A NIEWE HERBAL, OR HISTORY OF plants: wherein is contained the whole discourse and perfect description of all sorts of Herbs and plants: their divers & sundry kinds: their strange Figures, Fashions, and Shape's: their Names/ Nature's/ Operations/ and Virtues: and that not only of those which are here growing in this our Country of England/ but of all others also of foreign realms/ commonly used in Physic.  
First set forth in the Doutche or Almaigne tongue, by that learned D. Rembert Dodoens, Physician to the Emperor: And now first translated out of French into English, by Henry Light Esquyer.  
AT LONDON by my Gerard Dews, dwelling in Paul's Churchyard at the sign of the Swan. 1578.  
APOLLO. AESCULAPIUS. ARTEMISIA. LYSIMACHUS. METHRIDATES. GENTIUS.  HESPERIDUM HORTI  

Allusio ad Insignia Gentilitia Henrici Leiti, Armigeri, Somersetensis, Angli.  

Tortilis hic lituus, niveusque Olor, arguit in te  
Leite animum niveum, pictus & intrepidum.   

1578 LAETITIA ET SPE IMMORTALITATIS.   Shield  

Like as the Swan doth chant his tunes in sign of joyful mind,  
So Light by learning shows himself to Prince and Country kind.    

❧ To the most High, Noble, and Renowned Princess, our most dread redoubted Sovereign Lady Elizabeth, by the grace of God, Queen of England, France, and Ireland, defender of the faith, etc. Your grace's most humble, loyal, and faithful subject Henry Light, wisheth long life, perfect health, flourishing reign, and prosperous success to God's good pleasure, in all your most Royal affairs.  
TWO things have moved me (most noble Princess) having newly translated into English this Herbal or History of plants (not long sithence, set forth in the Almaigne or Douche tongue, by that painful and learned Physician D. Rembert Dodoens, and since that, again by the travail of sundry skilful Herbarians into divers other languages translated) to offer the same unto your majesties protection. The one was that most clear, amiable and cheerful countenance towards all learning and virtue: which on every side most brightly from your Royal person appearing, hath so inflamed and encouraged, not only me, to the love and admiration thereof: but all such others also, your Grace's loyal subjects, which are not to to dull of understanding: that we think no travail to great, whereby we are in hope both to profit our Country, & to please so noble & loving a Princess: whose whole power and endeavour we see thereto bend, that virtue & knowledge (the two most beautiful ornaments of a well governed kingdom) may flourish and bear sway: Vice and ignorance (the foes of all goodness) may vanish & give place. The other was, that earnest zeal, and fervent desire that I have, and a long time have had, to show myself (by yielding some fruit of painful diligence) a thankful subject to so virtuous a Sovereign, & a fruitful member of so good a common Weal. The first of these, heartened or emboldened me against those persuasions of mine own unworthiness: which (undoubtedly) had put me to utter silence, had I not been sustained both with the comfortable remembrance of your highness clemency, and withal considered, that no gift may lightly be more acceptably presented to the head, then that, which wholly tendeth to the preservation of the rest of the body. Of which sort, when I considered this History of plants to be, I feared the less to present it unto your Majesty. Knowing that by your Princely clemency the same being received, & by your high wisdom & authority allowed, shall take such place in your body politic, as in the natural, those do that by the head (which by reason's rule governeth the whole) are known to be approved and condignly allowed. The second pricketh me continually forward with this or the like persuasion: That as a thankful heart towards a natural mother cannot be better testified, then by love showed and practised towards her dear children: nor a more acceptable fruitfulness be required of any one branch, then that which may redound to the ornament of the whole stock: so I in no wise should be more able to show my thankful mind towards your highness (the most loving and tender mother of this common Weal) then in publishing this history to that benefit of your most loving subjects, as being the best token of love and diligence that I am at this time able to show unto either. And (doubtless if my skill in the translation were answerable to the worthiness either of the History itself, or of the Authors thereof, I doubt not, but I should be thought to have honoured your Majesty with an acceptable present. As touching the worthiness of the History itself, truly that thing may not justly be thought unmeet to be offered unto a Prince, the knowledge whereof, beside that it is by daily experience known to be both profitable to all, and pleasant to many, is above all other faculties (the divine knowledge whereby the soul liveth) only excepted, with so high commendations in the holy Scriptures extolled, that not only the professors thereof are accounted worthy of admiration & honour: but even Solomon that royal and wise King, for that he had the knowledge of the natures of plants, & was able to dispute thereof, from the highest to the lowest, from the Cedar in Libanon to the Hyssop that springeth out of the brickwall, is therefore in the sacred Bybel highly dignified & renowned. 
1. Reg. 4.  I will say nothing of Mithridates, Lysimachus, Gentius, Artemisia, and such noble & mighty Princes: whose delight and liking towards this knowledge of the nature of plants was such, that as by their diligent inquisition they wittily found out the use of many of them, so, having found the same, they disdained not to denominate and impart thereto their own names, which even to this day many of them do still retain. But arguments to this purpose, are before your most excellent Majesty needless to be alleged: aswell because your highness is daily conversant in the most clear light of all both divine & human knowledge, whereby you far more easily see the whole compass, than men of mean estate are able to conceive a part: as also for that the professors of this faculty be with your highness had in such price and estimation, that they are not only by your Majesty and your most noble progenitors, with sundry Privileges & liberties endowed, with many & great stipends and pensions in your Grace's Universities and Schools fostered and maintained: but also as they shallbe found to have laudably profited therein, so are they advanced & called to the charge of your person, & of the people of your Nobles. And art being by honour nourished, increaseth daily, & putteth all men out of doubt, that they which so embrace the professors thereof, do both well like and think of the faculty, and sufficiently understand both the use and the excellency thereof. As touching the Author of this work which I have translated, how painful a man he is, how skilful, and how luckily he hath achieved this his business, as it shalbest appear by diligent reading over his works: so also may it easily be known by the testimonies & judgements of the most learned Physicians of this age. Of whom, some are by their own works already extant, notable & renowned, & others (by the great travail that they have bestowed in translating him out of his tongue wherein he written into divers other languages) are made evident and famous: but none before this into English. Which hath made me desirous (following their example) to make my Countrymen partakers of such knowledge, as other learned and wise men in other Countries have thought meet to be made known in the native tongues of their common Weals. Touching myself this only I have to promise', that in this translation I have used my most skill and diligence to please and pleasure all such as delight in this so honest and profitable a knowledge. Most humbly craving a favourable acception hereof at your majesties hands, and pardon, if any point I have given just occasion of blame and deserved reprehension.  
From my poor house at Lytescarie within your majesties County of Somerset, the first day of januarie, M.D.Lxxviij. Your majesties most humble and faithful subject, Henry Light.   

¶ To the friendly and indifferent Reader.  
IF thou be ignorant (gentle Reader) and desirous to know, either how profitable this History of plants is, or how worthy to be studied, either how hard & how highly in times past esteemed, what be the causes of the hardness thereof, how they may be remedied, and why the Authors hereof (after so many learned both ancient and late writers) took upon him the setting forth of the same: or why in his Innotations & last edition he hath revoked certain things which in the first escaped him: for thy instruction & resolution in these matters, I refer thee to the same Authors two Prefaces, wherein he learnedly, & as briefly as the nature of the matters will permit, discourseth thereof sufficiently. But if thou wouldst know of me, why I have taken upon me the translation & publication of the same in this our native tongue, as I might without any great labour yield thee many just and reasonable causes of my so doing, if I thought it greatly expedient or necessary so to do: so I think it sufficient for any, whom reason may satisfy, by way of answer to allege this action & sententions position: Bonum, quo communius, eo melius & praestantius a good thing the more common it is, the better it is. Seeing then that my translation shall make this good & profitable history (which hitherto hath lain hide from many of my Countrymen, under the veil of an unknown language) familiar and known unto them: and if it be good (as no good man will deny) to enlarge a good thing, and to make many partakers thereof: then can there not lack just cause to be alleged of this my doing: neither think I, that any will mislike or repined thereat, except such, as either envy the Weal of others whom they account simpler than themselves, and therefore reckon unworthy to be in their own language made partakers thereof: or else are so studious of their own private gain, that they fear, lest by this means some part thereof may be lessened: whiles others understanding the nature and virtues of plants and herbs, shallbe the less beholding to their scrupulous skill. But the good and virtuous Physician, whose purpose is rather the health of many, than the wealth of himself, will not (I hope) mislike this my enterprise, which to this purpose specially tendeth, that even the meanest of my Countrymen (whose skill is not so profound that they can fetch this knowledge out of strange tongues, nor their ability so wealth, as to entertain a learned Physician) may yet in time of their necessity, have some helps in their own, or their neighbour's fields and gardens at home. If perchance any list to pick a quarrel to my translation, as not being either proper or not full, if I may obtain of him, to bear with me till he himself shall have set forth a better, or till the next impression, and the mean while (considering that it is easier to reprehend a man's doings, then to amend it) use me as a whet stone to further himself, I will not much strive: for I seek not after vain glory, but rather how to benefit and profit my Country. Far well. (* ⁎ *)   

W. B.  

GErmani fateor Dodoneo plurima debent,  
Nec debent Angli (Lite) minora tibi.  
Ille suis etenim plantarum examina scripsit,  
Tuue tuis transfers, quae dedit ille suis.  
Quodue opus ijs solis privatum scripserat, illud  
Tu commune Anglis omnibus esse facis.  
Crede mihi plantas quia transplantaveris istas,  
Belgica quas primûm solaue terra dedit,  
Inque Britannorum lętas adduxeris oras;  
Lite tuae laudis fama perennis erit.  
Dono te nobis Dodoneum (Lite) dedisse,  
Donum est, quo nullum gratius esse potest.  
Nam terrae insignes foetus, plantaque potentes,  
Poeoniaque herbas, hac ratione seris.  
Ind etiam lites medicorum (Lite) resoluis,  
Aegrotisue offers Phoebus vtalter opem.  
Quid superest? (medici) Lito, hunc praestare favorem.  
Si quando affectus, sit graviore modo,  
Confluit, & Litum gratis curate, nec illum  
Laethoimmaturo vos sinitotè mori.   

EIUSDEM.  
Gratum opus est, dignumue tuo sub nomine ferri,  
(ELIZABETHA potens) cuius moderamine solo,  
Paxiucunda Anglis, atque Arbor pacis Oliva  
Sicviget, ut passim per apricum incedere possit.  
Gens Britonum, & tutò fragrantes carpere flores.  
Quid igitur Litus plantas tibi ferret & herbas  
Omnigenas, donoue daret, cui porrigat herbam,  
Rex quicunque tenet spatiosum sceptra per orbem.    

Thomas Newtonus, Cestreshyrus.  
PErpetuum tibi ver liber hic philomuse ministrat,  
Ac paradisiaci germania laeta soli.  
Her barus huic the saurus inest, florumque suppellex,  
Alcinoi hic hortos Hesperidumque vides.  
Nec flos hic desit, nec floris grata venustas,  
Nec vires, nec odor, nec medicina valens.  
Hoc viwnt, viventque libro Podalyrius, Alcon,  
Hypocrates, Poeon, Musa, Galenus, Arabs,  
Phillyrides Chiron, Epidaurius, aque Melampus,  
Gentius, Euphorbus, josina, Lysimachus,  
Telephus, ac Mithridates, Artemisia, Achilles,  
Alcibides, Hieron, Attalus, atque juba,  
Pamphilus, Atrides, Nicander, Bassus, jolas,  
Crateias, Glaucon, & Cato, Pythagoras,  
Rasis & ipse Dioscorides, Auicenna, Machaon,  
Serapio, Celsus, Menecratesque tumens,  
Aetius, Aegineta, Ruellius ac Theophrastus,  
Tragus, Auerrhoys, Plinius, Agricola,  
Macer, Oribasius, Mesue, & Brunfelsius Ottho,  
Manardus, Zerbus, Fuchsius atque Sethi,  
Ginus, Humelbergus, Matthaeolus ac Columella,  
Fernelius, Pineus, Pena, Eliota, Lobel,  
Copho, Taranta, Leonicerus, Iberque Lacuna,  
Mago, Varignanus, Varro, joannicius,  
Soranus, Constantinus, Merula, Aurelianus,  
Guido, Godaldinus, Curtius, Encelius,  
Moschio, Philotheus, Cleopatra, Bonaciolusque,  
Arnaudus, Rocheus, Ferrius, Albucasis,  
Hildegardis, Trotula & Albicusque Torinus,  
Pandulphus, Suardus, Manlius & Diocles.  
Thurinus, Dimocles, Guilandinus, Philaretus,  
Bucius, Eudoxus, Garbus, Aphrodiseus,  
Montius, Aubertus, Fallopius atque Biesus,  
Belfortis, Bayrus, Montuus, Akakia,  
Lemnius & Cordus, Rondletius atque Dryander,  
Cardanus, Vidius, junius, Hermoleos.  
Hinc Collimitius, Fracastorius, Gemusaeus,  
Clusius ac Stephanus, Scaliger atque Kyber,  
Saracenus, Mizaldus, Savonarola, Erastus,  
Cum Bacchannello Cellanova atque Rota,  
Rhegius, Erotes, Montagnana atque Aquilanus,  
Manfredus, Bacchus, Wolphius, Arculeus,  
joubertus, Trincavelius, Pictorius, Euax,  
Gesnerus, Brunswich, Langius atque Cocles  
Turnerus, Caius, Bullenus, Linacrus, Askham,  
Guintherius, Vasseus, Kraut, Lonicerus item,  
Brissotus, Polybus, Clementinus, Mari ab alto,  
Landulphus, Phairus, Quiricus, Hollerius,  
Cubha, Dasmascenus, Gatinaria, Crato, Rulandus,  
halus, Culmannus, Ruff, Paracelsus Hoheim,  
Augerius, Landus, Galeottus, Oroscius, Oddi,  
Struppus, Heresbachius, Gratalorusque pius,  
Atque Faventinus, Merenda, Wierus, Amatus,  
Cum Quercetano, Placótomoque gravi,  
Silvius, Honterus, Cornarius ac Morisotus,  
Cumque Argenterio Frerus & Hatcherides,  
Fumanellus, Trallanus, Bellonius, Isaac,  
Musinus, Riccus, Villanovanus item,  
Pantinus, Gaynerus, Clivolus ac Bruyrinus,  
Riffus, Mantinus, Plancius, Emericus,  
Compluresque alij: quos nec numerare necesse est,  
Nec scio, si coner, qua ratione queam.  
Id sed Apollineo Rembertus acumine praestat,  
Quem suus ornat honos, gloria, fama, decus.  
Herculeo exantlans molimina tanta labore,  
Quae non sunt vllo deperitura die.  
utile alexicacon qui promit Pharmacopolis,  
utile Chirurgis, utile Philiatris:  
utile opus docto, indocto, iwenique senique,  
Divitibus simul ac utile pauperibus.  
Nec tu Leite tuo certè es faudandus honore,  
Qui tantas Anglis sponte recludis opes.  
Macte animi sic fama polum tua scandet ad altum,  
Sic te, sic patriam nobilitare stude.  Thomas Newton.  

In commendation of this work, and the Translator.  
IF all Dame Envies hateful brood hereat should hap to pry,  
Or Momus in his cankered spite, should scowl with scoyning eye.  
Yet maugre them this worthy work the Author's name shall raise,  
And painful toil so well employed: shall reap renowned praise.  
Not only he whose learned skill and watchful pain first pend it,  
And did with honour greet (in Dutch) to Country his commend it:  
But also he whose tender love to this his native soil,  
For us his friends hath first to take almost as great a toil,  
A travel meet for Gentlemen and wights of worthy fame:  
Whereby great Princes heretofore have got immortal name.  
As Gentius, Lysimachus, and also Mythridates,  
With juba, Euax, Attalus, and Dioscorides.  
And many noble wights besides, and great renowned Kings,  
Have so bewrayed their skill in this (besides all other things)  
By registering their names in Herbs, as though thereby they meant,  
To testiyfe to all degrees their toil and travel spent  
In such a noble faculty, was not a slavish thing:  
But fit for worthy Gentlemen, and for a noble King.  
For if by Herbs both health be had and sickness put to flight:  
If health be that, without the which there can be no delight?  
Who dare envy these worthy men, that have employed their pain,  
To help the sore, to heal the sick, to raise the weak again?  
Not fie of that, but Dodoneus ay shall have his dew,  
Whose learned skill hath offered first, this worthy work to view.  
And Light whose toil hath not been light, to dye it in this grain,  
Deserves no light regard of us: but thanks and thanks again.  
And sure I am, all English hearts that like of Physics lore,  
Will also like this Gentleman: and thank him much therefore.  W. Clowes. 
FINIS.   

To the Reader, in commendation of this work.  

WHere virtue shines, and deeply seems to rest,  
Where aid appears, to help the health of man,  
Where perfect proof assigns us what is best,  
Where counsel craves, each willing mind to skan,  
Where learning lies to help us now and than:  
There best is deemed for man to spend his days,  
Though it be reaped with toyell ten thousand ways.   

Then blame not him, whose careful hand first pend,  
This worthy work, which now is brought to light,  
But it embrace, and double thanks him lend,  
Whose daily toil deserves the same by right:  
For virtue shines herein to each man's sight.  
Whose aid for health, with proof and counsel grave,  
Whose learned lives, aught sure due praise to have.   

Well: Rembert Dodoens, written this first in Douche.  
Which since in French was turned by others toil.  
And now by Light: whose travail hath been such.  
For ease of all, within this native soil.  
Where (lo) to Momus mates, he gives the foil.  
And here presents in the English tongue,  
To comfort all that are both old and young.   

The work itself, of sundry trees entreat,  
Besides of Herbs, Flowers, Weeds, and plants that grows.  
Sets down their virtues sure which are so great,  
That we may say therein great learning flows.  
The Author hath (so far forth as he knows  
By skilful judgement) unto each disease,  
Set down a cure, the sick and sore to ease.   

Great was his toil, which first this work did frame.  
And so was his, which ventured to translate it,  
For when he had full finished all the same,  
He minded not to add, nor to abate it.  
But what he found, he meant whole to relate it.  
Till Rembert he, did send additions store.  
For to augment Lytes travel passed before.   

Which last supply so come to Light his hand,  
He fitly furnished, every piece in place.  
The work again he written I understand,  
For fear if aught therein should breed disgrace.  
And did as much as one could in this case.  
For English names, to every herb and plant,  
He added hath, whereby is nothing scant.   

This rare device, each one may well esteem,  
Which bringeth aid, and comfort unto man.  
The learned will accept the same I deem.  
Wherefore I crave if aught espy thou can,  
(As none can be so watchful now and than  
But faults may scape, for want of Argus eyes.)  
To mend the same, and naught herein despise.   

With willing mind, good Reader here I crave,  
Accept this work, thus written for thy sake,  
And honour him that seeks man's health to save.  
Yielding him thanks, which it did undertake:  
And unto Light due thanks thou hast to make.  
His painful pen deserves thy good report.  
Whose toil was great, to end it in this sort.   
T. N.  Petit ardua virtus.  

johannis Hardingi in laudem tam Auctoris quam interpretis Duodecasticon.  
CEdant Turneri pingues simûlatque Lobeli,  
Horti ac egregij gloria summa Tragi.  
unicus hic reliquis long est Praestantior hortis,  
Quem pia iam Liti cura laborque dedit.  
Illorum tenues abijt decor omnis in auras,  
Huius at aeterno gloria viva manet.  
Aspice quam virides insultent undique plantae,  
Quales viderunt saecula nulla priûs.  
Tantum igitur Lito debes gens Anglica docto,  
Quantum Remberto Teutonis ora suo.  
Nec plus Remberto letantur Meclinienses,  
Quam te Lito tui Candide Murotriges.  Fato prudentia maior.  


REMBERTI DODONAEI AETA. XXXV. VIRTUTE AMBI.    

REMBERTI DODONAEI MECHLINIENSIS MEDICI, IN SECVNDAM COMMENTARIORUM SVORUM, DE STIRPIUM Historia, editionem, ad studiosos Medicinae Candidatos, Praefatio.  
STIRPIUM ac universae materiae Medicae cognitionem potentissimis Regibus, antiquissimis Heroibus, Praestantissimis Medicis ac Philosophis olim in pretio habitam, utilem ac necessariam Medicę arti iudicatam, sommo studio, nec minori diligentia excultam, adeo manifestum est, ut multis assertionibus opus non sit. Praesertim non paucis herbis Regum ac Heroum, qui has vel primi invenerunt, vel in frequenti medendi usu habuerunt, nomina retinentibus, ut Mithridatium, Eupatorium, Gentiana, Lysimachia, Achillea, Centaurium Alcibiadium, Telephium, Artemisia, aliaeue plures: & veteres ipsos, atque inter eos Hippocratem, Medicorum omnium longè principem, Galenum, nonnullosque alios, longinquas peregrinationes, cognoscendae materiae Medicae causa suscepisse, & propria & aliorum scripta testentur.  
Eandem verò scientiam, à posteriorum nostroue tempore vicinorum seculorum medicis ac philosophis, planè neglectam & contemptam fuisse, res ipsa quoque evidenter docet. Solae enim illae Medicinae partes, ab illorum seculorum Medicis coli visae sunt, quae ex rationum physicarum fontibus deductae, hinc dubitandi disputandique uberem materiam praeberent: aliae verò, usu atque experientia constantes, ut steriles ac ieiunae spretae. Cuiusmodi ipsa 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 est, Physicarum rationum subsidiam vel nullum vel exiguum admittens. Quamobrem eius omni notitia, mulieribus, herbarijs analphabetis, vel indoctis pharmacopoeis relicta, indignum professione sua ac magnificis titulis parum decorum infoelices illi Medici existimabant, cognoscendae alicuius materiae medicae herbę aut stirpis causa, vel minimum operae laborisue sumere: extra urbes ad montes, convalles, prata, suburbanaue loca excurrere.  
Tantam studiorum dissimilitudinem, fatalis ille seculorum ordo peperit, qui & maximas urbes, potentissima regna, latissimè patentia imperia, & hanc Medicinae partem, nonnullasque alias pessundedit, ac propemodum extinxit. unde factum, ut quae olim facillimè, ac nullo propemodum negocio materiae Medicae ac Stirpium cognito percipi poterat, difficilis ac obscura reddita sit.  
Tradebant eam Dioscorides, Galenus, eiusque aetatis Medici, veluti per manus à matoribus acceperant, seruatis eousque nominibus, quae magna ex part incorrupta ad illorum tempora venerant.  
Nobis ea foelicitas denegata, multis modis veris ac genuinis appellationibus, corruptis, perversis ferè abolitis, barbaris in earum locum suppositis, multo tempore intermissa Stirpium notitia, solis veterum descriptionibus relictis, ex quibus hęc disciplina & requirenda & restituenda est. Id quam difficile sit, licèt alio loco scripserimus, tamen hîc repetere visum fuit non alienum.  
Non levis autem difficultatis huius scientię, aut una aliqua causa est, sed maxime eademque praecipuae duę: innumera videlicet multitudo stirpium, immensaque varietas: & eorum qui de harum historia, aut materia Medica scripta reliquerunt, brevitas, incuria, negligentia, subinde varia atque dissimilis apud diversos descriptio: & utinam non quorundam errores obscuritatem non exiguam in eam intulissent.  
Stirpium siquidem herbarumque infinita sunt genera, variè per orbem terrarum sparsa immensa multitudo, ut non uno loco paucisque regionibus requirere eas liceat, sed ad eas omnes cognoscendas omnium serè regnorum ac provinciarum peragratione, longi temporis peregrinatione opus videatur. Sunt nonnullae quibusdam vel insulis dicatae vel regionibus propriae, quae in alia quaevis loca transferri nequeunt, vel tellure coeloque mutatis mutantur, ut Theophrastus libro quarto ait. Alię pluribus quidem terris communes, non omnes tamen passim aut crebrò obuię, sed certis tractubus peculiares, vel montibus scilicet, promontorijs, praeruptis rupibus, saxosis aut nivalibus locis, collibus, densis syluis, umbrosis lucis, arborum caudicibus, aruis, campestribus, apricis, laeto pioguique solo, macro & sterili, humidis, vliginosis, riguis, paludibus, stagnantibus aquis, fontibus, fluminibus, flwiorum ripis, maris littoribus, scopulis, vel ipso denique mari addictae. Harum autem istae eandem ferè ubique formam retinent, vel eriguam mutationem assumunt: illae in diversis regionibus pro coeli solique varietate, aliam formam & magnitudinem induunt. Quod segetum, fabarú, nucum, aliorumue apud Indos nascentium (si Herodoto fides) exemplis manifestum est, quorum longè maior magnitudo, quàm in Aegypto nascentium. Segetum enim culmi instar harundinum crassescunt: fabae triplo maiores Aegyptijs, sesamum miliumque eximiae magnitudinis: nuces tantae molis ut miraculi loco in templis suspendantur. Strabo quoque in extremo Mauritanorum quodam tractu, juxta creditum Nili exortum vitem tantae crassitudinis nasci tradit, quam vix duo homines complecti queant: omnem herbam cubitalem: Staphylinorum, Hippomarathri, Solymi caules duodenum cubitorum, crassitudine quatuor palmorum reperiri. Et tantus quidem Stirpium numerus immensa latissimè sparsa multitudo, varia ac multiplex natura.  
Auctorum verò ipsorum quanta fuerit negligentia, vel incuria in multarum praesertim vulgo notarum, formis differentijsque describendis, cùm multarum extent nomina, quarum formae non sunt expressae, aut leviter tantùm descriptę, nemo ferè est qui ignoret, Ruellio idipsum scriptis suis testante.  
Eosdem verò non semper convenire, atque interdum inter sese dissidere, dum sub uno eodemque nomine alius aliam herbam vel fruticem designat, vel eandem alia nomenclatura exprimit, Dioscoridis cum Theophrasti aliorumque scriptis diligens collatio ostendit, suppeditabit & huius varietatis Historia nostra non pauca exempla.  
Descriptiones verò quorundam erroribus esse conspersas, quod ad Plinianas attinet manifestissimum est, Leoniceni enim libri de Plinij erratis passim prostant, & omnes ferè nostri seculi, qui de materia Medica aut Stirpibus scripsere, in redarguendis ac notandis Plinij lapsubus plurimi sunt.  
Verùm de Dioscoride id nemo forsitan expectauerit aut suspicatus fuerit, Galeni testimonio atque scriptis commendato. Reperiuntur tamen in eius commentarijs non exigui errores. Alias enim dissimilium Stirpium, eiusdem apud diversos auctores nominis, delineationes in unam historiam contrahit: alias eandem non ijsdem nominibus nuncupatam, veluti membratim diuulsam diversis locis describit, ut ijs commentarijs quos in Stirpium historias, quae apud Dioscoridem extant meditamur, ostensuros (si Deus vitam, valerudinem, ociumque concesserit) nos speramus.  
Nec tamen hi errores impediunt, quo minus▪ Dioscorides alijs omnibus longè praestet, cum omnes vel imperfectiorem multò historia, vel pluribus, maioribus erroribus, ac fabulis, pręstigijsue plena scripta reliquerint. Theophrastus reliquos omnes in suo scribendi genere superans, formas ex professo non descripsit, sed Stirpium multiplicem differentiam aliaque philosopho homine digna prosequi staduit. De Plinij scriptis quid judicandum, iam scripsimus. Nicandris, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 solum reperiuntur. Apuleius de paucis tantummodo egit. Galenus, Paulus Aetius, figuras à Dioscoride expressas omiserunt. Alij veteres Graeci & Latini, Philosophi, Medici, Poëtae, Historiographi, Architecti, Agriculturae scriptores, Hippiatri five Veterinarij, quorum lectione ad quarandam plantarum notitiam pervenimus, non nisi obiter quarundam neminerunt. Bithyni jolae, Heraclidis Tarentini, Cratevae herbarij, Andreae medici, julij Bassi, Nicerati, Petronij Nigri, Diodoti, Pamphyli, Mant●ę, Apollonij antecessorum Dioscoridis & Galeni scripta, neque ad posteritatem pervenerunt, neque perfectum aliquid tradiderunt. Plerique horum anilibus fabulis aut pręstigiaturis Aegyptijs, coniurationibúsue pleni sunt, alij de una aliqua materia, aut paucis tantùm, ut Galenus scribit, egerunt: universam verò materiam complecti non studuerunt.  
Quibus de causis illorum omnium scriptis posthabitis, uni Dioscoridi summam laudem auctoritatemue Galenus tribuit, quam illi quoque deberi nemo negare potest, absque eius siquidem scriptis, Stirpium materięue Medicae cognitio resti tui nulla ratione potest.  
Non enim idcirco veluti parum utilis abdicandus aut reijciendus, quòd in plerisque locis lapsus fit, cùm nec Plinium muito gravius & pueriliter sępè hallucinatum minimè negligi oporteat ad Stirpium notitiam plurimum conferentem. Neque enim eam ob causam de erratis eius coepimus admonere, sed ut huius scientię & studij difficultas ab omnibus intelligatur maioriqueve cum attentione, in stirpium cognitionem studiosi incumbant: diligentius omnes notas expendant: levibus coniecturis contenti facile judicium non promant, minus admirentur si post complures in hoc studio versatos, multa in notitiam nondum perducta adhuc lateant: plures quotidie exoriantur in restituenda hac Medicinae part laborantes, aut quod hi qui in lucem subinde nonnulla dedêre, sententiam alicubi mutent. Nam haec omnia, haud dubio, difficultati huius scientiae magis, quam negligentię, incuriae, aut temeritati huius aetatis scriptorum accepta referre aequum est.  
Si enim Dioscorides exercitatissimus vir, qui multum studij, laboris, in Stirpium, materiaeue Medicae cognitionem impendit, eo seculo quo nomina magna ex part incorrupta vulgo retinebantur, ipsarum notitia à maioribus accepta veluti per manus tradebatur, vel immenso numero, multiplicique earum varietate, vel auctorum imperfectis, varijs, fabulosis descriptionibus detentus, errorem vitare non potuit: qua ratione nunc quisquam, antiquis nomenclaturis ac appellationibus vix receptis, aut plurimum depravatis, Stirpium cognitione longo tempore intermissa atque contempta, in tanta veterum (uti diximus) negligentia, incuria, varietate, atque erroribus subinde implicata obscuritate, vel facile vel absque magno labore, diligentissima inquisitione earum notitiam consequi se posse sperabit?  
Quum igitur tanta huius scientiae vel magnitudo vel difficultas sit, ut non nisi diligentissimo omnium stirpium maturoque examine plurimorum veterum auctorum lectione exactissima, id est, multo labore, diutinis peregrinationibus, continuo studio comprehendi queat: ac fieri vix possit, ut his omnibus, unius hominis aut paucorum vita diligentiaque par sit. Citra omnem admirationem esse debet, post multos recentiorum in hac materia diligenter versatos, alios indies exoriri, qui hanc augere studiant, & nostros quoque de Stirpium historia libros prodire.  
Nemine siquidem hanc scientiam ad perfectionem perducente, sed omnibus plurima praetermittentibus, occasio posteris relinquitur, priorum inventis ac obseruatis plurima adijciendi atque stirpium cognitionem locupletandi. Quod recentiorum non paucis praestantibus, privato studio, peregrinatione, aliaue occasione comperta in commune proferentibus & mei officij fore iudicavi, ut eam quam existimabam me huic scientię posse accessionem facere, aut emendationem adhibere, in publicum mitterem, atque verae Medicinae Stirpiumque studiosis communicarem.  
Non frustra autem vel inutiliter hunc laborem vel recentiores vel nos suscepimus. Pertinet enim hęc scientia ad praecipuas & principes duas Medicinę partes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Illa victus ratione: haec medicamentis sanitati homivis consulit: utraque herbis, frugibus, stirpibus, earumque seminibus, fructibus, radicibus, succis, veluti necessarijs & materia & instrumentis utitur. Haec enim ut plurimum, ad artis opera Medici vel impermixta, vel alijs aut interse commixta adhibent. Si enim nemo illum bonum fabrum aut artificem dixerit, qui malleum, incudem aut ferrum, aliáve artis suae instrumenta vel materiam non noverit: Medicum quis habebit doctum, qui Betam à Blito distinguere nesciat, in crassa supinaue omnium Stirpium Medicaeue materiae ignorantia versetur.  
At multum, fortasse dicet aliquis, inter medicum & reliquos artifices interest, neque enim manum medici operibus apponunt, sed veluti architecti tantum praecipiunt, omnem Stirpium & Medicae materiae notitiam, praeparationem, variam mistionem pharmacopoeis relinquunt.  
Fatemur à multis annis medicos praeparandorum miscendorumue pharmacorum morem omisisse, ac à veterum consuetudine recessisse, quos abunde constat nulla pharmacopoeorum opera usos, medicamenta etiam proprijs & discipulorum manibus miscuisse, neque ut pharmaco poei rursus fiant requirimus, & quaerendis, terendis, tundendis, praeparandis, miscendis, medicamentis occupentur, sed Stirpium & materię Medicae, quarum potissimum frequentior ac quotidianus usus, notitiam exigimus: non secus ac in Architecto omnis materiae aedificiorum cognitio requiritur. Qui enim eam ignoraverit, bonus Architectus esse non potest. Sic etiam neque doctus aut perfectus medicus, qui artis suae materiam non cognorit. Quod si fabri ex non convenienti ligno vel trabes vel aedium contignationes struant, Latomi luto pro caemento parietes compingant aut reliqui artifices alijs modis imposturas moliantur, admittet aut dissimulabit haec bonus Architectus? Non existimo quenquam fore, qui non putet harum rerum curam ad eum pertinere. Cur igitur connivebit Medicus, si pharmaco poeus spuria legitimis genuinis adulterata recentibus exoleta, calida frigidis, frigida calidis, alexi pharmacis deleteria substituat, ac deficiente uno, alias hoc, modo illud, absque vllo judico aut delectu supponat? Connivere autem cum huiusmodi imposturis aut gravissimis erratis oportebit, si huius scientiae rudis imperitus fuerit, cum nulla ratione dolum deprehendere poterit.  
Omnes igitur Medicinae studiosos in hac Stirpium materiaeue Medicae notitia sese exercere convenit, atque operam & diligentiam summam adhibere, ut harum cognitionem reliquis Medicę artis partibus adiungant: veterum antiquissimorum, probatissimorumue Medicorum huius scientiae studiosissimorum, vestigijs hac in part insistant, ac Galeni clarissimi & maximę auctoritatis medici, praeceptis & consilio obsequundent, qui omnes Medicos & iwenes artis candidatos ad Stirpium & Medicamentorum materiae exactam notitiam admonet, atque incitat, Medicus (inquit libro de antidotis primo) omnium Stirpium, si fieri potest, peritiam habeat, consulo: sin minus, plurium saltem quibus frequenter utimur. Item tertio de Medicamentis secundum genera. Hinc puto bonę indolis iwenes incitatum iri, ut medicamentorum materiam cognoscant, ipsimet inspicientes, non semel aut bis, sed frequenter, quoniam sensibilium rerum cognitio sedula inspectione perficitur. Et ibidem paulò infra: Vos ergo admoneo amici, ut in hoc quoque me sequamini si artis opera pulchrè obiri velitis. Novistis enim quomodo ex omni natione, praestantissima quotannis medicamenta mihi adferantur, eò quòd perditi illi omnigerarum rerum coëmptores (Gręci 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vocant) varijs modis ea contaminant. Pręstiterat fortassis non hos solum, sed multò magis etiam mercatores, qui illa aduehunt, incusare: atque his multò magis ipsos herbarios: item nihil minus eos, qui radicum liquores, succos, fructus, flores & germina ex montibus in urbes conferunt. Hi siquidem omnium primi in eis dolum exercent. Quisquis igitur auxiliorum undique copiam h●bere volet, omnis materiae Stirpium, animalium & metallorum, tum aliorum terrestrium corporum, quae ad Medicinae usum ducimus, expertus edo, ut ex eis & exacta & notha cognoscat. Deinde in commentario meo, quem de simplicium medicamentorum facultate prodidi, sese exerceat. Nisi enim hoc modo instructus ad praesentis operis praesidia veniat, verbotenus quidem medendi methodum sciet, opus verò nullum ipsa dignum perficiet. Hactenus Galeni verba. Ex quibus manifestum est ac indubitatum relinquitur, hanc scientiam medico & utilem, & necessariam, ut qui absque huius peritia nihil poscit medendo certi assequi, aut eximium quicquam ex arte praestare, herbariorum, myropolarum, pharmacopoeorumque dolis, imposturis, ac subinde crassa vel pertinaci ignorantia delusus. Quod omnes medicos diligentissimè cavere cum salutis ac valetudinis suae fidei concreditorum, tum propriae existimationis causa, maximè decet.  
Neque scientiae huius difficultas, quae ipsius penè immensam magnitudinem ostendit, quenquam ab eius studio absterrere debet, sed potius ad auxiliares ei manus conferendas omnes studiosos excitare, accendere, inflammare: ne tam necessaria humanae vitae scientia diutius vel neglecta, vel contempta iaceat, sed plurimorum communi labore atque diligentia crescens, ad perfectionem veniat, ab interitu vindicetur, medicinaeque reliquis partibus adiungatur, ac veluti postliminio restituatur. Quò enim difficultatis ac magnitudinis scientia aliqua amplius habet, hòc magis bona ingenia in ea occupari libentius solent. Ignavorum existimatur in parvis ac facilibus versari: industriorum verò ac diligentum in gravibus, magnis, ac difficilibus. Paruę ac faciles res nulli opinionem aut auctoritatem pariunt. Difficiles & magnę, honores & gloriam conferunt. Magnae enim rei, quantumcunque quis possederit, participem fieri, non minima est gloria, ut Columella ait.  
Sed ut ad hos de Stirpium commentarios veniamus. Contraxeramus in hos, quum primum ederemus, quicquid herbarum plantarumque in cognitionem nostram venerat. Secunda hac editione severa animaduersione adhibita, omnia recognovimus, pleraque mutavimus, nonnulla translulimus, totum opus non exigua accessione locupletavimus & auximus, multarum Stirpium nemini quod sciam adhuc depictarum imagines adiecimus. Vtrobique formas omnium, qua potuimus diligentia tradidimus: nomina Graeca, Latina, officinis recepta, Germanica, Gallica, & nobis Brabantis ac vicinis Flandris aut Hollandis Frisiísve vernacula, singularum historijs adscripsimus. Temperamenta deinde ac vires ex probatissimorum Medicorum scriptis subi●nximus, haud praeteritis ijs quae recentiorum experientia repperit, maximè earum quas in veterum cognitionem non venisse neo terici putant. Atque haec omnia brevissimè complectentes non elementorum ordine stirpes digessimus, sed vel forma, vel viribus, vel alia ratione congeneres ac similes coniungere studuimus.  
His autem describendis non tantum nostro studio vel, si quę est, industria profecimus, sed antecessorum quoque scriptis plurimum adiuti sumus, Leoniceni videlicet, Hermolai, Manardi, Ruellij. Cordi utriusque, Hieronymi Tragi, aliorumque. Leonharti Fuchsij imagines in priores nostros magna ex part omnes recepimus (ut in ipsa imaginum nostrarum prima editione adiecta causa scripsimus) non sic tamen ut sententiam eius in omnibus sequeremur, sed adhibito judicio & animaduersione, verisimiliorem amplecteremur.  
In recognoscendis verò & nova accessione augmentandis, licet nostro labore plurimum creverint, non tamen Petri Bellonij obseruationibus profecisse nos inficiari possumus: aut ex Petri Andreae Matthioli commentarijs quaedam mutuatos. Quibus tamen multum pepercimus, propterea quod eae, quas reliquimus, in conspectum nostrum non venissent. Annisi enim sumus ad hoe, ut vix alias describeremus, quàm oculis nostris aliquando subiectas & conspectui exhibitas. Itaque paucissimas ex eius commentarijs accepimus, idque ferè non absque eius mentione, quę videlicet propter naturę affinitatem, vel nominis similitudinem cum alijs à nobis descriptis, negligi vix poterant: vel in opinione apud nostros sic versabantur, ut aliena pro veris supponerentur. Quod si autem quae aliae sunt nobis cum Matthiolo communes, eas nostra cura depictas fuisse, figurae magna ex part aliae, atque vernaculi commentarij prius quàm Matthioli ad nos venirent editi, facile testabuntur. Nec defuit nobis locupletandis nostris Doctiss. Andreas Lacuna, qui Corrudam & Palmam in opus nostrum intulit Profuit etiam industria Caroli Clusij cognitioni universae materiae Medicae, tum ipsius artis studiosiss. qui & raras quasdam stirpes nobis suppeditanit, & convertendis commentarijs hisce in Gallicum Idioma, benignam ac diligentem suam operam exhibuit.  
Reliquum est studiosi inuenes, ut nostris hisce commentarijs, cùm in Stirpium herbarumque cognitione facilius assequenda adiuti, tum huius scientiç & Medicinae partis non minimę, utilitate necessitateue provocati, excitatis, accensis, inflammatis animis, omni studio in hoc diligentissimè incumbatis, ut non solùm quae à nobis descriptae sunt, ac per icones expressae stirpes, in notitiam vestram veniant, verùm etiam earum quae apud veteres supersunt, nondum satis notarum, ac universae materiae Medicae peritiam assequamini, vel saltem auctarium aliquod hactenus repertis ac traditis adijciatis, quo multorum communi studiomaius ac maius incrementum haec scientia accipiens, ad 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 tandem ac perfectionem perveniat.  
valet. Mechliniae, Quinto Id. Iulias.   

EPISTOLA AD LECTOREM. REMBERTI DODONAEI DE RECOGNITIONE SVORUM COMMENTARIORUM AD LECTORES EPISTOLA CUM imaginum eius part altera olim edita.  
FVTV. RUM omnino auguror candide Lector, ut simul ac nasutiores & morosiores aliqui, nostros de re Herbaria commentarios aut imagines viderint, studium statim nostrum sint suggillaturi: quod post tam multos doctos viros, in hoc studij genere summa cum diligentia versatos, melius me aliquid invenire, & eorum inventis superaddere, posse sperauerim. Vbi vero in annotationes inciderint, quas hoc loco adiecimus, & in ijs quaedam retractata, nonnulla in dubium revocata à nobis offenderint, multo magis temeritatem nostram sint damnanturi: ut qui mox ab editione, aliam sententiam in nonnullis sequar, vel non satis perspecta atque comperta in publicum dare voluerim. His responsum cupio, huic studio hoc unicè proprium esse multorum operam atque laborem desiderare: nempe in quo non exigua sit difficultas, nec minor varietas, quae summam etiam diligentissimorum industriam fatigent. Infinita enim sunt stirpium quę vel sine nominibus, vel cum barbaris & peregrinis nobis sese offerunt genera, quibus vetera & antiqua reddere nomina instituti nostri praecipua & maxima pars est. Quarum etsi veteres Herbariae rei & stirpium historiae scriptores, differentias ac notas omnes, summa diligentia descriptas nobis reliquissent, impossibile tamen foret, de omnibus facile aut citra summum laborem & indefessum studium, veritatem assequi, cum non uno loco, sed per universum orbem spersas requirere & cognoscere oporteret. Non uno enim loco aut eadem in regione omnes plurésue, sed aliae alijs vel regionibus vel locis addictae sunt. Dictamnum Cretae proprium est. Rha supra Bosphorum regiones & paucae alię suppeditant. Thus Sabaeorum gignit provincia. Balsamum sola Palestina producit. Et ut plures tales regionibus quibusdam solis proprias praetereamus, ex his quę in pluribus terris inveniuntur, nonnullae nisi in convalibus proveniunt: sunt aliae montibus familiares & propriae. Amant hae aprica loca: illa umbrosa aut densas syluas. Inter saxa, lapidosis locis aut in praeruptis rupibus reperiuntur quaedam: aliae inarborum caudicibus nascuntur. Laetum pinguaeue solum desiderant nonnullae: in sterili agro magis proficiunt aliae. Delectant quasdam arua: alias vineta: illas horti: istas prata: nonnullae in vliginosis & riguis oriuntur. Sunt quas temerè alio loco quam in maris littoribus requiras. Ad quas omnes cognoscendas & perquirendas cum pręter diligentem veterum lectionem, diuturna & longi temporis per infinita loca, per omnes ferè orbis partes peregrinatione opus sit, multi labores sudoresue perferendi, infinita pericula subeunda, fieri non potest, ut una hominis vita his ombus satis sit, ut interim omittamus quam multa superueniunt incommoda, quae peregrinandi occasionem aut adimunt aut multum impediunt, veluti bella incogniti diversarum gentium, ritus, mores & lingua, horridę, incultae, squalidae regiones, & ad haec maximè rerum vel publicarum, vel privatarum & domesticarum curatio, aut ferendis maximis sumptibus impar fortuna. Nunc autem cum his omnibus gravissimis impedimentis, accedat etiam, quod veteres multarum stirpium veluti vulgo cognitarum formas non expresserint: aliarum tam leviter descripserint: vel attigerint, ut non videantur tradidisse: iam & in nonnullarum descriptionibus non vulgares sed maximi auctores varient, veluti in Asphodelo & alijs quibusdam, quis non summam in hac disciplina difficultatem esse affirmet, quae multorum quantumuis industriorum & studiosorum indefessos labores & maximam diligentiam requirat? nec solum requirat verum etiam superet? Cum igitur tam infinita stirpium sunt genera, singulorumue multiplices differentiae, tam diversa & natura & situ dissidentia in quibus gignuntur loca, quę adire omnia non solum difficilè verum etiam impossibile fuerit, & ad haec mutilę, imperfectae ac confusae veterum descriptiones, ut propter haec gravissima impedimenta, de absoluta stirpium cognitione desperandum videatur. Nulla certè pręsentior via, commodior ratio, aut expeditius consilium, quo hoc studium, haec scientia in lucem revocari & crescere possit, quam ut multorum laboribus & lucubrationibus adiwetur. Plurimorum enim poterit industria quod paucorum nequit praestare opera. Dum enim hic quaedam in lucem adfert, alij quaedam adijciunt, nonnulla corrigunt, alia supplent, non exiguum herbarum studium & simplicis medicinae cognitio incrementem capit Hanc rationem videntur mihi insecuti Leonicenus, Manardus, Ruellius, Cordus uterque, Musa, Tragus, Fuchsius, & quotquot in hac disciplina non omnino infoeliciter hac ętate versantur, Neque enim quisquam istorum, aut stirpium historiam absoluit, aut perfectam sibi eius cognitionem vendicat: cum multas etiam de industria prętereant. Sed quod quisque sibi suo labore, sua industria per ocium peperit peregrinatione invenit, aut alia ratione cognovit, hoc in commune proferre, & veritatis amatoribus communicare studet, & quo quisque posterior hoc maiorem huic scientiae accessionem facit, dum antecessorum opera ac laboribus etiam adiwatur. Movit certe nos & hęc ratio, cum enim multas stirpes in omnibus recentioribus desiderari animaduertissem, in quibusdam deceptos eos obseruassem, & non paucas me supplere & aliorum inventis adijcere, nec non in quibus erratum videbatur, veritatem aperire posse sperassem, volui ut post multorum doctorum virorum qui in Stirpium historia versati sunt commentarios, mei quoque labores, mei conatus, in publicum prodirent, non quod laudem ac gloriam mihi hinc aliquam postulem, sed ut nostris inventis & studijs aliquo etiam modo, stirpium herbarumue cognitio & simplicis medicine studium promoveatur. Desinant igitur morosi censores, frustra aut temere hunc laborem à nobis susceptum criminari, quando nostra industria & opera huic scientiae non mediocris plantarum, fruticum ac arborum numerus accesserit, antea à nemine quod sciam, recentiorum traditarum, praeter omnes quę ab errore vindicatae sunt quarum non exiguus quoque numerus est. Quod verò paucula quaedam, post editos commentarios à nobis retractentur, facit summa huius scientiae & maxima, ut diximus, difficultas, quae nos ita tenet Cimmerijs quasi tenebris immersos, ut vix etiam summo studio, & frequenti ipsarum plantarum collatione, veritatem queamus invenire. Si enim in ijs scientijs aut artibus (ut Socrates alicubi inquit) errores etiam subinde committantur, quae vel ex naturalium rationum fontibus deducuntur, vel certis praeceptionibus, regulis aut methodo constant, quo non tandem modo, in Herbaria disciplina, nullis regulis, nulla methodo firmata, ex naturalibus rationibus minimum, imo pene nullum subsidium admittente, saepius & nolentibus, & non sentientibus nobis errores irrepent? Docent id scripta Leoniceni, Hermolai, Manardi, Cordi, Ruellij, Musae, Tragi, Fuchsij & aliorum recentiorum, quorum judicia vel à seipsis saepius revocata, vel ab alijs retractata & correcta sunt. Non reputo me his diviniorem, & ego homo sum, decipi & errare possum, praesertim in re tam multis de causis difficili ac obscura, ut si alicubi ferendus aut dissimilandus est error, hic dissimulari & tolerari debeat. Quamobrem non tam pudet nos horum errorum, quàm poenitet. Quando igitur mihi hoc commune cum alijs est, ut in quibusdam minus veritatem assecutus fuerim, non habeo aliud praesentius remedium, quàm ut mihi ipsi medear meosue errores ipse è medio sustollam. Et praestat sanè me mei ipsius correctorem esse, quovis alio, quamuis & aliorum animaduersiones non nisi aequissimo animo accepturus sum. Cùm enim publicae utilitatis causa hunc laborem susceperim, & eiusdem intersit sicubi à me erratum, idipsum corrigi ac notari, nulla in re magis mihi gratificari poterunt veritatis studiosi, quàm si nostra omnia ad examen ducant, cumque veterum descriptionibus diligenter conferant, ac ubi me veritatem minus assecutum deprehenderint, amicè & synceriter admoneant. Atqui sic morosis & severis istis censoribus responsum esto, quos optauerim ab ista calumniandi tentigine, & doctorum huius seculi scriptorum, suggillandi & reprehendi studio, ad meliorem frugem, & bonarum artium ac scientiarum studia conversos in hoc totos esse, & omnibus ingenij viribus certare, ut, vel mediocris eruditionis viros, doctrina aequent, si superare se posse diffidant. Caeterum quod ad annotationes istas attinet, secuti in his sumus, secundam commentariorum nostrorum editionem, quam ob causam quaedam retract●uimus, de nonnullis videlicet aliter iudicantes, de alijs vel nostram vel aliorum huius aetatis doctorum virorum coniecturam indicantes: unum aut alterum Dioscoridis locum aut vitiosum aut confusum ostendimus: figuras complures adiecimus, omnes videlicet quae secundae ac posteriori aeditioni accesserunt. Sunt autem ex his non paucae quidem novae, id est, antea aut prius non depictę: nonnullae infeliciter prius expressae, nunc aedificiosius & elegantius formatae paucissimę ex Doctiss. Pet. And. Matthioli commentarijs translatae, quas nempe cognatio vel similitudo cùm alijs à nobis descriptis, non sinebat praetermitti, ut etiam in commentariorum nostrorum praefatione scripsimus, Nam à reliquis, quas forte alius in suos commentarios traduxisset propterea abstinuimus, quòd in conspectum nostrum non venissent. Illud enim nobis in primis curę fuit, ut quam paucissimas describeremus, quas non aliquando oculis coram cernere contigit, & maxima novarum figurarum pars ad vivarum plantarum imitationem depingeretur, ut ipsae stirpium descriptiones, & imagines alię nec aliorum similes facile testabuntur.  
Vale, atque pręsentibus fruere, dum succisivis horis ocium nacti, alia, his locupletiora, meditamur. (⸫)   

APPENDIX. De his qui Latine usus Herbarum scripserunt, & quando ad Romanos notitia earum pervenerit. Item de Herbarum inventione, & antiqua medicina, & quare hody minus exerceantur earum remedia, ex Plinij lib. 25. cap. 2.  
MINUS hoc quam par erat, nostri celebravere, omnium utilitatum & virtutum rapacissimi. Primusque & diu solus idem ille M. Cato, omnium bonarum artium magister, paucis duntaxat attigit. Boum etiam medicamina non omissa. Post eum unus illustrium tentavit C. Valgius, eruditione spectatus, imperfecto volumine ad diuum Augustum, inchoata etiam praefatione religiosa, ut omnibus malis humanis illius potissimum principis semper medicetur maiestas. Ante condiderat solus apud nos, quod equidem inveni, Pompeius, Lenaeus, Magni Pompey libertus, quo primum tempore hanc scientiam ad nostros pervenisse animaduerto. Nam quam Mithridates, maximus sua aetate regum, quem debellavit Pompeius, omnium ante se genitorum diligentissimus vitę fuisse argumentis pręterquam fama intelligitur. uni ei excogitatum, quotidie venenum bibere, praesumptis remedijs, ut consuetudine ipsa innoxium fieret. Primo inventa genera antidoti, ex quibus unum etiam nomen eius retinet. Illius inventum autumant, sanguinem anatum Ponticarum miscere antidotis, quoniam veneno viverent. Ad illum Asclepiadis medendi arte clari, volumina composita extant, cum sollicitatus ex urbe Roma, praecepta pro se mitteret. Illum solum mortalium Mithridaten. 22. linguis locutum certum est: 
Mithridates.  nec de subiectis gentibus ullum hominem per interpretem appellatum ab eo annis 56. quibus regnavit. Is ergo in reliqua ingenij magnitudine medicinę peculiariter curiosus, ab hominibus subiectis, qui fuere pars magna terrarum, singula enquirens, scrinium commentationun harum & exemplaria, effectusque in arcanis suis reliquit. Pompeius autem omni regia praeda potitus, transferre ea sermone nostro libertum suum Lomaeum, grammatice artis doctissimum, jussit: vitaeque ita profuit non minus quam reipublicae victoria illa. Praeter hos Graeci auctores medicinę prodidere, quos suis locis diximus. Ex his Euax rex Arabum, 
Euax.  quid de simplicium effectibus ad Neronem scripsit: Crateias, Dionysius, Metrodorus orōne blandissima, sed qua nihil pene aliud quam rei difficultas intelligatur. Pinxere namque effigies herbarum, atque scripsere effectus. Verum & pictura fallax est ex coloribus tam numerosis, praesertim in aemulatione naturae, multumue degenerat transcribentium sors varia. Praeterea parum est singulas earum aetates pingi, cum quadripartitis varietatibus anni faciem mutent. Quare caeteri sermone eas tradidere. Aliqui effigie quidem indicata, & nudis quidem plaerumue nominibus defuncti: quoniam satis videbatur, potestates vimque demonstrare quaerere volentibus. Nec est difficile cognitu. Nobis certe, exceceptis admodum paucis, contigit reliquas contemplari scientia Antonii Castoris, cui summa auctoritatis erat in ea arte nostro aevo, visendo hortulo eius in quo plurimas alebat: 
Antonius Castor.  centesimum aetatis annum excedens, nullum corporis malum expertus, ac ne aetate quidem memoria, aut vigore concus●is. Nec aliud mirata magis antiquitas reperietur. inventa iampridem ratio est praenuncians horas, non modo dies ac noctes, solis lunaeue defectum. Durat tamen tradita persuasio in magna part vulgi, veneficijs & herbis id cogi●in eo namue soeminarum scientiam praevalere. Certe quid non repleuere fabulis Colchis Medea, alięue, imprimisue Italica Circe, dijs etiam adscripta? unde arbitror natum, ut Aeschylus è vetustissimis in poëticare, refertam Italiam herbarum potentia proderet Multiue Circaeios agros, ubi habitavit illa, in magno argumento etiamnum durant in Marsis, à filio eius orta genere, quos esse domitores serpentium constat. 
Homerus.  Homerus quidem primus doctrinarum & antiquitatis parens, multus alias in admiratione Circes, gloriam herbarum Aegypto tribuit, tum etiam cum rigaretur Aegyptus illa, non autem esset, postea fluminis limo invecta. Herbas certe Aegyptias à regis uxore traditas suae Helenae plurimas narrat, ac nobile illud Nepenthes, oblivionem tristitiae veniamue afferens, & ab Helena utiue omnibus mortalibus propinandum. Primus autem omnium quos memoria novit, Orpheus de his herbis curiosius aliqua prodidit. Post eum musaeus & Haesiodus Polion herbam in quantum mirati sunt, diximus. Orpheus & Hesiodus suffitiones commendavere. HOMERUS & alias nominatim herbas celebrat, quas suis locis dicemus. Ab eo Pythagoras clarus sapientia, primus volumen de earum effectu composuit: Apollini, Aesculapioue, & in totum dijs immortalibus inventione & origine assignata: composuit & DEMOCRITUS, ambo peragratis Persidis, Arabiae, Aethiopiae, Aegyptiue magis. Adeoue ad haec attonita antiquitas fuit, ut affirmaret etiam incredibilia dictu. Xanthus historiarum auctor, in prima earum tradidit, occisum draconis catulum revocatum ad vitam à parent herba, quam Balin nominat: eademque Tillonem, quem draco occiderat, restitutum saluti. Et luba in Arabia herba revocatum ad vitam hominem tradit. Dixit Democritus, credidit Theophrastus esse herbam, cuius contactu illatae ab alite, quam retulimus, exiliret cuneus à pastoribus arbori adactus. Quae etiam si fide carent, admirationem tamen implent: coguntque confiteri, multum esse quod vero supersit. Ind & plaerosue video existimare, nihil non herbarum vi effici posse, sed plurimarum vires esse incognitas. Quorum numero fuit Herophilus clarus in medicina: à quo ferunt dictum, quasdam etiam fortassis calcatas prodesse. Obseruatum certe est, inflammari vulnera ac morbos superuentu eorum, qui pedibus iter confecerint. Haec erat inter antiqua medicina, quae tota migrabat in Graeciae linguas. Sed quare nunc non plures nascuntur caussae? Nisi quod eas agrestes, litterarumue ignari experiuntur, utpote qui soli inter illas vivant. Praeterea securitas quaerendi, obuia medicorum turba. Multis etiam iwentis nomina desunt, sicut illi quam retulimus in frugum cura, scimusue defossam in angulis segetis praestare, ne qua avis intret. Turpissima caussa raritatis, quod etiam quisciunt, demonstrare nolunt tanquam ipsis periturum sit quod tradiderint alijs. Accedit ratio inventionis anceps. quip etiam in repertis, alias invenit casus, alias (ut vere dixerim) Deus. Insanabilis ad hosce annos fuit rabidi canis morsus, pavorem aquae, potusque omnis afferens odium. Nuper cuiusdam militantis in prętorio mater vidit in quiet, ut radicem syluestris rosae, quam cynorhodon vocant, eblanditam sibi aspectu pridie in fruteto, mitteret filio bibendam in lact (in Lusitania res gerebatur, Hispaniae proxima part) casuue accidit, ut milite à morsu canis incipiente aquas expavescere, superueniret epistola orantis ut pareret religioni: seruatusue est ex insperato: & postea quisquis auxilium simile tentavit, Alias apud auctores cynorhodi una medicina erat, spongiolae, quae in medijs spinis eius nascitur, cinere cum melle alopecias capitis expleri. In eadem provincia cognovi in agro hospitis nuper ibi repertum dracunculum appellatum, caulem pollicari crassitudine, versiculoribus viperarum maculis, quem ferebant contra omnium morsus esse remedium. Alius est quem nos in priori volumine eiusdem nominis diximus, sed huic alia figura, aliudue miraculum exeuntis è terra ad primas serpentium vernationes bipedali fere altitudine, rursusue cum ijsdem in terram se condentis: nec omnino occultato eo apparet serpens, vel hoc per se satis officioso naturae munere, si tantum praemoneret, tempusue formidinis demonstraret.  

Alia herbarum laus, ex eodem Plinio libro vicesimoseptimo, cap. 1.  
CRESCIT APUD me certe tractatu ipso admiratio antiquitatis: quantoue maior copia herbarum dicenda restat, tanto magis adorare priscorum in inveniendo curam, in tradendo benignitatem subit. Nec dubie superata hoc modo posset videri etiam rerum naturae ipsius munificentia, si humani operis esset inventio. Nunc vero deorum fuisse eam apparet, aut certe divinam, etiam cum homo invenerit: eademque omnium parentem genuisse haec & ostendisse, nullo vitae miraculo maiore, si verum fateri volumus. Scynthicam herbam à Maeotidis paludibus, & euphorbiam è monte Atlante, ultraque Herculis columnas, & ipso rerum naturae defectu, alia part Britannicam ex oceani insulis extra terras positis: itemque ęthiopidem ab exusto sideribus axe alias pręterea aliunde ultro citroue humanę saluti in toto orb terrarum portari, immensa Romanae pacis maiestate, non homines modo diversis inter se terris gentibusue, verum etiam montes, & excedentia in nubibus iuga, pastusue pecorum & herbae quoque invicem ostentant. Aeternum quaeso deorum sit munus istud. Adeo Romanos, velut alteram lucem, dedisse rebus humanis videntur.   

De laud Agriculturae ex Marco Catone initio operis sui.  
EST INTERDUM praestare populo, mercaturis rem quaerere, ni tam periculosum siet, & item foenerari, si tam honestum siet: maiores enim nostri sic habuerunt, & ita in legibus posuerunt, furem duplici condemnari, foeneratorem, quadrupli. Quanto peiorem civem existimarunt foeneratorem, quam furem, hinc licet existimari. Et virum bonum cum laudabant ita laudabant, bonum agricolam, bonumue colonum amplissime laudari existimabatur, qui ita laudabatur. Mercatorem autem strennuum, studiosumue rei querendae existimo, verum, ut supra dixi periculosum, & calamitosum. At ex agricolis, & viri fortissimi, & milites strennuissimi gignuntur, maximeque pius quęstus, stabilissimusue consequitur, minimeue inuidiosos, minimeue male cogitantes sunt, qui in eo studio occupati sunt.   

Quod antiquis maximum studium Agriculturae fuerit, & de culturae hortorum singularis diligentia, ex Plinio libro 18. cap. 1.  
SEQVITUR natura frugum hortorumue ac florum, quaeue alia praeter arbores aut frutices benigna tellure proveniunt, vel pierce tantum herbarum immensa contemplatione, si quis aestimet varietatem, numerum, flores odores, coloresue, & succos ac vires earum, quas salutis aut voluptatis hominum gratia gignit: qua in part primum omnium patrocinari terrae, & adesse cunctorum parenti juuat, quanquam inter initia operis defense. Quoniam tamen ipsa materia intus accendit ad reputationem eiusdem parientis & noxia, nostris eam criminibus urgemus, culpamue nostram illi imputamus. Genuit venena, sed quis invenit illa praeter hominem? Cavere ac refugere alitibus ferisue satis est. Atque cùm in arbores exacuant limentue cornua elephanti, & duro saxo rhinocerotes, & utroque apri dentium sicas, sciantue ad nocendum se praeparare animalia, quod tamen eorum tela sua excepto homine venenis tingit? Nos & sagittas ungimus, & ferro ipsi nocentius aliquid damus. Nos & flumina inficimus & rerum naturae elementa. Ipsum quoque quo vivitur aenrem in perniciem vertimus, Neque est ut putemus ignorari ea ab animalibus, quae quidem quae praepararent contra serpentium dimicationem, quae post praelium ad medendum excogitarent, indicavimus. Nec ab vllo praeter hominem veneno pugnatur alieno. Fateamur ergo culpam, neijs quidem quae nascuntur contenti: etenim quando plura earum genera humana manu fiunt. Quid? non & homines quidem ad venena nascuntur? Atra hominum ceu serpentium lingua vibrat, tabesque animi contrectata adurit culpantium omnia, ac dirarum alitum modo, tenebris quoque & ipsarum noctium quieti invidentium gemitu (quae sola vox eorum est) ut in auspicatarum animantium vice obuij quoque vetent agere, aut prodesse vitae. Nec ullum aliud abominati spiritus pręmium novere, quàm odisse omnia. Verùm & in hoc eadem naturae maiestas tanto plures bonos genuit ac frugi, quanto fertilior in ijs quae iuuant aluntque: quorum ęstimatione & gaudio nos quoque relictis aestuatione suae istis hominum turbis, pergamus excolere vitam: eoue constantius, quo operae nobis maior quàm famę gratia expetitur. quip sermo circa rura est, agrestesue usus, sed quibus vita honosque apud priscos maximus fuerit.   

De ijs qui in agri & hortorum cura Romae illustres fuerunt, ex Plinij lib. 18. cap. 3.  
QVAE NAM ergo tantae ubertatis caussa erat? Ipsorum tunc manibus Imperatorum colebantur agri (ut fas est credere) gaudente terra vomere laureato, & triumphali aratore, sive illi eadem cura semina tractabant, qua bella, eademque diligentia arua disponebant, qua castra, five honestis manibus omnia laetius proveniunt, quoniam & curiosius fiunt. Serentem invenerunt dati honores, Serranum, unde cognomen. Aranti quatuor sua iugera in Vaticano, quę prata Quintia appellantur, Cincinnato viator attulit dictaturam, & quidem (ut tradit Norbanus) nudo plenoue pulueris etiamnum ore. Cui viator, Vela corpus, inquit, ut proferam senatus populiue Romani mandata. Tales tum etiam viatores erant, quibus idipsum nomen inditum est, subinde ex agris senatum ducesue accersentibus. At nunc eadem illa vincti pedes, damnatae manus, inscripti vultus exercent: non tamen surda tellure, quae parens appellatur, coliue dicitur & ipsa, honore hinc assumpto, ut nunc invita ca, & indignè ferente credatur id fieri. Sed nos miramur ergastulorum non eadem emolumenta esse quae fuerunt Imperatorum. Igitur de cultura agri praecipere principale fuit & apud exteros. Siquidem & reges fecere Hieron, Philometor, Attalus, Archelaus, & duces Xenophon, & Poenus etiam Mago: cui quidem tantum honorem senatus noster attribuit Carthagine capta, ut cum regulis Africę bibliothecas donaret, unius eius duo detriginta, volumina censeret in Latinam linguam transferenda, cum M. Cato praecepta condidisset, peritisque linguę Punicae dandum negocium: in quo praecessit omnis vir tum clarissimae familiae D. Syllanus, sapientiae compositissimae. Quos sequeremur prętexuimus in hoc volumine non ingratè nominando M. Varronem, qui octogesimum primum vitae annum agens, de ea re prodendum putavit.   

Laus Agric●larum, & quae obseruanda in agro parando, ex Plinij lib. 18. cap. 5.  
FORTISSIMI viri & milites strennuissimi ex agricolis gignuntur, minimeque malè cogitantes. Praedium ne cupide emas. In re rustica operi ne parcas, in agro emendo minimè. Quod malè emptum est, semper poenitet. Agrum paraturos, ante omnia intueri oportet, aquarum vim, & vicinum. Singula magnas interpretationes habent, nec dubias. Cato in conterminis hoc amplius aestimari jubet, quo pacto niteant. In bona est, inquit, regione bene nitere. Attilius Regulus ille Punico bello bis consul, aiebat, neque foecundissimis locis insalubrem agrum paradum, neque effoetis faluberrimum. Salubritas loci non semper incolarum colore detegitur, quoniam assueti in pestilentibus durant. Praeterea sunt quaedam partibus anni salubria: nihil autem salutare est, nisi quod toto anno salubre. Malus est ager, cum quo dominus luctatur. Cato inter prima spectari jubet, num solum sua virtute valeat qua dictum est positione. Vt operariorum copia prope fit, oppidumque validum: Vt navigiorum evectus vel itinerum: ut bene aedificatus & cultus. In quo falli plerosue video. Segniciem enim prioris domini pro emptore esse arbitrantur. Nihil est damnosius deserto agro. Itaque Cato, de bono domino melius emi, nec temerè contemnendam alienam disciplinam: agroue ut homini, quamuis quęstuosus sit, si tamen & sumptuosus, non multum superesse.Ille in agro quaestuofissimam judicat vitem: non frustra, quoniam ante omnia de impensę ratione cavit. Proxime hortos irriguos: nec id falso, si & sub oppido sint. Et prata, quae antiqui prata dixêre. Idemue Cato interrogatus, quis esset certissimus quaestus? respondit: Si bene pascat, quis proximus▪ si mediocriter pascat. Summa omnium in hoc spectando fuit, ut fructus is maximè probaretur, qui quam minimo impendio constaturus esset. Hoc ex locorum occasione aliter alibi decernitur. Eodemque pertinet, quod agricolam vendacem oportere esse dixit. Fundum in adolescentia conserendum sine cunctatione, aedificandum non nisi consito agro. Tunc quoque cunctanter, optimumque est (ut vulgo dixere) aliena insania frui, sed ita, ut villarum tutela non sit oneri. Eum tamen qui bene habitet, sępius ventitare in agrum: frontemque domini plus prodesse quam occipitium, non mentiuntur.   

De hortorum cura ex Plinio lib. 19 cap. 4.  
AB HIS superest reverti ad hortorum curam, & suapte natura memorandam. Et quoniam antiquitas nihil prius mirata est, quam & Hesperidum hortos, ac regum Adonis & Alcinoi, itemque Pensiles, sive illos Semiramis, sieve Assyriae rex Cyrus fecerit, de quorum opere alio volumine dicemus. Romani quidem reges ipsi coluere. quip etiam superbus Tarqvinius nuncium illum sęuum atque sanguinarium remisit ex horto. In duodecim tabulis legum nostrarum nusquam nominatur villa, semper in significatione ea hortus: in horti verò haeredium. Quam rem comitata est & religio quaedam: hortosque & fores tantum contra invidentium fascinationes dicari videmus. In remedio saturnica signa, quanquam hortos tutelae Veneris assignante Plauto. jam quidam hortorum nomine in ipsa urbe delitias, agros, villasque possident. Primus hoc instituit. Athenis Epicurus, hortorum magister. Vsque ad eum, moris non fuerat in oppidis haberi rura. Romę quidem pierce hortus ager pauperis erat. Ex horto plebi macellum, quanto innocentiore victu. Mergi enim credo in profunda satius est, & ostrearum genera naufragio exquiri: aves ultra Phasidem amnem, peti & fabuloso quidem terrore tutas, imo sic preciosiores, Alias in Numidia atque Aethiopia in sepulchris aucupari, aut pugnare cum feris, mandi ab eo cupientem quod mandat alius. Ad hercle, quam vilia haec, quam parata voluptati satietatique, nisi eadem quae ubique indignatio occurreret. Ferendum sane fuerit exquisita nasci poma, alia sapore, alia magnitudine, alia monstro, pauperibus interdicta, inveterari vina saccisque castrari: nec cuiquam adeo longam esse vitam, ut non ante se genita poter. E frugibus quoque quoddam alimentum excogitasse luxuriam, ac medullam tantum earum superque pristinarum operibus & cęlaturis vivere, alios pane procerum, alios vulgi, tot generibus usque ad infimam plebem descendente annona. Etiámne in herbis discrimen inventum est? Opesque differentiam fecere in cibo, etiam uno asse venali. Et in his aliqua quoque sibi nasci tribus negant, caule in tantum saginato, ut pauperis mensa non capiat. Syluestres fecerat natura corrudas, ut quisque demeteret passim. Ecce altiles spectantur asparagi. Et Ravenna ternis libris rependit. Heu prodigia ventris, Mirum esset non licere carduis pecori vesci, non licet plebi, Aquae quoque separantur. Et ipsa naturae elementa vi pecuniae discreta sunt. Hi nives, illi glaciem potant poenasque montium in voluptatem gulę vertunt. servatur algor estibus, excogitaturque, ut alienis mensibus nix algeat. Decoquunt alias quas mox & illas hyemant. Nihil itaque homini sic quomodo rerum naturae placet. Etiámne herba aliqua divitijs tantum nascitur? Nemo sacros, Auentinosque montes, & iratae plebis secessus circumspexerit? Mors enim certe ęquabit quos pecunia superaverit. Itaque hercle, nullum macelli vectigal maius fuit ROMA● clamore plebis incusantis apud omnes Principes, donec remissum est portorium mercis huius compertumue, non aliter quaestuosius censum haberi aut tutius, ac minore fortunae iure cum credatur pensio ea pauperum. Is in solo sponsor est, & sub die redditus, superficiesue coelo quocunque gau. dens. Hortorum CATO prędicat caules. Hinc primum agricolę existimabantur prisci, & sic statim faciebant judicium, nequam esse in domo matremfamilias (etenim haec cura foeminae dicebatur) ubi indiligens esset hortus. quip carnario aut macello vivendum est, nec caulus ut nunc maximè probabant, damnantes, pulmentaria quae egerent alio pulmentario. Id erat oleo parcere. Nam carnis desyderia etiam erant exprobratione. Horti maximè placebant, quia non egerent igni, parcerentue ligno. Expedita res & parata semper, unde & acetaria appellabantur, facilia concoqui, nec oneratura sensum cibo, & quę minime accederent ad desyderium panis. Pars eorum ad condimenta pertinens, fatetur domi versutam fieri solitam, atque non Indicum piper quaesitum, quęque trans maria petimus. jam quoque in fenestris suis plebis urbana in imagine hortorum quotidiana oculis rura praebebant, antequam praefigi prospectus omnibus coëgit multitudinis innumeratae sęua latrocinatio. Quam obrem sit aliquis & his honos, néue auctoritatem rebus vilitas adimat, cum pręsertim etiam cognomina procerum inde nata videamus, Lactucinosue in Valeria familia non puduisse appellari: & contingat aliqua gratia, operi curaeue nostrę, Virgilio quoque confesso, quam sit difficile verborum honorem tam parvis perhibere. Hortos villae iungendos non est dubium, riguosue maximè habendos, si contingat profluo amne. Si minus, è puteo pertica, organísue pneumaticis, vel tollenonum haustu rigandos. Solum proscindendum à favonio, in autumnum praeparandum est post quatuordecim dies, iterandumue ante brumam. Octo iugerum operis palari justum est. Fimum tres pedes alte cum terra misceri, areis distingui, easque resupinis puluinorum toris ambiri singulis tramitum sulcis, qua detur accessus homini, scatebrisue decursus.  
In his hortis nascentium alia bulbo commendentur, alia capite, alia caule, alia folio, alia utroque, alia semine, alia cortice, alia cute, aut cartilagine, alia carne, alia tunicis carnosis. Aliorum fructus in terra est, aliorum & extra, aliorum non nisi extra. Quędam jacent crescuntque, ut cucurbitę & cucumis. Eadem & pendent, quanquam graviora multo etiam ijs quę in arboribus gignuntur. Sed cucumis cartilagine, Cortex huic uni maturitate transit in lignum. Terra conduntur raphani, napique, & rapa, atque alio modo inulae, siser, pastinacae. Quaedan vocabimus ferulacea, ut anethum, maluas. Namque tradunt auctores in Arabia maluas septimo mense arborescere, baculorum usum prębere extemplo. Sed & arbor est malua in Mauritania Lixi oppidi aestuario, ubi Hesperidum horti fuisse produntur 200. passum ab oceano, juxta delubrum Herculis, antiquis Gaditano ut ferunt. Ipsa altitudinis pedes 20. crassitudinis, quam circumplecti nemo possit. In simili genere habebitur & camnabis. Nec non & carnosa aliqua appellabimus, ut spongias in humore pratorum enascentes. Fungorum enim callum, in ligni arborumque natura diximus, & alio genere tuberum paulò ante.   

¶ Ratio rigandorum hortorum, & quae translatè meliora fiant. Item de succis hortensiorum & saporibus, ex Plinio lib. 19 cap. 12.  
HIS HORAE rigandi matutina atque vespera, ne inferuescat aqua sole. Ocimo tantum & meridiana etiam. Satum celerrimè erumpere putant inter initia feruenti aqua aspersum. Omnia autem translata meliora grandioraque fiunt, maximè porri, napique. In translatione & medicina est, desinuntque sentire iniurias, ut gethyum, porrum, raphani, apium, lactucae, rapa, cucumis. Omnia autem syluestria ferè sunt & folijs minora & caulibus, succo acriora, sicut cunila, origanum, ruta. Solummodo ex omnibus lapathum syluestre melius. Hoc in sativum rumex vocatur, nasciturque fortissimum. Traditur semel satum durare, nec unquam vitiari, terra maximè juxta aquam. Vsus eius cum ptisana tantum in cibis leviorem gratioremque saporem pręstat. Syluestre ad multa medicamenta utile est. Adeoque nihil omisit cura, ut carmine quoque comprehensum repererim, in fabis caprini fimi singulis cavatis, si porri, erucę, lactucae, apij, intubi, nasturtij semina inclusa serantur, mirè provenire. Quae sunt syluestria, eadem in sativis sicciora intelliguntur & acutiora. Namque & succorum saporumque dicenda differentia est, vel maior in his quàm pomis. Sunt autem acres cunilae, origani, nasturtij, sinapis. Amari, absynthij, centaureae. Aquatiles, cucumeris, cucurbitae, lactucae. Acuti tantum cunilae. Acuti & odorati, apij, anethi, foeniculi. Salsus tantùm è saporibus non nascitur, alioquin extra insidit pulueris modo, & circulis tantum a quae ut intelligatur vana, ceu plaerumque vitę persuasio. Panax Piperis saporem reddit, magis etiam siliquastrum, ob id piperitidis nomine accepto. Libanotis odorem thuris, murrha myrrhę. De panace abunde dictum est. Libanotis locis putridis & macris ac roscidis seritur semine. Radicem habet olusatri, nihil à thure differentem. Vsus eius post annum stomacho faluberrimus. Quidam eam nomine alio rosmarinum appellant. Et smyrnium olus seritur ijsdem locis, myrrhamque radicè resipit. Eadem & siliquastro satio. Reliqua à cęteris odore & sapore differunt, ut anethum. Tantaque est diversitas atque vis, ut non solùm aliud alio mutetur, sed etiam in totum auferatur. Apio eximi in coctis obsonijs aceto, in eodem cellario in saccis odorem vino gravem. Et hactenus hortensia dicta sint, ciborum gratia duntaxat. Maximum quidem opus in ijsdem naturae restat, quoniam proventus tantum adhuc, summasque quasdam tractavimus. Vera autem cuiusque natura non nisi medico effectu praenosci potest, opus ingens occultumque divinitatis, & quo nullum reperiri possit maius. Ne singulis id rebus contexeremus justa fecit ratio, cùm ad alios medendi desyderia pertinerent, longius utriusque dilationibus futuris si miscuissemus. Nunc suis quae que partibus constabunt, poteruntque à volentibus iungi.   

¶ De morbis hortorum, & remedijs circa formicas, & culices, ex Plinio lib. 19 ca 10.  
MORBOS HORTENTIA quoque sentiunt, sicut reliqua terrae sata. Namque & Ocimum se necat, degeneratue ritè in Serpillum, & sisymbrium in calamintam. Et ex semine brassicę veteris, rapę fiunt. Atque invicem enecatur cyminum ab imo dorso, nisi repurgetur. Est autem vnicaule, radice bulbo simili, non nisi in solo gracili nascens. Alias privatim cymini morbus, scabies. Et ocimum sub canis ortu pallescit. Omnia vero accessu mulieris menstrualis flavescunt. Bestiolarum quoque genera innascuntur, Napis culices, raphano erucę, & vermiculi. Item lactucis & oleri. Vtrisque hoc amplius limaces & cochleae. Porro verò privatim animalia quae facillimè stercore iniecto capiuntur condentia in id se. Ferro quoque non expedite tangi rutam, cunilam, mentam, ocimum, auctor est Sabinus Tiro in libro Cepuricon, quem Mecoenati dicavit. Item contra formicas non minimum hortorum exitium, si non sint rigui, remedium monstravit, limo marino, 
Sabinus Tiro.  aut cinere obturatis earum foraminibus. Sed efficacissimè heliotropio herba necantur. Quidam & aquam diluto latere crudo inimicam cis putant. Naporum medicinae sunt, siliquas una seri, sicut olerum cicer, arcet enim erucas. Quae si omisso iam natę sint, remedium absynthij succus decocti inspersus & sedi, quam aiz oum vocant, genus hoc herbae diximus Semen olerum, si succo eius madefactum seratur, olera nulli animalium obnoxia futura tradunt. In totum verò nec erucas, si palo imponantur in hortis ossa capitis ex equino genere foeminae duntaxat. Aduersus erucas & cancrum flwiatilem in medio horto suspensum auxiliari narrant. Sunt qui sanguineis virgis tangant ea, quae nolunt his obnoxia esse. Infestant & culices hortos, riguos praecipue, si sunt arbusculae aliquae. Hi galbano accenso fugantur.   

¶ De muestigandis qualitatibus Herbarum ex colore, odore, & succis ex Plinij lib. 21. cap. 7.  
TRoianis temporibus ei iam erat honos. Et hos certè flores Homerus treis laudat, loton, crocon, hyacinthum. Omnium autem odoramentorum, atque adeo herbarum differentia est in colore, & odore, & succo. Odorato sapor raro ulli non amarus, econtrario dulcia rarò odorata: itaque & vina odoratiora mustis, syluestria magis omnia sativis. Quorundam odor suaviore longinquò est, propius admotus hebetatur, ut violae. Rosa recens à longinquo olet, sicca propius. Omnis autem verno tempore acrior, & matutinis. Quicquid ad meridianas horas diei vergit, hebetatur. Novella quoque vetustis minus odorata. Acerrimus tamen odor omnium aestate media. Rosa & crocum odoratiora, cum serenis diebus leguntur: & omnia in calidis magis quàm in frigidis. In Aegypto tamen minime odorati flores, quianebulosus & roscidus aenr est à Nilo flumine. Quorundam suavitati gravitas inest. 
Ruceros, foenum gracum.  Quaedan cùm virent non olent, propter humorem nimium: ut buceros, quod est foenum graecum. Acutus odor non omnium sine succo est, ut violae, rosae, croco. Quae verò ex acutis succo carent, eorum omnium odor gravis, ut in lilio utriusque generis. Abrotonum & amaracus acres habent odores. Quorundam flos tantum iucundus, reliquae partes ignavae, ut violae ac rosae, Hortensium odoratissima quae sicca, ut ruta, menta, apium & quae in siccis nascuntur. Quędam vetustate odoratiora, ut cotonea cademque decerpta, quam in suis radicibus. Quędam non nisi defracta, aut ex attritu olent. Alia non nisi detracto cortice. Quędam verò non nisi usta, sicut thura, myrrhęque. Flore● triti omnes amariores quàm intacti. Aliqua arida diutius odorem continent; ut melilotos. Quedam locum ipsum odoratiorem faciunt, ut iris, quin & arborem to tam cuiuscumque radices attingunt. Hesperis noctu magis olet, inde nomine invento. Animalium nullum odoratum, nisi de partheris quicquam dictum est, si credimus.   

Quibus temporibus maxime legendae sunt herbae, ex Dioscoridis praefatione.  
VERUMIN PRIMIS curam impendere oportet, ut suis temporibus singula & demetantur, & recondantur. Intempestiuè enim decerpta, conditáue, aut nullo, aut evanido munere funguntur. Serena etenim coeli constitutione demetenda sunt. Magni siquidem refert inter colligendum, si vel squallores, vel imbres infesti sint: quemadmodum si loca in quibus prodeunt clivosa, & ventis exposita sint, & perflata, frigidaque & aquis carentia: in his enim locis vires eorum longè validiores intelliguntur. Contrà, quae in campestribus, riguis & opacis, ceterisque locis à vento silentibus enascuntur, plaerunque degenerant, & minus viribus valent: multoue magis, si non suis horis peropportunè colligantur, aut si per imbecillitatem intabuerint. Neque ignorandum, quod sępe pręcoci, aut serotina loci natura, aut anni clementia, maturius, aut celerius adolescunt. Nonnulla propria vi hyeme florent & folia pariunt, quędam bis anno florifera. Quare cui in animo est, horum peritiam assequi, necesse est ijs prima germinatione solo emergentibus, adultis, & senescentibus adesse. Nam qui pullulanti herbę duntaxat astiterit, adultam cognoscere non potest: neque qui adultam tantum inspexerit, nuper erumpentem noscet. Quo fit, ut propter mutatam foliorum faciem, caulium proceritates, florum, seminisue magnitudinem, nonnulli qui olim has aetatum varietates non perspexerunt, magno in errore versentur. Quae caussa etiam nonnullis scriptoribus imposuit, qui herbas quasdam, verbi gratia, Gramen, Quinquefolium, & Tussilaginem, emittere florem, fructum, & caulem negant. Ergo qui saepius ad visendas herbas, & earum loca se contulerint, earum cognitionem maximè consequetur. Scire etiamnum convenit, sola ex herbaceis medicaminibus Veratri genera, nigrum inquam & candidum, multis edurare annis: reliqua à trimatu inutilia. Quę verò ramis scatent, sicut Stichas, Trixago, Polium, Abrotonun, Seriphium, Absynthium, Hyssopum, & alia id genus semine pręgnantia, demetantur. Flores quoque antea quàm sponte sua desidant, Fructus autem ut maturi excutiantur necesse est, & semina ubi siccari coeperint, priusquam defluant, Herbarum succus, & foliorum elici debet, germinantibus ad huc cauliculis. Lac & lachrymae excipiantur, inciso per adolescentiam caule. Radices, & liquamenta, corticésue, ut recondantur, eximere convenit, cùm herbę suis folijs exuuntur. Siccantur etiam expurgatae inibi, locis asperginem non redolentibus: sed quae luto, aut pulvere funt obsitae, aqua elui debent. Flores, & omnia quae jucundum odorem efflant, arculis tiliaceis nullo situ obductis reponantur. Nonnunquam charta, aut folijs semina, ut perennent, aptè involuuntur. Liquidis medicaminibus densior materia, argentea, vitrea, aut cornea convenit. Fictilis, etiamsi modò rara non sit, accommodatur, & lignea, praesertim è buxo: sed aenea vasa liquidis oculorum medicamentis, quae aceto, pice liquida, aut cedria componuntur. A dipem autem & medullas stagneis vasis recondi convenit.    

❧ The first part of the History of plants/ Containing the kinds and differences/ with the proper Figures, and lively descriptions of sundry sorts of Herbs and plants/ their natural places/ times/ and seasons: Their names in sundry languages/ and also their temperature/ Complexions/ and virtuous operations. Compiled by the learned D. Remberte Dodoens, now Physician to the Emperor his Majesty.  

Of Sothrenwood. Chap. i  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be two sorts of Sothrenwood (as Dioscorides saith) the one called female Sothrenwood, or the great Sothrenwood, the other is the male kind, or small Sothrenwood, and are both meetly common in this country.  

Abrotonum foemina. Great Sothrenwood.   

Abrotonum mass. Small Sothrenwood.    

❀ The Description.  
THe great Sothrenwood, doth oftentimes surmount the height or stature of a tall man, (especially being well guided, & stayed in the growing up) so that it seemeth as a little tree: his twigs & branches be hard, about the which there groweth many small grayish leaves, much cut and jagged, the which do perish and vade in winter, like the leaves of divers other trees, and do renew and spring again in April. The flowers be like unto small buttons, yellow as gold, growing alongst the branches like Wormwood flowers.  
The small Sothrenwood doth never grow very high: his branches or twigs are small, week and slender, for the most part so springing up from the root: The leaves be greener, longer, tenderer and more jagged and cut, than the leaves of the great Sothrenwood, the which do vade and fall of at winter, & renew and spring again in May out of the same old branches, & also from the new springs. It doth seldom flower in this country: it is of a stronger favour than the great Sothrenwood. The root is tender, creeping alongst the ground, about the which there cometh forth divers outgrowing & new springs.  
Besides the two forenamed, there is found a third kind, the which is much like the small Southrenwood in his growing & branches, but his leaves are like the great Southernwood, saving that they be somewhat tenderer and not so white. This kind is of a very pleasant savour, not much unlike the smell of garden Cypress. Whereof shallbe written in his convenient place.   

❀ The Place.  
The two first kinds grow not in this country, but only in gardens whereas they are planted: neither the third kind, which is more seldom found, and less known than the other.   

❀ The Time.  
They flower in August, and their seed may be gathered in September.   

❀ The Names.  
Southrenwood is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin & in Shops Abrotonum: in Italion and Spanish Abrotano, yet some of them call it Hyerua Lombriguera: in high Douch Stabwurtz, Gertwurtz, Garthagen, Shoswurtz, Kuttelkraut, Affrusch: in base Almaigne Aueroone: in French Auronne.  
The great Southrenwood, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Abrotonum foemina, that is to say, female Southrenwood: in french Auronne femelle: in high douch Stabwurtz weiblin: in base Almaigne Aueroone wijfken.  
The small Southrenwood is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Abrotonum mass: in French Aronne masle: in high Douch Stabwurtz menelin: in base Almaigne Aueroone manneken, and clein Aueroone.  
The third kind seemeth to be that which Dioscorides calleth in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Abrotonum Siculum, which is a kind of female Southrenwood: the high Almains do call it Wolrieckende Stabwurtz, that is to say, sweet smelling, or savering Southrenwood.   

❧ The Nature.  
All the Sothrenwoods, are hot & dry in the third degree, & of subtle parts.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The seed of Sothrenwood either green or dry made into powder, or boiled in water or wine, & drunken, is very good and greatly helpeth such as are troubled with shortness of wind, and fetching of breath, by means of any obstruction or stopping about the Breast, and is good against the hardness, bursting & shrinking of Sinews. It is good against the Sciatica, the difficulty and stopping of urine, and for women that cannot easily have their terms, or natural flowers: for by his subtle nature it hath power to expel, waste, consume and digest all cold moisture, and tough slime and phlegm stopping the spleen, kidneys, bladder, and Matrix.  
Sothrenwood drunken in wine is good against such venom as is hurtful unto man, and destroyeth worms.  
The perfume thereof driveth away all venomous beasts: and so doth the herb in all places whereas it is laid or strowen.  
The ashes of Sothrenwood, mingled with the oils of Palma Christi, rapes, or old oil Olive, restoreth the hear fallen from the head, if the head be rubbed therewithal, twice a day in the Sun, or against a fire.  
If the said ashes be mingled with any the aforesaid oils, & the chin be rubbed therewithal, it causeth the beard to come forth speedily.  
Sothrenwood pound with a roasted Quince, & laid to the eyes in manner of a plaster, is very good & profitable against all the inflammation of the eyes.  
The same pound with Barley meal, and boiled together, doth dissolve & waste all cold humours or swellings, being applied or laid thereupon.  
Sothrenwood stieped or soaked in oil, is profitable to rub or anoint the body, against the benomming of members taken with cold, and the bruising or shyvering colds that come by fits, like as in Agues.  
Pliny writeth that if it be laid under the bed, pillow or bolster, it provoketh carnal copulation, & resisteth all enchantments, which may let or hinder such business, & the enticements to the same.   

❀ The Danger.  
Sothrenwood is a very hurtful enemy to the stomach: wherefore Galen the chiefest of Physicians, never gave the same to be received into the body.    

Of Wormwood. Chap. ij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be three sorts of Wormwood (as Dioscorides saith). The first is our common Wormwood. The second is sea Wormwood: the third kind is that, which is called Santonicum. And bysides these, there is found an other kind, which is called in this country Roman wormwood.  

Absynthium Latifolium. Common Wormwood.   

Seriphium. Sea Wormwood.    

❀ The Description.  
THe common Wormwood hath leaves of a grayish ash colour, very much cut & jagged, & very bitter: The stalk is of a woody substance, of two cubits high or more, full of branches: & alongst the branches groweth little yellow buttons, wherein when they are ripe & ready to fall, is found small seed like to the seed of garden tansy, but far smaller. The root is likewise of a woody substance, and full of small threads, or hairy roots.  
There is also found in the gardens of some Herboristes of this country, an other fort of this kind of Wormwood, the which is named of some men Absynthium Ponticum, much like to our common wormwood, saving the leaves are much more jagged and finelier cut, and not so bitter (at the lest way) as that which is set and sown in this country.  
The second kind, which is the Sea Wormwood is also of a whitish or grey colour, and hath many whitish leaves much like to common Wormwood, but much smaller, tenderer and whiter, & finelier cut, it hath many flowers like to small buttons, & the seed joining to the branches, like as in the common Wormwood. It groweth to the height of a foot and half or more, it is of a strong smell, salt, & of a strange & bitter taste, being gathered in his natural & proper place: but being removed into gardens, or into grounds which are naturally holpen with sweet waters, it doth marvelously altar both in savour & nature, as divers other herbs, but especially such as grow in salt grounds, & are removed from their natural soil, to some other place of a contrary kind.  
The third kind of Wormwood called Santonicum is almost like to Sea Wormwood, in his small tender and jagged leaves, but the colour of this is whiter, and the smell thereof is not so rank.  
WOrmwood Roman is like the Wormwood aforesaid, saving that it is lower and smaller, the leaves be also smaller and finer, and not so white as the common Wormwood, but changing more towards green, yet they turn somewhat grayish and ash coloured. It putteth forth yellow buttons, the which afterward do bring forth both flowers & seed. The root is full of hairy threads, trailing here and there, and putting forth on every side much increase of new springs.  
The fifth kind of Wormwood is like unto Sea Wormwood in his small and tender leaves, also it is like in the stalk of flowers: but it is of a sad or deeper colour, and it hath neither bitter taste nor savour.  
The sixth kind of Wormwood, his leaves be long and narrow, and of a whitish colour much like the leaves of Lavender, and somewhat like it also in savour. The stalks also be of woodish substance, in the tops whereof there groweth both flowers and seed, like as in the rest of the Wormwoodes, but smaller.  
Absynthium Ponticum Galeni. Wormwood gentle/ or Roman.   

❀ The Place.  
The common Wormwood groweth naturally in stony places and rough mountains, & in dry, rude & untoiled places. There is plenty of it, in many places of this country.  
Sea wormwood groweth in salt ground, and in places adjoining to the Sea. It groweth plentifully in Zealand and Flaunders, alongst the sea coast, and in some places of Brabant, as about Barowgh.  
The third kind groweth in some places of Zwiserland, under the hills or at the foot of mountains, as Conrade Gesner, that famous Clerk writeth.  
Wormwood Roman groweth plentifully in Hungary, & places near about Constantinople, & in some places of Almaigne, also upon mountains, & about sandy ways. Yet it groweth not in this country, except it be planted.  
The other twain are not common in Base Almaigne: saving only in the gardens of certain diligent Herboristes.   

❀ The Time.  
All the sorts of Wormwood, are in flower in july or August, or somewhat late: And shortly after, the seed is ready to be gathered.   

❀ The Names.  
Wormwood is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because of his bitterness: in Latin Absynthium, which name it hath retained in shops even until this present time. Apuleius calleth it Absynthium rusticum: in Italian Assenzo: in Spanish Axensios', y Assensios', y Alosna. The high Douchmen do call it Wermut, & Werommout, or Acker Werommout, that is to say, Field wormwood: the base Almains do call it Alsene: in French it is called Aluyne.  
The first kind (which is our common Wormwood) may be rightly named Absynthium Latifolium, that is to say, great or broad leaved Wormwood.  
That Wormwood that is most like unto the aforesaid, is called of the Herboristes, Absynthium Ponticum, and Absynthium Graecię, & is a kind of the first sort of Wormwood: & so is the Wormwood of Cappadocia, & the Wormwood of mount Taurus, and likewise that Wormwood that groweth alongst by the old walls at Room. Whereof the good religious fathers, that written the Commentary upon Antidotarium Mesue, have written. For all these sorts of Wormwood are of the first kind, and may well be called Absynthia Latifolia, as a difference from the other Wormwood's, whose leaves be a great deal finer and smaller: for there is no great diversity betwixt these Wormwood's, saving in respect of the places where as they grow.  
The second kind of Wormwood is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Seriphium, and Absynthium Marinum: unknown of the Apothecaries. In English Sea wormwood.  
The third is called of some Herba alba: & without question, is the true Absynthium Santonicum. Miratur fortasse, haec legens, Santonicum a Santonibus ut Dioscorides scribit cognominatum, apud Heluetios requiri, at hunc magis admirari aequum est, Santonum provinciam à quoquam in ea Galliae part, quae alpibus vicina est, reponi. Santones enim Aquitanię populi sunt, ad oram maritimam Oceani, infra Garumnam fluuium versus Septentriones siti, longissimè ab Alpibus, procul etiam à Pyrenęis. Quam ob causam mendosum hunc Dioscoridis locum esse oportet: aut Dioscoridem, vel eum ex quo hęc transcripsit, Geographiae fuisse rudem & imperitum.  
The fourth kind of Wormwood is called of Galen, in the xi book of his Method in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Absynthium Ponticum: of the Apothecaries of Brabant Absynthium Romanum: in French, Aluyne Roman or Pontic: in base Almaigne, Roomsche Alsene, because this is a strange herb & not common in that country. For they do commonly call all such strange herbs as be unknown of the common people, Romish or Roman herbs, although the same be brought from Norweigh, which is a country far distant from Room.  
The fifth is called in Latin Absynthium fatuum, & Absynthium infipidum.  
The sixth is called Absynthium angustifolium, & it is thought of some to be a kind of Lavender, because his leaves hath small leaves like Lavender: it may be called in English Lavender-wormewood, or narrow leaved wormwood.   

❀ The Nature or Temperament.  
Our common Wormwood is hot in the first degree, and dry in the third, bitter, sharp and astringent: wherefore it cleanseth, purgeth, comforteth, maketh warm and drieth.  
Sea wormwood is hot in the second degree, & dry in the third, & of subtle parts, & of the same nature is Santoni wormwood, or French wormwood.  
Wormwood Roman is in temperature not much unlike the common wormwood, nevertheless it is more astringent.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The common Wormwood is a profitable & excellent medicine against the pain of the stomach, that is oppressed or charged with hot Choleric humours: for it expelleth them partly by the stool, & partly by urine, besides that it comforteth the stomach. Yet notwithstanding it will not serve, to purge the stomach that is charged with phlegm and cold humours, neither can it mundify and cleanse the breast and lungs that are stopped and charged with the said humours, as Galen sayeth.  
Likewise it doth both by siege & urine purge Choleric humours, compact & gathered together in the veins and liver: wherefore the infusion or decoction thereof, taken day by day, cureth the jaundice or Yealowsought.  
If it be taken fasting in the morning, it preserveth from drunkenness that day.  
It is good against the windiness and blastings of the belly, against the pains and appetite to vomit, and the boiling up or wambling of the stomach: if it be drunken with Annis seed or Sesely.  
The same drunken with vinegar is good for such as are sick, with eating venomous Champions or Toad stools.  
The same taken with wine, resisteth all venom, but chief Hemloke, and the bittings and stingings of spiders and other venomous beasts.  
Wormwood mingled with honey, is good to be laid to the dimness of the sight, and to the eyes that are bloudshotten, or have black spots. And with the same boiled in Bastard, or any other sweet wine, they use to rub and struck painful bleered eyes.  
The same pound or mingled with figs, salt peter, and juray meal, & laid to the belly, sides or flanks, helpeth the dropsy, & such as are splenitike.  
The same laid in chests, presses & wardrobes, keepeth cloth & garments from moths and vermin. And with the oil of Wormwood, a man may anoint & rub any place to drive away fleas, flies, knattes, and worms.  
Ink made with the infusion or decoction of Wormwood, keepeth writings from being eaten with Mice and Rats.  
Some do use to make Wormwood wine, very excellent for all the diseases aforesaid.  
Sea Wormwood boiled by itself or with Rice, or with any other food or meat, and eaten with honey, fleeth both long and flat worms, and all other kinds whatsoever, losing the belly very gentilly. It is of like operation being laid too, outwardly upon the belly or navel, and for this purpose it is of more strength and virtue, than all the other kinds of Wormwood: but it is more hurtful to the stomach.  
The seed of Sea Wormwood also, is very excellent against all sorts of worms engendered within the body.  
Dioscorides writeth, that such beeves, Sheep and cattle, as feed upon Sea Wormwood do wax very fat.  
Wormwood Roman is singular against all inflammation, and heat of the stomach & liver, passing for this purpose, all other kinds of Wormwood as Galen writeth.    

Of bugloss/ or common langue de Beuse. Chap. iij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THe common bugloss, or langue de beuf (as it is now called) is of diverse kinds, whereof the first is the greatest, and it is familiar and common in gardens: The three others are small: The fifth is the wild bugloss, or sheeps tongue.  

Lycopsis. Garden bugloss.   

Anthusae genus. Alkanet.    

❀ The Description.  
THe first kind called of us great bugloss of the garden, hath long, rough swartegreene, hairy & sharp leaves, almost like to the leaves of Lettuce, but longer & sharper at the end. The stem is rough and pricking, of two or three foot high, whereupon groweth many proper little flowers, each one parted into five small leaves, like to little wheels, of a fair purple colour at the first, but afterwards azure. When they are fallen, you may see in the rough husks, three or four long grey seeds, full of rifts and wrinkles. The root is long and single and blackish in the outside.  
The lesser Buglosses in their rough and hairy leaves and stalks, and also in their roots are like to the aforesaid: saving they be less: for their stalks be shorter, their leaves smaller and narrower: their little flowers are in proportion like to the others, saving they be smaller, and one is of a clear blue or sky colour, and other is of a brown violet, or a blue like to a Cyanus, the third is yellow, and in proportion long and hollow. The seed also is like the other saving it is smaller and blacker. The roots of the Buglosses and especially of the first kind of the lesser Buglosses, are of a deep red colour, and are used to die, and colour things withal.  
The wild kind of bugloss is like to the small Buglosses, & specially like to the second kind, saving the leaves be rougher, smaller, and narrower. The flowers also be like the aforesaid, saving they be a great deal smaller & blue. The seed is small and brown. The root long and slender.   

❀ The Place.  
The great garden bugloss, groweth in some places of his own accord, as in the country of Lorraine, about Nancie in fertile and champion places, amongst the corn. It groweth not wild in this country, but only in gardens.  
The smaller Buglosses grow in Italy, Spain and France, and in divers other countries or regions: and that which beareth blue violet flowers groweth also in some places of Germany: but they be not very common in Flaunders, neither are they to be seen or found but in certain men's gardens.  
The wild groweth in most places of this country, in barren soil, and gravelly ground.   

❀ The Time.  
They flower in june, july, and August, and forthwith they deliver their seed.   

❀ The Names.  
The three herbs are called (in shops) all by one name, that is to say, Buglossa or Lingua bovis: in French, bugloss or Langue de buef: in high Douch, Ochsenzung: in base Almaigne, bugloss and Ossentonghe: in English, bugloss and Oxetongue: Albeit it is not the true bugloss, for that is our common Borage, whereof we shall writ in his proper place. Whereunto agreeth Leonicenus, Manardus, and divers other learned men of our time.  
Lycopsis Syluestris. Wild bugloss.  
The first kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Lycopsis: in the shops of this country Buglossa, & Buglossa domestica maior, that is to say, the great garden bugloss, & of some it is called Buglossus Longifolia. Peradventure it is that kind of Anchusae, which Paulus Aeginetus calleth in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Choerospelethon.  
The small Buglosses are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Anchusae. The first is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Anchusa onoclea: in French Orchanetie: in English Alkanet, or Orchanet. The other is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Anchusa Alcibiadium, & Onocheles. This should be the second kind of Anchusa or Orchanette: in English Alkanet.  
The fifth kind is wild, and may be called Lycopus Syluestris, the Apothecaries call it Buglossa Syluestris. The French men call it bugloss or Langue de buef Saw age. The base Almains, Wild Ossentonghe, & some call it Scaepstonghe, that is to say, sheeps tongue, and it may be Pseudanchusa Plinij.   

