and our posterity in peace and happiness unto the world's end.  
FINIS.