❀ The Nature.  
The great garden bugloss, but specially his root, is of temperature somewhat cold and dry, but in degree not far of from the mean temperature.  
The others are of the like complexion, but somewhat hotter.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of great bugloss, pound, and mingled with oil and wax, is good to belayed too against scalding or burning with fire, against wounds and old sores. With tine wheat meal it cureth the disease called the wild fire, and of some saint Authonies' fire. And laid too with vinegar it heals fretting sores, foul scuruines and hot itching.  
The small Buglosses have great virtue against all the venom of savage and wild beasts, and specially against the poison of Serpents and Vipers, howsoever it be taken, whether in meat or drink, or whether it be carried about you.  
The root of the wild bugloss drunken with Hisope and Cresses, doth kill and drive out all flat worms engendered in the body of man.  
The Physicians of our time do affirm, that these herbs (but especially the greatest) do comfort and suage the heaviness of the heart, driving away all pensiveness, especially the garden bugloss, and that the flowers, stieped in wine, or made into a Conserve, causeth such to rejoice and be glad, as were before heavy and sad, full of anger, and melancholic heaviness.    

Of Echium or Tipers' bugloss. Chap. iiij.  

❀ The Description.  
EChium hath long rough and hairy leaves, much like to the leaves of bugloss, but smaller than the leaves of the first bugloss. The stalk is rough, full of little branches, charged on every side with diverse small narrow leaves, sharp pointed, and of a brown green colour, scattered or spread like little feathers, and very small towards the height or top of the stalk: betwixt which leaves are the flowers of a sad blue or purple colour at the first, but when they do open, they show a fair Azure colour, long and hollow, with four or five little small blue threads: nothing answering the flowers of the other Buglosses, but only in the colour. After that the flower is fallen, the seed is black and small, like to the head of an Adder or Viper. The root is long and strait, and red without.  
Of this sort there is an other kind, whose leaves, stalks, roots, and flowers, are very like unto the foresaid: but his flowers are of a light red or purple colour.   

❀ The Place.  
It delighteth in fruitful places, and fertile soil, as about Brussels, and Lovayne, and divers other places of Brabant.  
But that which beareth purple or light tedde flowers, groweth in France especially about Montepelier.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth almost all the Summer long, & oftentimes or at sundry seasons it bringeth forth seed as the other Buglosses.   

❀ The Names.  
It is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Echium Alcibiacum. Apuleius calleth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek: Viperina and Serpentaria in Latin: in Spanish Yerua della bivora: in French l'Herbe aux Vipers, and l'Herbe aux Serpens: in base Almaigne Slanghencruye: it is called in English wild bugloss the lesser: it may be also called Vipers herb, or Viper's bugloss.   

❧ Theoccasion of the name Alcibiacum.  
This herb was called Alcibiacum, & Alcibiadion of one Alcibiades the first finder out of the virtues of this herb, apresent remedy against the bitings of Serpents. Foras the ancient Nicander writeth, Alcibiades (being asleep) was hurtwith a Serpent: wherefore when he awoke and see this herb, he took of it unto his mouth and chewed it, swalowing down the juice thereof: after that he laid the herb being so chewed upon the sore, and was healed. Others name it Echion, Echidnion, Viperina, etc. Which is as much to say as Viper's herb, which names have been given to this plant, because it is very good against the bitings of Serpents and Vipers, and because also his seed is like the head of an Adder or Viper.  

Echion sive Alcibiacum.    

❀ The Nature.  
It is of the same nature that bugloss is of: but that it is somewhat hotter and more subtle.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root boiled in wine and drunk, doth not only help such as are hurt by Serpents, but also, after that a man hath taken it in manner aforesaid, it will preserve him from being so hurt. The like virtue hath the leaves & seed.  
It suageth the pain of the reins or loins.  
Also being drunken with wine or otherwise, it causeth plenty of milk in women's breasts.    

Of Dogs tongue. Chap. v.  

❀ The Description.  
THe common Hounds tongue, hath a hard, rough, brown stalk, of two or three foot high: the leaves be long much like the leaves of the great garden bugloss, but narrower, smaller, and not rough, but having a certain fine horenesse upon them like velvet. At the top of the branches it beareth many flowers, of a dark purple colour. The seed is flat and rough, three or four together like to a true-love, or four leaved grass, the which do cleave fast unto garments, when they are ripe, like unto Aegrimonie and other rough seeds. The root is long & thick, & black withoutside.   

❀ The Place.  
It groweth almost every where in waste and untilled places, but specially in sandy countries, about paths and high ways.   

❧ The Time.  
It floureth in june, and his seed is ripe in july.   

❀ The Names.  
It is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin and in Shops Cynoglossum, Cynoglossa, and Lingua canis: whereof also the Italians call it Lingua de Cane: the Spaniards call it Lengua de perro: in English Dogs tongue or Hounds tongue: in Freuch Langue de chien: in high Douch Hundszung: in base Almaigne Houdtstonghe. This is that second kind of Cynoglossa, whereof Pliny written in the eight chapter of the xxv Book: it should seem also to be a kind of Isatis syluestris, which a man shall find described in some examples of Dioscorides, in the Chapter Isatis: And of Aëtius in his ten book and eight Chapter Limonium.  

Cynogloss os altera Plinij.    

❀ The Nature.  
Hounds tongue, but specially his root, is cold and dry, yea colder than the great guarding bugloss.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of Hounds tongue is very good to heal wounds: and it is with good success laid to the disease called the wild fire, when it is pound with Barley meal.  
The water or wine wherein it hath been boiled, cureth old sores, wounds and hot inflammations, and it is excellent against the Ulcers & grievances of the mouth.  
For the same purpose, they make an ointment, as followeth. first they boil the juice thereof with honey of Roses, than when it is well boiled, they mingle Turpentine with it, stirring it hard, until all be well incorporate together, than they apply it to wounds.  
The root roasted in hot embers, and laid to the fundament, heals the inward Hemerrhoydes.    

Of Gorage. Chap. vi.  

❀ The Description.  
BOrage hath rough prickely leaves, broad & large, of a swart green colour, at the first coming up bending, or rather spreading themselves abroad flat upon the ground, in proportion like to an Ox tongue. The sralke is rough and rude, of the height of a foot & half, parting itself at the top into divers small branches bearing fair & pleasant flowers in fashion like Stars, of colour blue or Azure, and sometimes white. The seed is black, and there is found two or three together in every husk, like as in the common bugloss, but it is smaller and blacker than bugloss seed.  
There is also an other kind of Borage which endureth the winter like to the common bugloss, and is like to the aforesaid Borage in proportion, sent, savour, and virtues, but his flowers be very small and like to the common bugloss flowers, but smaller.   

❀ The Place.  
It groweth in all gardens, and in sandy champion countries.   

❀ The Time.  
It beginneth to flower in june, and continueth flowering all the Summer.   

❀ The Names.  
The ancient Fathers called it in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Lingua bubula, Libanium, or Lingua bovis, that is to say, Langue de beuf ou vache: in English Ox tongue: Pliny calleth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because it maketh men glad and merry: the Apothecary's name it Borago: and accordingly it is called in Italion Borragine, in Spanish Borraia, & Borraienes, in English Borage: in French Bourroche, or Bourrache, in Highdouche Burretsch: in base Almaigne, Bernagie or Bornagie.  

Buglossum verum.    

❀ The Nature.  
It is hot and moist.   

❀ The Virtues.  
You may find this written of Borage, that if the leaves or flowers of Borage be put in wine, and that wine drunken, it will 'cause men to be glad and merry, and driveth away all heavy sadness, and dull Melancholy.  
Borage boiled with honeyed water, is very good against the roughness or hoarseness of the throat.  
Dioscorides writeth that he hath herded say, that if one pound Borage, that hath but only three branches, together with his root and seed, and afterward a man give the same to drink, to him that hath a Tertian ague, cureth the same. Also that of four branches prepared after the same manner is good to be given to drink against the fever quartain.    

Of Anthyllis. Chap. seven.  

❀ The Kinds.  
ANthyllis (as says Dioscorides) is of two sorts. Whereof one may be called great Anthyllis, and the other small Anthyllis.  

Anthyllis prior. Great Anthyllis.   

Anthyllis altera, Kali species. Small Anthyllis.    

❀ The Description.  
1 THe first Anthyllis in his stalk & leaves, is not much unlike unto lentil, saving that it is whiter, softer, and sinaller. The stalk is of a foot high, white and soft, with leaves spread broad white and soft also, but smaller & thicker than lentil leaves: the flowers clustering together at the top of the stalk, of a yellow or pale colour. The seed is in small husks. The root is small and of woody substance.  
The second is not much unlike Chamaepythis. It hath five or six small branches or more, creeping or trailing alongst the ground, thick set, with little small narrow leaves, betwixt which & the stalks there rises small purple flowers, with seed according. The root is small, and of the length of a fingar. The whole herb is full of sape, & salt like Tragus, whereof we shall speak hereafter, and of this herb they make Axsen, which is used for the making of glasses.   

❀ The Place.  
It groweth in salt sandy grounds, as in Zealand alongst the coast, where there is store of it.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth in june, and the seed is ripe in july.   

❀ The Names.  
The first kind is called of Dioscorides in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. And we have named it Anthyllis prior, as a difference from the second Anthyllis. Pliny calleth it in Latin Anthyllon, Anthyllion, and Anthycellon: unknown of the Apothecaries. Some Arboristes do call it Glaudiola, the which word is derived from Glaux, and some judge it to be Glaux, albeit it is not the right Glaux.  
The second is named in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Anthyllis altera, as a difference from the first Anthyllis: some of our time do call it Borda.   

❀ The Nature.  
It is dry, and serveth properly, to heal and close up wounds.   

❀ The Virtues.  
If one drink half an ounce of the first Anthyllis: it shall prevail much against the hot piss, the Strangury or difficulty to make water, and against the pain of the reins.  
The same mingled with milk and oil of Roses, is good for the Matrix or Mother being charged and oppressed with cold humours, to be applied or laid outwardly to the belly.  
Also it cureth wounds by itself, being laid upon them, or being mixed with salves, ointments, or oils.  
The other Anthyllis taken with oxymel (that is honeyed Vinegar) is good for them that have the falling sickness.    

Of the Clote Burr. Chap. viij.  

❧ The Kinds.  
THere be two sorts of Clote Burrs in this country: the one is the great Burr, & the other the lesser Burr, the which Dioscorides described apart. Nevertheless we have reduced both into one chapter, because of the likelihood that is betwixt them both in name & fashion.  

Arcium sive Personata. Great Clote Burr.   

Xanthium. Louse Burr, or the lesser Clote.    

❀ The Description.  
THe great Clote hath leaves very large and long, greater than Gourd leaves, of a swart green colour, but of a grayish colour on the side next the ground. The stalk is round & hollow, of colour somewhat white & red, with divers side bowghes & branches set full of small leaves: upon the branches there groweth small bullets or round balls, garnisshed full of little crooks or hooks, wherewithal they take hold or cleave fast, and hung upon garments: at last the said bullets or knoppes do open and put forth a fair purple, thromde, or velvet flower. The root is single, long, black without, white within, and in taste bitter.  
The lesser Clote Burr hath grayish leaves like unto Orache, jagged or snippeth round about the edges. The stalk is a foot and half long, full of black spots, dividing itself into many branches or wings. Betwixt the leaves and the said branches, there groweth three or four small Burrs in a cluster, somewhat long, like to a small Olive, or cornel berry, prickly, and cleaving fast unto garments. In the middle of those small Burrs, there groweth forth as it were a little Crownet, somewhat above the Burrs, upon which groweth small flowers, the which do perish after their opening, and do fall with their Crown: than cometh the little Burrs with long seed: the which afterward do never open, nor flower otherwise than is aforesaid. The root is red, and full of small threads or hairy strings.   

❀ The Place.  
The Clote Burrs delight to grow by the way side, about the borders of fields, in untilled places, and dry Diches.   

❀ The Time.  
Their season is in july, and August.   

❀ The Names.  
The great Burr called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Personatia, Personata and Arcium: of Apulcius Dardana: in Shops Bardana maior, and Lappa mayor: in Italiam Lappola maggiore: in Spanish Lampazos, yerua dos pegamazoes, pagamacera mayor: in English the great Burr or great Clote Burr: in French Bardane la grand, & Lap grand: grand Glouteron or Gleteron: in high Douch Grosz kletten: in base Almaigne Groote Clissen.  
The lesser is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Xanthium: in Shops Lappa minor, and Lappa inversa: in Italian Lappola minore in Spanish Pagamacera menor, that is to say, the small Burr, & the Burr turned in & out: in French Le petit Glouteron in high Douch Bettlertsz leusz, and Spitz kletten, that is to say, Rams lice, or beggars lysse, and the pointed or sharp Burr: in base Almaigne cleyn Clissen: in English Diche Burr, and louse Burr.   

❀ The Nature.  
The Clote Burrs have power to dry up, consume, or dissolve: but the lesser is the hotter.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The juice of the great Burr drunken with Honey provoketh urine, and suageth the pain of the bladder.  
The same drunken with old wine, heals the bitings and stingings of venomous beasts.  
The leaves pound with a little salt, is with great profit laid unto the bitings and stingings of Serpents, mad Dogs, & other venomous beasts.  
The scede made into powder & taken with the best wine that may be got by the space of forty days, is very profitable for such as have the Sciatica.  
A dram (which is the eight part of an ounce) of the root, pound with the kernesses of Pine apple, and drunken, is a sovereign medicine for such, as spit blood and corrupt matter.  
It is good for such as have ache or pain in their joints, by reason that the said joints or bones have been before out of joint, broken or hurt.  
The green leaves pound with the white of Eggs, cureth burnings and old sores, being laid thereto.  
The juice of the lesser Burr drunken with wine, is much used against the bitings of venomous beasts, and also against the gravel and the stone.  
The fruit pound & laid unto cold swellings (called in Greek Oedema) consumeth the same, and scattereth or wastes all cold humours: and is specially good against the King's evil, called Strumas and Strofulas.    

Of Mugwort. Chap. ix.  

❀ The Description.  
Mugwort hath broad leaves, all jagged & torn like the leaves of Mormwood, but something smaller, & specially those which grow about that stalk, they are of a brown green colour above, and white hoar or grey underneath. The stalk is long and strait & full of branches. The flowers are small round buttons, growing alongst the branches, like Mormwood, smelling when they begin to ware ripe somewhat after Marjoram. The root is of a woody substance & hath small hairy strings. Of this herb there be two kinds more, differing only in colour.  
The one hath red branches & flowers, and is called red Mugwort.  
The other hath greenish branches, changing towards white, and is called white Mugwort, in all things else like one to an other.   

❀ The Place.  
Mugwort groweth in the borders of fields, & about highways, and the banks of brooks or quiet standing waters.   

❀ The times  
It floureth in july & August, and sometimes later.  

Artemisia communis.    

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in shops Artemisia, & of some Mater herbarum: in Spanish Artemya: in English Mugwort: in French Armoyse, Cherbe S. jan: in high Douch Beyfusz, Bucken, & S. johans' gurtel: in base Almaigne Byvoet, & S. jans' cruyt, the which is this kind of Mugwort, which is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Artemisia tenuifolia, the which is the fourth kind in Dioscorides, and the third kind in Apuleius.   

❀ The cause of the Name.  
Mugwort as Pliny says, had this name of Artemisia Queen of Halicarnassus and wife of Mausolus' King of Carie, who chose this herb & gave it her name, for before that it was called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Parthenis, that is to say, Virginal: some say that Artemisia was so called of the Goddess Diana who was also called Artemis, & for because this herb is singular for women's diseases, who are all under the government of Diana, as the Heathen do imagine and dream.   

❀ The Nature.  
Mugwort is somewhat astringent, and not to hot.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Mugwort pound with oil of sweet Almonds, and laid to the stomach as aplayster, cureth all the pain and grief of the same.  
Also if one do anoint his joints, with the juice thereof mingled with oil of Roses, it cureth the ache, shaking, and drawing together of Sinews.  
If it be hanged or cast into barrels or hogsheads of Bier, it will preserve the same from so wring.  
Whosoever shall carry this herb about him (as Pliny saith) not venomous beast, or any like thing shall hurt him, and if he travel upon the way, he shall not be weary.    

Of tansy. Chap. x.  

❀ The Kinds.  
Three be two sorts of tansy. The one great and yellow, the other small and white.  

Tanacetum maius. Great tansy.   

Tanacetum minus. White tansy.    

❀ The Description.  
The great or common tansy hath a blackish stalk, three or four foot high, divided at the top into many single branches, at the end whereof are round tuftes, bearing yellow flowers like small round buttons, or like the middle of the flower of Camomile, but greater and of stronger savour. The leaves be long & made of many small leaves, set directly one against an other, and spread abroad like wings, the which be also jagged and snippeth like small feathers, especially round about the edges: the root is slender casting itself here and there.  
The small tansy hath broad leaves, much jagged and cut, well like the leaves of Feuerfew, but smaller and more cut and jagged. The stalk is small, of the length of a foot or more, upon the which groweth small tuftes, bearing little white flowers, much like to the flowers and tuftes of the white Mylfoyll or common Parrow. The root is hard, and sometimes parted into two or three: all the herb is much like in smell and savour to the other tansy, saving that it is not so strong.   

❀ The Place.  
The first groweth about high ways, hedges, and the borders of fields, and is very common in this country.  
The second groweth in some places of Italy: in this country you shall not find it but in the gardens of certain Herboristes.   

❀ The Time.  
They do both flower in july and August.   

❀ The Names.  
The first is now called in shops Tanacetum, and Athanasia: in English tansy: in French Athanasie, in high Douch Reinfarn: in base Almaigne Reynuaer, and Wormcruyt. Some learned men judge it for to be the third kind of Artemisia, called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Artemisia unicaulis, of Apuleius Artemisia Tragantes, or Tagetes.  
The second without doubt is also a kind of tansy, the which some learned (and especially the famous Matthiolus of Sienna,) do think it to be right millfoil, called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. But if this herb should be the right Achillea, the common tansy should be also without doubt a kind of Achillea, for they are very much like one an other, not only in smell and taste, but also in virtues and operation, as we have written in our Annotations.   

❀ The Nature.  
tansy is hot in the second degree, and dry in the third, as it doth well appear by his strong smell, and bitter taste.  
The small tansy is of the like operation, or faculty.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The seed of tansy is a singular and proved medicine against worms: for in what fort so ever it be taken, it killeth and driveth forth worms.  
The same pound and afterward mingled with oil, is very good against the pain and swelling of Sinews.  
If before the coming of fits of the Ague, the body be anointed with the juice of tansy mingled with the oil of Roses, it will 'cause the Ague to be go.  
The same drunken with wine, is good against the pain of the bladder, and when one cannot piss but by drops.  
The root condited or preserved with honey and taken of them that be sick, doth ease & help very much, such as are troubled with the gout in their feet.    

Of Feuerfew. Chap. xi.  

❀ The Description.  
FEuerfew hath many tender leaves much torn & jagged of a grayish or white green colour, in colour and fashion, like to the first & nethermost leaves of Coriander: the stalks be two or three foot long, upon which groweth many small flowers yellow in the midst, and compassed about as it were with a little pale of small white leaves, like to the order of Camomile flowers, of a strong smell and bitter taste: when the flowers be past, the knoppes be full of seed, like to the knops of Camomile. The root is of woody substance with divers hairy threads or strings hanging by.   

❀ The Place.  
It groweth well in dry places, by old walls, and such like rough places.   

❀ The Time.  
Feuerfew floureth in july & August, and almost all the Summer.   

❀ The Names.  
It is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, of Galen, and Paul 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Parthenium and Amaracus: in shops, and of Serapio Chap. 253. Matricaria, of some Amarella or Marella: in English, Feuerfew, & of some Whitewurte, also S. Peter's wort: in French Espargoutte, or Matricaire: in high Douch Mutterkraut, and Meidt blumen: in base Almaigne Mater & Moedercruyt.  

Parthenium.    

❀ The Nature.  
It is hot in the third degree, and dry in the second degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Feuerfew dried and made into powder, and two drams of it taken with honey, or other thing, purgeth by siege Melancholy and phlegm: wherefore it is very good for such as have the giddiness & turning in the head or swimming, for them that are purse or troubled with the shortness of wind, and for Melancholic people, and such as be sad and pensive and without speech.  
The herb without his flowers, boiled in water is good to be drunken of such as have the stone.  
The same is good against the Suffocation of the Matrix (that is, the stopping and hardness of the Mother) to be boiled in wine, and applied to the navel, the heart, or the side.  
The broth also, or decoction of Feuerfew, is very good for women to bathe and sit in against the hardness of the Mother, and the Matrix that is overcharged or swollen.  
The green leaves with the flowers of Feuerfew stamped, is good to be laid to the disscase called the wild fire or Saint Anthony's fire, and other choleric inflammations.    

Of fool foot/ or Horse hoof. Chap xij.  

❀ The Description.  
EOle foot hath great broad leaves, growing out into many corners, or indented angles, with many veins, like to a Horse foot, fire or seven leaves springing out of one root, of a white, hoar, or grayish colour next to the ground, and green above. The stem or stalk is white, and as it were cottoned with fine hear of a span long, at the end whereof are fair yellow flowers and full, which do suddenly fade, and change into down, or cotton, which is carried away with the wind, like to the head of Dandelion. The root is white and long creeping here and there.   

❀ The Place.  
fool foot groweth well in watery places and moist fields.   

❀ The Time.  
It putteth forth his wolly stalk without leaves, at the beginning of March & April. At the top of the stalk is the yellow flower: After the flowers the leaves spring out from the root: then vanisheth away the stalk and the flowers, so that one shall seldom find the leaves and flowers altogether at one time.  

Bechion, Tussilago.    

❀ The Names.  
It is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Tussilago: in shops Tarfara, and Vngula Caballina: in Italian Vnghia di cavallo in Spanish Vna de asno: in English fool foot, Horse hoof, Colts foot, and Bull foot: in French Pas de Cheval, of some Pas d'asne: in high Douch Roszhub, or Brandtlattich: in base Almain, Hoefbladeren, Peerdts clauw, Brant lattowe, and Saint Carijus cruyt.   

❀ The Nature.  
The green and fresh leaves are moist, but when they are dry they become sharp or sour, and therefore are of a drying nature.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The green leaves of fool foot pound with Honey, do cure and heal the hot inflammation called Saint Anthony's fire, and all other kinds of inflammation.  
The perfume of the dried leaves laid upon quick coals, taken into the mouth through the pipe of a funnel, or tunnel, helpeth such as are troubled with the shortness of wind, and fetch their breath thick or often, & do break without danger the impostems of the breast.  
The root is of the same virtue, if it be laid upon the coals, and the fume thereof received into the mouth.    

Of Butter Burr. Chap. xiij.  

❀ The Description.  
BVtter Burr hath great round leaves, at the first like the leaves of Folefoote, the which do afterwards wax so great, that with one leaf, one may cover a small round table, as with a carpet. Of a green colour upon the outside, and of a grey whitish colour next the ground. It putteth forth a hollow stalk of a span long, set full of small incarnate flowers at the top, as it were clustering thick together: the which together with the stalk do perish and vanish away. The root is thick, white within & hollow, of a strong smell and bitter taste.   

❀ The Place.  
It groweth well in fresh and moist places, bysides small rivers and brooks.   

❀ The Time.  
The flowers do appear at the beginning of March, and do vanish away in April: then the leaves come forth, and remain all the Summer.   

❀ The Names.  
It is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Petasites, unknown in shops: yet some call it Bardana maior: in English, Butter Burr: in French Herb aux tigneux: in high Douch Pestilentz wurtz: in base Almaigne Dockebladeren, and Pestilentie wortel.  

Petasites.    

❀ The Nature.  
Butter Burr is dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Butter Burr dried, and made into powder and than drunken in wine, is a sovereign medicine against the Plague, and Pestilent fevers, because it provoketh iweate, and for that cause it driveth from the heart all venom, and evil heat. It killeth worms, and is of great force against the Suffocation, and strangling of the Mother to be taken in the same sort.  
It cureth all naughty Ulcers, or old filthy, fretting, sores, or consuming Pocks, and inflammations, if the powder bestrewed thereon.  
The same cureth the Farcyn, in Horses, howsoever it be ministered, whether it be given inwardly to receive, or applied outwardly.    

Of Britannica or Bistorte. Chap. xiv.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere is two sorts of Bistorte, as Leonard Fuchs, and Jerome Bock, (men of great knowledge and learning) have lately written: the one called the Great Bistorte, the other the Small Bistorte.  

Bistorta maior. Great Bistorte.   

Bistorta minor. Small Bistorte.    

❀ The Description.  
THe great Bistorte hath long leaves, like Patience, but smaller, and not so smooth or plain, but wrinkled or drawn into rimples, of a swart green colour upon one side, and of a bluish green on the side next the ground. The stalk is long, smooth and tender, having a spiked knap at the end, set full of small incarnate flowers clustering together. The seed is angled and brown. The root is great and long, wounden and turned back, or crokedly turning together like a Snail, black and hairy without, and somewhat red within, in taste like an Oak kernel.  
The small Bistorte is like the other in leaves, knap, flowers, seed & stalk, but smaller, his leaves also are smother and plainer. The root is shorter and more roundly turned together without any small threads, or hearines, brown without, and of a dark red colour within, in taste like the first.   

❀ The Place.  
They grow well in moist & watery places, as in meadows, and dark shadowy woods.   

❀ The Time.  
They flower in May and june.   

❀ The Names.  
The learned do call the herbs Bistortae and Serpentariae: in French Bistorte● in high Douch Naterwurtz: in Brabant Hertstonghen. This should seem to be Dracunculus Latinorun, whereof Pliny written in the. 6. chap. of the. 24. Book.  
The first is called of some in Latin Colubrina, & of Leonard Fouchs, Naterwurtz weiblin, that is to say, Female Adderwurte or snakeweed: in French grand Bistorte: and Serpentair femelle: in base Almaigne Hertstonghe.  
The second is the small Bistorte: & is called in some places of England Dysterloyte: of the same Leonard Fouches Naterwurtz menlin, that is to say, male Adderwurte or snakeweed.   

❀ The Nature.  
Bistorte doth cool and dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of Bistorte boiled in water or wine, and drunken, stoppeth the lask, and is good against the bloody flux.  
It stoppeth the overmuch flowing of women's terms or flowers, and all other issue of blood.  
Also if it be taken as is aforesaid, or if it be made into powder and drunken with red wine, it taketh away the desire to vomit or parbrake.  
The decoction of the leaves is very good against all sores, & inflammation of the mouth & throat, & it fasteneth lose teeth, if it be often used, or held in the mouth.    

Of Fumeterre. Chap. xv.  

❀ The Kinds.  
There is two kinds of Fumeterre, (as Pliny writeth in the xiij chap. of the xxv book of his natural History.) Whereof the first is the common Fumetory the which was known & used in Medicine, of Galen, Paul, & other the Greek Physicians. The second is an other herb, only known of Pliny: the which both are known in this country.  

Capnos fumaria. Fumeterre.   

Capnos 

Plinij.  
Phragmites.   Nedge Fumeterre.    

❀ The Description.  
THe common Fumeterre hath a square stalk, beset with small leaves, very tender, weak, and finely jagged, & somewhat grey like asshie colour, like to the leaves of Coriander but much smaller: the flower is small and purple, growing together like a little cluster, and changes into little small knops or berries, wherein is very small seed. The root is but simple with a very few small hears or strings about the same.  
Small Fumeterre, hath also many slender branches, upon which groweth small jagged leaves, in colour, taste, and in fashion also, somewhat like the Fumeterre aforesaid. It hath also certain small threads or clasping tendrils, by the which it taketh holdfast in all places by Hedges, and other herbs. The flowers are small and clustering together, of a white colour mixed with a little blue: after the flowers there cometh forth small husks or cods, in which is contained the seed. The root is single and of the length of a fingar.   

❀ The Place.  
Fumeterre groweth best amongst wheat & Barley, also it groweth in gardens amongst potherbes, in Vineyards, and such other open places.  
Small Fumeterre groweth under hedges, in the borders of fields, and about old walls.   

❀ The Time.  
They do both flower in May and june.   

❀ The Names.  
The first of these herbs is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Fumaria and Capnium: in Shops Fumus terrae: in Spanish Palomilla, y palomina, y yerua malarina: in English Fumeterre: in French Fumeterre: in high Douch Erdtrauch, Taubencropff, Katzenkorbel: in base Almaigne, Grysecom, Duyvekeruel, and Eerdtroock.  
The second is called of Pliny Capnos, & Pes Gallinaceus: Therefore Capnos Plinij, and this is that which is called Hermolaus, of Aëtius, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Capnum Chelidonium, not known in shops, some following Pliny do call it in Latin Pes gallinaceus: in French, Pied de geline: in base Almaigne cleyn Eerdtroock: in English Hedge Fumeterre, and hens foot.   

❀ The Nature.  
Fumeterre is hot and dry, almost in the second degree, and so is hens foot, as one may know by the sharpness, and bitter taste.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The juice of Fumeterre dropped into the eyes, doth sharpen and quicken the sight, the same mingled with gum, and laid to the eye lids, will 'cause that the hear that hath been once pulled of, shall not grow again.  
The decoction of Fumeterre drunken, driveth forth by urine & siege all hot Choleric, burnt, & pernicious humours. Bysides this it is very good against the foul scurf, and rebellious old sores, and the great Pocks.  
The juice of Fumeterre drunken worketh the like effect, & for this purpose is of greater power, than the Decoction of Fumeterre.  
Henfoote or hedge Fumeterre (as Pliny saith) is of the same nature & virtue as the other Fumeterre: and is a singular medicine against the weakness of the sight, especially for such as seem to see small straws, if the juice thereof be dropped into the eyes.    

Of Germander. Chap. xuj.  

❀ The Description.  
GErmander is a short herb, of a span or foot long, bringing forth from his root many tender stems or branches. The leaves are small & tender, indented & cut about, much like the leaves of certain Okes, but far smaller. The flowers are small of a brown blue colour compassing round the top of the stalk. The seed is small, black, and round. The root is small and slender, creeping under the earth, here and there.   

❀ The Place.  
Germander groweth luckily in stony hills & mountains, & such like places, also it groweth in woods, it is to be found growing in certain woods of Brabant, and it is planted in gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
Germander floureth in june & july.   

❀ The Names.  
The first is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Chamaedries, Trixago, & of some Quercula minor, & Serratula: in Shops Chamędryos: of the Italians Querinola, Chamedrio, Chamandrina: in Spanish Chamedreos yerua: in French Germandreé, or Chesnette: in English Germander, & English Treacle: in high Almaigne Gamanderlein and Kleyn Bathengel: in base Almaigne, Gamanderlijn.  

Chamaedries. Germander.    

❀ The Nature.  
It is hot & dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Germander with his flowers boiled in water and drunken, delivereth the body from all obstructions & stoppings, and cutteth of tough and clammy humours: & therefore being received as is before said, it is specially good for them that have the cough & shortness of breath, the Strangury or stopping of urine, and for such as begin to have the Dropsy.  
It bringeth down women's natural sickness.  
If it be drunken with vinegar, it is good against the hardness and stopping of the milt or Spleen.  
The juice of the leaves mingled with oil, and streaked upon the eyes, driveth away the white Cloud, called the Hawe or Pearl in the eye, and all manner dimness of the same.    

Of Paul's Getony. Chap. xvij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere is two kinds of Veronicae, or Betonicę Pauli. The one is the right Veronica the which is called Veronica mass: The other is a small herb very like the right Veronica, and is called Veronica foemina.   

❀ The Description.  
THe male Veronica is a small herb, & creepeth by the ground, with small reddish, & hairy branches or stalks. The leaf is something long, and somewhat green, a little hairy, & dented or snippeth round about the edges like a saw. The flowers are above about the top of the branches, small, & of a light blew mingled with purple: the seed is in small flat pouches. The root is small & hairy.  


Betonica Pauli.  
Veronica mass.   Paul's Betony. Herb Fluellyn, or Speedwell. Groundhele. Laudata Nobilium.  
Veronica foemina.  
The female Veronica doth also creep and spread upon the ground, it hath slender stems and somewhat large leaves, a little hairy and pleasantly soft. The flowers be yellow, with small crooked tails, like the flowers of Larks claw, or Larks spur. The seed is in small round husks, like the seed of Pympernell.   

❀ The Place.  
The male Veronica groweth in rough sandy places, about the borders of fields and woods.  
The female groweth in low moist places.   

❀ The Time.  
They flower in june and july.   

❀ The Names.  
The first Veronica is called of Paulus Aegineta Lib. seven. in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is to say, in Latin Betonica: and therefore Doctor William Turner and I do call it Betonica Pauli: The common Herboristes do call it in Latin Veronica: in high Douch Erenbreisz mennlin, and Grundheyl: in base Almaigne Eerenprijs manneken.  
The second is called Veronica foemina of the Latinistes: in French Veronique femelle: in high Douch Erenbreisz weiblin: in base Almaigne Eerenprijs wijfken.   

❀ The Nature.  
Veronica or Paul's Betony, is dry and somewhat hot.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Veronica (as Paul witnesseth) is specially good for the stoppings, & pains of the kidneys.  
The Decoction of Veronica drunken, doth solder and heal all fresh, and old wounds, and cleanseth the blood from all evil corruptions, and from all rotten and adust humours: and for that cause it is good to be drunken for the kidneys, and against scurviness and foul spreading Tetters, and consuming or fretting sores, the small Pocks and Meselles.  
The water of Veronica distilled with wine, and so often new drawn until it wax of a radish colour, is much used against an old Cough, the dryness, and harms of the lungs: for men say that it will heal all ulcers, inflammations and harms of the Pulme or Lungs.  
The Female Veronica is of the like operation, but much weaker, and not so good as the Male.    

Of Ground pine/ or jua Moscata. Chap. xviij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be three sorts of the herb called in Latin Chamępitys, (as Dioscorides saith) the one like the other in smell and fashion.  

Chamępitys prima. The first Ground pine.   

Chamępitys altera. The second Ground pine.    

❀ The Description.  
THe first kind of these herbs, is a small herb and tender, creeping upon the ground: it hath small branches, & something crooked: the leaves be small, narrow & hairy, of the savour of the Pine, or Fyrre tree: The flowers be small, pale, yellow, or white, the root is sleight or single, & of woody substance.  
The second hath also small branches, brown, hairy, and tender, croaking in, after the fashion of an anchor, out of which branches groweth small hairy leaves, much cloven and cut cross wise: The little flowers be of a purplishe colour, and grow about the stalks in tufts like garlands or crownets. The seed is black and round, and the whole plant savoureth like to the other.  
The third is the lest of all, and hath small, white, rough leaves, the flowers be yellow: and in smell like to the others.   

❀ The Place.  
These herbs love to grow in stony grounds and mountains: in this country it is sown and set in gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
They flower in july and August.   

❀ The Names.  
These three herbs be all called by one Greek name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. in Latin Aiuga, Abiga, and Ib●ga: in shops jua, and jua Artetica, or jua moscata: in Spanish Pinillo, in English also Chamaepitys, Ground pine, Herb Ive, Forget me not, & field Cypress: in French Ive musquée: in high Douch Velt Cypress, & of some Ho langher ho liver.   

❀ The Nature.  
They are hot in the second degree, and dry in the third.  

Chamępitys tertia. The third Ground pine.    

❧ The Virtues.  
The leaves of Chamaepitys drunken in wine by the space of seven days, heals the jaundice, & drunken with Mead or Melicrat by the space of forty days, it heals the Sciatica, that is to say, the pain of the hip or hocklebone.  
It is also good against the stoppings of the liver, the difficulty of urine, and causeth women to have their terms or natural sickness.  
Chamępitys green pound, and mingled with Honey, and laid upon great wounds, and virulent, and corrupt ulcers, cureth the same.  
Also the same being green pound, and laid to women's breasts or paps, dissolveth the hardness of the same.  
And being ordered as is beforesaid, and laid to the bitings or stingings of Serpents, Vipers, and such other venomous beasts, is of great virtue and much profitable against the same.  
The Decoction of Chamępitys drunken, dissolveth clottie & congealed blood. And the same boiled in vinegar and drunken, delivereth the dead child.  
If the body be rubbed or anointed with the juice thereof, it causeth much sweeting.  
The like virtue have the two other kinds, but it is weaker and not of so great efficacy.    

Of lavender Cotton/ or Garden Cypress. Chap. nineteeen.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be sundry sorts of garden Cypress, growing in the gardens of this country.   

❀ The Description.  
THe first and the most common Cypress, is a small tree or shrub of woody substance, with upright branches, bringing forth small, narrow, long and round, ragged or purled leaves, at the top of the branches or stems groweth fair Orenge-colour flowers, like the flowers of Tansey, but greater. The root is of woody substance, with many strings or threddes hanging at it.  
The other Cypress is much like to the first in stalks, leaves, flowers, & fashion, saving that the branches that bore the leaves are smaller, & set or covered with long small leaves, the flowers be paler & smaller, and the whole herb is not of so strong a savour, but smelleth more gentilly, and pleasantly.  
The third kind his leaves be smaller, & shorter, almost like the leaves of heath.  
The fourth kind his leaves be more single, and like the leaves of the Cypress tree, but they are white.  
The fifth hath soft wollie leaves, as it were laid with a certain down or fine Cotton: with stalks creeping alongst the ground. The flowers of these three kinds, are not unlike the flowers of the first kind.  
Chamaecyparissus.   

❀ The Place.  
They grow not in this country, but in the gardens where as they are planted.   

❀ The Time.  
They do both flower in july, and August.   

❀ The Names.  
Pliny calleth this herb in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and in Latin Chamaecyparissus: some of the later writers do call it Santolina, and Camphorata: unknown in shops: some call it in English Lavender Cotton, and some Garden Cypress: in French Cypress de iardyn: in Douch Cypress.  
The others without doubt are of the kinds of Cypress, and not cedar, as some call it. The seed of this herb is called in shops, Semen contra lumbricos, Semen Santonici, & Semen sanctum.   

❀ The Nature.  
It is hot and very dry.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Pliny writeth that Chamaecyparissus' drunken in wine is good against Serpents, and Scorpions, and other kind of poison.    

Of Celandine/ Figworte/ and Marsh Marigolde. Chap. xx.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be two kinds of the herb called in Greek Chelidonium, whereof the one is the great Celandyne, the other is small Celandyne, in Latin Strophularia minor.  

Chelidonium maius. Great Celandyne.   

Chelidonium minus. Small Celandyne.    

❀ The Description.  
GReat Celandyne hath a tender stalk, round, hairy, and full of branches, every branch having divers joints and knots. The leaves much like unto Colombyne, but tenderer & deeper jagged or cut, of a grayish colour by one side, and green upon the other side somewhat drawing towards blue. The flower is at the top of the branches fair and yellow like the brickwall Gyllofer, & turneth into long cods or husks, in them is the seed, which is small and pale. All the herb is of a strong smell: and the juice (whereof the flowers, the leaves, the stalk, and the root is full, and cometh forth when they be either bruised or broken) is yellow as Saffron, sharp and bitter, but that of the root specially, the which is yellow as gold. The root hath many small strings or threddy laces hanging thereby.  
The small Celandyne is a low herb growing by the ground, having a little small brownish stem, the leaves be small and somewhat round, like ivy leaves, but much smaller, tenderer, fofter, and smother. The flower is yellow like to a gold cup, or Crowfoote flower. The root is full of small threddes, or hairy laces, with divers knots in them like to wheat or barley corns.  
THere is an other herb much like to small Celandyne in leaves & flowers, the which we may call Marsh marygold, or Brave Celandyne, the leaves be of a swart green colour, somewhat round, and shining, like to a Poplar leaf, but larger & a little cut, or purlde about the edges. The stalk is round, and divided into many branches, upon which are the pleasant yellow flowers, like to yellow Crowfoote or gold Cup, but larger and fairer to behold. The flowers being go or fallen, ye shall see three or four small husks or cods, like to the husks of Colombyne, wherein is contained small yellow seeds. The root is great and thick, with many threddy strings.   

❀ The Place.  
The great Celandyne groweth in dry places, about old rotten walls, and by the way sides, and under Hedges & quicksets.  
The small Celandyne, and the Brave Bassinet, or Marsh Marigold, do grow in moist meadows, upon the banks and borders of ditches.  
Caltha Palustris. Marsh Marigold. Dotterbloemen Belgarum.   

❧ The Time.  
The great Celandyne beginneth to flower in April, and lasteth flowering all the Summer.  
The small bringeth forth his flower betimes, about the return of Swallows, in the end of February. It remaineth flowering all March, even until April, and after it doth so vanish away, that a man shall seldom see it in May.  
The Brave Bassinet, floureth in May and April.   

❀ The Names.  
The great Celandyne is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Chelidonium maius, and Hirundinaria maior: in shops Chelidonia: & of some as Athenaeus writeth, Anemone: in Spanish Chelidunea, yerua d'andurin̄a y yerua de las golundrinas: in English Celandyne, Swallowurte, and of some Tetterwurte: in French Cheledoine, or Esclaire: in high Douch Grosz Schelwurtz, grosz Schwalbenkraut, and Schelkraut: in base Almaigne Gouwortel, & Groote Gouwe.  
The lesser is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Chelidonium minus, and Hirundinaria minor: in shops Scrofularia minor, and Ficaria: in Italian Favoscello in Spanish Scrofularia menor: in English Pyle wort, or Figworte: in French Scrofulaire, or Petite Esclaire: in high Douch Klein Schelwurtz, klein Schwalbenwurtz, Feigwartzen, or Blaternkraut, Pfaffenhodlin, & Meyenkraut: in base Almaigne, Cleyn Gouwe, and cleyn Speen cruyt.  
Caltha Palustris so named of certain late writers, of some Tussilago altera, and Farfugium, whereunto notwithstanding it is but a little like, may well be Englished Marsh Marigold: in French Bassinet de prez, or Bassinet de marés: in high Douch Moszblumen, Dotterblumen, Geelweiszblumen, and Martenblumen: in base Almaigne, groote Booterbloemen, and Dotterbloemen.   

❀ The occasion of the Names.  
The great Celandyne is named in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Chelidonium, that is to say, Swallow-herbe, because (as Pliny writeth) it was first found out by Swallows, and hath healed the eyes, and restored sight to their young one's, that have had harm in their eyes, or have been blind.  
The small Celandyne was so called, because that it beginneth to spring & to flower, at the coming of the Swallows, and withereth at their return.   

❀ The Nature.  
The two Celandynes are hot and dry in the third degree: and the small Celandyne is the hottest.  
The Brave Bassinet, or Marsh Marigolde, is also of a hot nature, but not exceeding.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The juice of Celandyne mingled with honey, & boiled in a vessel of copper or brass, cleareth the sight, and dropped into the eyes, taketh away the spots, scars or blemisshes, bloudshotten, and web of the eye.  
If with the same juice and wine, one wash fretting, and consuming sores, it will consolidate and heal them.  
The root boiled with Anise seed in white wine, openeth the stoppings of the Liver, and heals the jaundice.  
The same root chewed in the mouth, taketh away the toothache.  
The small Celandyne pound, & laid unto rough & corrupt nails, causeth the same to fall away, & fairer or better to grow in their places: And if it be pound in urine or wine, especially the root, and after applied and laid to the hemorrhoids, it doth dissolve and heal them: so doth the juice, if it be mingled with wine or urine, and the hemorrhoids be washed therewithal.  
The decoction of this herb in wine gargarised, doth purge the head from naughty phlegm & evil humours, and causeth the same to be easily spit out.  
The juice of the root mingled with honey, and snifte or drawn up into the nose, purgeth the brain from superfluous moistures, and openeth the stoppings of the nose.  
The Marsh Marigolde, is not used in Physic.    

Of periwinkle. Chap. xxi.  

❀ The Description.  
periwinkle hath many small & slender long branches with joints, whereby it spreadeth abroad upon the ground, creeping & trailing hither and thither. The leaves be greater than the leaves of Box, much like to bay leaves in colour & fashion, saving that they be far smaller. The flower most commonly is blue, & sometimes white, & tawny, but very seldom: it is parted into, five leaves, somewhat like the flower of great bugloss, but larger & pleasanter to behold, yet without savour. The root is hairy and yellow.  

Clematis Daphnoides.    

❀ The Place.  
periwinkle groweth well, in shadowy, moist places, as in the borders of woods, and alongst by hedges.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth most commonly in March and April, but it remaineth green all the year.   

❀ The Names.  
It is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Clematis Daphnoides: Pliny in a certain place nameth it Clematis Aegyptia: & in an other place Chamaedaphne: in shops Peruinca, and Vinca pervinca: in Italian Provenqua, in Spanish Peruinqua: in English periwinkle: in French Peruenche, and du Lisseron: in high Douch Ingruen, & Syngruen: in base Almaigne Vincoorde, Ingroen, and Maechden palm.   

❀ The Nature.  
periwinkle is dry and astringent.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The decoction of this herb sodde in wine, and drunken, stoppeth the lask, and the bloody flux: it stayeth the immoderate course of the flowers, spitting of blood, and all other flux of blood.  
The same mengled with milk, and oil of Roses, & put into the Matrix, in a pessary or Mother suppository, taketh away the pains of the same.  
The same chewed heals the toothache, & all stinging of venomous beasts, if it be applied thereto.  
The same bruised and put into the nose, stoppeth nose bleeding.    

Of Gastarde Saffron. Chap. xxij.  

❀ The Description.  
Wild Saffron hath a round stalk of three Cubits long or more, decked with long, narrow, dented & sharp pricking leaves: at the top of the branches, are small round pricklcy heads or knoppes, the which at their opening, do bring forth a pleasant Orange colour flower, of a good favour, & colour like to the threads of right Saffron: when the flower is withered and passed, there is found within the prickly heads or knoppes, a white long cornered seed, wrapped in a certain hairy down, or chaff.   

❀ The Place.  
They use to plant it in gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth in july and August.  

Cnicus. Carthamus.    

❀ The Names.  
It is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Cnicus: of the Apothecaries, and of Mesue, & of Serapio, Cartamus: of some Crocus Hortensis, & Crocus Saracenicus: in Italian Saffrano Sarracinesco: in Spanish Alaçor, Açfran deal huerto, y sement de Papagaios: in English Bastard Saffron: in French Saffran sauvage, or Bastard in high Douch Wilden garten Saffron: in base Almaigne Wilden Saffraen.   

❀ The Nature.  
The seed of Bastard Saffron (as Mesue writeth) is hot in the first degree, and dry in the second.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The juice of the seed of Saffron bruised and pound, and drunken with honeyed water, or the broth of a Chicken or pullet, provoketh the stool, and purgeth by siege flymie fleumes, and sharp humours: Moreover it is good against the colic, that is to say, the pain, and stopping of the bowels or guts, and also against the pain in fetching of breath, the cough, & stopping of the breast, and it is singular against the Dropsy.  
Also the juice of the same seed put into milk, causeth the same milk to congeal and crudde, and maketh it of great force, to loose and open the belly.  
The flowers drunk with honeyed water, openeth the Liver, and are very good against the jaundice. Also the same flowers are very good to be used in meats to give them a yellow colour.   

❀ The Danger.  
The seed of Bastard Saffron is very hurtful to the stomach, causing a desire to vomit, and is of hard and slow operation, remaining long in the stomach and entrailles.   

❀ The Amendment.  
He must put to the same seed, somethings comfortable to the stomach, as Anise seed, galangal, or mastic, or some other good thing to hasten his operation, as Gynger, Salgemme, common salt, etc. And if it be used after this manner, it shall not hurt the stomach at all, and his operation shall be more speedy.    

Of Conyza/ or Flebane. Chap. twenty-three.  

❧ The Kinds.  
THere are two sorts of Conyza, as Dioscorides & Theophrastus writeth: The one called the great or male Conyza: the other the small or female Conyza: Over and bysides these, there is a third kind, the which is called the middle or mean Conyza.   

❀ The Description.  
THe great Conyza hath leaves somewhat large, almost like Cowslippe leaves, saving that they are browner and softer. The stalk is round, covered with a saved Cotton or fine Down, of a foot and half long or more, towards the top spreading abroad into many small branches, upon which groweth long buds which turn into yellow flowers, the which also do afterward change into downy heads, fleeing away with the wound. The root is somewhat thick.  
The small Conyza groweth not above the height of a span, or foot, and differeth not from the first, saving that it is a great deal less. The flowers be of a dark yellow, almost like the flowers of tansy, or like to the middle of the flowers of Camomile: they are both of a strong savour, but the savour of the greater is more than the small.  
The third and middle kind of Conyza, hath a round white wollish stalk, of a foot and a half long, the leaves be long & cottony, or wolly. The flowers at the top of the stalk, like to Camomile, but greater, & not only of a brown yellow colour in the middle, but also round about.  
Conyza maior. Great Conyza.  
Conyza media. Middle Conyza.   

❀ The Place.  
The great Conyza, for the most part groweth in dry places. The two others grow in valleys, that are moist and grassy, and by water sides.   

❀ The Time.  
They flower in the end of july and August.   

❀ The Names.  
These herbs are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: Pliny in some place calleth them Cunilagines: Theodor Gaza calleth them Policariae, and Pulicariae: unknown in shops: one kind of it is called in English Flebane: some call it in high Douch Durwurtz, and Donnerwurtz: in Spanish Attadegua.  
Theophrast calleth the great, Conyza the male: and the smaller Conyza the female.   

❀ The Nature.  
The great and the small Conyzae, are hot and dry in the third degree. The third is of the like substance, but not so hot.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves and flowers of Conyza boiled in wine and drunken, have great power to provoke the flowers, and to expel the dead child.  
They have also great power against the hot piss, and Strangury, against the jaundice, and gnawing or griping pains of the belly.  
The same taken with vinegar is good for the Epilepsy, or falling sickness.  
The Decoction of Conyza is very profitable to women against the diseases and pain of the Mother, if they sit over it in a close vessel or stew.  
The leaves bruised and laid upon the bitings, or stingings of venomous beasts, are very good: also they are good to be laid upon wounds & oedemes, that is, hard lumps or cold swellings.  
The same mingled with oil, is good to anoint the body, to take away all cold shakings and bruisings.  
The same laid strewed or burned in any place, driveth away all venomous beasts, and killeth gnats and flees.    

Of Sterrewurte or Sharewurte. Chap. xxiv.  

❀ The Description.  
STerrewurte hath a brown, hairy, and woodish stalk, the leaves be long, thick, hairy, and of a brown, or swartgreene colour. At the top of the branches groweth three or four shining flowers, after the fashion of Camomile, yellow in the middle and set round about with small purple leaves, in order and fashion like a Star, which at length do turn into down, or Cotton, & the plume is carried away with the wind. The root is bearded with hairy strings.  
There is an other kind of this herb whose flowers are not only yellow in the middle, but the small leaves also growing about the edges in order like the Camomile flower, are also of yellow colour, but otherwise like to the first.   

❀ The Place.  
Sterrewurte groweth upon small hillocks, barrows, or knaps, in Mountains and high places, and sometimes in woods, and in certain meadows, lying about the river of Rheyne.   

❀ The Time.  
It doth most commonly flower in August.  

Aster Atticus.    

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Aster Atticus, & Inguinalis: of vergil Flos Amellus: of some Stellaria: in Italian Alibio: unknown in Shops: in English Sharewurte or Sterrewurte: in French Aspergoutte menue, or Estoille: in high Douch Megerkraut, Scartenkraut, and Sternkraut: in base Almaigne Sterrecruyt.   

❀ The Nature.  
It doth refresh and cool, and is almost of temperature like the Rose.   

❀ The Virtues.  
It is very good against the over much heat and burning of the stomach, being laid to outwardly, upon the same: And being green stamped, and laid to the botches or impostumes, about the share or privy members prevaileth much against the same.  
It helpeth and suageth the redness and inflammation of the eyes, and fundament or siege, and the falling down of the Arse gut.  
The blue of the flower, drunken in water is good to be given to young children, against the Squinancy, and the falling sickness.  
Some men say that this herb putteth away all tumours & swellings of the siege, share, and fundament, yea when it is but only carried about a man.    

Of penniwort. Chap. twenty-five.  

❀ The kinds.  
WE shall describe in this Chapter, three sorts of Penniewurte, or Cotyledon: whereof two kinds were well known of the Ancients, as they be also in many countries, at this day: The third, because of a certain similitude or likeness that it hath with penniwort of the brickwall, we do call water penniwort.  

Cotyledon vera. Wall penniwort.   

Cotyledon altera Matthioli. Thick penniwort.    

❀ The Description.  
THe leaf of the first kind of penniwort, is round and thick, much like to ivy leaves, but rounder, & somewhat bluntly indented about, with some hollowness or concavity above, & a short stem underneath in the middle of the leaf. The stalk is small and hollow, about a span long, with divers little long flowers, of a whitish or incarnate colour. The root is white, and round, like an olive.  
Cotyledon aquatica. Water penniwort.  
The second kind hath broad thick and somewhat round leaves, spread abroad, round about the stalk like to sengreen or houseleek, from the middle whereof, springeth up the tender stalk, bearing small flowers.  
Water penniwort hath little smooth leaves, round and hollow above, but not very much, even as it were a small shollow plate, the stem is underneath in the midst of the leaf, somewhat drawing to wards the proportion of Wall penniwort, but it is smaller, smoother and of a swarter colour, and and somewhat deeper natched or dented, but yet bluntly also. The flowers be very small and white, and grow beneath, or also under the leaves. The roots be small and hairy, creeping and putting forth upon every side many small young leaves.   

❀ The Place.  
Pennywurte, as Pliny says, groweth in stony places near the Sea: but it groweth not in many countries, except it be planted or set in gardens. It groweth plentifully in some parts of England, in Somerset shire, & about Welles.  
Mountain or sengreen penniwort, is a rare plant, it groweth in some places of the Alpes and other mountains beyond the Sea.  
Pennywurte of the water groweth plentifully in this country, in low meadows, and moist valleys, whereas water standeth in the winter.   

❀ The Time.  
Wall penniwort, floureth in May & june, but penniwort of the water floureth in july.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: In Latin Cotyledon, and Vmbilicus veneris, and Acetabulum. And of Pliny Herba Coxendicum. jacobus de Manlijs in Luminari maiori, calleth it Scatum Coeli & Scatum cellus: in Italian Ombilico di venere, Cupertioule. in Spanish Scudetes, Coucillos', Capadella, Ombligo de venus: in English great penniwort, and brickwall penniwort: in French Nombril de venus: in base Almaigne Navelcruyt.  
The second is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Cymbalium, Acetabulum alterum, & Vmbilieus veneris alter: in base Almaigne Dat ander, or dat tweed Navelcruyt: in English, the second penniwort: and Mountain penniwort.  
Pennywurte of the water, is called in the shops of this country, Vmbilicus Veneris & Scatum coeli, although it is not the right kind, as is beforesaid: that base Almains do call it Penninckcruyt: in English Sheep kill Pennygrasse.   

❀ The Nature.  
The brickwall penniwort, which is the right kind, is cold & moist: the penniwort of the water, is not without heat as may be perceived by the taste.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The juice of penniwort of the brickwall, is a singular remedy against all inflammation, and hot tumours, S. Anthony's fire, & kibed heels to be anointed therewithal: and being applied to the stomach it refressheth the same.  
The leaves and root eaten, do break the stone, provoke urine, & are good against the Dropsy.  
The second kind is of virtue like to the great sengreen, or Houselike.  
The virtue of the water Pennywurte, or Penny grass is not yet known: albeit the ignorant Apothecaries do daily use it in steed of that right Cotyledon, wherein they do nought, and commit manifest error, for the right Cotyledon is the great penniwort, called of some penniwort of the brickwall, because it groweth ever in old walls & stony places. But this groweth in low grounds and Marisshes, and is a hurtful herb unto Sheep.    

Of Orpyne. Chap. xxvi.  

❀ The Description.  
ORpyne hath a round gross brittle stem, set full of thick leaves, gross & full of sap & somewhat dented about the edges. At the top of that stalk groweth many fair purple flowers, of fasihion like the flowers of S. john's wurte, called in Greek Hypericum. The root is white and very knobby, or knotty.  
There is a kind of this herb whose flowers are white: and also a third kind whose flowers are yellow, the residue is agreeable to the first.   

❀ The Place.  
Orpyne proveth well in moist shadowy places. The people of the country delight much to set it in pots & shells on Midsummer Even, or upon timber slattes or trenchers daubed with Clay, & so to set, or hung it up in their houses, where as it remaineth green a long season and groweth, if it be sometimes over sprinkled with water.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth most commonly in August.  

Crassula maior.    

❀ The Names.  
They do now call this herb Crassula mayor, some call it Fabaria, & Faba crassa: in English Orpyne, & Liblong, or Live long: in French Orpin, & Chicotrin in high Douch Mundkraut, Knabenkraut, Fotzlwang, and Fortzwein: in base Almaigne Mondencruyt, and Smeerwortele.  

Eufrasia.    

❀ The Degree or Nature.  
Orpyne cooleth in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Orpyne in operation & virtue is like to Houselike or sengreen.    

Of Eyebright. Chap. xxvij.  

❀ The Description.  
EYebright is a proper small low herb, not above a span long, full of branches, covered with little blackish leaves, dented or snipt round about like a see: the flowers be small and white, sprinkled & powdered within, with yellow and purple speckes. The root is little, small and hairy.  
There is yet an other herb, which some do call Eyebright (although it be not the right Eyebright): it groweth to the height of a foot or more: The stalks be round, parted into many collateral or side branches, upon which are little small leaves, long and narrow, most commonly bending or hanging downwards. The flowers be red: The root is small as the other Eyebright root. This I thought necessary to declare, to the intent that men may learn to know the diversity betwixt them both, & that they should not take the one for the other: for this last kind hath not the virtue of the true Eyebright.   

❀ The Place.  
Eyebright groweth in dry meadows, green & grassy ways, and pastures standing against the Sun.   

❧ The Time.  
Eyebright beginneth to flower in August, and floureth still until September, and in forward years, it is found to flower in july. It must be gathered and dried while it is in flower.   

❀ The Names.  
Some call this herb in Latin Euphrasia: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Ophthalmica & Ocularis: some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Euphrosyne: in English Eyebright: in French Euphrase in high Douch Augentrost: in base Almaigne Doghentroost, that is to say, in Latin Oculorum solamen.   

❀ The Degree or Nature.  
It is hot and dry, almost in the second degree.   

❧ The Virtues.  
Eyebright pound and laid upon the eyes, or the juice thereof with wine dropped into the eyes, taketh away the darkness of the same, & cleareth the sight.  
So doth a powder made of three parts of Eyebright dried, and one part of Macis, if a spoonful of it be taken every morning by itself, or with sugar, or wine. And taken after the same sort, it comforteth the memory very much.  
Eyebright boiled in wine and drunken is good against the jaundice.  
That other Eyebright is unprofitable, and therefore not used in Physic.    

Of Filipendula/ or Oropworte. Chap. xxviij.  

❀ The Description.  
FIlipendula hath long leaves, spread abroad like feathers, made of many small & little leaves, all dented, snippeth, & jagged round about, growing by a long string or small stem, not much unlike the leaves of wild Tansy, or Burnet, but longer, his stalk is round, about the height of two or three foot, at the top whereof are many fair white flowers, every one parted in six small leaves, like a little Star. The seed is small, & groweth together like a button. The roots be small & black, whereon is hanging certain small knops or black pellets, as in the roots of the female Pionye, saving the they be a great deal smaller.   

❀ The Place.  
Filipendula groweth in Almaigne, France & England upon stony mountains & rough places. It is also planted in divers gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth in May, june, and july.  

Filipendula.    

❀ The Names.  
Some call this herb in latin Saxifraga rubea: in shops Filipendula, or Philipendula: in Italiam & Spanish Filipendola: in French Filipende, or Filipendule: in high Almaigne Rotsteinbrech, & wild Garben: in base Almaigne Rood steenbreeck: in English Filipendisla, Dropwurte, & Red Sarifrage.   

❀ The Nature or Temperament.  
Dropwurte is hot and dry, but not full out in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root boiled in wine and drouken is good against the Droppisse, or Strangury, and against all the pains of the bladder, it causeth one to make water, and breaketh the stone.  
The same (as Matthew Syluaticus, & Simon Genuensis do writ) is very profitable against the diseases springing of cold, windiness, and blastings of the stomach, to be made in powder, and taken in wine with Fenell seed.  
If the powder of the root of Filipendula or Dropwurte, be often used to be taken or eaten with meat, it will preserve a man from the falling sickness.    

Of Medewurte/ or goats beard. Chap. xxix.  

❀ The Description.  
MEdesweete or Medewurte which is called in Latin Vlmaria, and Barba Capri, hath great long broad leaves like agrimony, saving they be larger and longer, rough, boysteo as and hard, crompled, and wrinkled, like to the leaves of Byrche or Elm trees. The stalk is hollow, square, & radish, sometimes as long as a man, and beareth at the top a great many of small flowers, clustering & growing together like the blowing of Filipendula, of colour white and savour pleasant, the which do change or turn into small seeds, which be as they were wrenched or writhe about, and grow three or four together, like to a little wart. The root is long & black without, and brownered or incarnate within, of a strong savour & astringent taste, like Ake-kernels.   

❀ The Place.  
It groweth in meadows, and mosty grounds, also in shadowy woods.   

❀ The Time.  
This herb floureth most commonly in july and August.  

Barba Capri sive Vlmaria.    

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Latin Barba Capri, Vlmaria, and Regina prati: in English Medewurte, and Medesweete, and of some after the Latin name goats beard: in French Barb de Cheure: in Dutch Reynette, and grooten Gheytenbaert.   

❀ The Nature.  
Medewurte doubtless drieth much, and is astringent, wherefore it restraineth, and bindeth manifestly.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The roots of Medesweete boiled, or made into powder, and bronken, stoppeth the lask, and all issue of blood.  
The flowers boiled in white wine and drunken, cureth the fever quartain.    

Of Thalietron or Bastard Rewbarbe. Chap. thirty.  

❀ The kinds.  
OF the false & Bastard Rewbarbes, there are at the lest four or five kinds, and of them some be great, and one is small.  

Thalietrum magnum. The great Bastard Rewbarbe.   

Thalietrum parvum. The small Bastard Rewbarbe.    

❀ The Description.  
THe first great Thalietron or Bastard Rewbarbe hath large leaves parted, or divided into divers others, somewhat nicked, or dented about the edges: the stalks are streaked and crested, of a red purplish colour: in the tops of these stalks groweth many small and hairy white flowers: after them cometh small narrow husks like cods, four or five growing together: the root is yellow, long, round, and knotty, and it groweth far abroad in many places. The colour of the upper part of the leaf, is a brown green or deep green, and some are more darker and blacker than some, but under they are of a lighter colour.  
The second kind of great Thalietron or Bastard Rewbarbe his leaves be of a bluish green colour, his flowers be yellow, and his stalks longer, & the savour more grievous: but otherwise it is like to the aforesaid.  
The third is very well like to the first, saving that his small flowers are of a light blue colour.  
The small Thalietron is like unto the abovesaid, but in all respects less, his stalks be of a span long, his leaves be thin & tender, & the roots are small & slender, the little flowers grow together in small bundles or tuftes, of a light yellow colour almost white: and it is also of a very grievous savour.   

❀ The Place.  
The first kind oftentimes groweth in moist meadows, & it is also found in gardens.  
But that which hath the yellow, and violet colour flowers, are brought to us as strangers, as that kind also is with the blackish green leaves.  
The small kind is found in Zealand, & other coasts bordering upon the sea.   

❀ The Time.  
They flower most commonly in july, and August.   

❀ The Names.  
In certain Apothecaries shops they call this kind of herb Pigamum, and do erroneously use it for Rue, which is called in Greek Peganon: The common sort call it Rhabarbarum, and therefore it is called False or Bastard Rewbarbe: but many learned men call it in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Thalietrum, and do use it for the same.  
But the small Thalietrum, is not Hypecoon, as we have thought it ear this.   

❀ The Nature.  
Bastard Rewbarbe is of complexion hot and dry.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves of Bastard Rewbarbe, taken in meat or otherwise loseth the belly.  
The roots also should seem to be of the same nature and virtue: and for this consideration partly they were called rhubarb, & partly also they were so called, because their roots are yellow like rhubarb.    

Of water Betony/ or Brounewurte. Chap. xxxj.  

❀ The Description.  
BRounewurte hath a square, brown, hollow stalk, large leaves, natched or dented round about, very like unto nettle leaves, but smother or plainer, and nothing stinging or burning at all. The flowers grow about the top of the stalks, and are small and tawny, hollow like a helmet, or a snail shell. The seed is small round, pointed like to some pretty pellots or buttons. The root is white and knobby, like the root of Orpyn or Lyblong, whereof we have spoken Chap. 26.  
Scrophularia maior.  
There is an other kind of this herb, like to the first, in stalks, leaves, flowers, and husks, or seed vessels, but it differeth in the root: for his root is not knobby or swollen like to the other, but full of threddish strings: otherwise there is no difference betwixt this kind and the other, which they call Scrophularia maior: for the stalk is also square, and the leaves like to nettle leaves, and are cut, & dented round about in like manner: the flowers are like to open helmets also, etc. so that oftentimes, those that take nothede to the difference in the roots, do gather the one for the other.  
There is yet a third kind which is nothing like to the others, saving only in the flowers and seed, wherein it is very like to the other Scrophularies: wherefore we have thought good to make mention of it in this place: his stalk is right, or strait and round. The leaves are like to Roquet leaves, but smaller and browner. The flowers are like to them aforesaid, saving they be smaller and of a blue colour, streaked with small streaks of white. The root is threddy, like the root of the second kind of Scrophularia, and is everlasting, putting forth yearly new springs, as also doth the roots of the other two Scrophularies.   

❀ The Place.  
The two first kinds do grow very plentifully in this country, in the borders of fields, and under hedges, and about lakes and ditches.  
The third is not found here, but only planted in gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
They flower in june and july.   

❀ The Names.  
The first is called in Shops, and of the Herboristes, Scrophularia maior, & of some Castrangula, Ficaria, Millemorbia, Ferraria: in English Broune wurte, and Water Betony: in high Almaigne Braunwurtz, Sauwurtz, and grosz Feigwartzen kraut: in base Almaigne groot Speencruyt & Helmeruyt. Some think it to be the herb that is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Caleopsis and Vrticalabeo.  
The second hath no certain name in Latin, nor of the Apothecaries: but in base Almaigne it is called Beeckscuym, and S. Anthuenis cruyt: this should be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: Betonica Aquatica Septentrionalium: in English Water Betony.  
The third is unknown and without name, notwithstanding it may be taken for a kind of Galeopsis, because his flower is like to an open Helmet.   

❀ The Nature.  
Scrophularia is hot and dry in the third degree, and of subtle parts.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves, stalk, seed, root, & juice of the right Galeopsis, or Brounewurte, doth waste and dissolve all kinds of tumours, swellings, and hardness, if it be pound with vinege, rend laid thereupon two or three times a day.  
The leaves stamped and laid to old, rotten, corrupt, spreading and fretting Ulcers or Pocks, doth heal them, it doth also heal Cankers, if it be pound with Salt and laid thereto.  
If a man wash his face with the juice of this herb, it taketh away the redness of the same.  
The root eaten drieth up and heals the hemorrhoids: the like virtue it hath to be pound and laid too outwardly. The seed of Brounewurte drunken killeth worms.  
The second kind (which is the right water Betony) is also very good against all corrupt ulcers and consuming sores, being laid too, as the first.  
The third is not only unknown in name, but also in virtues.    

Of herb Roberte/ Pynke needle/ and Storks bill/ with other of the same kind. Chap. xxxij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere is found in this country divers sorts of herbs, whose seeds belong & sharp like to a Hearons' beak or bill, the which for the self same cause, are all comprehended under the name and kinds of Hearons' bill. The two first are described by Dioscorides, and other of the ancient writers: The five other are setfoorth by the later writers, and learned men of our time.   

❀ The Description.  
THe first kind of Geranion or Storckes bill, his leaves are cut and jagged in many pieces, like to Crowfoote, his stalks be slender, and parted into sundry branches, upon which groweth small flowers somewhat like roses, or the flowers of Mallows, of a light murrey or red colour: after them cometh little round heads, with small long bills, like Nedels', or like the beaks of Cranes and Hearons, wherein the seed is contained: The root is thick, round, short, and knobby, with certain small strings hanging by it.  
Geranium alterum. Dove foot.  
Geranium tertium. Storckes bill, or Acus Moschata.  
The second which they call Dove foot, hath also small, tender, hairy, and brown stalks: the leaves are like to the small Mallow, cut round about. The flowers be small, of a clear purple colour, and do likewise turn into little knaps, or heads, with bills, but yet not so great & long as the first Geranium.  
The third kind also hath tender stalks, round, and somewhat hairy, small leaves, cut as it were in little jags or pieces, and before the growing up of the stalks, the leaves lie spreading upon the ground: the flowers are small, of a pleasant light red: after these flowers followeth certain small narrow peakes or beaks as in the others: The root is white, of the length of a finger like to Rampions.  
Sideritis tertia, aut Geranium Robertianum. Herb Roberte.  
Geranium gruinale. The fourth Crane's bill.  
THe fourth hath hairy stalks like the other, but all red, with divers joints and knots, the leaves are much cut and jagged, like to chervil, or Coriander leaves, but redder & of a more loathsome smell. The flowers be red, and bringeth forth small bullets like little heads, with sharp bills. The root is somewhat green of colour.  
The fifth is like to the aforesaid, in his hairy stalks, red flowers, and sharp bills, saving that his leaves are much more, and deeper cut, and his flowers be somewhat greater.  
The sixth is like the fourth, in small, weak, tender, hairy stalks, in leaves deeply cut, in flowers, and branches, saving that the stalks of the fifth kind do grow longer and higher, the leaves be greater, and the flowers larger like unto little Roses. The root is long and most commonly all red and sanguine within.  
The seventh hath also long radish, hairy stalks, and great leaves, like Crowfoote, but larger, his flowers are blue, after which there cometh forth small beekes or bills, as in the other kinds. The root is thick & long with many small strings.   

❀ The Place.  
These herbs do grow of themselves, in barren sandy grounds, by high way sides, and borders of fields. Herb Roberte likewise groweth about old walls, and old tiled, or stone healed houses.  
The two last kinds are not found in this country, saving in gardens where as they be planted.  
Geranium haematites. Sanguine Geranium, or Blood Root.  
Geranium, batrachiodes. Gratia Dei, or Bassinet Geranium, or Crowfoote Geranium.   

❀ The Time.  
They flower most commonly in May and june, and sometimes also in April, especially the first kind.   

❀ The Names.  
All these herbs are called by one Greek name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is to say, in Latin Geranium, Gruina, or Gruinalis: in Italian Rostro di Grua: in Spanish Pico de Ciguena, Aguyas pampillos.  
The first kind is called Geranium tuberosum, Acus pastoris, & Acus Moschata: and Geranium supinum: in English Storks bill, Pinkeneedell, and of some Moschata: in high Almaigne Stortkensnabel: in French Bet de grew: in base Almaigne Oyevaertsbeck, or Cranenbeck.  
The second is called Geranium alterum, Geranium Columbinum, and Pes Columbae: in English Dove foot: in French Pied de Pigeon: in high Douch Daubenfusz: in base Almaigne Duyvenuoet.  
The third is called in shops Rostrum Ciconiae, and Geranium supinum: in English Hearons bill, or Storks bill: in high douch Storkenschnabel: in base Almaigne Oyevaersbeck, or Cranenbeck.  
The fourth kind of these herbs, is a kind of Sideritis of the Ancients, & is called of Dioscorides Sideritis tertia, and Sideritis Heraclea: now they call it Ruberta, Herba Roberti, & Robertiana, & Geranium Robertianun: in English Herb Robert: in French Herb Robert. in high Douch Rubrechtzkraut, Schartenkraut, and of some klein Scholwurtz, in base Almaigne Robrechts cruyt.  
The fifth is called Gruinalis, & Geranium gruinale: in English Cranes bill: in high Douch Kranichhals: in base Almaigne Craenhals.  
The sixth is called in high Douch Blutwurtz: in base Almaigne Bloet wortele, that is to say, the Sanguine root, or Blood root: and Geranium Haematodes, for the same cause.  
The seventh is called Gratia Dei: in English also Gratia Dei: Bassinet Geranium, and Croefoote Geranium: in high Dutch Gottes gnad, that is to say, the Grace of God: in base Almaigne Godts ghenade, and blauw Booterbloemen, and Geranium batrachiodes.   

❀ The Nature.  
The most part of these herbs, are of a drying temperature, some also are cleansing, & have power to join together or soldier, but it is not much used to that purpose.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of the first taken in wine, driveth away and heals all blastings, and windiness of the Matrix or Mother, it provoketh urine, and is very good for them that have the stone.  
The second (as the Ancients say) is not good in Medicine. Notwithstanding at this time, it is much used against all wounds, & ulcers, being laid thereunto.  
Herb Roberte doth staunch the blood of green wounds, to be bruised and laid thereto, as Dioscorides says.  
The same herb (as hath been proved since Dioscorides time) is singular against the sores & ulcers of the Paps, & the privy members, especially of men, if it be pound & laid thereunto, or if the juice thereof be dropped or poured in.  
The decoction of Herb Roberte cureth the corrupt vicers, and rotten sores of the mouth, and amendeth the stinking of the same.  
The rest are not used in medicine.    

Of Sea Trifoly and Mylkewurte. Chap. xxxiij.  

❧ The Kinds.  
THere be two kinds of Mylkewurte, differing both in name and figure: whereof one is called Glaux, and the other Polygala.  

Glaux. Milkewurte, or sea Tryfoly.   

Polygala. Milkewurte.    

❀ The Description.  
THe first Milkewurte hath many small stems, coming forth of one root, the said stalks be weak and tender, & of half a foot high, upon which groweth small long leaves, like the smallest leaves of lentils, and are whiter underneath the leaf than above. The flowers amongst the leaves, are like to Gillofloures, but smaller, of colour purple and incarnate. The root is small, full of hairy threads, and creeping alongst the ground.  
The second kind of Milkewurte called in Latin Poligala, is a small herb, with slender pliant stems of woody substance, as long as a man's hand creeping by the ground, the leaves be small and narrow, like the leaves of lentil or small Hyssop. The flowers grow somewhat thick about the stems, not much differing from the flowers of Fumitory, in figure, and quantity, sometimes tawny, sometimes blue, and sometimes white as snow, without smell or savour, after which flowers, there cometh small cods, or purses, like to them of Bursa Pastoris, but smaller, and covered by every side with small leaves, like little wings. The root is slender and of woody substance.   

❀ The Place.  
The first Milkewurte groweth in low salt marshes, and watery places nigh the Sea throughout all Zealand.  
The second groweth in dry heaths, and commons, by the high way sides.   

❀ The Time.  
Glaux floureth in june and july.  
Polygala floureth in May about the Rogation, or Gang week, the which the Almains call Cruysedaghen, & therefore they call them Cruysbloemkens, as Tragus that countryman writeth.   

❀ The Names.  
The first is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Glaux, and Glax, that is to say, in English Milkewurte: in French Herb au laict: in Douch Milchkraut, and Melckcruyt. Turner calleth it Sea Tryfoly.  
The second is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Poligala, that is to say, the herb having plenty of milk, by which name it is not known, for the Almains call it Cruysbloeme.   

❀ The Nature.  
Both these herbs are hot and moist, as Galen saith.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The first taken with meat, drink, or pottage, engendereth plenty of milk: therefore it is good to be used of Nurses that lack milk.  
The same virtue hath Polygala, taken with his leaves and flowers.    

Of Pellitory of the Wall. Chap. xxxiiij.  

❀ The Description.  
PEllitory or Paritory hath round tender, through shining, & brown red stalks: the leaves be rough & somewhat broad, like 
Helxine, Parietaria.  Mercury but nothing snippeth or dented about. The flowers be small joining to the stem, amongst the leaves. The seed is black and very small, covered with a little rough husk or coat, which hangs fast upon garments. The root is somewhat red.   

❀ The Place.  
It delighteth to grow about hedges, and old walls, and by way sides.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth most commonly in july.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Muralium Perdicium, and Vrceolaris, and of some Parietaria, Muralis, & Perdicalis: in Shops Paritaria: in Italian Lavirreola: in Spanish Yerua del muro, Alfahaquilla del muro, Alfahaquilla de culebra: in English Parietary, Pellitory of the Wall: in high Douch, Tag vnd nacht, S. Peter'S kraut, Glaszkraut, Maurkraut: in base Almaigne parietary, and Glascruyt.   

❀ The Nature.  
parietary is somewhat cold & moist, drawing near to a mean temperature.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Parietorie is singular against choleric inflammations, the disease called Ignis sacer, S. Anthony's fire, spreading and running sores, burnings, and all hot ulcers, being stamped and laid thereupon.  
An ointment made with the juice of this herb and Ceruse, is very good against all hot ulcers, spreading and consuming sores, hot burning, scurvy, and spreading scabs, and such like impediments.  
The same juice mingled with Dear suet, is good to anoint the feet against that kind of gout, which they call Podagra.  
The same juice mingled with oil of Roses, and dropped into the ears, suageth the pains of the same.  
The decoction or broth of Parietorie drunken, helpeth such as are vexed with an old Cough, the gravel and stone, and is good against the difficulty and stopping of urine, and that not only taken inwardly, but also laid to outwardly upon the region of the Bladder, in manner of a fomentation or a warm bathe.    

Of chickweed. Chap. xxxv.  

❀ The Kinds.  
ALthough Dioscorides and Pliny, have written but of one kind of Alsine, or chickweed, nevertheless a man may find in most places of this country, divers sorts of herbs comprehended under the name of Alsine or chickweed, over and bysides that which is found in salt grounds: whereof the first, and right Alsine is that which Dioscorides and the Ancients have described.   

❀ The Description.  
THe great chickweed hath sundry upright, round, and knobby stalks. The leaves grow at every joint or knot of the stalk, always two together, one directly standing against an other, meetly large, sometimes almost of the breadth of two fingers, not much unlike Parietory leaves, but longer and less hairy: about the top of the branches, amongst the leaves groweth small stems, with little knoppes, the which change into small white flowers diepely cut and snipte, after the flowers ye shall perceive husks or cods somewhat long and round, wherein lieth the seed. The whole herb doth not differ much from Parietory, for his stems also be through shining, and somewhat red about the joints, and the leaves be almost of the same quantity: so that Dioscorides saith, that this herb should be Parietory, but that it is smaller and base or lower, and that the leaves be longer, and not so hairy.  
Alsine maior. Great chickweed.  
Alsines secundum genus. The second chickweed.  
The second is like to the great chickweed, saving that it is smaller and groweth not upright, but lieth and spreadeth upon the ground. The leaves are much smaller, growing two and two together at every joint. The flowers, husks and seed is like the great chickweed. The root hath many small hairy threddes.  
The third and smallest chickweed, is not much unlike the second, but a great deal smaller in all respects, in so much that his stems be like unto small threddes, and his leaves no bigger than Time, otherways it is like to the second.  
The fourth kind (called of the base Almains Hoenderbeet) that is to say Henbit, hath many round & hairy stems. The leaves be somewhat round, hairy, & a little snipt or jagged about the edges, otherwise not much unlike the leaves of great chickweed. The flowers be blue or purple, & do bring forth small close knaps or husks, in which is enclosed the seed.  
The fifth kind is like to the aforesaid, in his hairy stems, his leaves be longer & narrower, and jagged round about, the flowers of a clear blue, the seed is in broad husks, as the seed of Veronica or Paul's Betony.  
Alsines tertium genus. The third chickweed.  
Alsines quartum genum. The fourth Cchickeweede.  
Alsines quintum genus. The fifth chickweed.  
There is yet a sixte kind of chickweed, which groweth only in Salt ground, like to the others in leaves and knotty stems, but chief like to the second kind, saving that his stems are thicker & shorter, and the knots or joints stand nearer one to an other. The leaves are thicker, & the husks be not long but flat, round, and somewhat squat or cornered, like a great hasting or garden pease, every husk having three or four brown seeds, almost of the quantity of a vetch.   

❀ The Place.  
The great chickweed groweth in moist shadowy places, in hedges & bushes, amongst other herbs: in such like places you shall find the rest, but the sixth groweth not, except only in salt grounds, by the sea side.   

❀ The Time.  
These herbs do most commonly flower about Midsummer.   

❀ The Names.  
The great chickweed is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Alsine, and of some late writers Hippia maior: in Italian Panarina, and Centone: unknown to the Apothecaries.  
The second & third, are called of the Apothecaries Morsus gallinae, & Hippia minor: in English Middle chickweed: in high Douch Vogelkraut, and Hunerbisz: in base Almaigne Vogelcruyt, Hoenderbeet, and cleynen Muer.  
The fourth also is called of some Morsus gallinae: in high Douch Hunerbisz: in base Almaigne Hoenderbeet: it may also be called in French Morgeline Bastard.  
The fifth is called of the high Almains Huners erb, of the base Almains Hoender erue, that is to say, the hens right, or hens inheritance: it is also called in French Moron Bastard, Moron violet, and Oeil de Chat.  
The sixth, which groweth in salt grounds, we may call Alsine marina, that is to say, Sea chickweed.   

❀ The Nature.  
chickweed is cold and moist, in substance much like Parietorie, as Galen writeth.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The great chickweed pound, and laid to the eyes, or the juice thereof streaked upon the eyes, is good against inflammations, and the hot ulcers of the eyes.  
The same used in manner aforesaid, and laid to the place, is good against all hot ulcers, that be hard to cure, but especially those about the privy parts.  
The small chickweed, and specially the second kind, boiled in water and salt, is a sovereign remedy against the scurvy heat and itch of the hands, if they be often washed or bathed in the same.  
Sea chickweed, serveth to no known use.    

Of Mouse ear. Chap. xxxvi.  

❀ The Description.  
MOuse ear, (as Dioscorides says) hath many small and slender stems, somewhat red bylow, about the which groweth leaves, always two together standing one directly against an other, they are small, blackish, and somewhat long, and sharp pointed, almost like to the ear of a Mouse or Rat: betwixt the leaves there groweth forth small branches, whereupon are blue flowers, like the flowers of female pimpernel. The root is as thick as a fingar.  
There is yet another herb, which some hold for Mouse ear: This is a low herb most commonly spreading upon the ground, environed & set about with a fine and soft hear, the rest is very like the second chickweed, for it hath many hairy stems, coming forth of one root, of a reddish or tawny colour below. The leaves be long rough, & hairy, much like to a Mouse ear, the small flowers be white. The husks somewhat long, like chickweed husks. The root is very threddy.  
Bysides these two there is yet a kind of Mouse ear, which spreadeth or creepeth not upon the ground, but standeth upright, growing amongst other herbs, like to the others in stem and leaves, but it is greater and of colour white, covered over with a clammy down, or Cotton, in handling as though it were bedewed or moistened with Honey, and cleaveth to the fingers. The flowers come forth of small knoppes or buttons, as in the second kind. The cods, wherein is the seed, are almost like to the seed vessels of wild Rose Campion.  
Auricula muris Matthioli. Mouse ear.  
Auricula muris, quibusdam.   

❀ The Place.  
Mouse ear (as Matthiolus writeth) groweth in meadows; and is common in Italy.  
The two other kinds grow in this country under hedges, about the borders of fields, and by the way side, as chickweed doth.   

❀ The Time.  
They flower in june and july.   

❀ The Names.  
Mouse ear is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Auricula muris, that is to say, Mouse ear: in Douch Meuszorlin: in base Almaigne Muysooren.  
The two others are counted of some for Mouse ear, yet they should seem rather to be of the kinds of Alsine or chickweed.   

❀ The Nature.  
Mouse ear, drieth without any heat.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Mouse ear pound helpeth much against the Fistulas, and ulcers, in the corners of the eyes, to be laid thereto.  
A man may find amongst the writings of the Egyptians, that if a body be rubbed in the morning early, before he hath spoken, at the first entrance of the month of August, with this herb, that all the next year he shall not be grieved with bleared or sore eyes.    

Of pimpernel. Chap. xxxvij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be two sorts of pimpernel: the one hath red flowers, and is called Male pimpernel, the other hath blue flowers, and is called Female pimpernel, but otherwise there is no kind of difference betwixt them.  

Anagallis mass. The male pimpernel.   

Anagallis foemina. The female pimpernel.    

❀ The Description.  
BOth Pimpernelles have small, tender, square stalks, with divers joints, and it spreadeth or creepeth upon the ground. The leaves be small, like the leaves of Middle chickweed, but rounder, and green above, but underneath of a grayish colour, and powdered full of small black speckes. The flowers of the male kind be red, but the flowers of the female kind are of a fair Azure colour. The seed is contained in small round little bolliens, or knoppes, which spring up after the flower.   

❀ The Place.  
It groweth plentifully in tilled fields, and also in gardens amongst pot herbs, and every whereby way sides.   

❧ The Time.  
It floureth all the Summer, but most in August.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek and in Latin 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and of some (as Pliny saith) Corchorus: in Spanish Muruges: in English pimpernel: in French Moron: and that which beareth the purple flowers is called also in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Corallium as Paulus Aegineta in his seventh Book writeth: in high Douch Gauchheyl: in base Almaigne Guychelheyl.   

❀ The Nature or Temperament.  
pimpernel is hot and dry, without any acrimony, or biting sharpness.   

❀ The Virtues.  
pimpernel boiled in wine and drunken, is singular against the bitings of venomous beasts, and against the obstructions, and stopping of the liver, and the pain and grief of the kydneys.  
The juice of pimpernel snifte into the Nostrils, draweth down from the head phlegmatic and naughty humours, and openeth the conducts of the Nose: also it heals the tooth ache, when it is put into the Nose on the contrary side of the grief.  
pimpernel laid upon corrupt and festered ulcers, or fretting sores, doth cleanse and heal the same. Also it draweth forth thorns & splinters or shivers, if it be bruised and laid upon the place.  
It is also very good against the inflammation, or heat of the eye.  
The juice of the same mingled with honey, and streaked, or often put into the eyes, taketh away the dimness of the sight.  
It is written of these herbs, that the pimpernel with the blue flowers, doth settle & stay the falling down of the siege or great gut: And the other with the red flower draweth it forth of his place.    

Of Francke or Spurry. Chap. xxxviij.  

❀ The Description.  
SPurry hath round stalks, with three or four knots or joints, about the which groweth a sort of very narrow small leaves, compassing the joints in fashion of a Star: at the top of the stalks it bringeth forth many small white flowers, after them there cometh small pellets or bullets like Line seed, wherein is contained black seed. The root is slender, and of a finger length.   

❀ The Place.  
Spurry groweth most commonly, in fields, whereas they use to sow it.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth for the most part in May & june.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in English Francke, because of the property it hath to fat cattle. It is also called in English Spurrie, & so it is in French & Douch: whereof sprung the Latin name Spergula, unknown of the Apothecaries, & the oldest writers also, wherefore it hath none other name that is known unto us.  

Spergula.    

❀ The Virtues.  
Spurry is good fourage or fodder for Oxen & kine, for it causeth kyen to yield store of milk, and therefore it is called of some Polygala, and other properties it hath not, that are as yet known.    

Of agrimony. Chap. xxxix.  

❀ The Description.  
THe leaves of agrimony, are long, & hairy, green above, & somewhat grayish under, parted into divers other small leaves, snippeth round about that edges, almost like the leaves of Hemp. The stalk is of two foot & a half long, or thereabouts, rough & hairy, upon which groweth many small yellow flowers, one above an other upwards towards the top, after the flowers cometh the seed somewhat long and rough like to small Burrs, hanging downwards, the which being ripe, do hung fast upon garments, when one doth but scarcely touch it. The root is meetly great, long, and black.   

❀ The Place.  
agrimony groweth in places not tilled, in rough stony mountains, in hedges and Copses, and by way sides.   

❀ The Time.  
agrimony floureth in june, and july. The seed is ripe in August. The agrimony that is to be occupied in medicine, must be gathered, and dried in May.   

❀ The Names.  
agrimony is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Eupatorium, and Hepatorium: in shops Agrimonia: of some Ferraria minor, Concordia, and Marmorella: in Spanish Agramonia: in English agrimony: in French Eupatoire, or Aigremoine: in high Douch Odermenich, Bruchwurtz: in base Almaigne agrimony, & of some Levercruyt, that is to say, Liverwurte.  

Eupatorium.    

❀ The Nature.  
agrimony is of fine and subtle parts, without any manifest heat, it hath power to cut in sunder, with some astriction.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The Decoction or broth of agrimony drunken, doth cleanse and open the stoppings of the liver, and doth strengthen the same, & is specially good against the weakness of the same.  
agrimony boiled in wine and drunken, helpeth against the bitings of venomous beasts: the same boiled in water stoppeth the pissing of blood.  
The seed thereof drunken in wine, is singular against the bloody flux and dangerous lask.  
The leaves of agrimony pound with Swine's grease, and laid too hot, doth cure and heal old wounds, that are hard to close or draw to a scar.    

Of Bastard agrimony. Chap. xl.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be sundry kinds of herbs called in Latin Hepatica or jecoraria, that is to say, Lyverwurtes, which are commended, and found good against the diseases of the liver, whereof we shall describe three kinds in this Chapter unknown to the old writers. The two first kinds are Bastard agrimony. The third is Three leaved agrimony, or Noble Lyverwurte.  

Pseudohepatorium mass. Bastard agrimony the male.   

Pseudohepatorium foemina. Bastard agrimony female.    

❀ The Description.  
THe male Bastard agrimony, hath a long round stalk, full of white pith within, at the which groweth long blakish leaves, somewhat rough and hairy, snippeth and cut round about, almost like the leaves of Hemp, and bitter. At the top of the stalks groweth many small flowers, of incarnate colour, clustering or growing thick together in tuftes, the which being withered and changed into seed, it fleeth away with the wind. The root is full of threddy strings.  
The female Bastard agrimony, hath also a round purple stalk, about three foot long and full of branches. The leaves be long and dented or snipt round about, like the leaves of Hemp or of the other agrimony, saving that they be a little larger. At the top of the branches, and round about the stalk, groweth three or four small leaves growing hard one by an other after the fashion of a star, amongst which is a knap or button that bringeth forth a yellow flower intermengled with black, within which being withered, is contained the seed which is long, flat, and rough, and hangs upon garments when it is ripe.  
The leaves of Hepatica are broad, and divided into three parts, not much unlike the leaves of Cockow bread, sour Tryfoly, or hallelujah, but larger. Among the leaves groweth fair azured or blue flowers, every one growing upon a single stem, the which do change into small bullets or bolyns, wherein the feed is contained. The root is black and full of small hairy strings.   

❀ The Place.  
The Bastard Agrimonies do grow in moist places, by ditches, and standing pools. Hepatica groweth not of his own kind in this country, but it is planted in gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
The Bastard Agrimonies do flower in july and August, but the Noble or great Lyverwurt floureth in March.   

❀ The Names.  
The male Bastard agrimony, is called in Shops Eupatorium, and is wrongfully taken of them for the right agrimony, the which is described in the former chapter. The learned men in these days do call it Pseudohepatorium, and Eupatorium aquaticum, or Adulterinum: Of Baptistus Sardo, Terzola: in high Douch Kunigundkraut, Wasserdost, & Hirssenclee: in base Almaigne Coninghinne cruyt, Hertsclaveren, and Boelkens cruyt manneken.  
We have named the second Pseudohepatorium foemina: in base Almaigne Boelkens cruyt wijfken: it is thought to be that agrimony whereof Avicen writeth Chap. ccxliiij. and therefore some have called it Eupatorium Auicennae.  
Hepatica sive Hepaticum Trifolium. Noble Lyverwurt, or threeleaved Lyverwurte.  
The third, which is called at this day in Latin Hepatica, and of some Herba Trinitatis: may be called in English Hepatica, Noble agrimony, or Three leaf Lyverwurte: in French Hepatique: in high Douch Leberkraut, Edel leuer cruyt. We know of none other name except it be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Balaris, whereof Hesychius writeth.   

❀ The Nature.  
The two Bastard Agrimonies are hot and dry, as their bitterness doth manifestly declare. Hepatica doth cool, dry, and strengthen.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The male Bastard agrimony boiled in wine or water, is singular good against the old stoppings of the liver, and Melt or Spleen. Also it cureth old fever tertians, being drunken.  
The Decoction thereof drunken, heals all hurts, & wounds, for which purpose it is very excellent, and to heal all manner wounds both outward and inward.  
The female Bastard agrimony is of the same operation, and is used more than the other in wound drenches.  
The Hepatica, or Noble Lyverwurte, is a sovereign medicine, against the heat and inflammation of the liver, and all hot Fevers or agues.    

Of Tornesole. Chap. xli.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be two kinds of Heliotropium or Tornesol: The one called the great Tornesol: and the other the small Tornesol.  

Heliotropium magnum. Great Tornesol.   

Heliotropium parvum. Small Tornesol.    

❀ The Description.  
THe great Tornesol, hath strait round stalks, covered with a white hairy cotton, especially about the top. The leaves are whitish, soft, and hairy like velvet, and fashioned like basil leaves. The flowers be white, at the top of the stalk growing thick together in rues by one side of the stem, the which at the upper end, do bend & turn again like a Scorpion's tail, or the tail of a Lobster, or river Crevice. The root is small and hard.  
The small Tornesol carrieth only but one stem, of the length of a foot or somewhat more, the which divideth itself into many branches. The leaves be whitish, almost like to the first, but somewhat drawing towards the leaves of the small Clote Burr. The flowers be yellow and small, growing thick together, and perish or vanish away without the bringing forth of any fruit like the flower of Palma Christi. The seed is grayish, enclosed in triangled husks or cods, like the husks of tithymal or Spurge, hanging down underneath the leaves, by a single stem: they come forth without flower, for the flower is unprofitable as is before said.   

❀ The Place.  
The great Tornesol (as Ruellius says) groweth in France, in fruitful tilled grounds: but in this country it is only found in gardens.  
The small Tornesol, groweth in low, sandy, and watery places, and is found very plenteously in divers places of Languedoc.   

❀ The Time.  
The Tornesolles, do flower about midsummer, and in july.   

❀ The Names.  
The great Tornesol is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Heliotropium magnum: of the new, or late writers Verrucaria maior, and Herba cancri, Solaris herba, Scorpionis herba, and therefore the base Almains do call it Creeftcruyt, and great Creeftcruyt.  
The small Tornesoll is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Heliotropium parvum: of Aëtius Heliotropium tricoccum, of some it is called Verrucaria: in Spanish Tornasol: in French Tournesol: in base Almaigne Cleyn Creeftcruyt, and cleyne Sonnewendt.   

❀ The Nature.  
The Tornesols, are hot and dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
A handful of the great Tornesoll boiled & drunk, expelleth by opening the belly gentilly, hot Choleric humours, and tough, clammy, or slimy phlegm.  
The same boiled in wine and drunk is good against the stingings of Scorpions, it is also good to be laid too outwardly upon the wound.  
They say, that if one drink four grains of the seed of this herb, an hour before the coming of the fit of the fever quartain, that it cureth the same: And three grains so taken cureth the fever Tertian.  
The seed of this herb pound, & laid upon warts, and such like excressence, or superfluous out growing, causeth them to fall away.  
The leaves of the same pound, and laid too, cureth the Gout, with bruisings, burstings, and dislocation of members.  
The small Tornesoll and his seed boiled, with Hyssop, Cressis, and Sall Nitri, and drunk, casts forth worms both round and flat.  
The same bruised with salt, and laid upon warts, driveth them away.  
With the seed of the small Tornesoll (being yet green) they die and stain old linen clouts and rags into a purple colour (as witnesseth Pliny in his xxj. book, Chap. seven.) wherewithal in this country men use to colour jellies, wines, fine Confections, and Comfittes.    

Of Scorpioides/ or Scorpion's grass. Chap. xlij.  

❀ The Description.  
SCorpioides is a small, base, or low herb, not above the length of one's hand, the stems are small, upon which groweth five or six narrow leaves (and somewhat long after the fashion of a Hare's ear, which is the cause that some Douche men call it Hasen oore). The flowers be small and yellow, after which cometh the seed, which is rough & prickly, three or four cleaving together, distinguisshed by joints, and turning round, or bending like a Scorpion's tail.  
Matthiolus describeth an other Scorpioides, with slender stalks, and round leaves sometimes three together. At the top of the stalks groweth two or three little small long horns together, the which also do show as they were separated by certain joints.  
Bysides these two kinds of Scorpioides, there is yet two other small herbs which some do also name Scorpion grass, or Scorpion wort, although they be not the right Scorpion grass. The one of them is called Male Scorpion, the other female Scorpion.  
Scorpioides. Scorpion Grass.  
Scorpioides Matthioli. Matthiolus Scorpion grass.  
The male Bastard Scorpioides groweth about the length of a man's hand, or to the length of a foot, his stalks are crested, and crokedly turning, above at the top, whereas the knoppes, buds, and flowers do stand, even like to a Scorpion's tail, the leaves be long, narrow, and small. The flowers be fair and pleasant, being of five little leaves set one by an other, of Azure colour, with a little yellow in the middle.  
The female Bastard Scorpioides is very much like to the male, saving that his stalks and leaves be rough and hairy, & his flowers smaller. The tops of the stalks be likewise crooked, even as the tops of the male.   

❀ The Place.  
Scorpioides groweth not of his own kind in this country, but is sown in the gardens of certain Herboristes.  
The male Bastard Scorpioides, groweth in meadows, alongst by running streams and watercoursses: and the nearer it groweth to the water, the greater it is, and the higher, so that the leaves do sometimes grow to the quantity of willow leaves.  
The female Bastard Scorpioides, groweth in the borders of fields and gardens.   

❧ The Time.  
Scorpioides floureth in june and july.  
The Bastard kinds, do begin to flower in May, and continued flowering the most part of all the Summer.  
Pseudoscorpioides mas. Bastard Scorpioides the male.  
Pseudoscorpioides faemina. Bastard Scorpioides the female.   

❀ The Names.  
The first is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin also Scorpioides: in English also Scorpioides, Scorpion wurte, or Scorpion grass: in French Herb aux Scorpions: in base Almaigne Scorpioencruyt, and of some, Hasen oore, that is to say Auricula leporis.  
The other is judged of Matthiolus, for a kind of Scorpioides, wherefore it may be called Matthiolus Scorpioides, or trefoil Scorpioides.  
The Bastard Scorpioides have none other known name, but some count them to be Scorpion herbs, as hath been before said.   

❀ The Nature and Virtues.  
Scorpioides or Scorpion grass, is very good to be laid upon the stingings of Scorpions, as Dioscorides says.    

Of S. john's Worte. Chap. xliij.  

❀ The Description.  
Saint john's wort hath a purple, or brown red stalk full of branches. The leaves be long and narrow, or small, not much unlike the leaves of garden Rue, the which if a man do hold betwixt the light and him, they will show as though they were pricked through with the points of needle's. The flowers at the top of the branches are fair and yellow, parted into five small leaves, the which being bruised, do yield a red juice or liquor: after the flowers cometh forth small husks, somewhat long and sharp pointed, like Barley corns: in which is contained the seed, which is small and black, and scenting like Rosin. The root is wooddish, long and yellow.  
There is also an herb much like to S. johus wort aforesaid, but it is very small and low, not growing above the length of a span, whose stalks be very tender, and the leaves small and narrow, yea smaller than Rue, in all parts else like to the aforesaid.   

❀ The Place.  
S. john's wort groweth by way sides, & about the edges or borders of fields.  
The other small herb groweth in fields, amongst the stubble, & hard by the ways.   

❀ The Time.  
Saint john's wort floureth most commonly in july and August.   

❀ The Names.  
S. john's wort is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin & in Shops Hypericum, and of some Perforata, and Fuga Dęmonum: in Spanish Coraiouzillo, and Milfurado, yerua de San ivan: in English as is beforesaid, S. john's wort, or S. john's grass: in high Douch S. johans kraut, & of some Harthaw: in base Almaigne S. jans' cruyt.   

❀ The Nature.  
S. john's wort is hot and dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
S. john's wort with his flowers and seed, boiled and drunken provoketh the urine, and causeth to make water, & is right good against the stone in the bladder: it bringeth down women's flowers, and stoppeth the lask.  
Hypericum.  
The same boiled in wine and drunken, driveth away fever Tertians, and Quartaynes.  
The seed drunken by the space of forty days together, cureth the pain in the haunches which they call the Sciatica.  
The leaves pound are good to be laid as a plaster upon burnings: The same dried and made into powder, and strowen upon wounds, and naughty, old, rotten and festered ulcers, cureth the same.    

Of S. Peter's wort/ or Square S. john's Grass. Chap. xliiij.  

❀ The Description.  
THis kind of S. john's wort, in his leaves and stems differeth not much from Hypericum, saving that it is greater. The stalk is long without branches or springs, the leaves are like the other S. john's Grass, but longer, browner, and greener, for the most part underneath, it is overlayed and covered with fine soft hear, sweet in taste, and do not show thorough holed or pricked as the other. The flowers are like to Hypericum, but paler and with longer leaves. The buds before the opening of the flowers, are spotted with small black speckes. The seed is in husks like the seed of Hypericum: and smelleth likewise, almost like Rosin.  
There is yet an other kind of this herb, the which the base Almains do call Conraet, very like to the aforesaid, saving that his leaves be greater, whiter, & not so hairy or soft, but better like S. john's wort, although they appear not thorough pricked or holed. The flowers are like to the aforesaid, & are also specked in the knaps and buds, with small black spots. The root is woodishe like the other.  
Rata syluestris. etc. Great S. john's wort.  
Ascyrum. S. Peter's wort.   

❀ The Place.  
These herbs grow in rough untilled places, in hedges, and Copses.   

❀ The Time.  
They flower in july, and August.   

❀ The Names.  
The first is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is, wild Rue: yet this is none of the kinds of the grievous savoured or stinking Rue: it is also called of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Androsaemum.  
The second is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and in Latin Ascyrum: both are unknown in Shops: in English Square S. john's grass, great S. john's wort: & most commonly S. Peter's wort: in high Douch Harthew, & Waldt Hoff: The second is called of some Kunratz: in base Almaigne Herthoy, & Coenraet.   

❀ The Nature.  
They are hot and dry, and like to Hypericum.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The seed of S. Peter's wort, or square S. john's grass, drunken the weight of two drams with honeyed water, and used a long space, cureth the Sciatica, that is the pain in the haunches.  
The same pound is good to be laid upon burnings.  
The wine wherein the leaves thereof have been boiled, hath power to confolidate, & close up wounds, if they be oftentimes washed with the said wine.    

Of Tutsan or Park leans. Chap. xlv.  

❀ The Description.  
ANdrosemon is like to Saint john's wort, & S. Peter's grass. It hath many round stalks coming out of one root, the which do bring forth leaves, much larger than the leaves of S. john's wurte, in the beginning green, but after that the seed is ripe, they wax red, & than being bruised betwixt one's fingers, they yield a red sap or juice. At the top of the stalks groweth small knoppes or round buttons, the which in their opening do bring forth flowers like to S. john's grass, but greater: when they are fallen or perished, there appeareth little small pellots or round balls, very read at the beginning, but afterward of a brown, and very dark red colour when they be ripe, like to the colour of clotted or congealed dry blood, in which knops or berries is contained the seed, which is small and brown, the root is hard and of woody substance, yearly sending forth new springs.  

Androsaemon.    

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth not in this country, except in gardens where as it is sown and planted. The Authors of Stirp. Adverse. nova, do affirm that Androsemon groweth by Bristol in England in S. Vincentes Rocks and woody Cleves beyond the water. But if Androsemon be Tursan or park leaves, it groweth plentifully in woods and parks, in the west parts of England.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth in july, and the seed is ripe in August.   

❀ The Names.  
It is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Androsaemum: unknown to the Apothecaries. It hath none other common name that I know: yet some do also call it Androsae mum fruticans.  
Tutsan so called in French and in English, is thought of some late writers to be Clymenon, and is called of them Clymenon Italorum, sive Siciliana: of our Apothecaries Agnus castus.   

❀ The Nature.  
It is hot and dry like S. john's grass, or S. Peter's wurte.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Androsemon his virtues are like to S. Peter's wurte, & S. john's grass, as Galen says. Tutsan is much used in balms, Drenches, and other remedies for wounds.    

Of Woad or Pastel. Chap. xlvi.  

❧ The Kinds.  
THere be two sorts of Woad: the one is of the garden, and cometh of seed, and is used to colour and die clot into blue: The other is wild Woad, and cometh up of his own kind.  

Isatis sativa. Garden Woad.   

Isatis syluestris. Wild Woad.    

❀ The Description.  
GArden Woad hath long, broad, swartegreene leaves, spread upon the ground, almost like the leaves of plantain, but thicker, and blacker: the stalk rises up, from the midst of the leaves of two cubits long, set full of smaller and sharper leaves, the which at the top divideth and parteth itself into many small branches, upon the which groweth many little flowers, very small and yellow, and after them long broad busks, like little tongues, green at the first and afterward blackish, in which the seed is contained. The root is white, single and strait, and without any great store of threads or strings.  
The wild is very like to the garden Woad, in leaves, stalk, and making, saving that the stalk is tenderer, smaller, and browner, and the husks more narrow, otherwise there is no difference betwixt them.   

❀ The Place.  
Garden Woad is sown in divers places of Flanders, & Almaigne, in fertile & good grounds. The wild groweth of his own kind in untilled places.   

❧ The Time.  
Both do flower in May and june.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin also Isatis, and Glastum, of the late writers Guadum, and of some Luteum herba: in English Woad, or Pastel: in French Guesde or Pastel: in Spanish also Pastel: in Italian Guado: in high Dutch, Weibt and Waydt: in base Almaigne, Weebt.   

❀ The Nature.  
Garden Woad is dry without any sharpness.  
The wild drieth more, and is more sharp and biting.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Garden or sown Woad, bruised is good to be laid upon the wounds of mighty strong people, which are used to daily labour and exercise, and upon places to stop the running out of blood, & upon fretting ulcers & rotten sores.  
It scattereth and dissolveth all cold empostumes being laid thereupon.  
The wild Woad resisteth moist and flowing ulcers, and consuming rotten sores, being laid thereupon: but against the other grieffes, for which the garden Woad serveth, it is of less strength, and serveth to small purpose, because of his exceeding sharpness.  
The Decoction of wild Woad drunken, is very good for such as have any stopping, or hardness in the milt or Spleen.    

Of Dyers weed. Chap. xlvij.  

❀ The Description.  
THe leaves of this herb are long, narrow & blackish, not much unlike the leaves of Woad, but they are smaller, narrower, & shorter, from the midst whereof cometh up the stalk to the length of three foot, covered bylow with small narrow leaves, and above with little pale yellow flowers, thick set, and clustering one above an other, the which do turn into small buttons, cut cross wise, wherein the seed is contained, which is small and black. The root is long and single.   

❀ The Place.  
They sow it in sundry places of Brabant, as about Lovayne, and Brussels: it groweth also of itself in places untilled, and by way sides.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth in May, and soon after the seed is ripe.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Latin (as Ruellius writeth) Herba lutea, and of some Flos tinctorius: in base Almaigne Wounwe, & of some Orant, but not without error: for Orant is an other herb nothing like unto this, as shall be more plainly declared in the process of this book.   

❀ The Nature.  
It is hot and dry.  

Herba lutea.    

❀ The Virtues.  
Seeing that Herba lutea is not received, for any use of Physic, and is unknown of the Ancients, we be able to write nothing else of this herb, saving that it is used of Dyers, to colour and dye their clotheses into green, and yellow.    

Of S. james Worte. Chap. xlviij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
Saint james wort, or as some call it, Saint james flower is of two sorts.  

jacobea. S. james wort.   

jacobea marina. S. james wort of the Sea.    

❀ The Description.  
THe first kind of S. james wort, hath long, brown, read, crested, or streaked stalks, two or three foot long. The leaves be great & brown, much cloven and cut, not much unlike the leaves of Wormwood, but longer, larger, thicker, and nothing white. The flowers be yellow, growing at the top of the stalks, like to Camomile, in the midst whereof is the seed, grey, and woolly, or downy, and fleeth away with the wind. The root is white and full of strings.  
The second kind called S. james wort of the Sea, is much like to the first, but the stalk is nothing red. The leaves be smaller, whiter, and more deeper, and smaller jagged. The flowers be like to the first kind, but more pale or bleaker. The root is long, threddy, and creeping, and bringeth forth round about him, new springs.   

❀ The Place.  
S. james wort, groweth almost every where, alongst by ways and waterish places, and sometimes also in the borders of fields.  
Sea S. james wort groweth in trenches and ditches, and like places, adjoining to the Sea.   

❀ The Time.  
They flower in july and August.   

❀ The Names.  
The first is now called in Latin jacobea, Herba S. jacobi, and Sancti jacobi flos: in English Saint james wort: in French Herb ou sleur S. jaques: in high Douch S. jacob's bluom: in base Almaigne S. jacob's cruyt, and S. jacob's bloemen.  
The second without doubt is a kind of S. james wort.   

❀ The Nature.  
They are both hot and dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
S. james herb hath a special virtue to heal wounds, wherefore it is very good for all old wounds, fistulas, and naughty ulcers.  
Some affirm, that the juice of this herb gargeld, or gargarised, heals all inflammations, or swellings, and empostems of the throat.    

Of Flax/ or Lyn. Chap. xlix.  

❀ The Description.  
FLax hath a tender stalk, covered with sharp narrow leaves, parted at the top into small short branches, the which bringeth forth fair blue flowers, in steed whereof being now fallen there cometh up round knaps, or buttons, in which is contained a blackish seed, large, fat, and shining.   

❀ The Place.  
Flax is sown in this country, in fat, and fine ground, especially in low moist fields.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth in May and june.   

❀ The Names.  
Flax is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Linum, and in Shops it is welknowen by the same name. And here you may perceive the cause why the base Almains do use the word Lyn, to all things made of Flax, or Line, as Linendoeck and Lijnen laken, that is to say, Lyneclothe, or cloth made of line: in English Flax, or Line: in French Lin: in high Douche Flaschsz: in base Almaigne Vlas.  

Linum.    

❀ The Nature.  
The seed, which is much used in medicine, is hot in the first degree, and temperate of moisture and dryness.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The seed of Lyn boiled in water and laid too in manner of a pultis, or plaster, appeaseth all pain. It softeneth all cold tumours, or swellings, the empostems of the ears, and neck, and of other parts of the body.  
Lynseede pound with figs, doth rypen and break all Empostems, laid there upon: and draweth forth Thorns, and all other things that stick fast in the body, if it be mingled with the root of the wild Cocomber.  
The same mingled with Cresses and Honey, and laid unto rough, rugged, and evil favoured nails, aswell of the hands, as of the feet, causeth them that be corrupt to fall of, and cureth the party. The same raw, pound and laid to the face, cleanseth and taketh away all spots of the face.  
The wine wherein linseed hath been boiled, preserveth the ulcers & old sores, that shallbe washed in the same, from corruption, festering or inward rankling.  
The water wherein linseed hath been boiled, doth quicken and clear the sight, if it be often dropped or stilled into the eyes.  
The same taken in glisters suageth the griping pains of the belly, and of the Matrix or Mother, and cureth the wounds of the bowels, and Matrix, if there be any.  
linseed mingled with honey, & taken as an Electuary, or Lochoch, cleanfeth the breast, and appeaseth the Cough, and eaten with Raisins, is good for such as are fallen into Consumtions, and fever Hetiques'.   

❀ The Danger.  
The seed of Lin, taken into the body, is very evil for the stomach: it hindereth the digestion of meats, and engendereth much windiness.    

Of Hemp. Chap. l.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere are two kinds of Hemp, the one is fruitful and beareth seed: The other beareth but flowers only.   

❀ The Description.  
THe first kind of Hemp, hath a round hollow stalk four or five foot long, full of branches, & like to a little tree: at the top of the branches growenth little small round bags, or husks, wherein is contained the seed which is round. The leaves be great, rough, & blackish, parted into seven, nine, ten, and sometimes into more parts, long, narrow, and snipt or dented round about with notches, like the teeth of a Saw. The whole leaf with all his parts is like to a hand spread abroad.  
The second is also in leaves like to the first, and it hath a thick stalk, out of which by the sides groweth forth sundry branches: but it beareth neither seed nor fruit, saving small white flowers, the which like dust or powder is carried away with the wind.  
Cannabis semen faciens. Seed Hemp.  
Camnabis absque semine. Barren Hemp.   

❀ The Place.  
These two sorts of Hemp are sown in fields, and (which is a thing to be marveled at) they do both spring of one kind of seed. A man shall sometimes find the male Hemp growing in the borders of fields, and by the ways.  
The seed of the male Hemp is ripe at the end of August, and in September. The female Hemp is ripe in july.   

❀ The Names.  
Hemp is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, and in Shops Cannabis: in Italian Cannape. in Spanish Camnamo, Canavo: in English Hemp, Neckeweede, & Gallowgrasse: in French Chanure, Chennevis, or Cheneve: And here you may perceive the cause why the Normans and others do call the Cloche made of Hemp, Chennevis, or Canvas, for it soundeth so after the Greek, Latin, and French: the high Douchmen call Hemp Zamerhauff: in base Almaigne Kempe.   

❀ The Nature.  
Hemp seed is hot and dry in the third degree.   

❧ The Virtues.  
Hemp seed doth appease, and drive the windiness out of the body, and if a man take a little to much of it, it drieth up Nature, & the seed of generation, and the Milk in wemens' breasts.  
The seed stamped and taken in white wine, is highly commended at this day, against the jaundice, and stopping of the liver.  
The juice of the leaves of green Hemp put into one's ear suageth the pain of the same, and bringeth forth all kind of vermin of the same.  
The root of Hemp boiled in water doth help and cure the Sinews, and parts that be drawn together and shrunken, also it helpeth against the Gout, if it be laid thereupon.   

❀ The Danger.  
Hemp seed is hard of digestion, and contrary to the stomach, causing pain and grief, and dullness in the head, and engendereth gross and naughty humours in all the body.    

Of Lysimachion/ Willow herb or jous strife. Chap. LI.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere are now divers kinds of Herbs comprehended under the name of Lychimachia, but especially four, under which all the Lysimachies shallbe comprised. The first is the right Lysimachion. The second is the read Willow herb with cods. The third is the second kind of red Willow herb without cods. The fourth is a kind of blue Lysimachion.   

❀ The Description.  
THe first Lysimachus, or the yellow Lysimachus, hath a round stalk, very little crested or streaked, of a cubit or two long. The leaves be long & narrow like willow, or wythie leaves, nothing at all cut or snipt about the edges, but three or four leaves standing one against an other round about the stalk, at the joints. The flowers be yellow and without smell, and grow at the top of the branches, in steed whereof when they are fallen away, there groweth round seed, like Coriander seed. The root is long and slender, creeping here and there, and putteth forth divers young springs, which at their first coming up are red.  
The second Lysimachus in leaves and stalks is like to the other, saving that his leaves be not so broad, and are snipt about the edges, much like unto Willow leaves. The flowers in colour and making, are somewhat like the flowers of the common wild Mallow or Hock, that is to say, it hath four little broad round leaves standing together, and lying one over an others edges, under which there groweth long husks or cods, like to the husks of stock Gillofers, which husks do appear before the opening of the flower: the which husks or seed vessels, do open of themselves, and cleave abroad into three or four parts, or quarters, when the seed is ripe, the which because it is of a woolly or cottony substance, is carried away with the wind. The root is but small and threddy.  
Lysimachion verum. Yellow Lysimachion or Louse strife.  
Lysimachium purpureum primum. The first purple red, willow herb, or Lysimachium, also the Son before the Father.  
There is an other small kind of this sort, like to the other in stalk, leaves, flowers and husks, saving that it is in all parts smaller, and the stalk is so weak, that it can very seldom grow strait. The flowers be of carnation colour, like to Gillofloures, but somewhat smaller.  
Yet there is a third kind of red Lysimachus, very like to the first red kind. The flowers do grow also at the top or end of the husks, but they be paler, and in making not so well like the other, but rather like to Gillofers parted into four small leaves, which are set crosswise.  
The second kind of red Lysimachus is like to the aforesaid, in stalks & leaves: saving that his flowers do grow like crowns or garlands round about the stalk like to Penny royal: of colour red, & without Husks, for the seed doth grow in the small Corones, from whence the flowers fallen of. The stalk is square and brown. The root is very brown and thick, of a wooddisshe substance, and putteth forth yearly new springs.  
Lysimachion purpureum alterum. Partisan Lysimachion, or Spiked Lysimachion.  
Lysimachium caeruleum. Blue Lysimachion.  
The blue Lysimachus also in stalk and leaves is like the others: his blue or Azured flowers are growing at the end of the stalks, spike fashion, or eared like Spike or Lavender beginning to bloow below, & so flowering upward, after which there cometh small round cods or purses, wherein the seed which is very small is contained. The root is threddy.   

❀ The Place.  
The yellow & red do grow in waterish & moist places, in low meadows, and about the brinckes and borders of water brooks and ditches. The blue is not found in this country but in the gardens of such as love Herbs.   

❀ The Time.  
They do all flower most commonly in june, and july, and their seed is ripe in August.   

❀ The Names.  
Lysimachia is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Lysimachium, Lysimachia, and of some Salicaria, unknown in Shops: in English Lysimachia, Willow herb, and Louse strife: in Spanish Lisimacho yerua.  
The first which we may call Golden or yellow Lysimachus, Willow herb, and Louse strife, is called in France Cornelle, Souscy d'eauë, Pellebosse, or Chassebosse: in high Almaigne Geelwelderich: in base Almaigne Geelwederick.  
The second is called of some, in Latin Filius ante Patrem, that is to say, the son before the father, because that his long husks in which the seed is contained do come forth and wax great, before that the flower openeth: in English, the first read Lysimachus, or wythie herb, or Louse strife: in French Lysimachie rogue: in high Douch Braun or Rodriguez weiderich: in base Almaigne Root wederick.  
The third is called in Brabant Partijcke. It may be called in English Partisan or sharp Lysimachus, or pointed willow Herb with the purple flower.  
The fourth hath none other name, but Lysimachium caeruleum in Latin: in English Blew or Azured Lysimachus.   

❀ The cause of the Name.  
This herb took his name of the valiant & noble Lysimachus, the friend & Cousin of Alexander the great, king of Macedonia, who first found out the property of this herb, and taught it to his posterity or successors.   

❀ The Nature.  
The yellow Lysimachus or golden Louse strife, is cold, dry, and astringent.  
The temperament of the red and blue Lysimachia, is not yet known.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The juice of the leaves of the yellow Lysimachus stoppeth all flux of blood, and the Dysenteria or bloody flux, being either taken inwardly, or otherwise applied outwardly.  
The same stayeth the inordinate course of wemens' flowers, being put with a pessary of wool or cotton into the Matrix, or secret place of women.  
The herb bruised & put into the nose, stoppeth the bleeding of the same, and it doth join together and close up all wounds, and stoppeth the blood, being laid thereupon.  
The perfume of this herb dried, driveth away all Serpents, & venomous beasts, and killeth flies, and knattes.   

❀ The Choice.  
When you will use Lysimachus, for any grief aforesaid, you shall take none other but of that kind with the yellow flower, which is the right Lysimachus: for although the others have now the self same name, yet have they not the same virtue and operation.    

Of Mercury. Chap. lij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be two sorts of Mercury: the garden, and wild Mercury: the which again are divided into two other kinds, a Male, and Female, differing only but in seed.   

❀ The Description.  
THe male garden Mercury, or the French Mercury, hath tender stalks, full of joints & branches, upon the which groweth blackish leaves, somewhat long almost like the leaves of Parietory, growing out from the joints, from whence also, betwixt the leaves and the stem there cometh forth two little hairy bullets, joined together upon one stem, each one containing in itself a small round seed. The root is tender and full of hairy strings.  
The female is like to the male, in stalks, leaves, and growing, and differeth but only in the flowers and seed, for a great quantity more of flowers and seed, do grow thick together like to a small cluster of grapes, at the first bearing a white flower, and afterward the seed, the which for the most part, is lost before it be ripe.  
The wild Mercury is somewhat like to the garden Mercury, saving that his stalk is tenderer & smaller, and not above a span long, without any branches, the leaves be greater and standing farther asunder one from an other. The seed of the male, is like to the seed of the male garden Mercury, and the seed of the female, is like the seed of the female garden Mercury. The root is with hairy strings, like the root of the garden Mercuries.  
Mercurialis mass. Phyllon Theophrasti. French Mercury.  
Mercurialis foemina. Mercury female.  
There is yet an other herb found called Noli me tangere, the which also is reduced and brought under the kinds of Mercury. It hath tender round knobbed stalks, with many hollow wings, and large leaves, like to the Mercury in stalk and leaves, but much higher and greater, the flowers hung by small stems, they are yellow, broad, and hollow before, but narrow behind, and croaking like a tail, like the flowers of Larks spur, after the which there cometh forth small long round husks, the which do open of themselves, and the seed being ripe, it spurteth and skippeth away, as soon as it is touched.  
One may well describe and place, next the Mercuries (but especially them of the garden) the herb which is called Phyllon, because that some do think that Phyllon and Mercury are but one herb, but by this treatise they may know that they be divers herbs. Now therefore there be two sorts of Phyllon (as Cratevas writeth) the Male and the Female. It hath three or four stalks, or more, the leaves be somewhat long and broad, something like the leaves of the olive tree, but somewhat larger and shorter. All the herb his stalks and leaves, is covered with a fine soft white wool or Cotton. The seed of the female Phyllon, groweth in fashion like to the seed of the female Mercury: and the seed of the male groweth like to the male Mercury.  
Cynocrambe. Wild Mercury.  
Phyllon Thelygonon. Children Mercury.   

❀ The Place.  
The garden Mercury groweth in vineyards, and gardens of potherbes. The wild groweth in hedges and Copses. The fifth kind groweth in deep moist valleys, and if they be once planted, they come up again yearly afterward, of their own accord, or of their own sowing.  
Phyllon is found, growing through out all Languedoc, and Province.   

❧ The Time.  
They flower in june, and continued flowering all the Summer.   

❀ The Names.  
Garden Mercury is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: of Theophrastus' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin and in Shops Mercurialis: in Italian Mercurella: in Spanish Mercuriales: in English Mercury, and of some in French Mercury: in high Douch Zamen Bingelkraut, Kuwurtz, and Mercurius kraut: in base Almaigne Tam Bingelcruyt, & Mercuriael. And that that hath the round seed is called Mas the Male. And the other is called the female. Some do also take it, for Wild Mercury.  
The wild Mercury is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Canina brassica, and Mercurialis syluestris: in English wild Mercury, and Dogs Call: in French Mercurialle sauvage, Chou de Chien: in high Douch wild Bingelkraut, and Hundszkol: in Brabant wildt Bingelcruyt, and witden Mercuriael.  
The Noli me tangere, was unknown of the Ancients, wherefore it hath none other name in Greek or Latin. They call it in high Douch Springkraut: in Brabant Springcruyt, and Cruydeken en ruert my niet: and for that cause men in these days do call it, Noli me tangere: that is to say, touch me not.  
Phyllon is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Phyllum. The male is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which may be Englished Barons Mercury or Phyllon, or Boys Mercury or Phyllon. And the female is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and this kind may be called in English Girls Phyllon or Mercury, Daughters Phyllon, or Maiden Mercury. And we can give it none other name as yet. This is Dioscorides Phyllon, but not Theophrastus Phyllon. For Theophrastes Phyllon, is nothing else but Dioscorides Mercury. And for to be known from the Mercuries, this Phyllon is also called Elaeophyllon, Olive Phyllon.   

❀ The Nature.  
The Mercuries, are hot and dry in the first degree, as Auerroys says.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Mercury boiled in water and drunken, loseth the belly, purgeth, & driveth forth cold phlegmes, and hot and choleric humours: & also the water that is gathered together in the bodies of such as have the Dropsy.  
For these purposes, it may be used in meats, and potages, and they shall work the same effect, but not so strongly.  
The same pound with Butter, or any other grease, and laid to the fundament, provoketh the stool or siege.  
The Barons Mercury, or male Phyllon drunken, causeth to engender male children, and the Maiden Mercury, or girls Phyllon drunken, causeth to engender Girls, or Daughters.    

Of Money wort/ or Herb two pennies. Chap. liij.  

❀ The Description.  
MOnyworte hath small slender stalks, creeping by the ground, upon every side whereof groweth small round leaves, and somewhat large, almost like to a penny. The flowers be yellow almost like to gold cups. The root is small and tender.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth in moist meadows, about ditches, & watercourses, & in Copses that stand low.   

❀ The Time.  
It beginneth to flower in May, and continueth flowering all the Summer.  

Nummularia.    

❀ The Names.  
This herb is now called in Latin Nummularia, Centummorbia, & of some Serpentaria, and also Lunaria grassula: in English Herb two pennies, two penny grass, and Monyworte: in French Herb à cent maladies: in high Douch Pfenningkraut, Egelkraut, & clein Naterkraut: in base Almaigne Penninckruyt, & Eghelcruyt.   

❀ The Nature.  
Two penny grass is dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The later writers do say, that if this herb be boiled in wine and drunken with Honey, that it heals and cureth the wounds and hurts of the Lungs, & that it is good against the Cough, but specially against the dangerous Cough in young children, to be taken as is afore said.    

Wild Flax/ or Toad Flax. Chap. liiij.  

Linaria.   

Osiris.   

❀ The Description.  
STanworte, wild flax, or Toad flax, hath small, slender, blackish stalks, out of which groweth many leaves together long, and narrow, much like to the leaves of Lyn. The flowers be yellow, large, & close before, like to a frogs mouth, and narrow behind, & crooked like to Larks spur, or Larks claw. The seed is large and black, contained in small round husks, the which cometh forth, after the falling of, of the flower.  
There is an other kind of this herb, the which is not common, and it beareth fair blue flowers, in all other things like to the other, saving that his stalks, flowers, and leaves are smaller, and tenderer, but yet it groweth up to a higher stature.  
To these kinds of wild Flax or Linarie, it were not amiss to join that herb, which is called in Italy Beluedere. This plant hath divers small shutes or scourges bearing small narrow leaves almost like to the leaves of Flax: the fluores be small and of a grass colour, and do grow at the top of the stalks.   

❀ The Place.  
They grow wild in untilled places, about hedges, & the borders of fields.  
Osiris groweth in many places of Italy and Lombardie.   

❀ The Time.  
They flower most commonly in july, and August.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Shops Linaria, and of some Pseudolinum, and Vrinalis: in English Toad flax, and wild flax: in French Linaire or Lin sauvage: in high Douch Lynkraut, Flaschkraut, Harnkraut, unser frawen Flasch, wild Flasch, krotten flasch: in base Almaigne Wildt ulas.  
The third kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Osiris: but in this our age it is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and as we have said it is called in Italy Beluedere: in English Stanneworte.   

❀ The Nature.  
Stanworte is hot and dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The Decoction of Osiris, or Toad flax drunken, openeth the old, cold stoppings of the Liver & milt, & is singular good, for such as have the jaundices, without Fevers, especially when the jaundices is of long continuance.  
The same doth also provoke urine, and is a singular medicine for such as can not piss, but drop after drop, and against the stoppings of the kidneys, and Bladder.    

Of Shepherd's purse. Chap. lv.  

❀ The Description.  
BVrsa Pastoris hath round, tough, and pliable branches, of a foot long: with long leaves, deeply cut or jagged, like the leaves of Senevy, but much smaller. The flowers are white, & grow alongst by the stalks, in place whereof when they are go there rises small flat cods, or triangled pouches, wherein the seed is contained, which is small, and black. The root is long, white, and single.   

❀ The Place.  
Shepherds pouch groweth in streets and ways, & in rough, stony, and untilled places.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth most commonly in june and july.  

Pastoria bursa.    

❀ The Names.  
This herb hath neither Greek nor Latin name given to him of the Ancient writers, but the later writers, have called it in Latin Pastoria bursa, Pera & Bursa pastoris: in English Shepherds purse, Scrip, or Pouche: and of some Casseweede: in French Labouret, or Bourse de bergers: in high Douch Desthelkraut, and Hirten sechel: in base Almaigne Teskens or Borsekens cruyt.   

❀ The Nature.  
It is hot and dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The Decoction of shepherds purse drunken, stoppeth the lask, the bloody flux, the spitting and pissing of blood, women's terms, and all other flux of blood, howsoever it be taken: for which it is so excellent, that some writ of it, saying, that it will staunch blood if it be but only held in the hand, or carried about the body.    

Of cinquefoil/ or Five fingar grass. Chap. lvi.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere are four sorts of Pentaphyllon, or cinquefoil: two kinds thereof beareth yellow flowers, whereof the one is great, the other small. The third kind beareth white flowers, and the fourth kind red flowers, all are like one an other in leaves and fashion.  

Pentaphyllon luteum maius. Yellow cinquefoil the greater.   

Pentaphyllon luteum minus. Yellow cinquefoil the lesser.    

❀ The Description.  
THe great yellow cinquefoil, hath round tender stalks, creeping by the ground, and running abroad, like the stalks or branches of wild tansy, and taking hold in divers places of the ground, upon which slender branches groweth long leaves snipt or dented round about the edges, always five growing together upon a stem, or at the end of a stem. The flowers be yellow, and parted into five leaves. The which when they are vanisshed do turn into small round, and hard berries, like Strawberries, in which groweth the seed. The root is blackish, long and slender.  
The small yellow cinquefoil is much like the other, in his leaves, & creeping upon the ground, also in his stalks, flowers, and seed, saving that it is a great deal smaller, and doth not lightly take holdfast & cleave to the ground, as the other doth. The leaves are smaller than the others, and of a whitish colour underneath, next to the ground.  
Pentaphyllon album. White cinquefoil.  
Pentaphyllon Rubrum. Red cinquefoil.  
The white cinquefoil, is like the great yellow cinquefoil, in his small and slender branches creeping by the ground, and in his leaves divided into five parts, but that his stalks or branches be rough. The leaves be long, and not snipt or dented round about, but before only. The flowers be white, and the root is not single, but hath divers other small roots hanging by.  
The red cinquefoil also, is somewhat like to the others, especially like the great yellow kind. The leaves be also parted in five leaves, and nicte or snippeth round about, the which are whitish underneath, and of aswarte green colour above. The stalk is of a span or foot long, of colour brown, or reddish, with certain joints or knots, but not hairy. The flowers grow at the top of the stalks, most commonly two together, of a brown red colour, after the which there cometh up small round berries, of a swart red colour like Strawberries, but harder: within which the seed is contained. The root is tender, and spreading about here and there.   

❀ The Place.  
Pentaphyllon or cinquefoil groweth low and in shadowy places, sometimes also by water sides, especially the red kind, which is only found in ditches, or about ditches of standing water.   

❀ The Time.  
cinquefoil floureth in May, but chief in june.   

❀ The Names.  
cinquefoil is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin & in Shops Pentaphyllum, and Quinquefolium: in Italian Cinquefolio: in Spanish Cinco en rama: in English cinquefoil, or Sinkefoyle, of some Fyveleaved grass, or Fivefingred grass: in French Quintefueille: in high Douch Funfffingerkraut, & Funffblat: in base Almaigne, Vijfvingercruyt.   

❀ The Nature.  
cinquefoil is dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of Synkefoyle boiled in water until the third part be consumed, doth appease the aching, and raging pain of the teeth. Also if one hold in his mouth the decoction of the same, and the mouth be well washed therewithal, it cureth the sores and ulcers of the same.  
The same decoction of the root of Sinkefoyle drunken, cureth the bloody flux, and all other flux of the belly, and stauncheth all excessive bleeding, and is good against the gout Sciatica.  
The root boiled in vinegar, doth mollify and appease fretting and consuming sores, and dissolveth wens and cold swellings, it cureth evilfavored nails, and the inflammation and swelling about the siege, and all naughty scurviness, if it be applied thereto.  
The juice of the root being yet young and tender, is good to be drunken against the diseases of the Liver, the Lungs, and all poison.  
The leaves drunken in honeyed water, or wine wherein some Pepper hath been mingled, cureth Tertian, and quartain fevers: And drunken after the same manner, by the space of thirty days, it helpeth the falling sickness.  
The leans pound & laid too heals filine burstings, or the falling down of the bowels or other matter into the cods, and mingled with salt and Honey, they close up wounds, Fistulas and spreading ulcers.  
The juice of the leaves drunken doth cure the jaundices, and comfort the liver.    

Of tormentil/ or Setfoyle. Chap. lvij.  

❀ The Description.  
tormentil is much like unto Sinckefoyle: it hath slender stalks, round, and tender, five of six springing up out of one root, and creeping by the ground. The leaves be small, five, or most commonly seven growing upon a stem, much like the leaves of Sinckefoyle, and every leaf is likewise snippeth and dented round about the edges. The flowers be yellow, much like the flowers of wild tansy, and Sinckefoyle. The root is brown, red and thick.   

❀ The Place.  
tormentil groweth in low, dark & shadowy woods, & in green ways.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth oftentimes, all the summer long.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is now called in Shops and in Latin Tormentilla, and of some in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Septifolium: in English Setfoyle and tormentil: in French Tormentille, & Souchet de bois: in high Douch tormentil, Brickwurtz, and Rot Heylwurtz: in base Almaigne Tormentille. The marks and notes of this herb do approach very near to the description of Chrysogonum.   

❀ The Nature.  
It drieth in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves of tormentil with their root boiled in wine, or the juice thereof drunken provoketh sweat, and by that means it driveth out all venom from the heart: moreover they are very good to be eaten or drunken against all poison, and against the plague or pestilence. The same virtue hath the dried roots, to be made in powder and dronker in wine.  
Tormentilla.  
Also the root of tormentil made into powder, & drunken in wine when one hath no fever: or with the water of a Smiths' forge, or water wherein Iron, or hot & burning steel hath been often quenched, when one hath a fever, cureth the bloody flux, & all other fluxes or lasks of the belly. It stoppeth the spitting of blood, the pissing of blood, and the superfluous running of women's flowers, & all other kinds of flux, or issue of blood.  
The Decoction of the leaves & root of tormentil, or the juice of the same drunken is good for all wounds, both inwardly, and outwardly: it doth also open and heal the stoppings and hurts of the Lungs, and the liver, and is good against the jaundices.  
The root of the same made into powder, and tempered or knoden with the white of an Egg, and eaten, stayeth the desire to vomit, and is good against the disease called Choler or Melancholy.  
The same boiled in water, and afterward the mouth being washed therewithal, cureth the noughty ulcers, and sores of the same.    

Of Strawberries. Chap. lviij.  

❀ The Description.  
THe strawberry with his small and slender hairy branches, creepeth alongst the ground, and taketh root and hold fast, in divers places of the ground like Sinckefoyle, the leaves also are somewhat like Sinckfoyle, for they be likewise cut and snippeth round about, nevertheless it bringeth forth but only three leaves growing together upon each hairy stem or footestalke. The flowers be white, & yellow in the middle, somewhat after the fashion of cinquefoil, the which being past it beareth a pleasant round fruit, green at the first, but red when it is ripe, sometimes also you shall find them very white when they be ripe, in taste and savour very pleasant.   

❀ The Place.  
Strawberries grow in shaddowy woods, & deep trenches, and banks, by high way sides: They be also much planted in gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
The Strawberry floureth in April, and the fruit is ripe in june.   

❀ The Names.  
The Strawberry is called in Latin Fragaria, Fragula: in English Strawberry & Strawberry plant: in French Fraisier: in high Douch Erdtheeren kraut: in base Almaigne Eerdtbesiencruyt. The fruit is called in Latin Fraga: in French Des fraises: in high Douch Erdtbeer: in base Almaigne Eerdtbesien.  

Fragaria.    

❀ The Nature.  
The Strawberry plant or herb, with the green and unripe Strawberries, are cold & dry. The ripe Strawberries are cold and moist.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The Decoction of the Strawberry plant drunken, stoppeth the lask, & the superfluous course of women's flowers.  
The same decoction, held & kept in the mouth comforteth the gums, & cureth the naughty ulcers and sores of the mouth, & avoideth the stinking of the same.  
The juice of the leaves cureth the redness of the face.  
Strawberries quench thirst, & the continual use of them is very good, for them that feel great heat in their stomach.    

Of Silver weed/ or wild tansy. Chap. lix.  

❀ The Description.  
THe wild tansy, is much like to the Strawberry plant, and cinquefoil, in his small and slender branches, and in his creeping alongst and hanging fast to the ground, his stalks be also small and tender. The leaves be long, deeply cut even hard to the stem and snipt round about, much like to the leaves of agrimony, of a whitish shining colour next the ground, & of a faint green above. The flowers be yellow, much 
Argentina.  like the flowers of cinquefoil. The root hath hairy strings.   

❀ The Place.  
Wild tansy groweth in moist, untilled, and grassy places, & about ditches, but especially in clay grounds, that are left from tillage.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth most commonly in june and july.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is now called in Latin Potentilla, and Argentina, and of some Agrimonia syluestris, or Tanacetum syluestre: in English wild tansy, Silver weed, and of some wild agrimony: in French Tanasie sawagc, or Bec d'oye, and Argentine: in high Douch Grensigh, Grensing, or Genserich, and according to the same in Latin Anserina: in base Almaigne Ganserick, and Argentine.   

❀ The Nature.  
Wild tansy is dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Wild tansy boiled in wine or water and drunken stoppeth the lask, the bloody flux, and all other flux of blood, and prevaileth much against the superfluous course of women's flowers, but specially against the white flood, or issue of flowers.  
The same boiled in water and salt and drunken, dissolveth all clotted and congealed blood, and is good for such as are squatte and bruised with falling from above.  
The Decoction of wild tansy, cureth the ulcers, and sores of the mouth, the hot humours that are fallen down into the eyes, and the stripes that perish the sight, if they be washed therewithal.  
Wild tansy hath many other good virtues, as against the stone, inward wounds and corrupt or fretting ulcers of the gums, and privy or secret parts, it strengtheneth the bowels, and closeth up green wounds, it fasteneth lose teeth, and suageth toothache. The distilled water of this plant is good against the freckles, spots, and punpels of the face, and to take away Sun burning.    

Of common Mouse ear. Chap. lx.  

❧ The Kinds.  
OF the herb called in Latin Pilosella, there is found at this time two kinds: The one called the great Pilosella, the other small Pilosella, the which some men do also call Mouse ear, howbeit they are not the right Mouse ear.   

❀ The Description.  
THe leaves of great Pilosella are spread upon the ground, white hoar, and hairy much like a great Mouse ear. The stalk is also hairy, about a span long, and beareth double yellow flowers, the which do change into a certain hairy down or Cotton seed, and is carried away with the wind. The root is of the length of a fingar, and hath many hairy strings.  
The small Pilosella is like to the other, saving that it is much less. The leaves be small and little, and white hoar next to the ground, and hairy also. The flowers grow at the top of the stalks, many together, and are of colour sometimes yellow, sometimes red, and sometimes brown, and sometimes speckled. The root is small and threddy.  
Pilosella maior. Great Pilosella.  
Pilosella minor. Small Pilosella.   

❀ The Place.  
The great Pilosella groweth upon small gravely or dry sandy mountains, and upon dry banks about the borders of fields.  
The small Pilosella groweth in dry heaths and Commons, and such like waste and untilled places.   

❀ The Time.  
They flower in May and june.   

❀ The Names.  
The great is now called in Latin Pilosella maior: in English also Great Pilosella, & of some Mouse ear: in high Douch Nagelkraut, and of some also Meuszor: in base Almaigne groote Piloselle, and Naghelcruyt.  
The small is called Pilosella minor, and of the high Almains Meuszorlin and Hasenpfatlin, it may be called in English small Pilosella, or Heathmouse ear.   

❀ The Nature.  
The Pilosellas be hot and dry.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The Decoction of the leaves and root of this herb drunken, doth cure, and heal all wounds both inward and outward, and also Hernies, Ruptures, or burstings.  
The leaves of Pilosella dried, and afterward made into powder, & strowen or cast into wounds, is able to cure and heal the same.  
The juice of the great Pilosella, dropped into the ears, cureth the pain of the same, and cleanseth them from all filth and corruption.  
The same Pilosella eaten or taken in meats; doth cleanse & clarify the sight and cureth the redness of the eyes.    

Of Golden flower Stechados/ and Cotton weed. Chap. lxj.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be two principal kinds of herbs, which bear white, soft, and woolly, or Cottony leaves, which some men call Pilosellae, or Filagines. The one having fair gold yellow and sweet smelling flowers. The other hath pale yellow flowers without smell, & is of three sorts, as it shall appear hereafter.   

❀ The Description.  
THe first of these herbs which the Almains do call Rheinblumen hath slender stalks, round and cottonie, hard, & whitish, or of a hoar grey colour, of a span long, with small, narrow, & very soft cottonie leaves, in quantity & making like the leaves of Hyssop: at the top of the stalks groweth small tuftes, or as it were nosegays of ten or xij. flowers or more, which are round in fashion like to small buttons, the which do not lightly perish or vade, but may be kept a long time in their estate, & colour, neither are they of an unpleasant savour, but are somewhat bitter. The root is small, short, and black.  
The other kind which is called Filago, or Cotton weed, is of three sorts, as is before said.  
Ageratum Aurelia. Golden Staechas or Moth weed.  
Filago. Cotton weed.  
The first of them is like to the aforesaid, but it is greater and higher, sometimes growing to the height of two foot long, or more. The stalks be small, round and grayish, covered with a certain fine wool or Cotton, three or four growing up from one root, strait, and most commonly without any branches. The leaves be long, narrow, whitish, soft, and woolly, like the leaves of Golden or yellow Staechas, saving that they be longer, and broader, and somewhat of a greener colour. The flowers be round, and after the fashion of buttons, growing at the top of the stalks, a great many together, but nothing so yellow, as the flowers of Golden Staechas, neither so long lasting, but are carried away with the wind when they be ripe, like divers other flowers.  
The other kind of Cotton weed, in stalks and leaves is much like to the aforesaid, the flowers also be like to the aforesaid: howbeit they grow not in tuffetes at the top of the stalk, but betwixt the leaves alongst by the stalk, and this is the greatest difference, betwixt this and the other.  
The fourth kind of these herbs, is like to the two other, last recited Cottonweedes, in stalks and white cottony leaves, but it is altogether tenderer, smaller, and lower, seldom growing to the length of one's hand. The flowers grow at the top of the stalks, in small round buttons, of colour and fashion like to the other Cotton weeds.   

❀ The Place.  
The first kind groweth in sandy plains, and dry heaths, and is plentifully found in sundry places by the river of Reene. In this country they sow it in gardens. The other three kinds groweth in this country in sandy grounds, about dry Diches, and in certain moist places, and in woods.   

❀ The Time.  
They flower most commonly, in june, and july. Cotton weed floureth often, and again in August.   

❀ The Names.  
The first kind of these herbs is called of Theophrastus in his nienth Book, and xxj Chapter, in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin of Theodore Gaza Aurelia: And of Dioscorides 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ageratum: in Shops Sticas citrina, and Sticados citrinum: Of some Tinearea, and Amaranthus Luteus: in English Gold flower, Motheworte, or Golden Stechados, and of Turner Golden Floureamor: in high Douch Rheinblumen, Mottenblumen, & Mottenkraut: in base Almaigne Rheynbloemen and Rhijnbloemen.  
There is yet an other herb describe by Dioscorides, called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Elichrysum and Amaranthus, the which is nothing like to Sticas citrina. For 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Eliochryson of Theophrastus, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Elychryson of Dioscorides, are two several herbs. And therefore they are greatly deceived that think Sticas citrina to be the Elichryson of Dioscorides.  
The other three are all called (at this time) by one name, in Latin Filago: in Spanish Yerua Golandrina: in high Douch Rhurkraut: in base Almaigne Rhuercruyt, or Root melizoen cruyt, that is to say, Bloody Flixeworte.  
The first of these three is called of Pliny, Herba impia, because that his last flowers, do surmount and grow higher than the first.  
Some would have these three herbs, to be that which the Grecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and the Latinistes Centunculum, Centuncularis, and Tomentitia, but yet their judgement is not right, as it shall appear in the Chapter next following.   

❀ The Nature.  
These herbs be of a drying nature. The Gold flower or golden Staechas, is hot also, as it may be perceived by his bitterness.   

❧ The Virtues.  
Golden Staechas boiled in wine and drunken, killeth worms, and bringeth them forth, and is good against the bitings and stingins of venomous beasts.  
The same boiled in lie, cleanseth the hear from Lice, and Nittes. The same laid in Warderoobes and Presses, keepeth apparel, and garments from Moths.    

Of Gnaphalion/ or Small Cotton. Chap. lxij.  

❀ The Description.  
GNaphalion is a base or low herb, with many slender soft branches, and small leaves, covered all over with a certain white cotton or fine wool and very thick: so that you would say it were all wool or Cotton. The flowers be yellow, & grow like buttons, at the top of the stalks, as you may perceive by the figure.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth no where, but by the sea coast, there is plenty of it in Languedoc, and Province.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth in june and july.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Gnaphalium, Centunculus, Centuncularis, Tucularis, Albinum, & of some Gelafo, Anaphalis, Anaxiton, Hires, and Tomentitia. Also Bombax humilis: in English of Turner, Cudweed, Chafeweed, Cartaphilago. It may be called also Petty Cotton, or small Bombase: in French Petit Coton, & l'herbe borreuse, or Cotoniere. Pena in his Stirp. Adverse. nova, calleth it Chamaezylon.  

Gnaphalium.    

❀ The Nature.  
Gnaphalion is dry and astringent.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves of Gnaphalion, boiled in thick read wine, are good against the bloody flux, as Dioscorides, and Galen doth witness.    

Of plantain or Waybrede. Chap lxiij  

❀ The kinds.  
THere is found in this country, of three sorts of plantain great plenty, bysides which there is yet an other found, which groweth in salt ground, all which in figure, do partly resemble one an other.   

❀ The Description.  
THe great plantain hath great large leaves, almost like to a Beete leaf, with seven ribs behind, on the backside, which do all assemble & meet together, at the end of the leaf next the root. The stems be round, of the height of a foot or more, sometimes of a reddissh colour and coming up from the root in the middle amongst the leaves, the which stalks or stems, from the middle upward towards the top, are covered round about with small knoppes or heads (which first of all do turn into small flowers, and afterward into small husks containing a blackish seed) like to a Spike ear, or a little Torch. The root is short, white, and of the thickness of a fingar, having many white hairy threads. Of this kind, there is found an other, the Spikes, ears, or torches whereof, are very double, so as in every Spyky ear, in steed of the little knaps or heads, it bringeth forth a number of other small torches, whereof each one is like to the spike or torch of great plantain.  
Plantago maior. Great plantain.  
Plantago media. Middle plantain.  
The second kind of plantain, is like to the first, saving that his leaves be narrower, smaller, and somewhat hairy. The stalks be round, and somewhat cottony or hairy, and bringeth forth at the top, spiked knoppes, or torches, a great deal shorter than the first plantain, the blowing of it are purple in white. The root is white and longer than the first.  
The third kind of plantain is smaller than the second. The leaves be long and narrow, with ribs like the leaves of the other Plantayne, of a dark green colour, with small points, or purls, set, here and there alongst the edges of the leaves. The stalks be crested or streaked, and bear at the top fair spiked knaps with white flowers or blossoms, like the spykie knoppes of the middle plantain. The root is short and very full of threedy strings.  
The Sea plantain is narrower, it hath long leaves very narrow, and thick: the stalks be of a span long, full of small grains or knops, from the middle even up to the top, much like to the torch of the great plantain. The root is also threddy.   

❀ The Place.  
The three first Plantaynes grow almost every where in this country, in pastures and leases, about ways, and moist places.  
Plantago minor. Small plantain. Ribworte.  
Plantago marina. Sea plantain.  
The Sea plantain groweth in salt grounds, upon the banks and borders of salt water streams, as in Zealand, & Barowgh in great plenty, by the water Zoom.   

❀ The Time.  
The Plantaynes do flower most commonly in this country, in the months of june and july. The seed is ripe in August.   

❀ The Names.  
plantain is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is Lingua Agnina, Lambs' tongue: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin and in Shops Plantago: in Italian Plantagine: in Spanish Tamchagen, Lengua de oveja: in English plantain: in high Douch Wegrich or Schaffzungen: in base Almaigne Wechbree.  
The first kind is now called in Latin Plantago mayor, and Plantago rubra: in English Great plantain: in French Grand Plantain: in high Douch Roter Wegrich: in base Almaigne Rood wechbree.  
The second kind is called in Latin Plantago media: in French Plantain moien: in English Middle plantain: in high Douch Mittel and breyter Wegrich: in basé Almaigne Breet wechbree.  
The third is called of some in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is to say, in Latin Quinqueneruia: otherwise it is now called in Latin Lanceolata, and Lanceola: in English Ribbeworte: in French Petit Plantain, Lanceole, and Lanceolette: in high Douch Spitzer wegrich: in base Almaigne Cleyn wechbree, & Hontsribbe.  
We call the fourth Plantago marina: in English Sea plantain: in French Plantain de mer: in base Almaigne Zee Wechbree.   

❀ The Nature.  
plantain is cold and dry in the second degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves of plantain eaten with meats, or otherwise are very good against the falling down of Reumes & Catarrhs, they comfort the Stomach, and are good for such as have the Phthisike (which is a disease in the lungs, with a consumption of all the body.) And against the Cough.  
The Decoction of leaves of plantain drunken, stoppeth the bloody flux, and other fluxes of the belly, also it stoppeth the spitting of blood, the pissing of blood, and the superfluous flowing of women's terms, and all other issue of blood.  
The juice of plantain drunken, stoppeth and appeaseth the great desire to vomit, and stauncheth all flux of blood, aswell as the leaves and seed.  
The root of plantain by himself, or with his seed boiled in sweet wine and drunken, openeth the Conduytes, or passages of the liver and Kidneys being stopped, and is good against the jaundices, and the ulceration of the kidneys, and bladder.  
Some have written, that three roots of plantain, taken with wine and water, doth cure the Fever tertian: and four roots so taken do cure the Fever quartain.  
The use of plantain is good against all evil, corrupt, and running sores and ulcers, and against wounds both old and new, all hot empostems, and inflammations, against Cankers, Fistulas, & the foul evil or French Pocks, and all scurviness. It is good against the biting of Mad Dogs, to bruise the leaves of plantain and lay thereupon, or to pour of the juice of plantain into the wounds, or if it be mixed with emplaysters, and ointments, that be made for such purpose.  
The leaves of plantain do assuage, and mitigate the pain of the Gout, and are excellent to be laid upon swollen members, that are full of heat and pain or anguish.  
The juice of plantain dropped or stilled into the ears, is very good against the pain in the same. And to be dropped into the eyes against the inflammation, and pain of the eyes.  
The same juice or the Decoction of the leaves or roots of plantain, do cure and heal the naughty Ulcers of the mouth, the tooth ache, and the bleeding of the gums or jaws, when the mouth is oftentimes washed with the same.  
The leaves of plantain pound or stamped with salt, and laid to the empostems, wens or hard swellings about the ears and throat, cureth the same. The root also, is good to be carried or hanged about the neck, for the same purpose, as some men write.    

Of Buckhorne plantain/ or Coronop plantain. Chap. lxiiij.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere is found in this country at this present, two kinds of herbs, both comprehended under the name of Crowfoote.   

❀ The Description.  
THe first Crowfoote or Hartshorne, hath long narrow and hairy leaves, & bringeth forth upon each side of the leaf three or four shore starts or branches, almost like to the branches of a Hearts horn. It lieth spread upon the ground like a star. From the middle of those leaves, groweth up small round hairy stems, bearing long spiked knaps, or torches, like the middle plantain. The root is long and threddy.  
Pseudocoronopus. Buckhorne plantain.  
Coronopus' Ruellij.  
Coronopispecies peregrina.  
The second crowfoote, hath three or four stems or branches, creeping upon the ground, & always lying flat upon the earth, but never mounting or rising higher, & are set full of long, narrow, & jagged leaves, much like to the leaves of the other Crowfoote plantain, but smaller, and nothing hairy. The flowers be small & white, & growing betwixt the leaves & the stalk, well fastened to the stem, when they are decayed, there cometh forth small flat purses, broad & rough, in which the seed is contained. The root is white of the length of one's fingar, in taste like to garden Cressis.  
One may also place amongst the kinds of Coronopus, a certain herb, which we shall now offer unto you (the which is a stranger, & but little known in this country) seeing that it is very well like to Harteshorne. The leaves be long & narrow, branched with short starts, altogether like to the leaves of Hearts horn, saving that sometimes they be bigger. They lie also flat, & spread round upon the ground, and are somewhat rough, & hairy, like the leaves of Hearts horn: so that it is hard to know one from an other, when they are both without stalks and flowers. But when this herb beginneth to have stalks and flowers, than the difference is easily marked: for this herb bringeth forth two or three round stalks, parted into sundry branches, at the top whereof are placed knoppes and buttons, like to Cyanus or corn flower, saving that the scales of the knaps or heads, be not so closely couched, and laid one upon an other, & the said scales seem clear and thorough shining, especially when the flower is fallen of and withered. The flowers come forth of the said knops or heads, in colour and making like the flowers of Cychorie, but smaller. The root is long and slender.   

❀ The Place.  
The first kind groweth in Brabant & Flaunders, in untilled, sandy places.  
The second also groweth about ways, and dry sandy paths, and upon banks and rampires, especially in certain places about Antwerp, where as it groweth so plentifully, that almost one shall see none other herb.  
The third which is a strange herb, groweth not of his own kind in this country, but it is planted in gardens. It groweth plentifully in Languedoc, in stony and dry places.   

❧ The Time.  
The two first kinds, do flower in May, and june.  
The third floureth, in july, and August.   

❀ The Names.  
The first is called in Latin Cornu ceruinum, or Herba Stellae, and Stellaria: in English of Turner, and Cooper Herb Ive, and Crowfoote plantain: of Pena, Buckhorne. We may also call it Hearts horn plantain, Buckehorne plantain, or Coronop plantain: it is called in French Corn de Cerf, or Dent au chien it is unknown in Shops: The Brabanders, do call it Hertshoren, and Crayenuoet cruyt: Some late writers call it in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Pes cornicis: in high Douch Kraenfuz, supposing it to be the same Coronopus, which Dioscorides hath described in the. 123. Chap. of his second book, although in deed they be not like at all: And therefore we have called it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Pseudocoronopus, that is to say, Bastard Crowfoote.  
The second kind draweth near to the description of Coronopus made by Dioscorides, albeit that notwithstanding, the learned Ruellius, Doctor in his time at Paris, could not be made believe, that this was the right Coronopus. Wherefore for the same Ruellius sake, who made a lively description of this herb, we do now call it Coronopus Ruellij: in base Almaigne Crayenuoet, or Ravenuoet. They call it at Paris Verrucaria: in some places of England they call it Swynescressis. We may also call it Ruellius Coronopus.  
This strange herb hath no name as yet, known unto us, saving that the Herboristes of Languedoc take it to be a kind of Scabious, or for the Cornefloure called Cyanus, in English blue Bottle. A man may doubt whether this be not Dioscorides Coronopus, because that Hearts horn should seem to be a kind of plantain. But because the Description of Coronopus is very short, we are not able to assure you. This may also be a kind of Condrilla.   

❀ The Nature.  
Hearts Horn is cold and dry in temperature much like plantain.  
The Swine's Cresses, or Ruellius Coronopus (as it is evident by the taste) is hot and dry, like to garden or town Cressis, but not all thing so hot.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Hearts horn is in virtue like to plantain, whereof it is a kind, and may be used in all things whereto plantain serveth. Also it hath been proved singular against the pissing of blood, the gravel & the stone, to be taken in meats or otherwise.  
If Swine's Cressis, or Ruellius Coronop, be the true Coronopus, than the root thereof roasted in the imbres or hot Ashes, and eaten in meats is very good against the lask proceeding from the coldness of the stomach, which is the cause of slimy humours in the Guts: for which purpose the very sent, and taste of the root here described, declareth the same to be very good, because it is hot and somewhat astringent.    

Of Blood strange/ or Mouse tail. Chap. lxv.  

❀ The Description.  
MOuse tail is a small low herb, with small leaves and very narrow, amongst which springeth up from the root small stems, garnisshed with very small whitish flowers, and afterward with little long torches, much like to a Mouse or Rats tail, & like the seed or torches of plantain, before it blooweth, in which is contained very small and brown seed.   

❀ The Place.  
Mouse tail groweth in good pastures, and certain meadows, and sometimes also by high way sides.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth in April, and the torches and seed is ripe in May, & shortly after the whole herb perissheth, so that in june, you shall not find the dry or withered plant.  

Myosouron.    

❀ The Names.  
It is called in English Mouse tail, & Blood strange: in French Queve de souris: and accordingly in greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Cauda murina, and Cauda muris: in high Douch Tausent korn: in base Almaigne Muyse steertkens. This is not Holosteum, neither Denticula Canis Ruellij, as some do judge.   

❀ The Nature.  
The leaves of this herb do cool, and differ not much from the nature of plantain.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The operation and virtues of this herb, are not yet known, howbeit, as farforth as men may judge by the taste and sent thereof, it is much like in faculty to plantain.    

Of Water plantain. Chap. lxvi.  

❀ The Description.  
WAter plantain is a fair herb, with large green leaves, not much unlike the leaves of plantain, with a stalk full of branches, & small white flowers, divided into three parts, and after them it bringeth forth tryangled husks or buttons, the root is of threddy strings.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth about the borders and brinks of ditches and ponds, & sometimes also in rivers and brooks.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth from june till August.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is now called in Latin Plantago aquatica: in English water Plantayne: in French Plantain deau: in high Dutch wasser Wegrich, and Frochloefelkraut: in base Almaigne water Wechbree.   

❀ The Nature.  
Some men writ of this herb, that it is of temperament cold and dry.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Some lay store of the leaves of water plantain, upon the shanks or shins of such as have the Dropsy, supposing that the water in the belly shall by that means be drawn down to the shins or shanks.  
The learned men of our time do writ, that it hath the same virtues, & faculties as the other plantain, whereof we have already written in the lxij. Chapter.    

Of Knotgrass. Chap. lxvij.  

Plantago Aquatica.   

❀ The kinds.  
THere be two kinds of this herb as Dioscorides writeth, the Male, and the Female: the Male is called in English swines grass, and knot grass, but the Female is called small Shave-grasse.   

❀ The Description.  
KNot grass hath many round, weak & slender branches, full of knots and joints, and creeping alongst the ground, it hath long narrow leaves, not much unlike the leaves of Rew, saving that they be longer. The flowers be small, growing alongst the branches betwixt the leaves and the joints, of colour sometimes white, sometimes purple or incarnate, after them cometh a triangled seed, like to sorrel seed. The root is round and radish with many strings.  
The second kind which they call female Knot grass, hath three or four upright, round, and even stems, without branches, full of joints, and much like to the stalks and joints of Hippuris, or Horse tail, but not so rough, and about the joints groweth many small, and narrow little leaves, like to a Star, and not much unlike the leaves of Rosemary. The root is white and runneth alongst the ground, putting forth many new shutes or springs.  
Polygonum mas. The male Knot grass, or Swine's grass.  
Polygonum foemina. Female Knot grass, or small shavegrass.  
Polygonum tertium. The third Knot grass.   

❀ The Place.  
The Male knot grass groweth, in fields about ways and paths, and in streets.  
The Female groweth in moist places, about the brinks & borders of running waters.  
The third groweth about champion fields, & places not well husbanded, especially in a moist year.   

❀ The Time.  
The Male knot grass, & the third kind do flower, from after june until the end of Summer. The female is found most commonly in july & August.   

❀ The Names.  
Knot grass is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Sanguinaria, Sanguinalis, and Proserpinata.  
The first kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Seminalis: in Shops Centumnodia, & Corrigiola: of some Sanguinaria, Sanguinalis, Proserpinaca: in Italian Corrigiola: in Spanish Corriola, y cien nudos yerua: in English male Knot grass: in French Renouée, & Corrigiole: in high Douch Weggrasz, and Wegtritt: in base Almaigne Wechgras, Verkens grass, and Duysent knoop manneken.  
The second is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Sanguinalis foemina: in base Almaigne Duysentknoop wijfken: in English of Turner Meadow shavegrass, and small shavegrass.  
The third kind is called in base Almaigne Knawel, the which without doubt is a kind of knot grass, albeit Dioscorides hath described but two kinds: Neither do we take it to be Polygonon of Dioscorides, but for one of the four kinds of Polygonon, whereof Pliny hath written in the xxvij. book of his History.   

❀ The Nature.  
All these herbs are cold in the second degree, and dry in the third, astringent, and making thick.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The juice of knotgrass drunk, is good against the spitting of blood, the pissing of blood, and all other flux or issue of blood, and is good against vomiting and lasks.  
The same drunken in wine, helpeth against the biting of venomous beasts.  
It is also good against tertian fevers, to be drunken, an hour before the fit.  
The leaves of knotgrass boiled in wine or water and drunken, stayeth all manner of lasks and fluxes of the belly. The bloody flux, and women's flowers, the spitting of blood, and all flux of blood, aswell as the juice.  
The juice of knotgrass, put with a pessary into the natural places, of women, stoppeth the flowers, and the inordinate course of the same: and put into the Nose, it stauncheth the bleeding of the same: poured into the ears, it taketh away the pain of the same, and drieth up the corrupt matter and filth of the same.  
The same boiled in wine and Honey, cureth the ulcers, and inflammations of the privy or secret parts.  
The green leaves being laid too, prevail much against the great heat & burning of the stomach, hot swellings & empostems, the consuming & burning of S. Anthony's fire, and all green or fresh wounds.  
Dioscorides also says, that Knotgrass provoketh urine, & is good for such as piss drop after drop: the which is found true, when the urine is hot and sharp.  
The female Knotgrass hath the same virtue, as the male Knotgrass (as Dioscorides says) but not so strong.  
And the third kind also, his virtues be much like to the Male knotgrass.    

Of Horse tail/ or shavegrass. Chap. lxviij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be two sorts of Horse tail, or shavegrass; as Dioscorides and Pliny writeth.   

❀ The Description.  
When the great shavegrass or Horse tail beginneth to spring, it bringeth forth round naked, and hollow stems, rough and full of joints: yea their roughness is such, that Turner's, Cutelers, & other Artificers, do use them to polish, & make plain, & smooth their works, as the heftes of knives & Daggers etc. At the top of those Asparagus, shutes or stems, groweth small, round, and black knoppes or tuffets. afterward the stems do wax brown and reddish, and bring forth round about every knot or joint, divers little, small, slender, and knotty rushes. It mounteth so high, that with his hanging rushes, or small branches, it is not much unlike to a Horse tail. The root is white and hath joints or knots like the stalk or stem.  
Maioris Equiseti asparagus. The. j springs or shutes of horsetail, or shavegrass.  
Equisetum minus. Small shavegrass or horsetail.  
Equiseti minoris flores. The flowers of small shavegrass or horsetail.  
The small shavegrass or Horse tail, is not much unlike to the great. It bringeth forth when it beginneth to spring, bore and naked stems, that be also round, hollow and knotty, at the top or end of those stems it hath as it were, a spiked ear or knop, of small white flowers, which perish incontinently: Than springeth up from the root other shutes or branches, full of knots or joints, about the which also there groweth round knotty rushes, like as in the great Horse tail or shavegrass, but not so great nor so rough, but more soft and gentle, so that they are nothing worth to polished withal. The root is small, black, and slender.   

❀ The Place.  
The great shavegrass, groweth in ditches, and ponds, and very moist places. The small horsetail or shavegrass groweth in low shadowy places, and also in dry sandy fields.   

❀ The Time.  
The naked stems of the great horsetail, do spring up in May. The shutes and blossoms of the small horsetail do spring in April, & shortly after cometh up the stems, set full of small rushes.   

❀ The Names.  
These herbs are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, & of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Equisetum, Equiseta, Equiselis, Equinalis, and Salix Equina: in Shops Cauda equina: in Italiam Asprella, Codo di cavallo, prela: in Spanish Cola de mula, Rabo de mula: in English Horse tail, and shavegrass: in high Douch Schaffthew: in base Almaigne Peertsteert.  
The greater kind is called Equisetum maius, & of some Asprella: in English great shavegrass, and Horse tail: in high Douch grosz Schaffthew, Roszschwantz, Pferdtschwantz, Roszwadel, Kannenkraut: in base Almaigne groot Peertsteert and Kannencruyt.  
The small is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Equisetum minus, aut alterum, and Equitium. And of some as Antonius Musa writeth, Scevola: in English small shavegrass, and of some Tadpipes: in high Douch kleyn Schaffthew, Katzenwedel, Ratzenschwantz, Katzen saghel: in base Almaigne cleyn Peertsteert, and Cattensteert.  
Equisetum maius. The great shavegrass, or Horse tail.   

❀ The Nature.  
These two Shavegrasses or Horse tails, are cold in the first degree, and dry in the second, astringent, and drying without sharpness.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The decoction of Horse tail, in wine or water drunken, stoppeth all flux of blood, & all other extraordinary fluxes, especially the inordinate issue of flowers, it doth also cure the bloody flux and dangerous lask, and all other kind of lasks. And for all the aforesaid intents it is a sovereign remedy (as Galen writeth). The juice of this herb drunken alone or with wine, is of the same operation and effect.  
Horse tail or shavegrass, being taken in manner aforesaid, is most convenient and profitable, for all ulcers, sores, and hurts of the kidneys, the bladder and bowels, and against all burstings.  
Horse tail with his root boiled, is good against the Cough, the difficulty and pain of fetching breath, and against inward burstings as Dioscorides and Pliny writeth.  
The juice thereof put into the Nose, stauncheth the bleeding of the same, and with a pessary or Mother Subpository conveyed into the natural places of women, stoppeth the flowers.  
The same pound and strewed upon fresh and green wounds, joineth them together and heals them, also it preserveth them from inflammation. And so doth the powder of the same herb dried, and strewed upon new, and green wounds.    

Of white Root/ Solomons seal. Chap. lxix.  

❧ The Kinds.  
WHite root or Salomons seal is of two sorts. The one called the great or broad Seal of Solomon: The other is the small and narrow Salomons seal.  

Polygonatum latifolium. Broad leaved white root.   

Polygonatum angustifolium. Narrow leaved white root.    

❀ The Description.  
THe great Salomons seal, hath long round stalks: the leaves be long and green, larger, longer, & softer than bay leaves, betwixt the which leaves and the stalk, upon short stems, hung pleasant white green flowers, long and hollow, three or four together, so that every stalk doth commonly bring forth, more flowers than leaves. The flowers perished, they turn into round berries, the which be green at the first, and afterward black, like ivy berries or whortes. The root is long of the quantity of one's fingar, full of knobs or joints, and of colour white, with many hairy strings, in taste at the first sweet, but afterward somewhat sharp and bitter.  
The small Salomons seal, doth not much vary from the other, saving that his leaves be narrower, & do not grow alone, or severally one by one, but four or five grow out of one knot or joint, round about the stalk, almost star fashion. The flowers are greener, and the fruit is blacker than the other. The root is smaller and slenderer, in all points else like to the aforesaid.   

❀ The Place.  
The great Salomons seal, groweth in this country in dry woods, standing upon mountains.  
The second also groweth in mountains and woods, especially in Almaigne. A man shall not lightly find it in this country, except in the gardens of such as have pleasure in herbs.   

❀ The Time.  
They do both flower in May and june.   

❀ The Names.  
Salomon's seal is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Polygonatum: in Shops Sigillum Salomonis: in Italian Frassinella: in Spanish Fraxinella: in English also Scala coeli: White root, or white wurte: in high Douch Weiszwurtz: in French Signet de Solomon: in base Almaigne Salomons seghel: in the Tuscan tongue Frassinella.   

❀ The Nature.  
Salomon's seal is of Nature hot and dry, abstersive, or cleansing, & somewhat astringent.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of Salomons seal pound, doth close up, and heal the wounds whereupon it is laid.  
The same being fresh and new gathered, to be pound and laid upon, or if one be anointed with the juice thereof, it taketh away all spots, freckles, & black and blue marks that happen by beating, falling, or bruising, whether it be in the face, or in any other part of the body.  
This herb, neither yet his root, is good to be taken into the body, as Galen writeth.    

Of Fleaworte/ or Fleabane. Chap. lxx.  

❀ The Description.  
THe leaves of Fleebane, be long, narrow, and hairy, amongst which springe up round and tender branches, set full of leaves like them aforesaid, but smaller, & garnisshed at the top, with little, long, round, spikie knaps like ears, with greenish flowers or blossoms, which do afterward change into a brown and shining seed, in proportion colour and quantity like unto Fleas.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth in fields, and desert places, as Dioscorides says. In this country men sow it in gardens, and where as it hath been once sown, it groweth continually afterward of his own sowing, or shedding of seed.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth in july and August: and sometimes also the seed is ripe.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Psyllium, and Herba Pulicaris: in Shops Psyllium: in Italian Psillio: 
Psyllion.  in Spanish Zargatona: in English Fleawurte, and Fleabane: in French Herbeaux poulces: in high Douch Flohekraut: in base Almaigne Vloycruyt.   

❀ The Nature.  
The seed of Psyllium or Fleaworte, (which is chief used in medicine) is cold in the second degree, and temperate in moisture and dryness: As Galen and Serapio writeth.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The seed of Fleabane boiled in water, or stiped & drunken, purgeth downwards Adust and Choleric humours: by sides this it suageth pain, and slaketh the inflammation and heat of the entrails, or bowels, and is good against hot Fevers or burning Agues, and all inward heats, and against great drought, and thirst.  
The same seed somewhat bruised but not broken, parched at the fire, is good against the bloody flux, and vehement lask, especially when they proceed of taking strong and violent medicines.  
The seed thereof mingled with oil of Roses & vinegar, or water, is good to be streaked or applied unto hot griefs of the joints, the apostems & swellings behind the ears, and other hot swellings: also it is good against head ache.  
The same laid too with vinegar is good against the going out of the Navel, and the bursting of young children.  
The water wherein the seed hath been soaked or stiped, is good to be laid to the burning heat called S. Antony's fire, and to all hot swellings. It is also good to be dropped into running ears, and against the worms in the same.  
Some hold, that if this herb while it is yet green, be strewed in the house, that Fleas will not come nor engender where as it is laid.   

❀ The Danger.  
Too much of Fleabane seed taken inwardly, is very hurtful to man's nature: it engendereth coldness and stiffenesie through out the body, with pensive heaviness of the heart, so that such as have drunken thereof, do sometimes fall into great distress.   

❀ The Remedy.  
When one hath taken too much of the seed of Fleabane, so that he feeleth some noyance or harm, above all things it shallbe good for him, to provoke vomit, with medicines convenient, to cast up if it be possible that which hath been before taken. Afterwards give him to drink of the best & most savoury old wine that may be got, by itself, or boiled with Wormwood, or wine mingled with honey and a little lie, or the Decoction of Dyll as Serapio writeth: And bysides this you may give him all things that is good against the dangers that happen of eating green Coliander.    

Of certain Herbs/ that fleet or swim upon the water. Chap. lxxj.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be divers sorts of herbs that grow in & above water, whereof the greatest part shallbe described, in other places, & other Chapters: so that in this present Chapter, we shall entreat but only of four or five sorts of them that grow upon the water.   

❀ The Description.  
THe first and most notable of these kinds of floating herbs, the which is called water spike, or most commonly Pondeweede, hath long round & knotty branches. The leaves grow upon small short stems, & are large great & flat, laid and carried upon the water, somewhat like to great plantain, but a great deal smaller. The flowers grow at the top of the branches, above the water upon long purple spykie knoppes like to the ears or spikes of Bistorte, the which being perished, there cometh up round knoppes, wherein the seed is enclosed, which is hard.  
Potamogeiton. Pond weed.  
Viola Palustris. Water violet, or Gyllofer.  
The second kind, hath long small stems: The leaves be long and jagged very small, spread abroad underneath the water, always five or six standing directly one against an other, as the leaves of Madder, or Woodrow, every leaf like to tansy or Yerrow leaves, but smaller, and more jagged than the leaves of tansy, and greater and broader than the leaves of Yerrow or millfoil, but not so finely cut as millfoil. It bringeth forth his flowers, upon stalks or stems, growing above the water, always three or four flowers set one against an other, parted into five leaves like to a little wheel, or like stock Gillofers, or like the flowers of common bugloss, of colour white, and yellow in the middle. The roots be nothing else, but like to long small black threads, and at that end whereby they are fastened to the ground, they are white and shining like Crystal.  
The third herb swimming upon the water is called Morsus Ranae, or Frog bit, and it hath round leaves laid flat and spread upon the water, like the leaves of Asarabacca or Folefoote, but smaller, & tied upon short stems coming out from the root. The flowers grow amongst the leaves, and are white, and a little yellow in the middle, parted into three leaves, much like in figure to the flowers of water plantain, & the flowers of water millfoil or Crabs claw. The root is thick and short with many long threads or strings, like the root of water millfoil.  
There is also carried upon the water, certain little small green round leaves, not much larger than the seed of the pulse called lentils, having under them for roots, very small white threddy strings, & are called water Lentils, Ducks meat and Grayves.  
Polyanthemum palustre. White Crowfoote, or water Crowfoote.  
Among the fleeting herbs, there is also a certain herb which some call water liverwort, at the roots whereof hung very many hairy strings like roots, the which doth oftentimes change his uppermost leaves according to the places where as it groweth. That which groweth within the water, carrieth, upon slender stalks, his leaves very small cut, much like the leaves of the common Camomile, but before they be under the water, and growing above about the top of the stalks, it beareth small round leaves, somewhat dented, or unevenly cut about. That kind which groweth out of the water in the borders of ditches, hath none other but the small jagged leaves. That which groweth adjoining to the water, & is sometimes drenched or overwhelmed with water, hath also at the top of the stalks, small round leaves, but much more dented than the round leaves of that which groweth always in the water. The flowers of these herbs are white, and of a good sent or smell, with a certain yellow in the middle, like the flowers of Crowfoote, gold Cups, or Strawberry flowers: when they are go, there cometh round, rough, and prickley knoppes, like the seed of Crowfoote, or Gold knaps.   

❀ The Place.  
These herbs grow in standing waters, and ditches.   

❀ The Time.  
Water Spike, and Frog bit, do flower most commonly in june. The others in May.   

❀ The Names.  
The first is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Fontalis, & Fontinalis, & of some Spicata, unknown in Shops: in English Water spike, and Pondeweede: in French Espi d'eaue, and beat Aquatigue. in high Douch Zamkraut: in base Almaigne Fonteyncruyt.  
The second is counted of some of the writers in these days, for a kind of the herb called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Millefolium. Some call it in French Gyroflee d'eaue: in Latin Viola palustris: in base Almaigne Water Filieren: in English Water Gillofer.  
The third is called Morsus ranae, that is to say, Frog bit, & it hath none other Greek nor Latin name that I know: it is called in base Almaigne Vorschen Beet, & Cleyn plompen, that is, Paruam Nymphaean, or small Waterlyllie.  
The water Lentyll is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Lens palustris, or Lacustris: in Shops Lenticula aquae: in English water Lentils, Ducks meat, and Grayves: in high Douch Meerlinsen: in base Almaigne water Linsen, and of some Eind given.  
The fifth which is like to Gold cup in his flower and seed, seemeth in sight to be a kind of Ranunculus or Crowfoote, called in Greek Polyanthemon: Therefore it may be well called in Latin Polyanthenium palustre, or Aquaticum: in English white Crowfoote, & water Crowfoote: in base Almaigne Witte or water Boterbloemen. The Apothecaries of this time do call it Hepatica, and Hepatica aquatica, or Palustris: And do very erroneously use it for Hepatica.   

❀ The Nature.  
Pondeweede doth cool, and so doth Frog bit, and water lentil or Grayves.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Pondeweede or water spike is good to be laid to rotten and consuming or fretting sores, and to sores that run in the legs, if it be laid to with honey and vinegar, as Pliny says.  
The Decoction thereof boiled in wine is good to be drunken against the bloody flux and all other lasks, and hath the virtue like Knotgrass, as Galen writeth.  
Water Lentils or Grayves mingled with fine wheaten flower, and laid too; prevaileth much against hot swellings, as Phlegmons, Erisipeles, and the pains of the joints.  
The same doth also help the falling down of the siege or Arsegut in young children. It is also good against the bursting of young children.  
The three other kinds are not used in Medicine.    

Of Alysson. Chap. lxxij.  

❀ The Description.  
THe stem of this herb is right & strait, parting itself at the top into three or four small branches. The leaves be first round, and after long, whitish and rough, or somewhat woolly in handling. It bringeth forth at the top of the branches little yellow flowers, & afterward, small, rough, whitish, and flat husks, and almost round, fasshioned like Bucklers, wherein is contained a flat seed, almost like to the seed of Castle or stock Gillofers, but greater.   

❀ The Place.  
Alysson, as Dioscorides writeth, groweth upon rough mountains, & is not found in this country but in the gardens of some Herboristes.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth in this country in june, and the seed is ripe in july.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin also Alyssum, & this is Dioscorides Alysson: for Alyssa of Galen and Pliny are unlike to this, & of some late writers Lunaria maior. This is the right Alysson of Dioscorides: for the Alysson of Galen and Pliny, is not like unto this.   

❀ The Nature.  
Alysson is of a drying nature as Galen writeth.  

Alysson.    

❀ The Virtues.  
Alysson drunken, or held to the Nose to smell at, driveth away yexing, or the Hicket.  
The same taken with other meats, cureth the rage or madness, caused by the biting of a mad Dog.  
The same hanged in the house, or at the gate, or entry, keepeth both man and beast from enchantments, and witching.    

Of Scabius. Chap. lxxiij.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere are found in this country three kinds of Scabius, like one to an other: aswell in the flowers, as in the leaves.  

Scabiosa Communis. Scabius.   

Scabiosae tertium genus. sheeps Scabius.    

❀ The Description.  
THe first kind which is the most common & the greatest, at his first coming up, his leaves be long and small, of a grayish door colour, and hairy, spread abroad upon the ground, amongst the which springeth up round, and hairy shoots or stems, bearing leaves very jagged, of a hoar grayish colour, & hairy also, in fashion somewhat like to the leaves of the great Valerian, which we call Setwall. At the top of the stalks groweth bluish flowers in thick tuffets, fasshioned like to a little flat round Hat. The root is white, long and single.  
Of this sort there is found an other kind, in all points like to the aforesaid saving that at every head or knap, there groweth in the steed of flowers, many other small knoppes, or little tuffets of flowers, hanging down by long stems. after the same manner, as one may also sometimes see, in some kinds of Daisies, and Marigolds.  
The second kind of Scabious is the smallest or lest amongst the kinds of Scabious, no higher than one's hand, much like unto the great Scabious, both in his leaves and flowers, saving that it is smaller, and the leaves be more deeper cut and jagged.  
The third kind is as it were a mean betwixt the other twain, smaller than the greatest, and bigger than the smallest, in flowers much like the other twain. The leaves be long, hairy and grayish, snipt, and cut round about, but nothing so much or so deeply gaysht, as the two others. The root is long and slender like the root of the first and greatest Scabious.  
There is also an herb like unto Scabious, growing to the height of a foot & half or two foot long, with long narrow leaves, like to the leaves of the greater Scabious, or devils bit, the which be somewhat snipt, and bluntly cut about the edges. The stalks or stems be round, upon the tops whereof groweth small round knaps or bollines, covered with scales, like to the knops of blue Bottle, or Cornefloure, but much greater, out of the midst whereof groweth purple hairy flowers, like to the middle part of Cyanus or Blue bottle. The root is thick, short, & crooked, with many threedy strings.   

❀ The Place.  
The great scabious and jacea nigra, do grow in meadows and pastures. The smaller Scabious groweth in meadows and watery grounds that stand low. sheeps scabious groweth in the fields, and by the way sides.   

❀ The Time.  
They do all flower in june and july.  

jacea nigra. Materfilon or knapweed.    

❀ The Names.  
These herbs were not described of the Ancient writers (as far as I can learn) and therefore they have no Greek nor Latin name to us known.  
The first is now called in Shops Scabiosa: and of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in English Scabious: in French Scabieuse: in Douch Apostemkraut, Pestemkraut, and Grindtkraut: in base Almaigne Scabiose.  
The second is now called Scabiosa minor, that is to say, small Scabious.  
The third is called in English sheeps Scabious: in French Scabieuse de brebis: in base Almaigne Schaeps Scabiose.  
The fourth is now called in Shops jacea nigra, and Materfilon: and it hath none other name known unto us.   

❀ The Nature.  
All the Scabiouses are hot & dry, digesters & dividers of gross humours.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Scabious boiled by itself, or with his root, in wine or water and drunken, doth cleanse the breast, and the lungs, and is good against an old Cough, & the impostems of the breast, and all other inward parts, as in the cleansing, ripping, soldered, & healing of the same. The same effect hath the Conserve made with the flowers of scabious and sugar to be used daily.  
Scabious is also good against all itch & scurviness, to be pound and laid to the same, or to be mixed with oils and ointments fit for the same.  
The lie wherein Scabious hath been boiled or stiped, doth cleanse the hear from all bran or white scurf, (which is small dust or scales, which falls from the head) when the head and hear is washed therewithal.  
The Decoction of jacea nigra gargeled, or when the mouth is often washed therewithal it doth waste & consume the impostems of the mouth and throat, that are yet fresh and new, and doth ripe and break them that be old.  
The small Scabious and the sheeps Scabious, are not used in medicine.    

Of Devils bit. Chap. lxxiiij.  

❀ The Description.  
THe stalks of Devils bit, are round, and of two or three foot long bearing broad leaves very little or nothing at all snipt about the edges. The flowers be of a dark purple colour, & sometimes white, growing round & thick together, like the crop or flower of Hops, after the falling away whereof, the seed is carried away with the wind. The root is black & hard, short & thick, with many threddy strings by the sides, the which in the middle, or as it were about the heart of the same, seemeth as it were bitten of.   

❀ The Place.  
devils bit groweth in dry meadows and woods, and about way sides.   

❀ The Time.  
This herb floureth most commonly in August, the which being in flower is easy to be known, otherwise it is somewhat hard to be known, because it doth resemble Scabious, or jacea nigra.  

Morsus Diaboli.    

❀ The Names.  
It is called in Shops Morsus diaboli: in English Devils bit: in French Mors de diable: in high Douch Teuffels abbisz: in base Almaigne Duyvels beet. Of some late writers Succisa in Latin. And it hath none other names whereby it is yet known.   

❀ The Nature.  
devils bit is hot and dry like unto Scabious.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The decoction of Devils bitten, with his root, boiled in wine & drunken, is good against all the diseases, that Scabious serveth for, & also against the Pestilence.  
The same decoction dissolveth clotted blood in the body, by means of any bruise or fall.  
devils bit fresh and green gathered, with his root and flowers pound or stamped, and laid to Carboncles, Pestilential sores and Botches, doth ripe and heal the same.  
The decoction of the root boiled in wine and drunken, is good against the pain of the Matrix or Mother, and against all poison.    

Of Scordium/ or water Germander. Chap. lxxv.  

❀ The Description.  
THis herb hath square hairy or cottony stalks, creeping by the ground, and set upon every side with soft, crimpled, and round, whitish leaves, nicked, & snipt round about the edges like a see, betwixt which and the stalk groweth little purple flowers, like to the flowers of dead nettle, but smaller. The root hath threedy strings creeping in the ground.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth in moist meadows, near about ditches, & is found in some parts of the country of Brabant.   

❀ The Time.  
Scordion floureth most commonly in june & july, & than is the best gathering of it.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Scordium, & Trixago palustris, of some Mithridatium: in high Douch wasser Batenig, and of some Lachen Knoblauch: in base Almaigne Water loock: in English also Scordion, & water Germander.   

❀ The Nature.  
Scordion is hot & dry in the third degree.  

Scordium.    

❀ The Virtues.  
Scordion drunken with wine, openeth the stoppings of the Liver, the milt, the Kidneys, the Bladder, and the Matrix: it provoketh urine, and is good against the stoppings of urine, and strangury, when a man cannot piss but drop after drop: it moveth and provoketh women's flowers.  
The same taken in manner aforesaid, is good against the bitting of Serpents, and all other venomous beasts, and for them that have taken any poison, and for them also which are bursten, or hurt inwardly.  
Dry Scordion made into powder, & taken in the quantity of two drams, with honeyed water, cureth and stoppeth the bloody flux, and is good for the pains of the stomach.  
The same made into powder, and mingled with honey, and eaten, cleanseth the breast from all phlegm, and is good against an old Cough.  
Fresh and green Scordion pound, and laid upon great green wounds, cureth the same. The same dried and tempered or mixed with Honey, or made into powder and cast into old wounds, and corrupt, and rotten ulcers, cureth the same, and doth eat, and waste the proud, and superfluous flesh.  
This herb boiled in water or Vinegar, and laid upon the pain of the joints easeth the grief, causing it the sooner to depart.    

Of Teucrion/ or wild Germander. Chap. lxxvi.  

❀ The Description.  
TEucrion hath brown stems, bringing forth round, & wrinkled leaves, snipt and cut round about the edges, much like to the leaves of Germander afore described in the xuj. Chapter. The little small flowers, are of a sad purple, or brown red colour, like to the flowers of Germander. The root is white and of hairy of threddy strings.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb, as Dioscorides says, is found in Cilicia: in this country it is not to be found, but sown or planted in the gardens of certain Herboristes.   

❀ The Time.  
That which groweth in this country is seen in flower in june, and july.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Teucrium: unknown in Shops: in English wild Germander: in high Douch it is called of some Grosz batengel: that is to say, great Germander.  

Teucrion.    

❀ The Nature.  
Teucrion as Paulus Aegineta says, is hot in the second degree, and dry in the third.   

❧ The Virtues.  
Teucrion boiled in wine and drunken, openeth the stoppings of the milt or Spleen, and cureth the swelling and hardness of the same, for which purpose it is very good, and hath a singular property. The herb pound with Figs and Vinegar worketh the same effect, being laid upon the place of the Spleen in manner of a plaster.  
Teucrion only mingled with vinegar, is good to be laid to the bitings and stingings of venomous beasts.    

Of Houselyke and Sengreene. Chap. lxxvij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
SEngreene, as Dioscorides writeth, is of three sorts. The one is great: the other small: and the third is that which is called Stone Crop, and Stone whore.  

Semperuiuum maius. Houselike, or Sengreene.   

Semperuiuum minus. Prickmadam.   

Crassula minor. Wild Prickmadam. Great Stone crop.   

Illecebra. Stone crop, & Stone Whore.    

❀ The Description.  
THe great Sengreene hath great, fat, and thick leaves, as large as a man's thumb, and sharp at the end fasshioned like a tongue, amongst which leaves, there groweth up a stalk of the length of a foot or more, beset and decked round about with leaves like to the first, parting itself afterward about the top, into divers other branches, alongst the which groweth a great many of brown, or radish flowers.  
Prickmadame hath small narrow thick and sharp pointed leaves. The stalks be great and tender of a span long, beset round about with the round and sharp pointed leaves aforesaid, the which do bring forth at the top, small yellow, and star like-floures. The root is small and creepeth by the ground.  
Among the kinds of Sengreene also, at this time there is contained, the herb (called Crassula minor) which is great stone Crop, called of some wild Prickmadam, or wormegrasse, the which hath tender stalks, and leaves somewhat long, all round, and reddish, like unto small worms, every worm like to a wheat corn. The flowers be white, and like the flowers of Prickmadam but smaller.  
Small Stone crop is somewhat like to wild Prickmadam or Vermicularis, & the ignorant Apothecaries do gather it in steed of Vermicularis or Crassula minor, not without great error, and to the peril and danger of the sick and diseased people, in so using it in steed of Crassula minor. It hath tender stalks, covered or set full of very small, short and thick leaves, growing near together. The flowers at the top of the stems are yellow, and like to the flowers of Prickemadame, but greater.  
There may be also placed amongst the kinds of Sengreene, a certain small herb very like to the aforesaid in making and growth, saving that his leaves are somewhat larger & thicker, the whole herb is eager or sharp, with white flowers.   

❀ The Place.  
The greater Sengreene or Houselike, groweth in many places upon old walls and houses, where as it hath been planted.  
The small Sengreene, which we call Prickmadam, groweth not in this country but only in gardens, where as it is planted.  
The great and small Stone crop, groweth in stony and sandy countries, and upon old walls.  
The fifth kind also groweth upon old walls: but not here in this country.   

❧ The Time.  
Houselike or great Sengreene, floureth in july and August. The other kinds flower in May and june.   

❀ The Names.  
Sengreene is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Sedum, and Semperuiuum, of Apuleius, Vitalis.  
The first is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Sedum, & Semperuiuum magnum, of Apuleius 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Shops Barba iovis: in Italian Semper viva. in Spanish Yerua pruntera. in English Houselike and Sengreene: in French joubarbe, and grand joubarbe: in high Douch Hauswurtz, and grosz Donderbart: in bas Almaigne Donderbaert.  
The second is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Semperuiuum, or Sedum minus, of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, of Apuleius Erithales: in English Prickmadam: in French Triquemadame: in high Douch klein Donderbart: in base Almaigne cleyn Donderbaert.  
The third kind is called in Shops Crassula minor, and Vermicularis: in Italian Herba gravelosa, Vermicolare: in Spanish Vuas de perro, vermicular: in English wild Prickmadam, great Stone Crop, or Worm grass: in base Almaigne Bladeloose and Papecullekens.  
The fourth is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Illecebra: in English Stone Crop, and Stone Whore, & of some it is called Wall Pepper: in French Pain d'oyseau: in high Douch Maurpfeffer, & Katzentreublin: in base Almaigne Muerpeper.  
The fifth is called of the later writers, Capraria, and we know none other name to call it by.   

❀ The Nature.  
The great and small Sengreene, and the fifth kind (called Capraria) are cold and dry in the third degree. The great and small Stone Crop, are hot and dry almost in the fourth degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The Decoction of the great Sengreene, or the juice thereof drunken is good against the bloody flux, and all other flixes of the belly, and against the biting of Phalanges, which is a kind of field Spiders.  
The juice thereof mingled with parched Barley meal, and oil of Roses, is good to be laid to the pains, or aching of the head.  
The same juice dropped into eyes is good against the inflammation of the same: and so is the herb bruised, and laid outwardly thereunto.  
They juice of Sengreene, conveyed into the Matrix with a Pessary of cotton or wool, stoppeth the running of the flowers.  
Sengreene bruised alone, or mingled with parched barley meal, is good to be laid to S. Anthony's fire, and to hot burning & fretting ulcers or sores, and upon scaldings and burnings, and all inflammations: It is also good to be laid to the gout coming of hot humours.  
The small Sengreene or thrift Stone crop, hath the like virtue.  
The juice of small Stone crop or brickwall Pepper taken with vinegar, causeth vomit and to cast out by vomiting, gross and slimy flegmes, and hot Choleric humours: Also it is good against Fevers, and all poison taken within the body: but yet it may not be ministered, except unto strong and lusty people.  
This Stone crop mingled with swines grease, dissolveth and driveth away wens, and hard swellings being laid thereunto.  
The herb alone laid upon the bore skin causeth the same to wax read, and to rise full of wheels and blisters, and pierceth the whole flesh.  
It hath been tried by experience, that Capraria, bruised with (pourcelets) called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and oil of Roses, cureth the blind hemorrhoids that are not open or pierced, if it be applied thereto.    

Of the kinds of Kali/ or Saltworte. Chap. lxxviij.  

❀ The Description.  
THe herb named of the Arabians Kali, or Alkali hath many gross stalks, of half a foot or nine inches long: out of them groweth small leaves, somewhat long & thick, not much unlike the leaves of Prickmadam, saving they be longer, and sharp pointed, with a hard prickly top or point, so that for this consideration the whole plant is very rough and sharp, and his leaves be so dangerous and hurtful by reason of their sharp prickles, that they cannot be very easily touched. Among the leaves groweth small yellow flowers, and after them followeth small seed. The root is somewhat long, weak and slender. This herb is salt and full of juice or sap like Anthyllis altera, which is before described in the seventh Chapter.  
There is an other herb in nature much like unto this, the which is called Salicornia, the same hath stalks without leaves, and divideth itself again into sundry and divers other branches with many knots and joints, easy to be pluck of, or broken away: every of the said joints are of the quantity of a wheat Corne. This plant is also salt in taste and full of juice like Kali.  
Kali. Salteworte.  
Salicornia. Sea grape, or knotted Kali.  
Of these two plants are made Alumen Catinum, and Sal Alcali, which is much used in the making of glasses, and for divers other purposes.   

❀ The Place.  
These herbs grow in saltish grounds, by the Sea side or Coast, in Zealand, and England.   

❀ The Time.  
These herbs are found in their natural places, in Summer.   

❀ The Names.  
The first is called in Italian Soda: in Spanish Barilla, and Soda Barilla: and it is the right Kali, or Alkali of the Arabians: some call it in English Salt wort, we may also call it Kali, or Prickled Kali.  
The second is now called Salicornia, & it is a certain kind of Kali. Some call it in English Sea grape, and knotted or jointed Kali.  
The Axsen or ashes, which are made of burned Kali, is called in Latin of the Alcumistes and Glassemakers Alumen Catinum, but the Salt which is made of the same Axsen, is called Sal Alcali: And that which fleeteth or swimmeth upon the stuff whereof Glasses are made, is now called in Shops Axungia vitri: in English the fat or flower of Glass: in French Suin de voirre: in Douch Smout van ghelasen: in Italian Fior de Cristallo▪ that is to say, in Latin Flos Crystalli: in English the Cream or flower of Crystal.   

❀ The Nature.  
These herbs be salt, and therefore dry.    

Of Sophia/ or Flixeweede. Chap. lxxix.  

❀ The Description.  
SOphia or Flixweede, his leaves be much jagged, like to the leaves of Coliander, or Wormwood Roman. The stalks be round and hard like to the stalks of Rue, and bringeth forth at the top, small pale or bicake yellow flowers, and after them little long and tender cods or husks, in which is contained a small radish seed. The root is of a woodish substance, long and strait.   

❀ The Place.  
Sophia groweth alongst by ways, in untilled places, and specially where as there hath been in tunes past any buildings. And where as it hath been once sown, it cometh up yearly of his own accord.   

❀ The Time.  
This herb beginneth to flower in june, and continueth so flowering until September, & within this space the seed may be gathered.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is now called Sophia: in English Sophia, & Flixewort: in French Argentine: in high Douch Welsomen: in base Almaigne Fiecruyt and Root melizoen cruyt.  

Thalietrum.    

❀ The Nature.  
Sophia drieth without any sharpness, or manifest heat.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The seed of Flixeweede or Sophia drunken with wine or water of the Smiths forge, stoppeth the bloody flux, the lask, and all other issue of blood.  
Sophia bruised, or pound, and laid upon old ulcers, and sores, closeth & heals them up, and that because it drieth without acrimony or sharpness.    

Of Spooneworte. Cham lxxx.  

❧ The Description.  
SPooneworte, at the first his leaves be broad and thick, & somewhat hollow above like to a little Spoon, and somewhat crested about the edges, almost like the leaves of Roman sorrel, saving that they be not so soft and tender, nor so white, but hard and of a brown green 
Cochlearia.  colour. The stems also be somewhat crested, of the length of one's hand, or a foot long. The little flowers be white, and grow at the top of the stalks alongst the branches: when they are go, there followeth the small seed which is radish, and enclosed in little husks. The root is threedy.   

❀ The Place.  
Spooneworte groweth in many places of Holland, and Friesland, and the countries adjoining about ditches and in meadows. In Brabant they sow it in gardens.   

❧ The Time.  
Spooneworte floureth in April, May, and afterwards.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Holland, and Flaunders Lepelcruyt: in French Herb aux cuiliers: in English Spooneworte, and accordingly it is called in Latin Cochlearia: in high Dutch Leffelkraut.   

❀ The Nature.  
Spooneworte is hot & dry, & of a sharp & biting taste, almost like kresses.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Spooneworte boiled in water is a singular medicine, against the corrupt & rotten ulcers, and stench of the mouth, if it be often washed therewithal. This is also a singular remedy against the disease of the mouth called of Hipocrates Voluulus haematites, of Pliny Stomacace, and of Marcellus Oscedo, and of the Hollanders and Friselanders Scuerbuyck, against which evil it hath been lately proved to be very good, and is in great estimation and much used of the Hollanders and Friseans.  
It is in virtue like Telephium, wherefore if it be laid with vinegar upon the body, it taketh away the white and black spots, and Lentils or freckles.  
Also the herb alone pound, and only laid upon such spots and marks by the space of six hours, taketh them clean away, but yet those spots must be playstered afterwards with Barley meal.    

Of Mulleyne/ or Hygtaper. Chap. lxxxi.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be four sorts of Mulleyne, as Dioscorides writeth: whereof the two first are white Mulleyne, and of them one is Male, and the other female: The third is black Mulleyne: The fourth is wild Mulleyne.   

❀ The Description.  
THe white male Mulleyn (or rather Wolleyn) hath great, broad, long, white, soft, & wolly leaves, from the lowest part upward, even to the middle of the stem or somewhat higher: but the higher, the smaller are the leaves. From the leaves upward, even to the top of the stalk, it is thick set round about with pleasant yellow flowers, each flower parted into five small leaves, the whole top with his pleasant yellow flowers showeth like to a wax Candle or taper cunningly wrought. The root is long and single, of a woddy substance, and as thick as one's thumb.  
The other white Mulleyne called the female Mulleyn, hath white leaves frysed with a soft wool or Cotton, the stalks and root are like to the aforesaid, saving that the flowers be white, and parted into six little leaves.  
The third Mulleyn, which is also of the female kind, is like to the abovesaid in stalks, leaves, & flowers, saving that his leaves be larger, & his flowers are of a pale yellow colour, with small red threads in the middle, fasshioned almost like to a little Rose. The root is long and thick like the others.  
Verbascum album mas. White male Mulleyne.  
Verbascum album foemina albo floor. White female Mulleyne, with the white flower.  
The Black Mulleyn, hath great, black, rough leaves, of a strong savour, and not soft or gentle in handling. The flowers be yellow, in fashion like the others, but a great deal smaller, the stalk and root is like to the others.  
The wild Mulleyn, is very much like Sage, aswell in stalks as in leaves. It hath many square twigs and branches of woody substance, always two growing together out of a joint, standing directly one against an other.  
The leaves be soft and whitish, like to the leaves of Sage, but much greater and softer. The flowers grow at the top of the branches, and are of yellow colour.   

❀ The Place.  
The Mulleynes grow about the borders of fields, by the high way sides, and upon banks.  
The wild Mulleyn, is not common in this country, but we have seen it in the pleasant garden of james champaign, the dear friend and lover of plants.   

❀ The Time.  
The Mulleyns' do flower most commonly in july, August, and September, and the wild kind floureth again more later.   

❀ The Names.  
Mulleyn is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Verbascum, of Apuleius Lychnitis, and Pycnitis, and of some Candela regis, Candelaria, and Lunaria: in Shops Tapsus barbatus: in Italian Tassobarbasso: in English also Tapsus barbatus, 
Verbascum album foemina luteo floor. White female Mulleyne, with yellow flowers.  
Verbascum nigrum. Wild Mulleyne.  
Verbascum syluestre. Wild Mulleyne.  Mulleyne, or rather Wulleyn, Higtaper, Torches, and Longworte: in high Douch Wuulkraut, Kertzenkraut, Brenkraut, Himelkraut, Vnholdenkertz, and Kunningskertz: in base Almaigne Vollecruyt, Wollebladeren, and Tortsecruyt.   

❀ The Nature.  
The Mulleyns' be dry, without any manifest heat.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of white Mulleyne boiled in red wine, and drunken, stoppeth and heals the dangerous lask, and bloody flux.  
The same boiled in water & drunken, is good for them that are broken, & hurt inwardly, and against an old Cough of long continuance.  
The decoction of the root suageth tooth ache, & is good against the inflammations, and ulcers of the Aulmondes, or kernels of the throat, to be kept warm in the mouth, and the mouth to be washed and cleansed, by often gargeling of the same.  
He do read, that if dried figs be wrapped in the leaves of the white female Mulleyn, it shall preserve them a long time from corruption.  
The leaves of Mulleyne are also good against the hemorrhoids, when they be wiped and cleansed therewith, and it is good to wash the mouth with the decoction of the same.  
The black Mulleyn with his pleasant yellow flowers, boiled in water or wine, and drunken, is good against the diseases of the breast, and the lungs, and against all spitting of corrupt and rotten matter. The leaves of the same boiled with Rue do appease the pain of the side.  
The leaves of black Mulleyn boiled in water, are good to be laid upon cold swellings (called Oedema) and upon the ulcers and inflaminations of the eyes. The same leaves pound with honey and wine, do cure naughty and mortified ulcers: and with vinegar, it cureth the inflammation of wounds.  
The golden flowers of Mulleyn stiped in lie, causeth the hear to wax yellow, being washed therewithal.  
The seed of Mulleyne is good to drink (as says Pliny) against the bursting and falling out of joint of members, for it taketh away the swelling and suageth the pain.  
The wild Mulleyne stamped, is good to be laid upon burnings and scaldings made with fire or water and otherwise.  
Apuleius says, that Mercury gave Mulleyn to Ulysses, when he came near to the inchanteresse Circe, to the end that by the virtue of Mulleyn he might be preserved against all the enchantments or witching of Circe.    

Of Blattaria/ or moth Mulleyn. Chap. lxxxij.  

❀ The Description.  
THe leaves of this herb are green, smooth, long, jagged or snipt round about, and spread abroad upon the ground, somewhat like to the leaves of vervain, from the midst of those leaves do spring up two or three stems, bearing fair yellow flowers, (and sometimes also it beareth purple flowers,) so like to the flowers of Mulleyn in smell, fashion and quantity, that oftentimes (as witnesseth Pliny) this herb hath been gathered for wild Mulleyne. After the flowers, there arise small knoppes or bullets, in which the seed is contained, smaller than the seed of Mulleyn. The root is short and of woody substance.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth by way sides, in Vineyards, and certain fields, also about Rivers, and is seldom found in this country.  

Blattaria.    

❧ The Time.  
It floureth in june, and july.   

❀ The Names.  
Pliny calleth it in Latin Blattaria, & some call it Verbascum Leptophyllon: it maybe called in English Purple, or moth Mulleyn: it is called in French Herb aux mites, Herb vermineuse, and Blattaire: in high Douch Schabenkraut, & Goldtknopflin, and of some in base Almaigne Mottencruyt.   

❀ The Nature.  
As it may be well perceived by the bitter savour, the herb is hot & dry, almost in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
As concerning the virtues of this herb, we find none other thing written of it, saving that the Moths, and Bats do incontinently come to this herb, wheresoever it be strowen or laid.    

Of Petty Mulleyn/ or the kinds of Primroses. Chap. lxxxiij.  

❀ The kinds.  
Petty Mulleyn (which we call Cowslippe and Primrose) is of two sorts great and small. The great is also of two sorts, the one hath yellow sweet smelling flowers, the other hath pale flowers. The smaller sort which we call Primrose, is of divers kinds, as yellow and green, single and double.  

Verbasculum odoratum. Cowslippe.   

Verbasculum album. Oxelippe.    

❀ The Description.  
THe first kind of petty Mulleyn, hath white leaves, crumpled and wrinkled, somewhat like to the leaves of Bittayne, but whiter and greater, and not so snipt or indented about the edges, amongst the which there ariseth bore and naked stems, of the length of a man's hand, bearing at the top a bunch, or as it were a bundle, of nine or ten yellow flowers, of a good savour and hanging lopping downwards: after which flowers past, you shall find in the husks wherein they stood, little long bulleyns wherein the seed is contained. The root is white and of threedy strings.  
The Oxelip, or the small kind of white Mulleyn, is very like to the Cowslippe aforesaid, saving that his leaves be greater and larger, and his flowers be of a pale or faint yellow colour, almost white and without savour.  
The primrose, which is the very lest & smallest Mulleyn, hath small whitish, or yellowish green leaves in all parts like to the leaves of Oxelippe, amongst the which there rises up little fine hairy stems, each stem bearing but one, only flower like to the flowers of Oxelippe both in smell, colour, & proportion. The root is also small and threedy like the root of Oxelippe. Of this kind some be very fair and dubbell.  
There is yet an other sort which is very like the last recited kind in all parts, saving that it bringeth forth greenish flowers, of colour like to the leaves of the primrose herb or plant.   

❀ The Place.  
Cowslippes, Oxelippes, and Prymeroses, grow in low moist woods, standing in the pendant or hanging of hills and mountains, and in certain meadows. The white is common in this country, and so are all the rest, especially the green & double kinds which are planted in gardens.  

Verbasculum minus. primrose.    

❀ The Time.  
These herbs do flower in April, and sometimes also in March, & February.   

❀ The Names.  
The petty Mulleyns' are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Verbascula: in Shops Primulae veris, and Herbae paralysis, and of some Artheticae: in English Cowslippes, Primroses, & Oxelips: and double Cowslips, Primroses, and Oxelips: in high Douch Schlusselblumen: in Brabant Sluetelbloemen.  
The first kind is now called in Latin Herba S. Petri: in English Cowslips: in French of some Coquu, prime vere, & Brays de Coquu: in high Douch Himelschlussel, S. Peter'S kraut, geel Schlusselblumen, & wolrieckende Schusselblumen: in base Almaigne S. Peter'S cruyt, and welrieckende Sluetelbloemen.  
The second kind is called in Shops Primula veris, & Herba Paralysis: in English Oxelips: in high Douch wild Schlusselblumen, & weis Himelschuslel: in base Almaigne Witte Sluetelbloemen, and of some wit betony.  
The third kind is called in Latin Verbasculum minus: in Shops Primula veris minor: in English Primrose, and wood Primrose: in base Almaygne cleyn wit betony, or enkel Sluetelbloemen, and cleyn Sluetelbloemen.   

❀ The Nature.  
The small or petty Mulleyns', are dry in the third degree, without any manifest heat.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The petty Mulleyns', that is to say, the Cowslips, Primroses, & Oxelips, are now used daily amongst other pot herbs, but in Physic there is no great account made of them. They are good for the head & sinews, and have other good virtues, as Pena and Mattiolus writ.    

Of Aethiopis. Chap. lxxxiiij.  

❀ The Description.  
AEthiopis hath great broad woolly leaves, like to the leaves of Mulleyn, but rougher & better cottoned or frysed, and not so round by the edges, but more torn with deeper cuts in, about the borders, and roundly spread abroad upon the ground, amongst the which there springeth up a square rough & hairy stalk, dividing itself abroad into sundry branches, alongst that which round about certain joints, it bringeth forth many white flowers almost like to the flowers of dead nettle, but a great deal bigger. The root is long and thick like the root of Mulleyn.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth not in this country, but in the gardens of certain Herboristes.   

❀ The Time.  
Aethiopis floureth in May.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, & in Latin also Aethiopis, and other name than Aethiopis we know not.  

Aethiopis.    

❀ The Nature.  
Aethiopis is meanly hot and dry.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Aethiopis is good for those that have the pleurisy: and for such as have their breasts charged with corrupt and rotten matter: and for such as are grieved with the asperity and roughness in the throat: & also against the Sciatica, if one drink the decoction of the root thereof.  
For the said diseases of the breast, & lungs, it is good to lick oftentimes of a confection made with the root of this herb and honey.    

Of Sage of jerusalem. Chap. lxxxv.  

❀ The Description.  

Pulmonaria.   
SAge of jerusalem hath rough, hairy, & large, brown green leaves, sprinkled with divers white spots like drops of milk. Amongst the said leaves springeth up certain stalks of a span long, bearing at the top many fine flowers growing together in a bunch like Cowslip flowers, of colour at the first, red or purple, and sometimes blue: after the flowers it bringeth forth small buttons, wherein is the seed. The root is black, long and thick, with many threedy strings.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth in moist shadowy places, & is planted almost every where in gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth betimes, in March and April, and shortly after the seed is ripe.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called of the Apothecaries, and Herboristes of this country Pulmonaria & Pulmonalis, in Latin Pulmonis herba, that is to say Lungewurt, or the herb for the lungs: and of some it is called in Latin Symphitum Syluestre, which may be Englisshed wild Comfrey: the Picards call it Herb de cueur: we call it in English Sage of jerusalem, & Cowslip of jerusalem: in French Herb aux poulmons: in base Almaigne Onser urouwen melck cruyt, and Onser urouwen spin, that is to say, Our Lady's Milkeworte, because the leaves be full of white spots, as though they were sprinkled with milk. There is yet an other Lungeworte, whereof we shall writ in the third Book.   

❀ The Nature and Virtues.  
This herb hath no particular use in Physic, but it is much used in meats and Salads with eggs. as is also Cowslippes and Prymeroses, whereunto in temperature it is much like.    

Of vervain. Chap. lxxrvi.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be two kinds of vervain: the one called in Latin Verbena recta, that is to say, Upright or strait vervain: The other is called Verbena supina, that is to say, Low and base vervain, the which again is divided into two sorts, the male and female.   

❀ The Description.  
THe strait or upright Veruayne, hath upright and strait stems, of the height of a foot and more, full of branches: with small bluish flowers growing upon the same: The leaves be green, dented about, and in some places deeply cut or torn like an Oaken leaf. The root is short and hath many threedy strings.  
Verbeneca recta. Upright Veruayne.  
Hiera Botane mass. Flat vervain.  
Hiera Botane foemina. The female flat or low vervain.  
The flat or creeping vervain, hath tender, hairy and square stalks or branches of the length of a foot, or a foot & a half creeping by the ground, with roundish leaves, dent or snipt round about, like to Oaken leaves, or the leaves of Germander described in the xuj. Chapter of this book, but far smaller than Oaken leaves, & greater than the leaves of Germander: the flowers be fair and blue growing alongst the branches at the top. After which there cometh small flat cods or purses like the seed of Paul's Betony which we call Speed well. The root is thredy.  
The second kind of flat or creeping vervain, which is also the female low vervain, is very like to the aforesaid, so that (as Pliny in the nineteeen. Chap. of his twenty-five. book writeth). Some have made no difference betwixt the Male and Female, and to say the truth there is but small difference betwixt these two herbs: for the female is very well like to the male, aswell in stems, as in the leaves, flowers, and roots, saving that the stems of the female, are rounder: his leaves be somewhat smaller, and hath more store of branches coming up from the root. The flowers also grow thicker or nearer together than the flowers of the male flat vervain.   

❀ The Place.  
The first kind of vervain groweth in rude places, about hedges, walls, ways, streets and ditches. The second kind groweth in gardens, and low shadowy places, and of this fort the male is more common than the female.   

❀ The Time.  
The Veruaynes flower most commonly in july.   

❀ The Names.  
The first kind of vervain is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, & of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Verbeneca Columbina, Columbaris, Herba, sanguinalis, Crista gallinacea, Exupera, and of some Feria, or Ferraria, Trixago, Verbena recta, and Columbina recta: in Shops Verbena: in Italian Vermina tola, urgibaon y Macho. in English vervain, or Varueyn: in French Vervain: in high Douch Eisernkraut, Eisernhart, & Eisernrich: in base Almaigne Verbene, Ysercruyt, and Yserhert.  
The second kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: & at this time 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, of Pythagoras Erysisceptrum, and of some others Demetria: in Latin Sacra herba, Verbenaca supina, and Cincinalis, of Apuleius Licinia, Lustrago, Columbina supina, and Militaris: in Shops (very erroneously) it is called Chamedryos, or Chamedries: in English Base or flat vervain: in high Douch Erdtweirauch, and of some following the error of the Apothecaries Gamanderle, and Blawmenderle: in base Almaigne it may be called Near often cruypende Verbene, that is to say, in French Vervain basse, ouse trainant par terre.   

❀ The Nature.  
These two kinds of vervain, are of a drying power.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves of upright Veruayne, or the root alone, or both together boiled in water are very good for the sores and ulcers of the mouth and jaws, if the mouth be washed with the same Decoction.  
The Decoction of the herb or of his root, suageth tooth ache, & fasteneth lose teeth, to be often gargled withal or kept a good space within the mouth. The same drunken continually by the space of five days, cureth the grypings of the belly.  
Veruayne mingled with oil of Roses and vinegar, or boiled in oil & laid to the head after the manner of a plaster, cureth the head ache. The same virtue hath a garland or corone of vervain against head ache, to be worn upon the head, as Archigenes says.  
The leaves of vervain pound with swines grease or oil of Roses, doth mitigate & appease the pains of the Mother or Matrix to be applied thereto.  
The same pound with vinegar are good to be laid to S. Anthony's fire, and naughty scurvy and rotten sores: and stamped or pound with Honey, it heals green wounds, and closeth up old.  
The flat and base vervain is good against all venom and poison, against the bitings and stinging of Serpents, and other venomous beasts, to be drunken in wine, or laid upon the grief.  
The leaves thereof drunken in old wine, the weight of a dram and half, with as much Frankencens, by the space of forty days, fasting, cureth the jaundice.  
It is good to wash the mouth with the Decoction of the leaves and root thereof boiled in wine, against the fretting & festering sores of the mouth and jaws, or the almonds or kernels under the throat.  
The green leaves pound & laid too, taketh away the swelling & the pain of hot impostems and tumours, and cleanseth corrupt and rotten ulcers.  
Some writ that the water wherein this vervain hath been stiped, being cast or sprinkled about the hall or place whereas any feast or banquet is kept, maketh all the company both lusty and merry.  
And that a branch of three knots or joints of this herb is good to be drunken against a fever tertian, and a branch of four joints is good against a fever quartain.    

Of nettle. Chap. lxxxvij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be two kinds of Nettles. The one is the burning and stinging nettle. The other is the dead nettle which doth not burn, nor sting at all. And each of these kinds is of divers sorts. For of the hot and stinging nettle there be three kinds, that is to say, the Greek or Roman Nettles, and the great, the small, & the burning Nettles: whereas again they are divided into two kinds, to wit, the Male and the Female, so that the Roman nettle is the Male, and the other twain are the Female. The dead nettle shallbe described in the next Chapter.   

❀ The Description.  
THE Roman nettle hath round, rough, hollow, and hairy stalks. The leaves belong, rough, burning or stinging, & deeply natched, or dented about, betwixt the leaves & the stalk: it bringeth forth small round and rough buttons, or pellettes, full of brown, flat, & shiving seed, like unto lyneseede, but rounder & smaller.  
Vrtica syluestris. The wild nettle, or Roman nettle.  
Vrtica maior. The great common nettle.  
The small nettle is like to the Nettles aforesaid, but it is much smaller, not exceeding in length a foot, or a foot and a half. The stalks be round and rough, and the leaves belike to the other, saving they be smaller and greener: The seed is bigger and the root is shorter.   

❀ The Place.  
The Roman Nettles are found in some woods of this country, as the wood of Soignie, but not very commonly: it is also sown in the gardens of Herboristes'. The other kinds grow in all places, as by hedges, quick sets and walls.   

❀ The Time.  
nettle seed is ripe in August.   

❀ The Names.  
The nettle is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin & Shops Vrtica: in Italian Ortica: in Spanish Ortiga: in French Ortie.  
The first kind is now called Vrtica Romana, and Vrtica mas: in English, Greek or Roman nettle, or the male nettle: in French Ortie Griesche ou Roman: in high Douch Welsch nessel: in base Almaigne Roomsche Netelen.  
The second kind is called Vrtica communis, Vrtica foemina, and Vrtica maior: in English Great common nettle: in French Ortie: in high Douch Heyternesse: in base Almaigne groote Netelen.  
Vrtica minor. The small nettle.  
The smallest kind is called of Pliny Cania, and now Vrtica minor: in English the small nettle, and the small burning nettle: in French Petite Ortie, and Ortie brulante: in high Douch Brennessel, & Habernessel: in base Almaigne heat Netelen.   

❀ The Nature.  
The burning or stinging Nettles, are hot and dry & of thin substance.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The seed of Roman Nettell tempered or mingled with Honey, and oftentimes licked, cleanseth the breast from tough and slimy fleumes, & other corrupt and rotten humours. Also it is good for the shortness of breath, the troublesome and vehement cough that children be often vexed withal, the inflammation of the lungs, and the old pleurisy or long sought.  
The same drunken with sweet wine, doth stir up bodily pleasure, and is good against the blasting and windiness of the stomach.  
The seed of Roman Nettell, drunken with meed, the weight of a scruple, at night after supper, causeth one to vomit or cast up very easily.  
The leaves thereof boiled with Muscles and drunken, do soften the belly and provoke urine.  
The decoction of the leaves of all the kinds of Nettles, drunken with Myrrh provoketh the Menstrual flowers. And so doth nettle seed drunken with sweet wine.  
The juice of the leaves gargarised, helpeth much against the falling down of the Vuula and the inflammation of the same.  
The leaves of Nettles pound with salt, are good to be laid to the bitings of mad Dogs, virulent and malignant ulcers, as Cankers, and such like corrupt and stinking ulcers or sores, and upon all hard swellings, impostumes and botches behind the ears.  
The same mingled with oil and wax, and laid to the hardness of the Metle or Spleen, cureth the same.  
The same pound and laid to the Nose and forehead, stoppeth the bleeding of the nose, and put into the nose, causeth the same to bleed.  
nettle leaves pound with Myrrh, and reduced to the order of a pessary (which is a mother suppository) and put into the Matrix, provoketh the flowers.    

Of Archangel/ or Dead nettle. Chap. lxxxviij.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be two kinds of Dead nettle. The one which, savoureth or smelleth but little, the other which hath a strong & stinking savour, otherwise there is but small difference betwixt the one & the other: and the first kind of these herbs is of three sorts, the one with white flowers, the second with yellow flowers, and the third with reddissh flowers. Also the second kind is of two sorts, and differeth but only in the colour of the flower.   

❧ The Description.  
The first kind of Dead nettles, is not much unlike the stinging or burning Nettles, his leaves belong and dented round about like to the other nettle leaves, saving they be whiter, and they sting not. The stalk is square, round about the which groweth, white, yellow, or read flowers, betwixt the leaves and the stem, fasshioned like to a hood, or open helmet. The root hath threedy strings.  
The second kind, which is the stinking Dead nettle, is like to the other, & like the common nettle, saving that his leaves be smaller, & somewhat rounder. All the herb is of a very evil, & strong stinking savour. The flowers of one kind are pale, and the flowers of the other kind are of a brown red colour, smaller than the flowers of the first Dead nettle.   

❀ The Place.  
Dead nettle groweth every where about hedges, quick sets and ways, and also in gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
The Dead nettle floureth the most part of all the Summer, from May forward.   

❀ The Names.  
Pliny calleth the Dead nettle in Latin 
Lamium. Dead nettle or Archangel.  Lamium, and Anonium, or Aononium, at this present it is called Vrtica iners, or Vrtica mortua: in Italian Ortica morte, and Ortica faetida: in Spanish Ortiga muerta: in English Dead nettle, Blind nettle, and Archangel: in French Ortie morte: in high Douch Todtnessel & Taubnessel: in base Almaigne dove, and Doode Netelen.   

❀ The Nature.  
The dead nettle is of temperament, like to the other Nettles.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Dead nettle pound or bruised with salt, doth dissolve and cure hard wens, botches, and impostems, being laid thereupon: and in virtue is very like the other nettles.    

Of Motherwort. Chap. lxxxix.  

❀ The Description.  
Motherwort hath square brown stalks, the leaves be of swart green colour, large and deeply gayssht or cut, almost like to nettle, or Whorehound leaves, but a great deal larger, blacker, and more deeply cut, somewhat approaching towards the proportion of the Oak leaves. The flowers grow like garlands or Cronets round about the stalk, like the flowers of Whorehound, of purple colour, not much differing from the flowers of Dead nettle, saving they be smaller: after the flowers cometh the seed, which is small & brown, contained in little prickly husks. The root is small, & divided into many small threedy parts.   

❀ The Place.  
It delighteth to grow in rough, untilled, & uneven places, about old walls & ways.   

❀ The Time.  
Motherwort floureth in june, july, and August, within which time, the seed is also ripe.  

Cardiaca.    

❀ The Names.  
This herb is now called in Latin of such as have pleasure in herbs Cardiaca: in English Motherwort: in French Agripaulme: in high Douch Hertszgspan, and Hertszgsper: in base Almaigne Hertzgespan.  
This is a kind, of the three herbs, which are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Sideritides, & of some Heracleae. And it is the first kind of the said herbs. Therefore it may be well called in Latin Sideritis prima. Whereof we shall writ again in our second Book in the Chapter of Horehound.  
The herb which Matthiolus setteth forth for the Sideritis prima, is a kind of Horchounde, and is called in this country Marrubium palustre, that is to say, Marish or water Whorehound.   

❀ The Nature.  
Motherwort is of a temperate heat, and yet not without bitterness: and therefore it is also abstersive or cleansing.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Motherwort bruised and laid upon wounds, keepeth them both from inflammation and apostumation or swelling: it stoppeth the blood, and doth close, cure, and heal the same.    

Of Bugle/ and Prunell. Chap. xc.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be two kinds of Prunell. The first is called Bugle. And the second retaineth still the name of Prunell.  

Bugula. Bugle.   

Prunella. Prunell.    

❀ The Description.  
BVgle spreadeth & creepeth alongst the ground, like to Monyworte, or Herb twopences: it hath somewhat long leaves, and broad afore, or at the top, soft, wrinkled and blackish: his stalks be small & tender, creeping alongst the ground, & taking holdfast in certain places here and there: and from them again spring other square & strait stems of a span long, bringing forth bright flowers, amongst certain little leaves, compassing the stem about, of colour most commonly blue, and in some plants white as snow. The roots are threedy and tender.  
Prunell hath square hairy stalks of a span long or more. The leaves be somewhat long, hairy, and sharp pointed. The flowers grow at the top of the stalks thick set together, like to an ear or spikie knap, of a brown colour and mixed with blue, and sometimes also very white. The root is small and very threedy.   

❀ The Place.  
They grow both in certain Meadows, pastures, & woods. Also Bugle is much planted in gardens.   

❧ The Time.  
Bugle floureth in April. And Prunell oftentimes all the summer until july.   

❀ The Names.  
The first kind of these herbs is now called Consolida, & Solidago, & for a difference from other herbs, which be also called by the same name, it is called Consolida media: in English Middle Consounde, or Middle Comfery, and Bugle: in French Consoulde moyenne, and Bugle: in high Douch Gunzel, and gulled Gunzel: in the Shops of this country, they call it Bugula, and in base Almaigne, Senegroen.  
The second kind is also called Consolida media, but most commonly Prunella, or Brunella: in English Prunell, Carpenter's herb, Self heal, & Hooke heal: in French Prunelle, and some do also call it Herb au Charpentier, some call it Oingtereule: in high Douch Brunellen, and Gottheyl: in Brabant, Bruynelle.   

❀ The Nature.  
These two herbs be dry: moreover Bugle is hot, and Prunell temperate betwixt heat and cold, or very little cold.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The decoction of Bugle drunken, dissolveth clotted & congealed blood within the body, it doth heal and make sound all wounds of the body, both inward and outward.  
The same openeth the stoppings of the Liver and Gaul, and is good to be drunken against the jaundice, and Fevers that be of long continuance.  
The same decoction of Bugle, cureth the rotten ulcers, & sores of the mouth and gums, when they be washed therewithal.  
Bugle green & fresh gathered, is good to be laid upon wounds, galls, or scratches: for it cureth them, & maketh them whole & sound. And so doth the powder of the same herb dried, to be cast and strowen upon the wound.  
The juice of Bugles cureth the sores & ulcers of the secret or privy parts, being often dropped in, and so doth the herb bruised and laid upon.  
The decoction of Prunell made with wine or water doth join together and make whole and sound all wounds both inward and outward as Bugle doth.  
It is good to wash the mouth often with the decoction of Prunell, against the ulcers of the mouth, and it is also a sovereign remedy against that disease which the Brabanders do name (den Bruynen) that is, when the tongue is inflamed and waxeth black and is much swollen, so that the general remedies have go before.  
Prunell bruised with oil of Roses and vinegar, and laid to the forepart of the head, suageth and cureth the aching of the same.    

Of Auens/ or Sanamunda. Chap. xci.  

❧ The Description.  
THe leaves of Sanamunda, Auens, or Herb Bennet, are rough, blackish, and much cloven or deeply cut, somewhat like to the leaves of agrimony. The stalk is round and hairy of the length of a foot and half, dividing itself at the top into other branches, which bringeth forth yellow flowers, like to the flowers of Crowfoote, Goldcup, or Goldknap, & afterward little round rough heads or knoppes, set full of seed, the which being ripe will cleave or hung fast unto garments. The root is short and radish within, with yellow threedy strings, and smelleth somewhat like Cloves, especially if it be gathered in March.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth wild in woods, and by hedges and quicksettes, it is also planted in gardens, but that which groweth wild is the greater, and his flowers be yellower than the other.   

❧ The Time.  
It floureth in May and june.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is now called in Latin Garyophyllata, by cause his root smelleth like Cloves, and of some Sanamunda, Benedicta, and Nardus rustica: in English Auens, herb Bennet, and of some Sanamunda: in French Benoitte: in high Douch Benedictenwurtz: in Brabant Gariophyllate.   

❀ The Nature.  
Herb Bennet or Auens, is hot & dry in the second degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The decoction of Auens made with water, or with wine and water together and drunken, resolveth congealed and clotted blood, & cureth all inward wounds and hurts. And the same decoction cureth outward wounds if they be washed therewithal.  
Garyophyllata.  
The decoction made of the root of herb Bennet in wine, & drunken, comforteth the stomach & causeth good digestion: it openeth the stoppings of the liver, and cleanseth the breast, and purgeth it from gross and Phlegmatic humours.  
The root dried and taken with wine is good against poison, & against the pain of the guts or bowels, which we call the Colique.    

Of Pyrola. Chap. xcij  

❀ The Description.  
PYrola hath nine or ten green, tender leaves, not much unlike the leaves of beat, saving they be a great deal smaller, amongst the which cometh up a stalk set with pleasant little white flowers, much like to the sweet smelling flowers of lily Conuall or May lilies. The root is small & tender, creeping here and there.   

❀ The Place.  
Pyrola groweth in shadowy places, and moist woods.   

❀ The Time.  
Pyrola is to be found in winter and summer, but it floureth in june and july.  

Pyrola.    

❀ The Names.  
Pyrola is called in Shops Pyrola: in high Douch Wintergrun, Holtzmangolt, Waldmangoldt: in base Almaigne Wintergruen: in English also Pyrola, and Wintergreene: in French Bete de prez, and Pyrole.   

❀ The Nature.  
Pyrola is dry in the third degree, and cold in the second.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves of Pyrola, alone by themselves, or with other healing herbs, is good to heal wounds, and boiled in wine and drunken, they heal both inward and outward wounds, fistulas, and maliguant ulcers.  
Green Pyrole is also good to be laid upon wounds, ulcers, & burnings: and so is the powder thereof to be strewed upon, and it is good to be mixed with ointments and plasters, serving for the purposes aforesaid.    

Of Serpent's tongue/ or Adder's tongue. Chap. xciij.  

❀ The Description.  
Adder's tongue is an herb of a marvelous strange nature, it bringeth forth but one leaf of the length of one's finger, in which groweth a little stem, bearing a little long, narrow, tongue, like to a Serpent, or (as my Author says) like to the tongue of a Serpent.   

❀ The Place.  
Adder's tongue is found in this country, in certain moist and fruitful meadows.   

❀ The Time.  
This leaf is found with his little tongue, in April and May: the whole herb vanissheth away in june.   

❀ The Names.  
Pliny (as some learned men judge) calleth this herb Lingua, Linguace, and Lingulace: it is now called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Lingua serpentis, & in some country's Lancea Christi: and in other places Lucciola: in English, Adder's tongue, & Serpent's tongue: in French Langue de serpent: in high Douch Naterzunglin: in Brabant, Onhis Heeren speer cruyt, and Natertonghesken.   

❀ The Nature.  
Adder's tongue is dry in the third degree, and of Nature very like Pyrola.  

Ophioglosson.    

❧ The Virtues.  
Adder's tongue is also good & very singular to heal wounds, both inward and outward, it is also good against burstings or Ruptures, to be prepared, & taken in like sort as Pyrola.  
The Decoction of the same made with water and drunken, is good against hot fevers, the inflammations of the liver, and against all inward and outward heats.  
The same incorporated or mingled with swines grease, is good against burning and spreading sores or the disease called the wild fire, also against burnings, and all hot tumours and impostems.    

Of Zunaria. Chap. xciiij.  

❧ The Description.  
THe small Lunary also, bringeth forth but one leaf, jagged & cut on both sides into five or six deep cuts or notches, not much unlike the leaves of the right Scolopendria, but it is longer, larger, and greener. Upon the said leaf groweth a stem of a span long, bearing at the top many small seeds clustering together like grapes. The root is of threedy strings.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth upon high dry and grasie mountains or hills, by dales & heaths.   

❀ The Time.  
The small Lunary is found in May and june, but afterward it vanisheth away.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is now called in Latin Lunaria, & Lunaria minor, of some in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in English Lunary, or Moonewort: in French Petite Lunaire: in high Douch Monkraut, and klein Monkraut: in base Almaigne Maencruyt, & cleyn Maencruyt. The people of Savoy, do call it Tore, or Taure.   

❀ The Nature.  
It is cold & dry of temperature, very like to Pyrola, and Adder's tongue.  

Lunaria minor.    

❧ The Virtues.  
This herb is also very good & singular to heal wounds, of virtue & faculty like to Pyrola, & Serpent's tongue, very convenient for all such griefs as they do serve unto: the Alchimistes also do make great account of this herb about their Science.    

Of Thorough wax/ or Thorowleafe. Chap. xcv.  

❀ The Description.  
THorowleafe hath a round slender stalk full of branches, the branches passing, or going thorough the leaves, as if they had been drawn through the leaves, which be round, bore, & tender, at the top of the branches grow the flowers, as it were crowns amongst small & little leaves, of a pale or faint yellow colour, the which do afterwards change into a brown seed. The root is single, white & somewhat threddy.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth in many places of Germany and England, in the Corn fields amongst the wheat & rye. They do also plant it in gardens.  

Perfoliatum.    

❧ The Time.  
It floureth in july and August.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is now called in Latin Perfoliatum, and Perfoliata: in English Thorowwaxe, and Thorowleafe: in French Persefueille: in high Douch Durchwachsz: in base Almaigne Duerwas. It is very doubtful, whether this be Cacalia of Dioscorides.   

❀ The Nature.  
Thorowwaxe is of a dry complexion.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The decoction of Thorowwaxe boiled in water or wine, heals wounds: and so doth the green leaves bruised and laid thereupon.  
Thorowwaxe mingled with wax, or with some oil or ointment, fit to cure wounds, heals burstings or Harms of young Children, being laid thereupon.  
The same herb when it is yet green, bruised and pound with meal and wine, and laid upon the Navels of young Children, keepeth up the bowels, drawing them into their natural place, and settleth them that fall too much down, and flaketh the same when they are blasted up and swollen. And so doth the seed also made into powder, and laid too after the like manner.    

Of Burnet/ or pimpernel. Chap. xcvi.  

❀ The kinds.  
pimpernel is of two sorts, the great and wild: and the small garden pimpernel.  

Pimpinella maior. Wild Burnet. Sideritis altera.   

Pimpinella minor. Garden Burnet.    

❀ The Description.  
THe great wild pimpernel or Burnet, hath long round stems, two or three foot high, upon the which groweth leaves, somewhat long, dented round about, and tied by long stems, ten or twelve leaves growing by a stem, standing displayed directly one against an other like unto wings. At the top of the stalks are round knops or heads, compact together as it were of small purls or buttons, the which at their opening bring forth small flowers of a brown red colour: after them cometh a triangled seed. The root is long and thick.  
The small or garden pimpernel, is very much like unto the wild, but it is in all points smaller, and of savour and smell more amiable, or pleasant. It hath soft and tender stalks of a foot high or somewhat more, set with a soft and fine hear or Cotton. The leaves be like unto the other, saving they be a great deal smaller, green above, and bluish underneath. The flowers be not so brown, but of an incarnate or lively red, with small yellow threads, hanging forth of the midst of them. The root is like to the other, but a great deal smaller.   

❀ The Place.  
The wild or great pimpernel, groweth in dry meadows, & there is store of it found growing about Viluorde. The small pimpernel is commonly planted in the gardens of this country.   

❀ The Time.  
They do both flower in june, and sometimes sooner, and oftentimes until August.   

❀ The Names.  
pimpernel is now called in Latin Pimpinella, Bipennula, Pampinula, and of some Sanguisorba, & Solbastrella: in Spanish Frexinna: in English Burnet, and pimpernel: in high Douch Kolbleskraut, Hergotsbartlin, Blutkraut, and Megelkraut: in base Almaigne Pimpinelle. This herb seemeth to be very well like to Sideritis altera of Dioscorides.   

❀ The Nature.  
pimpernel is dry in the third degree, and cold in the second, & astringent.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The decoction of pimpernel drunken cureth the bloody flux, the spitting of blood, the pissing of blood, and the natural issue of women, and all other flux of blood. The herb and the seed made into powder, and drunk with wine or water, wherein Iron hath been often quenched, doth the like, and so doth the herb alone being but only held in a man's hand, as some have written.  
The green leaves bruised and laid upon wounds, keep them from inflammation and apostumation. Moreover they are good to be laid upon phlegmons, which are hot tumours, swellings, and ulcers.  
pimpernel also is very good to heal wounds, and is received in drinks that be made for wounds, to put away inflammation, and to staunch bleeding to much.  
The leaves of pimpernel stiped in wine and drunken, doth comfort & rejoice the heart, and are good against the trembling and shaking of the same.    

Of Sanicle/ or Sanikell. Chap. xcvij  

❧ The Description.  
SAnicle hath brown, green, plain, shining, and roundish leaves, parted into five parts with deep cuts, like unto vine leaves, (or rather like Maple leaves) amongst which there springe up two stems, of the height of a foot, bearing many small round buttons at the top, full of little white flowers, which do turn into small rough burrs, which is the seed. The root hath threedy strings, and is black without, & white within.   

❀ The Place.  
Sanicle is found in moist woods, and stony banks, in hilly or mountain countries Northerly.   

❀ The Time.  
Sanicle floureth in May and june.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is now called in Latin Sanicula, & of some Diapensia: in English Sanicle: in French Sanicle: in high Douch Sanicle. This is none of the kinds of Sinckfoyle or Pentaphillon, as some would have it.   

❀ The Nature.  
Sanicle is dry in the third degree, & astringent.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The juice of Sanicle drunken, doth make whole & sound all inward, and outward wounds and hurts, so that (as Ruellius writeth) it is a common saying in France, Celuy qui Sanicle à, De Mire affair il n'a. That is to say, who so hath Sanicle needeth no Surgeon.  
Sanicula.  
Sanicle boiled in water or wine, and drunken, stoppeth the spitting of blood, & the bloody flux, and cureth the ulcerations and hurts of the kidneys.  
The same taken in like manner, or the juice thereof drunken, cureth burstings, especially when the herb is also laid upon the grief, either bruised or boiled.  
The leaves thereof, & the root boiled in water & honey and drunken, heals the perished lungs, and all malignant ulcers, & rotten sores of the mouth, gums and throat, if the mouth be washed or gatgled therewithal.    

Of Lady's mantel/ or great Sanicle. Chap. xcviij.  

❀ The Description.  
THis herb hath large round leaves, with five or six corners, finely dented round about, the which at their first coming up out of the ground, are folden together or as it were playted. 
Alchimilla.  Among them groweth small round stems half a foot long, set here and there with little leaves, and bringeth forth at the top small flowers, clustering thick together, of a yellowish green colour, with a small yellow seed, no greater than Purslane or Poppy seed, enclosed in small green husks. The root is thick, as long as one's fingar, brown without, and hath threedy strings.   

❀ The Place.  
Great Sanicle or Ladies mantel, groweth in some places of this country, as in certain meadows, in the hanging of Hills, whereas the soil is of potter's clay, fat and red.   

❧ The Time.  
This herb floureth in May, and june.   

❀ The Names.  
The latter writers do call this herb in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Achimilla, Alchimilla Stellaria, Planta leonis, Pes leonis, & of some in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, howbeit this is not the right Leontopodium whereof Dioscorides writeth: in English Ladies mantel, great Sanicle, and Padelion: in French Pied de Lion: in high Douch Synnan, Lewentapen, Lewenfusz, Vnser frauwen mantel, & grosz Sanickel: in base Almaigne following the high Almains Synnaw, Onser urouwen mantle, and groote Sanikel.   

❀ The Nature.  
It is dry like Sanicle, but colder.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Lady's mantel is much like to Sanicle in faculty, and serveth for all diseases whereunto Sanicle is good. Moreover it taketh away the pain & heat of all wounds inflamed, ulcers, and Phlegmons being applied thereto.  
The same pound & laid upon the Paps or Dugs of wives or maidens, maketh them hard and firm.    

Of Sarrasins Consounde. Chap. xcix.  

❀ The Description.  
Sarrasines' Consounde, hath a round brown, red, hollow stalk, three or four cubits high as Pena writeth, all alongst the which from the lowest part even up to the hard top, there grow long narrow leaves like to Wythie, or Peach leaves: dented round about with small denticles. At the top of the stalks grow bleak or pale yellow flowers, the which being ripe, are carried away with the wind. The root is very threedy.   

❀ The Place.  
Sarrasines' Consounde groweth in shadowy woods, and especially there whereas it is somewhat moist.   

❀ The Time.  
This herb is found with his flowers most commonly in August.  

Solidago Sarracenica.    

❀ The Names.  
This herb is now called in Latin Solidago Sarracenica, & Consolida Sarracenica, of some Herba fortis: in English Sarrasines Consounde, or Sarrasines Comfery: in French Consoulde Sarrasine: in high Douch Heidnisch wundkraut: in base Almaigne Heydensch wondtcruyt.   

❀ The Nature.  
Sarrasines' Consounde is almost dry in the third degree, and not without heat, in taste bitter and astringent.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Sarrasines' Consounde heals all sorts of wounds and ulcers, both inward and outward, to be ministered in the same manner as the other Consolidative or healing herbs are, whether it be given in drink, or applied outwardly with ointments, oils, or emplasters.  
The same boiled in water and drunken, doth restrain and stay the wasting liver, and taketh away the oppillation and stopping of the same, & of the bladder and gall, and is good against the jaundice, & fevers of long continuance, and for such as are falling into a dropsy.  
The decoction of the same is good to be gargled against the ulcers, and stinking of the mouth, and against the ulceration of the gums, and throat.    

Of Golden rod. Chap. c.  

❧ The Description.  
GOlden rod at the first hath long broad leaves, spread abroad upon the ground, amongst the which springeth up a radish or brown stalk of the length of a foot and half, with leaves like to the first, but smaller, it spreadeth itself at the top into divers small branches, charged or laden, with small yellow flowers, the which also when they are ripe, are carried away with the wind, like to the flowers of Sarrasines Consounde. The root is brown and hath threedy strings.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth in woods, upon mountains, and in fruitful soil.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth most commonly in August.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is now called in Latin Virga aurea, that is to say, Golden rod: in French Verge d'or: in base Almaigne Golden roede: and we know not as yet whether it hath any other name.   

❀ The Nature.  
The taste of this herb is very like to Sarrasines' Consounde, and therefore it is of like nature.  

Virga aurea.    

❀ The Virtue and Operation.  
Golden rod is also an herb apt to heal wounds, and hath the same virtues which Sarrasines Consounde hath, and may be used in all diseases for the which the said Consounde is good.  
The same boiled in wine and drunken, is very good against the stone namely in the reins. For it breaketh the same, and maketh it to descend with the water or urine: and so doth also the water of this herb distilled with wine, and drunken by some space of time, as writeth Arnoldus de Villa Nova.    

Of water Sengreene and Knights yerrow/ or Woundworte. Chap. cj  

❀ The Kinds.  
Under the title of Stratiotes, that is to say, Knights woundworte, or Water yearrow, Dioscorides describeth two herbs, well known in this country. The one called Crabs claw: The other water millfoil or Yearrow.  

Sedum aquatile. Water Sengreene.   

Stratiotes potamios. Knight's woundeworte.    

❀ The Description.  
THe first which is called Knights Woundworte, or water Sengreene, is a water herb which fleeteth upon the water, not much unlike the great Sengreene, before that he bringeth forth his stalk, but that it is greater. The leaves be narrow of half a foot long, having upon each side sharp teeth and prickly points or indented Corners, like to Bitter Aloes, or Sea aygreene, but much smaller, narrower and shorter. The flowers are upon short stems, and grow forth by the sides of the leaves, and are white and divided into three, with a certain throm or hairy yellow in the middle, and grow out of a cloven husk like to a Crabs Claw. It hath none other root saving a very short stem, broad and thick above, and very small and tender underneath, from whence springe up the leaves: by the said short stem underneath the leaves, grow long threads (like to very fine and small lutestrings) here and there stretching themselves even to the bottom of the water, by the which it taketh hold and draweth sustenance from the ground. Certain deceitful and naughty Rogues that would be taken for cunning Physicians, with their Treacles, Scammony, and Plasters, do gather of the fine strings and hairy roots aforesaid, and put them into Phiols or Glasses full of water, and set them openly in their shop windows or standings, to be seen of the people, whereby they make the people to believe, that that they be worms, which they have caused men to avoid with their powders, Sugar and Ointments.  
The second kind called Knights millfoil (because of the great multitude and number of leaves) hath long, small, and narrow leaves, deeply cut in upon both sides, like to the wing feathers of some small birds. For as the feathers of birds have as it were a stem, or a certain rib in the middle, from whence there grow out upon each side long narrow bars, plumes or fine hears: even so in like manner, these small leaves, have also a rib or sinew in the middle, from whence there grow out upon both sides small and narrow leaves, every leaf like to the hairy bars or plumes of such small feathers. Among the said leaves groweth up a stalk or stem of a span long bearing leaves like to the aforesaid, and at the top a fair tuft, bush, or nosegay of many small yellow flowers like the common Yearrow or millfoil. The root is tender and threedy.   

❀ The Place.  
The first kind groweth in this country in ponds and pools, & is found in divers ditches that are near to the Rivers of Eschauld and Deal, in the country of Brabant.  
The other groweth in very good and rank meadows, but a man shall find it very seldom.   

❀ The Time.  
Water Sengreene floureth in May. The other in August.   

❀ The Names.  
The first is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Militaris: and it may be well called Sedum aquatile: in English Knights wort, Knight's woundeworte, or knights water woundworte, Knight's Pondeworte, and of some Knight's water Sengreene: in base Almaigne Crabbenclaw, and after the Greek, Ruyters cruyt, or water Ruyters cruyt.  
The second is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Militaris millefolia: in English Knights millfoil: soldiers Yerrow, and yellow knighten Yerrow: in French Herb militaire à millefueilles, and Millefueille iaulne: in base Almaigne Geel Geruwe.   

❀ The Nature.  
Knight's woundeworte of the water is cold and dry: The other with the thousand leaves, called Knighten Mylfoile, is dry and somewhat astringent.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The first Knight's wort boiled in water and drunken, stoppeth the pissing of blood, and cureth the wounds and ulcers of the kidneys, and the use of it is good against all inward wounds.  
The leaves thereof pound, and laid upon green wounds, keepeth them from inflammation and apostumation or swelling.  
The same laid too with vinegar, cureth the wild fire, or S. Anthony's fire, with other hot tumours, as Phlegmons, etc.  
The yellow Knight's wort, or Soldiers millfoil, is singular good against all kind of old and new ulcers: it cureth Fistulas, it stauncheth blood, it soudereth, bringeth together, and cureth wounds, whether it be pound or bruised and so laid upon, or mixed with oils, ointments, and emplaysters that are made for such purposes.    

Of Yarrow/ or common millfoil. Chap. cij.  

❧ The Description.  
millfoil hath round hollow stalks of a foot and half long: the leaves be long and very fine, and deeply jagged upon both sides, even hard unto the middle rib or sinew, very well like to the smallest leaves of Coriander or Southrenwood. The flowers grow in fair round tuffets or bushes at the top of the stalk, and are most commonly all white, sometimes also in this country of a purplish colour, and as Dioscorides writeth, sometimes all yellow, the which as yet hath not been seen in this country. The root is black and threedy.   

❀ The Place.  
millfoil groweth plentifully in this country, about paths, high ways, and the borders of fields.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth from june to September.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Achillea, and Achillea sideritis, of Apuleius Myriophyllon, Myriomorphos, Chiliophyllon, Stratioticon, Heracleon, Chrysitis, Supercilium Veneris, Acron syluaticum, Militaris, and of some Diodela: in Shops at this present Millefolium: in Italian Millefoglio: in Spanish Yerua Milloyas: in English also millfoil, Yerrow, and Nose bleed: in French Millefueille: in high Douch, Garben, Schaffgrasz, Schaffrip, and Tausenblaet: in base Almaigne, Geruwe.  
Achillea.  
Some count Achillea, to be that kind of tansy, which we before in the tenth Chapter of this present book have named the small white tansy, as it is there declared.   

❀ The occasion of the Name.  
This herb had his name Achillea, of the noble and valiant knight Achilles, whose valiant acts & noble History were described by Homer. The said Achilles used this herb very much, and it was first taught him by the Centaur Chiron. With this herb Achilles cured the wounds and sores of Telephus the son of Hercules.   

❀ The Nature.  
millfoil is very dry and astringent.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The Decoction of millfoil drunken doth cure and stop the bloody flux, and all other lasks.  
The same drunken stoppeth all fluxes, but especially the red flux in women that floweth to abundantly. It worketh the same effect being applied to the secret parts, or if one sit or bathe in the decoction thereof.  
The same bruised and laid upon wounds stoppeth the blood, and keepeth the same from inflammation and swelling, and cureth the same.    

Of Comfrey. Chap. ciij  

❀ The Description.  
COmfrey hath rough hairy stalks, and long rough leaves, much like the leaves of common bugloss, but much greater and blacker. The flowers be round and hollow like little bells, most commonly white, and sometimes radish. The root is black without and white within, very clammy or slimy to touch.   

❀ The Place.  
Comfrey groweth alongst by ditches, and in moist places.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth in june and july.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Symphytum magnum, & Solidago: in Shops Consolida maior: in Italian Consolida maggiore: in Spanish Suelda mayor, Consuelda mayor: in English Comfrey, and comfery: in French Consyre: in high Douch Walwurtz, grosz Beinwel: in base Almaigne Waelwortel.   

❀ The Nature.  
Comfrey is hot and dry in the second degree.  

Symphytum magnum.    

❀ The Virtues.  
The roots of Comfrey pound and drunken, are good for them that spit blood, and heals all inward wounds, and burstings.  
The same also being bruised and laid to in manner of a plaster, do heal all green and fresh wounds: and are so glutinative, that if it be sodde with chopped or minsed meat, it will rejoin and bring it all together again into one mass or lump.  
The roots of comfery boiled and drunken, do cleanse the breast from flegmes, and cureth the grieffes or hurts of the Lungs. They have the like virtue, being mengled with sugar, syropes, or Honey, to be often taken into the mouth or licked.  
The same with the leaves of Grounswell, are good to be laid upon all hot tumours or inflammations, especially to the inflammations of the fundament or siege.  
The same also are good to be pound, & laid upon burstings or ruptures.  
¶ The end of the first part of Dodonęus Herbal.     

❧ The second part of the History of plants/ entreating of the differences/ proportions/ names/ properties, and virtues, of pleasant and sweet smelling flowers, herbs and seeds, and such like. Written by that famous D. Rembertus Dodoneus now Physician to the Emperor.  

Of March Violets. Chap. i  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be two sorts of Violets: the garden and the wild Violet. The Garden violets are of a fair dark or shining deep blue colour, and a very pleasant and amiable smell. The wild Violets are without savour, and of a faint blue or pale colour.   

❀ The Description.  
The sweet Garden or March violet, creepeth alongst the ground like the Strawberry plant, fastening itself and taking root in divers places: his leaves be round and blackish like to ivy leaves, saving they be smaller, rounder, and tenderer: amongst the which leaves there springeth up fair & pleasant flowers of a dark blue colour, each flower growing alone by himself, upon a little small and tender stem. The flowers are divided into five small leaves, whereof the middle of the flowers, with the tips or pointed ends of the leaves are speckled or spotted with a certain radish yellow. After the flowers there appeareth round bullets, or husks full of seed, the which being ripe do open and divide themselves into three parts, the root is tender & of threddish strings.  
Viola Nigra. The black, or purple Violet.  
Of this sort, there is an other kind planted in gardens, whose flowers are very double, and full of leaves.  
There is also a third kind, bearing flowers as white as snow.  
And also a fourth kind (but not very common) whose flowers be of a dark Crimson, or old radish purple colour, in all other points like to the first, as in his leaves, seed, and growing.  
The wild is like to the garden Violet, but that his leaves are far smaller, his flowers are somewhat greater, but much paler, yea sometimes almost white, and without savour.   

❧ The Place.  
The sweet garden Violet, groweth under hedges, and about the borders of fields and pastures, in good ground and fertile soil, and it is also set and planted in gardens. The wild kind which is without smell, groweth in the borders of dry, lean, and barren fields.  
The garden violet floureth in March and April. The wild also doth flower in April, and afterwards.   

❀ The Names.  
The sweet Violet is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Viola nigra, Viola purpurea: & of Virgil Vaccinium: in Shops Viola: in English Violets, the garden Violet, the sweet Violet, and the March violet: in Italian Viola porporea, and Viola mammola: in Spanish Violetas: in French Violet de Mars, ou de quaresme: in high Douch Blauw veiel, or Mertzen violen: in base Almaigne Violetten: the Violet plant or herb is called in Shops Violaria, and Mater violarum.   

❀ The cause of the Greek name.  
The sweet Violet (as the Emperor Constantine writeth) was called in Greek jon, after the name of that sweet guirle or pleasant damosel Io, which jupiter, after that he had got her with child, turned her into a trim Heaffer or gallant Cow, because that his wife juno (being both an angry and jealous Goddess) should not suspect that he loved jon. In the honour of which his Io, as also for her more delicate and wholesome feeding, the earth at the commandment of jupiter brought forth violets, the which after the name of his well-beloved Io, he called in Greek Ion: and therefore they are also called in Latin, as some do write, Violae, quasi vitulae & Vaccinia. Nicander writeth, that the name of jon was given unto Violettes, because of the Nymphs of jonia, who first of all presented jupiter with these kinds of flowers.   

❀ The Nature or Temperament.  
Violets are cold in the first degree, and moist in the second.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The Decoction of Violets is good against hot fevers, and the inflammation of the Liver, and all other inward parts, driving forth by siege the hot and choleric humours. The like property hath the juice, syrup, or conserve of the same.  
The syrup of Violets is good against the inflammation of the lungs and breast, and against the Pleurisy, and cough, and also against fevers or Agues, but especially in young children.  
The same Syrup cureth all inflammations and roughness of the throat if it be much kept or often held in the mouth. The sugar of violets, and also the conserve, and juice, bringeth the same to pass.  
That yellow which is in the midst of the flowers, boiled in water, is good to be gargled in the throat against the squinancy or swelling in the throat: it is also good to be drunken against the falling sickness in young children.  
Violet's pound and laid to the head alone, or mingled with oil, removeth the extreme heat, suageth headache, provoketh sleep, and moisteneth the brain: it is good therefore against the dryness of the head, against melancholy, and dullness or heaviness of Spirit.  
Violets bruised or stamped with barley meal, are good to be laid upon phlegmons, that is to say, hot unpostumes or carbuncles, and they heal the inflammation and pain of the eyes, also the hot ulcers, and the inflammation that cometh with the falling down of the fundament.  
The seed of violets, drunken with wine or water, is good against the stingings of Scorpions.  
The herb or plant is very good against hot fevers, and the inflammations of the liver, and loseth the belly.  
The wild Violets are almost of the same virtue, but they be a great deal weaker, and therefore they are not used in Medicine.    

Of Pansies/ or hearts ease. Chap. ij.  

❧ The Description.  
Pansies hath triangled stems, with many joints: his leaves are blackish, and dented, or toothed round about like a saw, betwixt the which leaves there grow up from the stalk, small naked or bore stems: bringing forth fair & pleasant flowers, parted into five little leaves, like to a Violet, each flower being of three diverse colours, whereof the highest leaves for the most part are of a violet, and purple colour, the others are bluish or yellow, with black and yellow streekes alongst the same, and the middle hairy: afterward there appear small Bollyns or knoppy husks, wherein the yellow seed is enclosed.   

❀ The Place.  
These flowers do grow in gardens, & there is many of them found growing amongst the stubble in corn fields.   

❀ The Time.  
They begin to flower incontinent after the Violets, and remain flowering all the summer long.  

Viola tricolor.    

❀ The Names.  
This flower is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Viola slammea, Flamma▪ & at this time Viola tricolor, Herba Trinitatis, jacea, and Herba Clavellata: in English Pansies, Love in idleness, and Hearts ease: in French Penseé, and Penseé menue: in high Douch Freyscham, Freyschamkraut, and Dreyfeltigkeytblumen: in base Almaigne Dryevuldicheyt bloemen: and Penseen.   

❀ The Temperament.  
Panses are dry and temperate in cold and heat.   

❀ The Virtues.  
These flowers boiled and drunken, do cure and stay the beginnings of the falling evil or the disease of young children that foome and cast by froth, wherefore it is called in high Douch, Freyscham.  
The same flowers boiled with their herb or plant, and given to be drunken, doth cleanse the lungs and breast, and are very good for fevers, and inward inflammations or heats.  
Planta haec maximè probatur ad glutinanda vulnera, tam exterius illita, quàm interius sumpta: adhae ad entero caelas. In quem usum pulverem eius, mensura dimidij cochlearis, ex vino austero, foelici successu propinant.    

Of the Wall flower. Chap. iij.  

❀ The Description.  
THe yellow Gillofer or Wall flower, is a little shrub or bush, that is green both winter & summer, whose stalks are hard & of a woody substance, and full of branches: the leaves growing thereon are somewhat thick set, long, narrow, and green: at the top of the stalks or branches, grow the flowers, which be very yellow, and fair, of a pleasant smell, every flower divided into four small leaves, the which perished there cometh up long cods or husks, wherein is contained seed which is large, flat, and yellow.   

❀ The Place.  
The yellow Gillofer or Wall flower, groweth upon old walls, & stonehilled houses, & is commonly planted in gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
The yellow Gillofer doth chief flower in March, April, and May.   

❀ The Names.  
The yellow Gillofer is a kind of violets called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the which are also called in Latin Leucoia lutea, and of Serapio and the Apothecaries Keyri: & of Pliny (who hath severed them from Leucoion, that is to say, from the stock Gillofer, or rather the white violet) Violae luteae: in Italian Viola giala: in Spanish Violetas amarillas. in English Yellow Gillofers, Wall flowers, and Hearts ease: in French Viols iaunes, Giroflée iaulne: in high Douch Geel veiel: in Brabant geel Vilieren, steen Vilieren.  

Viola lutea.    

❀ The Nature.  
Wall flowers are hot and dry, and of subtle parts.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Wall flowers dried and boiled in water provoketh drine, and causeth women to have their terms, it cureth the Scirrhos, or hard impostems of the Mother, when the same is stewed or bathed therewith.  
The same flowers with oil and wax, brought into a plaster do heal the chops or rifts of the siege and fundament, or falling down of the Arsegut, and closeth up old ulcers.  
The Wall flower mingled with honey, cureth the naughty ulcers, and swellings of the mouth.  
The quantity of two drams of the seed of Wallfloures drunken in wine, bringeth down women's flowers, delivereth the Secondyne, and the dead child. It doth all the same very well, being conveyed into the Matrix or Mother in a Passarie.  
The juice of this Gillofer, dropped into the Eyes, doth waist and scatter all spots and dimness of the same.  
The root stamped with vinegar, cureth the hardness of the Spleen or Melt, being applied thereto.    

Of Stock Gillofers/ Garnesee Violets. Chap. iiij.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere are found two kinds of these Gillofloures. The one is great and called the Castle, or stock Gillofer, the which may be kept both winter and summer. The other is not so big, and is called the small stock Gillofer, the which must be yearly sown again, and bringeth forth his flower and seed the same year.   

❀ The Description.  
THese two kinds of Violets or Gillofers, are not much unlike Walfloures saving that their leaves be whiter and softer.  
The great Castle, or stock Gillofer his stalks be hard and strait, of the height of two or three foot, with long narrow and soft leaves like Molyn, far greater, longer & larger than the leaves of Walfloures, or yellow Gillofers. The flowers be of a fragrant or pleasant smell, in fashion and smell like to Hearts ease or Walfloures, but much larger, of colour sometimes white, sometimes ayshe colour, sometimes Carnation, Stammel, or Scarlet colour, sometimes red, and sometimes Violet, after which flowers cometh long husks or cods, wherein is flat or large seed.  
The small Castle or stock Gillofer, is like to the great in his stalks, & whitish, wollie soft leaves, also in the sweet smell and fragrant savour of his flowers, in the diversity of colours, in his cods and seed, saving that it is smaller in all respects, not exceeding the length of a man's foot, of small continuance, and perisshing every year.  
Leucoion.   

❀ The Place.  
These kinds of Gillofers, are sown in the gardens of this country: of this sort there is found an other kind in places near the sea coast, as in Zealand not far from the shore, but the same is smaller and lower than that which groweth in gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
The great Castle gillofer floureth in March and April, a year after the sowing. The smaller floureth in july and August, the same year that it is first sown.   

❀ The Names.  
These Violets, especially the greater kind are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Violae albae; and is so called because his leaves be white, but not the leaves of the flowers, for they be of divers colours as is before said, they be called in Italian Viola biancha in Spanish Violetas blancas. Some of the late writers do call them Violae matronales, that is to say, Dames violets: but this name doth rather belong to an other sort of Violets, whereof we shall entreat in the next Chapter following. But if we aught to call these Violets by the aforesaid name, the name will best agreed with the small Castle Gilofer. The greater sort is called in English Garnesie Violets, white Gilofer, Stock Gilofer, & Castle Gilofer the smaller kind, may be so called also. The greater sort is called in base Almaigne Stock Vilieren, and the smaller sort is also called of them Heeten Vilieren.   

❀ The Temperament.  
These Violets are hot and dry, & of nature somewhat like to Walfloures.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The flowers of stock Gillofers, boiled in water & drunken, is good against the difficulty of breathing, and the cough.  
These Violets do likewise provoke the flowers, and urine, and do cause to sweat, if one do sit over a bath or stew full of the decoction thereof.  
To conclude, they are of nature very like to the yellow, or Walgilofer: The which yet notwithstanding is in all respects better & fit in Medicine than the stock Gilofers.    

Of Dame's violets/ or Gilofloures. Chap. v.  

❀ The Description.  
Dame's Gillofers hath great large leaves of a brown green colour, somewhat snipt or dented round about the edges: Among the which springeth up a stem beset with the like leaves full of branches, which beareth sweet and pleasant flowers at the top, in proportion like to the Gillofers aforesaid, most commonly of a white colour, sometimes carnation, and sometimes radish, afterwards come up long round cods or husks, in which the seed is contained.  
Of this kind of Damask Violets or Gillofloures, are they also which are now called Dentarias: whereof there be ij. sorts.  
The first hath five leaves or more, like hemp growing upon one little stem, the stalks be small and short, not much above the height of nine inches: upon them grow small flowers of a violet colour in proportion like to Garnesee violets or Dames Gillofloures: after them come husks & seed like to them. The roots be somewhat thick, & uneven, and as they were covered with certain scales.  
Violae Matronales.  
The other his leaves grow alongst the little stalks, & are spread abroad like to the leaves of the Aishe, or Walnut trees, saving they be smaller. The flowers be almost white, & the husks or cods are like to the husks of garnesey violets: the roots be rough & uneven, much like to the roots of the first kind.   

❀ The Place.  
The violets or Gillofers are very common almost in all gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
They flower in May, and oftentimes else, while Summer lasteth.   

❀ The Names.  
These flowers be now called in Latin Violae Matronales: in English Damask violets, Dames violets or Gillofers, and Rogues gillofers: in French violets de Dames: in high Douch Winter violen, wherefore some do also call them in Latin Hyberna viola, or Viola hyemalis: in base Almaigne Mastbloemen, and after the Latin name they call it jonefrouwen vilieren, which may be Englished Dames violets.  
The other kind is known by the name of Dentarie: and is not otherwise known to us.   

❀ The Temperament and Virtues.  
These flowers are not used in medicine, therefore their temperature, and natural operation, is yet unknown.    

Of Bolbanac/ or strange Violets. Chap. vi.  

❧ The Description.  
BOlbanac hath hard round stems, full of branches, his leaves be great & large, dented or tothed of a brownegreene colour, and snipt or dented about the edges, not much unlike the leaves of the Fylberte or Hassel tree. The flowers be like to the flowers of Damask violets, of a pale purple colour, the which being vanisshed, there cometh up white husks, which be flat round, and very large, of the quantity of a groote, or Testern, wherein is contained a brown seed, after the fashion of the Moon, the which may be seen through the thin husks or skin of the Cod. The root is white, & a little thick, and somewhat knotty or knobbie, which after that it hath born seed perissheth.  
Yet there is found a certain kind whose root dieth not yearly, and that kind both in his leaves & broad husks, is smaller than the abovesaid.  
Viola Latifolia.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb is found sown in certain gardens of this country.   

❀ The Time.  
Bolbonac floureth in April and May, the next year after the sowing.   

❀ The Names.  
Forasmuch as these flowers are somewhat like unto violets, therefore they are now placed amongst the kinds of Violets, and are called in Latin Violae Latifoliae, of some Violae peregrinę. For under the name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek: and Viola in Latin, are commonly comprehended all sorts of flowers which be any thing like unto Violets. The Herboristes and certain Apothecaries do call this herb by a certain barbarous and strange name Bolbonac: the Brabanders or base Almains, do call it Penninckbloemen, that is to say, Penny flower, or money flower, and they call it also Paeschbloemen. The Ancients did accounted it for a kind of Thlaspie, especially for that kind describe by Cratevas, which some do call Sinapi Persicum, and of Dioscorides Thlaspie Cratevae.   

❀ The Temperament and Virtues.  
The seed of this herb is sharp and biteth the tongue, and of a drying quality, and therefore is in virtue like the other Thlaspi.    

Of Gillofers. Chap. seven.  

❀ The kinds.  
Under the name of Gillofers (at this time) diverse sorts of flowers are contained. Whereof they call the first the Clove gillofer which in deed is of diverse sorts & variable colours: the other is the small or single Gillofer & his kind. The third is that, which we call in English sweet Williams, & Colminiers: whereunto we may well join the wild Gillofer or Cockow flower, which is not much unlike the smaller sort of garden Gillofers.  

Vetonica altilis. Carnations, and the double-cloave Gillofers.   

Vetonica altilis minor. The single Gillofers, Sops in wine, and Pinks, etc.    

❀ The Description.  
The Clove gillofer hath long small blades, almost like Leek blades. The stalk is round, and of a foot and half long, full of joints and knops, & it beareth two leaves at every joint or knot. The flowers grow at the top of the stalks or stems, out of long round, smooth husks and dented or toothed above like the spice called cloves, or like to a little crownet, out of the which the small feathered leaves do grow round about, spread in compass, whereof some be of colour white, some carnation, or of a lively flesh colour, some be of a clear or bright red, some of a dark or deep red, and some speckled, and do all smell almost like Cloves. When the flowers be past, there groweth in the said round cups or husks, other long pointed husks like barley corns, in which the small black seed is enclosed.  
Armerius flos primus. Sweet Williams.  
Armerius flos tertius.  
Vetonica syluestris. Wild Williams, or Cockow Gillofers.  
The Pynkes, and small feathered Gillofers, are like to the double or cloave Gillofers in leaves, stalks, & flowers, saving they be single and a great deal smaller. The leaves be long & narrow, almost like grass, the small stems are slender and knotty, upon which grow the sweet smelling flowers, like to the Gillofers aforesaid, saving each flower is single, with five or six small leaves, deep and finely snipt, or frenged like to small feathers, of white, red, and carnation colour, after which flowers there groweth also in the round husks, other sharp husks, or as it were long pellottes, in the which the seed is contained.  
The first sweet William or Colmenier (which is now called in Latin Armerius flos) is also somewhat like to the cloave Gillofers, their leaves be narrow, their stalks jointie, & their flowers small, like to little Gillofers, growing three or four together at the top of the stalks, & sometimes nine or ten together, like to a nosegay or small bundle of flowers, of colour sometimes read, and sometimes spotted with white, and sometimes (but very seldom) all white.  
There is an other kind of Armeriorum, whose leaves be broad, almost like the leaves of flower Constantinople. The stalks of this kind, with the number of small flowers growing together, which are of colour red and white, & speckled or sprinkled with small spots, are very like unto the aforesaid Armerijs.  
There is also a certain third kind Armeriorum, with thin whitish or faint green leaves, and slender smooth knotty stalks, which in handling seemeth to be somewhat fat or clammy, in the top of the said stalks grow small flowers clustering or growing round together, of a fair washed purple red colour, after them cometh narrow seed vessels, or small husks like as in the other Gillofers, wherein the seed is contained.  
The wild Gillofers are somewhat like to Armeria or Colmeniers: they have also small knotty stalks, & narrow leaves, but yet they be larger, shorter, & a great deal whiter green, than the leaves of the gillofers or Pinks. The flowers be most commonly red, & sometimes also white, & deeply cut or jagged, almost like to white Pinks or Sops in wine, but without savour. The flowers go, the seed growth in long husks like to Pynkes, or feathered Gillofers.   

❀ The Place.  
The Cloave gillofers, and the smaller, or single Gillofers, with the sweet Williams, and Colmeniers, are set and planted in the gardens of this country. The wild Williams or Cockow gillofers, do grow of themselves in all meadows, and moist grassy places.  
The other kind of Armerius groweth in Germany, in certain rough hilly places that stand open against the Sun.  
In Flaunders also there is sometimes found a certain wild flower, like to the Gillofers and Armerijs, saving it is very small.   

❧ The Time.  
All these sorts of flowers, do most commonly flower all the summer time, from after May until September.   

❀ The Names.  
The two first sorts are now called flores Garyophyllis, & of some in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Vetionicę: some judge them to be Cantabricam, whereof Pliny writ●… in the xxv Book.  
Whereof the first is also called Ocellum, Ocellum Damascenum, Ocellum Barbaricum, & of some it is called Vetonicam altilem, & Vetonican Coronariam: in English garden Gillofers, Cloave gillofers, and the greatest & bravest sort of them are called Coronations, or Cornations: in Italian Garofoli: in high Douch Graszblumen, Negelblumen, and Neglin: in base Almaigne Ginoffelen: in French Gyrofflees, and Oeilletz, or Oilletz.  
The second sort, is also of the kind of Vetonicarum, or gillofers, and may well be called Vetonica altilis, or Vetonica Coronaria minor: in English single Gillofers, whereof be divers sorts great & small, & as divers in colours as the first kinds, & are called in English by divers names, as Pynkes, Sops in wine, feáthered Gillofers, & small Honesties: they are called in high Dutch Mutwille, & of some Hochmut: & accordingly they be called in Latin Superba, that is to say, Gallant, proud, & glorious: in base Almaigne Pluymkens, and cleyn Ginoffelen, some call them also in French des Armoiries, or des Barberies.  
That sort which are called in English sweet Williams, are counted also to be of the kinds of the garden or Clove gillofers (called in Latin Vetonica or Cantabrica, but now they be called in Latin Flores Armerij, yet some esteem them to be a certain kind of Herbę tunicę: the Germaynes call them Donderneglin, Feldtneglin, Heidenblumen, and Blutsyropfle: in base Almaigne Keykens: of the Frenchmen des Armoires. There is a kind of this herb which is common in the country gardens, and they call it Colmeniers.  
The fourth is a kind of wild Vetonica, and therefore it is called Vetonica syluestris: in English wild Williams, Marsh gillofers, or Cockow gillofers: in high Dutch Gauchblum: in Brabant Crayebloemkens, and Coeckcoeckbloemkens: it may be called also in Latin Armoraria syluestris vel pratensis: or Flos Cuculi: and in French des Barbery's sawages.   

❀ The Nature.  
For the most part all these kinds of flowers, with their leaves and roots, are temperate in heat and dryness.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The Conserve of the flowers of the first kind, made with Sugar, comforteth the heart, & the use thereof is good against hot Fevers & the Pestilence.    

Of flower Constantinople. Chap. viij.  

❀ The Description.  
THe flower Constantinople hath two, three, or four, long hollow and upright stems, full of knees, or joints, (with a certain roughness). At every joint groweth two leaves, which be somewhat long and large, and of a brown green colour, the flowers grow at the top of the stalks, many clustering together after the manner of Tol-me-neers, or sweet Williams, but somewhat larger, of the colour of Red-lead, or like to the colour of the Orange pill that is thoroughly ripe. The flowers be very pleasant and delectable to look on, but they are without any pleasant scent or savour. The leaves and stalks be somewhat rough. The root is white, and divided into divers other long and slender roots, in taste somewhat sharp.   

❀ The Place.  
The Herboristes and such as have pleasure in the strange variety of flowers, do plant these in their gardens.   

❧ The Time.  
These flowers do flourish from Midsummer, until it be almost winter.  

Flos Constantinopolitanus.    

❀ The Names.  
This pleasant flower is called of the Herboristes Flos Constantinopolitanus, that is to say, Flower Constantinople.   

❀ The Nature.  
The root of this herb is hot & dry, as it doth manifestly appear by the taste.    

Of hose Campion. Chap. ix.  

❀ The Description.  
ROse Campion his stalks be round, woolly, and knotty, having at every knot or joint, a couple of long soft woolly leaves like that leaves of Molin or higtaper, but much smaller, & narrower. The flowers grow at the top of the stalks, out of long crested husks, whereof some be of an excellent shining, or Orient red, & some be white. The single flowers are parted into five or six leaves, with little sharp points in the middle of the flowers, whereunto the smaller ends of the little leaves of the said flowers are joined. When the flowers are perished, there groweth within the playted or crested husks, other cods or husks, which be somewhat long and round, wherein the seed which is black is contained. The root is long and small.   

❀ The Place.  
These flowers are planted in the gardens of this country.   

❀ The Time.  
They flower in june, july, and August.  

Lychnis sativa.    

❀ The Names.  
These kind of flowers are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Lychnis coronaria, and Lychnis sativa, of some Athanatos, and Acydonium, of Pliny iovis flos: in English Rose Campion: in French Oeillets, & Oeillets Dieu: in high Douch Margenrosrlin, & Marien rosin, and accordingly they are now called in Latin Rosa mariana: in base Almaigne they are most commonly called Christus ooghen.   

❀ The Nature.  
The flowers are hot and dry.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The seed with the flower, or either of them alone drunken, are good against the stinging of Scorpions.    

Of wild Campion. Chap. x.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be two sorts of these flowers, that is to say, a white and a red, whereof the white kind is the greater and of a larger grothe. The red is smaller and less.   

❧ The Description.  
THe wild white Campion, hath a rough white stem: The leaves be white & cottony, much like to the leaves of Campions, saving that the stalks be slenderer, and the leaves narrower and not so white. The flowers grow out of a rough husk, greater than the husk of the garden Rose Campion, and the proportion of the flower is much like to the same, but more indented about the edges, and without any sharp pointed peake in the middle: the flowers being vanisshed, there cometh after them round bollettes or pellets in which the seed is contained. The root is ordinarily of the length of a foot and half, and as thick as a finger.  
Lychnis syluestris alba. The white wild Campion.  
Lychnis syluestris purpurea. The purple wild Campion.  
The red wild Campions, are in all things like to the white, saving that they grow not so high, and their root is not so long, but is for the most part shorter and hairy. The flowers be red, and in proportion like to the other.   

❀ The Place.  
These flowers grow in untilled grounds, in the borders of fields, & alongst the ways: some also use to set them in gardens, and it cometh to pass, that by often setting they wax very double.   

❀ The Time.  
They flower most commonly from May until the end of Summer.   

❀ The Names.  
The wild Campions, are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Lychnis syluestris, of some Tragonatum, Hieracopodium, or Lampada: in the Shops of this country Saponaria, howbeit this is not the right Saponaria: in English wild Campion, or wild rose Campion: and of some Crowesope: in high Douch Lydweyck, wild Margenroszlin, and in some places widerstosz: in Brabant jennettekens.   

❀ The Nature.  
These flowers with their plant, are in temperament like to garden rose Campions.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The seed and flowers, with the whole herb, of the wild Campions, are very good against the stinging of Scorpions, in somuch that their virtue is so great in this behalf, that this herb only thrown before the Scorpions, taketh away their power to do harm.  
The seed taken in quantity of two drams, purgeth downward the hot and choleric humours.    

Of Cockle/ or field Nigella. Chap. xi.  

❧ The Description.  
COckle or field Nigelweede, hath strait slender hairy stems, the leaves be also long, narrow, hairy, & grayish. The flowers be of a brown purple colour, changing towards red, divided into five small leaves, not much varying from the proportion of the wild Campions, after the which there groweth round bolleyns or cups, wherein is contained plenty of seed (of a brown or russet colour.)   

❀ The Place.  
These flowers grow in the fields, amongst the Wheat, Rye, and Barley.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth in May, june, and july.   

❀ The Names.  
This flower is now called amongst the learned men Githago, or Nigellastrum, or Pseudolanthium, of some flos Micancalus, as Ruellius writeth: in English field Nigella or Cockle: in high Douch Raden, Groszraden, and Kornrosz: in Brabant Corenroosen, and Negelbloemen: in French Nielle.  

Anthemon.    

❀ The Temperament and Virtues.  
The virtues, & temperament of this herb, are not yet known because it is not in use, saving of certain fond people, which do use it in the steed of Yuray or darnel, or for the right Nigella, to the great danger and peril of the sick people.    

Of Blue Gottell/ or Cornefloure. Chap. xij.  

❧ The Description.  
CYanus hath a crested stalk, upon the which grow narrow, sharp pointed & grayish leaves, which have certain notches or cuts about the edges, & sharp corners like teeth. About the top of the stalks, it beareth small round buttons which be rough & scaly, out of the which grow pleasant flowers, of five or six small jagged leaves, most commonly blew (especially the wild kind.) Sometimes also those that grow in gardens, do bear grayish, purple, crimson, and white flowers: the which being vanisshed, there groweth within the scaly husks & heads, certain long seed, which is enclosed in a hairy down or Cotton.  
There is also in certain gardens, an other kind of Cyanus, whose flowers be like to the aforesaid, it hath great broad leaves, larger than the leaves of the garden Rose Campion, the which be also soft and woolly, like the leaves of Mullen. The flowers of this herb are like to 
Cyanus. Corn flower.  
Cyanus maior. Great Corn flower.  the other Cyanus flowers both in his Scaly knopped buttons, as also in his jagged, or frenged leaves, & seed: but a great deal larger, and of colour blue, in the middle turning somewhat towards red, or purple. The root is of long continuance, and sendeth forth new stems and springs yearly.   

❀ The Place.  
Cyanus or Blue bottle groweth in the fields amongst the wheat, but specially amongst Rye. Those which have the white and purple flowers, and the great Cyanus, are sown and planted in gardens.   

❧ The Time.  
These flowers do flourish, from May until August.   

❀ The Names.  
This flower is called of Pliny in Latin Flos Cyanus of some later writers Baptisecula, or Blaptisecula: in Italian Fior Campesi: in English of Turner Blewbottell, and Blewblaw, it may also be called Hurt Sickle, and Cornefloure: in French Aubifoines, Blevets, Perceles, and Blaucoles': in high Douch Kornblumen: in Brabant Corenbloemen, and Roghbloemen.  
The second kind is called Cyanus mayor, and is counted of the learned for a kind of Verbascum, and therefore they call it Thryallis and Lychnitis: in high Douch it is called Waldt kornblumen: and in Brabant groote Corenbloemen: we may also call it in English great Cornefloure, and wild Cornefloure.   

❀ The Temperament.  
Cyanus or Blewblaw, is cold and dry.   

❀ The Virtues.  
This Cornefloure bruised or pound, is profitably laid unto the redness, the inflammation and running of the eyes, or to any kind of Phlegmon or hot tumour about the eyes.  
The distilled water of Cyanus, cureth the redness and pain of the eyes, when it is either dropped into the eyes, or else that the eyes be washed therewithal.    

Of marigolds. Chap. xiij.  

❀ The Description.  
THe marygold hath three or four stalks of a foot and a half long, set with leaves somewhat long & large, and of a white green colour: at the top of the stalks grow pleasant bright & shining yellow flowers, somewhat strong in savour, the which do close, at the setting down of the Sun, and do spread and open again at the Sun rising. Each flower hath in the midst thereof a yellow or brown crown (like to a shaven Crown) about the circuyt or compass whereof, there are set many little small yellow leaves. When the flowers are vanisshed, there groweth in the places, from whence they fallen, certain round knops like unto great buttons, compact of many crooked seeds growing together into a knop like a button, each seed alone is crooked like to a half Circle, or the new Moon. The root is white and threddy.   

❀ The Place.  
These flowers do grow in every garden where as they are sown, and they do yearly spring up a new of the fallen seed.  

Calendula.    

❧ The Time.  
They flower almost every month in the year, but especially from May until winter.   

❀ The Names.  
They be now called in Latin Calendula, and of some Caltha, and Calthula: in English Marygoldes, and Ruddes: in Italian Fior rancio: in French du Soucy, and Sousie: in high Douch Ringelblumen: in base Almaigne Goutbloemen. (Pena calleth it in Latin Caltha poetarum, and Chrysanthemon.)   

❀ The Nature.  
The marygold in complexion is hot and dry.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The flowers by themselves, or together with their plant, boiled in wine & drunken, provoketh the Menstrual flux.  
The same with their herb dried, and strewed upon quick coals, draweth forth the secondyne or afterbirth, with the dead child, the fume thereof being received at the convenient place.  
The distilled water of Marygoldes, put into the eyes, cureth the redness, and inflammation of the same.  
The conserve that is made of the flowers of Marygoldes, taken in the morning fasting, cureth the trembling and shaking of the heart, it is also good to be used against the Plague, and corruption of the air.    

Of Horse flower/ or Cow wheat. Chap. xiv.  

❀ The Description.  
HOrse flower hath a strait stem of a foot long, with three or four branches by the sides, covered with long narrow leaves: at the top of the branches grow fair spiked ears, full of flowers and small leaves, deeply cut and jagged, in proportion not much unlike to a Foxtail. This ear beginneth to flower below, & so it goeth flowering by little and little upward. Before the opening of the flowers the small leaves & buds of the flowers, are all of a fair bluish purple colour: and immediately after the opening of the flowers, they are of a yellow colour mixed with purple, and after the falling away of the flowers, those small purple leaves do also lose their colour and wax green, and in steed of the flowers, there cometh broad husks, wherein commonly are enclosed two seeds, not much unlike unto wheat corns but a great deal smaller and browner. The root is slender and of woody substance.   

❀ The Place.  
This plant groweth amongst wheat and Spelt, in good fruitful grounds.   

❀ The Time.  
Melampyrum floureth in june, and sometimes in july.  

Melampyrum. Triticum vaccinum.    

❀ The Names.  
They call this herb now, in Latin Triticum vaccinum, or Triticum bovinum, that is to say, Cow wheat, or Ox wheat: in French Bled noir▪ that is to say, Black wheat, or Corn: in high Douch Kuweyssen, and of some Braun fleischblumen: in Brabant Peertsbloemen: that is to say, Horse flower: And it should seem to be that unprofitable herb whereof Theophrastus writeth in his viij. book Chap u And Galen Primo de alimentorum facultatibus, Cap. ultimo, called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Melampyrum, which as they do writ is but a weed, or unprofitable plant growing amongst wheat, and so called because of the seed, which is black and proportioned like wheat. Yet this is not the Melampyrum of Dioscorides, the which also is called Myagrion.   

❀ The Nature.  
Horse flower, or Black wheat, especially the grain or feed, is hot, and raiseth up fumes.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The seed of this herb taken in meat or drink troubleth the brains, causing headache and drunkenness, yet not so much as Yuray or darnel. Vaccis pabulo grata & invocua.    

Of Zarckes spur. Chap. xv.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be two sorts of Consolida regalis: whereof one kind groweth in gardens, and the other is wild.  

Delphinium. Garden Larks spur.   

Bucinum. Wild Larks spur.    

❧ The Description.  
THe garden Larks spur hath a round strait stem full of branches, fet with tender leaves, all jagged and cut very small, or frenged much like to the leaves of the smaller Southrenwood. The flowers grow alongst the stalks at the top of the branches, and are compact of five little leaves growing together, somewhat like to the March violet, saving that one of the leaves of this flower is long and hollow, having behind it a crooked spur or tail, turning like the flower of wild Lyn, or Toode flax. These flowers are of colour, sometimes purple blue, sometimes white, and sometimes Carnation: after the falling of, of these flowers, there cometh up long rods, wherein is contained brown seed.  
The wild Larks spur is like the other, but a great deal smaller in his stalks and leaves, and in length shorter. These flowers are like to the about-sayde, but they be much smaller, and grow not so well together, of a fair purple blue colour like unto Violets, and after them also cometh up cods, wherein the seed is contained.   

❀ The Place.  
The garden Larks spur, is sown in this country in the gardens of Herboristes'. The wild groweth amongst corn, in fertile countries.   

❀ The Time.  
The garden Larks spur floureth all the Somerlong. The wild floureth in june, and july.   

❀ The Names.  
The garden Larks spur is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and in Latin Delphinium, of some late writers Flos regius, or Flos equestris. Also Calcatrippa: in Italian Sperone de Cavalliere.  
The wild is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Delphinum alterum, & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Bucinum, it is now called in Latin Consolidaregia aut regalis: in English Kings confound, wild Larks spur, or Larckes Claw: in French Consoulde royal, and Pied d'alouette: in high Douch Rittersporn, and according to the same in base Almaigne Riddersporen, that is to say, knights spur.   

❀ The Nature.  
Larks Claw in complexion is temperately warm.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The seed of the garden Larckes spur drunken is very good against the stinging of Scorpions, & in deed his virtue is so great against their poison, that the only herb thrown before the Scorpions, doth 'cause them to be without force or power to do hurt, so that they may not move or stir, until this herb be taken from them.  
The seed of wild Larks spur, is of virtue like to the garden Lark spur, but not so strong.    

Of Columbyne. Chap. xuj.  

❀ The Description.  
COlumbyne hath great broad leaves, with ij. or iij. deep cuts or gasshes in the leaves, like to the leaves of the great Celondyne, but whiter (& in some kinds of a dark sage colour) but of no strong sent or savour, neither yielding forth any such yellow juice, sap, or liquor, when it is broken or bruised, as the Celondyne doth. The stalks be round, & plain or smooth, of ij. or iij. foot long, upon which grow the flowers, compact of two kinds of little leaves, whereof one sort, are small & narrow, & the others growing with them are hollow, with a long crooked tail like larks Claw (& bending somewhat towards the proportion of the neck of a Culuer). The flowers are sometimes single, & sometimes double, & of colour sometimes blue, sometimes white, sometimes sky colour, sometimes read, sometimes speckled, & intermengled with blue & white. After the vanisshing of the said flowers, there cometh forth iiij. or five sharp husks or cods, growing jointly together, wherein is contained a black (shining) seed.  

Aquilegia.    

❀ The Place.  
They sow, and plant them here in gardens, and they do also grow in high woods, and rocks, but not in this country.   

❀ The Time.  
They flower most commonly in May and june.   

❀ The Names.  
This flower is now called in Latin Aquilegia, or Aquileia, and of the later writers Columbina, unknown of the Ancients, howbeit some-late writers make a question, whether it he Ponthos Theophrasti, sive Desiderium, after the interpretation of Gaza: it is called in English Columbine of the shape & proportion of the leaves of the flowers which do seem to express the figure of a Dove, or Culuer: in French Ancoly, in high Douch Agley, and Ageley: in base Almaigne Akeley.   

❀ The Nature.  
Columbine is temperate in heat, and moisture.   

❀ The Virtues.  
This flower as Ruellius writeth, is not used in Medicine: howbeit some of the new writers do affirm it to be good against the jaundice, and sounding, and it openeth the ways of the Liver, and the people use it against the inflammation, and sores of the jaws and windepipe. These flowers mingled with wheaten meal, make a good plaster against scratches and galls.    

Of goats beard/ or joseph's flower. Chap. xvii.  

Barba hirci.   

Scurzonera.   

❀ The Description.  
goats Beard hath a round strait knotty stem, covered with long narrow leaves almost like to garlic leaves. At the top of the stems, it beareth fair double flowers, and full: of colour sometimes bluish purple, with golden threads in the middle, and sometimes yellow, the which in the morning at Sun rising do open and spread abroad, and do turn & bend towards the Sun, and do close again and go together at noon: After the vanisshing of which flowers, out of the knoppes or heads, from whence the flowers are fallen, there groweth a certain long seed with a hairy tuft at the top. And when this seed is ripe, his knoppie head openeth, and is changed or turned into a round hairy ball, like to the heads of Dantedelyon, which fleeth away with the wind. The root is long, and as thick as a finger, in taste sweet. The whole herb with his stems, leaves, flowers and root, is full of white sap, or juice like milk, the which cometh forth, when the plant is broken or bruised.  
The Spaniards Scurzonera seemeth also to be a kind of Tragoponon, or Bucks beard, it hath long, broad leaves, and somewhat thick, and uneven about the borders or edges, a slender stem parted into divers branches, whereon groweth flowers very like to the flowers of Tragopogon, and of a yellow colour: the root is long and thick and white within, and covered with a thin black bark or rind.   

❀ The Place.  
goats Beard groweth in certain meadows, & it is also planted in gardens for the beauty of his flowers.  
Scurzonera groweth in Spain upon divers shadowy mountains, and in moist watery places: it is also often found in Thoringia, a country of Germany.   

❀ The Time.  
The flowers of both these kinds of plants, come forth in May and june.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is now called in Latin Barba hirci, and is taken for the herb which the Ancients called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Barbula hirci, and Coma: in English Goats beard, joseph's flower, Star of Jerusalem, and Go to bed at Noon: in French Barb de bouq, and Barb de Prestre: in high Douch Bocksbart, Gauchbroot: in base Almaigne Bocxbaert, and joseph's Bloemen.  
The Spaniards call the other Scurzoneram, which is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Echium in Greek, and in Latin Viperinam.   

❀ The Nature.  
goats beard is temperate in heat and moisture.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of goats beard, boiled in water & drunken, suageth pains, and cureth the prickings, and empostems of the side.  
The said root also, is very good to be used in meats and Salads, to be taken as the roots of Rampions.  
Scurzonera is thought to be marvelous good, against the bitings of Vipers and Snakes and other venomous beasts.    

Of flower gentle/ or purple Veluer flower. Cap. xviij.  

❧ The Description.  
Flower gentle hath round stalks full of branches: the leaves be long and large, somewhat like the leaves of petty Morrell, or Night shade, but much greater, amongst that which groweth, alongst the branches, fair long spiked ears, or flowers of Crimson purple colour, soft and gentle in handling, like Crimson velvet, the which doth not lightly fade or decay, but may be preserved and kept a long time in their colour and beauty, especially if they be dried in an oven that is half hot. The seed groweth in the spikie tuftes, or ears, and is small, and all black.  
There is an other kind altogether like to the aforesaid, in stalks, leaves, seed, and root, saving that his ears, or spikie tuftes are not fasshioned like the others, but are larger and not so thick set, and do bend, & bow down again at the top like feathers, so that it maketh a gallant show: and doth also keep his Crimson colour like to the other.  
There is yet a third kind like to the others, but it groweth to the height of nine or ten foot. All his leaves are much larger, his stalks are thicker and harder, and streaked or crested, with ribs standing forth: his spikie tuftes, or earie flowers are greater, longer, and fuller, but not of so fair a colour, or pleasant hue, for it fadeth incontinent, and turneth into a greenish herbelike colour, as soon as it is gathered.  
Amaranthus purpureus.   

❀ The Place.  
These kinds of herbs grow not in this country, except they be sown or planted in gardens. The women of Italy make great account of the second kind, because of his pleasant beauty, so that you shall not lightly come into any garden there, that hath not this herb in it.   

❀ The Time.  
They bring forth their flowers, or spikie tuftes in August, and the seed is ripe in September.   

❀ The Names.  
These pleasant tufts, or flowers, are called of Pliny libro 21. Cap. 8. Amaranthus, and of some late writers Flos Amoris, and Amaranthus purpureus: in Italian Fior vellino: in English flower gentle, Floramor, & Purple velvet flower: in French Passevelours: in high Douch Samatblumen, Floramor, and Dausent schoons: in base Almaigne Flouweelbloemen.   

❀ The Nature.  
These flowers are of complexion cold and dry.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Flower gentle, or Floramor boiled in wine and drunken, stoppeth the lask, and the bloody flux.    

Of Daisies. Chap. nineteeen.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere are two kinds of Daisies, the great and the small. The small also is of two kinds, whereof the one groweth in gardens, & the other groweth wild.   

❀ The Description.  
The great wild Daisy, hath green leaves somewhat long, & dented round about: the stem is round, and set with like leaves, & groweth sometimes to the heigh of ij. foot long, at the top whereof it beareth fair flowers in the middle, and set round about with a little border of small white leaves, in manner of a pale, not much unlike the flowers of the common Camomile, but much greater, and without savour. When they perish, the little small white leaves fall down, & the yellow in the middle, which is the seed, swelleth up.  
The small garden daisy hath his leaves somewhat like to the abovesaid, but they are smaller and not so much dented. It sendeth forth his flowers from the root, upon short small stems, somewhat like the flowers of the great daisy, saving that the small leaves, which in the great daisy do compass the yellow in the middle, are so thick set, or so double that a man shall perceive very little of the yellow in the middle, or none at all. And these flowers are sometimes white, & sometimes very red, & sometimes speckled or party coloured of white and red. There grow also sometimes about the compass of the said little flowers, many more as it were small flowers growing upon small stems, out of the knops or cups of the said flowers. The root is white and threddy.  
Bellis maior. The great wild daisy, or Maudelynwurte.  
Bellis minor hortensis. The small garden daisy.  
The small wild daisy, is like to the small garden daisy in his leaves. His little flowers do also spring up from the root, upon short stems: they be also yellow in the middle, and set about with little white leaves, after the order of the great daisy, but they are a great deal smaller, and without savour, as all the other sorts of Daisies be. The root is like to the root of the small garden daisy.   

❀ The Place.  
The great daisy, and the small wild daisy, do grow in meadows, and moist pastures. The fair double garden daisy is planted and set in gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
The great daisy floureth most commonly in May. The small garden daisy floureth from May all the Summer long. The small wild daisy floureth very timely in March, and sometimes sooner, and continueth flowering until April and somewhat later.   

❀ The Names.  
These flowers are called of Pliny in Latin Bellis and Bellius, and now they are called in Latin Consolida minor, and Herba Margarita. of some Primula veris, (especially the small wild daisy) in English Daisies: in French Marguerites or Pasquettes in high Douch Maszlieben, Massuselen, and in some places Seitloszlin: in Brabant Madelieven, and Kersouwen.  

Bellis minor syluestris. The small wild daisy.    

❀ The Temperament.  
These flowers and herbs, are of nature cold and moist.   

❧ The Virtues and effects.  
The decoction of the small Daisies, with their leaves or boiled alone in water, is good to be drunken against Agues, the inflammation of the Liver and all other inward parts.  
The herb taken in meats or potages, doth lose the belly gentilly.  
Mawdelenwurte, or the herbie part of the wild daisy is good against all burning ulcers and impostems, and against the inflammation and running of the eyes, being applied thereto.  
The same laid unto wounds, keepeth the same from inflammation, and impostumation.    

Of Canterbury Bells/ or Haskewurte. Chap. xx.  

¶ The kinds.  
THere be divers herbs which have flowers like Bells, whereof this Throtewurte or Haskewurte is a kind, of which we shall speak in this Chapter, and it is also of three sorts, that is to say, the great and small, and the creeping kind.   

❧ The Description.  
THe great Belfloure hath square, rough, & hairy stalks, upon which grow sharp pointed leaves, dented round about like to nettle leaves, the flowers grow alongst the stalks like Bells, and like the flowers of Rampions, but far greater, and rough hairy within, of colour sometimes white, sometimes blue, and sometimes Carnation or flesh colour. It beginneth to flower at the top of the stalk and so goeth florisshing downward. The flowers past, the seed which is small and grey, cometh up in long knoppie husks, like the Rampion seed. The root is white & much writhen and interlaced.  
Trachelium maius. Great Haskewurte or Belfloure.  
Trachelium minus. The less Haskewurte, or Belfloure.  
Auicularia.  
The small Belfloure in stalks is like to the great, saving that it groweth not so high, the leaves be somewhat long, smaller & whiter, and not so deeply dented as the leaves of the greater Belfloure, but very well like unto Sage leaves. The small Bells are violet, and purple, growing at the top of the stalk, and clustering thicker than the flowers of the great Belfloure. The root is slender and very threedy.  
The third in his leaves & stalks is like to the first, but his leaves be smaller and not so deeply cut. The flowers hung downwards, and grow almost hard by the stalk, of a light violet colour, in proportion and making like to the others. The roots most commonly are slender and crokedly creeping alongst the ground, putting forth new springs & plants in divers places, from which groweth small long and thick roots, not much unlike Rampions, whereof both this and the former sorts are a certain kind.  
There may be very well joined unto these Belfloures, the pleasant flowers which are called at Paris Auicularia, seeing that they be somewhat like to the flowers of Haskewurte or Belfloure. The plant that beareth these flowers groweth to the height of a hand breadth or twain, the stalks are small and tender, and set full of small leaves. The flowers grow at the top of the stalks of a fair purple colour, almost fasshioned like a Bell or Cymbal, with a small white clapper in the middle. They open after Sun rising and close again towards Sun set: and when they be close, they have five crests or playtes like the Belfloures, or Coventrie Marian's, or wild Rapes, or like to Rampions, and such other flowers before their opening.   

❀ The Place.  
Both these Belfloures, grow of their own kind in certain dry meads and pastures, and they be also planted in gardens.  
The third is found in divers Champion places, and sweet pastures of Zealand. And it is also planted in gardens, where as it prospereth overmuch: for it doth so spread abroad and multiply, that it hurteth other herbs, and cannot easily be weeded or overcome.  
Auicularia groweth in good ground, in fields amongst wheat, or where as wheat hath grown.   

❀ The Time.  
They flower most commonly in july.   

❀ The Names.  
The Belflower is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and in Latin Trachelium, Ceruicaria, and Vuularia, according to the Douch name: in English they be called Belfloures, and of some Canterbury Bells. The Plant may be very well called Haskewurte, or Throtewurte: in French Gantel'ee: in high Douch Halszkraut: in base Almaigne Halscruyt: And they are like the kinds of Rampions, as the Coventrie Marian's violet or wild Rape is, whereof shall be written here under.  
The third kind is unknown in the Shops of this country. The Herboristes of France do call it Auicularia: the Brabanders call it Urouwen spiegel. And I know none other name, except it be the herb that is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: & in Latin Onobrichis, that is to say the braying, or sounding again of the Ass, whereunto it hath some small proportion or similitude.   

❀ The Nature.  
Belfloure is of a complexion cold and dry, like to Rampion, wherefore it may be used in meat as the Rampions.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The Belfloure boiled in water, is sovereign to cure the pain and inflammation of the neck, and inside of the throat, and it is good against all ulcerations of the mouth, if one do gargoyle or wash his mouth therewithal.    

Of Autumn Belfloures/ or Calathian Violets. Chap. xxj.  

❧ The Description.  
Among all the kinds of Belfloures, there is none more beautiful in colour then this: it hath small strait knotty stems, & at every knot or joint, it hath two leaves set directly one against an other, which be long & narrow: by each side whereof, as also at the top of the stalk, groweth forth pleasant flowers, which be long & hollow, always bending outwards, like to a small long bell, with two or three small white threads in the middle. They are of a blue colour, so clear and excellent, that they seem to pass, the azured skies. When they are paste, there cometh up in the middle of the flower a round long husk, full of long small seed.  

Calathiana viola.    

❀ The Place.  
These pleasant flowers grow in moist meadows, & low untilled grounds, standing in fruitful soils.   

❧ The Time.  
They are in flower about the end of August and September.   

❀ The Names.  
Pliny calleth these flowers in Latin Campanulae Autumnales, & Viola Autumnalis: we may also call them in English Autumn Belfloures, Calathian violets, or Autumn violets: in high Douch they are called Lungen blume: for the which cause Cordus calleth them Pneumonanthe: and truly it seemeth to be a certain kind of Gentian: in base Almaigne it is called blauw Leliekens, and Duysent schoons.   

❀ The Temperament and Virtues.  
The temperament, nature and property of these pleasant little flowers are very like unto Gentian, as the bitter taste declareth.    

Of Marian's violet/ or Coventrie Bells. Chap. xxij.  

❀ The Description.  
THis brave & pleasant flower, hath his first leaves which grow next the ground, long, broad and somewhat hairy, not much unlike the leaves of wild rose Campions, from the midst whereof springeth up the second year after the sowing or planting one stalk or more, full of branches, set with such like leaves, but somewhat smaller: there grow upon the said branches, many fair and pleasant hollow flowers, most commonly of a clear purple colour, and sometimes white, in proportion very well like to the common Belfloure, but much larger and rounder, and not so deeply cut about the brims or edges, the which also before their opening are folden together as it were with five crested playtes or edges. When they are passed there cometh up small round buttons or husks, with five rough ends, or tails, which be hollow, short, plied, or turned back, in all things else like to the knops or husks of Rampion, or the common Belfloure. The seed is in the middle of the said knoppie husks, & it is small & brown, coloured like a chestnut. The root is white and thick, and putteth forth by the sides divers other roots.  

Viola Mariana.    

❀ The Place.  
These pleasant flowers grow about Coventrie in England, and are found sown in the gardens of Herboristes', and are not yet very common.   

❧ The Time.  
They flower from july until September, and afterward, and notwithstanding, though they seem always to flower, yet they do also bear seed, so that oftentimes as soon as this herb beginneth to flower, one may always find upon the same buds, flowers, and ripe seed.   

❀ The Names.  
Men do now call these pleasant flowers in Latin Violae Marianae: that is to say in English, Marianes violets, we may also call them Coventrie Rapes: in base Almaigne Marietes: of the old writers in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. In Latin Rapum syluestre. Of this kind also are the Belfloures, described afore in the xx. Chapter of this Book.   

❀ The Nature.  
These flowers, and their root specially are cold and dry.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Their virtue is all one, with the other Belfloures, and may be used in like sort.  
They use about Coventrie in England where as great store of these plants do grow, to eat their roots in Salads, as Pena writeth in his book entitled Stirpium adversaria nova. Fol. 138.    

Of Blue bells. Chap. twenty-three.  

❀ The Description.  
THese flowers when their plant beginneth first to spring up out of the ground, have small round leaves like to March violets, amongst the which springeth up a long high hollow stalk, set with long narrow swartgreene leaves, amongst the which also at the top of the stalk grow fair Bells or hollow flowers, greater than the flowers of Rampion, of colour blew turning towards purple most commonly, but sometimes also they be white. When they are fallen away, the seed is found in small bullets, or husks like Rampion seed. The root is small and threedie. The whole plant is full of white sap or juice like milk, the which cometh forth when the herb is broken or bruised, and tasteth like Rampions.  
There is also a wild kind of these flowers, the which is like to the aforesaid, in growing, leaves, stalks, flowers, and seed. Nevertheless it is a great deal and in all respects smaller, and it yieldeth a white juice also like the first.  
There is also a certain third kind of this Blue belfloure much greater than the first: his stalks be long and high: his leaves be somewhat large: and it hath very many flowers growing alongst the stalks, as it were little small Bells of a fair blue colour: and after them certain hollow little husks or Cells: his root at the first is long and slender, but when the plant waxeth old, the root is full of knots and knobs, and divided into sundry branches: and finally this herb is full of white sape like to the first.  
Campanula caerulea sativa.   

❀ The Place.  
They plant the first kind in gardens.  
And the small wild kind groweth in the borders of fields, & under hedges.   

❀ The Time.  
They flower in june & july. And the wild doth also flower until August.   

❀ The Names.  
These flowers be now called Fair in sight: in French bell videre: in Douch Blauw clocxkens, that is to say in Latin Campanula caerulea. All these three plants are very like that herb which is called of Theophrastus in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and in Latin of Pliny jasione.   

❀ The Nature and Virtues.  
These flowers be not used in medicine, wherefore the temperature and virtues thereof are unknown.    

Of Fox glove. Chap. xxiv.  

❀ The Description.  
Fox glove hath long broad swartgreene leaves, somewhat dented about the edges, & somewhat like the leaves of wild Mulleyne, amongst the which springeth up a strait round stem of two Cubits long or there about, by one side whereof, from the middle to the very top, there grow fair long round hollow flowers, fasshioned like finger stalls, of colour sometimes carnation, and speckled, in the inside with white spots, and sometimes all white, & sometimes yellow. When they are fallen of, there appeareth round sharpepoynted husks in which is contained the seed, of a bitter taste. The root is black & full of threedy strings.   

❀ The Place.  
It groweth in stony places & mountains, in dark shadowy valleys or coombes, where as there hath been myning for Iron and Smiths coal. It is also planted in certain gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
Fox glove floureth chief in july and August.  

Digitalis.    

❀ The Names.  
This herb is now called in Latin Digitalis, Campanula syluestris, and Nola syluestris: in English Fox glove: in French Gantz nostre Dame, and Digitale: in high Douch Fingerhut, Fingerkraut, Waldt glocklin, & Waldt schell: in base Almaigne Vingerhoetcruyt. This as some do writ, is that kind of Verbascum, which the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, of the Latinistes Lychnitis, and Thryallis, whereunto it is much like.   

❀ The Nature.  
Fox glove is hot and dry.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Fox glove boiled in water or wine and drunken, doth cut and consume, the thick toughness of gross and slimy humours. Also it openeth the stoppings of the liver, & Spleen or milt, and of other inward parts.  
The same taken in the like manner, or else boiled with honeyed water, doth scour and cleanse the breast, and ripeth, and bringeth forth tough and clammy phlegm.    

Of Turkey/ or Aphrican Gilofers. Chap. twenty-five.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be two sorts of these flowers found in this country: one great & the other small, the great (Othanna) groweth to the height of a man, and floureth very late. The small groweth low, and floureth betimes.   

❀ The Description.  
THe great Aphrican flower hath a long brown read, crested & knotty stalk, full of branches, & groweth viij. or ix. foot high, having at every knot or joint, two branches, set with great long leaves, composed of many small long narrow leaves, nicked & tothed round about, & spread abroad as it were wings, & set one over against an other, altogether like Athanasia or garden tansy. The flowers grow at the end of the branches, out of long round husks, of a brown Orange colour above, and of a faint or pale yellow underneath. After the falling of the flowers, the seed which is enclosed in the aforesaid round husks, is long, narrow and black.  
The small Aphrican flower is like unto that abovesaid, in his stalks, leaves, flowers, & seed, saving it is in all respects smaller, & groweth not very much higher than a foot. They are both in their leaves and flowers of a naughty strong & unpleasant savour, especially when they be either rubbed or bruised betwixt one's fingers.  
Flos Aphricanus.   

❀ The Place.  
These flowers grow in Aphrica, & from thence they where brought into this country, after that the mighty and Noble Emperor Charles the fifth, won the Town and Country of Thunes, they are planted here in gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
The small African Gillofer, beginneth to flower in April or in May, and from thence forth all the Summer.  
The great Othonna beginneth not to flower before August.   

❀ The Names.  
This flower may be called in Latin Flos Aphricanus, for it was first brought out of Aphrica into the countries of Germany and Brabant. We do call this flower Turkey Gillofers, and French Marygoldes, Aphrican flowers, or Aphrican Gillofers: the French men do call these flowers Oillets de Turk, and Oillet d'Inde: and from thence it cometh to pass that the Latinists do call it Flos Indianus: in high Douch Indianisch Negelin: in base Almaigne Thuenis bloemen: of Valerius Cordus Tanaceum perunianun. Some learned men think that this herb hath been called of the Ancient writers 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Othonna, and that it should be the Othonna, whereof Dioscorides hath written, which groweth in Arabia about Egypt, whose leaves be holy, as though they had been eaten with Locusts, Pausmers or Snails, which thing almost may pe perceived in the leaves of this Indian Gillofer, if a man look upon them against the light. But in my judgement it is better like to be that herb, which Galen in his fourth book of Simples calleth Lycopersium, or Lycopersion.   

❀ The vile Nature and evil quality of this Herb.  
The Indian Gillofer is very dangerous, hurtful, and venomous, both to man & beast, as I have tried by experience, namely upon a young Cat, whereunto I have given of these flowers to eat, very finely pound with green or fresh Cheese: whereupon she blasted immediately, and shortly after died. And I was moved to make this experience, by the occasion of a young child who had gathered of these flowers & put them into his mouth, so that strait ways his mouth & lips did swell exceedingly & within a day or two after, they become very sore and scabbed, as also it doth often happen to them, that put into their mouths the pipes, or hollow stalks of Hemlock. Wherefore it is manifest that this herb with his flower is very evil and venomous, and of complexion much like unto Hemlock, the which also may be partly perceived by his foul and loathsome savour, which is very strong and stinking, not much differing from the rank and noisome smell of Hemlock.    

Of May Lillie/ or Lily Conuall. Also of Monophillon. Chap. xxuj.  

❀ The Description.  
Lily Conuall hath two green smooth leaves, like to the leaves of the common white Lily but smaller and tenderer, betwixt which there springeth up a naked stalk of a span long, or thereabouts, at the which stalk there hangs seven or eight, or more, proper small flowers, as white as Snow, and of a pleasant strong savour, smelling almost like the Lily. When the flowers be past, their cometh in their steed certain red berries, like to the fruit or berries of garden Asparagus. The root is threedishe, creeping here and there.  
It should seem that Monophillon were a kind of Lylie Conuall, it hath a leaf not much unlike the greatest leaves of ivy, with many ribs or sinews alongst the same, like to a plantain leaf: the which one leaf, or single leaf, doth always spring up out of the ground alone, saving when the herb is in flower and seed: for than it bareth two leaves upon a round tender stalk like to the other, but smaller & standing one above an other, above the said leaves groweth the small white flowers like to Lylie Conuall, but not of so strong a savour, after which there rises small berries or round fruit, which is white at the first and afterward red. The root is very slender and creepeth in the ground.   

❀ The Place.  
lily Conuall and Monophillon, growth in shadowy woods.   

❀ The Time.  
They do both flower in May.  

Lilium Conuallium. Lily Conuall.   

Vnifolium. Monophillon.    

❀ The Names.  
lily Conuall, is now called in Latin Lilium convallium, that is to say, the lily of the valley: in English lily convall, May blossoms, May lilies, & Lyryconfancy: in French Grand Muguet: in high Douch Meyenblumlin: in base Almaigne Meybloemkens.  
Monophillon is now called in Latin Vnifolium: it may be also called in English, one Leaf, one Blade, or Singleleafe: in high Douch Einblat: and in base Almaigne Eenbladt, and it should seem to be a kind of Lily convall, seeing that it is so well like unto it in flowers and seed.   

❀ The Nature.  
They be in complexion, hot and dry, like the Lilies.   

❀ The Virtues.  
They writ that the water of the flowers of lily convall, distilled with good strong wine, and drunken in the quantity of a spoonful, restoreth speech to them that are fallen into the Apoplexy, & that it is good for them that have the Palsy, and the Gout, and it comforteth the Heart.  
The same water as they say, doth strengthen the Memory, and restoreth it again to his natural vigour, when through sickness it is diminished.  
Besides this they say also that it is good to be dropped in, against the inflammation, and watering of the eyes.  
The root of Monophillon is counted of some late writers, for a sovereign and special remedy against the Pestilence and alpoyson, when the weight of half a dram of the powder of the said root is given in vinegar, or good wine, or in both mixed together, according to the nature or complexion of the sick, so that upon the receit thereof, they go to bed and sweat well.  
Monophillon is good to be laid with his root, unto green wounds, to preserve them from inflammation and Apostumation.    

Of Calves snout/ or Snap Dragon. Chap. xxvij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere are in this country two sorts of this herb, the one great and the other small. The great hath broad leaves, and it is the true Antirrhinum of Dioscorides. The smaller kind hath long narrow leaves.  

Antirrhinon. The great snap Dragon, or Calves snout.   

Orontium. Small Calves snout.    

❧ The Description.  
THe great Antirrhinon hath strait round stems, & full of branches, the leaves be of a dark green, somewhat long and broad, not much unlike the leaves of Anagallis or Punpernell, always two leaves growing one against an other, like the leaves of Anagallis. There groweth at the top of the stalk alongst the branches certain flowers one above an other, somewhat long and broad before, after the fashion of a frogs mouth, not much unlike the flowers of Toad flax, but much larger, and without tails, of a faint yellowissh colour. After them come long round husks, the foremost part whereof are somewhat like to a Calves snout or Moosell, wherein the seed is contained.  
There is also an other kind of great Antirrhinum, whose leaves belong & narrow, almost like to the leaves of Toad flax, which beareth sometimes a red flower, sometimes a faint red, and sometimes a white flower: else in all things like to the above said.  
The small Antirrhinum his stalks be small and tender, not very full of branches, his leaves be long and narrow, betwixt which and the stalks, grow the small read flowers, like to the aforesaid flowers, but a great deal smaller. When they are passed, there rises up small round heads or knaps, with little hooles in them, like to a dead skull, within which is contained small seed.   

❀ The Place.  
The first and great Antirrhinum, groweth not in this country, but in the gardens of certain Herboristes where as it is sown. The second groweth in some fields of this country, by high ways, and under hedges.   

❀ The Time.  
The great Antirrhinum floureth in August and july. The small Antirrhinum beareth flowers in july.   

❀ The Names.  
The first kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Antirrhinum, and Syluestris Anagallis: in English Calves snout, and Snapdragon: in French Grand Antirrhinum, and Moron violet: in Douch Orant, and of some Calves nueses.  
The second kind is called of some in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Orontium: in English small Snapdragon, or Calves snout: in French Petit Antirrhinum: in Douch cleyne Orant, of this kind Galen hath made mention in lib 9 de Medicamentis secundùm loca, amongst the Medicines which Archigenes made for them that have the jaundices. And it seemeth to be the Phyteuma of Dioscorides, called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.   

❀ The Nature.  
The great Antirrhinum is hot, and of like nature and complexion unto Aster Atticus, called in English Sharewurte, as Galen writeth.  
The small is hot and dry, and of subtle parts.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Some have written, that who so carrieth about him the great Antirrhinum, cannot take harm or be hurt with any venom or poison whatsoever.  
The small Antirrhinum doth scatter away, and consume the yellow colour of the body, which remaineth after one hath had the jaundice, if one be well washed with the decoction thereof.    

Of water lily. Chap. xxviij.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be two kinds of water lilies, that is to say, the yellow, & the white, not only differing in flower but also in root.   

❀ The Description.  
THe white water Lillie, hath great broad roundish leaves, sometimes fleeting or swimming above the water, and sometimes under, the which all do spring up from the root, upon long round smooth stalks. The flowers do also grow upon such like stems coming from the root, and they have in the middle many yellow threads, or thrommes, compassed round about with xxuj. or xxviij. white leaves set in very good order, each leaf almost as large as one's finger, or like in proportion to the leaves of Houselike or Sengreene. When the flowers be past, there come in their steed round knoppes or bolliens, wherein the seed lieth, which is large and swart. The root is black and rough, sometimes of the bigness of one's arm with many threedy strings.  
The yellow water lily his leaves be very much like to the white, his flowers be yellow and smaller than the flowers of the white, the which being fallen, there cometh in their place round long knoppes or bolliens, narrow at the top, like to a small glass or vial. The root is white and of a spongy substance, of the greatness of one's arm, full of knobs and knots, with certain great strings hanging by it.  
Nymphaea alba. White water Lillie.  
Nymphaea lutea. Yellow water Lily.   

❀ The Place.  
These flowers do grow in Rivers and Pools, and other standing waters.   

❧ The Time.  
Water Lillie floureth in june, and sometimes sooner.   

❀ The Names.  
The first kind of these flowers, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Nymphaea, of some Clauus Veneris, and Papaver palustre: of the Apothecary's Nenuphar: in English White water Lily, Water Rose, and white Nenuphar: in Italian Nenuphar biancho: in Spanish Adarguas del Rio, Escudettes del Rio, Figuos del Rio blanquos: in French Nenuphar blanc, or Blanc d'eaué: in high Douch Seeblumen, wasser Gilgen, Wassermahen, Horwurtz, Horftang: in Brabant Plompen, and wit Plompen.  
The second kind is called in Latin Nymphaea lutea, and Nenuphar citrinum: in English Yellow Nenuphar, or Water Lillie: in Italian Nenuphar giallo: in Spanish Figuos del Rio amarillos, Golfan Amarillo: in French Nenuphar iaulne, or jaulne d'eaué. The flower thereof, as Dioscorides writeth, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Blephara.   

❀ The Nature.  
Both sorts of Nenuphar, and specially the root are in temperature cold and dry without any acrimony or sharpness.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root or seed of the white water Lillie, boiled in wine and drunken, is good for them that have the lask, the bloody flux and Tenaunne, which is a desire to go often to the stool and may do nothing.  
The same root boiled in white wine, cureth the diseases of the milt and Bladder.  
The root & seed of the white water Lillie are very good against Venus, or fleshly desires, if one drink the Decoction thereof, or use the powder of the said seed and root in meats: for it drieth up the seed of generation, and so causeth to live in chastity. The same property is in the root as Pliny writeth, if it be bruised and applied outwardly to the secret parts.  
The Conserve of the flowers thereof, is also very good for all the aforesaid diseases, moreover it is good against hot burning fevers, & the head ache, & it causeth sweet and quiet sleep, and putteth away all venereous dreams.  
The root thereof bruised or stamped, is good to be laid to the pain and inflammation of the stomach, and the bladder.  
The same root pound with water, taketh away all the spots of the skin when it is rubbed therewithal, and being mingled with Tar, it cureth the naughty scurf of the head.  
The root of water Lillie being yet green, pound & laid upon wounds, doth staunch the blood, as Theoplirastus writeth.  
The root of yellow water Lily, boiled in thick red wine and drunken, stoppeth the inordinate course of the flowers, especially the white flux.    

Of camomile. Chap. xxix.  

❀ The kinds.  
Camomile, as Dioscorides and other of the Ancients have written, is of three sorts. The one hath white flowers. The other hath yellow flowers. And the third which is the greatest of the three, hath flowers betwixt red & purple. Yet at this time there be divers other sorts found, and first there be two sorts of camomile which are very sweet and of strong savour, called Roman Camomile. The one hath white flowers, the other yellow, and bysides these there be others, which do (for the most part) grow in desert places, and therefore we have named them Camomile of the Forest, or wilderness.   

❀ The Description.  
THe first kind of Camomile hath divers long round stalks, creeping alongst the ground, and taking root in divers places, very seldom growing higher than one's hand. It hath divers small tender leaves very small cut, or finely jagged.  
The second kind is much like unto the first, saving his leaves be smaller, his flowers be nothing else but certain yellow buttons, like the middle of the flowers of the other Camomile, without any small leaves growing about it, as you may perceive by the figure, but otherwise it is like to the first Camomile.  
Of the number of these two kinds, there is yet an other, which hath small yellow leaves growing round about the small yellow knoppes or buttons, and are altogether like to the first, in leaves, savour, and fashion, saving his flowers be altogether yellow.  
These two kinds of Camomile (that is to say) the white & the yellow, have a very pleasant savour, like the smell of a Cytron, whereof they first took their name in Greek Chamaemelum.  
Chamaemelum leucanthemum. White Roman Camomile.  
Chamaemelum chrysantemum. Yellow Roman Camomile.  
The third kind of Camomile which beareth read purple flowers, & groweth higher than the two others, is not yet known unto us, except it be that flower which some call flos Adonis, and other Anemone.   

❀ The Place.  
None of the sweet Roman Camomils' groweth in this country, of their own kinds, but are planted in the gardens of some diligent Herboristes, and are come hither as strangers.   

❀ The Time.  
These Camomils' do flower in june, & july, & sometimes also sooner. They last all the winter, and may very well abide the cold.   

❀ The Names.  
The Camomile is also called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Chamaemelum, and as Apuleius writeth Benè olens, at this day Camomilla: in English Camomile: in French Camomille: in Douch Camille.  
The first kind of sweet Camomile with the white flower is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Chamaemelum album: in base Almaigne Roomsche Camille: in English white Camomile: in French Camomille blanch.  
The second kind of sweet smelling Camomile with the yellow flower is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Chrysanthemum, and Chamaemelum luteum: in English Yellow Camomile: in French Camomille iaulne: in Douch geele Roomsche Camille.  
The third kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Eranthemum, and Chamaemelum purpureum. It may be called in English Purple Camomile: in French Camomille à fleur purpurée: in Douch Rood Camille.   

❀ The Temperament.  
The Camomile, especially the white, is hot and dry in the first degree, and hath power to dissolve, & make subtle. But the Roman Camomils' be hotter, and more drying.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The Decoction of the flowers, herb, and root of Camomile, being drunken causeth women to have their terms, driveth forth of the belly the dead fruit, provoketh urine, & breaketh the stone. It is of the like virtue, if one do bathe in a bath of the same Decoction.  
The flowers and herb of Camomile boiled in wine and drunken, driveth forth windiness and cureth the colic, that is to say, the pain in the bowels and belly.  
Camomile taken in the same sort doth purge & beautify those that have an evil colour remaining after the jaundices, and cureth them that have any grief or impediment of the liver.  
Camomile pound with his flowers, and taken in the quantity of a dram with wine, is very good against the biting of Serpents, and all other venomous beasts.  
The Decoction of Camomile made in water and applied outwardly upon the region of the bladder, taketh away the pain of the same, provoketh urine, and driveth forth gravel.  
Camomile chewed in the mouth, cureth the ulcers & sores of the same. Of like virtue is the decoction to wash the mouth withal.  
Camomile also closeth up all wounds, and old ulcers, especially those which happen about the corners of the eyes, when it is bruised and laid upon, or if one wash such wounds and sores with the decoction thereof.  
Camomile mingled with oil & taken in glister, is singular against all fevers which happen by means of the obstruction or stopping of the skin.  
The oil of Camomile doth assuage and mitigate all pain and ache, it cureth wearied & bruised parts, it loseth and softeneth all that which is hard and stretched out or swollen: it doth mollify and make soft all that which is hard, and openeth all that is stopped.    

Of wild or common Camomile. Chap. thirty.  

¶ The kinds.  
THere are four kinds of wild Camomile. The first kind is the common Camomile: the second is the Cotula foetida: the third is the great wild Camomile called Cotula non foetida: the fourth is the wild Camomile with the yellow flowers called in Latin Cotula Lutea.   

❧ The Description.  
THe common Camomile hath slender, tough & hard stems: the leaves be tender, and very small cut and jagged. The flowers grow at the top of the branches, and are yellow in the middle, and set round about with many small white leaves, altogether like the flowers of garden Camomile with the white flowers, and also of a meetly pleasant savour, but nothing so strong nor pleasant in smell as the garden Camomile.  
Chamaemelum, Leucanthemum common & syluestre. The common wild Camomile.  
Cotula foetida. Mathers or stinking Camomile.  
unsavoury Camomile, or Cotula non foetida, hath small tender pliant stems, many growing up from one root, the leaves be long, greater and whiter than the leaves of the common Camomile. The flowers are like to the two kinds aforesaid, but they are a great deal greater and without any manifest smell. The root is great and very threddie, the which dieth not lightly at winter but springeth up yearly a new.  
Golden Cotula is like to Cotula non foetida in his stalks, leaves, & flowers saving that his leaves be greater and whiter, drawing towards Asshie colour, and his flowers be not only yellow in the middle, but also they are set round about with small yellow leaves, in fashion like the other Camomilles, & without smell like to Cotula non foetida. Also it doth not lightly die or decay, but springeth up yearly out of the old roots.   

❀ The Place.  
The iij. first kinds do grow most commonly in this country in every corn field.  
The golden Cotula groweth in such like places in France and Germany, but not in this country, except in the gardens of Herbozistes.   

❀ The Time.  
All these kinds of Camomile do flower in june, & from thence forth all the Somerlong.  

Cotula non foetida. unsavoury Maydeweede.   

Cotula lutea. Golden Cotula.    

❀ The Names.  
The first kind of wild Camomile is now called Chamaemelum album: in Shops Chamomilla, whereas it is aptly used for Leucanthemum: in English common Camomile: in Italian Camamilla: in Spanish Macella, Manzamilla. in French Camomille vulgaire: in high Douch Chamill. Albeit this is not the right Camomile. Wherefore we call it Chamaemelum syluestre, that is to say, wild Camomile.  
The second kind is now called in Latin and in Shops Cotula foetida, of some Cauta and Camomilla foetida, and in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Cynanthemis, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Cynobotane, that is to say, dogs Camomile: in Italian Drusaculo: in Spanish Maguarca: in high Douch Krottendill, Hunszdill, Hundszblum, and wild Chamill: in Brabant Paddebloemen, and stinckende or wild Camille: in English Mathers, Mayweede, dogs Camomile, Stinking Camomile, and Dog Fenell: and peradventure it is Parthemium mucrophyllon of Hypocrates.  
The third kind is called Cotula non foetida, Camomilla fatua, and Camomilla inodora, of some in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Buphthalmum, that is to say in Latin, Oculus bovis: in high Douch Kudill, and Rundsaug & Kueaug: in French Oeil de beuf: howbeit this is not the right Buphthalmum, as one may see in the Chapters following, and therefore it may better be called Cotula non foetida, or Cotula alba, than to call it by a name not belonging unto it. I have Englished it unsavoury Camomile, foolish Mathes, and white Cotula without savour.  
The fourth kind may well be called Cotula lutea, seeing it is so well like unto the Cotules abovesaid: in English Golden Cotula: in high Douch Streichblumen, and Steinblumen, and according to the same it is called in base Almaigne Strijck bloemen. Some which think that this is the second kind of Camomile, do call it Chrysanthemum, that is to say; yellow Camomile: in French Camomille iaulne: in high Douch geel Camille, but they are deceived, and their opinion is not like to be true, because this herb hath no special smell. Moreover the fashion of the leaves is nothing like to the leaves of garden Camomile, neither yet like the common Camomile.   

❀ The Temperament.  
The common Camomile is of complexion hot and dry, and not so fervent as the Roman Camomile, but more pleasant and gentle.  
Cotula foetida is hot and dry, as his smell and savour declareth.  
The other two kinds are of complexion somewhat like, but not so strong.   

❀ The Virtues.  
As the common Camomile is very like in complexion to the right Camomile, so is it like in his faculties and operation, saving that it is not althing so strong in operation.  
This Camomile hath been proved to be very good against the Colic and the Stone, and also it provoketh urine, to be used in like manner as the Roman or right garden Camomile, and it is more convenient, and agreeable unto man's nature than the Roman Camomile.  
And surely this Camomile also is right excellent in all kinds of mollifying and softening plasters, that serve to suage pain & to dissolve tumours & swellings: for it easeth and suageth all pains, and dissolveth & scattereth tumours, causing the same to vanish away: & therefore it is very good to be used in such clysters as are made against the Colique and the stone.  
The oil of this Camomile is singular against all kind of ache and pain, against bruisings, shrink, hardnesses, and stoppings, like the oil of the garden Camomile. Moreover it is better, and more convenient to be put into Clysters, which are made against the Fever, than that oil that is made of the flowers of garden Camomile.  
Cotula foetida is good for such women, whose Matrix is loosed, and falling down from one side to another, if one do wash their feet with a decoction thereof made in water.  
It is also good against the Suffocations of the Matrix, if you give it to be eaten or smelled too, and it is of like virtue to Castorium, as the learned writers of our time have found out by experience.  
The operation and virtues of the two others are not yet known, but accordingly as one may judge, they are in faculty not much unlike the Camomils', saving that they be altogether feebler.  
Some do writ, that golden Cotula boiled in wine and drunken, is good against the jaundices, and restoreth the good & lively colour, which is a sign that it is of like virtue unto Camomile, for Camomile worketh the same, as we have declared in the former Chapter.    

Of Pass flower/ or fiedde Mathes. Chap. xxxi.  

❀ The Description.  
THis herb hath thick green stalks, and leaves very small cut and jagged, much like both in stalks and leaves, and also in smell and savour, unto Cotula foetida. The flower is of a fair purple read colour, of fashion and making like unto the gold cup, or the flower of Crowfoote: when they are passed, there come up round rough knops, like the knops of Crowfoote, but somewhat longer, wherein is the seed (like to Spinach seed).   

❀ The Place.  
These fair & pleasant flowers grow in some places in the common corn fields as in Provence and Languedoc, and in some places of England, in some countries they grow not but in gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
This herb beginneth to flower in May, and remaineth flowering all the Summer.  

Heranthemum forte.    

❀ The Names.  
The stalks & leaves with the whole herb that beareth these flowers, which is like unto some of the Camomilles in savour, smell, and proportion, are sufficient enough to prove this herb to be a kind of Camomile, and especially the third kind called Heranthemum: the flowers only, which are not very like unto Camomile flowers, causeth me to doubt. For if the flowers were like fasshioned unto Camomile, I would without doubt maintain this herb to be the third kind of Camomile, which is the true Heranthemum, which Dioscorides describeth to be greater than the two other kinds, & to have a purple flower, unto which description this herb draweth near, saving only in the fashion of his flower. For the whole plant is greater and higher than Camomile, but otherwise very like it, and the flowers be of a fair purple read colour. But whatsoever this herb is, it is better like to be the third kind of Camomile, than Consolida regia, which we call Larckes spur, is, or Aster Atticus which we call Sharewurte, which have been both described of some writers for this kind of Camomile, although they were nothing like Camomile, neither in their leaves, flowers, nor smell, and they bear not red flowers but blue, which is against the description of Heranthemum, whose flowers (as it is above said) Dioscorides writeth to be of a read purple colour. Wherefore this herb may better be called Heranthemum, than either Larckes spur, or Shareworte: it may be called in English purple Camomile, Red Mathes, and Pass flower: it is also called in French Pass fleur: the Brabanders call it Bruynettekens.  
Some would have it to be flos Adonis, but their opinion seemeth not to be very likely, because that Flos Adonis should seem to be none other, than a kind of Anemone.   

❀ The Temperament.  
The taste and smell of this herb doth manifestly declare it to be of complexion hot and dry like the Camomile, but chief like to Cotula foetida.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The virtues and operation of this herb are yet unknown unto us: but if this herb be Heranthemum, it is singular against the stone, as we have already written in the xxix. Chapter of this Book.    

Of Buphthalmos/ or Ox eye. Chap. xxxij.  

❧ The Description.  
BUphthalmos is a brave plant, with pleasant flowers & stems, of a span or a half cubit long: it hath three or four stalks, set with tender leaves very small cut and jagged, not much unlike unto Fenell leaves, but a great deal smaller, and very well like to the leaves of the small Sothrenwood, saving they be greener. The flower is of a fair bright yellow colour, and large, with many small thrommes or yellow threads in the middle, almost like to the flowers of Marigolds saving they be much larger, & have not so many small leaves set round about the golden knops or yellow heads. The flower perished, there cometh in steed thereof a round knop almost like the sedie knop of Pass flower, the root is black & very thredie.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb as witnesseth Dioscorides groweth in the fields without the town: in this country the Herboristes do plant it in their gardens.  

Buphthalmum.    

❧ The Time.  
It beareth his flowers in March and April.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb because of his flowers, which be of the quantity and fashion of an Ox eye, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Buphthalmum, & Oculus bovis: in high Douch Rindszaug, Kuaug: in base Almaigne Rundsooge, and Coeooghe: some call it also Cachla, Cauta, or Caltha. This is the right Ox eye described by Dioscorides.  
In certain places the Apothecaries do cell, and use the roots of this plant in steed of the root of black Hellebor, and from hence it cometh that certain studious Herboristes have called this plant Helleborum nigrum, and do count it for a very naughty and vehement plant, howbeit that of itself it hath not in it any special malice or force, neither will it provoke the stool as some have proved by experience. Therefore some have called it Helleborine tenuifolia: some others call it Helleborastrum, or Consiligo, whereunto it is nothing like.   

❀ The Temperament.  
Buphthalmos or Ox eye is hot and dry, of a more sharper and cutting nature than Camomile.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The flowers of Buphthalmos pound, and mingled with oil and wax, & laid to cold and hard swellings, dissolveth and wastes the same.  
Some do affirm, (as witnesseth Dioscorides and Serapio) that Buphthalmos or Ox eye cureth the jaundices, & causeth the body to be of good colour, if one drink it boiled in wine, after his coming out of a bath.    

Of Goldenfloure/ or the wild marygold. Chap. xxxiij.  

❀ The Description.  
THis herb hath round smooth stems divided into many branches. The leaves be long and deeply jagged round about, as if they were rend or torn. The flowers grow at the top of the branches in fashion like the flowers of Camomile, but they be a great deal larger, and not only yellow like fine gold in the middle, but also round about, and of a pleasant smell. The root is white and threddie.  
There is yet an other kind of this herd in all things like to the same, as in his stalks, colour, flowers, savour, and fashion, but his leaves be a great deal more deeply cut and jagged, even hard to the middle rib or sinew. The which I thought good to note, to the end that by this one may know and understand, how one kind of herb may often change his shape and proportion, according to the nature of the soil or place where it groweth, as first of all we may learn by this herb, the which in some places hath not his leaves so much cloven and jagged, and therefore it approacheth not so near to the description of Dioscorides his Chrysanthemum: as it doth when it groweth in some other places, whereas it beareth leaves, very much cloven and jagged, and than it is agreeable in all respects to the true description of Chrysanthemum.  
Chrysanthemon.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth amongst the Corn, and in household gardens amongst other herbs, and by the high way sides.   

❀ The Time.  
It beginneth to flower in june, and from thence forth almost until winter.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and in Latin Chrysanthemum, that is to say, Goldenfloure, & Caltha, and of some Buphthalmum: in Italian Chrispula herba: in Spanish Mequeres amarillo: in French Camomille Saffranée: in high Douch S. johans blum, & Gensblum: in base Almaigne Vokelaer, geel Gansebloemen, Hontsroosen: unknown in shops as many other good herbs be.   

❀ The Nature.  
This herb is hot and dry, not much differing from Camomile.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Chrysanthemum boiled in wine, cureth the jaundices, & restoreth good colour, when one doth drink it, after that he hath been often & long in the bath.  
The seed of the same drunken in wine by itself, or pound with his flowers doth also cure the jaundices, as the later writers have proved.  
The flowers of this herb pound with oil and wax, and applied in manner of a plaster, dissolveth cold swellings which chance to be on the head.  
The leaves and tenderest branches of Chrysanthemum, may be well used in pottage and Salads, as other herbs of like nature: for in time past our elders have so used it.    

Of the Indian Sun/ or Golden flower of Perrowe. Chap. xxxiiij.  

❀ The Description.  
THe Indian Sun, or the golden flower of Perrowe is a plant, of such stature and tallness, that in one Summer it groweth to the length of thirteen or fouretenne foot, and in some places to the height of four & twenty, or five and twenty foot, his stalks be right strait and thick, and his leaves are very many, especially they that grow upmost, for the under leaves do quickly fall and vanissh: especially those great broad leaves which before the springing up of the stalk, are in quantity almost as large as the leaves of the Clote Burr. In the very top of the said high stalk there groweth a very large & most excellent flower most likest to Camomile, or Chrysanthemum, but much larger, & in quantity almost like to apretie broad Hat, so that oftentimes when the circuit, or uttermost Compass of the said flower is measured, it is found to be of the breadth of half a foot. The middle of the flower in which the seed groweth, is like to a fine cloth wrought as it were with needle work: the small leaves which grow in compass about, are of a bright shining yellow colour, and every one of them are in quantity like the leaves of the lily flowers, or rather greater, and are almost fifty in number or more. The seed is flat and long, and somewhat brown or swart, in quantity like to the Gourd seed. The roots are like to the roots of Reeds or Canes.  

Chrysanthemum Perwianum.    

❀ The Place.  
This plant groweth in the West India, the which is called America, and in the Country of Perrowe: and being sown in Spain, it groweth to the length of four and twenty foot, and it beareth flowers like to the above said: in base Almaigne it groweth not above xij. or xiij. foot high, and it doth scarfly bring forth his flower, and if it chance sometimes to bear his flowers, yet than they be smaller and very little, and they come forth against winter, so that they can come to no perfection.   

❀ The Names.  
This flower is called Sol Indianus, and Chrysanthemum Perunianum: in base Almaigne Son van Indien: we may also call it the Indian Sun, or the Golden flower of Perrowe.   

❀ The Nature and Virtues.  
Of the virtue of this herb and flower, we are able to say nothing, because the same hath not been yet found out, or proved of any man.    

Of Flower Deluce/ or Iris. Chap. xxxv.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be many kinds of Iris, or flower Deluce: whereof some are great & tall, and some are little and small. The greater sorts are known one from an other by their colours, and so be also the smaller sorts. There is also a certain kind with narrower blades, in savour somewhat loathsome or grievous, almost of the savour of Spatulae foetidae, or Gladyn, bysides the Dwarf Ireos, the stinking Iris, and the yellow Iris.   

❀ The Description.  
THe greater Iris, or flower Deluce his leaves be long & large, not much unlike to the shoulder-blade of a two edged sword, amongst the which there springeth up plain and smooth little stalks of two foot long or more, bearing flowers made of six leaves joined together, whereof the three that stand upright, are bend inward one towards an other: and most commonly in the leaves that hung downwards, there are certain rough or hairy weltes like unto a man's brows, growing or rising from the neither part of the leaf upward, almost of a yellow colour. The roots be thick, long and knobby, with many strings, as it were hairy threads hanging at them.  
One kind of these beareth flowers betwixt purple and blue, with a certain changeableness, especially in the nethermost leaves.  
The other kind his leaves that hung downwards, are of a fair violet colour, but those that grow upright, and bend inwards, are of a faint blue.  
The third flower is altogether or wholly of a faint blue.  
Iris.  
The fourth kind his flowers be all white.  
The fifth kind his leaves be of a very fair deep Violet colour, and his smell is most delectable, and the hairy or rough weltes of this kind are white.  
The smaller Flower Deluces, or Ireos, are in all things like to the greater, saving that their stems be very short, and their flags or blades, are also shorter and smaller than the others. Their flowers are like to the greater, most commonly of a yellow colour, and sometimes of a faint colour, and sometimes betwixt purple and sky colour: and the same is in some kinds of them fadder, and in some lighter.  
The narrow leaved Ireos, his flags belong and narrow, but yet they be shorter than the leaves or blades of the greater Iris, and of a bluish green colour, of savour somewhat grievous, but nothing so horrible or loathsome as Spatula foetida. The stems grow to the height of half a foot, at the tops whereof grow clear blue or sky coloured flowers, like to the other flower Deluces, saving that their little leaves are smaller and narrower, and the upper leaves do not bend inward, one toward another. After the said flowers follow certain triangled great cods or husks, separating themselves into three parts when they are ripe: in them is plain seed which is very thick & flat or thrust together. The roots also grow crokedly like the others, but they be smaller, hard, and knotty, in the outside of a Chestnut colour, and white within, or somewhat yellow.   

❀ The Place.  
The flower Deluces or Irices do grow in divers Countries, most commonly in low grounds about the banks of rivers and waters.  
The three first kinds are meetly common in England, Brabant, and Flaunders.  
The fourth also is sometimes found in gardens.  
But the bravest of them, with the flowers twixt purple & violet, cometh to us from Spain and Portugal.  
The smaller flower Deluces are but strangers with us, neither do they grow of themselves amongst us.  
The narrow leaved Ireos groweth in certain plains of Germany, and in low moist places, also it is found in open fields.   

❀ The Time.  
The Irides or flower Deluces do most commonly flower about May: and the smaller somewhat before the others, and the narrow leaved flower Deluce last of all. But in Portugal and Spain they flower at the later end of Autumn, a little before winter.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and as Atheneus, and Theophrastus writ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Iris, Consecratix, Radix Naronica.  
That kind whose flower is of purple and blue is called of some Iris Germanica: in Shops, Iris, of others Lilialis, and Spatula: in English also Iris: and of some blue flower Deluce: and garden flags: in Italian, Giglio azuro Giglio celeste: in Spanish, Lirio Cardeno: in high Dutch, Blauw Gilgen, Blauw Schwertel, Himmel Schwertel: in base Almaigne, Blauw Lisch: in French, flame.  
That kind with the white flower, is called of the most part Iridem florentinam: in Shops, Ireos, (especially the dried roots) by the which name it is known of the Clothworkers and Drapers: for with these roots they use to trim their clotheses to make them sweet and pleasant: in English, White flower Deluce, and of some. Iris florentine: and the roots be commonly called Ireos: in Italian, Giglio bianche: in French, flame blanch: in high Douch, Violwurtz, weisz Violwurtz: in neither Douchland, Wit Lisch: and the roots of this white flower Deluce, are judged for the best Ireos, especially when we shall have need to use of the dried roots.  
That kind which beareth the fair purple flower, is now called in Latin, Lusitanica Iris, and Iris ferotina, that is to say, Portugal Iris, and late Iris: in Dutch, Spade Lisch, and Lisch van Portegall.  
Finally, that kind with the narrow leaves, is called in Latin, Iris angustifolia, or Iris tenuifolia, and Iris Caerulea: in English, Narrow bladed Ireos: in high Dutch, Blo Schwertel, that is, blue Lily.   

❀ The Nature.  
The Ireos' roots being yet green and new gathered, are hot and dry in the third degree, & they burn in the mouth or throat when they are tasted: but when they be dry they are ever or always hot but in the second degree: nevertheless they be ever dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The green and new gathered roots of Iris, and specially the juice thereof, do purge downward mightily, and bring forth yellow choler, and almost all waterish humours, and are therefore good against the dropsy: but they may not be taken but in small quantity, and yet they aught to be well mingled with things that cool: for otherwise they will inflame the very bowels.  
But the same root dried, provoketh not the belly, but it provoketh urine, and breaketh the stone.  
The roots of Iris bring forth the flowers, whether the same be received into the body, or conveyed in with Pessaries, or else mingled in baths and stews made for the purpose.  
The same roots do cleanse the breast and the lungs, and ripe tough phlegm and slimy humours, and they lose the same and make them thin, & they are good against the shortness of breath, and an old cough to be mixed with sugar or honey, and often taken into the mouth or licked on.  
The same roots drunken with vinegar or water, are good against the bitings and stingings of Scorpions and other venomous beasts.  
This root is very good for them that are troubled with the pain and stopping of the milt or spleen, & for them that have any member shrunken, or sprung out of joint, or displaced, or taken with the Cramp, stiff or benumbed.  
The same root or the powder thereof put into the nose, causeth Sternutation or niesing, and draweth forth tough, cold, and slimy humours.  
The same root mingled with honey, doth mundify and cleanse corrupt and filthy ulcers, and draweth forth shivers, and splinters of wood, and broken bones, out of the flesh, it doth also regenerate and increase new flesh, it is very good against the ulcers and blisters of the fingers and toes, that rise about the nails aswell in the hands as in the feet, & with convenient oils and ointments it helpeth the impostumes, and chaps or rifts of the fundament.  
The roots of Iris, and the roots of white Hellebor, with twice asmuch honey is good to anoint the face, against the lentils, freckles, pimples, and all other spots and blemishes of the face, for they cleanse the same.  
The same mingled with oil of Roses is good against the headache, when it is anointed therewith.   

❀ The choice.  
The best and most convenient in medicine, are the Ireos' roots which grow in Sclavonia: the next is the Iris of Macedonia, and the third best is that which groweth in Africa, as Dioscorides and Pliny writ, but the African Ireos is much discommended of Galen. At this day the white Ireos is taken for the best, especially the Ireos of Florence, which is called in shops Ireos, and Ireos Florentina of the base Almains.    

Of small flower Deluce/ or dwarf Ireos. Chap. xxxvi.  

❧ The Description.  
THat kind of flag, which we do now call the small flower Deluce, hath narrow long blades, almost like the leaves of the right Gladin, but of a browner green, & somewhat thicker. The stalks are shorter than the leaves, but only of a span long, the which do bear two or three small flowers upon short stems, standing all together at the very top of the said stalks, and not one above an other as other Flags. These flowers are almost like the flowers of the other flags, saving that they be smaller, & the three first leaves that hang downward, have not such hairy strikes or lines as are to be perceived in the other flower Deluces. Their colour for the most part is a clear blue, streaked in certain places with small lines & points, of white & yellow, alongst the sides of the leaves that hung downwards. They be of a pleasant savour, sweeter and stronger than any of the other flower Deluces. The root is hard, brown without, and white within.  

Chamaeiris.    

❀ The Place.  
This kind of a flag is found in this country in the gardens of Herboristes'.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth here in May and june.   

❀ The Names.  
This flower Deluce may well be called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Chamaeiris: that is to say, Dwarf Ireos, or the smallest flower Deluce, because it is the lest of all the flags. The Herboristes do now call it Iris Illyrica. And so doth also Hermolaus Barbarus in Corollario. But Antonius Musa in Examine Simplicium, doth very well declare, that this is not Iris Illyrica.   

The Temperament and Virtues.  
This Flag also is hot and dry, leaving (when it is chewed) a certain heat upon the tongue, as the roots of all the other flags do.    

Of wild Ireos'/ stinking Gladin/ or Spourgewort. Chap. xxxvij.  

❀ The Description.  
The stinking flag or Gladyn hath long narrow bladed leaves like to the leaves of Ireos or the flower Deluce, but a great deal smaller and of a dark green colour, of a loathsome smell or stink, almost like unto the stinking worm called in Latin Cimex. The stalk is round, upon which groweth flowers like to the flower Delice, but smaller and of a grey, or ashy colour: when they are go, there appear great husks or cods, wherein is round read seeds, each grain or bearie of the quantity of a little round pease. The root is long and very threedy.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb is a stranger in Brabant, for it is seldom found in that country out of the gardens of Herboristes'. It is very common in England, especially near to the sea side, growing in stony places by hedges and the borders of woods.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth in August, and the seed is ripe in September.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Xyris, and Iris syluestris: in Shops Sphatula foetida: in Spanish Lirio Spadanal: in English Stinking gladyn, Spourgeworte, & wild Ireos: in French Glaieul puante: in high Dutch Welsch Schwertel, Wandtleuszkraut: in base Almaigne Wandtluyscruyt, wild Lisch, and stinckende Lisch.   

❀ The Nature.  
It is hot & dry in the third degree, of power to cut and make subtle.  

Xyris.    

❀ The Virtues.  
The seed of the stinking Gladyn, taken in weight of half a dram provoketh urine mightily, & taken with vinegar it doth waste and cure the hardness and stopping of the Melt or Spleen.  
The root of stinking Gladyn pound with a little Verdegris, a little of the root of the great Centory, & a little Honey, draweth forth all kinds of thorns, splinters, and broken bones, and is very good for the wounds, and bruises of the head, to draw forth the broken bones.  
The same mingled with vinegar doth consume and waste cold tumours and swellings being laid thereupon.  
This herb driveth away and killeth the stinking worms or Moths called Cimici, if the place whereas they haunt or engender, be rubbed with the juice thereof.    

Corn flag/ or Gladioll. Chap. xxxviij.  

❀ The Description.  
THis Gladyn or corn flag hath long narrow blades, like to the blades of Ireos, & the rest of the flags, but a great deal smaller & narrower, amongst the which there springeth up a round stalk of a cubit long, at the top whereof there hangs in order fair purple flowers, one above an other, after which there cometh roundish husks, divided in three parts, almost like to the husks of Hyacinth or jacinthe, in which the seed is contained. The root is like unto two round bullets set one upon an other.   

❀ The Place.  
This Gladyn is not found in this country, but in the gardens of Herborists.   

❧ The Time.  
This Gladyn floureth in this country in May and june.   

¶ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, & of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Gladiolus, of Apuleius Gladiolus segetalis, and Lingua ceruina: unknown in shops: in Italian, Monacuccie. in Spanish, Gladiolo di entres los panes, of some Victorialis: in Dutch, Aller man harnisch: we may call it in English, Corn Gladin: Corn flag, and right Gladin.   

❀ The Nature.  
The root of Corn Gladin, especially the uppermost, doth dry & make subtle, and hath a little drawing quality, as Galen writeth.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The upper root of this Gladin pound with Frankincense and wine, draweth forth thorns, and things that stick fast in the flesh.  
The same root mingled with juray meal and honeyed water (called hydromel) doth waste and make subtle hard lumps or swellings.  
They say also that the upper root drunken in wine, provoketh Venus, or bodily pleasure and the lower root causeth barrenness.  
Gladiolus.    

Of Sisynrichion. Chap. xxxix.  

❀ The Description.  
SIsynrichion hath two or three long, narrow, little leaves, from which grow up round stems, about half a foot long, on the tops of them, grow very fair little flowers of a light blue or sky colour, so growing by course one after the other, the one of them is ever open and spread, and that standeth always at the top, in fashion almost like the flowers of Ireos, but smaller, and somewhat differing in proportion. After the said little flowers there appear small, long, round knops or husks, wherein the seed groweth. The root doth almost make two round heads, like Onions or Bulbos, most commonly placed one upon another, which are enclosed as it were in certain little houses.   

❧ The Place.  
This plant groweth in Portugal and Spain: & is very seldom found in Flaunders, saving in the gardens of some diligent Herboristes.  

Sisynrichium.    

❀ The Names.  
The Grecians call this plant 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: it is called also in Latin of Pliny, Sisynrichium: in Shops, and Portugal, Nozelhals.   

❀ The Nature and Virtues.  
Sisynrichium is of a temperate complexion, and good to be eaten: The ancients did account it amongst the number of roots that may be eaten, and the Spaniards and Portugese's at this day, do use it for food or meat.    

Of Ireos' Bulbosa. Chap. xl.  

¶ The kinds.  
There are found three kinds of Iris Bulbosa.   

❀ The Description.  
THE first kind of Bulbus Ireos, his blades be long, narrow, and streaked, or crested, well like the leaves of the yellow Asphodel: his stalk is almost of a cubit long, in the top whereof grow beautiful flowers, in fashion like the flowers of Ireos, of a brave and excellent colour, betwixt purple and sky colour: after them cometh long and thick cods or husks in which the seed groweth. The root is after the manner of Bulbus, that is round like a Saffron head or Onion, the which when it is in flower, divideth itself in twain, or two Bulbus roots.  
The other in leaves is like to the first, but his flowers are party coloured, for the leaves of the little flowers that hung or turn downwards are somewhat white, & the leaves that grow upward, are of a clear or light blue colour, also the little leaves of the said small flowers are less than the others, and the cods be longer and thinner.  
The third is like to the other, but it beareth a flower altogether of a pleasant yellow colour.  
Bulbosa Iris.   

❧ The Place.  
The first kind is found in England.  
The other twain grow in Spain and Portugal.   

❀ The Time.  
The flowers of these strange plants, do show themselves commonly in june, in base Almaigne where as they are scantly known or hardly found, saving in the gardens of some diligent Herboristes.   

❀ The Names.  
This flower is called now in Latin, Bulbosa Iris, because it hath a Bulbus root, and a flower like Ireos. But it seemeth to be Apuleius Bulbus, called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and Hieribulbus: they call this plant in Spain, especially that with the yellow flower Reilla Buen: and we may call it Bulbus Ireos in English.   

❀ The Nature and Virtues.  
The nature of this kind of Bulbus or flower, with his virtues are not yet known, because there is no experience made of it as yet.    

Of the yellow wild Ireos/ or Flower Deluce. Chap. xli.  

❀ The Description.  
THe wild yellow Iris or flower Deluce, hath long narrow flags or blades, almost like to the right Iris or garden flag, but a great deal longer and narrower very like to the shoulder-blade of a long and narrow double edged sword. The stalks be round, smooth, and hollow, at the top whereof groweth the yellow flower with the three leaves hanging downwards, like to the garden flower Deluce, & three mounting upwards, but they are smaller than the leaves that hung downwards. When they are passed there come up thick triangled cods or husks, in which is contained large yellow seed. The root is thick & spreadeth here and there, and sometimes it hath other small roots hanging by it, and many threddy strings, of a fleshly colour within, and of a rough astringent or binding taste.   

¶ The Place.  
This wild yellow Iris groweth in moist places, and low meadows, and in the borders and brinks of Rivers, ponds, and lakes: very common in England, Flaunders, & other Countries.  

Pseudoiris Lutea.    

❀ The Time.  
This flower Deluce or wild Iris flowreth in May and june.   

¶ The Names.  
The wild yellow Iris is now called in Latin, Pseudoiris Lutea: and of some Syluestris Iris lutea, it hath been called in Shops, Acoron, and hath been taken in medicine for the same, not without great error, loss, and danger of the sick, as it is of divers learned men now very well noted: and for that cause it is also called Pseudoacorus, that is to say, false or bastard Acorus: in Douch, Geel Schwertel, geel walled Schwertel, & Drakenwurtz: in base Almaigne, Geel will't Lisch, and Box boonen: in French, Glayeul bastard, & flame bastard: in English, the yellow wild Iris, the yellow flower Deluce, Wild flags, water flags, and Lauers, or levers.   

¶ The Nature.  
The yellow bastard Iris his root is cold and dry in the third degree, & of astringent or binding faculty, like to the roots of tormentil & Bistorte,   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of yellow flower Deluce, or bastard Iris boiled in water and bronken, stoppeth the bloody flux, and other fluxes of the belly: and stoppeth blood from whence so ever it floweth, & women's flowers in what sort soever it be taken, yea if it be ministered but outwardly only either in plasters or in baths.    

Of the white Lily. Chap. xlij.  

❀ The Description.  
THe white Lily his leaves be long and broad, and somewhat thick or fat, amongst the which springeth up a strait stem or stalk of three foot long or more, set and garnished with leaves from the root to the top, which by little and little as they grow up toward the top, do wax smaller, & smaller. In the top of the said garnished stem grow the pleasant, beautiful, white, and sweet smelling Lilies, divided into six small, long, and narrow leaves, which have in the outside of every leaf, a certain struck or rib, but within they are altogether of an excellent shining & pure white colour, bending somewhat backwards at the top, in the middle amongst these leaves, there hung upon six very small stems, six small yellow points or little marks, as it were tongues, in the middle amongst these also, there groweth another long upright and triangled stem, thicker than the rest, and like to the Clapper of a Bell. The root is like to a great Onion, or rather a garlic head compact and made of divers cloves or kernels.   

¶ The Place.  
The white Lilies be very common not only in this Country, but in all places else where in gardens,  

Lilium Candidum, etc.    

❀ The Time.  
This kind of Lilies doth flower at the beginning of june or there about.   

❀ The Names.  
The white Lily is called of the Grecians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: the plant is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. It is called in Latin, Lilium, and Rosa lunonis: in Shops, Lilium album: in Italian, Giglio, and Giglio biancho: in Spanish, Azucena in Douche, Weisz Gilgen, or weisz Lilgen: in French, Lys blanc.   

❀ The cause of the Name.  
Constantine writeth this of the Lily, that when jupiter had begotten Hercules upon Alcumena, and being desirous to make him immortal, he carried him to suck juno his wife, while she was sleeping, and when he perceived the child to have sucked his fill, he drew him from her breast, by means whereof there fallen great store of milk from the breasts of juno, the greatest part whereof was spilled in heaven and fallen upon the Skies, whereof the sign and mark remaineth at this day, that is to say, that white and milky way that goeth through heaven, from the North to the South (called in Latin Via lactea): The rest fallen upon the earth, whereof sprung these Lilies, in the flowers whereof, there remaineth the very whiteness of the said milk: and hereof it came to pass, that this flower was called in Latin junonis rosa, that is to say, junos' rose.   

❀ The Nature.  
The flowers of the white Lily are hot, and partly of a subtle substance. The root is dry in the first degree, and hot in the second.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of the white Lily sodde in honeyed water and drunken, driveth forth by the siege all corruption of blood, as Pliny sayeth.  
The same roasted, or pound and well mingled with oil of Roses, doth soften the hardness of the Matrix, & provoketh the monthly terms, being laid thereupon.  
The same pound with Honey, joineth together sinews that are cut, consumeth or scoureth away the ulcers of the head called Achores, and cureth all manner of naughty scurviness, aswell of the head as of the face, and is good to be laid to all dislocations or places out of joint.  
The root of the white Lily mingled with vinegar or the leaves of Henbane, or Barley meal, cureth the tumours and impostems of the genitors.  
The same boiled in vinegar, causeth the Corns which be in the feet to fall of, if it be kept upon the said Corns as a plaster by the space of three days without removing.  
The same mingled with oil or grease, bringeth the hear again upon places that have been either burned or scalded.  
The same root roasted in the embers, or well pound with oil of Roses, is good against the foul breaking out called the wild fire. It cureth all burnings, and closeth up ulcers. The same virtue have the leaves. Moreover they are good to be laid upon the bitings of Serpents.  
The juice of the leaves boiled with vinegar and honey in a brazen pipken or skillet, is very good to heal & mundify both old ulcers and green wounds.  
With the flowers of Lilies there is made a good Oil, to suppling, mollify & digest, excellent to soften the sinews, and to cure the hardness of the Matrix or Mother.  
The seed of Lilies is good to be drunken against the biting of Serpents.    

Of the Orange colour/ and red purple Lilies. Chap. xliij.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be three kinds of red or purple Lilies, whereof the first is the small and common red Lily, the second is great, and the third is of a mean size or quantity.   

❀ The Description.  
THe small purple Lily, his stalks be almost of the length of half a foot, set full of narrow dark green leaves: the flowers in fashion are like the flowers of the white Lily, saving they are without savour, and of a fiery red colour, sprinkled or powdered with black speckes: the roots be also round, and with cloves or kernels like to the roots of the white Lilies.  
The greater read Lily groweth to the height of the white Lily, and there groweth oftentimes upon one stalk twenty, five & twenty or thirty flowers, or more, of a shining yellowish red colour, & speckled with very small black spots, or little pointed marks as the other. The root is also like the other, saving it is somewhat smaller.  
The third red Lily is in growth higher than the first, yet not so high & tall as the second. This kind of Lily beareth at the top of the stalk, and also amongst his leaves as it were certain pipes or clysters, which if they be set in the ground, will grow, and after three or four years they will bear flowers.   

❀ The Place.  
These kinds of Lilies are planted in some gardens, especially in Flaunders and Germany, but in some countries they grow wild in rough and hard places.   

❀ The Time.  
They flower in May and june.   

❀ The Names.  
The read purple Lily is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Lilium rubrum, Lilium rufum: and of ovid it is called Hyacinthus. Pausanias calleth one of these kinds Comosandalon: the Italians Giglio saluatico, & some call the greatest kind Martagon: it is called in Dutch Root golt Gilgen.  

Lilium purpureum.    

❀ The cause of the Name.  
Of the red Lily ovid writeth this, that it came of the blood of the Boy Hyacinthus, the which Apollo (by misfortune slew) in playing with him, so as the grass and herbs were bedewed and sprinkled with the blood of him. Whereupon it came to pass immediately by the commandment of Apollo, that the earth brought forth a flower altogether like to a Lily, saving it was red, as Ovid writing in the tenth Book of his Metamorphoseos, says.  
Ecce cruor, qui fusus humo signaverat herbas,  
Desinit esse cruor, Tyrioque nitentior ostro  
Flos oritur, formamque capit quam Lilia: si non,  
Purpureus colour his, argenteus esset in illis.  
And for a perpetual memory of the Boy Hyacinthus, Apollo named these flowers Hyacinthes.   

❀ The Nature and Virtues.  
The nature and virtues of the red Lilies are yet unknown, because they are not used in medicine.    

Of the wild lily. Chap. xliiij.  

❧ The Description.  
THe wild Lily hath a strait round stem set full of long leaves, at the top whereof there grow fair pleasant flowers, in proportion much like to the Lily, divided into six small, thick, and fleshy leaves, bending or turning backwards almost like a ring, of an old purple or dim incarnate colour, powdered or dashed with small spots, and without any special smell. The root is like to the common garden Lily, saving it is smaller and yellow as gold.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth in some places of Almaigne, as in the woods, & meadows whose situation or standing is upon Mountains: but in this country they plant them in gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
The wild Lily flowreth in may and june.   

❀ The Names.  
This flower is called of some in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Lilium syluestre: and in some places Affodillus, amongst the Apothecaries, and is used for the right Asphodelus (but very erroneously: in English, Wild Lily: in French, Lies sauvage: the Italians call it Martagon. and the Spaniards, Amarillis: in high Dutch, Goldwurtz, and Heydnischblumen: in base Almaigne, Lelikens van Caluarien, Heydens' bloeme, and Wild Lelien: some take it for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Hemerocallis, howbeit the flower is not yellow.   

❀ The Nature and Virtues.  
The wild Lily also is not used in medicine, & therefore his nature & virtues are as yet hidden, & unknown.  

Lilium syluestre Martagon Italorsi. Amaryllis Hispanorum.     

Of dogs tooth. Chap. xlv.  

❀ The Description.  
THis low base herb, hath for the most part but two leaves, speckled with great red spots, betwixt which there springeth up a little tender stalk or stem with one flower at the top hanging downward, which hath certain small leaves growing together like an arch or vault, and like the wild Lily, of colour white or pale purple, like to a Carnation or flesh colour: out of the midst of this flower, there hang also six small thrommes, or short threads, with little titles or pointed notes, like as in the Lilies. After the flower there followeth a round knop or little head, in which the seed is contained. The root is long & slenderlyke to a Chebol, with certain hairy threddes, or strings hanging at it.   

❀ The Place.  
It groweth in divers places of Italy, but chiefly on the hills & mountains of Bononia and Mutinens, and the Country thereabouts: it groweth not in Brabant saving in the gardens of certain diligent Herboristes.   

¶ The Names.  
This herb is now called Denticulus canis, and Dens caninus, of some it is also called Pseudohermodactylus, of others Satyrion Erythronium, wherewithal notwithstanding it hath no similitude: but it seemeth to be Ephemeron non lethal, of Dioscorides, which is also called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is, Lilium syluestre: and it may well be called Lilium syluestre: because that the flower when as it hangs downward towards the ground, is much like to the Lilies, & especially the wild Lilies, saving it is ever smaller.  

Denticulus canis Ephemeron non lethale.    

❀ The Nature and Virtues.  
Of the nature and virtues of this herb we can affirm nothing, but if it be Ephemeron as it seemeth to be, than it is good for the teeth, as Dioscorides says, for as he writeth, the water wherein the root is boiled is wholesome and specially good for the teeth.  
The leaves of this herb boiled in wine and laid to, do scatter and drive away all small tumours and weals, and bushes of the body.    

Of Lillie non Gulbus. Chap. xlvi.  

¶ The Kinds.  
There be two sorts of this Lily, whereof one hath a yellow flower, the other a dark Crimson or purple flower.   

❀ The Description.  
THE yellow Lily non bulbus, his leaves be long and narrow, from amongst which there springeth up a naked stalk of two or three foot high, without any small leaves growing by it, at the top it divideth and parteth itself again into other small stalks or branches: upon which grow flowers much like to the other Lilies, of a faint or Ochre colour yellow, and and pleasant sweet smell. The roots of this kind are divers and many hanging together, like the roots of the yellow Asphodill or Daffodil saving they be greater and thicker.  
The dark read and purple Lily non bulbus, in stalk & roots is like to the other, but his flowers be of a dark or dim read purple colour, somewhat larger than the flowers of the yellow kind the leaves be also larger and rougher. The flowers of both kinds do last but a very small time, not above a day at the furthest, especially the purple which fadeth very lightly, & withereth often times before Son set.   

❀ The Place.  
These Lilies are strange in this Country & Flaunders, and are not found saving in gardens, whereas they grow easily, and prospero well.  

Lilium non Bulbosum. Lillie non bulbus.    

❀ The Time.  
They flower, with the other Lilies, and somewhat after, and sometimes they flower again in Autumn when the whether is mild and pleasant.   

❀ The Names.  
The Latinistes do call this kind of Lilies, Lilium non bulbosum. And it seemeth to be that kind of Lily which the Grecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Hemerocallis: for as Atheneus writeth, it is called Hemerocallis only, because it lasteth but a day. Moreover Hemerocallis is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin, Lilium syluestre, and Lilium marinum, which names are most agreeable unto these kinds of Lilies.   

❀ The Nature and Virtues.  
These kinds of Lilies are neither used in meat nor medicine, and therefore their nature and virtues are yet unknown.    

Of the Lily of Alexandria. Chap. xlvij.  

❀ The Description.  
THe leaves of this kind of Lily are long and narrow, amongst which rises up a little smooth, tender stalk, at the top whereof there grow divers fair and pleasant flowers, of a shining white colour, and proportioned like to a little Lily, in the middle whereof, over and above certain small threddy stalks or thrommes, there cometh forth one somewhat greater than the rest, like to an aglet, or triangled husk, in which after the falling of, of the flowers the seed groweth. The root is round after the manner of Bulbus and somewhat great, & white of colour: dividing itself easily into divers other roots.   

¶ The Place.  
This is also a stranger with us. And it seemeth that it was first brought from Alexandria into Italy and these regions or Countries.   

❀ The Names.  
This Lily is called Lilium Alexandrinum: but of Dioscorides in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Ornithogalum: and because there is yet another Ornithogalum, described in the fifth part of this work, this is therefore called Ornithogalum maius.  

Ornithogalum maius.    

❀ The Nature and Virtues.  
Dioscorides writeth of Ornithogal, that the bulbus, or round root thereof may be eaten and used for meat either raw or sodden.    

Of the Hyacinthes. Chap. xlviij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be two sorts of Hyacinthes, yet over and above divers others which are also counted Hyacinthes, whereof we will writ in the next Chapter.   

❀ The Description.  
THE first Hyacinthes which are common in the lower Germany, have long narrow leaves: amongst which spring up smooth stalks, which being laden little flowers from the middle even up to the very top, are with the weight and burden of the same, made crooked, or forced to fall, bend, or stoop. The little flowers are long and hollow, and afterward somewhat spread abroad like unto Lily Conuall, not so strong in smell, but yet pleasant and sweet, of colour most commonly blue like azure, and sometimes purple, and sometimes as white as snow, grey, or ash coloured: when these flowers are fallen, there follow triangled husks or cods, wherein the small round seed is contained.  
Hyacinthus vulgaris etc.  
Hyacinthus Orientalis etc.  
The Oriental Hyacinthes are much like to the aforesaid, but his leaves stalks and roots are greater: and the flowers be also larger, & of an excellenter blewe colour.   

❀ The Place.  
The common Hyacinthes do grow about the borders of fallowed fields and pastures in sandy or gravely ground, and are found in many places, especially about Wincaunton, Storton, & Mier, in that West parts of England, etc.   

❀ The Time.  
The common Hyacinth flowreth about the end of may, and in june, or somewhat rather.  
The Oriental Hyacinthes do flower before the common sort, sometimes in March.   

❀ The Names.  
These are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Hyacinthi, & as some think, Vaccinia: in English also Hyacinth or Crowtoes: but these be not those Hyacinthes wherein the notes or mourning marks are printed: for they are in the read purple Lilies, as before is said.   

❀ The Nature.  
The root of Hyacinthe is dry in the first degree, and cold in the second: but the seed is dry in the third degree, Yet temperate twixt heat and cold.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of Hyacinthe boiled in wine and drunken, stoppeth the belly, provoketh urine, and helpeth much against the venomous bitings of the field Spidder.  
The seed is of the same virtue, and is mightier in stopping of the lask: it helpeth them that have the bloody flux, and if it be drunken in wine, it is very good against the falling sickness.    

Of other sorts of Hyacinthes. Chap. xlix.  

¶ The kinds.  
BYsydes the two sorts of Hyacinthes (which in deed are the right Hyacinthes) described in the former Chapter: there be also divers flowers, which are also taken for Hyacinthes and are now reckoned amongst them.  

Hyacinthus neotericorum primus.   

Hyacinthus neotericorum tertius.    

❀ The Description.  
THE first of these kinds of Hyacinthes, hath long, narrow, green leaves: amongst which are slender stalks, longer than a hand breadth, bearing many trim flowers, growing together, about the top of the stalk in a cluster or bundle like to a nosegay or little bunch of grapes, especially before the opening or spreading abroad of the flowers. The root is round after the order of Bulbus or Onions, and doth quickly increase and multiply divers others. The flowers are not much unlike to Lily conval, most commonly of an azure or sky colour, whereof some are more shining & clear, & some are of a deeper colour: sometimes they be also white, and sometimes you shall see of them changing towards a carnation or flesh colour: whereof the white are of a very sweet and pleasant savour.  
The second is somewhat like to the aforesaid: but his leaves be larger and thicker, and they lie strowen or spread upon the ground. The flowers be also greater, and do stand further apart or asunder one from another, of colour somewhat white. The round or Bulbus root also for his quantity is greater.  
The third his leaves also are longer and brother than the abovesaid, much like unto Leek blades: the stalk of a foot long, carrying many small hollow flowers, growing so thick about the top: that they show like a brush or holy-water sprinkle, at the first of a fair violet colour, but when they begin to whither, of a decayed or old worn colour, & sometimes but very seldom white. Finally the round and bulbus root of this kind of Hyacinthe is greater, and of colour somewhat read or purple without.  
The fourth which is called Hyacinthus Autumnalis, is the lest of these Hyacinthes, yea it is less than the first: it hath little, narrow, small, and tender leaves: and small slender stems of half a span long, at the which grow very small flowers, of a clear azure or sky colour, and fashioned, when they are open, like little stars, with certain fine, small, and short threddes growing in the midst of them. The seed is enclosed in a small triangled husk. The root is small, yet of the fashion of an Onion or Bulbus.  
The last of all which is described of Fuchsius amongst the Hyacinthes, hath sometimes two; and sometimes three small leaves, amongst which there springeth up a a little stem, bearing five or six, or more flowers at the very top, every one of them growing upon a small stalk by itself: each flower hath six small leaves, fashioned like a star when they are spread abroad and open: of a sky colour and sometimes white. After these follow round knoppes wherein the seed is contained. The roots are small and Bulbus fashioned, like the rest, and like unto little Onions, but less.   

❀ The Place.  
The first kind of these base Hyacinthes do grow in the woods of Artoys that are next to the low Country of Germany, in moist, wet, and low grounds: and they be also often set and planted in gardens: whereof the blue sort is meetly common, but the white are geason, and rare to be found.  
Hyacinthus Autumnalis.  
The second and third do also grow in such like places of Italy and Germany.  
The fourth sort doth grow in France, especially near about Paris.  
The fifth is meetly common in Germany, it delighteth most in good fat grounds, but especially in pastures and untoiled places.   

❀ The Time.  
The flowers of the first kind, do show betimes, as in March or before, if the weather be mild, and surely one kind of these flowers, especially that with the perfect azure or deep colour putteth forth his leaves before winter, and the rest assoon as winter is go.  
The second and third do flower afterward.  
The fourth flowreth last of all at the end of summer, and beginning of Autumn.  
The last flowreth betimes, as in March or February.   

❀ The Names.  
Hyacinthus Fuchsij bifolius.  
Hyacinthus Fuchsij trifolius.  
The second is also in the number Bulborum esculentorum.  
And so is the third also, which seemeth to be Bulbina, in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in high Dutch it is called Breunling, & of some Honds Knoblauch: in English, Dogs Leeks, and bush or tuft Hyacinthe.  
The fourth kind of bastard Hyacinthe, is now called in Latin, Hyacinthus Autumnalis: in English, Autumn Hyacinthe.  
The fifth Hyacinth described of Fuchsius, is called in Dutch, Mertzelblumen, and Hoornungblum: in English, Our ladies flower.   

❀ The Nature and Virtues.  
These bastard Hyacinthes are not used in medicine, and therefore of their nature and virtues is nothing written. They are planted in gardens only for their flowers.    

Of Narcissus. Chap. l.  

❀ The Kinds.  
FIrst of all there are two very fair and beautiful kinds of Narcissus, one with a Crimson or read purple circle in the middle of the flower, the other having a yellow circle, or as it were a Crownet or cup in the middle of the flower.   

❀ The Description.  
Narcissus medio purpureus. Narcissus with the purple edged circle in the middle.  
Narcissus medio luteus primus. Narcissus with the yellow garland or crownet in the middle.  
The other Narcissus with the yellow cup or circle in the middle, his blades be somewhat longer and broader and not althing so green as the first: his stalks be longer and thicker, and upon every of them three or four flowers like unto the first, saving they be all yellow in the middle.  
There is also a kind of Narcissus, that is also yellow in the middle, and it beareth a great many more flowers, smaller than they before described.  
And also another sort, which beareth double flowers.  
Moreover there be other sorts of Narcissus found, whose garland or circle in the middle of the flowers is white, but these be very rare and dainty.   

❀ The Place.  
The two first kinds grow plentifully in divers places of France, as Burgundy, and Languedoc, in meadows: but in this Country they grow not at all saving in gardens, whereas they are so wen or planted.   

❀ The Time.  
All the Narcissus for the most part do flower in April, saving one of the first kinds is somewhat rather, and there is another which flowreth not until the beginning of May.   

❀ The Names.  
These pleasant flowers are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and in Latin, Narcissus, of some as witnesseth Dioscorides 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Bulbus vomitorius, and Anydros: unknown in shops: in English, Narcissus, white Daffodil, & Primrose peerless: in high Douch, of some, Narcissen Roszlin: in base Almaigne Narcissen, and Spaensche jennettekens.   

❀ The cause of the Name.  
These flowers took their name of the noble youth Narcissus, who being often required and much desired of many brave Ladies, because of his passing beauty he regarded them not: wherefore being desirous to be delivered from their importunate suits and requests, he went a hunting, and being thirsty came to a fountain, in which when he would have drunken saw his own favour and passing beauty, the which before that time he had never seen, and thinking it had been one of the amorous Ladies that loved him, he was so rapt with the love of himself, that he desired to kiss and embrace himself, and when he could not take hold of his own shadow or figure, he died at last by extreme force of love. In whose honour and perpetual remembrance, the earth (as the poets fayne) brought forth this delectable, and sweet smelling flower.  

Narcissus medio luteus alter.    

¶ The Nature.  
Narcissus, but especially his root, is hot and dry in the second degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The rooote of Narcissus boiled, roasted, or otherways taken in meat or drink, causeth one to have a desire to vomit.  
The same pound with a little honey, is good to be laid unto burnings, it cureth the sinews that be hurt, and is good against dissocations, and places out of joint, and easeth all old grief and pain of the joints.  
The root of Narcissus taketh away all lentils, and spots of the face, being mingled with Nettel seed and vinegar: it mundifieth corrupt and rotten ulcers, and ripeth and breaketh hard impostumes, if it be tempered with the flower or meal of Vetches and honey: and it draweth forth thorns and splinters, if it be mixed with the meal of juray and honey.    

Of rush Narcissus. Chap. li.  

❀ The Description.  
Ivnquillias' (as the Spaniards call it) is also of the kinds of Narcissus, but their seaves be narrow, thick, round, tough, and pliant, smooth and plain, almost like rushes, they be also long and of a swart green colour. The stalks grow up to the length of a foot, at the top, whereof grow four or five, or more flowers, like the flowers of Narcissus, saving they be smaller and of a yellow colour. It hath also a round Bulbus root like to the rest of the Narcissis, but covered with a thin black skin or velme.   

¶ The Place.  
It groweth in sundry places of Spain, and from thence it was brought hither.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth in April with the rest of the Narcissis.   

❀ The Names.  
It is called in Spanish, jun quillias: and in Latin, juncifolius: because of the similitude it hath with rushes: we may also call it rush Narcissus: it is called of Dioscorides in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is in Latin, Bulbus vomitorius.   

❀ The Nature and Virtues.  
This root eaten provoketh vomit, as the root of Narcissus doth, whereunto in nature it is very like: and therefore, as Dioscorides writeth, it cureth the diseases of the bladder.  

Narcissus iuncifolius.     

Of Tulpia/ or Tulipa/ Lilionarcissus sanguineus poene. Chap. lij.  

¶ The kinds.  
There be two sorts of Tulpia, a great and a small.   

❀ The Description.  
THE great Tulpia, or rather Tulipa, hath two or three leaves, which are long, thick, and broad, and somewhat red at their first springing up, but after when they wax elder they are of a whitish green colour, with them rises up a stalk, whereby the said leaves are somewhat advanced. It hath at the top a fair large & pleasant flower, of colour very divers and variable, sometimes yellow, sometimes white, or of a bright purple, sometimes of a light read, and sometimes of a very deep read: and purised about the edges or brims with yellow, white, or read, but yellow in the middle and bottom of the flower, and oftentimes black or speckled with black spots, or mixed with white and read: most commonly without smell or savour. The Bulbus root is like the root of Narcissus.  
The less Tulpia is smaller, and hath narrower leaves, and a shorter stem, the flower also is smaller, and more openly disclosed, or spread abroad. The Bulbus root is also smaller, and may be divided and parted in twain or more: when the stem groweth up, that which springeth in the neither part of the stalk is like to the stem of the great Tulpia, growing next the root.  
Tulpia maior. Great Tulpia.  
Tulpia minor. Small Tulpia.  
There is also placed with the Tulpia, a certain strange flower, which is called of some Fritillaria, whose tender stalks are of a span long, with five or six little narrow leaves growing at the same. There groweth also a flower at the top of the stalk with six leaves, like to the leaves of Tulpia, but bending or hanging downwards, of a purple violet colour, garnished and trimmed with certain whitish violet marks or spots on the outside, and with black spots in the inside. It hath also a bulbus or round root.   

❀ The Place.  
The greater Tulpia is brought from Grece, and the Country about Constantinople.  
The less is found about Mounte-pelier in France.  
Fritillaria is also found about Aurelia in France.   

❀ The Time.  
They flower betimes with the Narcissis, or a little after.   

❧ The Names.  
The greater is called both Tulpia, and Tulpian, and of some Tulipa, which is a Turkey name or word, we may call it Lillynarcissus.  
The small is called Tulipa, or Tulpia minor, that is the small Tulpian: and it is neither Hermodactylus, nor Pseudohermodactylus.  
The third is called of the Greeks and Latins, Flos Meleagris, and Meleagris flos, as a difference from a kind of bird called also Meleagris, whose feathers be speckled like unto these flowers, but not with Violet speckes, but with white & black spots, like to the feathers of the Turkey or Ginny hen, which is called Meleagris avis: some do also call this flower Fritillaria.   

❀ The Nature and Virtues.  
The nature and virtues of these flowers, are yet unknown, nevertheless they are pleasant and beautiful to look on.  

Meleagris Flos, Fritillaria quorundam.     

Of bastard Narcissus. Chap. liij.  

❀ The Description.  
THis flower hath long narrow leaves much like unto Leek blades, but not so long: amongst which springeth up a round stalk bearing a fair yellow flower divided into six leaves like the flower of Narcissus, with a long round little bell in the middle iagde about the edges, and of a deeper yellow than the rest of the flower. After the flowers cometh the seed enclosed in round husks or cods. The root is round after the manner of bulbus, & like to Narcissus.   

❀ The Place.  
It groweth in moist places in shadowy woods & in the borders of fields, as by Puers, and Bornehem, & in the Park wood by Lovayne, where as it groweth abundantly, it is also planted in gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
This herb bringeth forth his leaves, stalks, and flowers in February, and is in flower sometimes under the snow. The seed is ripe in March. The herb doth so perish in April and May, that afterward it is no more seen.   

❀ The Names.  
This flower is called in high Dutch, Geel Hornungsblumen, that is to say, the yellow flower of February, of some also Geel Tijdeloosen, & geel Sporckelbloemen: it is now called in Latin of some Narcissus luteus, or Pseudonarcissus, because his flowers are somewhat like to Narcissus: in English, yellow Crow bells, yellow Narcissus, & bastard Narcissus: in French, Coquelourde, and there is none other name to us yet known.   

❀ The Nature.  
Yellow Narcissus is hot & dry, much like in temperature to Narcissus.  

Pseudonarcissus.    

❀ The Virtues.  
Men have proved this true and certain by experience, that two drams of this root fresh and newly gathered, boiled in wine or water with a little anis of Fenell seed, and a little Ginger and drunken, driveth forth by siege tough and clammy phlegm: wherefore the said root is good against all diseases, that happen by reason of tough and clammy phlegm.    

Of Theophrastus' Violet/ or the white Bulbus Violet. Chap. liiij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be three sorts of Leucoion, two small, and the third is bigger: whereof the flower of the first less kind is three leaved: And the flower of the later kind is six leaved.  

Leucoium bulbosum triphillum etc.   

Leucoium bulbosum hexaphillum. etc.    

❀ The Description.  
THE first kind of Leucoion bulbosum, beareth two or three natro we leaves, a short stem, and upon it a little fair and pleasant flower growing forth of a little long husk upon a small stem hanging downwards, with three white leaves, amongst which also there appear three other little green leaves.  
The second sort hath bigger leaves than the aforesaid, yet smaller & tenderer than Leek blades, but otherwise they be alike. The flowers be also white & compact or made of six little leaves somewhat streaked or crested, in the midst of the flower are certain hairy stems with small yellow tips: the seed is small and yellow, contained in little round husks. The root is white and Bulbus, and doth soon multiply and increase other.  
The third kind is the greatest, & this sort beareth two or three or more flowers together upon one stem, altogether like the flowers aforesaid: saving that the stalks and leaves are longer.   

❀ The Place.  
These kinds of Violets do grow in shadowy places, and low woods standing near unto waters in Italy and Germany, they grow not in this Country, but in certain gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
They begin to spring in February, and yield their seed in April, and in May the stalk with his leaves doth vanish clean away, but the root remaineth in the ground like to yellow Crow bells or bastard Narcissus.  
But the third kind flowreth not with the other twain, but long after in April.   

❀ The Names.  
These pleasant flowers are now accounted for a kind of violettes, which Theophraste calleth in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is to say in Latin, Viola alba Therefore it is now called Leucoion, or Viola alba Theophrasti: we may call it in English, White Bulbus violet, Narcissus violet, and Theophrastus' white Violet: in French, Violet blanch. in high Douch, Weisz hornungs blumen: in base Almaigne, Witte Sprockel bloemen, Soomersottekens, and Wit Tijdeloosen.   

❀ The Nature.  
The temperament and virtues of these flowers are not yet known.    

Of Saffron Chap. lv.  

❀ The Description.  
SAffron hath long narrow blades like grass, the flowers grow upon naked stems and are of a watcheth or pale blue colour, divided into six small leaves (but somewhat long) from out of the middle whereof hang down the Saffron blades or threddes of a red colour. The root is round like an Onion, having sometimes four or five small roots adjoining.   

¶ The Place.  
Saffron, as Dioscorides and other the ancients have written, groweth in the mount Coricus of Cilicia, and that was esteemed for the best, and in the mount Olympe of Lycia, near about Aegis a town of Aetolia: it groweth now in sundry places of Douchland, especially about Vienne in ostrich, the which now is counted for the best: it groweth plentifully also in some places of England and Ireland.   

❀ The Time.  
Saffron flowreth (before his leaves are sprung out of the ground) in September: and after that it bringeth forth his grassy leaves, which do last until may: but in summer a man shall not find neither leaves nor flowers. The root only remaineth alive, growing under ground, and bringing forth other small roots.  

Crocus.    

❀ The Names.  
Saffron is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in latin, Crocus, of some (as witnesseth Dioscorides) Castor, Cynomorphos, or Herculis sanguis: in the Arabian speech Zahafaran, from thence it was called in French & high Douch Saffran: in base Almaigne Sofferaen: and in English Saffron.   

❀ The cause of the Name.  
Saffron was named Crocus, after the name of a certain Damsel called Crocus, (as Ovid writeth) from whence Galen borrowed this History, who reciteth the same In nono de medicamentis secundum loca, whereas it is written in this sort. A young wench called Crocus, went forth into the fields with Mercury to throw the sledge, & while she took no heed, she was unawares strooken in the head by Mercury, and grievously hurt, of which hurt she died incontinent: than of her blood so shed upon the ground, the Saffron sprung up.   

❀ The Temperament.  
Saffron is hot in the second degree, and dry in the first.   

❧ The Virtues.  
Saffron is good to be put into medicines, which are taken against the diseases of the Breast, the Lungs, the Liver, and the Bladder: it is good also for the stomach to be taken in meats, for it comforteth the stomach, and causeth good digestion, and drunken in sodden wine it preserveth from drunkenness, and provoketh bodily lust.  
Saffron taken in sweet wine causeth one to be long winded, & to fetch his breath easily, and it is good for them that are short winded, and Asthmatique.  
Saffron mingled with woman's milk & laid to the eyes, preserveth them from the flowing down of humours, and from the Masels, and small Pocks, and stoppeth the fluxion or bloudshoting of the same, being laid thereupon.  
It is also good to be laid upon inflammations, choleric impostems, and wild fire, and it is very good to be mingled with all medicines for the ears.  
Also it is very good to mollify, and soften all hardness, & to rypen all raw tumours, or swellings.  
The root of Saffron drunken in wine provoketh urine, & it is good for them that have the stone or gravel, and that cannot piss but drop after drop.    

Of Standelworte/ or Standergrass. Chap. lvi.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere are divers sorts of Standergrass called in Greek Orchis, and in Douch Standelcruyt, whereof there were but two sorts described of the old & Ancient writers: but we have joined to them certain other, not known nor described of any other that have traveled before us in the searching out (or knowledge) of herbs: so that now we have thought good to comprehend them all in five kinds. Whereof the first is Cynosorchin, sive canis testiculum: The second is Testiculum Morionis: the third is Tragorchin: the fourth is Orchin Serapian: the fifth is Testiculum odoratum, or Testiculum pumilionem.   

❀ The first Kind.  
THere be five sorts of the first kind of Orchios, which the Greeks call Cynosorchin.  
Whereof the first hath four or five great broad leaves, and thick, almost like to the leaves of Lilies, but somewhat smaller: the stalk is of a foot & half long: at which groweth a great sort of flowers tuffetwise, fair & sweet, & of a carnation or fleshly colour like the colour of man's body, but speckled full of purple spots, the flowers alone are but small & like to an open hood or helmet, out of the inside whereof, there hangeth forth a certain ragged thing, fashioned almost like the proportion of a little fourfooted beast. The roots (over & bysides certain small hairy things growing about them) are round like to a pair of stones, or a couple of Olive berries, one hanging somewhat shorter than the other, whereof the highmost is the smaller, fuller, and harder: and the nethermost is the greatest, the lightest, and most wrinkled or shriveled.  
The second is somewhat like to the aforesaid, but his leaves be narrower and plainer, whereof some do compass or as it were embrace or clip about the stalk: the spikie tuffte is short and thick with a number of flowers, of a bright or white purple colour, & speckled on the inside with a great many purple spots, and small dark lines: fasshioned also like to an open Hood or Helmet, out of which also there hung certain things as it were small rabbits, or young mice, or little men without heads, with their arms & legs spread and cast abroad, in like manner as they were wont to paint little children hanging out of Saturnes mouth: at the foot of the stalk are a couple of round buttons, as big as Nutmegs: with certain great hairy strings or threads annexed or growing by them.  
Cynosorchios' prima species. The first kind of Standergrass, or dogs Cullion.  
Cynosorchios' tertia species. The third kind of dogs Cullion.  
The third kind of Cynosorchios putteth up narrow streaked leaves, narrower than the leaves of the second Cynosorchios, somewhat like the leaves of Rybworte plantain: a short stem of nine inches long. The flowers grow thick together in a short spykie bush or tuffte of a chestnut, or dark purple colour without, and whitish within: his roots also are like to a pair of stones or Cullions, whereof also one is bigger than the other.  
The fourth Cynosorchios, in his flowers is like to the third, but in leaves it is like the second kind.  
The fifth Cynosorchios his leaves be somewhat broad like to the second, and his spike like bush or top is meetly long, but his flowers are of a faint, or pale green colour, and that ragged thing which hangs down out of them is as it were four square: the roots are like to the rest.   

❀ The second Kind.  
THe second kind of Orchios, called Testiculus Morionis, is of two sorts Male and Female.  
Testiculus Morionis mas. fools Cullion the male kind.  
Testiculus Morionis foemina. fools Cullion the female.  
The male kind hath five or six long, broad, and smooth leaves, almost like to Lily leaves, saving they are full of black spots: the small flowers do likewise grow altogether in a spykie bush or tuffte, in proportion like to a fools hood, or Coxcomb, that is to say, wide open or gaping before, and as it were crested above, having cares standing up by every side, and a tail hanging down behind: of a violet colour, and pleasant savour.  
The Female his leaves are likewise smooth. The flowers also are somewhat like the Male, saving they have not such small ears standing up. Of these some be of a deep violet colour, some white as Snow, and some Carnation or flesh colour.  
Of this kind there is also an other sort, with narrow streaked leaves, like to the leaves of narrow plantain (which some call Ribworte): The flowers of this kind are of an orient red purple colour.  
Testiculus morionis mas alter. Another fools cullion of the male kind.  
Testiculi morionis feminae species. A kind of female, fools Cullion.  
There is yet an other much smaller kind, with five or six small leaves: and a few small flowers, thin set and standing far a sunder one from another, of a sleight violet colour, turning toward Azure or sky colour, and sometimes white or of a decayed and dark purple colour: and of a grievous unpleasant savour.   

¶ The third Kind.  
THe third kind of Orchios, called in Latin Hirci testiculus, and Tragorchis, his leaves are like to the first leaves of the Lily, saving they be smaller, but yet they be larger than any of the leaves of the other Orchios. The stalk is of a foot long, and oftentimes wrapped about allow with some leaves: upon the said stalk or stem groweth a great many of small flowers together in a spikie tuffte or bush, of a very strong fashion or making, much like to a Lezarde, because of the twisted or writhen tails, and speckled heads. Every one of the said flowers alone, is at the first, as it were a small round close husk, of the bigness or quantity of a Pease: and when it openeth, there groweth out of it a little long and slender tail, the which is white above where as it is fastened to the stalk, and speckled with red speckes, having upon each side a small thing adjoined to it, like to a little leg or foot: the residue of the 
Tragorchis.  said tail is twisted about, & hangs downward. The flower is of a rank stinking savour, like to the smell of a Goat, and provoketh headache, if it be much and often smelled unto. The roots are like a couple of Nutmegs, or a pair of stones.   

❀ The fourth Kind.  
THe fourth kind of Orchios called Scrapias, is of three sorts, one having a flower somewhat like a Butterfly: an other hath in his flower a certain figure of a dorer, or Drone Bee: the third hath in it the proportion of a certain fly.  
The first Serapias Orchis hath two or three leaves somewhat long, broad, & smooth, yet not so large as the leaves of white Lilies: the stalk is of a foot long, on which groweth here and there in a spikie bush or top certain pleasant white flowers, somewhat like Butterflies, with a little tail hanging behind, in which is a certain sweet juice or moisture, like honey in taste: and the said flowers are joined to the stem as it were with small twisted stalks: the roots are like to the other sorts of Orchis.  
The second Serapias Orchis hath narrow leaves, & certain of them are crokedly turned, and wrythed about next the ground, the other grow about the stalk which is of a span or nine inches long, about the top whereof grow certain flowers, whose lowest or basest leaf, is like to a dorer or Droone Bee, but the upper part and leaves of the flower are sometimes of agreenish colour, but most commonly of a light violet or sky colour.  
The third, which is the lest of all the Serapias Orchis, hath small flowers like to a kind of Horseflies.  
Orchis Serapias primus.  
Orchis Serapias alter.   

❀ The fifth Kind.  
THe fifth kind of Orchis is the lest of all, and commonly it hath not above three small leaves with veins somewhat like plantain, but no bigger than field sorrel, or the small leaves of the common Daisies. The stalk is small and slender of a span long, about which grow little white flowers, of a sweet savour almost like to lily Conuall, placed in a certain order and winding about the stalk like to a kind of Hatbande, or the rolling of a Cable Rope: the root is like to a pair of Stones, or small long kernels, whereof one is hard and firm, the other is light and Fungus, or spongy.   

❀ The Place.  
The Standelwurts, or Standergrasse, do grow most commonly in moist places, & marisshes, woods, and meadows: and some delight to grow in fat clay grounds (as the kind which is called Tragorchis) which lightly groweth in very good ground: some grow in barren ground. But the sweet Orchis, or Lady traces are most commonly to be found, in high, untilled, & dry places, as upon hills and Downs.   

❀ The Time.  
These herbs do all flower in May and june, saving the small sweet Orchis, which floureth last of all in August and September.   

❀ The Names.  
The first kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Orchis, & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Cynosorchis: in Latin Testiculus, & Testiculus canis, that is to say, Dogs Cullions, or Dogs cods: in Shops Satyrion: in English some call it also Orchis, Standelwort, Standergrasse, Raworte, Priest pintell, Ballock grass, Adders gra●e, and Bastard Satyrion: in French Covillons de chien, and Satyrion à deux Covillons: in Italian Testiculo di cane in Spanish Coyon de perro: and in Douch K●●benkraut, and Standelkraut: in base Almaigne Standelcrayt.  
Testiculus odoratus.  
This second kind is called of some in Latin Testiculus Morionis: in English great Standelworte, and fools Balloxe.  
The third kind doubtless, is also of the kinds of Orchis, and because of his rank savour is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is to say, Testiculus hirci, in Latin: in English Hares Balloxe, and goats Cullions: in French Covillon de bouq in Douch Bocxcullekens: they call it also in Latin Testiculus lepo●is: and in Shops Satyrion, whereas without judgement it is used for the right Satyrion.  
The fourth kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Orchis Serapias: in Latin Testiculus serapias: in English Serapias stones, Priests pintle, and Ragwurtz: in base Almaigne Ragwortel: some also call it in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Triorchis, that is to say, three Ballocks, or three Stones, wherefore Fuchsius feigned Serapias Orchis to have three Stones, or three Bulbus roots, yet Pliny attributeth unto it but twain. We may call it in English properly fly Orchis, because all the kinds of Serapias Orchis, have in all their flowers the proportion and likeness of one kind of fly or other.  
The fifth kind is called Testiculus odoratus, Testiculus pumilio: that is to say, savoury Standehourte, or sweet Ballocke, and Dwarf Orchis: in base Almaigne, welrieckende Standelcruyt, and cleyn Standelcruyt.   

❀ The Nature.  
All these kinds of herbs, are of complexion hot and moist.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The full and sappy roots of Standergrasses (but especially of Hare's Balloxe, or Goats Orchis) eaten, or boiled in goats milk and drunken provoketh Venus, or bodily lust, doth nourish and strengthen the body, and is good for them that are fallen into a consumption or fever Hectic, which have great need of nourrishment.  
The withered or shriveled root is of a clean contrary nature, for it restraineth or represseth fleshly lust.  
And it is written of this root, that if men do eat of the greatest and fullest roots, (and especially of the first kind of Orchis) that they shall beget Sons: and if women do eat of the withered roots, they shall bring forth Daughters.  
The same roots, but especially of Serapias, or fly Orchis boiled in wine and drunken stoppeth the lask or flux of the belly.  
The same root, being yet fresih and green, doth waste and consume all tumours, and mundifieth rotten ulcers, and cureth Fistulas, being laid thereto: and the same made into powder, and cast into fretting & devouring, ulcers and sores: stayeth the same from any farther festering or fretting.  
The same root (but especially the root of Dwarf Orchis) boiled in wine with a little honey, cureth the rotten ulcers and sores of the mouth.    

Of Double leaf and Gooseneste. Chap. lvij.  

❀ The kinds.  
BYsides the kinds of Standergrass, described in the former Chapter, there are yet two other herbs also, which are somewhat like unto the aforesaid Standergrasses, especially in their stalks & flowers, and therefore are comprehended of some writers, under the title of the Standergrasses. Whereof the one sort is called Double leaf or Bastard Orchis: and the other Birdes-nest: The which we have thought good to place alone in a Chapter by themselves, because their roots are much unlike the roots of Standergrass.  

Bifolium. Double leaf or Twayblade.   

Nid d'oyseau. Goosenest.    

❀ The Description.  
DOuble leaf hath a round smooth stalk, and it beareth but two leaves only, like to the leaves of great plantain. The stalk from the middle up to the top, is compassed or beset round about with a great many of little small flowers, of a yellowish green colour, almost like to little young Goossing, or birds lately hatched, and not much unlike the flowers of divers sorts of Standergrass. The root is full of threddie strings.  
Goosenest hath a bore naked stalk without leaves, bearing a flower at the top like to a spiky tufft or ear, of a brown colour like unto wood. It is almost like the stalk of Orobanche or Broome Rape (whereof we shall writ in the uj. part of our History of plants) saving it is tenderer, and not so thick as the stalk of Orobanche. The root is naught else but a sort of threddy strings, as it were interlaced, snarled, or tangled one in an other.   

❀ The Place.  
The Twayblade or Double leaf, delighteth best in moist & watery places.  
Gooseneste is to be found in moist and sandy fields and pastures, and in gravely woods.   

❀ The Time.  
These two herbs do spring in May, and june.   

❀ The Names.  
The first of these herbs is called of the writers in our time, in Latin Bifolium: in English Twayblade, Double leaf, Bastard Orchis, & Eunuch Standergrasse: in high Douch Zueblat: in base Almaigne Tweebladt: and it is thought of some to be Pliny's Ophris, others think it to be a kind of Perfoliatum, or Thorough wax: & some think it to be Alisma, or water plantain: and of some it is taken for Helleborine, that is to say, the wild white Hellebor, or Niesworte.  
Herom Bouq calleth the second kind Margendrchen: & some Herborists amongst (us because that the roots be so tangled & wrapped like to a nest) have named it Goosenest: in French Nid doyseau: in base Almaigne Voghels' nest.   

❀ The Nature and Virtues.  
The nature & virtues of these herbs are not yet very well known: howbeit the late writers do take it to be good for wounds, ruptures or burstings: some do also say, that they be in nature like unto Orchis, or Standergrass.    

Of the right Satyrion/ or Dioscorides Satyrion. Cham lviij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
BYsides the aforesaid Orchis, or Bastard Satyrions, which are also called Satyria of Apuleius & Pliny, Dioscorides also hath written of two kinds of Satyrion: one called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and the other 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.   

❀ The Description.  
THe first of Dioscorides Satyrions, his leaves be somewhat broad like the leaves of Lilies, saving they be smaller, and somewhat red: the stalk is about the height of half a foot, bore, and naked, and it hath a white flower at the top, almost like unto a Lily: a Bulbus or round root like to an apple, of a fiery yellow or reddisshe colour without, and white within, like the white of an egg, of a sweet and pleasant taste.  
The other Satyrion, his seed is smooth and shining, like unto linseed saving it is bigger: and the rind of the Bulbus root is reddish, but the root itself is white, and sweet, and pleasant in taste, as Dioscorides writeth.   

❀ The Place.  
It groweth in open sunny places, upon high mountains.   

❀ The Names.  
The first is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Satyrium Triphyllum, or Trifolium: in English Satyrion, also right Satyrion, and three leaved Satyrion.  
The other Satyrion is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Satyrium erythronium: we may call it also Red Satyrion, and Syrian Satyrion.   

❀ The Nature.  
Satyrion is hot and moist of complexion.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The roots of Satyrion provoketh Venus, or bodily lust, and they nourish and strengthen the body, as the ancient writers say.    

Of sioyall Standergrass/ or Palma Christi. Chap. lix.  

❀ The kinds.  
BYsides the two Satyrions, described of the ancient writers, there is also at this day, an other sort found out of learned men.   

❀ The Description.  
THe great Royal Satyrion which is also the male kind, hath long thick smooth leaves, smaller than Lily leaves, without any apparent or manifest spots, and stalks of a foot long or more, not without small leaves growing by it: the flowers grow in a spiky bush or tuffet, at the top of the stalk of a light purple colour, and sweet savour: speckled with small speckes of a deeper purple, like to Cuckoo Orchis, or fools ballockes, saving they lack such a come or coppe: under every one of the said flowers, there groweth a small sharp pointed leaf: the roots be double, like to a pair of hands, and each parted into iiij. or five small roots like fingers: whereof one is more withered, light, & spongy: the other is full and sound, or firm, with a few small roots or strings growing out, or fastened thereto.  
Satyrion Basilicon mas. Satyrion Royal.  
Satyrion Basilicon foem. Satyrion Royal.  
Of this sort there is also a kind found which is very small, and it hath very narrow leaves, like to Saffron, or Leek blades, and a russhie stalk of nine inches long, with a sharp pointed tuft, or spikie ear, at the top of the stalk like the tuft, or spikie bush of flower gentle, or Velvet flower, & of such a bright crimson, or purple colour. Of a very sweet & fragrant savour like unto musk, when they are fresh & new gathered: the roots are like to the others, but not so large & green.  
The other great kind which is the female of this royal Satyrion, hath leaves like to the leaves of the male kind of royal Satyrion, saving they be smaller, & dashed full of black spots: the flowers be like unto gaping hoods or Cockescomes, & like to the flowers of fools ballockes or Cuckoos Orchis: of colour sometimes white, & sometimes purple, or red, or a light sky colour, always speckled and garnished with more small spots or speckes.   

❀ The Place.  
The royal Satyrions are found in certain meadows and moist woods of England and Germany. But that kind which beareth the sweet spikie tuft or ear, is found upon the high hills and mountains of Savoy.   

❀ The Time.  
Royal Satyrion floureth in May and june.   

❀ The Names.  
These plants are now called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Satyria Basilica sive regia, also Palmas Christi: we may call it in English Satyrion Royal, Palmas Christi, or noble Satyrion: in French Satyrion royal: in Douch Cruszblum: in base Almaigne Handekens cruyt.   

❀ The Nature.  
The roots of Royal Satyrion, are in scent and taste like to Orchies, & therefore they are thought to be of the same complexion, which is hot and moist.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of Royal Satyrion bruised or stamped, & given to drink in wine provoketh vomit, & purgeth both the stomach and belly, by means whereof it cureth the old fever quartain, after convenient purgation, if an inch or as much as one's thumb of this root be pound, & ministered in wine before the access or coming of the fit: As Nicholas Nycols writeth Sermon secundo.    

Of Hyssop. Chap. lx.  

❧ The Description.  
THe common Hyssop hath foursquare, green, hard, & woodish stems, or branches set with small narrow leaves, somewhat like the leaves of Lavender, but a great deal smaller and greener. The flowers grow at the tops of the branches in small tuftes, or nosegays almost like to a spikie ear, saving that they grow by one side of the stalk. When the flowers be past, there cometh seed which is black, and lieth in the small husks from whence the flowers are fallen. The root is blackish, and of woody substance.  
Hyssopus communis.  
There is yet a third kind like to the others in leaves and stalks: but the flowers of this kind are milk white.   

❀ The Place.  
Hyssop groweth not of his own kind in this country, nevertheless you shall find it commonly planted in all gardens.   

❧ The Time.  
Hyssop floureth in june and july.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is now called in Shops Hyssopus, and Ysopus, in Italian and Spanish Hyssopo: in English Hyssop, in French Hyssop: in Douch Hyssop, Hyssop, and Ysope: howbeit this herb is not the right Hyssop whereof Dioscorides, Galen and the Ancients have written, as it is sufficiently declared by certain of the best learned writers of these days.   

❀ The Nature.  
Hyssop is hot and dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The Decoction of Hyssop, with figs, Rue, and Honey boiled together in water and drunken, is good for them which have any obstruction or stopping of the breast, with shortness of breath, and for them that have an old difficult, or hard cough, and it is good also for the same purpose to be mingled with honey and often licked in, after the manner of Lohoc or Loch.  
Hyssop taken in with Syrup Acetosus (that is, of vinegar) purgeth by stool tough and clammy phlegm, and killeth and driveth forth worms. It hath the like virtue eaten with figs.  
Hyssop boiled in water with figs, and gargled in the mouth and throat, ripeth and breaketh the tumours, and impostems of the mouth and throat.  
Hyssop sodde in vinegar, and held in the mouth, suageth tooth ache.  
The Decoction of Hyssop, doth scatter & consume the blood that is congealed, clotted, & gathered together under the skin, and all black and blue marks that come of stripes or beating.  
The same decoction cureth the itch, scurf, & foul mangines, if it be washed therewithal.    

Of common garden Savoury. Chap. lxj.  

❀ The Description.  
THe Savoury is a tender summer herb, of a foot long: the stalks be slender, and blackish, very full of branches, & set with small narrow leaves, somewhat like the leaves of common Hyssop, but a great deal smaller. The flowers grow betwixt the leaves, of carnation 
Satureia vulgaris.  in white colour, of a pleasant savour. The seed is brown or blackish. The root is tender and threedie.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb is sown in all gardens, and is much used about meats.   

❀ The Time.  
This herb floureth in june.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is now called in Latin Cunila, and Satureia: in Shops Saturegia: in Italian Coniella Savoregia: in Spanish Segurella: in English summer Savoury, and common garden Savoury: in French Sarriette, & Savoury in Douch garten Hyssop, zwibel Hyssop, Kunel, Saturey, & Sadaney: in base Almaigne Cuele, Satureye, Lochtekol.   

❀ The Nature.  
Summer or garden Savoury, is hot and dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
This Savoury (as Dioscorides says) is in operation like unto Time, and is very good, and necessary to be used in meats.    

Of Time. Chap. lxij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be two kinds of Time, the one called Thymum Creticum, that is to say, Time of Candie, the other is our common usual Time.  

Thymum Creticum. Time of Candie.   

Thymum durius. Our common Time.    

❧ The Description.  
Time of Candie hath many small woody stalks, set round about with small narrow leaves, at the top of the stalks groweth certain knoppie tuftes, like unto small short ears, thrust together, not much unlike the flourie spike or knops of stechados, but much smaller, and bringing forth purple flowers. The root is brittle, and of woody substance.  
The common time also hath many small, weak, and woody branches. The leaves be small, of sharp and biting taste. The flowers grow at the top of the stalks of incarnate colour. The root is small and woodish.   

❀ The Place.  
The first kind of Time groweth in hot countries, in dry & barren soil, and stony mountains, and such like untilled places. And it is found very plentiful in the country of Greece, but principally in Candie.  
The second groweth also in hot countries, upon the stony mountains, in lean & barren ground and such like places, as in many places of Spain and Italy, and throughout all Lanquedoc, whereas it groweth very plentifully.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth in May and june.   

❀ The Names.  
Time is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is to say, in Latin Thymus: in Italian Thymo. in Spanish Tomillo.  
The first kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Thymun capitatum: of the later writers Thymum Creticum, that is to say, Time of Candie.  
The second is called also in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: of Dioscorides Thymum durius, the which is seldom found in season without his Epithymus: it is called in English Time, & the common garden Time: in French Thym: in Douch Thymus.   

❀ The Nature.  
Time is hot and dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Time boiled in water & honey and drunken, is good against a hard & painful cough and shortness of breath, it provoketh urine, & expulseth the secundine and the dead fruit from the Matrix, it bringeth to women their natural terms, and dissolveth clotted or congealed blood in the body.  
The same made into powder, and taken in weight of three drams with honeyed Vinegar, which they call oxymel, and a little Salt, purgeth by stole tough and clammy phlegm, and sharp and choleric humours, and all corruption of blood.  
The same taken in like sort is good against the Sciatica, the pain in the side, & the breast: also it is good against blastings and windiness of the side and belly, and of the stones or genitors, and it is profitable for those that are fearful, melancholic, and troubled in spirit, or mind.  
Time eaten in the morning fasting, and in the evening before Supper is good for bleared and watering eyes, & the pain in the same. And it is also good for the same purpose to be often used in meats.  
It is also singular against the Gout, taken in wine out of the time of the grief, & with a dram of oxymel, when one is tormented with the same.  
Time mingled with honey after the manner of a Lohoc, to be often licked in, cleanseth the breast, & ripeth phlegm, causing it easily to be spit or cast out.  
Time stamped with Vinegar, consumeth and wastes cold swellings, and taketh away warts being laid thereupon.  
The same pound with Barley meal & wine, appeaseth that pain of the haunch or hip which some call the Sciatica Gout, being applied thereunto.  
Time is also good to be given to them that have the falling sickness, to smell upon.    

Of Thymbra/ or winter Savoury. Chap. lxiij.  

❀ The Description.  
WInter Savoury hath many slender woody stalks, set full of small narrow leaves. The flowers be small, incarnate or white, growing in little husks alongst the stalks betwixt the leaves, & floureth by little & little, from the lowest part of the stalk even up to the top of the branches, leaving after the flowers be fallen away, as it were a green spikie ear or tuft, containing the seed, which is very small. The root is of woody substance.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth in certain places of France, especially in Languedor, & other hot countries, in untilled places. It is found in this country in the gardens of such as have pleasure in herbs.   

❧ The Time.  
It floureth in this country in july & August, and sometimes later.  

Thymbra.    

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Thymbra, & Cunila: in English Tymbra, & Winter Savoury, also Pepper Hyssop: in French Thymbre, and Sarrietted Angliterre: of some Douch Herborists Tenderick. This is not Satureia, for Satureia is an herb differing from Thymbra, as Columella and Pliny have very well taught us.   

❀ The Nature.  
Tymbra is hot and dry like Time.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Winter Savoury is good and profitable to be used in meats, like Time, Savoury, and common Hyssop.  
It hath power and virtue like Time, being taken in the like sort, as Dioscorides saith.    

Of wild Time. Chap. lxiiij.  

❀ The Description.  
THe running Time, hath divers small woody branches, sometimes trailing alongst the ground, & sometimes growing upright of a foot & half long, set full of small leaves, much like to the leaves of common garden Time, but much larger. The flowers grow about the top of the stalks like to crowns or garlands, after the manner of Whorehound flowers, or knops, most commonly of a purplered colour, & sometimes (but very seldom) as white as snow. The root is hard, and of woody substance, with many threeddie strings.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth plentifully in all this country in places that are rude, rough, dry, untilled, and stony, by the high way sides, and in the borders of fields.   

❀ The Time.  
Running Time floureth from after May until the end of Summer.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is now called in Shops Serpillum, and in some places Pulegium montanum: in Italian Serpillo: in Spanish Sepollo Serpam: in English wild Time, Puliall mountain, Pellamountayne, & running Time: in French Serpolet. in high douch Quendel, and of some also Kumel, & Kieulin: in base Almaigne Quendel, & in Brabant Onser urouwen bedstroo, & in some places wilden Thymus. Many judge it to be that which the Greeks do call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the Latins Serpyllum hortense, howbeit it should seem rather to be a kind of Thymum durius, or that which is called of Dioscorides in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Saxifranga, than Serpyllum.  

Serpillum vulgar.    

❀ The Nature.  
Pellamountayne is hot and dry in the third degree.   

❧ The Virtues.  
Wild Time boiled in water or wine and drunken, provoketh and bringeth to women the flux Menstrual, driveth out the stone and gravel, and provoketh vomit.  
The same taken in the like manner, stoppeth the lask, and cureth gripings, or knawing, and is excellent against Cramps, and the drawing together or shrinking of Sinews.  
This herb taken in meats and drinks, (or broths,) is a sovereign medicine against all poison, and against the bitings and stingings of venomous beasts and Serpents.  
The juice of Pellamountayne or Running Time, drunken to the quantity of half an vuce with Vinegar, is good against the spitting and vomiting of blood.  
Running Time mengled with Vinegar and oil of Roses, and applied to the forehead and temples, suageth head ache, & is very good against raving, and frenzy.  
The perfume of the same, driveth away all venomous beasts.    

Of Penny Royal/ or Podding grass. Chap. lxv.  

❧ The Description.  
PEnny Royal hath small brittle stalks of a foot long & sometimes more, not upright, but creeping alongst the ground, & taking new roots, here & there in sundry places. The leaves be somewhat round, almost like the leaves of Marierom, but they be greener, browner, and of a stronger savour. The flowers grow here and there by certain spaces about the stems like whirls or garlands, and as the flowers of Horchound, of a bluish colour and sometimes very white. The root is threeddie.   

❀ The Place.  
Penny Royal loveth moist, & untilled places, which are dry in the Summer, and full of water in winter.   

❧ The Time.  
It floureth in june, and in August.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin & in Shops Pulegium: in Italian Pulegio: in Spanish Poleios, Poleio: in English Penny Royal, Pulioll Royal, Pudding grass, and Organy: in French Pouliot: in high Douch Poley: in base Almaigne Poley, and Paley.   

❀ The Nature.  
Penny royal is hot & dry in the third degree, & of subtle parts, and cutting.   

❀ The virtues  
Penny royal boiled in wine & drunken, provoketh the monthly terms, bringeth forth the secundine, the dead fruit, and the unnatural birth, it provoketh urine & breaketh the stone, especially the stone of kidneys.  
Penny royal taken with honey cleanseth the Lungs, & voideth them & the breast from all gross and thick humours.  
Pulegium.  
The same taken with honey and Aloes, purgeth by stolen the Melancholic humour, & prevaileth much against cramps, & the drawing together of sinews.  
The same taken with water and vinegar, assuageth the inordinate desire to vomit, and the gnawing pains of the stomach.  
Penny royal taken in wine, helpeth the bitings of venomous beasts, and with vinegar it helpeth them that have the falling sickness.  
If at any time men be constrained to drink corrupt, naughty, stinking, or salt water, throw Penny royal into it, or strew the powder thereof into it, and it shall not hurt any body.  
A garland made of Penny Royal, and worn about the head, is of great force against the swymming pains, and giddy turnings of the head.  
The same pound with Vinegar, and given to smell upon, to people that are much given to sounding quickeneth their Senses, and causeth them to return to themselves again, and is good for them that have cold and moist brains.  
The powder or axsen of this herb, doth fasten and strengthen the gums that are rubbed therewith.  
Penny royal pound assuageth the pain of the Gout, and Sciatica, being rubbed upon the grieved part until it wax red.  
The same mingled with vinegar & honey cureth the cramps, and is profitable for the diseases of the Spleen or Melt, being laid thereunto.  
The Decoction thereof is very good against ventosity, windiness, and blastings, also against the hardness and stopping of the Mother, when one sitteth over the vapour or breath thereof in a stew or bathe, whereas the said Decoction is. The same is also good against the itch and manginess, to wash the scabbed parties therein.  
The perfume of the flowers of Penny royal (being yet fresh and green) driveth away flees.  
Xenocrates says, that a branch of Penny royal wrapped in a little wool and given to smell unto, or laid amongst the clotheses of the bed, cureth the fever Tertian.    

Of Poley. Chap. lxvi.  

❀ The kinds.  
POley (as Dioscorides says) is of two sorts, whereof one may be named great Poley, or as Dioscorides termeth it, Poley of the Mountain: & the other may be called small Poley.   

❀ The Description.  
POley of the Mountain is a little, small, tender, base, and sweet smelling herb, having small stems, and slender branches, of a span or half foot long. The leaves be small, narrow, and grayish, whereof they that grow lowmoste are somewhat larger, and a little snipt or jagged about the edges: and they that grow above, are narrower and not so much jagged or snippeth. The flowers be white and do grow at the top of the branches. The root is threedie.  
The less Poley is not much unlike the other, saving that his leaves are tenderer, smaller, narrower, and whiter than the other: it hath also a great many more small, slender, and weak branches. But it hath not so great virtue, nor so strong a savour as Poley of the Mountain.   

❀ The Place.  
It groweth not of himself in this country, and is not lightly found, saving in the gardens of some Herboristes, who do plant and cherish it with great diligence.  

Polium.    

❀ The Time.  
It floureth at the end of May and june, whereas it groweth of his own kind, and in this country in july.   

❀ The Names.  
It is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Polium, Polium montanum, and Theuthrium: in Italian Polio: in Spanish Hierua ussa: in English Poley, & Poley mountain. It hath neither French nor Douch name that we know: for it is yet unknown of the Apothecaries themselves in the Shops of this country.   

❀ The Nature.  
Poley is hot in the second degree, and dry in the third.   

❧ The Virtues.  
Poley boiled in water or wine provoketh the flowers, and urine, and is very good against the Dropsies and jaundices.  
It profiteth much against the bitings of venomous beasts, and against poison taken in manner aforesaid, and it driveth away all venomous beasts from the place whereas it is strowen or burnt.  
The same drunken with vinegar, is good for the diseases of the milt and Spleen.  
Also it heals, and closeth up wounds, being yet fresh and green, pound and applied, or laid thereupon.    

Of Marierom. Chap. lxvij.  

❀ The Description.  
MArierom is a delicate and tender herb, of sweet savour, very well known in this country, having small weak and brittle stalks, set with soft and tender leaves, somewhat round and of grayish colour: it bareth about the top, and upper part of the branches a great many of small buttons or knoppes, like to a little spike ear made of many scales, out of which groweth very small white flowers yielding a very small radish seed. The root is wooddish and very threddy.   

❀ The Place.  
This Marierom is planted in gardens, and in pots with earth, and it loveth fat and well maintained ground.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth in july and August.  

Maiorana vulgaris.    

❀ The Names.  
This noble and odoriferous plant, is now called in Shops Maiorana: in Italien Persa: in English Marierom, sweet Mariorom, and Marierom Gentle: in French Mariolaine: in high Douch Maioran, or Meyran: in base Almaigne Mariolcine, and Mageleyne. It is taken for the right 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the Greeks, and Amaracus & Maiorana in Latin: howbeit it trayleth not alongst the ground at all, as Dioscorides writeth that Sampsicon should do: wherefore it should rather be somewhat like that herb which the Grecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and the Latins Marum, for this is an herb of a most sweet and pleasant smell, bearing his flower almost like to Origanum Heracleoticum, which thing Dioscorides attributeth unto Marum.   

❀ The Nature.  
Marierom is hot and dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Marierom boiled in white wine and a quantity thereof drunken, is very good for such as begin to fall into the hydropsy, & for such as cannot piss but drop, after drop, and that with great difficulty, & it is good for them that are tormented with the griping pains, and wring of the belly.  
The same taken in the like manner, provoketh the flowers: and so doth it being ministered beneath in manner of a pessary, or mother suppository.  
Dried Marierom mingled with honey, dissolveth Congealed blood, and driveth away the black and blue marks after stripes and bruises, being applied thereto.  
The same with Salt and Vinegar, is very good to be applied unto the prickings and stingings of Scorpions.  
A plaster made of Marierom with oil & wax, resolveth cold swellings or tumours, and is much profitable to be laid upon places that be out of joint or wrenched.  
Marierom bruised or rubbed betwixt the hands, & put into the Nostrils, or the juice thereof suift up into the nose, draweth down humours from the head, mundifieth the brain, causeth to sneeses, and is very good for them that have lost their smelling.  
And if Marierom be Marum of the Grecians, then is it also a very good herb (as Galen says) & fit to be put into all medicines, and compositions made against poison: it is also good to be mingled with all odoriferous and sweet ointments, as the ointment called unguentum Amaricinum, and such like.  
Marum is also good to be laid upon fretting & consuming ulcers, & is very profitable against all cold griefs and maladies, as Dioscorides writeth.    

Of Clinopodium/ or Mastic. Chap. lxviij.  

❀ The Description.  
THis herb hath small, naked, round, and woodish stems: the leaves be small and tender almost like Marierom. The flowers which are white and very small do grow like a Crown or garland round about the stem, in small rough or woolly husks. The root is of woodish substance. The whole herb is of a very pleasant sweet savour, almost like Marierom.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth not of himself in this country, but the Herboristes do plant it in their gardens.   

❧ The Time.  
It floureth in this country in August or there abouts.  

Clinopodium.    

❀ The Names.  
This herb is taken of some Herboristes for Marum, (that is the English and French Mastic,) but seeing that it floureth not like Organ or wild Marierom, it seemeth unto me to be nothing like Marum, but rather to be like unto the herb which they call in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin also Clynopodium, for the which we have described it: Turner calleth Clinopodium, for the which we have described it: Turner calleth Clinopodium, Horse time, and so doth Cooper English Clinopodium, he calleth it also Puliall mountain.   

❀ The Nature.  
It is in complexion very much like Marierom.   

❀ The Virtues.  
They use to drink the herb Clinopodium in wine, and the Decoction or juice thereof made in wine, against Cramps, burstings, difficulty of urine, and the bitings of Serpents.  
It provoketh the flowers, expelleth the dead fruit, and secundine, if it be used as is aforesaid.  
The same boiled until the third part be consumed, stoppeth the belly, but it must be drunken with water in a Fever, and with wine without a Fever.  
men write also of Clinopodium, that if it be taken with wine by the space of certain days, it will 'cause the warts that are upon the body to fall away.    

Of Origan/ or wild Margerom. Chap. lxix.  

❀ The Kinds.  
ORigan is of three sorts, that is to say, garden Origan, wild Origan, and that kind which they call Origanum Onitis.  

Origanum Heracleoticum. Spanish Origan. Bastard Margerom.   

Origanum syluestre. Wild Origan. Grove Margerom.    

❧ The Description.  
THE first kind hath hard, round, and sometimes radish stems, whereupon are round whitish leaves, smaller than the leaves of wild Origan, and nothing hairy, but otherwise somewhat like in fashion. The flowers grow not in knoppie Crownets, but like untosmal spikie ears, growing upon little fine stems, at the top of the stalk. And afterward it bringeth forth small seed.  
The second kind hath whiter leaves, and is not of so great virtue, but otherwise not much unlike the first. It is not known in this country.  
The third wild kind, hath many round, brown, long, & hairy stalks, the leaves be somewhat round, and soft heard, greater than the leaves of Penny Royal. The flowers are radish, and growing a great many together in tuftes like Nosegays. The seed is small & reddish. The root is long hard & wooddish.  
There is also a sort of this third kind found, bearing flowers as white as snow, of stronger smell & savour, than the abovesaid wild kind, but in all things else like unto it.  
Marum quibusdam. English Margerom.  
Yet there is found a third kind, the which is commonly called English Marierom. This is a base or low herb, not much unlike to wild Origan, with leaves somewhat round, and of a dark green colour, smaller than the leaves of wild Origan, not hairy but plain and smooth. The flowers are purple in red, and grow in crownelike tuftes. The root is of woody substance.   

❀ The Place.  
These herbs do grow in Candie, and other hot countries, sometimes also in Spain: here they plant them in gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
The first kind floureth very late in this country, and yet it floureth not at all saving when the Summer is very hot. The wild Origan & his kinds do flower at Mydsomer.   

❀ The Names.  
These herbs be called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Origana.  
The first is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Origanum heracleoticum, and of some Cunila: here in Shops it is called Origanum Hispanicum, because they bring it dry from Spain to cell at Antwerp, and this is the cause that the Brabanders call it Origano as the Spaniards do call it Oreganoes  
The second is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Origanum onitis, which is yet unknown in this country.  
The third is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Origanum syluestre, that is to say, wild Origan: in Spanish Oregano campestre.  
The first is commonly taken in the Shops of this country for Origanum, & is called in English wild Origan, and Bastard Marierom: in French Origan sauvage, and Mariolaine bastard: in high Douch Dosten Wolgemut: in base Almaigne grove Marioleyne.  
The second may be called wild Origan with the white flowers.  
The third is called English Marierom: in French Mariolaine d'Angleterre▪ and in base Almaigne Engelsche Marioleyne: and it is taken in some shops, and of some Herborists, for Marum.   

❀ The Nature.  
All the kinds of Origan are hot and dry in the third degree, the one being stronger than the other.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Origan boiled in wine and drunken, is good against the bitings of venomous beasts, or the stingings of Scorpions and field spiders. And boiled in wine as is aforesaid, it is good for them that have taken excessively of the juice of Homblocke, or Poppy, which men call Opium.  
The same drunken with water, is of great virtue against the pains of the stomach, and the stitches or gripping torments about the heart, and causeth light digestion: and taken with Hydromel (or honeyed water) it loseth the belly gentilly, and purgeth by stole adust and Melancholic humours, and provoketh the flux menstrual.  
The same eaten with figs, profiteth them much that have the hydropsy, and against the shrinking and drawing together of members.  
It is profitably given to be licked upon with Honey, against the Cough, the Pleurisy, and the stopping of the Lungs.  
The juice of Origan is of great force against the swelling of the Almonds or kernels of the throat, and cureth the ulcers of the mouth.  
The same juice drawn or snift up into the Nose, purgeth the brain, and taketh away from the eyes, the yellow colour remaining, after that one hath had the jaundices.  
It appeaseth the pains of the ears, being dropped in with Milk.  
It is good against all kind of scurviness, roughness of the skin, manginess, and against the jaundices, if one bathe in the Decoction thereof made in water, or if the body only be washed withthe same.  
The same herb being mingled with vinegar and Oil, is good to be laid on with wool upon squats or bruises, and black and blue marks, & to parts displaced or out of joint.  
The wild Origan with the white flower, is of singular virtue against all the abovesaid maladies or diseases, as Galen says.    

Of Tragorigan/ or goats Origan. Chap. lxx.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be two sorts of Tragoriganum, as Dioscorides hath left in writing.   

❀ The Description.  
THE first kind is very much like Organum, saving that his stalks & leaves be tenderer.  
The second kind hath many brown woddish stems, the leaves be meetly large & of a swart green colour, larger than the leaves of Pellamountayne or running time, and somewhat rough & over covered 
Tragoriganum alterum.  as it were, with a certain fine and soft hairy. The small flowers are purple, and grow like Crowns or whirls, at the top of the stems.   

❀ The Place.  
These herbs are not common in this country, but are only found in the gardens of certain diligent Herborists.   

❧ The Time.  
Tragoriganum floureth here in August.   

❀ The Names.  
This kind of Origan, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Tragoriganum, we may also call it in English Tragoriganum, or Goats Origan.  
The second kind is called also Prasium: & of some of this country, it hath been deemed or taken for Time.   

❀ The Nature.  
The Tragoriganum is hot and dry like Origan: also it hath a certain astringent virtue.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The decoction of Tragoriganum drunken maketh a good lose belly, and avoideth the Choleric humours, and taken with vinegar, it is good for the Melt or Spleen.  
Tragoriganum is very good against the wambling of the stomach, and the sour belkes which come from the same, and against the pain or desire to vomit at the Sea.  
Tragoriganum mingled with Honey and oftentimes licked upon, helpeth against the Cough and shortness of breath.  
It provoketh urine & bringeth to women their monthly terms: the same laid on with the meal of Polenta, hath power to dissolve cold tumours or swellings.    

Of basil. Chap. lxxi.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be two sorts of basil, the one of the Garden, the other is wild. Whereof the garden basil also is of two sorts, one great, the other small.   

❧ The Description.  
THE basil Royal or great basil hath round stalks full of branches, with leaves of a faint or yellowish green colour, almost like to the leaves of Mercury. The flowers are round about the stalks, sometimes purple, and sometimes as white as snow. When they are go there is found a small black seed. The root is long with many strings or threads.  
The second kind is not much unlike to the abovesaid. The stalks be round with many little collateral or side branches. The leaves be snippeth or jagged round about, a great deal smaller than the leaves of basil Royal, or great basil. The flowers are very much like to the others.  
These two kinds are of a marvelous sweet savour, in strength passing the smell of Marierom, so as in deed their scent is so strong, that they cause Headache, when they are to much or to long smelde upon.  
The wild basil hath square hairy stems, beset with small leaves, much like to the leaves of Bush (or small) basil, but a great deal smaller & hairy. The flowers are purple or of a sky colour very like the flowers of garden basil. The root is full of hairy threads, and creepeth alongst the ground, and springeth up yearly a new, the which the other two garden Basils' doth not, but must be new sown yearly.  
Ocimum maius. Great basil gentle.  
Ocimum minus. bush basil, or small basil gentle.   

❀ The Place.  
basil gentle is sown in gardens.  
The wild basil groweth in sandy grounds alongst by the water side.   

❀ The Time.  
These herbs do flower in june and july.   

❀ The Names.  
The garden basil is called of the Ancients in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Ocimum, and of some Basilicum, that is to say, Royal, it is now called Ocimum gariophyllatum: in English basil Royal, basil gentle, or garden basil, and the smaller kind is called bushse basil: in French Basilicq, or Basilic. in high Douch Basilgen, Basilgram: in base Almaigne the great is called Grove Basilicom, and the small Edel Basilicom.  
The wild basil is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Acinus: in French Basilic saunage: in high Douch wild Basilgen: in base Almaigne wild Basilicom.   

❀ The Nature.  
Garden basil is of complexion hot and moist.  
The wild basil is hot and dry in the second degree.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The ancient Physicians are of contrary judgements about the virtues of basil. Galen says that for his superfluous moisture, it is not good to be taken into the body. Dioscorides says that the same eaten is hurtful to the sight, and engendereth windiness and doth not lightly digest. Pliny writeth that the same eaten is very good and convenient for the stomach, & that if it be drunken with Vinegar it driveth away ventosities or windiness, stayeth the appetite or desire to vomit, provoketh urine, besides this he says, it is good for the hydropsy, and for them that have the jaundices.  
The later writers say that it doth fortify & strengthen the heart, & the brain, and that it rejoiceth and recreateth the spirits, & is good against Melancholy and sadness, & that if it be taken in wine, it cureth an old cough.  
The same after the mind of Galen is good to be laid too outwardly, for it doth digest and ripe. Wherefore (as Dioscorides says) the same laid too with Barley meal, oil of Roses, and Vinegar, is good for hot swellings.  
basil pound or stamped with wine, appeaseth the pain of the eyes: And the juice of the same doth cleanse & mundify the same, and putteth away all obscurity & dimness, & drieth up the Catarrhs or flowing humours that fall into the eyes, being distilled or often dropped into the same.  
Acinos.  
The herb bruised with vinegar, & held to the nose of such as are faint & fallen into a sound, bringeth them again to themselves. And the seed thereof given to be smelled upon causeth the sternutation or niesing.  
The wild Basil (howsoever it be taken) stoppeth the lask, & the inordinate course of the Months.    

Of Vaccaria/ or Cow basil. Chap. lxxij.  

❀ The Description.  
THat herb which men do now call Vaccaria, hath round stalks full of joints & branches: the branches have upon every knot or joint two leaves somewhat broad, not much unlike to the leaves of basil. At the top of the branches are small read flowers, after the which there cometh round husks, almost like that husks of Henebane, in which is contained the seed, which is black like to the seed of Nigella.  

Forte Ocimoides.    

❀ The Place.  
This herb is found in certain fruitful fields or pastures, alongst by the river of Mensae. In this country the Herboristes do plant it in their gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth from after Midsummer until September.   

❀ The Names.  
The Herboristes do call this herb Vaccaria: and it seemeth to be the herb which is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Ocimastrum, and after the opinion of some (as witnesseth Galen) Philitaerium, which is a kind of Echium in Nicander, it is called of Valerius Cordus Tamecnemum, we may call it field basil, or Cow basil.   

❀ The Nature.  
The seed of Ocimastrum is hot and dry.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The seed of Ocimastrum is good for such as are bitten of Serpents, Vipers, and such other venomous beasts, if it be drunken with wine.    

Of Oak of Jerusalem. Chap. lxxiij.  

❀ The Description.  
THis herb at the first hath small leaves, deeply cut in, or jagged about, and somewhat rough or hairy, & underneath the leaf is of a read purple colour: afterward it putteth forth a strait or upright stem of a foot long or more, with divers branches on the sides, so that it showeth like a little tree: The leaves that groweth thereon, are long, and deeply cut, hairy, and wrinkled, fat or thick in handling, in proportion like to the first leaves, saving they be longer, and nothing at all red or purple underneath. The seed groweth clustering about the branches, like to the young clusters or blowing of the grape or vine. The root is tender, and hath hairy or threddie strings. The whole herb is of an amiable and pleasant smell, and of a faint yellow colour, and when the seed is ripe the plant drieth, and waxeth all yellow, and of a more stronger savour.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth in many places of France, by the waters or river sides: but it groweth not of himself in this country: but whereas it hath been sown once, it springeth up lightly every year after.  

Botrys.    

❀ The Time.  
It beareth his clustering seed in August, but it is best gathering of it in September.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and in Latin Botrys, of some in Cappadocia (as Dioscorides writeth) Ambrosia: unknown in Shops: it is called in English Oak of Jerusalem, and of some Oak of Paradise: in French payment, and payment Royal in high Douch Traubekraut, and after the same in base Almaigne it is called Druyvencruyt, that is to say, Vine Blossom herb.   

❀ The Nature.  
The Oak of Paradise is hot and dry in the second degree, and of subtle parts.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Oak of Paradise boiled in wine, is good to be drunken of them whose breast is stopped, and are troubled with the shortness of wind or breath, and cannot fetch their breath easily, for it cutteth and wastes gross humours and tough phlegm that is gathered together about the Lungs, and in the breast.  
It provoketh urine and bringeth down the terms, if it be taken as is above said.  
The same dried is also right good to be used in meats, as Hyssop, Time, and other like herbs, yielding unto meats a very good taste and savour.  
Oak of Jerusalem dried, and laid in presses and Warderobes, giveth a pleasant smell unto clotheses, and preserveth them from moths and vermin.    

Of the kinds of mint. Chap. lxxiiij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THe mint is divers, aswell in proportion, as in his manner of growing: whereof some be garden Mints, and some be wild Mints. The garden Mints are of four sorts, that is to say, curled mint, Crispe mint, Spear mint, and Harte mint.  
The wild mint is of two sorts, that is, the Horse mint, and the Water mint.   

❧ The Description.  
THE first kind of garden Mints hath foursquare, brown red, and hairy stems, with leaves almost round, snipte, or dented round about, of a dark green colour, and of favour very good and pleasant. The flowers are Crymsin or reddish, and do grow in knops about the stalk like whirls, or like the flowers of pennyroyal. The root hath threddie strings, and creepeth alongst the ground, & putteth forth young shoots or springs yearly.  
The second kind is very like unto the first, in his round, swart, and sweet savouring leaves, also in his square stems, and the creeping roots in the ground, but his flowers grow not in knoppes or whirls round about the stems, but at the top of the stalks like to a small spike or bushy ear.  
The third kind hath long narrow leaves, almost like wythie leaves, but they be greater, whiter, softer and hairy. The flowers grow at the top of the stalks like spikie ears, as in the second kind. The root is tender with threddishe strings, and springeth forth in divers places, like to the others.  
The fourth kind is like to the abovesaid in his leaves, stalks, and root, but that his flowers are not fasshioned like spykie ears growing at the tops of the stalks, but they compass & grow round about the stalks like whirls, or garlands, like to the Curled, or crisp mint.  
Menta sativa prima. curled mint.  
Menta sativa secunda. crisp mint, or Crispe Balm.  
Menta sativa tertia. Spear mint, or right garden mint.  
The second wild kind, which is the sixth in number of the Mints, and called water mint, is much like unto the curled mint, in his stalks, leaves, and creeping roots, saving that his leaves & stalks be greater, & of stronger savour. The flowers be purple growing at the top of the stalks in small tuftes or knoppes like round bullets.   

❀ The Place.  
The garden Mints are found in this country in gardens, especially the curled mint, the which is most common and best known.  
The wild kinds do grow in low, moist places as near unto springs, and on the brinks of ditches.   

❧ The Time.  
All the sorts of Mints do flower most commonly in August.   

❀ The Names.  
The garden mint is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin and in Shops Mentha: in Spanish Yerua Ortelana, yerua buena: in English Mints: in French Mente: in high Douch Munte.  
The first kind is called in high Douch Deyment, and Kraunszdyment, that is to say, curled mint: in French Mente crespue: in base Almaigne Bruyn heylighe.  
The second is also called of the high Douchmen Krausmuntz, and Krauszbalsam, that is to say, in French Balm crespu: in English crisp Balm, or crisp mint: also Cross mint: in base Almaigne Cruysmunte, and of some also Heylighe.  
The third kind is called at this time in the Shops of this country Menta Sarracenica, & Menta Romana: in English Spear mint, or the common garden mint: also of some Balm mint: in French du Balm, and Mente Roman: in high Douch Balsam Muntz, unser frauwen Muntz, Spitz muntz, Spitzbalsam: in base Almaigne Roomsche munte, and Balsem munte.  
Menta sativa quarta. Harte mint.  
Mentastrum. Horse mint.  
Sisymbrium. Water mint.  
The fourth kind is called in high Douch Hertzkraut, that is to say Harte wurte, or Harte mint: in French Herb de cueur: of the later writers in Latin Menta Romana angustifolia, Flore coronata, sive Cardiaca Mentha.  
The fifth wild kind, which is the fifth kind of mint, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Mentastrum, and of the new writers Menta aquatica: in English Horse mint: in French Mente Chevaline ou sauvage: in high Dutch Katzenbalsam, Roszmuntz, wilder Balsam, wild Muntz: in base Almaigne Witte water Munte.  
The second wild kind which is the sixth mint, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Sisymbrium, and of Damegeron Scimbron, as Constantine the Emperor witnesseth: in English fish mint, Brooke mint, Water mint, and white water mint: in French Mente Aquatique: in high Douch Fischmuntz, Wassermuntz: in base Almaigne roe munte, and roe water munte.   

❀ The Nature.  
All the kinds of Mints, while they are green, are hot and dry in the second degree: but dried they are hot in the third degree, especially the wild kinds, which are hotter than the garden Mints.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Garden mint taken in meat or drink, is very good and profitable for the stomach, for it warmeth and strengtheneth the same, and drieth up all superfluous humours gathered in the same, it appeaseth and cureth all the pains of the stomach, and causeth good digestion.  
Two or three branches of Mints, drunken with the juice of sour Pomegranates do suage and appease the Hicquet or yeoxe, and vomiting, and it cureth the choleric Passion, otherwise called the felony, that is when one doth vomit continually, and hath a lask withal.  
The juice of Mints drunken with vinegar, stayeth the vomiting of blood, and killeth the round worms.  
The same boiled in water and drunken by the space of three days together, cureth the griping pain and knawing in the belly, with the colique, and stoppeth the inordinate course of the menstrual issue.  
mint boiled in wine and drunken, easeth women which are tomuch grieved with hard and perilous travel in childebaring.  
mint mingled with parched Barley meal, and laid unto tumours and sweving doth waste and consume them. Also the same laid to the forehead, cureth headache.  
It is very good to be applied unto the breasts that are stretched forth and swollen and full of milk, for it slaketh and softeneth the same, and keepeth the milk from quarring, and crudding in the breast.  
The same being very well pound with Salt, is a special medicine to be applied upon the biting of mad Dogs.  
The juice of mint mingled with honeyed water, cureth the pain of the ears being dropped therein, and taketh away the asperity, and roughness of the tongue, when it is rubbed or washed therewith.  
The savour or sent of mint, rejoiceth man: wherefore they sow & strew the wild mint in this country in places whereas feasts are kept, and in Churches.  
The Horse mint called Mentastrum, hath not been used of the Ancients in medicine.  
The water mint is divers ways of the like operation unto the garden mint, it cureth the trenches or griping pain in the small of the belly or bowels, it stayeth the yeoxe or hicket and vomyting, and appeaseth headache to be used for the same purpose as the garden mint.  
It is also singular against the gravel and stone of the kydneys, and against the strangury, which is when one cannot piss but drop after drop, to be boiled in wine and drunk.  
They lay is with good success unto the stingings of Bees and Wasps.    

Of Calamynt. Chap. Ixxu.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be three sorts of Calamynt described of the Ancient Grecians, each of them having a several name, and difference.  

Calaminthae alterum genus. Corn mint, or wild Pennyryall.   

Calaminthae tertium genus. Catmynte.    

❀ The Description.  
THE first kind, which may be called Mountain Calamynte, hath hard square stalks covered with a certain hoar, or fine Cotton. The leaves be somewhat like the leaves of basil, but they are rougher. The flowers grow only by one side of the stalk amongst the leaves, sometimes three or four upon a stem, of a bluish colour, the root is threddy.  
This herb altogether is not much unlike the second kind of Calamynte, saving it is greater, the stalks be harder, and the leaves be rougher and blacker, and it creepeth not alongst the ground, but groweth up from the earth.  
The second kind which is called wild Pennyryall, hath also square stalks covered with soft Cotton, & almost creeping by the ground, having ever two, and two leaves standing one against an other, small and soft, not much unlike the leaves of Penny royal, saving they are larger & whiter. The flowers grow about the stalks in knoppes like to whirls or garlands, of a bluish purple colour. The root is small and threddie.  
The third kind which is called Catmynte, or Cattis herb, is not much unlike (as Dioscorides says) unto the whiter wild mint. It hath square soft stalks full of joints, and at every joint two leaves standing one against an other, and it hath also betwixt the said leaves & the stalks, little branches. The leaves be not much unlike to the leaves of Horse mint, saving they are somewhat longer and dented, or natched round about, in proportion like to a nettle leaf, but yet soft and gentle, and of a white hoore colour, especially in the underside of the leaf. The flowers grow most commonly about the top of the stalks after the order of Crownets. The root is tender and threddie.  
There is yet an other kind of Cattis herb, a great deal smaller in all respects than the first, otherwise they be altogether a like, and it hath a very good savour.   

❀ The Place.  
The first kind, as Dioscorides says, groweth in Mountains and hilly places. In this country it is planted in the gardens of Herboristes' or lovers of herbs.  
The second kind groweth in this country in rest fields, and upon certain small hills or knaps.  
The third kind groweth in every garden, and is very well known in this country.   

❀ The Time.  
All the sorts of these herbs, do for the most part flower in june and july.   

❀ The Names.  
This kind of mint, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Calamintha: in Italian Nipotella: in Spanish Laveuada: in Shops Calamentum: of Pliny and Apuleius Mentastrum: in English Calamynte.  
The first kind is called in Shops Calamentum montanum, that is to say, Calamynte mountain: in English rough Calamynte: in high Dutch Stein, oderberch Muntz.  
The second kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Pulegium syluestre, and Nepita: in English wild Penny royal, and Corn mint: in French Pouliot sauvage. in high Douch kornmuntzes, wild Poley, in base Almaigne wild Poley, and velt Munte.  
The third kind is now called in Shops Nepita: in English Neppe, and Cat mint: in French Herb de Chat: in high Douch Katzenmuntz: in base Almaigne Cattencruyt and Nepte.   

❀ The Nature.  
These herbs are hot and dry in the third degree, especially the first kind which is gathered upon Mountains.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Calamynte (especially of the Mountain) boiled and drunken, or laid too outwardly prevaileth much against the bitings of venomous beasts. The same drunken first or afore hand with wine, preserveth a body from all deadly poison, and chaseth, & driveth away all venomous beasts, from that place whereas it is either strowen or burned.  
The same drunken with hovied water warmeth the body, and cutteth or severeth the gross humours, and driveth away all cold shiverings, and causeth to sweat. It hath the same power, if you boil it in oil, and anoint all the body therewith.  
Calamynte drunken in the same manner, is good for them that have fallen from a loft, and have some bruise or squat, and bursting, for it digesteth the congealed and clotted blood, and is good for the pain of the bowels, the shortness or breath, the oppillation or stopping of the breast, and against the jaundice.  
The same boiled in wine and drunken, provoketh urine, and flowers, and expelleth the dead child, and so doth it also if it be applied under in manner of a pessary or Mother suppository.  
It is very good for lazar people and Lepers if they use to eat it, & drink the whey of sweet milk after.  
The same eaten raw or sodde with meats, or drunk with salt and honey, fleeth and driveth forth all kinds of worines, in what part of the body soever they be. The same virtue hath the juice drunken, & laid to any place whereas worms are.  
Also it taketh away scars, and black and blue marks, when it is boiled in wine and the places often washed therewith, or else the herb itself fresh gathered, pound and laid upon.    

Of Costemary/ or Galsamynte. Chap. lxvij.  

❀ The kinds.  
BAlsamynte is of two sorts, great and small, resembling one an other in savour, leaves and seed.  

Balsamita maior. Costemary.   

Balsamita minor. Mawdeleyn.    

❀ The Description.  
THE great Balsamynt hath slender stalks, round and hard: the leaves be long and meetly large, of a white or light green colour, very finely hackte or snipt about the edges. The flowers grow in tuftes, or bundles like Nosegays, and are nothing else like but to small yellow buttons, very like the flowers of tansy, saving that they be smaller. The root is threddy and beareth divers stalks and branches, and putteth up yearly new springs. The whole herb is of a strong savour, but yet pleasant, and in taste bitter.  
The small Balsamynte is much like to the first & great Balsamynte, aswell in stalks, flowers and seed, as in smell and savour, but altogether smaller and not so high of groweth, his leaves be a great deal smaller and narrower, and much deeper snipt or cut about the edges. The root also is threddie and putteth up yearly many new springs.   

❀ The Place.  
They are both planted in the gardens of this country, but especially the first, the which is very common in all gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
Balsamynte floureth in july and August.   

❀ The Names.  
The first kind is called in Latin Balsamita mayor: in the Shops of Brabant Balsamita, of some Menta Graeca, Saluia Romana, Lassulata, and Herba divae Mariae: in English Cooste Marie, and of some Balsamynte: in French Coq, or du Coq: in high Douch Frauwenkraut: in base Almaigne Balseme. It should seem to be that Panax Chironia, which Theophrastus describeth in his ix. Book.  
The second kind is called of some Balsamita minor: in Languedoc Herba divae Mariae: in English Mawdelein, and of some small Balsamynte: in Italy Herba Giulia: And some take it for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Ageratum of Dioscorides: others take it to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Elichrysum: and others for Eupatorium Mesue. But in mine opinion it is none of them three, for I think it an herb not described of any of the Ancients unless it be a kind of Panaces Chironium Theophaasti.   

❀ The Nature.  
These two herbs be hot and dry in the second degree, as their smell, and bitter taste doth declare.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves of Costemarie alone, or with Parsenip seed boiled in wine & drunken cureth the trenches of the belly, that is a gripping pain and torment in the guts or bowels, and it cureth the bloody flux.  
The conserve made of the leaves of Costemarie and Sugar, doth warm and dry the brain, and openeth the stoppings of the same, and it is very good to stop all superfluous Catarrhs, Reumes, and distillations, to be taken in quantity of a Bean.  
This herb is also used in meats as Sage and other herbs, especially in Salads and sauces, for which purpose it is excellent, for it yieldeth a proper sent and taste.  
As Mawdelein herb or small Balsaminte, is like to Costemary or great Balsamynte in taste and savour, so is it like in virtues and operations, & may be always used in steed of the great Balsaminte.    

Of Sage. Chap. lxxvij.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be two sorts of Sage, the one is small & frank, & the other is great. The great Sage is of three sorts, that is to say, green, white, and red.   

❀ The Description.  
THE frank Sage hath sundry woody branches, and leaves growing upon long stems which leaves be long, narrow, uneven, hoar, or of a grayish white colour, by the sides of the said leaves at the lower end, there groweth two other small leaves, like unto a pair of little ears. The flowers grow alongst the stalks in proportion like the flowers of Dead nettle, but smaller and of colour blue. The seed is blackish, and the root woody.  
The great Sage is not much unlike the small or frank Sage, saving it is larger: the stalks are square and brown. The leaves be rough, uneven and whitish, like to the leaves of frank Sage, but a great deal larger, rougher, and without ears. The flowers, seed, and root are like unto the other.  
Saluia minor. Frank Sage, or small Sage.  
Saluia maior. Great Sage, or broad Sage.  
There is found an other kind of this great Sage, the which beareth leaves as white as snow, sometimes all white, and sometimes party white, and this kind is called white Sage.  
Yet there is found a third kind of great Sage, called red Sage, the stems whereof, with the sinews of the leaves, and the small late sprung up leaves, are all red: but in all things else it is like to the great Sage.   

❀ The Place.  
Sage, as Dioscorides says, groweth in rough stony places, both kinds of Sage, are planted almost in all the gardens of this country.   

❧ The Time.  
Sage floureth in june and july.   

❀ The Names.  
The Sage is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin and in Shops Saluia: of some Corsaluium: in Spanish salva: in English Sage: in French Sange: in high Douch Salbey: in base Almaigne Savie.  
The first kind is now called in Latin Saluia minor, Saluia nobilis, and of some Saluia usualis: in English Small Sage, Sage royal, and common Sage: in French Sauge franche: in high Douch Spitz Salbey, klein Salbey, edel Salbey, & Creutz Salbey: in base Almaigne Cruys savie, and Dorkens savie.  
The second kind is called in Latin Saluia maior, and of some Saluia agrestis: in English great Sage, or broad Sage: in French grand Sauge: in high Douch Grosz salbey, Breat salbey: in base Almaigne grove, & groote savie.   

❀ The Nature.  
Sage is hot and dry in the third degree and somewhat astringent.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Sage boiled in wine & drunken, provoketh urine, breaketh the stone, comforteth the heart, and suageth head ache.  
It is good for women with child to eat of this herb, for as Aëtius says it closeth the Matrice, causeth the fruit to live, and strengtheneth the same.  
Sage causeth women to be fertile, wherefore in times past the people of Egypt, after a great mortality and pestilence, constrained their women to drink the juice thereof, to 'cause them the sooner to conceive and to bring forth store of children.  
The juice of Sage drunken with honey in the quantity of two glass fulles, as says Orpheus, is very good for those which spit and vomit blood, for it stoppeth the flux of blood incontinent. Likewise Sage bruised and laid too, stoppeth the blood of wounds.  
The decoction thereof boiled in water and drunken cureth the cough, openeth the stoppings of the Liver, and suageth the pain in the side: and boiled with wormwood it stoppeth the bloody flux.  
Sage is good to be laid to the wounds and bitings of venomous beasts, for it doth both cleanse, and heal them.  
The wine wherein Sage hath boiled, helpeth the manginess and itch of the privy members, if they be washed in the same.    

Wild Sage. Chap. lxxviij.  

❀ The Description.  
Wood Sage is somewhat like garden Sage, in fashion & savour, it hath square brown stalks, set with a certain kind of small hear, the leaves are not much unlike the leaves of great Sage, but somewhat broader, shorter and softer. The flowers are not much unlike to the flowers of Sage, growing only upon one side alongst the branches, even up to the very top of the same branches or stems, of a whitisihe colour, when they are paste, there cometh a round blackish seed. The root is threddie, & sendeth forth new springs or branches every year.   

❀ The Place.  
This kind of Sage groweth in this country alongst the hedges, in woods, and the banks or borders of fields.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth in june, and july.  

Saluia agrestis.    

❀ The Names.  
This herb is now called in Shops Saluia agrestis, and Ambrosiana: in high Dutch wild Salbey: in base Almaigne wild Savie. There are some that think it to be the second kind of Scordium which Pliny describeth, because that when it is bruised, it savoureth of Garlic, and this is the cause why Cordus calleth it Scorodonia. It is called in English wood Sage, wild Sage, and Ambros: in French Sauge de Boys.   

❀ The Nature.  
The wood Sage is hot and dry, meetly agreeable in complexion unto garden Sage.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Wood Sage dissolveth congealed blood in the body, and cureth inward wounds, moreover it wonderfully helpeth those that have taken falls, or have been sore bruised and beaten, if it be boiled in water or wine and drunken.  
Wood Sage taken in manner aforesaid doth consume and digest inward impostems and tumers, anoyding the matter and substance of them with the urine.    

Of Clarey. Chap. lxxix.  

❀ The Description.  
CLarye hath square stalks, with rough, grayish, hairy, & uneven leaves, almost like to the leaves of great sage, but they are four or fine times larger: the flowers be of a faint or whitish colour, greater than the flowers of Sage. When they are fallen of there groweth in husks the seed, which is black. The root is yellow & of woody substance. The whole herb is of a strong, and penetrative savour, in somuch that the savour of it causeth headache.   

❀ The Place.  
In this country they sow it in gardens.   

❧ The Time.  
Clary floureth in june & july a year after the first sowing thereof.   

❀ The Names.  
Clarie is now called in Latin and in Shops Gallitricum, Matrisaluia, Centrum galli, and Scarlea oruala: in English Clarye, or Cleare-eye quasi dicas, oculum clarificans: in French oruale, & Toutebonne: in high Dutch Scharlach: in base Almaigne Scarleye. It seemeth to be a kind of Horminum, but yet it is not Alectorolophos as some men think.  

Gallitricum.    

❀ The Nature.  
Clarey is hot and dry, almost in the third degree.   

❧ The Virtues.  
In what sort or manner soever you take Clarey, it provoketh the flowers, it expulseth the secundine, and stirreth up bodily lust.  
Also it maketh men drunk, & causeth headache, & therefore some Brewers do boil it with their Bier in steed of Hops.  
This herb also hath all the virtues and properties of Horminum, and may be used in steed of it.    

Of Horminum/ wild Clarey/ or Oculus Christi. Chap. lxxx.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be two sorts of Horminum, as Dioscorides writeth, the garden and wild Horminum.  

Horminum sativum. Double Clarey.   

Horminum syluestre. Oculus Christi.    

❀ The Description.  
THe garden Horminum hath leaves in a manner round, and somewhat overlayed with a soft Cotton, almost like Horehound. The stalks be square and hairy of the height of a foot, bearing all above at the top, five or six fair small leaves of a bluish purple colour: the leaves stand at every joint, one against an other, amongst the which there cometh forth little husks, that bring forth purplish blue flowers. The which when the seed beginneth to wax ripe, they turn towards the ground, and hung downwards, having in them black seed and somewhat long, the which when it is a little while soaked or steeped in any liquor, it waxeth clammy or slimy, almost like to the kernels of Quinces.  
The wild Horminum beareth great, broad leaves, gashed, or natched round about. The stalks also be square, and somewhat hairy, but yet they be longer and bigger than the stalks of the garden Horminum. The flowers be of a deep blue colour, and do also grow by certain spaces about the stem like to whirls or Crownettes, out of little husks, which do also turn downwards when the seed is ripe, the seed is of a dun or blackish colour, round, & also slimy when it is steeped or soaked. The root is of woody substance, and black.  
These two herbs have no special savour, especially the garden kind: for the flowers of the wild kind do savour somewhat like to Clarey.   

❀ The Place.  
These two kinds are found in this country, sown in the gardens of Herboristes'.   

❧ The Time.  
They yield their flowers in june, july and August, in the which season their seed is also ripe.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Horminum and Geminalis.  
The first is called Horminum sativum, and Hortense. The second Horminum syluestre: they may be both called wild clary, some call them double Clarey, and some Oculi Christi.   

❀ The Nature.  
Horminum is of complexion hot and dry.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The seed of Horminum mingled with honey driveth away the dimness of the sight, and clarifieth the eyes.  
The same seed with water stamped and tempered together, draweth out thorns and splinters, and resolveth or scattereth all sorts of swellings, being laid or applied thereto. The same virtue hath the green herb when it is stamped or bruised and laid upon.  
The same seed drunken with wine stirreth up bodily lust, especially the seed of the wild kind, which is of greater efficacy, than the seed of garden Horminum.    

Of Horehound. Chap. lxxxi.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be four kinds of Horehound, in fashion one like to another. The which for all that in Latin have their particular or several names. The first kind is our white Horehound, the second is the black stinking Horehound. The third is Stachys or field Horehound. The fourth is water or marish Horehound.   

❀ The Description.  
THe white Horehound hath many square & white hoar, or hairy stalks, the leaves be round, crompled, hairy, ayshe coloured, and of no loathsome savour. The flowers be white, and growing forth of small, sharp, and prickley husks, compassing the stalks, like in fashion to a ring or garland, in which (prickley husks) after that the flower is vanisshed, there is found a rough seed. The root is black with many threddie strings.  
The black Horehound, is somewhat like unto the white. The stalks be also square and hairy, but yet they be black or swart. The leaves be larger and longer than the leaves of white Horehound, dented or snippeth round about the edges almost like unto nettle leaves, they are black, and of a strong unpleasant savour. The flowers are purple like to the dead nettle growing in whorling knoppes round about the stalks, like to white Horehound.  
Marrubium. White Horehound.  
Ballote. Black Horehound.  
Stachys or wild Horehound hath a round stem, or stalk full of joints covered with a fine white woolly down or cotton: the leaves do ever grow by coupples, two and two at every joint, and are white and woolly almost like the leaves of white Horehound, saving they be longer and whiter. The flowers grow like Crownets or garlands compassing the stalk, of yellow colour, and sometimes purple. The root is hard and of a woody substance. All this herb differeth nothing in smell or savour from white Horehound.  
Bysides these there is yet an other herb called sweet smelling Whorehound, or sweet wild Sage, the which beareth square stalks, thick and woolly: The leaves be whitish and soft, and somewhat dented round about, but much longer, larger and broader, than the leaves of the other Horehoundes. The flowers be radish growing about the stalks like to whirls or garlands. The seed is black and round. The root is yellowish.  
The water Horehound is much like to black Horehound, aswell in his stalks and prickle husks, as in his leaves and flowers. The leaves be also of a swart green colour, but larger and more deeply indented, and not very hairy, but somewhat crompled, and wrinkled, like to the leaves of the birch tree, when they begin to spring. The flowers be white, and smaller than the flowers of the other Horehoundes.   

❀ The Place.  
The white Whorehound and the black do grow with us in all rough and unmanured places, by walls, hedges, ways, and about the borders of fields. The third groweth on the plains of Almaigne and else where, it is not to be found in this country, but in the gardens of Herborists. The water Horehound is found very plenteously growing in this country by ditches and watercourses, and in low moist places.   

❀ The Time.  
All these herbs do most commonly flower in july. The savoury Horehound or wild Sage doth flower in August.   

❀ The Names.  
The first kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Marrubium: in Shops Prassium: in Italian Marrabio: in Spanish Marrwios: in English Horehound, and white Horehound: in French Marrubin and Marochemin, also Marrube blanc: in high Douche weisz Andorn, Marobel, Gottszvergisz, and Andorn mennlin: in base Almaigne Malrove, Malruenie, Witte Andoren, and Andoren Manneken.  
Stachys. Mountain Horehound.  
The second is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latin Marrubium nigrum, Marrubiastrum: in Shops Prassium faetidum: in Italian Marrobio nero: Marrobio fendo: in Spanish Marroios' negroes: in English black Horehound, and stinking Horehound, & of some black Archangel: in French Marrubin noir, Marrubin puant: in high Douch schwartz Andorn, and Andorn weiblin: in base Almaigne stinckende and swerte Malruenie and Andoren, or Andoren wijfken.  
The third is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and in Latin Stachys: unknown in Shops, it may be also called in English Stachys or wild Horehound: in French Saulge sanuage: in high Douch rieckende Andorn, field Andorn: in base Almaigne rieckende Andoren: in Italian Herba odoraea: in Spanish Yerua olodera, and Yerua de souto.  
The fourth is now called in Latin Marrubium palustre: in English marish or water Horehound: in French Marrubin d'eau: in high Dutch wasser Andorn, weiher Andorn: in Brabant water Andoren, and of some Egyptenaers' cruyt, that is to say, the Egyptians herb, because of the Rogues and runnegates which call themselves Egyptians, do colour themselves black with this herb. Some men make it the first kind of Sideritis.  
The three first kinds of Horehound are hot in the second degree, and dry in the third. The water Horchounde is also very dry, but without any manifest heat.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The white Horehound boiled in water and drunken, doth open and comfort the liver and the Melt, or Spleen, and is good against all the stoppings of the same, it cleanseth the breast & the lungs, also it is profitable against an old Cough, the pain of the side, and the old spitting of blood, & against the Tysike and ulceration of the lungs.  
The same taken with the root of Iris, causeth to spit out all gross humours, and tough flegmes, that are gathered together within the breast.  
The same virtue also hath the juice thereof, to be boiled together with the juice of fennel until the third part be consumed, and taken in quantity of a spoonful, and it is also profitable against an old Cough.  
The white Horehound boiled in wine, openeth the Matrix or Mother, and is good for women that cannot have their terms or desired sickness, it expulseth the Secondyne and dead children, and greatly helpeth women, which have hard and perilous travel, and is good for them that have ben bitten of Serpents, and venomous beasts.  
The juice of white Horehound mingled with wine and Honey, and dropped into the eyes, cleareth the sight. The same juice poured into the ears, assuageth the pain, and openeth the stoppings of the same. It is also good to be drawn or snifte up into the nose, to take away the yellowness of the eyes, which remaineth after the jaundice.  
The leaves tempered with honey is good to be laid unto old ulcers, and corrupt ulcered nails, or agnayles which is a painful swelling about the joints and nails. The same mingled with hens grease, resolveth and scattereth the swelling about the neck called Strumes. The dried leaves mingled or tempered with vinegar, do cure naughty virulent & spreading ulcers.  
The black Horehound pound, is good to be applied and laid upon the bitings of mad Dogs. The leaves of the same roasted in a Call leaf, under the hot immers or ashes, do stop and drive back the hard lumps or swellings which happen to arise about the siege or fundament, and laid to with honey, they cure and heal rotten vicers.  
Stachys or wild Horehound boiled and drunken, causeth women to have their flowers, & bringeth forth the secundine or afterbirth, & the dead fruit.  
Water Horehound is not used in Medicine.   

❀ The Danger.  
The white Horehound is hurtful both to the bladder and kidneys, especially when there is any hurt or exulceration in them.    

Of balm. Chap. lxxxij.  

❀ The kinds.  
Under the title of Melissa, are comprehended both the right balm, and the Bastard balm, the which both are somewhat like to the Horehound.   

❀ The Description.  
THe right balm hath square stalks, & blackish leaves like to black Horehound, but a great deal larger, of a pleasant savour, drawing towards the smell of a Citron. The flowers are of Carnation colour. The root is single, hard, and of a woody substance.  
The common balm is not much unlike to the aforesaid, saving that his savour is not so pleasant and delectable, as the savour of the right balm.  
There is a certain herb bysides these, the which some take for the right balm (yet they are much deceived that do so think) it hath a square stalk with leaves like to common balm, but larger and blacker, and of an evil savour: the flowers are white, and much greater than the flowers of the common balm: the root is hard, and of woody substance.  
Melissa vulgaris. balm.  
Melissophylli species.  
Herba judaica.  
A man may also place, amongst these sorts of balm, that herb which ordinarily is called Herba judaica. It hath square hairy stalks divided or parted into many branches. The leaves be long and dented round about, and smaller than the leaves of Sage: alongst the tops of the branches groweth the flowers, of a faint blue or whitish colour. The root hath hairy strings. All the herb draweth towards the savour of balm, or Melissa.   

❀ The Place.  
These herbs do grow in certain countries in woods, and in some countries you shall find them growing about old walls, & sometimes also you shall have it growing by the way sides: but now both sorts are planted in gardens.  
Herba judaica groweth in France and Flaunders, in untilled places, in vineyards, and sometimes also alongst the hedges.   

❧ The Time.  
They flower in june and july. The judaical herb floureth in july and August.   

❀ The Names.  
Melisses is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Apiastrun, Melitaena, and Citrago: in Shops Melissa: in English balm: in Italian Cedronella, Herba rosa: in Spanish Torougil, yerua cidrera: in high Douch Melissenkraut, and Mutterkraut: in base Almaigne Confilie de greyn and Melisse.  
The fourth kind is called of some in Latin Herba judaica: in English it may be called the judaical herb: in French Tetrahil, or Tetrahit: some count it to be the first kind of Sideritis, called Sideritis Heraclea.   

❀ The Nature.  
These herbs are hot and dry in the second degree, and somewhat like to Horehound, but in virtue much feebler.   

❀ The Virtues.  
balm drunken in wine is good against the bitings, and stingings of venomous beasts, it comforteth the heart, and driveth away all Melancholy and sadness, as the learned in these days do writ.  
balm may be used to all purposes whereunto Horehound serveth, howbeit it is in all respects much weaker, so that according to the opinions of Galen, & Paulus Aegineta, it should not be used for Horehound in medicine, but for want of Horehound, in steed whereof Melissa may be always used.  
If a man put balm into Bee hives, or else if the Hives be rubbed therewithal, it keepeth Bees together, & causeth other Bees to resort to their company.  
The common balm is good for women which have the strangling of the matrix or mother to be either eaten or smelled unto. The juice thereof is good to be put into green wounds, for it gleweth together, sodereth and heals the same.    

Of Rue/ or Herb grace. Chap. lxxxiij.  

❀ The kinds.  
There are two sorts of Rue, that is garden Rue, and wild Rue.  
Ruta hortensis. Herb grace, or garden Rue.  
Ruta syluestris minima. The small wild Rue.  
THe garden Rue hath round hard stems, with leaves divided into divers other small roundish leaves, of a grey or bluish colour, and of a very rank or strong savour. The flowers be yellow, growing at the top of the branches, after which there springeth up square husks containing the seed which is black. The root is of woody substance and yellow within. This Rue lasteth both winter and summer, & dieth not lightly.  
The wild Rue, is much like to the other in his stalks, leaves, flowers, seed, colour, taste, and savour: saving that every little leaf his cuts are a great deal narrower.  
But there is yet an other kind which is the lest of all, whose little leaves are very narrow and tender, and of colour somewhat whiter than the rest. All this plant (as the other wild Rue) is of a very grievous savour, and cannot abide the cold, but as the other wild Rue, so doth this perish with the first cold or smallest frost.   

❀ The Place.  
The tame Rue is planted in gardens, and delighteth most in dry grounds where as the Son shines most. The wild Rue groweth upon the mountains of Cappadocia, and Galatia, in the lesser Asia: in this country it is found sown in the gardens of Herboristes'.   

❀ The Time.  
They do all flower in this country in july and August, and the seed is ripe in September.   

❀ The Names.  
Rue is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Ruta, and of Apuleius Eriphion.  
The garden Rue is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Ruta hortensis: in Shops Ruta: in English Rue of the garden, and Herb grace: in Italian Rutta: in Spanish La arruda: in high Douch Zam Rauten, & wein Rauten: in base Almaigne Wijn ruyte.  
The wild Rue is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Ruta syluestris, and in some places as Apuleius saith Viperalis: in Shops Harmel: in high Dutch walled Rauten: in base Almaigne wild Ruyte.   

❀ The Nature.  
Rue is hot and dry in the third degree: But the wild Rue (& especially that which groweth in mountains) is a great deal stronger than garden Rue.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves of garden Rue boiled in water & drunken causeth one to make water, provoketh the flowers, and stoppeth the lask.  
The leaves of Rue eaten alone with meats, or received with walnuttes, and dried figs stamped together, are good against all evil airs, and against the Pestilence and all poison, and against the bitings of vipers & Serpents.  
The same pound and eaten or drunken in wine, helpeth them that are sick with eating of venomous Tadstooles or Mousheroms.  
The juice of Rue is good against the same mishaps, and against the bitings and stingings of Scorpions, Bees, Wasps, Hornettes, and mad Dogs, when it is either drunken with wine, or when that the leaves be stamped with honey and salt, and laid unto the wound.  
The body that is anointed with the juice of Rue, or that shall eat of Rue fasting, shallbe (as Pliny writeth) assured against all poison, and safe from all venomous beasts, so that no poison, or venomous beast shall have power to hurt him.  
The same juice of Rue drunken with wine purgeth women after their deliverance, & driveth forth the secundine, the dead child, & the unnatural birth.  
Rue eaten in meat or otherwise used by a certain space of Time, quencheth and drieth up nature, and natural seed of man, and the milk in the breasts of women that give suck.  
Rue boiled with Dyll and drunken, suageth the gnawing torment, or gripping pain of the belly called the trenches, & is good for the pains in the side and breast, the difficulty or hardness of breathing, the cough, the stopping of the lungs, the Sciatica, and against the riguor and violence of fevers.  
Rue boiled in good wine until the half be sodden away, is very good to be drunken of such as begin to fall into the Dropsy.  
Rue eaten raw or condited with Salt, or otherwise used in meats, cleareth the sight, and quickeneth the same very much: so doth also the juice thereof laid to the eyes, with honey, the juice of fennel, or by itself. The leaves of Rue mingled with Barley meal, assuageth the pain of the eyes being laid thereupon.  
The juice of Rue warmed in the shell of a Pomgranete, and dropped into the ears suageth the pains of the same. The same mingled with oil of Roses, or oil of Bays & honey, is good against the singing or ringing sound of the ears, when it is often dropped warm into them.  
The leaves of Rue pound with oil of Roses and vinegar, are good to be laid to the pains of the head.  
The same pound with Bay leaves, and laid too, is good to dissolve and cure the swelling and blastings of the genitors.  
The leaves of Rue mingled with wine, Pepper, and Nitre, do take away all spots of the face, and cleanseth the skin: and mingled with Honey and Allom, it cureth the foul scab or naughty Tetter. The same leaves pound with Swine's grease, doth cure all ruggedness of the skin, and the scurf or room of the head, the King's evil or hard swellings about the throat, being applied and laid thereto.  
Rue mingled with honey, doth mitigate the pains of the joints, & with figs it taketh away the swelling of the Dropsy.  
The juice of Rue with vinegar given to smell unto, doth revive and quicken such as have the Lethargy, or the sleeping and forgetful sickness.  
The root of Rue made into powder and mingled with honey, scattereth & dissolveth congealed and clotted blood, gathered betwixt the skin and the flesh, and correcteth all black and blue marks, scars, & spots, that chance in the body, when they are anointed or rubbed therewith.  
The oil wherein Rue hath been sodden or long infused & stieped, doth warm and chaafe all cold parts or members, and being anointed or spread upon the region of the bladder it provoketh urine, and is good for the stopping and swelling of the spleen or Melt: and given in glister, it driveth forth windiness, blastings, and the griping pain in the bowels or guts.  
Some writ also, that the leaves of Rue pound, and laid to outwardly upon the Nose, stauncheth the bleeding of the same.  
The juice of wild Rue mingled with honey, wine, the juice of fennel, & the gall of a Hen, quickeneth the sight, & removeth all clouds & the pearls in the eyes. Also the wild Rue hath the like virtue as the Rue of the garden, but it is of greater force, in so much as the ancient Physicians would not use it, because it was so strong, saving about the diseases and webs of the eyes in manner as is above written.    

Of Harmall/ or wild Rue. Chap. lxxxiiij.  

❀ The Description.  
THis herb hath three or four stems growing upright, and in them are small long narrow leaves, more tenderer, and divided into smaller or narrower leaves than the common or garden Rue, the flowers grow at the top of the stems or branches, of colour white, after which cometh triangled husks containing the seed. And this plant is of a very strong and grievous smell, especially in hot regions, or countries, where as it groweth of his own kind.   

❀ The Place.  
Harmala groweth (as Dioscorides writeth) in Cappadocia and Galatia, in this country the Herborists do sow it in their gardens.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Ruta syluestris: of some it is called Harmala: of the Arabian Physicians, and of the late writers Harmel. The people of Syria in times past called it Besasa, and some Moly. We may also call it Harmala, or Harmel.  

Harmala.    

❀ The Nature.  
Galen writeth, that this herb is hot in the third degree, & of subtle parts.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Because Harmala is of subtle parts, it cutteth asunder gross and tough humours, it provoketh urine, and women's natural flux.  
The seed of Harmala stamped with honey, Wine, Saffron, the juice of Fenell, and the gall of a Hen, doth quicken the sight, and cleareth dim eyes.    

Of Rosemary. Chap. lxxxv.  

❧ The Description.  
ROsemary is as it were a little tree or wooddish shrub, with many small branches and slender boughs, of hard and woody substance, covered and set full of little, small, long, and tender leaves, white on the side next the ground, and green above. The flowers are whitish, and mixed with a little blue, the which past, there cometh forth small seed. The root and the stem are likewise hard and woody. The leaves and the flowers are of a very strong and pleasant savour, and good smack or taste.   

❀ The Place.  
Rosemary groweth naturally, and plentifully, in divers places of Spain and France, as in Provence and Languedoc. They plant it in this country in gardens, and maintain it with great diligence.   

❀ The Time.  
The Rosemary floureth twice a year, once in the spring time of the year, and secondarily in August.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Rosmarinun coronarium: in Shops Rosmarinus: in English Rosemary: in Italian Rosmarino: in Spanish Romero: in French Rosmarin▪ in Germany Rosmarein: in base Almaigne Rosmarijn. They call it in Latin Rosmarinum coronarium, that is to say, Rosemary whereof they make Crowns & Garlands, to put a difference from the other Libanotis which is of diverse sorts, whereof we shall entreat in Chapters following. The blossoms or flowers of this Rosemary is called in shops Anthos.   

❀ The Nature.  
This Rosemary is hot and dry in the second degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Dioscorides and Galen do writ that this Rosemary boiled in water, and given to drink in the morning fasting & before labour or exercise, cureth the jaundices.  
The Arrabians and their successors Physicians, do say that Rosemary comforteth the brain, the memory, and the inward Senses, & that it restoreth speech, especially the conserve made of the flowers thereof with Sugar, to be received daily fasting.  
Rosmarinum coronarium.  
The ashes or axen of Rosemary burnt, doth fasten lose teeth, and beautifieth the same if they be rubbed therewith.    

Of Lavender and spike. Chap. lxxxvi.  

❀ The kinds.  
lavender is of two sorts, male and female. The male hath his leaves, flowers, spikie ears, and stems, broader, longer, higher, thicker, and of a stronger savour. The female is smaller, shorter, lower, and of a pleasanter savour.   

❀ The Description.  
BOth kinds of Lavender have square hollow stalks, with joints & knots, upon which groweth grayish leaves, which be long, narrow & thick. Yet larger and longer than the leaves of Rosemary. The flowers (which are most commonly blue) grow thick set, and couched together in knoppes or spiked ears, at the tops of the stalks. The root is of woody substance with many threddy strings.   

❀ The Place.  
Lavender groweth in certain places of Italy, Spain, and France, on the Mountains & rough stony places, that lie against the Sun: they plant it here in gardens especially the female Lavender, which is very common in all gardens, but the male kind is not found saving amongst the Herboristes.  

Lavandula mass. English Spike.   

Lavandula foemina. Lavender.    

❧ The Time.  
Lavender floureth in june and july.   

❀ The Names.  
It is called in Latin Lavandula: in Shops Lavendula: in English Spike and Lavender: in Italian Spigo, and Lavanda, in Spanish Alhuzema, & Alfazema: of some in Greek Pseudonardus, and of others Hirculus, and of some also Rosmarinum coronarium. It seemeth to be the herb that Virgil calleth Casia, and Theophrastus Cneorus albus.  
The first kind is Lavandula mass: in English Lavender or Spike: in French Lavande masle▪ in high Douch Spica, and Spica nardi: in base Almaigne Lavender, and Lavender manneken.  
The second kind is called Lavendula, and Lavendula foemina: in English Spike and Female Lavender: in French Lavande femelle: in high Douch Lafendel: in base Almaigne Lavender wijfken.   

❀ The Nature.  
Lavender is hot and dry in the second degree.   

❧ The Virtues.  
Lavender boiled in wine and drunken provoketh urine, & bringeth down the flowers, and driveth forth the secundine, and the dead Child.  
The flowers of Lavender alone, or with Cinnamome, Nutmegs, & Cloves do cure the beating of the heart, and the jaundices, and are singular against the Apoplexy, and giddiness, or turning of the head, they comfort the brain and members taken or subject to the Palsy.  
The conserve made of the flowers with Sugar, profiteth much against the said diseases, to be taken in the morning fasting, in quantity of a Bean.  
The distilled water of the flowers of Spike or Lavender heals members of the Palsy if they be washed therewith.    

Of Staechados'/ or French Lavender. Chap. lxxxvij.  

❧ The Description.  
THis is a beautiful herb, of a good & very pleasant smell, with divers weak & tender branches, set full of long, small, & whitish leaves, but smaller, narrower & tenderer, & of a more amiable savour than the leaves of Lavender. At the top of the stalks there grow fair thick knoppes or spikie ears, with small blue flowers, thick set and thrust together. These knops or ears are sold every where in Shops by the name of Staecados Arabicum.  
There is yet an other herb which the Apothecaries do call Stichas citrina, the which we have described in the lx. Chapter of the first Book.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth in the Isles called Staechades, standing directly over against Marsiles, and in divers places of Languedoc and Province, & in Arabia. In this country some Herboristes do sow it, and maintain it with great diligence.   

❀ The Time.  
Staecados floureth in May and june, somewhat before Lavender.  

Staechas.    

❀ The Names.  
It is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Stichas and Staechas: in Shops Stichas Arabica, & Stęchados Arabicum: in the Arabian tongue Astochodos: in English stechados, French Lavender, Cassidonie, & of some Lavender gentle: in Italian stechados: in Spanish Cantuesso, Rosmarinho: in French Staechados.   

❀ The Nature.  
The complexion of Staechados is hot and dry.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The decoction of stechados with his flowers, or else the flowers alone, drunken, do open the stoppings of the Liver, the lungs, the Melt, the Mother, the bladder, and of all other inward parts, cleansing and driving forth, all evil and corrupt humours.  
It is also very good against the pains of the head, and diseases of the breast and lungs, and it bringeth forth the flowers, if it be taken in manner as is aforesaid.  
They mengle the flowers, with good success in conterpoysons, & medicines that are made to expel poison.  
The leaves and flowers of stechados given often to smell upon doth comfort the brain, the memory, and inward senses.    

Of Dictam/ or Dittani of Candie. Chap. lxxxviij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
DIoscorides that ancient Herborist, writeth of three sorts of Dictam, whereof the first only is the right Dictam. The second is the Bastard Dictam. The third is an other kind bearing both flowers and seed.   

❀ The Description.  
THe first kind, which is the right Dictam, is (as Dioscorides says) a hot and sharp herb much like unto Penniroyall, saving that his leaves be greater & somewhat hoar or mosy with a certain fine down, or wolly white Cotton: at the top of the stalks or small branches, there grow as it were certain small spikie ears or tuffets, hanging by little small stems, greater & thicker than the ears or spikie tuffets, of wild Marinell gerome, somewhat red of colour, in which there grow little flowers.  
The second kind which is called Pseudodictamnum, that is to say, Bastard Dictam, is much like unto the first as Dioscorides says: saving that it is not hot, neither doth it bite the tongue: whereof we have here given you the figure, the which we have caused to be cut according to the natural & true proportion of the plant. Pseudodictamnum hath round soft wolly stalks with knots and joints, at every of which joints or knots, there are two leaves somewhat round soft and wollie, not much unlike the leaves of Penniroyall, saving they be greater, all hoar, or white, soft and woolly, like to the first leaves of white Mollyn or Tapsus Barbatus, without savour and not sharp, but bitter in taste. The flowers be of a light blewe, compassing the stalk by certain spaces like to garlands or whorrowes, and like the flowers of pennyroyal and Horehound. The root is of woody substance.  
Pseudodictamnum. Bastard Dictam.  
The third kind in figure is like to the second, saving that his leaves are greener and more hairy, covered with a fine white soft hear, almost like to the leaves of Water Mint. All the herb is of a very good and pleasant smell, as it were betwixt the savour of Watermynte & Sage, as Dioscorides witnesseth.   

❀ The Place.  
The first kind or the right Dictam cometh from Crete, which is an Island in the Sea Mediterrane, which Island we do now call Candie, and it is not found else where, as all the Ancients do writ. Therefore it is no marvel that it is not found in this country, otherwise than dry, and that in the Shops of certain wise and diligent Apothecaries, who with great diligence get it from Candy to be used in Physic.  
The two other kinds do not grow only in Candy, but also in divers other hot countries.   

❀ The Names.  
The first kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Dictamnum, & Dictamnum Creticum, of some as Dioscorides writeth, Pulegium syluestre: in Shops Diptamun, yet notwithstanding the Apothecaries have used an other herb in steed of this, which is no kind of Dictam at all, as shallbe declared in his place: it may be called in English as Turner writeth Dictam, or Dictamnun of Candie.  
The second kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and Pseudodictamnum, that is to say, Bastard Dictam.  
The third kind is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Dictamnum, and may be well called Dictamni tertium genus, or Dictamnum non Creticum.   

❀ The Nature.  
The right Dictam is hot and dry like pennyroyal, but it is of subtler parts.  
The other twain are also hot & dry, but not so hot as the right Dictam.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The right Dictam is of like virtue with pennyroyal, but yet it is better & stronger: it bringeth down the flowers, it expulseth the afterbirth and the dead child, whether it be drunken or eaten, or put in under as a pessary or mother Subpositorie. The like virtue hath the root, which is very hot and sharp upon the tongue.  
The juice of Dictam is very good to be drunken against all venom, and against the bitings of all venomous beasts and Serpents.  
Dictam is of such force against poison, that by the only savour and smell thereof, it driveth away all venomous and wicked beasts, and in manner killeth them, causing the same to be astonished, if they be but only touched with the same.  
The juice of the same is of sovereign and singular force, against all kinds of wounds made with Glayve, or other kind of weapons, and against all bitings of venomous beasts, to be dropped or powered in, for it doth both mundify, cleanse and cure the same.  
Dictam qualifieth and suageth the pain of the Spleen or melt, and wastes or diminisheth the same, when it is to much swollen, or blasted: if it be either taken inwardly, or applied and laid outwardly.  
It draweth forth shivers, splinters, and thorns, if it be bruised and laid upon the place.  
We may see it left to us written of the Ancients, that the Goats of Candie being shot in and hurt by any shaft or javelin hanging or sticking fast in their flesh: how that incontinent they seek out Dictamnum and eat thereof, by virtue whereof the arrows fall of, and their wounds are cured.  
The Bastard Dictamnum is somewhat like the virtues of the first, but it is not of so great a force.  
The third kind availeth much to be put into Medicines, drenches, and implaysters that are made against the biting of wicked and venomous beasts.    

Of Fenell. Chap. lxxxix.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere are two sorts of Fenell. The one is the right Fenell called in Greek Marathron. The other is that which groweth very high, and is called Hippomarathron, that is to say, great Fenell.   

❀ The Description.  
THe right Fenell hath round knotty stalks, as long as a man, and full of branches the said stalks are green without & hollow within, filled with a certain white pith or light pulp. The leaves are long and tender, and very much, and small cut (so that they seem but as a tuffte or bush of small threads, yet greater and gentler, and of better savour than the leaves of Dill. The flowers be of pale yellow colour, and do grow in spokie tuffets or rundels at the top of the stalks: the flower perished it turneth into long seeds, always two growing together. The root is white, long, and single.  
There is an other sort of this kind of Fenell, whose leaves wax dark, with a certain kind of thick or tawny red colour, but otherwise in all things like the first.  
The other kind called the great Fenell hath round stems with knees & joints, sometimes as great as one's arm, and of sixteen or eighteen foot long, as writeth the learned Ruellius.  
Foeniculum. Fenell.   

❀ The Place.  
Fenell groweth in this country in gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth in june and july, and the seed is ripe in August.   

❀ The Names.  
The first kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and of Actuarius 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin and in Shops Foeniculum: in English Fenell: in Italian Finochio: in Spanish Finicho: in French Fenoil: in high Douch Fenchel: in base Almaigne Venckel.  
The second kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Foeniculum erraticum, that is to say, wild Fenell, and great Fenell: and of some Fenell Giant.   

❀ The Nature.  
Fenell is hot in the third degree, and dry in the first.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The green leaves of Fenell eaten, or the seed thereof drunken with Ptisan, filleth wemens' breasts or dugs with milk.  
The decoction of the crops of Fenel drunken, easeth the pain of the kidneys, causeth one to make water, & to avoid the stone, & bringeth down the flowers. The root doth the like, the which is not only good for the intentes aforesaid, but also against the Dropsy to be boiled in wine and drunken.  
The leaves and seed of Fenell drunken with wine, is good against the stingings of Scorpions and the bitings of other wicked & venomous beasts.  
Fenell or the seed drunken with water, assuageth the pain of the stomach, and the wambling or desire to vomit, which such have, as have the Ague.  
The herb, the seed and the root of Fenell, are very good for the Lungs, the Liver and the kidneys, for it openeth the obstructions or stoppings of those parts, and comforteth them.  
The roots pound and laid too with honey, are good against the bitings of mad Dogs.  
The leaves pound with vinegar are good to be laid to the disease called the wild fire, and all hot swellings, and if they be stamped together with wax, it is good to be laid to bruises and stripes that are black and blue.  
Fenell boiled in wine, or pound with oil is very good for the yard, or secret part of man, to be either bathed or stewed, or rubbed and anointed with the same.  
The juice of Fenell dropped into the ears, killeth the worms breeding in the same. And the said juice dried in the Sun, is good to be put into Collyres, and medicines prepared to quicken the sight.    

Of Dill. Chap. xc.  

❀ The Description.  
DIll hath round knotty stalks, full of bowghes & branches, of a foot & half, or two foot long. The leaves be all to jagged, or frenged with small threddes, not much unlike to fenel leaves, but a great deal harder, and the strings or threads thereof are greater. The flowers be yellow & grow in round spokie tuffets or rundels, at the top of the stalks like Fenell: when they are vanisshed, there cometh the seed, which is small and flat, the root is white, and it dieth yearly.   

❀ The Place.  
They sow Dill in all gardens, amongst wortes, and Pot herbs.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth in june and july.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin and in the Shops Anethum: in English Dil: in Italian Anetho: in Spanish Eueldo, Endros in French Aneth: in high Douch Dyllen, & Hochkraut: in base Almaigne Dille.   

❀ The Nature.  
Dill is almost hot in the third degree, and dry in the second.  

Anethum.    

❀ The Virtues.  
The decoction of the tops and crops of Dill, with the seed boiled in water and drunken, causeth women to have plenty of Milk.  
It driveth away ventosity or windiness, and suageth the blasting & gripping torment of the belly, it stayeth vomiting and lasks, and provoketh urine to be taken as is aforesaid.  
It is very profitable against the suffocation or strangling of the Matrix, if you 'cause women to receive the fume of the decoction of it, through a close stolen, or hollow seat made for the purpose.  
The seed thereof being well chauffed, and often smelled unto, stayeth the yexe, or hiquet.  
The same burned or parched, taketh away the swelling lumps, and rifts or wrinkles of the tuell, or fundament, if it be laid thereto. The herb made into axsen doth restrain, close up, and heal moist ulcers, especially those that are in the share or privy parts, if it be strewed thereon.  
Dill boiled in oil, doth digest and resolve, and suageth pain, provoketh carnal lust, and ripeth all raw and unripe tumours.   

❀ The Danger.  
If one use it to often, it diminisheth the sight, and the seed of generation.    

Of Anise. Chap. xci.  

❧ The Description.  
ANise hath leaves like to young Persley, that is new sprung up: his stalks be round and hollow, his leaves at the first springing up, are somewhat round, but afterward it hath other leaves cut and cloven like to the leaves of Persley, but a great deal smaller & whiter. At the top of the stalks groweth divers fair tuftes, or spokie rundels with white flowers, like to the tuftes of the small Saxifrage, or of Coriandre. After the flowers are past, there cometh up seed, which is whitish, and in smell and taste, sweet and pleasant.   

❀ The Place.  
Anise groweth naturally in Syria, & Candie. Now one may found good store sown in the gardens of Flaunders, and England.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth in june, and july.   

❀ The Names.  
Anise is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin and in Shops Anisum: in Italian Semenze de Anisi▪ in Spanish Matahalua, yerua doce. in high Douch Anisz: in base Almaigne Anijs.   

❀ The Nature.  
The Anise seed, the which only is used in Medicine, is hot and dry in the third degree.  

Anisum.    

❀ The Virtues.  
Anise seed dissolveth the windiness, and is good against belching, and upbreaking and blasting of the stomach and bowels: it suageth the pains and gripping torment of the belly: it stoppeth the lask: it causeth one to piss, and to avoid the stone, if it be taken dry, or with wine or water: and it removeth the hicquet or yeox, not only when it is drunken and received inwardly, but also with the only smell, and savour.  
It cureth the bloody flux, and stoppeth the white issue of women, and it is very profitably given to such as have the dropsy: for it openeth the pipes and conduits of the Liver, and stauncheth thirst.  
anise seed plentifully eaten, stirreth up fleshly lust, and causeth women to have plenty of Milk.  
The seed chewed in the mouth, maketh a sweet mouth, and easy breath, & amendeth the stench of the mouth.  
The same dried by the fire, and taken with honey, cleanseth the breast from phlegmatic superfluities, and if one put thereunto bitter Amandes, it cureth the old Cough.  
The same drunken with wine, is very good against all poison, and the stinging of Scorpions, and biting of all other venomous beasts.  
It is singular to be given to infants or young children to eat, that be in danger to have the falling sickness, so that such as do but only hold it in their hands (as says Pythagoras) shall be no more in peril to fall into that evil.  
It suageth the squinance, that is to say, the swelling of the throat, to be gargled with honey, Vinegar and Hyssop.  
The seed thereof bound in a little bag or handecarcheff, and kept at the Nose to smell unto, keepeth men from dreaming, and starting in their sleep, & causeth them to rest quietly.  
The perfume of it, taken up into the Nose, cureth head ache.  
The same pound with oil of Roses, and put into the ears, cureth the inward hurts, or wounds of the same.    

Of Ameos/ or Ammi. Chap. xcij  

❀ The Kinds.  
AMeos is of two sorts, according to the opinion of the Physicians of our time, that is the great Ameos, and the small.   

❧ The Description.  
THe great Ameos, hath a round green stalk, with divers bows & branches, the leaves be large and long, parted into divers other little long narrow leaves, and dented round about. At the top of the stalk there groweth white starlike flowers in great rundels, or spokie tuftes, the which bringeth forth a small sharp and bitter seed. The root is white and threddie.  
The small Ameos, is an herb very small and tender, of a foot long or somewhat more. The stalk is small & tender. The first and oldest leaves are long, and very much cut and cloven round about. The upper leaves draw towards the proportion of the leaves of Fenell or Dill, but yet for all that they are smaller. At the top of the stalk there groweth also in spoky little tuffets or rundels, the small little white flowers, the which afterward do turn into small grey seed, hot and sharp in the mouth. The root is little and small.   

❀ The Place.  
These two herbs grow not in this country of themselves, without they be sown in the gardens of Herborists. Nevertheless whereas they have been once sown, they grow yearly of the seed which falls of itself.   

❀ The Time.  
They flower in july and August, and shortly after they yield their seed.   

❀ The Names.  
The first kind is called in Shops Ameos, by which name it is known in this country. The same as we think is the right 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Ammi described by Dioscorides, who calleth it also Cuminum Aethiopicum, Cuminum regium, & as Ruellius says, Cuminum Alexandrinum.  
The small is taken of divers of the learned writers in our days, for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Ammi, and therefore we have placed it in this Chapter.  
Ammi common. Great Ameos.  
Ammi parvum. Small Ameos.   

❀ The Nature.  
The seed of Ameos is hot and dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The seed of Ameos is very good against the gripping pain and torment of the belly, the hoatepisse, and the strangury, if it be drunken in wine.  
It bringeth to women their natural terms, and the perfume thereof, together with Rosin and the kernels of Raisins, strewed upon quick coals, mundifieth and cleanseth the Mother, if the same be taken in some hollow vessel or close stool.  
It is good to be drunken with wine, against the bitings of all kinds of venomous beasts: they use to mingle it with Cantharides, to resist the venom of the same because they should not be so hurtful unto man, as they are when they are taken alone.  
Ameos' breyed and mingled with honey, scattereth congealed blood. and putteth away black & blue marks, which happen by reason of stripes or falls, if it be laid too in manner of a plaster.   

❀ The Danger.  
The seed of Ameos taken in to great a quantity, taketh away the colour, and bringeth such a paalnesse, as is in dead bodies.    

Of Caruwayes. Chap. xciij.  

❀ The Description.  
CAruway hath a hollow, streaked or crested stalk, with many knots or joints, the leaf is very like to Carot leaves. The flowers are white, and grow in tuffets or rundels, bearing a small seed, and sharp upon the tongue. The root is meetly thick, long and yellow, in taste almost like unto the Carot.   

❀ The Place.  
Caruway groweth in Caria, as Dioscorides writeth. Now there is of it to be found in certain dry meadows of Almaigne. In this country it is sown in gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth in May, a year after the sowing thereof, and delivereth his seed in june and july.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Careum or Carum: in Shops and in Italian carvi: and it took his name of the country of Caria, whereas it groweth plentifully: in English it is called Caruway, and the seed Caruway seed: in French carvi, or Carotes': in Spanish Alcaranea, Alcoronia: in high Douche Weisz Kummel: in base Almaigne Witte Comijn.  

Caros.    

❀ The Nature.  
Caruway seed is hot and dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The Caruway seed, is very good and convenient for the stomach, and for the mouth, it helpeth digestion, and provoketh urine, and it suageth and dissolveth all kind of windiness and blastings of the inwards parts. And to conclude, it is answerable to Annis seed in operation and virtue.  
The roots of Caruway boiled, are good to be eaten like Carottes.    

Of Comijn. Chap. xciiij.  

❀ The kinds.  
cumin, as Dioscorides writeth, is of two sorts, tame and wild.  

Cuminum sativum. Garden cumin.  
Cuminum syluestre. Wild cumin.    

❧ The Description.  
THe Garden cumin hath a straight stem, with divers branches: the leaves be all jagged and as it were threads not much unlike Fenell. The flowers grow in rundels or spokie tops, like to the tops of Anise, Fenell, and Dill. The seed is brown and long.  
The wild cumin (as Dioscorides says) hath a brittle stalk, of a span long, upon which groweth four or five leaves all jagged & snipt, or dented round about, and it is not yet known.  
The other wild kind whereof Dioscorides writeth shallbe hereafter described in the lxxxuj. Chapter amongst the Nygelles, or Lark spurs.   

❀ The Place.  
The garden cumin groweth in Ethiopia, egypt, Galatia, the lesser Asia, Cilicia, and Terentina. They do also sow it in certain places of Almaigne, but it desireth a warm and moist ground.   

❀ The Names.  
The common & garden cumin is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Cuminum sativum: in Shops Cyminum: in English cumin or Comijn: in Italian Cimino: in Spanish Cominos, Cominhos: in French Comyn: in high Douch Romische Kummel, and zamer Kummel: in Brabante Comijn.  
The wild cumin is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Syluestre Cuminum, and Cuminum rusticum.   

❀ The Nature.  
The seed of cumin is hot and dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
cumin scattereth and breaketh all the windiness of the stomach, the belly, the bowels and Matrix: also it is singular against the gripping torment, and knawing or fretting of the belly, not only to be received at the mouth, but also to be powered into the body by clysters, or to be laid to outwardly with Barley meal.  
The same eaten or drunken is very profitable for such as have the Cough, and have taken cold, and for those whose breasts are charged or stopped: and if it be drunken with wine, it is good for them that are hurt with any venomous beasts.  
It slaketh and dissolveth the blastings and swellings of the cods and Genitors being laid thereupon.  
The same mingled with Yuray meal, and poulpe or substance of raisins, stoppeth the inordinate course of the flowers, being applied to the belly in form of a plaster.  
cumin seed pound, and given to smell unto with vinegar, stoppeth the bleeding at the Nose.   

❀ The Danger.  
Comyn being to much used, decayeth the natural complexion and lively colour, causing one to look wan and paale.    

Of Coriander. Chap. xcv.  

❀ The Description.  
COriander is a very stinking herb, smelling like to the stinking worm called in Latin Cimex, & in French Punaise, it beareth a round stalk full of branches of a foot and half long, the leaves are whitish all jagged and cut: the under leaves that spring up first are almost like to the leaves of Charuell or Persele: and the upper & last leaves are not much unlike to the same, or rather like to Fumeterrie leaves, but a great deal tenderer, & more jagged. The flowers be white & do grow in round tuffets. The seed is all round, and hollow within, & of a pleasant sent when it is dry. The root is hard and of woody substance.   

❀ The Place.  
Coriander is so wen in fields and gardens, and it loveth a good and fruitful ground.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth in july and August, and shortly after the seed is ripe.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin & in Shops Coriandrum: in English Coriander, and of some Coliander: in Italian Coriandro: in Spanish Culantro, Coentro: in French Coriandre. in Douch Coriander.   

❀ The Nature.  
The green and stinking Coriander, is of complexion cold and dry, and hurtful to the body: the dry and sweet savouring seed is warm, and convenient for many purposes.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Coriander seed prepared, and taken alone (or covered in Sugar) after meals, closeth up the mouth of the stomach, stayeth vomiting, and helpeth digestion.  
The same roasted or parched and drunken with wine, killeth and bringeth forth worms of the body, and stoppeth the lask and the bloody flux, and all other extraordinary issues of blood.  
The seed of Coriander is prepared after this manner. Take of the seed of Coriander well dried, upon which you shall power or cast good strong wine and vinegar mingled together, and so leave them to steep & sook by the space of xxiv. hours: than take it forth of the liquor and dry it, and so keep it to serve for Medicine.  
Coriandrum.  
You must also note, that the Apothecaries aught not to cell to any person, of Coriander seed unprepared, nor to cover it with Sugar, nor to put it in Medicine: for albeit it be well dried and of good taste, yet notwithstanding it may not be but a little used in medicine without great peril and danger.  
The herb Coriander being yet fresh and green, & boiled with the crumbs of white bread, or Barley meal, driveth away & consumeth all hot tumours, swellings and inflammations, and with bean meal it dissolveth the King's evil, and wens or hard lumps.  
The juice of Coriander laid to with Ceruse, lethargy, or scum of Silver, vinegar, and oil of Roses, cureth S. Anthony's fire, and suageth and easeth all inflammations that chance on the skin.   

❀ The Danger.  
Green Coriander taken into the body causeth one to wax hoarse, and to fall into Frenzy, and doth so much dull the understanding, that it seemeth as the party were drunken. And the juice thereof drunken in quantity of four drams, killeth the body, as Serapio writeth.    

Of Get or Nigella. Chap. xcvi.  

❀ The kinds.  
NIgella is of two sorts, tame and wild, whereof the tame or garden Nigella, is again parted into two sorts, the one bearing black seed, the other a Citren colour or pale yellow seed, but otherwise like one to an other, as in stalks, leaves, flowers, and smell.  

Melanthium sativum. Garden Nigella.   

Melanthium syluestre. Wild Nigella.    

❧ The Description.  
THe garden Nigella hath a weak and brittle stalk, full of branches, and of a foot long. The leaves be all to cut and jagged, much like to the leaves of Fumeterrie, but much greener. The flowers grow at the top of the branches, and are white, turning towards a whitish or light blue, each flower parted into five small leaves, after the manner of a little star or rowel. After that the flowers be past, there cometh up small knops or heads, with five or six little sharp horns upon them, each knop is divided in the inside into five or six celles, or little chambers, in which is contained the seed, the which (as we have before said) is sometimes black, and sometimes a bleeke or faint yellow, and like to Onion seed, in taste sharp, and of a good pleasant strong savour.  
The wild Nigella hath a streaked, or crested stalk, of two spans long, his leaves be ash colour, and all to cut, more jagged than the leaves of garden Nigella, drawing towards the leaves of Dill. The flowers are like to the flowers of garden Nigella, saving that they be blewer: The heads or knoppes are also parted into five horned husks, much like to Columbyne husks, in which is contained the sweet and pleasant seed.  
There is yet an other Nigella, which is both fair and pleasant, and is called Damask Nigella, it is much like to the wild Nigella in the small cut and iagge of his leaves, but his stalk is longer. The flowers are blue and divided into five parts like to the others, but a great deal fairer and blewer with five little leaves underneath them, very small cut and jagged, from the middle point or centre whereof, the flower springeth. When the flowers are go, there appeareth the knoppes or horny heads, like as in the garden Nigella, in which also is contained the seed, and it is black like to the seed of the garden Nigella, but it hath no sweet savour.   

❀ The Place.  
These Nigellas are not found in this country, saving in gardens whereas they be sown.  
The wild is found growing in fields, in certain places of France and Almaigne.  
The Damask Nigella groweth plentifully throughout all Languedoc.   

❀ The Time.  
The Nigellas do flower in june and july.  

Melanthium Damascenum. Damask Nigella.    

❀ The Names.  
Nigella is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Melanthium, Nigella, and Papaver nigrum: in Shops Nigella, and of some Gith: in French Nielle.  
The first kind is called Melanthium sativum, and Nigella domestica, of some Salusandria: in English Garden Nigella: in Italian Nigella ortelana: in Spanish Alipiure, Axenuz: in high Dutch Schwartz kumich, Schwartz kumel, in base Almaigne Nardus, and the seed is called Nardus saet: in French Poyur●tte, and of some Barbue.  
The wild Nigella is called Melanthium syluestre, and Nigella syluestris: in French Nielle sauvage, or Barbues. in high Douch S. Catharinen blumen, that is to say, S. Catharines' flower, of some Waldt schwartz kumich: some learned men think it to be wild cumin, whereof we have written in the lxxxiiij. Chapter of this Book.  
The third kind is now called Melanthium Damascenum, and Nigella Damascena, that is to say, Damask Nigella: in French Nielle de Damas': in high Douch Schwartz Coriander.   

❀ The Nature.  
The seed of Nigella is hot and dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The seed of Nigella drunken with wine, is a remedy against the shortness of breath, it dissolveth, and scattereth all ventosity and windiness in the body, it provoketh urine, & flowers, it increaseth woman's milk, if they drink it often.  
The same slayeth, and driveth out worms, whether it be drunken with wine or water, or else laid to the Navel of the belly. The same virtue hath the oil that is drawn forth of Nigella seed, to anoint the region of the belly and navel therewith.  
The quantity of a Dram of it drunken with water, is very good against all poison, and the biting of venomous beasts.  
The only fume or smoke of Nigella toasted or burned, driveth away Serpents and other venomous beasts, and killeth Flies, Bees, and Wasps.  
The same mingled with the oil of Ireos, and laid to the forehead cureth the head ache: and oftentimes put into the Nose, is good against the web, & bloudshotten of the eyes, in the beginning of the same.  
The same well dried and pound, and wrapped in a piece of Sarsenet, or fine linencloath, and often smelled unto, cureth all Murres, Catharrhes, & poses, drieth the brain, and restoreth the smelling being lost.  
And boiled with water and vinegar, and held in the mouth, suageth the tootheache, and if one chew it (being well dried,) it cureth the ulcers and sores of the mouth.  
It taketh out Lentils, Freckles, and other spots of the face, and cleanseth foul scurviness and itch, and doth soften old, cold, and hard swellings, being pound with vinegar and laid upon.  
The same stieped in old wine, or stolen piss (as Pliny says) causeth the Corns and Agnayles to fall of from the feet, if they be first scarified and scotched round about.   

❀ The Danger.  
Take heed that you take not to much of this herb, for if you go beyond the measure, it bringeth death. Turner lib. secundo, fol. 10.    

Of libanotis Rosemary. Chap. xcvij  

❀ The kinds.  
LIbanotis, as Dioscorides writeth, is of two sorts, the one is fruitful, the other is barren. Of the fruitful sort there is two or three kinds.   

❧ The Description.  
THe first fruitful kind, hath leaves (as Dioscorides says) very much divided and cut like unto Fenell leaves, saving they be greater and larger, moste commonly spread abroad upon the ground: amongst them groweth up a stalk of a cubit, that is a foot and half long or more, upon which grow the flowers in spokie tuffets like Dill, and it beareth great, round, cornered seed, of a strong savour, and sharp taste. The root is thick, and hairy above, and savouring like Rosin.  
The second kind hath a long stalk with joints like the Fenell stalk, on which grow leaves almost like Charuill, or Homlocke, saving they be greater, broader, and thicker. At the top of the stalks groweth spokie tuffets, bearing white flowers, the which do turn into sweet smelling seed, flat, and almost like to the seed of Angelica and Brank ursine. The root is black without and white within, hairy above, and savoureth like to Rosin or Frankincense.  
There is yet an other sort of these fruitful kinds of Libanotis, the which is described by Theophrastus' Lib. ix Chapped twelve It hath also a strait stalk with knots and joints, and leaves greater than March or smallage. The flowers grow in tuftes, like as in the two other kinds, & bring forth great long, and uneven seed, which is sharp in taste. The root is long, great, thick, and white, with a certain kind of great thick hear above, and smelleth also of Frankincense or Rosin.  
Libanotidis alterum genus.  
Libanotis Theophrasti.  
The barren Libanotides (as Dioscorides writeth) are like to the fruitful in leaves & roots, saving they bear neither stalks, flowers, nor seed.  
The other kind of Libanotis called Rosmarinum coronarium, in English Rosemary, hath been already described Chap. lxxv. of this Book.   

❀ The Place.  
The fruitful Libanotides, are now found upon the high mountains, hills, and deserts of Germany.   

❧ The Time.  
These herbs do flower most commonly in july.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Libanotis, because that his root savoureth like the Encens, which is called in Greek Libanos, in Latin Rosmarinus.  
The first kind (as Dioscorides writeth) is called of some Zea, and Campsanema: in Shops Faeniculus porcinus: in high Dutch Beerwurtz: in base Almaigne Beerwortel, that is to say, Beers root.  
The seed thereof is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Canchrys or Cachrys.  
The second kind is called in high Douch Schwartz hirtzwurtz, that is to say, black Harte root.  
The third is described of Theophrastus, wherefore we have named it Libanotis Theophrasti: in high Douch weisz Hirtzwurtz, that is to say, white Hearts root, the seed of this kind is also called of Theophrastus, Canchrys, or Cachrys.   

❀ The Nature.  
These herbs with their seeds and roots are hot and dry in the second degree, and are proper to digest, dissolve, and mundify.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The roots of Libanotis drunken with wine, provoketh urine, & flowers, & heals the gripping pains and torment of the belly, and are very good against the bitings of Serpents, and other venomous beasts.  
The seed of Libanotis, is good for the purposes aforesaid: Moreover it is singular good against the falling sickness, and the old and cold diseases of the breast. They use to give it to drink with pepper against the jaundices, especially the seed of the second kind of Libanotis, for as touching the seed of the first kind called Cachrys, it is not very good to be taken into the body, seeing that by his great heat and sharpness, it causeth the throat to be rough and grievous.  
The leaves of all the Libanotides pound, do stop the flux of the hemorrhoids or piles, and do souple the swellings and inflammations of the tuell or fundament, and it mollifieth and ripeth all old cold and hard swellings, being laid thereupon.  
The juice of the herb and roots put into the eyes with honey, doth quicken the sight, and cleareth the dimness of the same.  
The dry root mingled with honey, doth scour and cleanse rotten ulcers, and doth consume and waste all tumours or swellings.  
The seed mingled with oil, is good to anoint them that have the Cramp, and it provoketh sweat.  
The same mingled with Yuray meal and vinegar, suageth the pain of the gout when it is laid thereto.  
It doth also cleanse and heal the white dry scurf, and manginess, if it be laid on with good strong vinegar.  
They lay to the forehead the seed called Cachrys, against the bloudshotten or watering eyes.    

Of Seseli. Chap. xcviij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
SEseli, as Dioscorides writeth is of three sorts. The first is called Seseli Massiliense. The second Seseli Aethiopicum. The third Seseli Peloponnese.   

❀ The Description.  
THe first kind of Seseli named Massiliense, his leaves are very much cloven and finely jagged, but yet they be greater and thicker than the leaves of Fenell, the stalk is long and high, with knotty joints, and beareth tuffets at the top like to Dill, and seed somewhat long, & cornered, sharp and biting. The root is long like to the root of the great Saxifrage, of a pleasant smell (as Dioscorides writeth) and sharp taste.  
The second Seseli (as Dioscorides says) hath leaves like ivy, but smaller and longer drawing near to the proportion of Woodbine leaves. The stalk is blackish, of three or four foot long and full of branches. The flowers are yellow and grow in spokie rundels like Dill. The seed is as great as a wheat Corn, thick, swart, and bitter: And this is counted to be the Ethiopian Seseli, although in deed it is not the right Ethiopian Seseli.  
Seseli Massiliense.  
Seseli Aethiopicum.  
Seseleos species.  
The third is Seseli Peloponnense, which hath a strait long stalk like Fenell, or longer, and groweth higher than Seseli of Marsiles. The leaves are all to cut and parted into divers other small leaves, yet greater and larger than the leaves of Homlock. The seed groweth likewise in spokie tops, and is broad and thick.  
Amongst the kinds of Seseli, we may place that strange herb which is found in the gardens of certain Herboristes. It hath at the first broad leaves spread upon the ground, very tender & finely jagged. The stalk is about four or five foot long, with knotty joints, and round like to a Fenel stalk, but a great deal slenderer, and of a faint green colour changing towards yellow. The leaves that grow at the knots or joints of the stalks do bend and hung downwards, but especially the highest (except a few small leaves) which grow betwixt the others, & they grow upward. The tops of the stalks and branches, are full of small spoky tuffets, bearing yellow flowers, and afterward seed. The root is long and lasteth many years.   

❀ The Place.  
The first kind (as writeth Dioscorides) groweth in Provence, and especially about Marsels, wherefore it is called Seseli of Marsels.  
The second groweth, as witnesseth the said Dioscorides, in Ethiopia: and it groweth also meetly plentifully in Provence, and Languedoc.  
The third kind groweth in Peloponneso, the which is now called Morea, and it lieth in Greece, and is now under the Empire and dominion of the turk.  
The fourth is found upon certain Mountains of Lombardie, a man shall also find, it as some say, in certain places of Brabant.   

❧ The Time.  
The first floureth twice a year, in the spring, and Autumn.  
The second, third and fourth, do flower in Autumn.   

❀ The Names.  
The first kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Seseli Massiliense, of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is Latum Cuminum, which is as much to say in English as large, and broad cumin.  
The second kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Seseli Aethiopicum, and of Egyptians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Cyonos phrice.  
The third kind is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Seseli Peloponnense, that is to say, Seseli Peloponnense.  
The fourth hath no special name, saving that some take it for a kind of Seseli, and some for Libanotis.   

❀ The Nature.  
The seed and root of Seseli, are hot and dry in the second degree, and of subtle parts.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The seed drunken with wine, comforteth and warmeth the stomach, helpeth digestion, and driveth away the gnawing and gripping of the belly, it cureth the shakings and bruising of a Fever, and is very good against the shortness of breath & an old Cough, to be short it is good for all the inward parts.  
It provoketh urine, and is good against the strangury, and hot piss, it provoketh the menstrual Terms, expulseth the dead child, and setteleth in his natural place again the Matrix or Mother that is risen out of his place.  
It is much worth unto them that have the falling sickness.  
The traveler that drinketh the seed of Seseli, with Pepper and wine, shall not complain much of cold in his journey.  
The same given unto Goats, and other four footed beasts to drink, causeth them easily to deliver their young one's. The same property hath the leaves to be given to the cattle to eat.    

Of Seseli of Candie. Chap. xcix.  

❀ The Description.  
THis is a tender herb, about the length of a foot and half, his branches are tender and small, and set but with a few leaves, which be very small jagged and cut. At the top of the branches grow the little spokie tuffets or rundels, with white flowers, the which being passed, there cometh seed, which is red, round, and flat, garnished or compassed about with a white border, two seeds growing together one against an other, each of them having the shape and proportion of a Target or Buckler. The root is small and tender, and dieth yearly, so that it must be every year new sown again.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb (as Dioscorides writeth) groweth upon the Mountain Amanus in Cilicia: it is to be found in this country, in the gardens of some diligent Herboristes.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth in july and the seed is ripe in August.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, of Paulus Egineta 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Tordylium, & Seseli Creticum: in English Seseli of Candy: unknown for the most part in Shops.   

❀ The Nature.  
The seed of Seseli of Candie, is hot and dry in the second degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The seed of Tordylion drunken in wine, provoketh urine, and is good against the strangury, & causeth women to have their months or terms.  
Tordylion.  
The juice of it drunken (in the quantity of a dram, boiled with good wine,) by the space of ten days, cureth the disease of the reins of kidneys.  
The root thereof mingled with Honey and often licked upon, causeth to spit out the tough and gross Phlegmes, that are gathered about the breast and lungs.    

Of Daucus. Chap. c.  

❀ The kinds.  
MEn do find three sorts of herbs, comprehended under the name of Daucus, as Dioscorides & all the Ancients do writ, whereof the third, is only known at this day.   

❧ The Description.  
THe first kind of Daucus is a tender herb, with a stalk of a span long, set with leaves a great deal smaller and tenderer than Fenell leaves. At the top of the stalk groweth little spokie tuffets, with white flowers, like to the tops of Coriander, yielding a little long rough white seed, of a good savour and a sharp taste. The root is of the thickness of one's finger, and of a span long.  
The second kind is like to wild Persley, the seed whereof is of a very pleasant and Aromatical savour, and of a sharp and biting taste: & both these kinds are yet unknown.  
The third kind (as Dioscorides writeth) hath leaves like Coriander, white flouresrand a tuft or spokie bush, like to wild Carot, and long seed. For this kind of Daucus, there is now taken, the herb which some do call wild Carrot, other call it birds nest: for it hath leaves like Coriander, but greater, and not much unlike the leaves of the yellow Carrot. His flowers be white growing upon tuffets or rundels, like to the tuffets of the yellow Carrot, in the middle whereof there is found a little small flower or twain of a brown red colour, turning towards black. The seed is long and hairy, and sticketh or cleaveth fast unto garments. The root is small and hard.   

❀ The Place.  
The first kind groweth in stony places, that stand full in the Sun, especially in Candy, as Dioscorides writeth.  
The third kind groweth everywhere in this country, about the borders of fields, in stony places, & by the way sides.   

❀ The Time.  
The third kind of Daucus floureth in july and August.   

❀ The Names.  
The Daucus is called in greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Daucum and Daucium.  
The first kind is called Daucum Creticum, that is to say, Daucus of Candie.  
The third kind is called in Shops Daucus, & of some also Daucus Creticus: in English Daucus, and wild Carrot: in French Carrotte sauvage. in high Douch Vogelnest, that is to say, Birds nest: in base Almaigne Croonkens cruyt: & the same is but a certain wild Carrot.  
Dauci tertium genus.   

❀ The Nature.  
The seed of Daucus is hot and dry, almost unto the third degree.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The seed of Daucus drunken is good against the strangury, and painful making of water, against the gravel & the stone: it provoketh urine, & flowers, and expulseth the dead fruit and secundine.  
It suageth the torment and gripping pain of the belly, dissolveth windiness, cureth the Colique, and ripeth an old Cough.  
The same taken in wine, is very good against the bitings of venomous beasts, especially against the stingings of Phalanges or field spiders.  
The same pound and laid to, dissolveth & scattereth cold soft swellings and tumours.  
The root of Daucus of Candie drunken in wine, stoppeth the lask, and is a sovereign remedy against venom and poison.    

Of Saxifrage. Chap. ci.  

❀ The kinds.  
The Saxifrage is of two sorts, great and small.   

❀ The Description.  
THe great Saxifrage hath a long hollow stalk with joints or knees, whereon groweth dark green leaves, turning towards black, made & fashioned of many small leaves growing upon one stem, after the order of the garden (Carrot or) Parsenip, but much smaller, & each little leaf alone, is snipt round about the edges saw-fashion, the flowers are white, & grow in round Cronettes or spoky tuffets. The seed is like to common Parsley seed, saving that it is hotter, and biting upon the tongue. The root is single, white and long, like the Parsley root, but sharp and hot in taste like Ginger.  
Saxifragia maior. The great Saxifrage.  
Saxifragia minor. The small Saxifrage.  
The small Saxifrage is altogether like the great, in stalks, leaves, flowers and seed, saving that it is a great deal smaller, and of a greater heat, and sharpness. The root is also long and single, of a very hot and sharp taste.  
There is yet an other small Saxifrage like to the aforesaid in stalks, flowers, seed and root, and in proportion, smack and smell, saving his leaves are deeper cut, and of an other fashion, not much unlike the leaves of Parsley of the garden, or the wild Parsley.   

❀ The Place.  
The great Saxifrage groweth in high meadows, and good grounds.  
The small Saxifrages grow under hedges, and alongst the grasie fields, in dry pastures, both these kinds are very common in this country.   

❀ The Time.  
Saxifrage floureth after june unto the end of August, and from that time forth the seed is ripe.   

❀ The Names.  
The Saxifrage is called in Latin and in the Shops of this country Saxifragia, and Saxifraga, of Simon jannensis Petra findula, of some Bibinella: in high Douch Bibernell, and Feldmoren: in base Almaigne Bevernaert, and Bevernelle. There be some also which call it Bipennula, Pimpinella, and Pampinula, the which is the peculiar or proper name of our Burnet described in the xcv. Chapter of the first book: and doth not appertain unto these herbs, as it appeareth by this old Verse: Pimpinella pilos, Saxifraga non habet ullos: that is to say, pimpernel or Burnet hath hears but Saxifrage hath none. Whereby it appeareth that our pimpernel commonly called in Englinsh Burnet, (which hath certain fine hears appearing in the leaves when they are broken) was called in times passed in Latin Pimpinella, and this which hath no hearinesse at all was called Saxifragia. Some learned men of our time, traveling to bring the small Saxifrage under certain chapters of Dioscorides do call it Sison: and others Petroselinum Macedonicum: The third sort would have it a kind of Daucus. But in my judgement it is much like to Dioscorides 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Bunium.   

❀ The Nature.  
Saxifrage with his leaves, seed and root is hot and dry even to the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The seed & root of Saxifrage drunken with wine, or the decoction thereof made in wine, causeth to piss well, breaketh the stone of the kidneys and bladder, and is singular against the strangury, and the stoppings of the kidneys and bladder.  
The root bringeth to women their terms, & driveth forth of the Matrix, the secundine and the dead fruit, if it be taken in manner aforesaid.  
The root dried and made into powder, and taken with Sugar, comforteth and warmeth the stomach, helpeth digestion, and cureth the gnawing and gripping pains in the belly, and the Colique, by driving away ventosity or windiness.  
The same with the seed, are very good for them which are troubled with any Convulsion or Cramp, and Apoplexy, and for such as are troubled with long cold Fevers, and for them that are bitten with any venomous beast, or have taken any poison.  
The same drunken with wine and vinegar, cureth the Pestilence, and held in the mouth preserveth a man from the said disease, and purifieth the corrupt air.  
The same chewen upon, maketh one to avoid much phlegm, and draweth from the brain all gross and clammy superfluities, it suageth toothache, and bringeth speech again, to them that are taken with the Apoplexy. It hath the same virtue if it be boiled in vinegar alone, or with some water put thereto, and afterward to hold it in the mouth.  
The juice of the leaves of Saxifrage, doth cleanse and take away all spots and freckles and beautifieth the face, and leaveth a good colour.  
It mundifieth corrupt and rotten ulcers, if it be put into them. The same virtue hath the leaves bruised and laid upon.  
The distilled water, alone or with vinegar cleareth the sight, and taketh away all obscurity and darkness, if it be put into the same.    

Of white Saxifrage or Stonebreake. Chap. cij.  

❧ The Description.  
THe white Saxifrage hath round leaves, commonly spread abroad upon the ground & somewhat jagged about the borders, not much unlike the leaves of ground ivy, but softer & smaller, & of a more yellowish green. The stalk rises amongst the leaves, & is round and hairy, and of the length 
Saxifraga alba. White Saxifrage.  
Saxifraga aurea. Golden Saxifrage.  of a foot and half, it carrieth at the top divers white flowers, almost like to stock Gillofers. The root is blackish with many threddie strings, by which hangs diverse little round grains, corns, or berries, of a dark or radish purple colour, greater than Coriander seed, sharp and bitter, the which little grains or berries they use in medicine and do call it Semen Saxifragae albae, that is to say, the seed of white Saxifrage or Stone break.  
There is yet an other called golden Saxifrage, which groweth to the length of a span and half, with compassed leaves, and jags like to the other, at the top of the stalk grow two or three little leaves together, and out of the middle of them springeth small flowers, of a golden colour, and after them little round husks, full of small red seed, and they open and disclose themselves when the seed is ripe. The root is tender creeping in the ground, with longer threades and hears, and putteth forth a great many stems or branches.   

❀ The Place.  
The white Saxifrage groweth in dry, rough, stony, places, as about the Colemynes, bysides Bath in England: it groweth also in France and Almaigne. You shall also find it planted in the gardens of Herborists.  
The golden Saxifrage groweth in certain moist and watery places, in England, Normandy and Flaunders.   

❀ The Time.  
The white Saxifrage floureth in may, and in june the herb with his flowers perissheth, and are no more to be seen, until the next year.  
The golden Saxifrage floureth in March and April.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Latin Saxifraga alba: in English Stone break, & white Saxifrage: in French Rompierre, & Saxifrage blanch: in high Douch weisz Steinbrech: in base Almaigne Wit Steenbreeck.  
The second is called Saxifraga aurea: in English Golden Saxifrage: in French Rompierre, or Saxifrage dorée: in high Douch Golden Steinbrech: in base Almaigne Gulden Steenbreek, and this name is given it: because it is like to the white Saxifrage, and beareth yellow or golden flowers.   

❀ The Nature.  
This herb especially the root with the seed, is of a warm or hot complexion.  
But the golden Saxifrage is of a cold nature, as the taste doth manifestly declare.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of white Saxifrage with the grains or berries of the same, boiled in wine, and drunken, provoketh urine, mundifieth and cleanseth the kidneys and bladder, breaketh the Stone, and bringeth it forth, and is singular against the Strangury and all the imperfections, and griefs of the reins.  
What virtue the second hath, is to us as yet unknown, because there is none hath yet proved it.    

Of Gromell. Chap. ciij  

❀ The kinds.  
THe Gromell is of two sorts, one of the garden, the other wild: and the garden Gromell also is of two sorts, great and small.  

Lithospermum maius. The great Gromell.   

Lithospermum minus. The small Gromell.    

❀ The Description.  
THE great Gromel hath long, slender, hairy stalks, the which do most commonly trail alongst the ground, beset with long brown hairy leaves, betwixt the which leaves and the stalks groweth certain bearded husks, bearing at the first a small blue flower, and afterward, a little hard, round, stony seed, of a reasonable quantity. The root is hard of a woody substance.  
The small garden Gromel hath strait round woody stalks, and full of branches, his leaves be long, small, sharp, and of a swart green colour, smaller than the leaves of the great Gromel. Betwixt the leaves and the stalks groweth small white flowers, and they bring forth fair round, white, hard, and stony seed, like unto Pearls, and smaller than the seed of the aforesaid kind.  
The wild Gromel is like unto the small in stalks, leaves and flowers, saving that the seed is not so white, neither so smooth & plain: but somewhat shriveled or wrinkled, like to the seed of the common langue de beufe, and the leaves be a little rougher.  
Besides these two kinds there is yet found a wild kind of Gromel, which is very small, of which kind the learned Jerome Bocke hath treated in his herbal, it groweth a span long, with his stalk set with small narrow leaves, like to the leaves of line or flax, betwixt the which leaves & the stalk, it bringeth forth a little smooth, black, hard seed, very like the seed of the small garden Gromel.   

❀ The Place.  
The garden or tame Gromel groweth in some Countries in rough places: here they sow it in gardens. The smaller garden Gromel groweth not often of himself, saving alongst the Rivers and water sides.  
The wild is found in rough and stony places.   

❀ The Time.  
Gromel floureth in june, july, and August, in which season it doth also deliver his seed.   

❀ The Names.  
Gromel is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and in Latin Lithospermum, of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: of the Arabians Milium Soler: in Shops Milium solis: in English Gromel and Gremil: some name it also Pearl plant: in French Gremil, or Herb aux pearls: in high Douch Meerhirsch, or Meerhirsen, and Steinsomen: in base Almaigne Peerlencruyt, and Steensaet: in Italion Milium Solis.   

❀ The Nature.  
The seed of Gremil is hot and dry in the second degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Gromel seed pound and drunken in white wine, breaketh the Stone, driveth it forth and provoketh urine: but especially the Stone in the bladder, as the Authors writ. Turner.    

Of Betony. Chap. ciiij  

❧ The Description.  
BEtony hath leaves somewhat long and broad, of a dark green colour, bluntly jagged round about the edges like a saw, and of a good savour. Among the said leaves groweth up a rough square stalk of a foot and half long, decked with such like leaves but a great deal smaller, and bearing at the top a short spykie ear, full of flowers, most commonly of a crymsin, or red purple colour, and sometimes (but very seldom), as white as snow: after which flowers there cometh in the said spykie tuffets, black seed, long and cornered. The root hath threddie strings.  
Paulus Aegineta maketh mention of an other Betony, called of the later writers Veronica, the which we have described in the 17. Chapter of the first book.   

❀ The Place.  
Betony groweth in meadows, shadowy woods, and mountains: It is also commonly planted in gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
Betony flowreth commonly in july and August.   

❀ The Names.  
Betony or betake, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: In Latin and in shops Betonica and Vetonica: In Spanish Bretonica: In French betony: In high Douch Braun Betonick: In base Almaigne betony.  

Betonica. Betony.    

❀ The Nature.  
Betony is hot and dry in the second degree.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The Decoction of betony drunken, provoketh urine, breaketh the Stone of the kidneys, doth cleanse and scour the breast and lungs from phlegm and slime, and is very profitable for such as have the Phthisik or consumption, and are vexed with the Cough.  
The leaves of Bettayne dried, are good to be given the quantity of a dram with Hydromel, that is to say, honeyed water, unto such as are troubled with the Cramp, and also against the diseases of the Mother or matrix.  
The same taken in like manner, bringeth the flux menstrual.  
The dreid leaves drunken in wine, are profitable against the biting of Serpents, and so be they to be applied or laid outwardly upon the wound: and it is good also for them that have taken any poison. And if it be taken before hand, it preserveth the people from all poison.  
Betany openeth and cureth the oppillation or stopping of the liver, the melt, and the kidneys, and is good against the Dropsy.  
The same drunken with wine and water is good for them that spit blood, and it cureth all inward and outward wounds.  
The same taken with Hydromel or Meade, loseth the belly very gentilly, and helpeth them that have the falling sickness, madness, and head ache.  
It comforteth the stomach, helpeth digestion, suageth belching & the desire to vomit if it be taken with clarified honey, in the evening after supper. The same virtue hath the Conserve thereof made with sugar and taken in the quantity of a bean.  
The root of Betony dried, and taken with honeyed water, causeth one to cast out and vomit tough clammy phlegm, and other superfluous humours.    

Of Panax. Chap. cv.  

❀ The kinds.  
DIoscorides that famous, and ancient writer of plants, hath described unto us three sorts of Panaces: whereof the first is Panaces Heraclium: The second is Panaces Asclepij: The third is Panaces Chironium.   

❧ The Description.  
THE first kind of Panaces, hath great green and rough leaves, laid & spread abroad upon the ground, and parted into fine jags and cuts, almost like the leaves of the fig tree. Among them springeth up, a long thick stalk with joints, white without and hairy, set here and there with the like leaves: but somewhat smaller, and bearing at the top a bush, or spokie tuffete like unto Dyll, the flower or blossom of it yellow, and the seed is of a pleasant savour sharp & hot. It hath divers white roots growing or coming forth of one head, of a strong savour, and covered with a thick bitter bark. Out of the said root, and the stem, or stalk cut, and scarified, floweth the gum or liquor, called Opopanax, the which being fresh and newly drawn forth of the plant is white: but being dry it waxeth all yellow without, as though it were coloured with Saffron.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Panaces Heracleum.  
The second kind of Panaces, hath a slender stalk of a cubit long with knots or joints, the leaves be greater, more hairy, and of a stronger savour than the leaves of Fenell. The flowers grow also in tuffetes or rundels, and they are yellow of an odiferous savour, and sharp taste. The root is small and tender.  
The third kind as Dioscorides and others do writ, hath leaves like unto Marierom, flowers of a golden colour, a small root, not going deep in the ground, and of a sharp taste. But as Theophrastus, and Plinic do describe it, This third kind of Panaces should have leaves like unto Patience, or Sorrel, flowers of a golden colour, and a long root, so that amongst the old writers, is no perfect consent touching this third kind of Panax.   

❀ The Description.  
Unto these three kinds of Panaces, we may join a certain other strange plant, whose seed is found amongst Opopanax. And this plant hath great large leaves, somewhat rough & hairy, largely spread abroad, and made of sundry leaves joined together all in one, whereof each collateral (or by, leaf) is long and large almost like to the leaves of Patience: The stalk or stem of this plant is full of joints, and of five or six foot long, dividing itself again into other stalks and branches: The flowers be yellow, growing in spokie tuffetes or rundels: The seed is plain, & the root is long and white.   

❀ The Place.  
The first kind groweth about Cyren in Lybia, and Macedonia: also in Boeotia, & in Phocis of Arcadia, whereas they use to sow it, and manure it diligently, for the gain that is got of the sap or juice thereof.  
The third kind groweth upon the mount Pelius in Thessaly, & loveth good ground.  
Quarta Panacis Species. The fourth kind of Panax.   

❧ The Time.  
The Opopanax is drawn, gathered in the time of harvest.   

❀ The Names.  
The first kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is to say in Latin Panaces Herculeum, of Galen also Panax: unknown in the shops here.  
The liquor that cometh from it, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin also Opopanax: in shops Opopanacum.  
The second kind is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is to say in Latin Panaces Asclepij, or Aesculapij Panaces.  
The third is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Panaces Chironium.  
The fourth should seem to be Panaces Syriacum, whereof Theophrastus & Pliny have mentioned: which differeth from the former kinds, as we have else where, more largely written in Latin.  
Panaces: in shops is called Siler montanum.   

❀ The Nature.  
The first Panaces is hot in the third degree, and dry in the second.  
The liquor thereof is also of the like temperament.  
The three other kinds are of the like temperature, but not so hot, nor so strong.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The seed of the first Panaces drunken with wormwood, moveth women's flowers: And taken with Herb Sarrasine, which is Aristolochia Clematitis, it is good against the poison of all venomous beasts. Being drunken with wine, it cureth the suffocation and strangling, or choking of the Matrix or Mother, and causeth the same to fall and return again to his natural place.  
The root of Panaces chopped or hacked very small, and applied below to the Mother or Matrix, draweth forth the dead Child, and the unnatural birth.  
The same root mingled with honey, and laid upon, and also put into old ulcers, cureth the same, and covereth bore, or naked bones with flesh again.  
The flowers and seed of the second kind of Panaces, are very profitable against the bitings of Serpents, to be drunken in wine, or laid upon the wound with Oil.  
The same flowers and seed mingled with honey, and laid thereunto, do cure old malignant, corrupt, and fretting sores, and also knobs or hard swellings.  
The seed, the flowers, and also the root of the third Panaces, are very good to be drunken, against the venom of Serpents, and Vipers.    

Of Lovage. Chap. cvi.  

❀ The kinds.  
IF men take that herb which is commonly called in Shops Levisticum, for one of the sorts of Ligusticum: Then there are two kinds of Ligusticum, the one which is the right Ligusticum, described by the ancients, And the other which may be a bastard or wild kind of Ligusticum.   

❧ The Description.  
THE right Ligusticum, described by Dioscorides, is in his root like to the first kind of Panax: it hath slender stalks, with joints like unto Dill. The leaves are like to the leaves of Melilot, but they be softer and of a better savour, whereof the uppermost leaves are tenderest, and more jagged or cut. At the top of the stalks groweth the seed in spokie tuffetes, the which is hard and long, almost like to Fenell seed, of an aromatical or Spicy savour, and in taste sharp and biting. The root is white, and odoriferous, much like to the root of the first kind of Panax. Nevertheless it is not yet known in this Country.  
The other herb, which is taken in this Country for Ligusticum, hath great, large, odoriferous leaves, much jagged and cut, almost like to the leaves of Angelica: but a great deal larger, fairer and of a deeper green colour, deeper cut and more cloven. The stalk is smooth, round, hollow, and jointie, of the length of a man or more, with spokie rundels, or tuffetes, at the top of the stalks: bearing a yellow flower, and a round, flat, broad, seed: larger than Dyll seed, and smaller than Angelica seed. The root is long and thick and bringeth forth yearly new Stems.  
Ligusticum verum. The right Lovage.  
Ligusticum vulgar. The common Lovage.   

❀ The Place.  
The right Ligusticum, groweth in Liguria, upon the mount Apennian, near to the Town or City of Genues, and in other mountains there about.  
The second kind is planted in our gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
Lovage flowreth most commonly in july and August.   

❀ The Names.  
The first and right kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and of Galen 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Ligusticum: and of some also as Dioscorides writeth Panaces, by the which name it is yet known in the Shops of Genues: in the Shops of Flaunders they call it Siler Montanum: in English Lovage: in French Livesche: and in Douch Ligusticum.  
The second kind is called in Shops Levisticum, and the Apothecaries use it in steed of the right Ligusticum: in English Lovage: in French Levesse, or Livesche: in Dutch Liebstockel: in Brabant Lavetse, and Levistock.   

❀ The Nature.  
Ligusticum is hot and dry in the third degree.  
Lovage is also hot and dry, and of quality much like to Ligusticum.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of Ligusticum is very good for all inward diseases, driving away all ventosity, or windiness, especially the windiness of the stomach, and is good against the biting of Serpents, and all other venomous beasts.  
The same root well dried and drunken with wine, provoketh urine, and the menstrual terms: it hath the same virtue, if it be applied to the secret place in a pessary or mother suppository.  
The seed of Ligusticum warmeth the stomach, helpeth digestion, and is pleasant to the mouth and taste, wherefore in times past the people of Genues did use it in their meats in stead of Pepper, as some do yet, as witnesseth Antonius Musa.  
The root and seed of lovage dried and drunk in wine, doth dry up and warm the stomach, easeth trenches or gripping pain of the belly, driving away the blastinges and windiness of the same.  
The same root and seed do move urine, and the natural sickness of women, whether they take it inwardly, or whether they bathe themselves with the decoction thereof, in some hollow seat, or stew.  
To conclude, the lovage in faculty and virtues, doth not differ much from Ligusticum, and it may be used without error, in steed thereof.  
The distilled water of lovage, cleareth the sight, and putteth away all spots, lentils, or frecles, and redness of the face, if it be often washed therewith.    

Of Angelica. Chap. cvij  

❀ The kinds.  
ANGELICA is of two sorts, that is the garden and wild Angelica.   

❀ The Description.  
THE garden Angelica hath great broad leaves, divided again into other leaves, which are snipt and dented about, much like to the highest leaves of Spondilium, or Douch Branck ursine, but they be tenderer, longer, greener, and of a stronger savour. Among those leaves springeth up the stalk, three years after the sowing of the seed, the which stalk is thick, and jointie, hollow within, and smelleth almost like to Petroleum. At the top of the stalks groweth certain little felmes, puffed or bolne up like to small bladders or bags, out of which cometh the spokie tops or rundels almost like unto the tops of Fenell, bearing white flowers, & afterward great, broad double seed, much greater than Dill seed, and like to the seed of the third kind of Sesely. The root is great and thick, black without & white within, out of which, when it is hurt or cut, there floweth a fat or oily liquor, like gum, of a strong smell or taste.  
The wild Angelica is like to that of the garden, saving that his leaves are not so deeply cut or cloven, and they be narrower and blacker. The stalks be much slenderer and shorter and the flowers be whiter. The root is a great deal smaller, and hath more threddie strings, and it is not by a great deal of so strong a savour.   

❀ The Place.  
The tame Angelica is sown and planted in the gardens of this Country.  
The wild groweth in dark shadowy places, alongst by water sides, and woods standing low.   

❀ The Time.  
The two kinds of Angelica, do flower in july and August.  

Angelica Sativa. Garden Angelica.   

Angelica Syluestris. Wild Angelica.    

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in English Angelica: in French Angelique: in high Douch Angelic, des heylighen gheistswurtzel, oder Brustwurtz: in the shops of Brabante Angelica. There is yet none other name known to us.   

❀ The Nature.  
Angelica especially that of the garden is hot and dry, almost in the third degree.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The late writers say, that the roots of Angelica are contrary to all poison, the Pestilence, and all naughty corruption, of evil or infected air.  
If any body be infected with the Pestilence or plague, or else is poisoned, they give him straightways to drink a Dram of the powder of this root with wine in the winter, and in summer with the distilled water of Scabiosa, Carduus Benedictus, or rose-water, than they bring him to bed, and cover him well until he have sweat well.  
The same root being taken fasting in the morning, or but only kept or held in the mouth, doth keep and preserve the body from the infection of the Pestilence, and from all evil air and poison.  
They say also that the leaves of Angelica pound with the leaves of Rue and honey, are very good to be laid unto the bitings of mad Dogs, Serpents, and Vipers, if incontinent after his hurt, he drink of the wine wherein the root or leaves of Angelica have boiled.    

Of Horestrange or Sulphurwort. Chap. cviij.  

❀ The Description.  
THIS herb hath a weak slender stalk, with joints or knots, the leaves are greater than the leaves of fennel, like to the leaves of Pine tree. At the top of the stalks groweth round spokie tuffetes full of little yellow flowers, the which afterward do turn into broad seed. The root is thick and long, black without, and white within, of a strong grievous smell, and full of yellow sap or liquer smelling not much unlike to Sulphur, or Brimstone, and it beareth at the highest of the root above the earth a certain thick or bush of hear, like to the roots of Libanotides, before described, amongst which the leaves and stalk do spring up.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth upon the high mountains of Almaigne, & in the woods of Languedoc, & certain other countries. Hear the Herboristes do sow it in their their gardens, It is found in certain places of England, and D. Turner saith, he found a root of it at S. Vincentes rock by Bristol.  

Peucedanus.    

❧ The Time.  
Peucedanum flowreth in july and August.   

❀ The Names.  
It is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: In Lative and in shops Peucedanum, of some also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, id est, Bonus Genius, Pinastellum, Stataria, and Foeniculus Porcinus: In English also Peucedanum, Horestrong, or Horestrange, Sow fennel, and of some Sulpherwurt: In Italion Peucedano: In Spanish Heruatum: In French Peucedanon, and Queuë de Pourceau: In high Douch Harstrang, & of some Schwebelwurtz, and Sewfenchel, that is to say, Sulphur root, and Sowfenell: In base Almaigne Verckens Venckell.   

❀ The Nature.  
This herb, but specially the sap or ivys of the root, is hot in the second degree, and dry almost in the beginning of the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The sap of the root of Peucedanum or Horestrange taken by itself, or with bitter Almonds and Rue (as Pliny saith) is good against the shortness of breath, suageth the gripping pains of the belly, dissolveth and driveth away ventosity, windiness, and blastinges of the stomach and of all inward parts, it wastes the swelling of the Melt or Spleen, It loseth the belly gentilly, and purgeth by siege both phlegm and choler.  
The same taken in manner aforesaid, provoketh urine, easeth the pain of the kidneys, and bladder, it moveth the flux menstrual, causeth easy deliuderance of child, and expulseth the Secundyne and the dead child.  
The juice of Peucedanum is good against the Cough, if it be taken with areare egg.  
The same given to smell upon, doth greatly help such women as are grieved with uprising and strangling of the Mother, and stirreth up again or waketh such people as have the lethargy, or the forgetful and sleeping disease.  
The same laid to the forehead with oil of Roses and Vinegar is good against the madness called in Greek Phrenitis, and the old grievous head aches, and giddiness of the same, terrible dreams, and the falling sickness.  
The same sap applied as is aforesaid, cureth the Palsy, the Cramp, and drawing together of sinews, and all old, cold diseases, especially the Sciatica.  
The perfume of Peucedanum burned upon quick coals, driveth away Serpents and all other venomous beasts creeping upon the ground.  
The juice of it put into the concavity or hollowness of a naughty tooth, suageth toothache: and powered into the ears with oil of Roses, cureth the pain of the same.  
They lay it with good success unto the rapture or bursting of young children, and upon the navel that stand out, or are to much lifted up.  
The root in virtue is like to the juice: but it is not althing so effectual. Yet men drink the decoction thereof, against all the diseases whereunto the the juice is good.  
The root dried and made into powder, doth mundify and elense old stine-king and corrupt ulcers, and draweth forth the splinters and pieces of bones, and bringeth to a scar, and closeth up vicers, that be hard to healè.  
They mingle it very profitably with aloyntmentes and Emplasters, that are made to chafe and heat any part of the body, whatsoever.  
The same dried and mingled with the Oil of Dill, causeth one to sweat if the body be anointed and rubbed therewith.    

Of great Pellitory of Spain/ Imperatoria or Masterwort. Chap. cix.  

❀ The kinds.  
MAsterwort is of two sorts, tame & wild, not much oulyke one another, aswell in leaves as in flowers and roots, & both kinds are well known in this Country.   

❀ The Description.  
IMperatoria or Masterwort hath great broad leaves, almost like Alerander: but of deeper green, and stronger savour, every leaf is divided into three others, the which again hath two or three deep cuts or gasshes, insomuch as every leaf is divided into seven, or nine parts, and every part is toothed or natched round about like a saw. Among these leaves groweth the tender knotty stalks, which be of a reddish colour next the ground, bearing at the top round spokie tuffets with white flowers, after the which cometh the seed, which is large and like to Dyll seed. The root is long of the thickness of one's finger, creeping alongst and putteth up new leaves in sundry places, somewhat black without and white within, hot or biting upon the tongue, & of a strong savour.  
The wild Imperatoria, commonly called Herb Gerarde, or Aishe Weed, is not much unlike the abovesaid in leaves, flowers, & roots, saving that the leaves are smaller growing upon longer Stems, and the root is tenderer whiter and not so thick. Also the whole plant with his root is not althing so strong in in savour, yet it is not altogether without a certain strong smell or savour.   

❀ The Place.  
Asterantium or Masterwort, is sometimes found in woods and deserts upon little hills or small mountains. They do also plant it meetly, plentifully in the gardens of high and base Almaigne, and England.  
The second Imperatoria, or wild Masterwort, groweth commonly in most gardens of his own kind, and this is surely a weed or unprofitable plant. And whereas these herbs have once taken root, they will there remain willingly, and do yearly increase & spread abroad, getting more ground daily. For which cause as I think it was first called Imperatoria or Masterwoortz in Douch.  
Asterantium, Ostrutium.   

❀ The Time.  
These herbs do flower here in june and july.   

❀ The Names.  
The first kind is called of some Herboristes and Apothicaries, Osteritium, Ostrition, Ostrutium, or Asterantium: of some Imperatoria: In English also Imperatoria Masterworte, and Pellitory of Spain: In Italion Imperatoriá: In French Ostrutium, or Imperatoíre, and Herb du Benjoin, but falsely: In high Douch Meysterwurtz: In base Almaigne Meesterwortell.  
The second or wild Imperatoria, is now called Herba Gerardi, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and Septifolium, that is to say, Herb Gerarde, and Setfoyle: In English some call it Aishweede: In base Almaigne Geraert, and Sevenblat.   

❀ The Nature.  
Asterantium, but chiefly the root is hot and dry in the third degree.  
The wild is almost of the same nature and quality, but not so strong.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Masterworte is not only good against all Poison, but also it is singular against all corrupt and noughty air, and infection of the Pestilence, if it be drunken with wine and the same root pound by itself or with his leaves, doth dissolve and cure Pestilential Carboncles and Botches, and such other apostumations and swellings, being applied thereto.  
The root thereof drunken in wine, cureth the extreme and rigorous fits of old fevers, and the Dropsy, and it provoketh sweat.  
The same taken in manner aforesaid, comforteth and strengtheneth the stomach, helpeth digestion, restoreth the appetite, and dissolveth the ventosity and blasting of the flanks and belly.  
It helpeth greatly such as have taken great squattes, brusis, or falls from aloft, and are sore hurt, and inwardly bursten, for it cureth the hurts, and dissolveth and scattereth the blood that is astonied, and clotted or congealed within the body.  
The same root pound with his leaves, is very good to be laid to the bitings of mad Dogs, and to all the bitings and stingings of Serpents, and such like venomous beasts.  
The wild Imperatoria, or herb Gerarde, pound and laid upon such members or parts of the body, as are troubled and vexed with the gout, suageth the pain, and taketh away the swelling.  
And as it hath been proved in sundry places, it cureth the hemorrhoids, if the fundament or siege be fomented, or bathed with the decoction thereof.    

Of Ferula. Chap. cx.  

❧ The Description.  
THE leaves of Ferula are great and large, and spread abroad, and cut into very small threddes or hears like Fenell, but a great deal bigger: The stalk or stem is thick, jointie, and very long: in the tops of the stalks groweth great round spokie tuffetes, bearing first yellow flowers, and afterward long, broad, and black seed, almost as large as the seed of Melones or Pepones. The root is thick and white, and groweth deep in the ground, or in the joints or cliffs and Chops of Cleeffes and Rocks.  
There is also found an other kind of this Ferula, but his leaves are not so smally cut, and underneath they be white, or of a grayshe colour, but otherwise they be as large as the other, the seed is also less, but in proportion like the other.   

❀ The Place.  
These Ferulas do grow in Grece, and Italy, and other hot regions, but they are strange in this Country, and Flaunders.  

Ferula.    

❀ The Names.  
The first is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Ferula.  
The other is also a kind of Ferula, and is counted of some to be a certain Ferulago, The which of Theophrastus is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.   

❀ The Nature.  
There is no peculiar or special use of these Ferulas, saving that the liquor or gums that floweth out of them, as Sagapenum, Ammoniacum, and Galbanum, are used in medicine, wherefore their nature and virtue shallbe described in the Chapters following.  
To the Reader.  
COnsidering, well-beloved Reader, that we have written in the Chapters going before of some herbs, out of the which flow very costly saps or gums geathered, dried, and preserved, the which are greatly used in Medicines and Surgery, especially as the sap of Panax, the which is called Opopanax, and the sap of Laserpitium, the which is named Laser, which in far Countries do flow out of the same herbs, and are brought into this Country, & into all parts of Christendom, of whose strength and virtue we have not written: therefore have we in the end of this part for a conclusion & finishing of the same, written of the nature and virtue of the same gums. And not only of the gums flowing out of the herbs above rehearsed: but also of gums and saps flowing out of herbs or thereof made, the which commonly we find at the Apothecaries and are used in Medicines, although that the herbs (because they are not known in Christendom) are not written or spoken of by us, omitting the saps and gums which flow out of woods and trees, as Rosin, Pitch, Turpentine, and such like, we will writ of the history of woods and trees. And in the description of these gums and saps we will follow the learning of the ancients, as Dioscorides, Galen, Pliny, etc. Declaring their names as they are called by the said ancients in Greek and in Latin, by the which they are now at this time known to the Apothecaries, like as we have yet hitherto done and written in the history of herbs.    

Of Opopanax. Chap. cxi.  
OPopanax is the gum or sap of the first kind of Panaces, called Heracleoticum, as Dioscorides writeth, & it floweth out of the root and stalk of Panaces, as they shallbe hurt or cut, and the sap when it is yet fresh, and first flown out, is white, and when it is dry, it is altogether yellow like that which is coloured with Saffron. And the best of this sap or gum is that same which on the outside is yellow and within whitish, for that is yet fresh.  

❀ The Names.  
The gum is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Opopanax: and of the Apothecaries Opopanacum: in English Opopanax.   

❀ The Nature.  
Opopanax is hot and dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Opopanax is very good against the cold shiverings, and bruising of Agues, the pain and grief of the side, the gnawing & gripping pain of the bowels or guts, the Strangury, and for them that are squatte or bruysed within, by occasion of falling, if it be drunken with Mead or honeyed water. And to be taken in the same manner or with wine, it cureth the inward scurviness or hurt of the bladder.  
Opopanax as Mesue writeth, taken the weight of two drams or less, purgeth by siege, the phlegm and cold, tough, clammy, and slimy humours, drawing the same from parts far of, as from the head, the sinews & joints. Moreover it is very good against all cold diseases, of the brain and sinews, as the Cramp and Palsy, etc.  
The same taken in the like manner and quantity, doth mundify and scour the breast, and is good for Asthmatique people, and for them that are troubled with the shortness of wind or breath, and with an old dangerous cough.  
It cureth also the hardness, and other mishaps of the melt or spleen, and Dropsy, if it be tempered or fliped in must, and drunken.  
Opopanax doth scatter, soften, & resolve, all hard, cold, swelling, or tumours, being stieped in vinegar, and applied or laid thereto.  
It is good to be laid to the Sciatica (which is the gout in the hip or huckle bone) and it easeth the pain of the gout of the legs and feet, being laid thereupon with the substance or pulp of dried Raisins.  
The same mingled with honey, and put in under in manner of a pessary or mother suppository, provoketh the flowers, driveth forth the secundine, and dead fruit, dispatcheth the ventosity of the Matrix or mother, and cureth all hardness of the same.  
Opopanax being laid upon Carbuncles, and Pestilential botches, and tumours, breaketh the same, especially after that it hath been soaked in vinegar, and mingled with leccayne.  
It suageth tooth ache, being put into the hollowness of perished teeth: or rather as Mesue saith, to be boiled in vinegar, and held or kept in the mouth.  
Being laid to the eyes alone, or mingled with Collyries made for the purpose, it cleareth the sight.  
With this gum and Pitch they make a plaster, the which is very singular against the bitings of all wild and mad beasts, being laid thereunto.    

Of Laserpitium/ and Laser. Chap. cxij  

❀ The Description.  
LAserpitium (by that we may gather of Theophrastus & Dioscorides) is an herb that dieth yearly, his stalk is great and thick like Ferula: the leaves be like Persley and of a pleasant sent: The seed is broad as it were a little leaf, it hath a great many roots growing out of one head, which is thick and covered with a black skin.  
From out of these roots and stalks being scarified and cut, floweth a certain strong liquor, the which they dry, and is very requisite in medicine, and it is called Laser: but it is not all of a sort, nor in all places alike, for it changeth in taste, savour, and fashion, according to the places where as the Laserpitium groweth.  
The sap or liquor that floweth out of the Laserpitium growing in Cyrene, is of a pleasant savour, and in taste not very grievous: so as in times past, men did not only use it in shops for Physic, but also in fine Cakes, junkets, and other meats, as Pliny writeth.  
That which floweth out of the Laserpitium, that groweth in Media, and Syria, is of a very loathsome, and stinking savour.   

❀ The Place.  
Laserpitium groweth on the high mountains and deserts of Cyrene and Aphrica, and this is the best and chiefest, and it yieldeth a liquor which is very good and of a pleasant smell. It groweth also in Syria, Media, Armenia, and Lybia, but the juice or liquor thereof is not so good, but is of a very loathsome detestable, and abominable smell.   

❀ The Names.  
This plant is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: In Latin Laser, and Laserpitium: of some, as witnesseth Dioscorides, Magudaris, especially that which yieldeth no liquor, as in Lybia.  
The stalks of the right Laserpitium are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and in Latin Silphium.  
The roots are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and Magudaris.  
The first leaves that spring up out of the ground, are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Maspetum.  
The juice or liquor of Laserpitium, is called in Latin Laser: and of the Arabian Physicians Asa, or Assa.  
The juice which floweth from the stalks is called of Pliny Caulias, and of Gaza the interpreter of Theophrastus, Scaparium Laser.  
That which floweth from the roots, is called Rhizias, of Gaza Radicarium Laser.  
The sweet savering gum or liquor is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Succus Cyrenaicus, or Laser Cyrenaicum, of some Asa Adorata: unknown in Shops: for that which they take for Laser (as all the learned men of our time think) is called of the Apothecaries Gummi benzui, or Belzui, or Assa dulcis: in English Belzoin, or Benzoin: in French Benjoin, and it is not Laser: but the gum or liquor of a certain great tree to us unknown, as the travelers do affirm, and as it doth manifestly appear by the thick pieces of bark and wood, which is often found in and amongst the Benzoin, that it cannot be the gum or liquor of an herb that perisheth yearly.  
That Laser which cometh from Media, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Laser Medicum, or Succus Medicus.  
That which cometh from Syria is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Laser Syriacum.  
These two last recited kinds of Laser that come from Syria, and Media, because of their loathsome savour, are called of the Arabian Physicians and Apothecaries Assa foetida: in English also Assa fetida: in high Dutch Teufels dreck, that is to say devils dirt: it is called in Brabant by a very strange name Fierilonfonsa.   

❀ The Nature.  
Laserpitium, especially the root, is hot and dry in the third degree.  
Laser is also hot and dry in the third degree, but it exceedeth much the heat of the leaves, stalks, and roots of Laserpitium.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The roots of Laserpitium are very good (as Dioscorides and Galen writeth) to be drunken against alpoyson: and a little of the same eaten with meat, or taken with salt, causeth one to have a good and sweet breath.  
The leaves of this plant (as Pliny writeth) boiled in wine and drunken, mundifieth the Matrix, and driveth forth the secundine, and the dead fruit.  
The roots well pound or stamped with Oil, scattereth clotted blood, taketh away black and blue marks that come of bruises or stripes, cureth and dissolveth the kings evil, and all hard swellings and Botches, the places being anointed or playstered therewith.  
The same root made into powder, and made into a plaster with the Oil of Ireos and wax, doth both suage and cure the Sciatica or gout of the hip or huckle bone.  
The same boiled with the pills of pome Granattes and vinegar, doth cure the Hemorhoides, and taketh away the great warts, & all other superfluous outgrowings about the fundament. It hath the same virtue, if one foment or bathe the fundament with the Decoction of the same roots boiled in water.  
They do also mundify and cleanse the breast, & it dissolveth and ripeth tough phlegm, and it is very profitable against an old cough coming of cold, to be taken with honey in manner of a Lohoc, or electuary.  
They provoke urine, they mundife and cleanse the kidneys and bladder, they break and drive forth the Stone, they move the flowers, and expulse the secundine, and the dead fruit.  
If they be held in the mouth and chewed upon, they suage tooth ache, and draw from the brain a great quantity of humours.  
The liquor or gum of Laserpitium, especially of Cyrene, broken and dissolved in water and drunken, taketh away and cureth the hoarseness that cometh suddenly: and being supped up with a rear Egg, it cureth the cough, and taken with some good broth or supping, it is good against an old Pleurisy.  
Laser cureth the jaundices and Dropsy taken with dried figs.  
It is very good against Cramps, and the drawing together or shrincking of sinews, and other members, to be taken the quantity of a scruple, and taken with Pepper & Mirth, it provoketh the flowers, and driveth forth the secundine and dead fruit.  
To be taken with Honey and vinegar, or with Syrupus Acetosus, it is singular against the falling sickness.  
It is good against the flux of the belly coming of the debility and weakness of the stomach (which disease is called in Latin Coeliacus morbus) with the skin, or rather the kernels of raisins.  
It driveth away the shakinges & shiveringes of agues, to be drunken with Wine, Pepper and Franckencense. And they make thereof an Electuary with Pepper, Ginger, and the leaves of Rue pound together with honey, the which is called Antidotum ex succo Cyreniaco, the which is a singular medicine against Fever Quartaynes.  
It is good against the bitings of all venomous beasts, and venomous shot of darts and arrows, to be taken inwardly, and applied outwardly upon the wounds. It is also very profitable laid to all wounds, and bitings of Dogs and other mad beasts, and upon the stinging Scorpions.  
It quickeneth the sight, and taketh away the haw or web in the eyes, at the first coming of the same, if it be streaked upon them with honey.  
Dioscorides says, that if it be put into the hollowness of corrupt & naughty teeth, it taketh away the ache and pain of them: but Pliny bringeth against the same the experience of a certain man who having tried the same, for the extreme rigour & anguish he felt after that medicine, threw himself down headlong from aloft. Nevertheless if it be wrapped with Frankincense in a fine linen clout and held upon the teeth, it cureth the ache of the same, or else the Decoction thereof with figs and hyssop boiled together in water, and held or kept in the mouth.  
Being laid to with honey it stayeth the vulva, and cureth the Squinance, if it be gargled with hydromel or Mede: and if it be gargled with vinegar and kept in the mouth, it will 'cause the Horseleeches, or Loughleaches, to fall of, which happen to cleave fast in the throat or weasand of any man.  
It breaketh Pestilential Impostemes and Carboncles, being laid thereto with Rue, Niter, & honey: after the same manner it taketh away Corns, when that they have been scarified round about with a fine knife.  
Being laid to with Copperous & Verdigris, it taketh away all superfluous outgrowings of flesh, and the Polypus growing in the Nosthrilles, and all scurvy manginess: and laid to with vinegar Pepper and wine, it cureth the noughty scurf of the head and the falling of, of hear.  
If it be boiled in vinegar with the pil of the Pomegarnet, it taketh away all outgrowings, which chance in the fundament.  
Against kibed heels, they first bathe the heels or feet with wine, & than they anoint the kybes with this gum boiled in oil.  
The stinking gum called Assa foetida, is good for all purposes aforesaid, howbeit, it is not so good as the Laser of Cyrene: yet it is very good to smell unto, or to be laid upon the Navel, against the choking or rising up of the mother.  
They use Benzoin in steed of Laser Cyrenaicum, for all the purposes aforesaid that be attributed unto sweet Laser.   

❀ The Choice.  
The best Laser is that which is radish, clear and bright, and savouring like Myrrh, not greenish, and of a good and pleasant smell, the which being dissolved waxeth white.    

Of Sagapenum. Chap. cxiij.  
SAgapenum the is sap or gum of a kind of Ferula or Kix, like unto Panax growing in Media, altogether unprofitable, saving for that gum or liquor that is drawn out of it. And the best is that, which (as Mesue saith) doth melt, by and by, in the water, and savoureth like garlic: or betwixt Laser, and Galbanum, as Dioscorides says: which is sharp and clear, of a yellowish colour without, and white within.  

❀ The Names.  
This gum is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Sagapenum, and Sagapenium, of Pliny Sacopenium, of Galen, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is, Sagapeni Succus: They call it in shops Serapinum.   

❀ The Nature.  
Sagapenum is hot in the third degree, and dry in the second.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Sagapenum taken the weight of a dram, purgeth by siege, tough & slimy humours, and all gross phlegm and choler. Also it is good against all old & cold diseases that are hard to cure: it purgeth the brain, and is very good against all the diseases of the head, and against the Apoplexy, and Epilepsy.  
To be taken in the same sort, it is good against Cramps, Paulsies, shrinkinges, and pains of the sinews.  
It is good against the shortness of breath, the cold long and old cough, the pains in the side and breast, for it doth mundify and cleanse the breast of all cold mentes or phlegm.  
It doth also cure the hardness, stoppinges, and windiness of the melt, or spleen, not only taken inwardly, but also to be applied, outwardly in oyntplaysters.  
It is good against the shakinges and brusinges of old and cold Fevers.  
If Sagapenum be drunken with honeyed water, it provoketh the flowers, and delivereth the dead Child. And to be taken with wine, it is of great force against the bitings and stingings of all venomous beasts.  
The scent or favour of this gum, is very good against the strangling or uprising of the mother.  
Sagapenum soaked or stieped in vinegar, scattereth, dissolveth, and putteth clean away all hard, old cold swellings, tumoures, Botches, and hard lumps growing about the joints: And it is good to be be mingled amongst all ointments and emplaysters that are made to mollify and soften.  
It cleareth the sight, & at the beginning it taketh away the haw or web in the eye & all spots or blots in the same, if it be dropped into the eyes with the juice of Rue: it is also good against the bloodshoting and dinnesse of the same, which cometh by the occasion of gross humours.    

Of Galbanum. Chap. cxiiii.  
GAlbanum is also a gum or liquor, drawn forth of a kind of Ferula in Syria called Metopium. And the best is gristel, or betwixt hard and soft, very pure, fat, close and firm, without any sticks or splinters of wood amongst the same, saving a few seeds of Ferula, of a strong savour, not moist, nor to dry.  

❀ The Place.  
The plant out of which Galbanum floweth, groweth upon the mountain Amanus in Syria.   

❀ The Names.  
Pliny calleth the plant out of which Galbanum floweth, in Latin Stagonitis.  
The liquor or gum is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin and in shops Galbanum: of some also Metopium.   

❀ The Nature.  
Galbanum is hot almost in the third degree, & dry almost in the second.   

❧ The Virtues.  
Galbanum is good against an old cough, and for such as are short winded, and cannot easily draw their breath, but are always panting and breathing. It is very good for such as are broken, and bruised within, & against Cramps and shrinking of sinews.  
The same drunken in wine with Myrrh, is good against all venom drunken, or shot into the body with venomous Darts, Shafts, or Arrows.  
To be taken in the same manner, it provoketh the terms, and delivereth the dead child. It hath the same virtue if it be conveyed into the secret place, or if a perfume thereof be received at the place convenient: and if the quantity of a bean thereof be taken in a glass of wine, it helpeth against the painful travel of women, as Pliny saith.  
The perfume or sent thereof driveth away Serpents, from the place where as it is burned, & no venomous beasts have power to hurt such as be anointed with Galbanum, and those venomous beasts or Serpents as be touched with Galbanum, mingled with oil, and the seed or root or Spondilium, or Angelica, it will 'cause them to dye.  
The perfume of Galbanum doth also help women that are grieved with the rising or strangling of the mother, and them that have the falling sickness: and being laid to the navel, it causeth the Matrix or mother that is removed from his natural place, to settel again.  
Galbanum doth mollify and soften, and draweth forth thorns, splinters, or shivers, and cold humours: and it is good to be laid upon all cold tumours and swellings, and it is mingled with all ointments, oils and emplaysters, that have power or virtue to warm, to digest, to dissolve, to ripe and break impostemes, and to draw out thorns and splinters.  
It is good to be laid upon the stoppinges and hardness of the melt, and against the pain of the side.  
The same laid to with vinegar and Nitrum, taketh away the spots and freckles of the face, and from other parts of body.  
If it be put into the hollow and naughty tooth, it taketh away the ache of the same.  
It is good to be poured into the ears with the oil of roses, or Nardus, against the corrupt filth and matter of the same.    

Of Ammoniacum. Chap. cxv.  
AMmoniacum is the gum or liquor of a kind of Ferula, which is called Agasyllis, as Dioscorides says, growing in the Country of Cyrene in Aphrica, nigh to the Oracle of Ammon in Lybia, whereof it is called Ammoniacum, as some think. The best Ammoniacum, as Dioscorides writeth, is that which is close or firm, pure, and without shards, splinters, or stony gristels or gravel, and without any other baggage intermeddled with the same, of a bitter taste, & drawing towards the savour of Castoreum, and it is almost like the right Frankenesence, in small pieces and gobbetes.  

❀ The Names.  
This gum is called in Greek after the name of the Temple of Ammon, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Ammoniacum: in Shops Armoniacum, and Gummi Armoniacum.  
The best and purest of this gum or liquor, is called Thrausma, as Dioscorides says, that is to say, Friatura in Latin.  
That which is full of earth and gravel, is called Phyrama.   

❀ The Nature.  
Ammoniacum is hot in the second degree, & almost dry in the same degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Ammoniacum taken the weight of a Dram, loseth the belly, and driveth forth cold slimy phlegm, drawing the same to it from parts a far of: also it is good against the shortness of breath, and for such as are Astmatique and always panting and breathing, and against the stoppinges of the breast, the falling sickness, the gout, the pain of the hanche or huckle bone, called the Sciatica, against the old head ache, and diseases of the brain, the sinews, and extreme parts.  
It doth mundify and cleanse the breast, it rypeth phlegm, & causeth the same to be easily spit out, to be mingled with honey and licked as a Lohoc, or taken with the decoction of hulled Barley.  
It is good against the hardness and stopping of the Spleen or milt, it delivereth the dead Child, and provoketh urine: but there must be but a little of it taken at once: for if it be taken in to great a quantity or to often, it will 'cause one to piss blood.  
It cureth all swellings and hardness, it slaketh the pain of the liver and Spleen being stieped in vinegar, and spread or laid upon the place.  
If it be mingled with honey or pitch and laid to, it dissolveth hard lumps or swellings, and taketh away Tophi, which be hard tumoures engendered of the gout in the joints and extreme parts: it consumeth also all cold tumours and Scirrhus' matter being laid upon: And it is very good to be put into all ointments and plasters that are made to chafe and warm, to suage pain, to soften and draw.  
It is good to be laid to the Sciatica or gout of the hip, and upon all pain and weariness of any part, with the oil of Cyprus and Nitrum.  
Ammoniacum is good to be put into Colyria and all Medicines that are made to clear the sight, & medicines that are made to take away the dimness and web of the eyes.    

Of Euphorbium. Chap. xuj.  
FVphorbium is the gum or tear of a certain strange plant growing in Lybia on the mount Athlante, or Athlas, next to the Country of Mauritania, now called Morisco, or of the Moors. And it was first found out in the time of juba king of Lybia: the leaf of this plant is long and round, almost like to the fruit of cucumber, but the ends or corners be sharper, & set about with many prickles, which are sometimes found in the gum itself: one of those leaves set in the ground, doth increase and multiply divers. The sap or liquor that cometh forth of the said leaves, burneth or scaldeth, and straightwayesit congeleth and becometh thick, and that is the Euphorbium. The first Euphorbium is yellowish, clear, brittle, very sharp and burning in the mouth and throat, fresh and new, not much elder than a year: for this gomme doth soon loose much of his heat and virtue by age, as Galen and Mesue says.  

Euphorbium.   

❀ The Place.  
The Euphorbium described of the ancients groweth upon the mount Athlas in the Country of Lybia, bordering upon Mauritania: it groweth also in Africa and judea, from whence it hath been conveyed into certain places of Spain, France, & Italy, where as it bringeth forth neither flowers nor fruit. Pena hath seen it growing at Marselles and Monspellier in France, where as he see the flowers and tasted of the fruit.   

❀ The Time.  
It putteth up his leaves in the spring time, whereof the first, the second, and the third, is the stalk or stem, and the rest grow forth as branches, and when the plant is seven or eight years old, it bringeth forth yellow flowers, like in proportion to Balaustia, and in Autumn the fruit is ripe, of colour read and prickly. etc.   

❀ The Names.  
This gum is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Euphorbium: in shops Euforbium: some call it Carduus Indicus, and Ficus Indica, that is to say, the thistle, or fig of India, some take it to be Opuntia Plinij: This Euphorbium should seem to be that whereof Solinus hath made mention in the xxvii. Chap. of his History, whereas he says, Proficere ad oculorum claritatem, Et multiplex sanitatis praesidium fore, ac non mediocriter percellere vim venenorum. It is also the Euphorbium described by john Leo in his African history.   

❀ The cause of the Name.  
juba king of Lybia, was the first finder out of this herb: and named it after the name of his Physician, the brother of Musa who was also a Physician to the Emperor August.   

❀ The Nature.  
Euphorbium is very hot and dry almost in the fourth degree.   

❧ The Virtues.  
Euphorbium prepared in manner as shallbe under written, purgeth and driveth forth by siege (as Mesue says) tough, cold, and flymie flegmes, and draweth unto it, from the sinews and parts a far of, and also purgeth choler. Moreover it is very good against the old head ache, the Palsy, the Cramp, the weakness that followeth after the French pocks, the pain of the sinews and extreme parts, that are of continuance, & against the jaundices. It is also good against the Pestilence, and such like contagious sicknesses, as one Gentilis writeth.  
They make a plaster with Euphorbium, and twelve times so much Oil, and a little wax, very singular against all pains and aches of the joints, the Takinges, Lameness, Paulsies, Cramps, and shrinking of sinews, and against all aches, pains, & disorder of the same, as Galen in his fourth book de Medicamentis secundùm genera, declareth more at large, showing how and when the quantity of Euphorbium, is to be augmented or diminished, which should be to long to recite in this place.  
Euphorbium mingled with Oil of Bay, Bears grease, or wolves grease, or such like, cureth the scurf and scales of the head, and pyldenesse, causing the hear to renew and grow again, not only upon the head and other bore places, but it will also 'cause the beard to grow that is slack in coming, if it be anointed therewithal.  
The same mingled with Oil, and streaked or laid upon the temples of such as are very sleepy, or troubled with the lethargy, and raging, doth awaken and quicken their spirits again. And if it be applied to the nuque, or nape of the neck, it restoreth the speech again unto them that have lost it by reason of the Apoplexy.  
Euphorbium mingled with vinegar, and streaked upon the place, taketh away all fowl, & evil-favoured spots from the body, especially the white scurf and scales of the skin.   

❀ The Danger.  
Euphorbium by reason of his extreme heat, is very hurtful to the liver and stomach, and all the inward parts, when it is received into the body, for it chafeth and inflameth the same out of measure.   

❀ The correction and preparation thereof.  
The malice and violence of Euphorbium is corrected many ways: and first you must anoint it with Oil of sweet Almonds, after put it into the middle of a Citron, and wrap it, or close it up in leavened paste, and so bake it, & when the paste is ready, you may take the Euphorbium out of it, to use in medicine.  
Maynardus taketh Mastic & gum Dragagante, as much as the Euphorbium cometh to, and mingling them well together, putteth it into the middle of an unbackte loaf, so letting it bake until the bread be well backte: then taketh he of the crumbe or pulp of that loaf, and maketh small pills thereof, which be very singular against the weakness or debility coming of the French pocks, and all anguish and pain of the outward parts.  
An other mingleth with Euphorbium, the like quantity of Mastic, and maketh pills with the juice of Citrons or Oranges, the which are much praised against the Pestilence.    

Of Sarcocolla. Chap. cxvij.  
SArcocolla is the gum of a certain thorny plant growing in Persia. And the best is that which is yellowish, bitter in taste and like to the fragments or small pieces of Frankincense: yet Pliny in the xiij. Chap. of the xj. book of his history prefereth the white before the other, and so doth he also in the xxiv. book, the xiv. Chap.  

❀ The Names.  
This gum is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin and in Shops Sarcocolla: in English sarcocol: in French Sarcocolle: in Dutch Sarcocolla.   

❀ The cause of the Name.  
The Greeks called this gum or tear Sarcocolla, because it sodereth and gleweth together wounds and cuts of the flesh, even as glue doth join together timber.   

❀ The Temperament or Nature.  
Sarcocolla is hot in the second degree, and dry almost in the same degree, and it drieth without any biting sharpness, as Galen says.  
Sarcocolla, as Mesue writeth, purgeth raw and gross phlegm, and the tough flymie humours, that are in the joints and extreme parts: It mundifieth the brain, the sinews, the breast, and the lungs: and is very good against an old cough that hath continued long, and for such as are phlegmatic and Rheumatic, to be taken the quantity of a Dram or somewhat more.  
It is very consolidative or healing, wherefore it closeth up wounds and ulcers, and it mundifieth and cleanseth malignant and corrupt ulcers, and filleth the same with new flesh, especially being reduced and brought into a powder, and strewed thereon, or applied or laid thereunto with honey.  
This gum is very convenient to bloodshotten eyes, the spots, darkness, scars, and such like impediments or defaults of the same: especially if it be stieped in Asses milk by the space of four or five days (as Mesue writeth) but the milk must be every day renewed, and the stolen or old milk cast away.   

❀ The danger and correction of the same.  
They that use it much wax bald: it is slow in operation, and it troubleth them that have Choleric stomachs: wherefore heed must be taken, that it be not given to such.  
One may augment and increase his virtue to lose the belly, by putting thereto some ginger and Cardamome.  
The end of the second part. Twice corrected and augmented by the Author.     

¶ The third part of the History of plants/ entreating of Medicinal roots/ and herbs/ that purge the body, also of noisome weeds, and dangerous plants, Their sundry fashions, Names, and Natures, their virtuous Operations and dangers.  Compiled by the learned D. Rembert Dodoens, now Physician to the Emperor. 

Of Aristolochia. Chap. i  

❀ The kinds.  
ARistolochia, as Dioscorides writeth, is of three sorts, that is to say long Aristolochia, round Aristolochia, and the Aristolochia called clematitis. Whereunto Pliny hath added a fourth kind, called Pistolochia, and the later writers have joined to them a fifth kind, called Sarrasines' herb or Astroloche.  

1. Aristolochia longa. Long Aristoloche.   

2. Aristolochia rotunda. Round Aristoloche.    

❧ The Description.  
THE long Aristolochia, hath divers square slender branches of a span long or more, growing up from the root, about which groweth here and there certain broad leaves like ivy leaves. The flowers be purple and most commonly pale, of a strong grievous savour, they grow fast by leaves, and are in proportion long and hollow, yet longer by one side than by another: when they are passed, there followeth a certain fruit like unto small pears, saving they be ridged alongst the sides, or crested and cloven like garlic heads: the which do also chop and cleave a sunder when the seed is ripe, and the seed that than appeareth is triangled, and of blackish colour. The root is half a foot long or more, and as thick as one's thumb or finger, of a yellowish colour like Box, of a sharp bitter taste, and strong savour.  
The round Aristolochia in his stalks and leaves is like to the first, but his leaves be somewhat rounder. The flowers differ only in this, that they be somewhat longer and narrower, and of a faint yellowish colour: shorter by one side than another, and of a blackish purple colour upon that side that turneth back again: The fruit of this Aristolochia is also sharp fashioned like to a top, or pear, saving it is rounder and fuller, and streaked or ribbed like the other. The seed is like to the seed of the long Aristolochia. The roots be round and swollen like to a Puff or Turnip, in taste and savour like to the long.  
3. Aristolochia Clematitis. Branched Aristolochia.  
4. Pistolochia. Small Aristolochia.  
5. Aristolochia Sarracenica. Saracens Aristolochia.  
The third kind of Aristolochia his stalks and branches are small and tender, his leaves be like to the others, but the little stems or footstalkes of the leaves are somewhat longer, The flowers also belong and hollow, of a yellow or deep violet colour: The roots be small and slender, dispersed or growing here and there.  
The fourth Aristolochia in his leaves and stalks, is like to the long and round Aristolochias, saving it is smaller and finer or tenderer, his leaves be also broad like ivy leaves. The flowers be also long and hollow, and blackish about the tops or ends. The fruit is also round and like to the others, his roots be long and small as rushes, or threddes.  
The fifth kind which is called Saracens wort, or Saracens Aristolochia, hath longer and higher stalks than any of the kinds aforesaid: his leaves be also larger, but otherwise they differ not, for they be also like ivy leaves. The small flowers grow betwixt the leaves, in proportion also long and hollow of a yellowish colour. The fruit also is fashioned like to a pear. The roots be long, and sometimes thick, and covered with a thick rind or bark, in savour and taste like the others.   

❀ The Place.  
The long and round Aristolochias, grow plentifully in Spain, and in many places of Italy, and certain places of France, it delighteth much in fertile ground and good pastures.  
Aristolochia Clematitis (as Peter Bellon writeth) groweth upon the mountain Ida in Crete or Candie. Carolus Clusius says it groweth about Hispalis a City in Spain now called Civil, and that he hath found it amongst the bushes and briars there.  
The Pistolochia also groweth in certain places of France and Spain.  
The saracenes Aristolochia, delighteth much in vineyards, and high desert places, and wildernesses, and is found in sundry places of Germany, and Brabant.   

❀ The Time.  
The Aristolochias do flower in May & july, & timelier in hot Countries.   

❀ The Names.  
They are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Aristolochia: in English Aristologia, and of some Byrthwort, & Hartwort: in Shops also Aristolochia.  
The first is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Aristolochiam longam, because of the fashion of the root: it is also called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Dactilis Melocarpon, and Teuxinon, & Aristolochiam marem: In English long Aristolochia.  
The second is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Aristolochia rotunda, and Aristolochia foemina: of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and Malum terrę: in English Aristolochia rotunda, and round Aristologia.  
The third is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Aristolochia Clematitis: Branched Aristologia.  
The fourth kind called of Pliny in the eight Chapter of his twenty-five. book 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Pistolochia and Polyrhizon.  
The fifth Aristolochia is now called of some Herba Sarracenica: in French Sarrasine: in Dutch Zarasijn cruyt: in Shops Aristolochia longa, which is in Douche lange Osterlucey: in English long Aristolochia, in steed whereof it may be used. We may also name it in English Sarasines' herb, & saracenes Aristolochia.   

❀ The Nature.  
The roots of Aristolochia, are all hot and dry in the extremity of the second degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The roots of Aristolochia are excellent against all poison, and against the bitings & stingings of venomous beasts, if it be taken in wine, or laid upon the wounds, or bitings.  
The long Aristolochia moveth the menstrual terms, and provoketh urine: And if it be drunken with Pepper and Myrrh, it expelleth the secundine, & dead child, & all other superfluities gathered together in the Matrix. It worketh the same effect, to be ministered in a pessary or mother suppository.  
The round Aristolochia is likewise good for the same purpose: and it is also very good for them that are short winded, and troubled with the yeox or hyquet, it is profitable against the pain of the side, the hardness of the melt or spleen, the cramp, or connultion, or drawing together of the sinews, the falling sickness, the gout, and the shakinges or shiveringes of Agues: and for all such as are hurt or bursten inwardly, if it be given them to drink with water.  
The same draweth forth splinters of broken bones, Shafts and Darts, thorns, and shivers, if it be laid to the place with Pitch or Rosen, as Pliny writeth.  
It mundifieth and scoureth all corrupt and filthy sores, fistulas, and virulent hollow ulcers: and filleth them up again with new flesh (if it be mixed with Ireos and honey) & especially it cureth the faults, & ulcers of the secret parts, if you wash the same with the Decoction of this Aristolochia made in wine.  
Aristolochia rotunda, doth beautify, cleanse, and fasten the teeth, if they be often frotted or rubbeth with the powder thereof.  
The third kind is much like to the other in virtue, saving it is not so strong as Dioscorides writeth: and Galen says, that this kind is of the sweetest, and pleasantest savour, and therefore is much used in ointments: but it is weaker in operation than the aforesaid.  
Pistolochia or small Aristolochia, is also of the same virtues and operations, but not so strong as the others.  
Sarrasines or branched Aristolochia is also like that others, it is very hot and bitter: and not inferior to Aristolochia longa, wherefore in all compositions one may be used in steed of the other, without error.   

❧ The Choice.  
The round Aristolochia, is of fine and subtle parts, and of stronger operation than the rest, it mundifieth and cleanseth mightily, and it soupleth and maketh thin, gross humours.  
The long Aristolochia is not of such subtle parts, neither doth it cleanse so mightily, but is better to incarnate, and engender flesh in ulcers.  
Aristolochia Clematitis hath the best savour, wherefore it is best to make Ointments.    

Of Holeworte. Chap. ij.  

❀ The kinds.  
HOleworte is of two sorts, the one hath a round root, which is not hollow within: And the root of the other is hollow within: but otherways they are like one another, in their stalks, leaves, flowers, & seed.   

❧ The Description.  
HOleworte hath small tender stalks of a span long: his leaves be also small and iagde like Rue or Coriander, of a light green or rather a grayish colour. At the top of the stalk it beareth flowers after the proportion of larks spur, but much smaller, and of Carnation or a light red purple colour, and oftentimes white, and growing meetly thick together. After the flowers there cometh certain husks or cods, in which is the seed, which is round and black. The root of one of these kinds, is all round, and firm, yellow within and covered over with a blackish pill or skin. The root of the other is most commonly long, & grown like a pear, hollow both underneath and within.   

❀ The Place.  
These roots grow by old quick set hedges, and bushes in the borders of fields, and in the pendant and hanging of hills and mountains. The smaller root which is not hollow is found in certain places of Brabant by Lovaigne. The greater which is also hollow, groweth in Germany: & whereas the one groweth, the other groweth not at all, so that you shall never find the full root growing with the hollow root, nor the hollow root growing by the full root.   

❀ The Time.  
This herb springeth betimes, and bringeth forth his stalks and leaves in February, and flowreth in March, and delivereth his seed in April, & afterwards the herb fadeth so, that nothing of him remaineth saving the root under ground.   

❀ The Names.  
The root which is hollow within is called in Germany Holwurtz, that is to say in English hollow root, or Holewurt: in French Racine creuse: in Brabant Hoolwortele: that is to say in Latin Radix cava.  
The other which is full, close, and firm, is called in Brabant Boonkens Holwortel.  
Radix cava maior. The great Holewurt. Radix cava minor. The small Holewurt.  
This root especially that which is hollow, hath been of long time used in the Shops of this Country for round Aristolochia, & it is so taken yet of some ignorant Apothecaries. Some of the learned do think this herb to be the Pistolochia described of Pliny, Others would have it to be a kind of fumetory, called Capnos Phragmites: and some think it to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Thesium Theophrasti. Some also think it to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Eriphiam Plinij: and it seemeth to be somewhat like Eriphya (that is written with y) because it is found in the spring time only: and therefore it may be well called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is in Latin Planta veris.   

❀ The Nature.  
Holeworte is hot and dry in the second degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Holeworte cureth the Squinancy, and old tumoures or swelling of the throat, or kernels and Almonds of the same, if one gargoyle or wash his mouth with the decoction of the same root boiled in water only or vinegar, for it hath power to cut and consume gross humours.  
It is also good against the tumoures, and inflammations of the vulva, to be kept in the mouth and chewed upon, or the powder of the same laid thereto.  
The same mingled with unguentum Populion nigrum, or with some other of the same nature, is good to waste and consume the Hęmęroydes, or piles, and to suage the pains of the same.    

Of Swallowurte or Vincetoxicum. Chap. iij.  

❀ The Description  
ASclepias is somewhat like the third kind of Aristolochia, in stalks and leaves, his stalks be smooth, round, and small, about two foot long, with blackish leaves, not much unlike ivy leaves, saving they be longer & sharper pointed. The flowers grow upon small stems betwixt the leaves, of a pale or bleak white colour, and sometime eyellowish, and also black, of a certain strong sweetish savour: after them cometh long sharpepoynted husks or cods, the which do open of themselves when they are ripe, and within them is contained seed, lapped as it were in a certain white wool, the which seed is radish and broad, not much unlike the seed of Gentian. The roots be long & round, as it were small round threddie strings or laces, interlaced one with another, almost like the roots of black Hellebor, or Ox heel, and of a rank savour.   

❀ The Place.  
Asclepias groweth in rough, high, gravely, and Stony mountains.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth in june, and his seed is ripe in August.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and in Latin Asclepias, of some it is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Hederuncula, & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is, Hederae folium, and now it is called Hirundinaria, and Vincetoxicum: in Germany Schwalben wurtzel: in Brabant Swaluwe wortele: we may call it in English Asclepias, Vincetoxicum, & Swallowurt.  

Asclepias.    

❀ The cause of his first Name.  
This herb took his name of the Ancient father Esculapius, which was called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, whom both the Greeks and Gentiles say, that he was the first that found out Physic, wherefore they honoured him as a God.   

❀ The Nature.  
The roots of Asclepias are hot and dry, and resist poison.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of this Herb boiled in water and drunken, slaketh the griping pains of the belly, & is very good for such as are bitten of venomous beasts, and mad Dogs, not only to be given to drink inwardly with wine, but also if the leaves be applied outwardly.  
The leaves of Asclepias pound and laid to, are good against the malignant ulcers, and corrupt sores both of the breasts and Matrix, or mother.    

Of Periploca. Chap. iiij.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere are two sorts of Periploca: whereof one hath no surname, the other is called Periploca repens.  

Periploca prior. The first Periploca.   

Periploca altera. The second Periploca.    

❀ The Description.  
THE first Periploca is many ways like vn●…. Swallowurt or Asclepias, but his leaves be somewhat larger and greater, his little stalks or branches are longer, his husks or cods all● are longer and thicker, and his roots are like threddie strings creeping on the ground.  
The other hath longer and larger leaves, his stalks and branches are thicker and harder, & they perish not in winter as the first do: and his husks or cods are also greater.  
Both these herbs (being scarified or hurt) do give forth a milky juice, or liquor, and specially the last: for the juice of the first is oftentimes yellowish.   

❀ The Place.  
These plants grow in Syria, and such like hot regions, they do not lightly bear their husks in Brabant.   

❀ The Names.  
They are both called Periplocae: and the second is called Periplocca repens: both are thought to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Apocynon of Dioscorides, the which is also called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and Brassica Canina, yet there is another Brassica canina, a kind of wild Mercury.   

❧ The Nature and Virtues.  
Apocynon is a deadly and hurtful plant not only to man, but also to cattle: his leaves mixed with meal, and tempered or made into bread, it destroyeth Dogs, Wolves, and Foxes, and other such beasts that eat thereof.    

Of Asarabacca. Chap. v.  

❀ The Description.  
ASarabacca hath swart green, round, shining leaves, like ivy, but a great dealerounder, and tenderer: in and amongst those leaves (next the ground) grow the flowers upon short stems, which be of a fair brown purple colour, and of a good savour somewhat like Nardus, & fashioned like the flower of a Granat tree, called Balaustia or Cytinus which is the buds of Balaustia, and somewhat like the cups or husks of Henbane. The roots be small, long, and crookedly laid, overthwaxt, here and there, with divers small hairy strings, of a pleasant sharp savour and taste biting the tongue.   

❀ The Place.  
It delighteth in shadowy places, and rough dry grounds, especially in thependent or hanging of hills & mountains, in thick dark woods, and commonly under the Haselles (as Cordus saith.)  
It is always green, and springeth anew and floureth in the spring time, and it floureth again at the end of Summer.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin & in shops Asarum: of some Nardus rustica, & Perpenla, Macer calleth it Vulgago: it is called in English Asarabacca, and folefoote, it may also be called Haselworte: in French Cabaret: in Germany Haselwurtz: in Brabant Haselwortel, and of some Mansooren.  

Asarum.    

❀ The Nature.  
Asarabacca is hot and dry in the third degree, especially the root which is most used in Physic.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of Asarabacca boiled in wine and drunken, provoketh urine, and is good against the strangury, the cough, the shortness of breath, and difficulty of breathing, Convulsions and Cramps, and the shrinking together of members.  
The same taken in like manner, is profitable against venom, and against the bitings and stingings of Serpents, and all venomous beasts.  
The same boiled in wine, is good for them that have the Dropsy, and the Sciatica.  
The same drunken with honeyed wine, bringeth down the menstrual flux, expelleth the secundine and other superfluities of the mother.  
The leaves of Asarabacca stamped with wine, and strained, and the juice thereof drunken, causeth to vomit, and purgeth by vomiting, tough phlegm, and choler.  
The same leaves stamped are good to be applied or laid to the ache and dolours of the head, to the inflammation of the eyes, and to women's breasts that are to full of milk, when they list to dry up the same, and it is good to be laid to the disease called the wild fire, especially at the beginning.    

Of Dragons. Chap. vi.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere are three sorts of Dragons, as Pliny writeth, that is to say, the great and the small, and a certain third kind growing in watery places.  

1. Dracunculus maior. The great Dragonwurt.   

2. Dracunculus minor. The smaller Dragonwurt.   

3. Dracunculus palustris. Water Dragonwurt.    

❀ The Description.  
THe first kind called the great Dragon or Serpentarie, beareth an upright stalk of a cubit long or more, thick, round, smooth, and speckled with divers colours and spots like to an Adder or Snakes skin. The leaves be great and large, compact or made of six, seven, or more leaves: whereof each single leaf is long & like to a Sorrel or Dock leaf, saving they be very smooth and plain. At the top of the stalk groweth a long hose or husk, like to the hose or cod of Aron, or Wake Robin, of a greenish colour without, and of a dark read or purple colour within, and so is the clapper or pestle that groweth up within the said husk, the which is long and thick, and sharp pointed peeked like to a hornet whose fruit by increase waxeth so, as it streatcheth, and at length breaketh out of a certain skin or velme, the said fruit appeareth like to a bunch or cluster of grapes, first green, and afterward read as fire, the berries or grapes whereof are full of juice or liquor, in which is a certain small hard seed. The root of this Dragon is lasting, thick and white, and grown like to a Bulbus Onion, covered with a thin pil, and of the quantity of a pretty apple, and bearded with divers little white hears or strings, and oftentimes there is joining to it, other small roots, whereby it is multiplied.  
The smaller Dragon in his leaves, his husk or cod, his pestle or clapper, his berry and grape is like unto Aron or Cockowpint: saving that his leaves are not marked with black but with white spots. Neither do they perish so soon as Aron, but they grow together with their berries, even until winter, Their berries also are not fully so red, but are of a certain yellowish read. The root is not much unlike Aron white, and round like an Onion, and hath certain hairy threddes, hanging by it, with certain small roots, or buds of new plants.  
The root of water Dragon is not round after the order of Bulbus, but it is a long creeping root, full of joints, and of a reasonable thickness, out of whose joints, springeth up the stalks of the leaves, which are smooth without, and spongy within: but downwards towards the ground the said roots sendeth out of their said joints, certain small hairy roots. The fruit groweth above, upon a short stem, and cometh forth with one of the leaves, compassed about with small white thrommes or threddes, at the first, (which is the blowing) and afterward it groweth forth into a cluster, which is green at the first, and waxeth read when it is ripe, smaller than the grape or cluster of Aaron's berries, but as sharp or biting. The leaves be large, green, fine, smooth, & fashioned like ivy leaves, yet smaller than the leaves of Cockowpint, or Aron. But that leaf in which the cluster of berries groweth, is smallest of all, & on the upper part or side next the fruit, it is white.  
4. Dracunculus Matthioli. Matthiolus Dragonwurte.  
Besides the aforesaid Dragons, there is an other kind placed of Matthiolus, with great large leaves, growing folden and lapped one within an other, with an upright stalk, and beareth at the top a certain blossom or flower like to a spike ear. The root is also round like the others, as you may perceive by the figure. Surely this kind of Dragon (if any such be to be found) is rather a kind of Bistort: howbeit there be that thinketh this figure to be false and feigned.   

❀ The Place.  
The first Dragonwort groweth well in shadowy places, and in this Country, they plant it in gardens.  
The second also delighteth in shadowy places under hedges, and is found plentifully growing in the Islands called Maiorque, and Minorque.  
This third kind groweth in moist waterish places, in the brinks of ditches, and floating waters, and also alongst the running streams and rivers.   

❀ The Time.  
They flower in july, and in August the fruit is ripe.   

❀ The Names.  
The first kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: In Latin Dracunculus mayor, of some Serpentaria, and Colubrina: in Shops Serpentaria maior: of Serapio Luf. in English Dragons, and Dragon's wurte: in French Serpentaire, or Serpentyne: in Germany Schlangekraut, Drachenwurtz: in Brabant Speerwortele, and Drakenwortele.  
The second kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Dracunculus minor: and of some late writers Arum maculatum: in English small Dragonwurte, and speckled Aron.  
The third is now called Dracunculus palustris, five aquatilis: in English water Dragon, or Marsh Dragon: in French Serpentaire d'eau, or aquatique: in high Dutch Wasser Schlangenkraut, wasser Drachenwurtz: in base Almaigne, water Draken wortele.  
The fourth set down of Mathiolus for the great Dragonworte, in my judgement is none of the Dragonwurtes, but that is the right great Dragonwurt, the which we have described and set in the first place: & it is thought there is no such herb to be found, as Mathiolus figure doth represent.   

❀ The Nature.  
These herbs, but especially their roots and fruit, are hot and dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The roots of these herbs either boiled or roasted, & mingled with honey, and afterward licked, is good for them that can not fetch their breath, and for those that are vexed with dangerous Coughs and Catarrhs, that is to say, the Distillation and falling down of humours from the brain to the breast, and against convulsions or Cramps: for they divide, ripe, and consume, all gross and tough humours, and they of scour and cleanse all inward parts.  
They have the like power, when they are three or four times boiled, until they have lost their acrumonye or sharpness, to be afterward eaten in meats, as Galen says.  
The same dried and mingled with honey, scoureth malignant, and fretting ulcers, that are hard to cure, especially if it be mingled with the root of Brionye, and it taketh away all white spots, and scurviness, from any part of the body that is rubbed therewithal.  
The juice of the root of the same, putteth away all webs & spots from the eyes, and it is good to be put into Collyres, and Medicines that are made for the eyes.  
The same dropped into the ears with oil, taketh away the pain & grief of the same.  
The fruit of Dragons cureth virulent and malignant ulcers, & consumeth and eateth away the superfluous flesh (called Polypus) that groweth in the Nose, and it is good to be laid unto Cankers, and such like fretting and consuming ulcers.  
The fresh and green leaves, are good to be laid unto fresh and green wounds, but they are not profitable when they be dried.  
It is thought of some, that if cheese be laid amongst Dragon leaves, it will preserve the same from perishing and rotting.  
Dioscorides writeth, that it is thought of some, that those which carry about them the leaves or roots of great Dragonwurtes, cannot be hurt nor stung, of Vipers and Serpents.    

Of Aron/ calves foot or Cockowpynt. Chap. seven.  

❀ The Description.  
COckowpynt hath great, large, smooth, shining, sharp pointed leaves, much larger than ivy leaves, & spotted with blackish marks of blacks and blue: amongst them rises a stalk of a span long, spotted here & there with certain purple speckles, and it carrieth a certain long cod, husk, or hose: open by one side like the proportion of a haares ear, in the middle of the said husk, there groweth up a certain thing like to a pestle or clapper, of a dark murry, or wan purple colour: the which after the opening of the velme of husk doth appear, when this is go, the bunch or cluster of berries also or grapes, doth at length appear, which are green at the first, and afterward of a clear or shining yellowish read colour, like Coral, and full of juice in each of the said berries, is a small hard seed or twain. The root is swelling round like to a great O life, or small bulbus Onion, white and full of Pith or substance, and it is not without certain hairy strings by it: with much increase of small young roots or heads.   

❀ The Place.  
Aron groweth underhedgis, and cold shadowy places.  

Arum.    

❀ The Time.  
The leaves of Aron do spring forth in March and April: and they perish and vanish in june and july, so as nothing remaineth saving only the stalk and naked fruit in july, in August and after the fruit waxeth ripe.   

❀ The Names.  
This plant is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Arum: in Shops jaron, and Barba Aron: of some Pes vituli: of the Assyrians Lupha: of the Cyprians Colocasia: (as amongst the bastards and counterfeit names) where as it is also called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Pliny affirmeth in the xuj. Chapter of his xxiv. book, that there is much controversy about Aron and Dragonwortes, and some affirm it to be the same, and so call it Serpentariam minorem: in English also it is commonly called Aron, priests pyntill, Cockowpintell: also Ramp, and Wake Robin: in French Pied de veau, and Vit de Prestre: in Italian Gigaro: in Spanish Yaro: in Germany Pfaffen pint, and Teutschen iugbeer: in Brabant Papecullekens, and Calfsvoet.   

❀ The Nature.  
Aron is of complexion hot and dry, and as Galen saith, it is hotter in one region than in an other, for that which groweth in Italy, is only hot in the first degree, or almost in the second degree, but that which groweth in this Country, is hot in the third degree.   

❀ The Vertnes.  
The roots, leaves and fruit of Aron, are in power and faculty much like unto Serpentaria, or that kind of Dragonwortes that groweth in this Country, the which is very hot, as we have said.    

Of Arisarom. Chap. viij.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere is now found two kinds of Arisarom, whereof one hath broad leaves, and the other narrow.  

Arisarum latifolium. Broadleaved Arisaron.   

Arisarum angustifolium. Narrowleaved Arisaron.    

❧ The Description.  
THE first and right Arisarom, hath leaves fashioned like Aron, saving they be much smaller sharpepoynted & somewhat fashioned like juy-leaves, his stalk is small and slender, his husky covering, is but little, and his pestle or clapper small: of a blackish purple colour, his grape or berry when it is ripe is read. The kernels are small. The root is also white and fashioned like Aron, saving it is smaller.  
The second Arisaron hath five or six, or more: long, narrow, smooth, and shining leaves, his husky bag or hose is long and narrow, the long tail or slender pestle that groweth out of the said husk, is somewhat bigger than a rush, and of a blackish purple, & so is part of the lining, or inside of the husk: to the which at the last there groweth, a low even by the ground, and sometimes deeper, a certain small number of kernels or berries, growing together in a little bunch or cluster like grapes: which are green at the first as the others be and afterward read. The root is also round and white like the other.   

❀ The Place.  
Both of these plants are strangers in Germany, and this Country. But the first kind groweth in Italy, specially in certain places of Tuscan: the other groweth about Rome, and in Dalmatia, as Aloisius Anguillara witnesseth.   

❧ The Time.  
Both of these plants do bear their flowers and seed at such times and seasons as Aron and Dragons do.   

❀ The Names.  
The first of these plants is called of Dioscorides 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Arisarun, we may also call it in English Arisaron: Pliny in his xxiv. book and xuj. Chap. calleth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, saying, there is an Aris growing in Egypt, like unto Aron, but it is smaller both in leaves and root, and yet the root is as big as an Olife. But the other Arisaron was unknown of the old writers. Yet, that it is also a kind of Arisaron, it is manifest aswell in the flowers, fruit, & roots, as also in the qualities.   

❀ The Nature.  
Arisaron is of a hotter and drier complexion than Aron, as Galen writeth.   

❧ The Virtues.  
Arisaron also in virtue and operation is like to Dragonwortes, and the root thereof is proper to cure hollow ulcers and painful sores, as Dioscorides writeth: they also make of it Collyria and plasters good against Fistulas. It rotteth and corrupteth the privy members of all living things being put therein, as Dioscorides writeth.    

Of century. Chap. ix.  

❀ The kinds.  
century (as Dioscorides writeth) is of two sorts, that is to say, the great and the small, the which in proportion and quantity, are much differing one from the other.   

❀ The Description.  
THE great century hath round stems of two or three Cubits long: it hath long leaves, divided into sundry parts; like unto the walnut tree leaves, saving that these leaves are snipt, & dented about the edges like a Saw. The flowers be of small hairy threddes or thrommes, of a light blewe purple colour, and they grow out of the scaly knoppes at the tops of the branches, the which knoppes or heads are round and somewhat swollen in the neither part, like to a pear, or small Hartichock, in which knoppes (together with a certain kind of down or Cotton) are found the long, round, smooth, and shining seed, like the seed of Cartamus or Bastard Saffron, and our Ladies Thistel. The root is long, gross, thick, and brickle: of a blackish colour without, and radish within, full of juice of sanguine colour, with sweetness and a certain biting Affriction.  
Of this great century there is an other kind, whose leaf is not divided or iagde into parts, or pieces, but after the manner of a Dock leaf, it is long and broad, single, and not cut into parts: yet it is nicked & snipt round about the edges, Saw fashion. The stalk is shorter than the other: The flowers, seed and root, is like the other.  
Centaurium magnum. The great century.  
Centaurium minus. The small century.   

❀ The Place.  
The great century delighteth in a good and fruitful ground, and grasie hills k plains. Dioscorides saith, it groweth in Lycia, Peloponneso, Arcadia, Helide, Messenie, and in divers places of Pholoen, & Smyrna, that stand high and well against the Sun. It is also found upon the mount Garganus or Idea, in the Country of Apuleia, and in the field Baldus upon the mountains near Verona: but that which groweth in the mount Baldus, is not so good as that of Apuleia, as Matthiolus writeth.  
The single, or whole leaved great century groweth in Spain, and the roots being brought to Antwerp, and hither, do sometime grow being planted in our gardens.  
The small century groweth in untoiled fields and pastures, but especially in dry grounds, and it is common in the most places of England, and also in Italy and Germany.   

❀ The Time.  
The great Centories do flower in summer, and their roots must be gathered in Autumn.  
The small century is gathered in july and August, with his flowers and seed.   

❀ The Names.  
The great century is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Centaurium magnum: Theophrastus also calleth it Centaurida: in Shops it is wrong named of some Rha Ponticum: for Rha Ponticum is that kind of Rha which groweth in the Country of Pontus, and it is a plant much differing from the great centaury. There be also other names ascribed unto the great century, which are feigned and counterfeited, as Apuleius writeth, whereof some seem to apparteine to the lesser Centorie, as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is in Latin Herculis sanguis, Vnefera, Fel terrae, Polyhydion 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
The small century is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and of Theophrastus' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Centaurium parvum, and Centaurium minus: of some Febrifuga, Fel terrae, and Multiradix: of the Apothecaries Centauria minor: in Italy and Hetruria Biondella: in Spanish Cintoria: in Germany Tausenguldenkraut: in Brabant Santorie, and cleyn Santorie: in French Petite Centaur.   

❀ The cause of the Name.  
century was called in Greek Centaurion, and Chironion, after the name of Chiron the Centaur, who first of all found out these two herbs, & taught them to Aesculapius, as Apuleius writeth. And as some other writ they were so named, because Chiron was cured with these herbs, of a certain wound which he took (being received as a guest or stranger in Hercules house or lodging) by letting fall on his foot, one of Hercules' shafts or arrows, as he was handling and viewing of the said Hercules weapon and armour.   

❀ The Nature.  
The great century is hot and dry in the third degree, & also astringent.  
The less or small century, is of complexion hot, and dry in the second degree.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The root of great century, in quantity of two drams, taken with water if there be a fever, & in wine if there be no fever: is good for them that are bursten, and for them that spit blood, and against the Cramp & shrinking of any member, the shortness of wind, and difficulty of breathing, the old cough, and gripping pains or knawinges of the belly.  
The same drunken in wine, bringeth down the months or women's natural terms, and expulseth the dead fruit, as it doth also being conveyed in at the natural place, as a pessary or mother suppository.  
The green root of great century stamped, or the dry root soaked in water and bruised, doth join together and heal, all green and fresh wounds being laid and applied thereunto.  
The juice of the root, the which they gather and keep in some countries, hath the like virtue as the root itself.  
The root of the small, or less century, is to no purpose for Medicine, but the leaves, flowers, and juice of the same, are very necessary.  
The small century boiled in water or wine, purgeth downwards Choleric, phlegmatic, & gross humours, and therefore it is good for such as are grieved with the Sciatica, if they be purged with the same until the blood come.  
It is very good against the stoppinges of the liver, against the jaundice, and against the hardness of the Melt or Spleen.  
The decoction of century the less drunken, killeth worms, and driveth them forth by siege. It is also very good against convulsions and Cramps, and all the diseases of the sinews.  
The juice thereof taken & applied under in a pessary, provoketh the flowers, and expulseth the dead child.  
The same with honey cleareth the sight, and taketh away the clouds and spots of the same being dropped or distilled into the same, and it is very good to be mingled with all Collyries, and medicines that are made for the eyes.  
The small century, green pound and laid to, doth cure and heal fresh and new wounds, and closeth up, and sodereth old malignant ulcers, that are hard to cure.  
The same dried & reduced into powder, is profitable to be mingled amongst ointments, plasters, powders, and such like medicines as are ordained to fill up with flesh, fistulas and hollow ulcers, and to mollify and soupple all hardness.    

Of rhubarb/ or Rhabarba. Chap. x.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be divers sorts of Rha, or as it is now called rhubarb, not so much differing in proportion, but their diversity is altogether in the places where as they are found growing. For one kind of it groweth in Pontus, and is called Rha Ponticum: The second groweth in Barbaria, and is therefore called Rhabarbarum, and it is the common rhubarb: The third cometh from beyond the Indians, out of the regions of China, and it is that which the Arabians call Raved Seni.   

❧ The Description.  
RHA (as it is thought) hath great broad leaves, like to the leaves of Tapsus Barbatus, or white Mollin: or like to the leaves of of Clotpoll Burr: snipt and dented round about the edges like to a see, green and smooth above, and white and fryzed underneath. Among them springeth up a round strait stalk of a cubit long, and at the top thereof groweth a fair scaly knop or head, the which when it bloweth and openeth, showeth forth a fair purple flower, and afterwards it beareth seed, not much unlike the seed of the great century, saving it is somewhat longer. The root is long, thick, and spongy or open: and being chewed, it yieldeth a yellowish colour like Ochre, or Saffron.   

❀ The Place.  
Rha groweth in the Regions about Bosphorus, and Pontus, by the river Rha, and in Barbaria, & in the Country of China. We have found here in the gardens of certain diligent Herboristes that strange plant which is thought of some to be Rha, or Rhabarbarum.  

Rha. rhubarb.    

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth in june.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb, & specially the root, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in the Arabian speech Rheu▪ and Raved, or Ravet, of Pliny in Latin Rhacoma, & Rhecoma.  
That which groweth about Bosphorus is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Rha Ponticum, or Rheon Ponticum: of Mesue Raved Turcicum, that is to say, Rha of Turkey.  
The second which groweth in Barbary, is called Rha Barbarum: of Mesue and the Apothecaries Rheu barbarum.  
The third kind (called Chinarum) is called also Rha, or Rheum Seniticum: and Rheum Indicum, and of the Arabians Raved Seni.   

❀ The Nature.  
Rha is hot in the first degree, and dry in the second, and of an astringent or binding nature.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of Rhaponticum, as says Dioscorides, is good against the blastinges, wamblinge, and the debility or weakness of the stomach, and all the pains of the same. Moreover it is singular against convulsions and Cramps, or against the diseases of the liver and spleen, against the gnawing or gripping torments of the belly, the kidneys, and bladder. Also against the aching pains of breasts and Mother, and for such as are troubled with the Sciatica, the spitting of blood, sobbing, yeoxing: it is good also against the bloody flux and the lask, and against the fits of fevers, and the bitings and stingings of all sorts of venomous beasts.  
For the same purpose, it is given the quantity of a dram with Hydromel or honeyed water in a fever: & with syrup Acetosus against the diseases of the spleen or melt: with honeyed wine it is good against the diseases of the breast: & it is taken dry without any moisture, against the weakness or looseness of the stomach.  
The root of Rha Pontic stamped and mingled with vinegar, cureth the vile white scurf or manginess, & cleanseth the body from pale or wan spots (or the Morphew) being streaked or anointed with the same.  
rhubarb and Raved Seni (as Mesue writeth) taken in quantity of a Dram, purgeth downwards choleric humours, wherefore they are good against all hot fevers, inflammations, and stoppinges of the liver, and the jaundices, especially to be given or ministered with whey or any other refreshing or cooling drink or potion.  
rhubarb of himself, or of his own proper nature, is also good against all manner of issue of blood, either above or below, and is good for them that are hurt or bursten inwardly, and against grievous falls and beatinges, & against Cramps, and the drawing together of any part or shrinking of sinews.  
Also it cureth the bloody flux, & all manner lasks, being first a little toasted, or dried against the fire, and drunken with some astringent liquor, as the juice of plantain, or gross and thick red wine.   

❧ The Choice.  
THe best Rha, as Mesue writeth, is that which is brought from beyond India, & groweth in the Country of Chinae, called Raved Seni. The next to that is the rhubarb of Barbary, & that which is of the lest virtue is the Rha Pontic.    

Of Showbread. Chap. xi.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be two sorts of Cyclamen, as Dioscorides writeth. The one is a low plant with a round root, and is called Cyclamen Orbiculatum. The other groweth high, and wrappeth itself about shrubs and plants, and it hath no notable root, and it is called Cyclaminus altera.   

❀ The Description.  
CYclaminon (which we may call round Showbread) hath broad leaves spread upon the ground with peaked corners like to ivy leaves, and slightly dented round about the edges: and of a swart or dark green colour above, yet powdered or garnished with white speckes or spots, and the middle part of the said leaf is somewhat white: but that side of the leaf which is next the ground, is purple colour, but sometimes deeper and sometimes lighter. The flowers hung upon tender stalks, nodding or beckoning downwards, and their leaves turning upwards or backwards, in colour like to the purple violet, but not so fair: and of but a little or no savour. There follow small knoppes with seed, growing upon small stalks that are winded or turned two or three times about. The root is turned round like to a Turnip, or Bulbus root, and somewhat flat or pressed down, with divers hairy strings by it, and it is black without, and white within, & in withering it gathereth wrinkles.  
The second Cyclaminon, or Showbread, his leaves be also broad and nothing peaked or angled, but in a manner round, and nothing speckled upon, or at lest ways very hard to be perceived: they be also of a sad or blackish green colour, but underneath of a read purple colour. The flowers are like to the first, but of a better savour. The root is somewhat smaller.  
The third kind also hath leaves without corners, but they be somewhat dented or snip round about the edges: these leaves also are speckled, and blackish in the middle. The flower is of a deeper purple, and of a most pleasant savour. But the root is smaller than any of the rest.  
Cyclaminus orbicularis. Showbread.   

❀ The Place.  
Showbread groweth in moist and stony shadowy places, underneath trees, hedges, and bushes, and in certain woods, but not everywhere. It groweth about Artoys and Vermandoys in France, & in the forest of Arden, and in Brabant. It is also common in Germany and other Countries. But the third kind is the dayntiest, and yet not strange in Italy.   

❀ The Time.  
The kinds of Showbread do flower in Autumn about September, afterwards springeth up the leaves, which are green all the winter. The seed waxeth ripe about summer next following.   

❀ The Names.  
The first is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Cyclaminus, Rapum terrae, Tuber terrae, and Vmbilicus terrae: of Apuleius Orbicularis, Palalia, Malum terrę, Rapum porcinum, and Panis porcinus: in shops Cyclamen, and Arthanita: in English Showbread: in French Pain de pourceau: in Italian Pan porcino: in Spanish some call it Mazam de porco: in Germany Schweinbrot, Erdtapffel, Erdtwurtz, and Seuwbrot: in Brabant Verckens broot, and Sueghen broot.  
Pliny calleth the colour of this flower in Latin Colossinum, or Colossinus colour.  
The second kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Cyclaminus altera: of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and we take that to be Vitalba, the which shallbe described hereafter in the xlviij. Chapter of this book.   

❀ The Nature.  
Showbread is hot and dry in the third degree.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The root of Showbread dried, and made into powder, & taken in the quantity of a dram, or a dram and a half with hydromel called also honeyed water, purgeth downwards gross & tough phlegm, & other sharp humours.  
The same taken in wine is profitable against all poison, and against the bitings and stingings of venomous beasts, to be applied & laid to outwardly upon the wounded or hurt place.  
The same drunken with wine or Hydromel, cureth the jaundice & stopping of the liver, & taketh away the yellow colour of the body, if after the taking of the same in manner aforesaid, one be so well covered that he may sweated.  
The same provoketh the menstrual terms, & expulseth the dead fruit, either drunken or conveyed into the body by a pessary or mother suppository.  
The juice thereof streaked upon the navel or belly, loseth the belly very gently. And it hath the same virtue being applied with wool to the fundament as a suppository.  
The same juice with vinegar, settleth the fundament that is lose and fallen down out of his natural place, if it be anointed therewithal.  
The same mingled with honey, and dropped into the eyes cleareth the sight, & taketh away all spots, as the web, the pearl, & haw, & all impediments of the sight.  
The same snift up into the nose, cleanseth the brains, and purgeth at the nose gross and cold flegmes.  
The root of Showbread maketh the skin fair and clean, and cureth all mangy scurviness and the falling of the hear, and taketh away the marks and spots that remain after the small pocks and measelles, and all other blemishes of the face.  
The same laid to the melt, or rather the juice thereof mingled with ointments and Oils for the purpose, wastes and consumeth the hardness, and stopping of the Spleen or melt.  
It also heals wounds, being mingled with oil and vinegar, and laid upon them, as Dioscorides saith.  
The broth or decoction of the same root, is good to bathe & stew such parts of the body as be out of joint: the gout in the feet, and kibed heels, and the scurvy sores of the head.  
The Oil wherein this root hath been boiled, closeth up old ulcers, & with the same also & a little wax, they make an ointment very good for kibed heels and feet that are hurt with cold.  
The root hanged upon women, in travail with child, causeth them to be delivered incontinent.   

❀ The Danger.  
In what sort soever this root be taken, it is very dangerous to women with child: wherefore let them take heed, not only how they receive it inwardly, but also let them be advised in any wise not to apply it outwardly: nor to carry it about them, nor yet to plant it in their gardens, for it will hinder them if they do but only go over it.    

Of Felwort or Gentian. Chap. xij.  

❀ The Description.  
THE first leaves of Gentian, are great and large, laid and spread abroad upon the ground with sinews or ribs like plantain, but greater and more like to the leaves of white Hellebor, amongst which springeth up a round, smooth, hollow stalk, as thick as one's finger, full of joints, and sometimes as long as a man, with smaller leaves growing by couples at every joint, and sometimes somewhat snipt round about the edges, with yellow flowers growing round about the stalk at the said joints like to Crowns or garlands, whereof each flower being spread abroad, shines with six narrow leaves like a star, and they grow out of little long husks, in which afterward is found the seed, which is light, flat, & thin, like the seed of Garnesey violets, or stocke-gillofers, or a dark evil-favoured read colour. The root is long, round & thick, sometimes forked or double, of the colour of the earth without, & yellowish within like to Box or Ochre, and exceeding bitter in taste.  
Gentiana. Gentian.  
Bysides the Gentian aforesaid there are two other sorts of herbs, which are also at this time taken for Gentian.  
The one is altogether like Gentian, saving it is smaller and beareth blue flowers, & in taste it is far bitterer, wherefore Tragus says, it is of greater efficacy and virtue.  
The other hath round stalks, and smooth, set with green smooth long narrow leaves, always growing by couples, one against another: at the top of the stalk groweth the flowers like little bells of a light blue colour, somewhat smaller than the flowers of the second kind of Ranunculus. The root is yellow, long & bitter, and this is that plant the which we call Autumn violettes or Belflowers: & is described in the xxj. Chap. of the second part of this history.   

❀ The Place.  
Gentian groweth upon high mountains, and in certain Coomes or valleys amongst fern or brake, as in sundry places of Germany & Burgundy.   

❧ The Time.  
It flowreth in june, and the seed is ripe in july and August.   

❀ The Names.  
Gentian is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin and in Shops Gentiana: of Apuleius Aloe gallica, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Narce, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Chironion, Basilica, Cyminalis: in English Felworte: in French Gentiane▪ in high Dutch, Entzian, and Bitterwurtz: in base Almaigne, Gentiaen. It is also called Gentiane in Italian and Spanish.   

❀ The cause of the Name.  
Gentius king of Illyria was the first founder out of this herb, and the first that used it in medicine, and therefore it was called Gentian after the said kings name.   

❀ The Nature.  
The root of Gentian is hot and dry in third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of Gentian made into powder, and taken in quantity of a dram with wine, a little pepper & Rue, is profitable for them that are bitten or stung of any venomous or mad beasts, and is also good for them that have taken any poison.  
The same drunken with water, is good against the diseases of the liver & stomach, it helpeth digestion, and keepeth the meat in the stomach, and the use of it is very good against all cold diseases of the interior or inner parts.  
The juice of the same root cureth the pain and ache of the side, & helpeth them that have taken great falls, and bruises, and are bursten, for it dissolveth and scattereth congealed blood, and cureth the said hurts.  
The root of Gentian also cureth deep festered, and fretting sores and wounds, when the juice thereof is stilled or dropped into them.  
The same juice applied or laid to with fine lint or linen, doth suage and mitigate the pain and burning heat of the eyes: and scoureth away and cleanseth the skin of the body from all foul and evil-favoured spots, being anointed or streaked therewith.  
The root of Gentian being applied under in manner of a pessary or mother suppository, provoketh the flowers, and draweth forth the dead fruit.    

Of Cruciata or Dwarf Gentian and Alisma. Chap. xiij.  

❀ The Description.  
DWarf Gentian hath round stalks of a span long or somewhat more, they be also hollow, & spaced with certain knotty joints, the leaves be long narrow and thick, and grow also by couples one against another, and falling somewhat backwards like the other Gentian, the flowers be blue, long and hollow within like bells, growing forth of green husks, standing round together at the top of the stalks and about the stem at certain spaces. The root is white, round, and long, and pierced or thrust through in certain places crosswise, which is the cause it is called Cruciata, as some say: but it is rather so called of the fashion of the flowers, as Pena says.  
Some men also take the herb Alisma or Saponaria for a kind of Cruciata, it hath round stalks with joints or knots: it is of a cubit or a foot and a half long, or more, the leaves be large with veins or ribs, like the leaves of broad plantain, saving they be smaller, & most commonly growing by couples at every joint, and bending or falling backwards, especially those which grow next the root. The flowers grow in the top of the stalks, & also about the upper joints in tuffets, of sweet savour, & colour sometimes read as a rose, and sometimes of a light purple or white colour, growing out of long round husks, & are made of five leaves set together, in the middle whereof are certain small hairy threddes. The roots be long & thick, & grow or creep crookedly, by which there hung certain small hairy threddes like to the roots of bears foot or Setterworte.   

❀ The Place.  
It groweth in certain gardens of Brabant: and else where it groweth by floods, brooks, & rivers, & in moist places that are open against the Sun. It continueth a long time in gardens.  

Cruciata. Dwarf Gentian.   

Alisma five Saponaria. Sopewort Gentian.    

❀ The Time.  
They flower in june, july, and August.   

❀ The Names.  
The first is called in Germany Modelgheer, and Speerenstich: in base Almaigne Madelgheer: of some in Latin Cruciata, that is to say, Crossed. Both in form and faculty, it seemeth to be a kind of Gentian, & Conrade Gesnere judgeth it so to be, and therefore it may be called Gentiana minor, that is to say in English, the small or Dwarf Gentian. For there is another Cruciata, so called because the leaves are set together, standing like to a Burgonion Cross, whereof shallbe spoken amongst the kinds of Madder. Some would have it to be called Chiliodynamin: but Polemonia is called Chiliodynamis of the Cappadotions, as Dioscorides writeth, but with this Polemonia the Dwarf Gentian hath no likelihood.  
The second is commonly called Saponariam, because of the cleansing or scouring property that is in his leaves: for when they are bruised, they yield a certain juice which will scour almost like soup. But Ruellius describeth an other Soopeworte. Some call it Herbam tunicam: yet it is none of the clove Gillofers, and much less any of the kinds of Polimonij, which are taken for Sweet Williams or Tolmeyners', as we have written in the Chap. of Gillofers. It should rather seem to be Alisma or Damasonium, saving that the stalk for the most part is not single, but most commonly groweth forth into certain branches or divisions: & the roots should be greater or thicker than the roots of Bear foot: But the leaves are agreeable with the description of Alisma, and so is the tuft or bundle of flowers at the top. But the stalk of Alisma is single and slender, and the roots should be also slender: which declare the diversity betwixt this Saponaria, and Alisma. Some do also take it for Struthion, but it is nothing like: we may call it in English Soopewort: some call it Mock Gillofer.   

❀ The Nature.  
The bitterness of these herbs, doth manifestly declare, that they be hot and dry, in quality not much unlike Gentian.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The decoction of the leaves or root of Crosseworte Gentian, or Dwarf Gentian drunken, doth cleanse and scour the breast, from all superfluities, and gross flegmes, that are gathered together in the same, and it is good against the falling sickness.  
If it be taken as is aforesaid, or taken in powder, it is good against all venom and poison and against the infection of the air, and the pestilence.  
It is good to wash wounds & corrupt ulcers, in the wine wherein it hath been boiled, or to straw the powder of it into the same: for it cleanseth & heals the same.  
The swine herds of Germany, do give it chopped very small to their hogs and swine to eat, and by this means do keep them from the Murrain, and such like contagious diseases, as chance to their cattle in corrupt season.    

Of Elecampane. Chap. xiv.  

❧ The Description.  
ELecampane hath great, broad, soft leaves, immediately springing up from the root, not much differing from the leaves of white Mullin, but greater and larger, amongst which springeth up a thick hairy long stalk, commonly longer than a man, beset with leaves of the same sort, but smaller, of a sight green colour above, but whitish underneath, at the top of the stalk there grow fair, large, yellow, shining flowers like stars, and in figure like to Chrysanthemon or golden flower, but a great deal larger, & almost as large as the palm of one's hand: The which when they fade or perish, do change into a fine down or foft Cotton, whereunto the seed is joined, & is carried away with the wind, like thistle seed. The root is great and thick, with many other small roots & buds unevenly adjoining, and covered with a thick rind or bark, of a brown earthly colour without, but most commonly white within, & is not very strong or rank of savour when it is fresh and green: but when it is dry, it is very aromatical, and hath in it a certain fat and Oily moisture or substance.  
Helenium.  
The second Helenium whereof Dioscorides writeth, is unknown to us: it hath tender branches creeping alongst the ground, beset with many leaves like the pulse lentils. The root is whitish & thick as one's little finger, large above and narrow downwards.   

❀ The Place.  
Elecampane delighteth in good fertile soil, as in valleys and meadows, it is also found in hills and shadowy woods, but not commonly in dry grounds. It is very common in England, Flaunders, and Brabant, and very well known in all places.  
The second groweth in places adjoining to the Sea, and upon little hills.   

❀ The Time.  
Elecampane flowreth in june and july, the seed is ripe in August. The best time to gather the root, is at the end of September, when it hath lost his stalks and leaves.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Inula, and Enula: in Shops Enula Campana: of some Panaces chironion, or Panaces centaurion: in English Elecampane, Scabworte, and Horseheele: in French Enula Campana: in Germany Alantwurtz: in base Almaigne Alantwortel, and Galantwortel: in Italian Enoa, and Enola: in Spanish Raiz delalla.  
The second kind is called Helenium Aegyptiacum, but yet unknown to men of this tyme.   

❀ The Nature.  
Elecampane being yet green, hath a superfluous moisture which aught first to be consumed before it be occupied. But that moisture being dried up, it is hot in the third degree, and dry in the second.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The decoction of Elecampane drunken, provoketh urine and women's flowers, and is good for them that are grieved with inward burstinges, or have any member drawn together or shrunk.  
The root taken with honey in an Electuary, cleanseth the breast, ripeth tough phlegm, and maketh it easy to be spit out, and is good for the cough and shortness of breath.  
The same made in powder and drunk, is good against the bitings and stingings of venomous beasts, and against windiness and blastinges of inward parts.  
A Confiture made of the said root, is very wholesome for the stomach, and helpeth digestion.  
The leaves boiled in wine, and laid to the place of the Sciatica, suageth the pain of the same.    

Of Spicknel Mewe/ or Meon. Chap. xv.  
Matthiolus figure is almost like the first kind of Libanotidis, & as Turner and he writeth, is called in Dutch Bearewortes, or Hearts wortes.  

❀ The Description.  
MEon of Dioscorides is described amongst the roots, wherefore we have none other knowledge of the fashion of the same, but as our ancients have left it us in writing. This have I said, to the intent that men may know, that those herbs which the Apothecaries and others do use at this day in Physic, are not the true Meon, which we should not tell how to know, if that men could not find the fashion, and nature of the right Meon described.  
Meon according to Dioscorides, is like to Dyll in stalks and leaves, but it is thicker and of the height of two cubits or three foot. The roots are long, small, well smelling and chafing or heating the tongue, and they are scattering here and there, some right and some awry.   

❀ The Place.  
New groweth plenteously in in Macedonia and Spain.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Meum: in shops Mew, which do but only keep the name, for the true Meon is yet unknown, but the Apothecaries do use in the steed thereof, a kind of wild Parsley, the which is described in the fifth part of our history of plants, & it hath no agreement or likeness with the description of Meon, wherefore it can not be Meon.   

❀ The Nature.  
The root of Meon is hot in the third degree, and dry in the second.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The roots of Meum boiled in water, or only soaked in water and drunk, doth mightily open the stoppinges of the kidneys & bladder, they provoke urine, ease and help the strangury, and they consume all windiness and blastinges of the stomach.  
The same taken with honey, do appease the pains and gripinges of the belly, are good for the affections of the mother, podagres and aches of joints, and against all Catarrhs & Phlegmes falling down upon the breast.  
If women sit over the decoction thereof, it bringeth down their sickness.  
The same laid upon the lowest part of the belly of young children, will 'cause them to piss and make water.  
Meum. Meon.   

❀ The Danger.  
If to much of the root of this herb be drunken, it causeth head ache.    

Of Peonie. Chap. xuj.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be two sorts of Peonie, as Dioscorides and the ancients writ, that is to say, the male and female.   

❀ The Description.  
MAle Poeonie hath thick red stalks of a cubit long: the leaves be great and large, made of divers leaves growing or joined together, not much unlike the Walnut tree leaf in fashion and greatness: at the highest of the stalk there groweth fair large read flowers, very well like read roses, having also in the mids yellow threddes or hears. After the falling away of the leaves, there groweth up great cods or husks three or four together, the which do open when they be ripe, in the opening whereof there is to be seen, a fair read coloured lining, and a polished black shining seed, full of white substance. The roots be white, long, small, and well smelling.  
The female Peonie at his first springing up, hath also his stalks red and thick: the leaves be also large and great, but divided into more parts, almost like the leaves of Angelica, lovage, or March. The flowers in like manner be great and read, but yet lesser and paler than the flowers of the male kind. The cods and seed are like the other. In these roots are divers knobs or knots as great as Acorns.  
Yet have you another kind of Peonie, the which is like the second kind, but his flowers and leaves are much smaller, and the stalks shorter, the which some call Maiden or Virgin Peonie: although it beareth read flowers and seed like the other.   

❀ The Place.  
The kinds of Peonies are found planted in the gardens of this Country.   

❀ The Time.  
Peonie flowreth at the beginning of May, and delivereth his seed in june.   

❀ The Names.  
Peonie is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and in Latin Poeonia: of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Dulcisida, and Idaeus Dactylus, of Apuleius Aglaophotis, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and Herba casta: in shops Pionia: in high Dutch Peonien blum, Peonien rosin, Gichtwurtz, Runigzblum, Pfingstrosen: in base Almaigne Pioene, and Pioenbloemen, and in some places of Flaunders Mastbloemen.   

❀ The cause of the Name.  
Peonie took his name first of that good old man Paeon, a very ancient Physician, who first taught the knowledge of of this herb.  

Paeonia mass. Male Peonie. Paeonia foemina. Female Peonie.    

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of Peonie dried, and the quantity of a Bean of the same drunken with Mead called Hydromel, bringeth down women's flowers, scoureth the mother of women brought a bed, and appeaseth the gripping pains, and torments of the belly.  
The same openeth the stopping of the liver, and the kidneys, and sod with read wine stoppeth the belly.  
The root of the male Peonie hanged about the neck heals, the falling sickness (as Galen and many other have proved) especially in young children.  
Ten or twelve of the read seeds, drunken with thick and rough read wine, doth stop the read issues of women.  
Fifteen or sixteen of the black corns or seeds drunken in wine or Mead, helpeth the strangling and pains of the Matrix or mother, and is a special good remedy for them that are troubled with the night Mare (which is a disease wherein men seem to be oppressed in the night as with some great burden and sometimes to be overcome with their enemies) and it is good against melancholic dreams.    

Of Valerian/ Phu or Setwal. Chap. xvij.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be two forts of Valerian, the garden and wild: and the wild Valerian is of two kinds, the great and small: Besides all these there is yet a strange kind, the which is now called Greek Valerian.  

1. Valeriana hortensis. Setwall or garden Valerian.   

2. Valeriana syluestris maior. The greater wild Valerian.    

❀ The Description.  
SEtwall or garden Valerian, at the first hath broad leaves of a whitish green colour, amongst which there cometh up a round hollow, plain, and a knotty stalk. Upon the which stalks there groweth leaves spread abroad and cut, like leaves of the root called garden Parsenep: at the highest of the stalk groweth tuffets of Corones with white flowers, of a light blue or carnation colour at the beginning and afterward white. The root is as thick as a finger with little roots and threddes adjoining thereunto.  
The great wild Valerian, is almost like to the garden Valerian, it hath also plain, round, hollow stalks, divided with knots. The leaves are like desplayed wings, made of many small leaves set one against another, like the leaves of Setwall or garden Valerian, which grow at the upper part of the stalk, but much greater and more cloven or cut. The flowers grow and are like to the garden kind, of a colour drawing towards a light blue or sky colour. The root is tender winding and trailing here and there, and putting forth every year new plants or springs in sundry places.  
The little wild Valerian, is very well like the right great Valerian, but it is always less. The first and nethermost leaves are like the little leaves of Plantain, the rest which grow about the stalk, are very much and deeply cut, very well like to the leaves of wild Valerian, or like the leaves which grow about the stalks of garden Valerian. The stalks be round with joints, about the length of a hand. The flowers be like to the flovers of the aforesaid kinds. The roots be small, & creeping alongst the ground.  
The Greekish Valerian hath two or three hollow stalks, or more: upon the which groweth spread leaves almost like the leaves of wild Valerian, but longer, narrower, and more finely cut, like the leaves of the wild Fetch, but somewhat bigger. The flowers grow thick clustering together at the top of the stalk of a light Azure or blue colour, parted into five little leaves, having in the middle small white threddes pointed with a little yellow at the tops. The seed is small growing in round husks. The roots are nothing else like, but small threads.   

❀ The Place.  
The garden Valerian and Greek Valerian are sown & planted in gardens. The other two kinds grow here in moist places, and in watery meadows lying low.   

❧ The Time.  
The three first kinds of Valerian do flower from May to August. The Greek Valerian doth flower most commonly in june and july.   

❀ The Names.  
The first kind of these herbs is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Phu: in Latin Valeriana, and Nardus syluestris, or Nardus rustica: in shops Valeriana domestica, or Valeriana hortensis, of some in these days Marinella, Genicularis, and Herba benedicta: in French Valeriane: in high Dutch Grosz Baldrian: in base Almaigne, tamme or groote Valerian, & of some S. joris cruyt, or Speercruyt, that is to say, Spearwurte, or Spear herb, because his first leaves at their first coming up, in making are like to the Iron or head of a Spear: in English Setwal, or Sydwall.  
The second kind is called Valeriana syluestris, Phu syluestre, and Valeriana syluestris maior: in French grand Valerian sauvage: in high Douch wild Baldrian, Katzenwurtzel, Augenwurtz, Wendwurtz, & Dennenmarcke: in base Almaigne, wild Valeriane: in English the great wild Valerian.  
The third is a kind of wild Valerian, and therefore we do call it, Valeriane syluestris minor, that is to say, the small wild Valerian, and also Phy parvum, and Valeriana minor.  
3. Phu parvum. Valeriana syluestris rainor. The small wild Valerian.  
4. Phu Gręcum. Valeriana peregrina. Greekish Valerian.  
The fourth is called of the Herboristes of our time Phu Gręcum, & Valeriana Graeca, that is to say, Greekish, or Greek Valerian, & it may be well called Valeriana peregrina, or Pseudophu, for this is no Valerian, but some other strange herb, the which we cannot compare to any of the herbs described by Dioscorides, except it be the right Auricula muris, for the which it is taken of some.   

❀ The Nature.  
The root of Valerian is hot and dry in the second degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The decoction of the roots of Setwal drunken, provoketh urine, bringeth down women's flowers, and helpeth the ache and pains of the side, and stomach. They be of like virtue being made in powder and drunk in wine. And they be put into preservatives and medicines made against poison, and the pestilence, as Tryacles and Mithridats.  
The leaves & roots of the great wild Valerian boiled in water, do heal the ulceration and blistering of the mouth, especially the roughness, and inflammation of the throat, if one wash his mouth or gargarize therewith.  
Men do use to give it with great profit in drenches, to such as are bursten within.  
The two other Valerians be not used in medicine.  
English men use Greek Valerian, against cuts and wounds.  

Rosesenting Root.  
Rosesmelling Root.     

Of Rosewurte or Rhodia. Chap. xviij.  

❀ The Description.  
ROsewurte hath three or four stalks growing from the root, set full of thick leaves, like the leaves of Lyblong or Crassula mayor, but they are more narrower, & cut or hacked at the top. The root is thick, having many small hairy threddes, & when it is either bruysed or bursten, it doth sent and savour like the Rose, & of that it took his name.   

❀ The Place.  
Rosewurt or the root savouring like the Rose, groweth in Macedonia and Hungary: in this Country the Herboristes do plant it in their gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
It floureth in May, but it beareth flower very seldom.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Radix Rhodia, & Radix rosata: in French Racine sentant les roses: in high Dutch Rosenwurtz: in base Almaigne Rosenwortel: in English Rosewurt or the root savouring of the Rose.   

❀ The Nature.  
The root which smelleth like the rose, especially of that sort which groweth in Macedonia, is hot in the second degree, and of subtle and fine parts.  

Rhodia radix. Rosewurt.    

❀ The Virtues.  
The root Rhodia laid to the temples of the forehead with oil of roses, alayeth head ache.    

Of bastard Pelitory or Gartram. Chap. nineteeen.  

❀ The Description.  
PElitory hath leaves much like to fenil, all finely cut or hacked. The flowers are yellow in the middle, set round about with little white leaves somewhat blue under, like the flowers of Camomile, or like the flowers of the great daisy. The root is long and strait, sometimes as big as a finger, hot and burning the tongue.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb is not found growing of himself in this Country, but it is found planted in the gardens of certain Herhoristes.   

❀ The Time.  
Pelitory flowreth after May until the end of summer, in which season the seed is ripe.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Salivaris: in shops Pyrethrun, of some also in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in French Pyrethre, or Pied d' Alexandre: in high Douch Bertram. Albeit mine Author setteth forth this herb for Pyrethro, yet it is not answerable unto Dioscorides Pyrethrum, or Salivarem, wherefore I think we may well call it bastard Pelitory or Bertram.  

Pyrethrum. Bartram.    

❀ The Nature.  
The root of Pyrethre is hot and dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of Pelitory taken with honey, is good against the falling sickness, the Apoplexy, the long and old diseases of the head, and against all cold diseases of the brain.  
The same held in the mouth & chewed, draweth forth great quantity of waterish phlegm.  
The same sodden in vinegar, & kept warm in the mouth, doth mitigate and allay the tooth ache.  
The Oil wherein Pellitory hath been boiled, is good to anoint the body to 'cause a man sweat, and is excellent good for any place of the body that is bruised and shaken for cold, and for members that are benumbed or foundered: and for such as are stricken with the Palsy.    

Of wild Pelitory. Chap. xx.  

❀ The Description.  
Wild Pellitory hath round brittle branches: the leaves be long & narrow hacked round about like a Saw, at the highest of the stalk grow flowers like the flowers of Camomile, yellow in the middle, & set round about with small white leaves: the root is tender & full of threads: the whole herb is sharp & biting, almost in taste like Pellitory of Spain, & for that cause men call it also wild Pellitory.   

❀ The Place.  
Wild Pellitory is found about the borders of fields, in high meadows and shadowy places, & sometimes upon mountains and stony places.   

❀ The Time.  
This Pellitory flowreth from may until September.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is now called in Latin Pyrethrum syluestre, that is to say, Wild Pellitory: in French Pyrethre sauvage: in Dutch Wilden Bertram: of some Weisz Reinfahrn, that is to say, White tansy. This is not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Ptarmices, or Sternumentaria, but another herb unknown of the Incientes.   

❧ The Nature.  
This herb is hot and dry.   

❀ The Virtues.  
This herb held in the mouth and chewed, bringeth likewise from the brain flymie phlegm, almost as mightily as Pelitory of Spain: & it is very good against the tooth ache.  
It is also good in Salads, as Tarragon and Roquet, whereof shallbe written in the fifth book.  
Pyrethrum syluestre. Wild Pellitory.    

Of false Dictam. Chap. xxi.  

❀ The Description.  
THis herb is like to Lentiscus, or Lycoras in branches and leaves, it beareth round blackish and rough stalks, and leaves displayed and spread like Lycoras, at the top of the stalks grow fair flowers, somewhat turning toward blue, the which on the upper part, or healf-deale hath four or five leaves, and in the lower, or neither of the same flower it hath small long threddes crooking and hanging down almost like a beard. The flowers perished, there cometh in the place of each flower four or five cods, something rough without, and slimy to be handled, and of a strong savour almost smelling like a Goat: in the which is contained a black, plain, shining seed. The roots be long and white, sometime as thick as a finger, and do grow athwart one another.   

¶ The Place.  
It groweth in the isle of Candie, as Dioscorides writeth, in this Country it is found in the gardens of certain Herboristes.   

¶ The Time.  
It flowreth in this Country in june and july, and sometimes the seed cometh to ripenesss.   

¶ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Tragium: and is the first kind or Tragium described by Dioscorides. Some herboristes call it Fraxinella: and some Apothecaries do use the root of it in steed of Dyctam, and do call it Dyptamum, not without great error, and therefore it is called of some Pseudodictamum nothum, that is to say, Bastard or false Dictam.   

¶ The Nature.  
Tragium is almost hot in the third degree, and of subtle parts.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The seed of Tragium taken to the quantity of a dram, is good against the strangury, it provoketh urine, breaketh the stone in the bladder, & bringeth it forth: and it moveth the terms or flowers of women.  
The like virtue hath the leaves and juice to be taken after the same sort: and being laid to outwardly, it draweth out thorns and splinters.  
The root taken with a little Rheubarbe, killeth, & driveth forth worms, & is very singular & of excellent virtue against the same, as men in these days have proved by experience.  
It is said also (as recordeth Dioscorides) that the wild Goats when they be strooken with darts or arrows, by the eating of this herb do cause the same to fall from out of their bodies, aswell as if they had eaten of the right Dyctam. And it is possible, that for the same cause this herb was first taken in shops in steed of the right Dyctam.  
Tragium.    

Of Polemonium. Chap. xxij.  

❀ The Description.  
POlemonium hath tender stalks, with joints: the leaves are meetly broad, always two set at every joint one against another, at the highest of the stalks groweth white flowers, hanging downward and joining one to another like a tuttay, or little nosegay, after which flowers there cometh black seed, enclosed in round husks. The root is white, plain and long.  
Yet there is an other herb taken for Polemonium, which doth also bring forth long stalks, with knots or joints: it is much longer than the aforesaid kind, having long leaves, narrow at the top, and broad beneath where as they be joined to the stalk. The flowers of this kind be of an orient or clear red colour, and do grow in tuffetes almost like Valerian. The root is long, white, and thick, and well savouring.  
The Polemonium whereof Absyrtus speaketh, is the Horse mint described in the second book.  
Polemonium. Been album.  
Polemonij altera species.   

❀ The Place.  
Both these kinds grow upon mountains in rough stony places: men plant them here in gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
These herbs do flower in june & july.   

❀ The Names.  
The first is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Polemonium, & Polemonia, of some, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Chiliodynamis, that is to say, a hundred virtues, or properties: in shops, as witnesseth Bernardus of Gondonio, Herba tunica: of Herboristes' at this day Behen, or Beën album. Yet notwithstanding this is not that kind of Behen, whereof Serapio writeth in his CCxxiij. Chapter.  
The second is also taken for Polemonium, & is called of Herboristes Behen rubrum, this herb should seem to be Narcissus whereof Virgil in his Georgiques', and Columella in hortis maketh mention.   

❀ The Nature.  
Polemonium is of complexion dry in the second degree.   

❧ The Virtues.  
Te root of Polemonia drunken in wine, is good against the bloody flix, and against the bitings and stingings of venomous beasts.  
The same drunken in water, provoketh urine, and helpeth the strangury and pains about the huckle bone or hanche.  
Men use it with vinegar, against the hardness and stoppinges of the melt or spleen, and to all such as are by any means grieved about the melt.  
The same held in the mouth and chewed, taketh away tooth ache.  
The same pound & laid to, cureth the stingings of Scorpions: & in deed it hath so great strength against Scorpions, that whosoever do but hold the same in his hand, cannot be stung, or hurt by any Scorpion.  
All these last recited virtues from B. to E. are not found in the last Douch copy. Yet they be all in my French copy, the which I have and is in divers places newly corrected and amended by the Author himself.    

Of English galangal. Chap. twenty-three.  

❧ The Description.  
CYperus leaves are long, narrow, and hard. The stalk is triangled of a cubit long, in the top whereof groweth little leaves white seed springing out. The root is long interlaced one within an other, having many threddes, of a brown colour and sweet savour.  
Besides this there is found another kind like to the aforesaid in leaves and stems: but it hath no long roots, but divers round little roots of the bigness of an olive joining together: And of this sort Dioscorides hath written.  
One may well place amongst the kinds of Cyperus, the little roots called Trasi (of the Italians) for their leaves be somewhat like the leaves of Cyperus, but they be smaller & narrower, the roots be almost like to small nuts, or like the silk worms wrapped round in their silk, before they turn into Moths or Butterflies, and hung together plenteously, by little small threads, these roots be sweet in taste almost like Chestnuts.  
Cyperus. English Gallangal.   

❀ The Place.  
Cyperus as witnesseth Dioscorides, groweth in low moist places, & is not commonly found in this Country, but in the gardens of some Herboristes.   

❀ The Time.  
This herb bringeth forth his spikie top, & seed with leaves, in june and july.   

❀ The Names.  
It is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Cyperus, Cypirus, and Cyperis, of some Aspalathum, & Erysisceptrum: in shops Cyperus: of Cornelius Celsus, juncus quadratus, of Pliny junculus angulosus, and Triangularis: in French Souchet in Douche wylden Galgan: in English Galangal.  
The roots called Trasos, are also named of them that writ now Dulcichimun: in Spain Auellanada, & of the commons of Italy (as is aforesaid) Trasi, & Trasci. Some learned men think that this is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Mamiras, whereof Paulus Aegineta writeth, which Avicen calleth Memirem, or rather 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Holoconitis, of Hypocrates.   

❀ The Nature.  
The root of Cyperus or English Galangal, is hot and dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The roots of Cyperus boiled and drunk provoketh urine, bringeth down women's natural sickness, driveth forth the stone, and is a help to them that have the Dropsi.  
The same taken after the same manner is a remedy against the stinging and poisons of Scorpions, and against the cough.  
It is also good against the coldness and stoppinges of the mother if the belly be bathed warm there withal.  
The same made into powder closeth up and heals the old running sores of the mouth and secret parts (although they eat, and waste the flesh) if it be strewed therein, or laid thereupon with wine.  
It is customably, and also with great profit put into hot ointments and plasters maturative.  
The seed of Cyperus drunken with water, as Pliny saith, stoppeth the flux of the belly, and all the superfluous running forth of women's flowers: but if to much thereof be taken, it engendereth headache.    

Of white Hellebor or Nesewurte. Chap. xxiv.  
❀ The Description.  
THe white Ellebor hath great broad leaves, with ribs or sinews like the leaves of the great plantain or Gentian. The stalk is round two or three foot high, at the upmost part whereof groweth alongst and round about the top, the flowers one above another, pale of colour, divided into six little leaves, the which have a green line overth wart. The same being passed, there cometh in their places small husks wherein is contained the seed, the root is round, as thick as a man's finger or thumb, white both without and within having many thick laces or threddy strings.  

❀ The Place.  
White Hellebor groweth in Anticyra, near about the mountain Deta, and in Capadocia & Syria, but the best groweth in Cyrene. The Herboristes of this Country do set it in their gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
White Hellebor flowreth in this Country in june and july.  

Veratrum album.    

❀ The Names.  
This kind of Hellebor is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Veratrum album: in shops Helleborus albus: of some Pignatoxaris & Sanguis Herculis: in French Ellebore blanc: in high Douche Weisz Nieswurtz: in base Almaigne Witte Nieswortel or wit Niescruyt: in English White Hellebor, Neseworte, and Lingwort.   

❀ The Nature.  
The root of Ellebor is hot and dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of white Ellebor causeth one to vomit up mightily and with great force, all superfluous, slimy, venomous and naughty humours. Likewise it is good against the falling sickness, Frenzies, old pain of the head, madness, sadness, the gout, and Sciatica, all sorts of dropsies, poison, and against all cold diseases, that be hard to cure, and such as will not yield to any medicine. But as concerning the preparation thereof before it be ministered to any, and also in what sort the body that shall receive it aught to be prepared, it hath been very well and largely described by divers old Doctors, whereof I mind not to entreat, because the rules to be observed be so long, that they cannot be comprehended in few words, for they may well fill a book, and because Galen teacheth, that one aught not to minister this vehement and strong root in inward medicines, but only to apply the same outwardly.  
Therefore it is good to be used against all roughness of the skin, wild scurf, knobs, foul spots, and the leprey, if it be laid thereto with Oil or Ointments.  
The same cut into gobbins or slices, and put into fistulas, taketh away the hardness of them.  
The same put under in manner of a pessary, bringeth down flowers, and expelleth the dead child.  
The powder thereof put into the nose, or snift up into the same, causeth snesing, warmeth and purgeth the brain from gross slimy humours, & causeth them to come out at the nose.  
The same boiled in vinegar and held in the mouth, suageth toothache, and mingled with eye midicines, doth clear and sharpen the sight.  
The root of Hellebor pound with meal and honey, is good to kill mice and Rats and such like beasts, and to drive them away: likewise if it be boiled with milk, and Wasps and Flies do eat thereof, it killeth them, for whatsoever doth eat of it, doth swell and break: and by this we may judge how perilous this root is.   

❀ The Danger.  
White Ellebor unprepared, and taken out of time and place, or to much in quantity, is very hurtful to the body: for it choketh, and troubleth all the inward parts, draweth together and shrinketh all the sinews of man's body, and in fine it sleaeth the party. Therefore it aught not to be taken unprepared, neither than without good heed and great advisement. For such people as be either to young or to old, or feeble, or spit blood, or be grieved in their stomachs, whose breasts are strait and narrow, and their necks long, such feeble people may by no means deal with it, without ieobardie and danger. Wherefore these landleapers, Rogues, and ignorant Asses, which take upon them without learning and practice, do very evil, for they give it without discretion to all people, whether they be young or old, strong or feeble, and sometimes they kill their patientes, or at the lest they put them in peril or great danger of their lives.    

Of wild white Ellebor or Nesewurte. Chap. twenty-five.  

❀ The Description.  
THis herb is like unto the white Ellebor abovesaid, but in all parts it is smaller: it hath a strait stalk with Sinowey leaves, like the leaves of Plantain or white Ellebor, but smaller. The flowers hung down from the stalk of a white colour, hollow in the middle, with small yellow and incarnate spots, of a very strange fashion, & when they are go, there cometh up small seed like sand closed in thick husks. The roots are spread here and there full of sap, with a thick bark, of a bitter taste.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth in Brabant in certain moist meadows, and dark shadowy places.   

❀ The Time.  
This herb flowreth in june and july.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because it is like in fashion to White Hellebor: in Latin Helleborine, and Epipactis: in high Dutch Wildt wit Niescruyt, that is to say, Wild white Ellebor. Some think, that Eleborine is an herb like to Elleborus only in virtues, and not in fashion. These fellows will not receive this herb for Helleborine: but by this they may know their error, because neither Galen nor Dioscorides do attribute any of the properties of Ellebor to Helleborine.   

❀ The Nature.  
This herb is of hot and dry complexion.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The decoction of Helleborine drunk, openeth the stoppinges of the liver, and is very good for such as are by any kind of means diseased in their livers, or have received any poison, or are bitten by any manner venomous beast.  

Helleborine,     

Of black Hellebor. Chap. xxvi.  

Veratrum nigrum Dioscorides. Black Hellebor.   

Planta Leonis. Christwort.   

❀ The kinds.  
Under the name of Helleborus niger, that is to say, black Ellebor, are comprehended (by the Herboristes of our time) three sorts of herbs, whereof the first is much like in description to Helleborus niger, of Dioscorides: The second is a strange herb not much differing in virtue from the true black Hellebor, and is called Christ's herb, and is much like in description to Helleborus niger, that Theophrastus speaketh of: The third is commonly called of the low Douchmen Viercruyt, that is to say, Fierwurte.  

Pseudo helleborus▪ Bastard Hellebor the black.   

Louswurt.    

❀ The Description.  
THE true black Hellebor hath rough blackish leaves, parted with four or five deep cuts, like the fashion of the vine leaf, or as Dioscorides says, like the leaves of the Plane tree, but much lesser, the stalks be even and plain, at the top whereof grow flowers in little tuffetes, thick set like to scabeous, of a light blue colour. After the falling of which flowers cometh the seed which is not much unlike to wheat. The roots are many small black long threddes coming altogether from one head.  
Christ's herb hath great thick green leaves, cut into seven or eight parts, whereof each part is long and sharp at the top, and one half thereof is cut and snipt about like a saw, the other half leaf next to the stalk is plain and not cut. The flowers grow amongst the leaves upon short stems coming from the root, and are of the bigness of a groat, or shilling, of a fair colour as white as snow, having in the middle many short, tender, & fine threddes, tipt with yellow. After the flowers have staid a long time, when they begin to perish, they become blue, & afterward green. After the flowers it bringeth forth four or five cods or husks joining together almost like the husk of Columbine wherein is contained the seed. It hath in the steed of a root many thick black strings.  
The leaves of Bastard Hellebor are somewhat like the leaves of the aforesaid Christ's herb, but much smaller, parted likewise & cut into divers other narrow leaves, which are cut round about on every side like a saw. The flowers come not from the root, but grow upon the stems where as the leaves take hold, & are much less than the flowers of Christ's herb, of a green or herbelike colour. After the passing away of which flowers, cometh up also four or five little husks or cods joining one in another, wherein is seed, which is black & round. The roots are many black threddes woven, or interlaced together.  
Louswurt which Fuchsius counteth for a kind of black Hellebor, you shall find it hereafter amongst the Aconites, whereof it is a kind.  
The other which Hierom Bock setteth out for black Hellebor, the which also of the Apothecaries hath been so taken, is described in the second part of this History, where as it is also declared, the it is no kind of black Hellebor, but the right Buphthalmum, or Ox eye, and therefore neither hurtful nor dangerous as it hath been more largely declared.   

¶ The Place.  
Black Hellebor groweth in Aetolia, upon the mountain Helicon in Beotia, and upon Parnassus' mount in Phocidia: and in this Country it is found in the gardens of certain Herboristes.  
Christ's wurtes likewise, is not common in this Country, but is only found in the gardens of some Herboristes.  
The bastard black Hellebor groweth in certain woods of this Country, as in the wood Soenie in Brabant, & it is set or planted in divers gardens.   

¶ The Time.  
The black Hellebor in this Country flowreth in june, and shortly after the seed is ripe.  
Christ's wurte flowreth all betimes about Christmas, in januarie, & almost until March, in February the old leaves fall of, and they spring forth again in March.  
The black Bastard Hellebor flowreth also betimes, but most commonly in February, sometimes also until April.   

❀ The Names.  
Black Hellebor is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Veratrum nigrum, and Helleborus niger, of some Melampodium, Praetium, Polyrhyzon, Melanorhizon, & of some writers now, Luparia, & Pulsatilla: in high Douch Schwartz, Niesewurtz: in base Almaigne Swear't Niesewortel.  
The second should seem to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Helleborus niger, which Theophrast describeth: and is called of learned men that writ now, Planta Leonis, that is to say, Lion's foot, & it is taken for that herb which Alexander Trallian, and Paulus Aegineta call in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Coronopodium, and Pes cornicis. It is called in Brabant Heylichkerstcruyt, that is to say, the herb of Christ or Christmas herb, because it flowreth most commonly about Christmas, especially when the winter is mild.  
The third is now called Pseudo helleborus niger, Veratrum adulterinum nigrum, and it is taken of some for the herb which Pliny calleth Consiligo: in high Douch it is called Christwurtz, that is to say, Christ's root: in Brabant Viercruyt, that is to say, Fire herb, because with this herb alone men cure a disease in cattle named in French Lemot feu: of some it is called Wranckcruyt, as of the learned and famous Doctor in his time Spierinck resident at Lovaigne: and some call it Vaencruyt.   

❀ The occasion of the Name.  
This herb was called Melampodium, because a shepherd called Melampus in Arcadia cured with this herb the daughters of Proetus, which were distracted of their memories, and become mad: so that afterward the herb was known.   

❀ The Nature.  
Black Hellebor is hot and dry in the third degree.  
Christeswurt, and the black bastard Hellebor are in complexion; very like to black Hellebor.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Black Hellebor taken inwardly, provoketh the siege or stool vehemently, and purgeth the neither part of the belly from gross and thick phlegm, and choleric humours: also it is good for them that wax mad or fall beside themselves, and for such as be dull heavy and melancholic: also it is good for them that have the gout and Sciatica.  
Like virtues it hath to be taken in potages, or to be sodden with boiled meat, for so it doth open the belly, and putteth forth all superfluous humours.  
The same laid to in manner of a pessary or mother suppository, bringeth down women's sickness, and delivereth the dead child.  
The same put into Fistulas and hollow ulcers, by the space of three days, cleanseth them, and scoureth away the hardness and knobs of the same.  
The root thereof put into the ears of them that be hard of hearing, two or three days together helpeth them very much.  
It suageth tooth ache, if one wash his teeth with vinegar wherein it hath been boiled.  
An emplaster made of this root with barley meal and wine, is very good to be laid upon the bellies of them that have the Dropsy.  
The same pound with Frankincense, Rosom, & Oil, heals all roughness, & hardness of the skin, scurviness, spots, & scars, if it be rubbed therewith.  
Planta Leonis or Christeswurtes, is not much differing in properties from black Hellebor: for it doth also purge and driveth forth by siege mightily, both melancholy and other superfluous humours.  
The root of bastard Hellebor stieped in wine and drunken, doth also lose the belly like black Hellebor, and is very good against all those diseases, where unto black Hellebor serveth.  
It doth his operation with more force and might, if it be made into powder, and a dram thereof be received in wine.  
The same boiled in water with Rue & Egrimony, or bastard Eupatory, heals the jaundice, and purgeth yellow superfluities by the siege.  
The same thrust into the ears of Oxen, Sheep, or other cattle, helpeth the same against the disease of the longs, as Pliny and Columella writeth, for it draweth all the corruption and grief of the longs into the ears.  
And in the time of Pestilence, if one put this root into the bodies of any, it draweth to that part all the corruption & venomous infection of the body. Therefore assoon as any strange or sudden grief taketh the cattle, the people of the Country do put it straightways into some part of a beast, where as it may do lest hurt, and within short space all the grief will come to that place, and by that means the beast is saved.   

❀ The Danger.  
Although black Hellebor is not so vehement as the white, yet it can not be given without danger, & especially to people that have their health, for as Hypocrates says, Carnes habentibus sanas, Helleborus periculosus, facit enim Convulsionem, that is to say, to such as be whole, Hellebor is very perilous, for it causeth shrinking of sinews: therefore Hellebor may not be ministered, except in desperate causes, and that to young and strong people, and not at all times, but in the spring time only: yet aught it not to be given before it be prepared and corrected.   

❀ The correction.  
when Hellebor is given with long Pepper, Hyssop, Daucus, and Annys seed, it worketh better & with less danger: also if it be boiled in the broth of a Capon, or of any other meat, and then the broth given to drink, it worketh with less danger.    

Of herb Aloë. Chap. xxvij.  

❀ The Description.  
ALoë hath very great long leaves, two fingers thick, having round about short points or Crests standing wide one from another. The root is thick and long. The flowers stalk and seed, are much like the flowers stalk & seed of affodil, as Dioscorides saith, but in these parts they have not been yet seen. All the herb is of strong savour and bitter taste. And out of this herb which groweth in India is drawn a juice, the which is dried and is also named Aloë, and it is carried into all parts of the world for to be used in medicine.   

❀ The Place.  
Aloë groweth very plenteously in India, and from thence cometh the best juice, it groweth also in other places of Asia and Arabia, adjoining to the sea, but the juice thereof is not commonly found so good. It is to be seen also in this Country in the gardens of some Herboristes.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and from thence sprung the Latin name, and is called Aloë in all other speeches of Christendom, & so is the sap or juice thereof named. The Frenchmen call it Perroquet: because of his greenness, we may call it in English Aloë, herb Aloë, or Sea Aygreene.   

❀ The Nature.  
The juice of this herb called Aloë, which only is used in medicine, is hot almost in the second degree, and dry in the third.  

Aloë.    

❀ The Virtues.  
The juice of Aloë which is of a brown colour, like to the colour of a liver, which is clear and clean, openeth the belly, in purging cold, phlegmatic, and choleric humours, especially such wherewithal the stomach is burdened, and is the chiefest of all other purging medicines (which most commonly do hurt the stomach) but this is a sovereign medicine for the stomach, for it comforteth, cleanseth, drieth up, and driveth forth all superfluous humours, if it be taken with water the quantity of two drams.  
Men take it with cinnamon, Ginger, Mace, Cubibes, Galangal, Annys seed, and such spices to assuage and drive away the pain of the stomach: by which means they comfort & heat the stomach & cause phlegm to be expulsed.  
The same is also good against the jaundices, as Dioscorides writeth, and taken a little at a time profiteth much against the spitting, and all other issues of blood, except that of the hemorrhoids.  
Aloë made into powder & strawen upon new bloody wounds, stoppeth the blood and heals the wound. Likewise laid upon old sores closeth them up, and it is a sovereign medicine for ulcers about the secret parts, and fundament.  
The same boiled with wine and honey, heals the outgrowings & rifts of the fundament, & stoppeth the abounding flux of the hemorrhoids, being laid upon: for being received into the body, it causeth the hemorrhoids to break out, and to bleed.  
The same with honey dispatcheth abroad all standing of blood, and bruises, with black spots that come of stripes.  
It is also good against all inflammation, hurts, and scabs of the eyes, and against the running and darkness of the same.  
Aloë mixed with Oil of roses and vinegar, and laid to the forehead and temples, suageth headache.  
If one do often rub his head with Aloës mingled with wine, it will keep the hear from falling.  
The same laid to with wine, cureth the sores and pustules of the gums, the mouth, the throat, and kernels under the tongue.  
To conclude, the same laid to outwardly, is a very good consolidative medicine, it stoppeth bleeding, and doth mundify and cleanse all corruption.    

Of Palma Christi. Chap. xxviij.  

❀ The Description.  
PAlma Christi hath a great, round, hollow stalk, higher than a good long man, with great broad leaves, parted into seven or nine divisions, larger, and more cut in, than the leaves of the fig tree, like some birds foot, or like to a spread hand. At the highest groweth a bunch of flowers, clustering together like grapes, whereof the lowest be yellow, & whither without bearing fruit, and the highest are read, bringing forth threecornered husks, in which is found three grey seeds somewhat smaller than kidney bean.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth not of hit self in this Country, but the Herboristes' plant it in their gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
It is sown in April, and his seed is ripe in August and September, and as soon as the cold cometh, all the herb perisheth.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Ricinus: in Shops and of the Arabians Cherua: of some Cataputia mayor, Peutadactylon, & Palma Christi: in English Palma Christi: in French Palm de Christ: in high Dutch Wunderbaum, and Creutzbaum, & of some Zecken korner: in base Almaigne wonderboom, Cruysboom, and Mollencruyt.   

❧ The Nature.  
The seed of Palma Christi is hot & dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The seed of Palma Christi taken inwardly, openeth the belly, causeth one to vomit, and to cast out slimy phlegm, drawing the same from far, and sometimes choleric humours with waterish superfluities.  
The broth of meat, in which this seed hath been sod, drunken, is good for the cholike (that is to say, pain in the belly) against the gout & pain in the hip, called the Sciatique.  
The same pound and taken with whey or new milk, driveth forth waterish superfluities and choleric humours, also it is good against the Dropsy and jaunders.  
The oil which is drawn forth of this seed is called Oleum Cicinum, in Shops Oleum de Cherua. It heateth and drieth, and is very good to anoint and rub all rough hardness, and scurvy roughness, or itch.  
The green leaves of Palma Christi pound with parched Barley meal, do mitigate and assuage the inflammation and swelling soreness of the eyes, and pound with vinegar, they cure the grievous inflammation, called S. Antony's fire.  
Ricinus.   

❀ The Danger.  
The seed of Palma Christi turneth up the stomach, and doth his operation with much pain and grief to the party.   

❀ The Remedy.  
But if you take with it either fennel or Annys seed, and some spices of cinnamon, and Ginger, etc. it will not overtturne nor torment the stomach, but will work his effect with more ease and gentleness.    

Of the kinds of Tithymale or Spourge. Chap. xxix.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere are, as Dioscorides writeth, seven sorts of Tithymal: whereof some at this time are well known, & some shallbe now by our endeavour brought again to light, and some are yet unknown.   

❀ The Description.  
THe first kind of Tithymal, called the male kind, hath round read stalks, of the height of a cubit, that is a foot & a half high. The leaves are long and narrow, somewhat longer and narrower than the leaves of the olive tree, whereof the highest leaves, before they be thoroughly grown, show rough or cottonlike. The seed groweth at the highest of the stalk in pretty round hollow leaves, like as it were basins, or little dishes, through which the stalk groweth. The seed is enclosed in threecornered husks like the seed of Palma Christi, as well in growing as in shape or fashion, but much smaller: the root is of a woody substance with many hairy strings.  
Tithymalus Characias. Wood Spourge.  
Tithymalus Characiae species.  
The second kind of Tithymal hath strait stalks of a span long, about the which grow many leaves, set a sunder without order, thick, whitish, & sharp pointed, not much unlike the leaves of knee holm or Ruscus, but greater and thicker, not black but all white of the colour of sea Spourge. And when they be bruised or bursten, there cometh forth milk as out of the other kinds of spourge. The flowers are yellow, growing in tuffetes like Rosewurte or Rhodia, the fruit is triangled, like the fruit of the other Spurges or Tithymales.  
The third kind, which may be well called Tithymal of the sea, or sea Spourge, hath six or seven fair read stems or more, coming from one root. The leaves are small, almost like the leaves of flax, or lyneseede, growing round about the stalk, being thick toothed, the flowers are yellow and grow out of little dishes or sawsers, like the first kind of Spourge, after cometh the triangled seed as in the other Tithymales: the root is long, & plain, & of woody substance. This kind of Tithymal, his leaves, dishes, and flowers are much thicker than any other kind of Spourge.  
The fourth kind called Son Spourge, after his Greek name, or Tithymal turning with the Son, hath three or four stalks somewhat radish, about the length of a foot, & his leaves are not so thick as garden Porcelain. The flowers are yellow growing in tuffetes. The root is like the other Tithymales.  
The fifth kind called Cypress Tithymal, hath round radish stalks of the length of a foot: The leaves are very small, green, narrow, like the leaves of the Fir tree, but far smaller & tenderer. The seed is small but in all things else like the other, and it cometh in little bluish Cups or Sawsers, in the midst of the side branches. This herb hath leaves much narrower than Ezula minor.  
Of this sort there is found another kind very small, the which may be well called Cypress Tithymal. It hath very small stalks, both little and tender, about the height of a span, and upon them small tuffetes, with flowers of a faint yellow or pale colour, after cometh the seed like to the other, but a great deal smaller.  
Tithymalus Myrsinites. myrtle Spourge.  
Tithymalus Paralios. Sea Spourge.  
Yet there is a third sort of this kind, whereof the leaves be all white, but otherways it is like to Cypress Tithymale, as the great and diligent Herborist jan the Vreckom hath declared unto us, who before this hath had such Tithymale growing in his garden: nevertheless, I did never see it, and therefore I do not set out a larger description.  
The sixth kind is great, of eight or niene cubits high, growing like a little tree, the stalk is sometimes as big as one's leg (as Peter Belon writeth) and bringeth forth many branches spread abroad, reddish, and set with small leaves, like the leaves of the little myrtle tree, the fruit is like the fruit of the other Tithymales.  
Tithymalus Helioscopius. Wartewort or Son Spourge. Sonturner.  
Tithymalis Cyparissias. Cypress Spourge.  
The seventh kind hath soft leaves like Molin or Higtaper, but it is yet unknown.  
All these kinds are full of white liquor or sap like milk, the which cometh forth when they be broken or hurt, and it is sharp and bitter upon the tongue.   

❀ The Place.  
The first kind of Spourge groweth not of his own kind in this Country, and is seldom found, but in the gardens of diligent Herboristes.  
The second, as says Dioscorides, groweth in places that lie waste.  
The third groweth about the Sea, and is found in Zelande upon trenches and dry sandy banks and in waste places adjoining to the sea.  
The fourth groweth about towns in plain fields, and in some gardens: it is very common in this Country.  
The fifth called Cypress Tithymale is not found in this Country, but in the gardens of Herboristes'.  
But the little of the same kind groweth about Malines, in borders of some fields, yet it is not found every where.  
The sixth kind groweth in stony places.   

❀ The Time.  
All the kinds of Tithymal or Spourge, are most commonly in flower in june and july, and their seed is ripe in August.   

❀ The Names.  
All kinds of this herb are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Lactariae: in French Tithymales or Herb à laict: in high Douch Wolfzmilch: in base Almaigne Wolfsmelck: in English Spourge.  
The first kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Tithymalus mass, or Lactaria mascula, that is to say in French, Tithymale masle: in English Wood Spourge.  
The second kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, & of some Caryites: in Latin Tithymalus foemina, that is to say, in French Tithymale femelle: in English Female tithymal, of Theodor Gaza Myrtaria, it may be named in English myrtle Spourge.  
The third kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Paralios, and Tithymalus, or Mecon, of Theophraste 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Coccos. This kind may be well called in French Tithymale marin: in English Sea Spourge: in Dutch Zee Wolfsmelck.  
The fourth is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is to say in Latin Tithymalus solsequius, or Lactaria solsequia: in French Tithymale suyvant le soleil, and Reveille matin: in Almaigne Sonnewend, Wolfsmelck: and in Brabant Croonkens cruyt: in English Son Spourge, or Wartwurt.  
The fifth is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is to say, Tithymale like Cypress.  
The sixth is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and of some Leptophylloes: in Latin Tithymalus arborescens, that is to say, Tithymal growing like a tree: or Tree tithymal.  
The seventh kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and of some, as Hermolaus Barbarus writeth, Corymbites, & Amigdalites: in Latin Tithymalus latifolius, or Lactaria latifolia, that is to say, Large leaved tithymal or Spourge.   

❧ The Nature.  
All the Tithymales are hot and dry almost in the fourth degree, of a very sharp, and biting quality, fretting and consuming, first of all the milk or sap, than the fruit and leaves. The root is of lest strength. And amongst all the Tithymales as Galen saith, the male is the strongest, than the female, thirdly the sixth kind, and the Tithymale with broad leaves. The fifth in strength is that, which is like Cypress, the sixth is Sea tithymal, the seventh and of lest force is the Son Spourge, or tithymal following the Son.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The juice of Tithymal is a very strong medicine opening the belly, and sometimes causing vomit, bringing tough phlegm & choleric humours: like virtue is in the seed and root, especially the bark thereof, and are very good for such as fall into the Dropsy, when it is ministered with discretion and well corrected or prepared.  
The same mixed with honey, causeth hear to fall from the place that hath been anointed therewithal in the Son.  
The same put into the holes of corrupt & noughty teeth, suageth the tooth ache, but you must beware, you put not the juice upon any found tooth, or whole place, but first you must cover them with wax to preserve them from the said juice. The root of Tithymal boiled in vinegar and held in the mouth, is good for the same intent.  
The same doth also cure all roughness of the skin, manginess, lepry, wild scurf, and spreading scabs, the white scurf of the head, and it taketh away and causeth to fall of all kinds of warts, it taketh away the knobs & hardness of Fistulas, corrupt and fretting ulcers, and is good against hot swellings and Carboncles.  
It killeth fish, if it be mixed with any bait, and given them to eat.   

❀ The Danger.  
The juice, the seed, and roots of Tithymales, do work their effect with violence, and are hurtful to the nature of man, troubling the body, and overturning the stomach, burning and parching the throat, and making it rough and sore, insomuch that Galen writeth, that these herbs aught not to be ministered or taken into the body, much less the juice aught to be dealt with, but only it must be applied outwardly, and that with great discretion.   

❀ The correction or remedy.  
If one lay the bark of the roots of Tithymales, to soak or steep in vinegar by the space of a whole day, then if it be dried and made into powder, putting to it of anis of Fenell seed, gum Tragagante and Mastic, and so ministered altogether with some refreshing or cooling liquor, as of Endive, Chicory, or Oranges, it will do his operation, without great trouble or pain, and will neither chafe nor inflame the throat, nor the inward parts.    

Of Ezula. Chap. thirty.  

❀ The kinds.  
EZula is of two sorts (as Mesue says) the great and small, whereunto Dioscorides doth agreed, where as he writeth, that Pityusa is small in one place, and great in another.  

Pityusa maior. Great Ezula. Spourge Giant.   

Pityusa minor. Small Ezula. pine Spourge.    

❀ The Description  
THE great Ezula hath strait high stalks, upon that which grow great broad leaves, greater than the leaves of male Tithymale. The flowers and seed grow at the highest of the stalk, and sometimes they come forth at the sides of the stalks, like the seed of Tithymale, the root is great and thick, covered over with a thick bark.  
The small Ezula in stalks and leaves is much less, the leaves are narrow like the leaves of wild flax, the flowers and seed are like the first kind, but smaller. The roots be small covered with a smooth or fine bark. These two kinds be like the Tithymales: therefore they have been reckoned of some ancients for kinds of Tithymale (as Dioscorides writeth) and as they be now counted, and they do also yield a white sap or liquor like milk, when they be either bruised or broken, the which liquor is sharp and biting.   

¶ The Place.  
The great Ezula in some Countries groweth in woods and wilderness, and in this Country in the gardens of Herboristes'.  
The lesser groweth in rough stony places, and is found in this Country in arable fields and banks, but not everywhere.   

¶ The Time.  
These herbs do flower about Midsummer, like the Tithymales.   

❀ The Names.  
These herbs are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Pityusa: in the Arabian speech of Mesue Alscebran. in Shops Ezula, and Esula, and it should seem that this name Esula, was borrowed of Pityusa: for in leaving out the first two syllables Pity, there remains usa, whereof cometh the diminutive usula, the which is quickly turned into Ezula, or Esula.   

❀ The Nature.  
Ezula is hot and dry in the third degree, sharp, biting, and burning inwardly, of nature much like Tithymale.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The juice, seed, and root of Ezula, openeth the belly, and driveth forth tough phlegm and gross humours, also it purgeth Choleric and sharp humours like the Tithymales.  
To be short, both kinds of Ezula are in all things like to the Tithymales, in faculty and operation agreeable to all that, whereunto the others are profitable.   

❧ The Danger.  
As Ezula is like the Tithymales in nature and working, so it is of hurtful quality agreeable to the same.   

❀ The Correction.  
The evil quality of Ezula is amended, in like manner as Tithymale.    

Of Spourge. Chap. xxxi.  

❀ The Description.  
SPourge hath a brown stalk, of two foot high or more, of the bigness of one's finger. The leaves be long and narrow, like the leaves of a withie or Almond tree, the stalk breaketh abroad at the top into many other little branches, set with little round leaves, upon the same little branches groweth the triangled fruit, like the fruit of Palma Christi, but smaller, where in is contained little round seeds, the which by force of the heat of the Son, do skip out of their husks when the fruit is ripe. The root is of a woody substance and not very thick.  
All the herb with his stalks and leaves do yield a white milk like the Tithymales being bursten or hurt.   

❀ The Place.  
It is planted in many gardens of this Country.   

❀ The Time.  
It hath flowers and seed in july and August.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and in Latin Lathyris: in Shops Cataputia minor: of some, as Dioscorides says, Tithymalus: in French Espurge: in high Dutch Springkraut, Springkorner, and Treikorner: in base Almaigne Springcruyt, & in some places of Flaunders Spurgie: in English Spurge.   

❀ The Nature.  
This herb is hot and dry in the third degree, and in faculty like Tithymale.   

❀ The Virtues.  
If one take six or seven seeds of Spurge, it openeth the belly mightily, & driveth forth choler, phlegm, and waterish humours. Like virtue hath the juice, but it is of stronger operation.  
To be brief, Spurge and the juice thereof, are of faculty like to the Tithymales.  
Lathyris.   

❀ The Danger.  
Spurge is as hurtful to man's body as the Tithymales.   

❀ The Correction.  
If one take the seed of Spurge with Dates, Figs, or gum Tragagante, mastic, Annys seed, or any cooling or refreshing herb, or if one drink water straightways after the taking of the same seed, it will not stir up the inflammation of the inward parts, nor much trouble the party receiving the same, and it shall not be much hurtful to man's body.    

Of Petty Surge. Chap. xxxi.  

❀ The Description.  
WArtwurt or rather Peplos is a plant fashioned like a little tree, not much unlike the Tithymale that followeth the Son, but far smaller, growing of the height of half a span with divers branches, set full of very small leaves. The seed is small growing in triangled husks like Spurge. The root is long and somewhat threddy, all the herb is full of milk like the Tithymales.  
Bysides this there is yet found an other kind described by Hippocrates and Dioscorides, called Peplis, the which hath many round leaves like the leaves of garden Porcelain, red underneath, the seed groweth amongst the leaves, like the seed of Peplos. The root is small and very tender, this herb is also full of white liquor neither more nor less, but as the aforesaid.   

❀ The Place.  
Peplos groweth in this Country in gardens amongst pot herbs & beans, and in some places amongst vines.  
Peplos.  
Sea Wartwurt or wild Porcelayne. Peplis.  
Peplis, as Dioscorides reporteth, groweth in salt ground by the Sea side.   

¶ The Time.  
Peplos flowreth, and delivereth his seed at Midsummer, like the Tithymales.   

❀ The Names.  
Peplos is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Peplus: in Shops Ezula rotunda▪ in high Dutch Teufels' milk: in base Almaigne Duyvels Melck: in French Reveille matin des vines: in English of some Wartwurt, & Spurge time, we may call it after the Greek Peplos, or following the Dutch, devils milk, also Petty Spurge, and Spurge time.  
The other is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Peplis: Hypocrates calleth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Peplion, some call it Portulaca syluestris. Turner nameth this Sea Wartwurt.   

❀ The Nature.  
Peplos is hot and dry in the third degree, like the Tithymmales: and Peplis is of the like temperament.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The seed and juice of Peplos are both of like quality with the juice and seed of Spurge and Tithymal, and serveth to all intents and purposes, as Tithymal doth, wherefore they loose the belly, and drive forth tough phlegm, with water and choleric humours.  
This herb kept in brine and eaten, dissolveth windiness in the bowels and Matrix, and cureth the hardness of the melt.  
Of the like virtue is Peplis, as Dioscorides writeth.   

❀ The Danger and Remedy.  
This herb is also hurtful unto man, neither more nor less, but even like Spurge, and is corrected and amended in the same sort, as is declared in the former Chapter.    

Of Serapions Turbith. Chap. xxxiij.  

❀ The Description.  
THis herb hath long leaves, large, green, plain, and shining like in fashion to the leaves of wade, amongst which cometh forth a strait round stalk, of the height of a foot and a half or there about, set with the like leaves but smaller, it parteth at the top into many branches, upon the which grow fair flowers, blew before their opening, and when they are open they have within a crown of yellow, compassed about with small azured leaves, like to the flowers of Camomile in figure. After when they fade they turn into a rough or downy white seed, the which flieth away with the wind. The root is long and thick, and covered with a bark somewhat thick also.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth alongst the sea coast, where as the tide and waves do ebb and flow, in such sort, that sometimes it is covered with the Sea, and sometimes it is dry. And it is found in abundance in Zealande.   

❀ The Time.  
This herb flowreth in july and August.   

❧ The Names.  
Some call it in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Tripolium: in the Arabian speech of Serapio, Chap. C C C thirty. Turbith: but this is not the Turbith of Mesue or Avicenne. It hath no name in our vulgar speech, that I know, but that some call it blue Camomile or blue Daisies, the which name belongeth not properly unto it, seeing that it is not of the kind of Camomile or Daisies: we may very well call it, Serapio his Turbith.  

Tripolium.    

❀ The Nature.  
The nature of Tripolium is hot in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The quantity of two drams of the root of Tripolium taken with wine, driveth forth by siege watery humours: Moreover, it is very profitable for such as have the Dropsy.  
The same is very profitable mixed in medicines, that serve against poison.  
The leaves of this herb, as some writers do now affirm, have a singular virtue against all wounds, so that they heal and close them up incontinent, if the juice thereof be powered in, or if the bruised leaves be laid upon the wounds.    

Of Mesues Turbith Thapsia. Chap. xxiv.  

❀ The Description.  
THapsia, as Dioscorides writeth, is like Ferula, but his stalks be smaller, and his leaves like Fevil. The flowers be yellow growing in tuffetes like Dyll. The seed is broad, but not so broad as Ferula. The root is long and thick, black without, & white within, having a thick bark full of white liquor and sharp in taste.   

¶ The Place.  
Thapsia groweth in the isle of Thapsus by Sicilia, and it is to be found at this day upon the mount Garganus in Apulia, and in many other places of Italy.   

¶ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Thapsia, Ferulago, and Ferula syluestris: of Mesue in the Arabic tongue Turbith. And this is that Turbith which aught to be used in Shops, in the composition of such medicines, as Mesue hath described.   

❀ The Nature.  
Thapsia, but chiefly the bark of the root, is almost hot in the third degree, having thereunto adjoining a superfluous moisture, which is the cause it doth so quickly putrefy, and cannot be kept long.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The bark of the root of Thapsia, taken in quantity of a Dram or somewhat less, openeth the belly, and driveth forth clammy phlegm, and thick humours, and sometimes choleric humours. For it draweth them with it not only from the stomach (the which it doth thoroughly scour and cleanse) but also from parts far of. Moreover it is good against the shortness of breath, the stoppinges of the breast, the Cholique, and pain in the side, drawing together of sinews, the gout and grief or ache of the joints with the extreme parts.  
It is good to be laid with oil to the noughty scurf of the head, which causeth the hear to fall of, for it causeth the hear to grow again.  
The same laid to with Frankincense and wax disperseth congealed blood, and taketh away black and blue marks which come of bruises and stripes.  
The juice of the root with honey, taketh away all lentils and other spots of the face, and scurf.  
The same mingled with sulfre, dissolveth all swellings being laid upon.  
With the same root Oil and wax, men make an ointment very good against the old pain of the head, the ache in the side, and outward parts.   

❧ The Danger.  
In the gathering and drawing forth of the juice of this root, or the pith of the same, there chanceth great inflammation in the face of him that draweth it forth, and his hands will rise full of blisters. And being received into the body, it raiseth up great windiness, blastinges, turmoiling, & overturning the whole body: and being to largely taken, it hurteth the bowels and inward parts.   

❀ The Remedy.  
When one will gather the juice of Thapsia, or strip the bark of the root, he must anoint his face and naked parts with an ointment made with oil of Roses and wax.  
And when one will minister it inwardly to open the belly, he must put thereto Ginger or long Pepper, and a little Sugar, and so to give it. For prepared after this sort, it shall not be very hurtful to man's nature.    

Of Hermodactil or Mede Saffron. Chap. xxxv.  

Colchicum cum floribus. Wild Saffron with the flowers.   

Colchici folia & Semen. Wild Saffron with his leaves & seed.   

❀ The Description.  
HErmodactil hath great broad leaves like the Lily, three or four coming forth of one root, amongst which groweth the stalk about the height of a foot, bearing triangled husks like to the Marsh flague or false Acorus, but always smaller, the which being ripe do open themselves into three parts: within that is enclosed a round seed, black, and hard. The flowers grow up after the leaves and stalk are perished, upon short stems or stalks, like the flowers of Saffron. The root is round, broad above, and narrow beneath, white & sweet, covered with many coats or felmes, having by one side right in the middle as it were a cleft or parting, where as the stalk bearing the flower groweth. The root being dried becometh black.  
There is also to be seen in Shops little white round roots, the which they call Hermodactils in fashion partly like the aforesaid, but that they be more flat, and have no division in the middle, as the abovesaid, but what flowers and leaves they have, Mesue hath not left us in writing.   

❀ The Place.  
Meadow Saffron, as Dioscorides saith, groweth in Messenia, and in the isle of Colchis, whereas it took his first name. It is also found in this Country in fat meadows, and great store of it is found about Viluorde, and about Bath in England.   

❀ The Time.  
The leaves of Meadow Saffron, come forth in March and April, the feed is ripe in june, in july the leaves and stalk do perish. And in September the pleasant flowers come forth of the ground.   

❀ The Names.  
The kind of Hermodactil here figured, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: of some in Latin Agrestis Bulbus: in French Tue chien, or Mort aux chiens: in high Almaigne Zeitlosen, & Wisen Zeitlosen: in base Almaigne of the Herboristes Hermodactilen: Turner nameth it, Mede Saffron, & wild Saffron.  
The second kind which is found in Shops, is called of Paulus Aegineta, Mesue, Serapio, and certain other ancient Greek Physicians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Hermodactilus, and by this name it is known in shops.   

❀ The Nature.  
Meadow or wild Saffron is corrupt and venomous, therefore not used in medicine.  
The second Hermodactill is hot and dry in the second degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
That Hermodactil which is used in shops, driveth forth by siege slimy phlegm, drawing the same from far parts, and is very good to be used against the gout, the Sciatica, and all pains in the joints.   

❀ The Danger.  
Meadow Saffron taken into the body stirreth up knawing and fretting in all the body, as though all the body were rubbed with nettles, inflameth the stomach, and hurteth the inward parts, so that in fine it causeth bloody excrements, and within the space of one day death.  
The other Hermodactil used in Shops, stirreth up tossings, wamling, windiness and vomiting, and subverteth and overturneth the stomach.   

❀ The Remedy.  
If any man by chance have eaten of wild Saffron, the remedy is to drink a great draft of Cow milk, as master Turner hath written.  
If one put to that Hermodactill which is used in Shops, either Ginger, long Pepper, Annys seed or Coming, and a little mastic: so taken it doth not overturn the stomach, neither stirreth up windiness.    

Of Lauriel or Lowrye. Chap. xxxvi.  

❀ The Description.  
LAuriel groweth of the heigh of a foot and a half or more, it hath many tough branches which will not easily break with wresting or playing, covered with a thick rind or bark: round about the said branches, but most commonly at the top grow many leaves clustering together, thick and of a blackish colour, like in fashion to Bay leaves, but not so great, the which being chewed in the mouth, do chafe and burn the mouth, tongue, & throat exceedingly. The flowers grow upon short stems, joining and upon the leaves, well clustering together about the stalk, of a white green or hereby colour. The fruit in the beginning is green, and after being ripe, it is black almost like a Bay berry, but lesser. The root is long and of a woody substance.   

❀ The Place.  
Lauriel groweth in rough mountains, amongst wood, and is found in the Country of Liege and Namure, alongst the river Mouse, & in some places of Almaigne. It groweth also in many places of England.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth all betimes in February: the seed is ripe in May.   

❀ The Names.  
This plant is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: Daphnoides: in Shops Laureola: in French and base Almaigne Laureole: in high Almaigne Zeilandt: in English Lauriell.   

❀ The Nature.  
It is hot and dry in the third degree, drawing near to the fourth.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves of Lauriel open the belly, and purge slimy phlegm, and watery superfluities, & are good for such as have the Dropsy. Like virtue have fourteen or fifteen of the Berries taken at once for a purgation.  
Daphnoides.  
The leaves of the same held in the mouth and chewed, draw forth much water and phlegm from the brain, and put into the nose they 'cause sneezing.   

❀ The Danger.  
Lauriel doth vex and overturn the stomach very much, and inflameth, hurteth, and burneth the inward parts.   

❀ The Remedy.  
The leaves of Lauriell are corrected and made more apt to be received, in like manner as Chamelaea.    

Of Mezereon. Chap. xxxvij.  

❀ The kinds.  
MEzereon, as Avicenne, Mesue, and Serapio do writ, is of two sorts, whereof one hath broad leaves, the other narrow. And is set forth by the Ancient Greek Physicians under these two names Chamelaea, and Thymelaea.   

❀ The Description.  
CHamelaea is but a low plant, about the height of a foot and a half, or two foot. The stalks be of a woody substance, full of branches: the leaves be long, narrow and blackish, much like the leaves of the olive tree, but smaller. At the highest of the stalks grow little pale or yellowish flowers, and afterward the threecornered fruit, like the Tithymales and Spourge, green at the beginning, and red when it is ripe: after, blackish or brown when it is dry: 
Chamelaea. Wydowayle.  
Thymelaea.  whereof each seed is round almost like a Pepper corn, hard and bitter in the beginning, and after hot burning the mouth.  
Thymelea hath many small springs or branches of the length of a cubit, or a cubit and a half, the leaves are small, lesser and narrower than the leaves of Chamelea, and thicker. The flowers be small and white, growing at the top of the springs or twigs. The fruit is green at the beginning and after read like the Haw, or white thorn fruit, having within it a white kernel covered with a little black skin, very hot, and burning the tongue. These two plants do never loose their leaves, but are always green, both in winter and summer.   

❀ The Place.  
These plants do grow in rough untoiled places, about high ways, and are found in some places of France as in Languedoc, and about Mompelier, great store and abundance.   

❀ The Time.  
Chamelea flowreth at the beginning of summer, & yieldeth his seed in Autumn Thymelea flowreth also in summer, and his fruit is ripe in August.   

❀ The Names.  
The Arabian Physicians do call both these plants by the name of Mezereon, and some call it Rapiens vitam, Et faciens Viduas.  
The first kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Chamelaea, Oleago, Oleastellus, of some Citocacium, and it may be well called Chamelaea tricoccoes, to put a difference betwixt it and Chamelęa Germanica.  
The second kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Thymelaea: of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Cneoron, Cestron, & also Chamelaea: in the Assyrian speech Apolinum, they are both unknown in the Shops of this Country.  
The seed of Thymelaea, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Granun Gnidium: unknown also in Shops: for in steed thereof the Apothecaries of this Country do use the seed of common Mezereon, of the which we will speak in the Chapter following. And others take another black round seed or fruit, named Cuculus Indus, the which name should seem to come of Coccus Gnidius.   

❧ The Nature.  
Both kinds of these herbs are hot & dry in the third degree, drawing very near to the fourth degree: they be very hot and sharp, making great heat in the throat when one doth chew thereon.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves of these two kinds of Mezereon purge downward with great force and violence, phlegm and Choleric humours, especially heavy waterish humours, also they prevail much against the Dropsy, if it be ministered with good judgement and discretion.  
To the same purpose serveth the seed of Thymelaea, when one doth take the pulp of twenty grains.  
The leaves of Chamelaea pound with honey, doth mundify & cleanse corrupt ulcers.   

❀ The Danger.  
The quality of these herbs approacheth very near to the nature of venom, being divers ways very evil and hurtful to mankind. It bringeth great hurt to the stomach, the liver, & to all the noble and principal parts of man, chase, hurting, and searching, causing ulcers in the entrails, and in fine purging the belly until bleeding.   

❀ The Remedy.  
The green leaves of Chamelaea must be stieped a day and a night in good strong vinegar, then dried and kept to occupy. If first you lay to soak in the said vinegar, Quinces, or the seed of Barberies, it shallbe the more apt for to prepare the said leaves of Chamelaea. And when you will occupy of your leaves so prepared you must make them into powder, and give it with Annys seed and mastic, or you must boil them in whey of sweet milk, & specially of goats milk, or in the broth of a Capon, and then minister the said whey or broth.    

Of Douch Mezereon. Chap. xxxviij.  

❀ The Description.  
THat Mezereon, the which is called in Dutch Seidelbast, is a little shrub, or tree of three or four foot high, with short branches which will not easily break, upon the same are long leaves like Privet, but whiter and tenderer. The flowers grow alongst the branches of a purple colour and sweet savour, after which cometh the berries, which are first green, and read when they be ripe: after when they be dry, they become black and wrinkled: and are like hempseed when one hath taken from them their withered Skin, but they are little rounder, and bigger. And when they be chewed, they are found very hot and strongly burning in the mouth and throat. The which the seed only doth not, but also the leaves, bark, and root.   

❀ The Place.  
Mezereon groweth in divers places of Almaigne in moist dark woods, and in rough untoiled places.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth bytime in February and March, before it beareth leaves, and the fruit becometh read and ripe in August and September.   

❧ The Names.  
This plant is called in Shops of Almaigne Mezereon, of some Piper montanun, and at hath been taken a long time for the right Chamelea, wherefore it may be well called Chamelęa Germanica, in high Douch Scidelbast, Leuzkraut, and Ketterhals: in base Almaigne Zeelbast, & most commonly Mezereon.  
The seed of this plant is wrongfully taken of the Apothecaries of this Country for Coccos Gnidios, & is called of the common people Dronkaerts besiekens, that is to say, Drunkards berries, because that after one hath eaten of these berries, he cannot easily swallow or get down drink.   

¶ The Nature.  
The leaves, bark, root, & fruit of this plant, are hot & dry, almost in the fourth degree, and of quality like the root of Thymelea.  

Camelaea Germanica.    

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves of Mezereon do purge downwards with violence & might, both phlegm and choleric humours. Likewise it purgeth waterish humours, and men do use it in the Shops of this Country, in steed of the leaves of Chamelea.  
Like virtue have the berries, the which being chewed, do leave in the throat such a heat and burning, that it may hardly be quenched by means of drink.   

❧ The Danger.  
This plant is without doubt hurtful unto the body, because it is very hot, and of strong and vehement working, wherefore it doth hurt and grieve the inward parts.   

❀ The Remedy.  
The leaves of this Mezereon are prepared even as the leaves of Chamelaea, and in like manner aught the fruit and bark to be ordered, when one will give them to be taken with any medicine.    

Of Stavisaker. Chap. xxxix.  

❀ The Description.  
STaphis-acre hath strait stalks of a brown colour, with leaves cloven or cut into five, six, or seven cliffs, almost like the leaves of the wild vine. The flowers grow upon short stems of a fair blue of sky colour, parted into five or six little leaves: when they are go there cometh up close husks, wherein is contained a triangled seed, black, sharp, and burning the mouth, the root is of a woody substance, and single.   

❀ The Place.  
The Herboristes of this Country do sow it in their gardens, and it groweth prosperously in shadowy places.   

❀ The Time.  
Staphis-acre flowreth at Midsummer.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Herba pedicularis, or Pituitaria, of some in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is to say, Lousebane, or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in shops Staphis agria: in French Staphisaigre, or Herb aux povilleux: in high Dutch Leuszkraut, and Speichelkraut: in base Almaigne Luyscruyt, and the seed made into powder Luysepouder, that is to say, Lousepowder.   

¶ The Nature.  
Staphisacre, especially the seed, is hot almost in the fourth degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Fifteen seeds of Staphisacre taken with honeyed water, will 'cause one to vomit gross phlegm and slimy matter, with violence.  
The seed of Stafisacre mingled with oil driveth away lise from the head and from all other places of the body, and cureth all scurvy itch, and mangines.  
Staphisagria.  
The same boiled in vinegar and held in the mouth, suageth tooth ache.  
The same chwed in the mouth, draweth forth much moisture from the head, and mundifieth the brain.  
The same tempered with vinegar, is good to rub upon lousy apparel, to kill and drive away lise.   

❀ The Danger.  
The seed of Stafisaker to be taken inwardly, is very hurtful to nature, for it chafeth and inflameth all inward parts, and overturneth the stomach, if one hold it in his mouth, it causeth inflammation in the mouth and throat: wherefore one aught not rashly to use this seed, except it be given outwardly.   

❀ The Remedy.  
Before you occupy the seed of Stafisakre, you must stipe it in vinegar and dry it, and when it is dry, you may give it to drink with Meade or watered honey. Meade is honey and water boiled together, and whosoever hath received of this seed, must walk without staying, and should drink Hidromel very often, when he feeleth any kind of choking, and in this doing it shall perform his operation without any great danger.    

Of the wild spirting Eueumbre. Chap. xl.  

❀ The Description.  
Wild Cucumbre hath leaves somewhat round and rough, but lesser and rougher than the leaves of common Cucumber. The stalks be round and rough, creeping alongst the ground without any claspers or holder's, upon which out of the hollowness of the collateral branches or wings, amongst the leaves grow short stems bearing a flower of a faint yellow colour, after the flowers there cometh little rough Cucumbers of the bigness & length of one's thumb, full of sap with a brown kernel, the which being ripe, skippeth forth assoon as one touch the Cucumbers. The root is white, thick, and great, with many other small roots hanging by. All the herb is of a very bitter taste, but especially the fruit, whereof men use to gather the juice and dry it, the which is used in medicine.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb is found in the gardens of Herboristes of this Country: and where as it hath been once sown, it cometh easily again every year.   

❀ The Time.  
These Cucumbers do flower in August, & their seed is ripe in September.   

❀ The Names.  
This Cucumber is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Cucumis Agrestis, syluestris, & erraticus: of some Cucumis anguinus: in shops Cucumis asininus: in English Wild Cucumbre: in French Concombre sauvage: in high Dutch Wild cucumber, or Esels cucumber: in base Almaigne Wild Concommerens, or Esels Concommerens: in English Wild Cucumber, or leaping Cucumber.  
Cucumissyluestris.  
The juice of the root being dry, is called Elaterium: in shops Elacterium.   

❀ The Nature.  
The juice of wild Cucumbre is hot and dry in the second degree, and of a resolving and cleansing nature. The root is of the same working, but not so strong as the juice.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Elaterium (which is the juice of wild Cucumbers dried) taken in quantity of half a scruple, driveth forth by siege gross phlegm, choleric, and especially waterish humours. Moreover it is good against the Dropsy, and for them that be troubled with shortness of breath.  
The same delayed with sweet milk, and powered into the nose, putteth away from the eyes the evil colour which remaineth after the jaundice, suageth headache and cleanseth the brain.  
The same put into the place of conception sodden with honeyed wine, helpeth women to their natural sickness, and delivereth the dead child.  
Elaterium laid to outwardly with old Oil, or honey, or with the gall of an Ox, or Bull, heals the Squinancy, and the swellings in the throat.  
The juice of the bark and root of wild Cucumber, doth also purge phlegm, and choleric, and waterish humours, & is good for such as have the Dropsy, but not of so strong operation as Elaterium.  
The root of wild Cucumber made soft or soaked in vinegar and laid to, suageth the pain, and taketh away the swelling of the gout. The vinegar wherein it hath been boiled, held in the mouth, suageth the tooth ache.  
The same laid to with parched barley meal, dissolveth cold tumours, and laid to with Turpentine, it breaketh and openeth impostemes.  
The same made into powder, and laid to with honey, cleanseth, scoureth, and taketh away foul scuruines, spreading tetters, manginess, bushes or weals, read spots, and all other blemishes, and scars of man's body.  
The juice of the leaves dropped into the ears, taketh away the pain of the same.   

❧ The Danger.  
Elaterium taken into the body, hurteth the inward parts, and openeth the small veins, provoketh gripinges and torments in the belly in doing his operation.   

❀ The Remedy.  
To 'cause that it shall do no hurt, it must be given with Mede, or with sweet milk, a little salt and Annys seed, or give it in powder with gum Tragagante, a little Annys seed and salt.    

Of Coloquintiba. Chap. xli.  

❀ The Description.  
COloquintida creepeth with his branches alongst by the ground, with rough hairy leaves of a grayish colour, much cloven or cut almost like the leaves of the Citron Cucumber. The flowers are bleak or pale. The fruit round, of a green colour at the beginning, and after yellow, the bark thereof is neither thick nor hard, the inner part or pulp, is open & spongy, full of grey seed, in taste very bitter, the which men dry & keep to use in medicine.  
There is yet found another kind of Coloquintiba, nothing like the first: for this hath long rough stalks, mounting somewhat high, and taking hold with his claspers everywhere, like Gourds. The leaves be like the leaves of wild Cucumber. The fruit in all things is like the gourd, but far smaller, only of the quantity of a pear. These wild Gourds have a very hard upper bark, or pill of a woody substance & green, the inside is full of juice, and of a very bitter taste.  
Colocynthis.   

❀ The Place.  
The first kind groweth in Italy and Spain, from which places the dried fruit is brought unto us.  
The second kind we have sometime seen in the gardens of certain Herboristes.   

❀ The Time.  
Coloquintida bringeth forth his fruit in September.  
Coloquintida is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Colocynthis of Paulus Aegineta Sicyonia: in shops Coloquintida: in Dutch Coloquint opffelin, and Coloquint apple.  
The second kind may be called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Cucurbita syluestris: in French Courge sauvage: in Douch Wild Cauwoorden, for this is a kind of the right gourd.   

❧ The Nature.  
Coloquintida is hot and dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The white and inward pith or poulpe of Coloquintida, taken about the weight of a scruple, openeth the belly mightily, and purgeth gross flemes, and choleric humours, and the slimy filthiness, and stinking corruption or scrapinges of the guts, yea sometimes it causeth blood to come forth, if it be taken in to great quantity.  
Like virtue it hath, if it be boiled, or laid to soak in honeyed water or any other liquor, and after given to be drunken: it profiteth much against all cold dangerous sicknesses, as the Ipoplerie, falling sickness, giddiness of the head, pain to fetch breath, the cholique, looseness of the sinews, and places out of joint.  
For the same purposes, it may be put into Clysters and Suppositories, that are put into the fundament.  
The Oil wherein Coloquintida hath been boiled, or which hath been boiled in the Coloquintida, dropped into the ears, taketh away the noise and singing of the same.   

❧ The Danger.  
Coloquintida is exceeding hurtful to the heart, the stomach and liver, and troubleth and hurteth the bowels, and other parts of the entrails.   

❀ The Remedy.  
You must put to the pulp or pith of Coloquintida gum Tragan●and Mastic, and after make it into trochisques or balls with honey: for of this they use to make medicine.    

Of Gratia Dei. Chap. xlij.  

❀ The Description.  
CRatiola is a low herb, about a span long, something like to common hyssop, with many square stalks or branches, the leaves are somewhat large, broader than the leaves of hyssop, and longer than the leaves of the lesser centaury. The flowers grow betwixt the leaves upon short stems, of a white colour mixed with a little blue. All the herb in taste is bitter, almost like the lesser centaury.   

¶ The Place.  
This herb delighteth to grow in low and moist places, and is found in meadows: in this Country the Herboristes do plant it in their gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
This herb is in flower in july and August.   

¶ The Names.  
This herb is called of men in these days in Latin Gratiola, and of some also Gratia Dei, that is to say, the grace of God: and Limnesion: in Italian Stanca cavallo: and to the eye it showeth to be a kind of Centaurium minus, and therefore of some it is called Centauris.   

¶ The Nature.  
Gratiola without doubt is of nature hot and dry, and in deed it is more dry than hot, in quality very like unto the less century.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Gratiola boiled and drunk, or eaten with any kind of meat, openeth the belly freely, & causeth one to scour much, & by that means it purgeth gross flemes, and choleric humours.  
The same dried and made into powder, & strewed upon wounds, doth heal and make sound them that are new or green, and cleanseth the old and rotten wounds. And therefore it is very necessarily put into Oils & Ointments that are made to cleanse and heal wounds.  
Gratiola.    

Of Sene. Chap. xliij.  

❀ The Description.  
SEna is but a little low plant, with small tender branches, the leaves are soft and tender, and somewhat round or hooked, not much differing from the leaves of Fenugrek. The flowers be of a pale or faint yellow colour: the which fallen or faded away, there cometh small cods or husks flat and crooked, having a flat seed, and somewhat brown.   

❀ The Place.  
Sena groweth in Alexandria, and in many places of Italy and Provence, but the best is that of Alexandria.   

❀ The Time.  
Men do sow it in the spring time, it flowreth at Midsummer, and bringeth forth his cods, suddenly after men gather and dry it.   

❀ The Names.  
Sena is called of Actuarius in Greek, and of the Arabian Physicians in their 
Sena.  language Sena: and by that name it is known of the Apothecaries in France, Flaunders, and England.   

❧ The Nature.  
The cods and leaves of Sena are hot in the second degree, and dry in the first.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The cods and leaves of Sena taken in the quantity of a Dram, do loose and purge the belly, scour away phlegm and choler, especially black choler and Melancholy.  
For the same purpose men give it to drink with the broth of a chicken, or with Perrie made of Pease, or some other like liquor.  
The leaves of Sena taken in this sort, are good for people that are given to be sad, and pensive, heavy, dull, and fearful, and that are suddenly afraid for little or nothing. They are good to be given to all melancholic people, and which are subject to the falling sickness. Also they are good against all stoppinges of the liver, the spleen, against the pains of the head, the scurf, manginess, itch, and lepry. In few words, the purgation made with the leaves of Sena, is good against all diseases springing of melancholic, adust, and salt humours.   

❀ The Choice.  
The cods after the opinion of Mesn●● are best to be used in medicine, and next the leaves, but the stalks and bran●…s are unprofitable.   

❧ The Danger.  
Sena provoketh windiness, and gripinges in the belly, & is of a very slack operation.   

❀ The Correction or Remedy ..  
You must put to Sena Annys seed, Ginger, and some Sal Gem. Or you must boil it with Annys seed, Raisins, and a little Ginger: for being so prepared and dressed, it maketh his operation quickly, and without any greet. H. Fuchins lib. primo, De Compos. medic. biddeth in the correction of Sena, to use Mastic and Cloves. Cynamome is excellent for the same purpose, as you may see in Matthiolus upon Dioscorides.    

Of Elder or Gourtre. Chap. xliiij.  

❀ The kinds.  
Such as do travel at this day in the knowledge of Simples, do find that there be two kinds of Elder: whereof one is very common & well known. The other is geason, and not very well known, and therefore it is called Wild or strange Elder.   

❀ The Description.  
THE common Elder doth oftentimes grow to the height of a tree, having a great trunk or body, strong, and of a woody substance, from whence grow forth many long branches or springs very strait, and full of joints, hollow within, and full of white soft pith, and covered without, or outwardly with a grey or aishcolour bark, under the which is also another bark or rind, which is named the median or middle bark or pill: from every knot or joint grow two leaves of a dark green colour, and strong savour, and parted or divided into divers other small leaves, whereof every leaf is a little snipt or jagged round about. At the highest of the branches grow white flowers, clustering together in tuftes, like flowers of Parsenep. And when those flowers be fallen, there come little pretty round berries, first green, and after black, out of the which they wring a red juice, or winelike liquor. In the said berries is contained the seed which is small and flat.  
Of this kind of Elder, there is yet found another sort, the berries whereof are white turning towards yellow, in all things else like to the other: & this kind is strange, and but seldom seen.  
The second kind, that is to say, the wild Elder is like to the first kind, in springs & knotty branches, full of white pith or substance, also in the savour of the leaf. But it differeth much in flowers and fruit: for the flowers of this wild kind do not grow in flat & broad tuftes like the flowers of the first common elder, but clustering together like the flowers of Meadow sweet or Medewort, or rather like the flowers of Privet. And when the flowers of changeable colour betwixt yellow and white, are fallen of: the berries grow after the same fashion, clustering together almost like a cluster of grapes. They be round and read, of a noughty and strange sent, or savour.  
Sambucus.   

❀ The Place.  
The common Elder is found growing abundantly in the Country, about hedges, and it loveth shadow and moist places.  
The wild and strange kind of Elder, doth grow likewise in dark and moist places, but it is very seldom seen or found.   

❀ The Time.  
The common Elder flowreth in May or somewhat after.  
The wild flowreth in April: and the fruit of them both is ripe in September.   

❀ The Names.  
The common Elder is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin and in the Apotecaries shops Sambucus: in French Suyn, or Hus: in high Douch Holder: in base Almaigne Vlier.  
The wild is now called Sambucus syluestris, and Sambucus ceruinus: in high Dutch Waldt Holder: in base Almaigne Wild Vlier.   

❀ The Nature.  
Common Elder is hot and dry in the third degree, especially in the bark, the leaves, and young buds.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves and tender crops of common Elder, taken in some broth or pottage, doth open the belly, purging by the same both slimy phlegm, and choleric humours.  
The green median bark of the branches of Elder, do not much vary from the leaves and tender crops, but that it is of a stronger operation, purging the said humours with pain and violence.  
The seeds, especially the little flat seed, dried, is profitable for such as have the Dropsy, and for such as are to fat, and would fain be leaner, if it be taken in the morning the quantity of a Dram with wine, so that diet be used for a certain space.  
The green leaves pound, are very good to be laid upon hot swellings and tumours, and being laid to plasterwise, with Dearesuet, or Bulls tallow, they assuage the pain of the gout.  
The nature and virtues of the wild elder, are as yet unknown.   

❧ The Danger.  
Elder of his own nature is very evil for man, for it stirreth up a great desire to vomit with great tossing and troubles to the stomach, in the bowels, and belly. It maketh all the body weak and feeble, and wastes the strength and health of the liver.    

Of Walwort/ or Dane wort. Chap. xlv.  

❀ The Description.  
ALbeit Walwort is no tree, norplant of a woody substance, but an herb that springeth up, every year a new from his root: yet notwithstanding it liketh us best in this place to set out his description, not only because he is like unto Elder, but also, because the ancients have always set and described Elder & Walwort together, the which I thought good to imitate in this matter. Therefore Walwort is no woody plant, but an herb having long stalks, great, strait, and cornered, parted by knots, and joints, as the branches of Elder, upon which groweth the leaves of a dark green colour, parted into divers other leaves, much like to the leaves of Elder, both in figure and smell. At the highest of the stalks, it bringeth forth his flowers in tuftes, and afterward it hath seed and berries like Elder. The root is as big as a man's finger, of a reasonable good length, fit to be used in medicine then the root of Elder, the which is hard, and therefore not so fit as Walwort.  

Ebulus.    

❀ The Place.  
Walwort groweth in places untoyled, near unto high ways, and sometimes in the fields, specially there where as is any moisture or good ground and fruitful.   

❀ The Place.  
bryony or the white Find do grow in most places of this Country in the fields, wrapping itself, and creeping about hedges and ditches.  
The herb which is taken for the black bryony, is found in certain woods, on the hanging of hills, in good ground, as in the Country of Fauquemont, and round about Coloygne, whereas of some it is accounted for a kind of Naplus, whereunto it hath no kind of likeness.   

❀ The Time.  
White bryony beginneth to flower in May, and the fruit is ripe in September.   

❀ The Names.  
White bryony is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Vitis alba: in the Arabian tongue Alphesera, of Mattheus Syluaticus, Viticella: in Shops Bryonia: in French Couleureé blanch: in high Almaigne Stichwurtz, and Hounds kurbs: in base Almaigne bryony.  
The other black kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Vitis nigra, and Bryonia nigra, of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is, Chironia vitis. And it may be well called in French Couleureé noire: in high Dutch Schwartz Stickwurtz: in base Almaigne Swerte bryony.  
The herb, which some think to be the black bryony, is called of some Christophariana, and of others Costus niger, albeit it is nothing like the right Costus.   

❀ The Nature.  
The root of white bryony is hot and dry, even unto the third degree.  
The black bryony is of the same complexion, but not altogether so strong.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of white bryony, especially the juice thereof doth mightily provoke to the stool, causing tough flemes to come forth, and provoking urine, and is very good to mundify and cleanse the brain, the breast, & inward parts from flemes, gross and slimy humours.  
The root of bryony taken daily the quantity of a dram by the space of one whole year, heals the falling evil.  
It doth also help them that are troubled with the Apoplerie, & turnings or swimminge of the head. Moreover men do with great profit mingle it in medicines which they make against the bitings of Serpents.  
The quantity of half a dram of the root of bryony, drunken with vinegar, by the space of thirty days, heals the Melt or Spleen that is waxed hard and stopped. It is good for the same intent, if it be pound with figs, and laid outwardly upon the place of the Spleen.  
Of the same they make an Electuary with honey, the which is very good for them that are short breathed, and which are troubled with an old cough, and with pain in the sides, and for them that are hurt and bursten inwardly, for it dissolveth and dispatcheth congealed blood.  
Being ministered below in a Pessari or Mother suppository, it moveth women's flowers, and delivereth the secundine, and the dead child.  
The like virtue hath a bath made of the Decoction thereof: bysides that it purgeth and cleanseth the Matrix or Mother from all filthy uncleanness, if they do sit over it.  
The same pound with salt, is good to be laid upon noughty spreading sores, that do fret, and are corrupt and running, especially about the legs.  
And the leans and fruit are as profitable for the same intent, if it be laid to in like manner.  
It cleanseth the skin, and taketh away the shriveled wrinkles, & freckles made with the Son, and all kinds of spots and scars: if it be mingled with the meal of Orobus, and Fenugrec. So doth the oil wherein the root of bryony hath been boiled.  
The same pound & mingled with wine, dissolveth the blood that is astoned or fixed, it dispatcheth all scars, and blue marks of bruised places, and dissolveth new swellings, it bringeth to ripeness and breaketh old Apostemes. It draweth forth splinters and broken bones, and appeaseth noughty ulcers and agnailes, that grow up about the roots of the nails,  
The fruit of bryony is good against the itch, lepry, or noughty scab.  
The first springs or sprutinges are very good to be eaten in Salade, for the stomach: they do also open the belly and provoke urine.  
The root of black bryony is as good for all the grieves abovesaid, as the white bryony, but not so strong: yet it prevaileth much against the falling evil, and the giddiness or turnings of the head, to provoke urine, the natural sickness of women, to waste and open the Spleen or Melt that is swollen or stopped.  
The tender springs of this kind of bryony, are also very good to be eaten in Salade, for to purge watery superfluities, and for to open the belly, neither more nor less than the white bryony.   

❀ The Danger.  
The root of bryony by his violence doth trouble & overturn the stomach, and other of the inner parts. Moreover the same with his leaves, fruit, stalks, and roots, is altogether contrary and evil to women with child, whether it be prepared or not, or whether it be mingled with other medicines: insomuch that one cannot give of the said root, or any other medicine compounded of the same, without great danger and peril.   

❀ The Correction.  
The malice or noughty quality thereof is taken away, by putting thereto Mastic, Ginger, Cinamome, and to take it with honey, or with the decoction of Raisins.    

Of the wild Vine/ Brionie/ or Our Zadies' Seal. Chap. xlvij.  

❀ The Description.  
OUR Lady's Seal hath long branches, flexible, of a woodish substance, covered with a gaping or cloven bark, growing very high, and winding about trees and hedges, like the branches of the Vine. The leaves are like the leaves of Morello or garden Night shade, but much greater, not much varying from the leaves of the greater Wythie wind or bindweed: the flowers be white, small, and mossy, after the fading of which flowers, the fruit cometh clustering together like little grapes or Raisins, read when it is ripe, hanging within three or four kernels or seeds. The root is very great and thick, and sometimes parted or divided at the end, into three or four parts, of a brownish colour without, and white within, and clammy like the root of comfery.   

❀ The Place.  
In this Country, this herb groweth in low and moist woods, that are shadowed and watery.   

¶ The Time.  
It flowreth in may and june, and the fruit is ripe in September.   

❀ The Names.  
It is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Vitis syluestris, that is to say, the Wild Vine, yet this is not that kind of wild Vine, the which men call Labrusca, for that resembleth altogether the garden and manured Vine, but this (as is aforesaid) is a plant or herb of the kinds of bryony, the which is also called in Greek Ampelos, that is to say, a vine, because that it groweth high, winding itself about trees & hedges like the vine. And of this I have thought good to give warning, jest any hereafter happen to fall into error, with Avicen, Serapion, & other of the Arabian Physicians, thinking that Labrusca and Vitis syluestris, should be any other than one self plant. Columel calleth this plant Tamus. by following, of whom Pliny called the fruit Vua Taminea, & this plant is called in some places Salicastrum. It is called in Shops of some Apothecaries Sigillum beatae Marię, that is to say, the Seal or Signet of our Lady: in Italian Tamato: it may be called in French Couleuree sauvage: in Dutch Wild bryony, because it is a kind of bryony, as a difference from the right wild Vine.  
Vitis syluestris.  
Some take this herb for Cyclaminus altera, but their opinion may be easily reproved, and found false, because this herb hath a very great root, and as Dioscorides writeth, Cyclaminus altera hath an unprofitable and vain root. that is to say, very small and of no substance.   

❀ The Nature.  
Wild bryony is hot and dry, good to mundify, purge, and dissolve.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of this herb boiled in water & wine, tempered with a little Sea water and drunk, purgeth downward watery humours, and is very good for such as have the Dropsy.  
The fruit of this plant dissolveth all congealed blood, and putteth away the marks of black and blue stripes that remain after beatinges or bruises, freckles, and other spots of the skin.  
Like virtue hath the root, if it be scraped or grated very small, and afterward laid upon with a clot as aplayster, as we ourselves have proved by experience.  
The new springs at their first coming up, are also good to be eaten in Salad, as the other two kinds of bryony are.    

Of Clematis altera. Chap. xlviij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
OF this kind of plant or Withywinde, the which for a difference from Perevincle (which is named Clematis in Latin) and therefore men call this kind Clematis altera, there be found two kinds, over and bysides that plant which is now called in Latin Vitalba, and in French Viorne, the which some do also judge to be a kind of Clematis altera.  

Clematisaltera. Biting Perevincle.   

Clematis alterius altera species. Bush Perevincle.    

❀ The Description.  
THE first kind which is the right Clematis altera, hath small branches, flexible, and tender, by the which it standeth and climbeth up. The leaves be long & large, growing three or four together, very sharp and biting the tongue. The little flowers be white. The root is little and small, and full of hairy threddes or strings.  
The second kind is much like to the aforesaid in branches & leaves, saving that his leaves be greater, & his stalks or branches stronger, and in growing it is higher. The flowers are large & parted in four leaves, fashioned like a cross, of a blue or purple colour, and nothing like the flowers of the other.  
Vitalba, or as the French men term it Viorne, which some take for Clematis altera, hath long branches full of joints, easy to ploy, bigger, longer, & thicker than the branches of the aforesaid, not much differing from the branches of the vine, by the which it climbeth upon, and about trees and hedges: upon the said branches grow the leaves, which for the most part are made and do consist of five leaves: whereof each leaf is of a reasonable breadth, and not much unlike to the leaves of ivy, but smaller. The flowers do grow as it were by tuftes, and many together, of a white colour, and well smelling, after which flowers past, cometh the seed which is small and somewhat brown, bearing small, crooked, and downy stems: the root is very full of small strings, or hairy threddes.   

❀ The Place.  
Clematis altera, is a strange herb, and not found in this Country, except in the gardens of some Herboristes.  
The second is also a stranger in this Country, but in England it groweth abundantly about the hedges, in the borders of fields, & alongst by high ways sides.  
Vitalba is common in this Country, and is to be found in woods, hedges, and about the borders of fields.   

❀ The Time.  
The two first kinds do flower in this Country very late, in August and September.  
Vitalba Viorne, or Wild Vine.  
But Vitalba flowreth in june.   

❀ The Names.  
The first is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latin Clematis altera, Ambuxum, Epigetis, and of some of our time Flammula.  
The second is also accounted to be Clematis altera, because of the likeness it hath with the other, albeit his leaves do not much bite upon the tongue.  
The third is now called Vitalba: in French Viorne: in high Douch Lijnen or Lenen, and of some Waldreben. Some learned men take this herb for a kind of Clematis altera, although his leaves likewise have no very great biting sharpness, upon the tongue. Wherefore it should be rather judged of me, to be more like the herb which men call in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Cyclaminus altera, of some Cissanthemon, and Ciffophilon, whereof we have written before in the eleventh Chapter of this third book.   

❧ The Nature.  
The leaves of Clematis altera, are hot in the beginning of the fourth degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The seed of Clematis altera, taken with water, or Mede made with water and honey, purgeth downward choleric humours, with gross and tough phlegm, as saith Dioscorides.  
The leaves being laid upon, doth take away, and heal the scurf and lepry.  
The fruit of Cyclaminus altera, drunken with white wine forty days together, doth heal the stoppinges and hardness of the Melt or Spleen, purging the same both by siege, and urine. And is profitable for them that are short winded, to be taken into the body.    

Of ivy. Chap. xlix.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be three kinds of ivy, as Dioscorides writeth. The first hath a white fruit and is unknown unto us. The second beareth a black or yellowish fruit, and of this kind there groweth great plenty in this Country. The third kind is small, and creepeth along upon the ground, and this kind bringeth no fruit.  

Hedera nigra. Black ivy.   

Hedera Helix. Small ivy. Barren ivy.    

❀ The Description.  
THE black ivy hath hard woody branches, covered with a grey thick bark, whereby it embraceth and taketh hold upon walls, old houses, and buildings, also about trees and hedges, and all things else that it meeteth withal. The leaves be hard & plain, of a brown green colour, triangled at the beginning, and after when they be more elder, they wax something rounder. The flowers grow at the top or highest part of the branches, upon long strait stems, many together, like a round nosegay, of a pale colour: after they turn into round berries, about the quantity of a pease, clustering together, green at the beginning, but afterward when they be ripe, they wax black.  
The third kind is not much unlike the ivy abovesaid, but that his branches are both smaller and tenderer, not lifting or bearing itself upward (as the other kind) but creeping alongst by the ground. The leaves are most commonly three square, of a blackish green, and at the end of summer about Autumn, they are betwixt brown and read upon one side: this ivy hath neither flowers nor fruit.   

¶ The Place.  
The black ivy groweth in all parts of this Country, upon old buildings, houses, walls, tiles, or coverings of houses, and upon trees and hedges, about the which it embraceth, and taketh hold fast.  
The small ivy groweth in woods, and creepeth alongst the ground, amongst the moss.   

❀ The Time.  
The black ivy flowreth in summer, and the fruit is ripe in winter.   

❀ The Names.  
ivy is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Hedera: in high Dutch Ephew, or Eppich: in base Almaigne Veil.  
The first kind, which is unto us unknown, is called Hedera alba, and of Pliny Hedera foemina.  
The second kind is called Hedera nigra, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Dionysia, of Pliny Hedera mas, and that kind which embraceth trees, is called (of men in these days) Hedera arborea, and that which groweth upon walls, Hedera muralis: in French Lyarre noir: in high Douch Schwartzer Eppich, and Maur Ephew, or Baum Ephew: in base Almaigne Veil; and Boom Veil, or Muer Veil.  
The third kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Clavicula, and Hederula: in French Petit Lyarre: in high Douthe Klein Ephew: in base Almaigne Cleyne Veil.   

❀ The cause of the Name.  
ivy is called in Greek Cissos, because of a certain Maiden or Damsel, whose name was Cissus, the which at a feast or banquet (whereunto the Gods were all bidden) so danced before Bacchus, and kissed him often, making such mirth and joy, that being overcome with the same fell to the ground, and killed herself. But as soon as the earth known thereof, she brought forth immediately the ivy bush, bearing still the name of the young Damsel Cissus, the which as soon as it groweth up a little, cometh to embrace the Vine, in remembrance that the damosel Cissus was wont so to love and embrace Bacchus the God of wine.   

❀ The Nature.  
The ivy is partly cold, dry, and astringent, and partly hot and sharp. Moreover being green, it hath a certain superfluous moistness and humidity, the which vanisheth when it is dry.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves of ivy boiled in wine, do cure great wounds and ulcers, and do stay corrupt ulcers, and fretting sores.  
The same ordered as is aforesaid, & well stamped or pound, & laid to, heals burnings and scaldings, that chance either by hot water or fire.  
The same boiled in vinegar, health the hardness and stopping of the melt or spleen, if it be laid thereupon.  
The juice of the leaves and fruit drawn, or snift up into the nose, purgeth the brain, and causeth slimy or tough phlegm, and other cold humours, wherewithal the brain is charged, to issue forth.  
The same put into the ears, stayeth the running humours of the same, and heals ulcers, and the corrupt sores happening in the same, and it doth the like to the sores and ulcers in the nose.  
The same laid to by itself, or with oil of roses, is very profitable against the old grieves of the head.  
The flowers of ivy laid to, in manner of a plaster with oil and wax, heals all burnings.  
The decoction of the same flowers made in wine, and drunk twice a day, heals the dangerous flux called dysentery.  
Five ivy berries boiled with oil of roses in the pill of a Pomgarnet: This oil doth cure and help the toothache, being put into the ear, on the contrary side where the pain of the teeth is.  
The gum of ivy killeth. Lice and Nittes. And being laid to, it taketh away hear from the place you lay it upon.   

❧ The Danger.  
The fruit of ivy taken in to great a quantity, weakeneth the heart, and troubleth the sense and understanding. The use thereof is also very dangerous for women, especially for women with child, and such as are newly delivered.    

Of ground ivy. Chap. l.  

❀ The Description.  
Ground ivy hath many square tender stalks growing forth from a root full of threddes or strings, upon which grow leaves somewhat round, uneven, and indented round about, of a strong smell and bitter taste, smaller, rounder, and tenderer than the leaves of ivy. The flowers do grow amongst the leaves, in taste bitter, and of a purple colour.   

❀ The Place.  
Ground ivy is very common in all this Country, and groweth in many gardens, and shadowy moist places.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth from April, unto the end of summer, and continueth green the most part of all the year.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called of men in these days, in Latin Hedera terrestris, and Corona terrae: and by this name it is known of the Apothecaries. It is called in French Lyarre, or Lierre terrestre: in high Dutch Gundelreb, and Grundreb: in base Almaigne Onderhave. And this herb hath been long time taken, for that, which is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Chamaecissus, but as I do think, it is better like 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, for which it is taken of some.  

Hedera terrestris officinarum.    

❀ The Nature.  
Ground ivy is hot and dry.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Ground ivy bruised and put into the ears, taketh away the humming noise or ringing sound of the same. And is good for such as are hard of hearing.    

Of Woodbine or Honysuckle. Chap. li.  

Periclymenum. Woodbine or Honysuckce.   

Periclymeni tertia species. The third kind of Periclymenum.   

❀ The Description.  
WOodbine or Honysuckle hath many small branches, whereby it windeth and wrappeth itself about trees and hedges: upon the said branches grow long leaves and tender, white upon the one side, & on the other side, of a bleak or faint colour, betwixt white and green, at the end of the branches grow the flowers in tuftes like nosegays, of a pleasant colour and sweet savour, betwixt white and yellow, or pale and purple, long & hollow, almost like the little bags of Colombine. After the flowers come round berries; which are as read as Coral when they be ripe. The root is of a woody substance.  
There is yet another kind, the which bringeth forth leaves standing directly one against the other, and so closed or joined together, that the stalks pass through them: but in all other points, meetly well like to the aforesaid kind.  
Byside these two sorts of Honysuckle or Woodbine, there is yet another, in leaves like the first, the which kind doth not wrap nor wind itself about trees and hedges, as the other sorts do, but groweth and standeth upright of itself, without the help of winding branches or clinging claspers. The flowers are white, much smaller than the other sort of flowers, in figure somewhat long, containing within them many small threddes, and they grow ever two and two together by couples, and no more, upon a stem, amongst the leaves and branches: the which being go & passed, there grow up two round berries, either read or brown when they be ripe.   

❀ The Place.  
Woodbine groweth in all this Country in hedges, about enclosed fields, and amongst broom or firres. It is found also in woods, especially the two last recited kinds. The third kind groweth in many places of Savoy, and in the Country of the Swysers.   

❀ The Time.  
Woodbine flowreth in june, and july: the seed is ripe in August and September.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb or kind of bindweed, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Aegina, Carpathon, Splenion, Epaetitis, Clematitis, and Calycanthemon: in Latin Volucrum maius, Periclymenum, and Syluae matter: of the Apothecaries Caprifolium, and Mater Sylva, and of some Lilium inter spinas: in French Cheurefueille: in high Almaigne Geiszbladt, Speckgilgen, Zeunling, and Waldgilgen: in base Almaigne Gheytenbladt, and Mammekens cruyt: in English Honysuckle, or Woodbine, and of some Caprifoyle.  
The third kind is called in high Douchlande Hundtszkirschen, that is to say, Dogs Cherries.   

¶ The Nature.  
Woodbine is hot and dry, almost in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The fruit of Honysuckle drunken in wine by the space of forty days, doth heal the stopping and hardness of the Melt or Spleen, by consuming of the same, and making it less. And purgeth by urine the corrupt and evil humours, so strongly, that after the daily use thereof, by the space of six, or ten days together, it will 'cause the urine to be read and bloody.  
It is good for such as be troubled with shortness of breath: & for them that have any dangerous cough: moreover, it helpeth women that are in travel of child, and drieth up the natural seed of man to be taken in manner abovesaid.  
The leaves have the like virtue, as the fruit hath, as Dioscorides saith. Moreover, it keepeth back the brusinges which are wont to come at the beginning of Agues, when the said leaves are sodden in oil, and pound or stamped very small, and the back or ridge be anointed therewithal before or at the first coming of the fits of the Ague.  
The same heals wounds and corrupt moist ulcers, and taketh away the spots and scars of the body and face.   

❧ The Danger.  
The leaves and fruit of Woodbine, are very hurtful to women with child, and altogether contrary.    

Of smooth bindweed/ or Withiwinde. Chap. lij.  

❀ The kinds.  
TThere be two sorts of bindweed or withywinde, the one bearing a blue flower, the other a white, whereof one is great, the other small. The greater kind windeth itself about hedges and trees, the lesser most commonly trayleth upon the ground.  

Smilax lenis maior. Gentle Withiwinde the great.   

Smilax lenis minor. Chamaecissus. Gentle Withiwinde the small.    

❀ The Description.  
THE blue Withiwinde hath slender branches and small, by which it clymbeth up, and wrappeth or windeth itself about trees and poles. The leaves be large and cornered, like to the old leaves of ivy, saving that they be not so hard. The flowers are fashioned like bells, blue and hollow, the seed is black, and almost three square, lying in knoppes or husks, after the same manner, as the seed of the white bindweed.  
The great white bindweed or soft withiwinde hath likewise stalks and branches, small and tender, whereby it windeth itself about trees and hedges like the hop. Upon the same branches, grow tender and soft leaves; green, and smooth, almost like the leaves of ivy, but much smaller and tenderer. The flowers be great, white, and hollow, in proportion like to a Bell. And when they are go, there come in their steed little close knoppes or buttons, which have in them a black & cornered or angled seed. The root is small and white, like to a sort of thick hears, creeping alongst under the earth, growing out or sending forth new shutes in sundry places, of taste somewhat bitter, and full of white juice or sap.  
The lesser white Withywinde, is much like to the aforesaid, in stalks, leaves, flowers, seed, and roots, saving that in all these things, it is much smaller, and most commonly it creepeth alongst upon the ground. The branches are small and smooth: the little leaves are tender and soft: the flowers are like to little bells of a purple or flesh colour: the seed is cornered or angled, as the seed of the others.   

❀ The Place.  
The blue groweth not in this Country, but in the gardens of Herboristes', whereas it is sown.  
The great white Withywinde groweth in most places of this Country, in every garden, and about hedges; and enclosures.  
The little white Withiwinde groweth in fields, especially amongst the stubble and sometimes amongst the Barley, Oats, and other grain.   

❀ The Time.  
The blue flowreth very late in this Country.  
The white kinds do flower in june and july.   

❀ The Names.  
The Withiwinde or bindweed is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, of Galen 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Milax: in Latin Smilax lenis, of Marcus Cato Coniugulum: in shops Volubilis, of some Campanula, and Funis arborum: in French Liset, or Liseron: in Dutch win, and Wranghe.  
The kind which beareth blue flowers, is called Coniugulum nigrum: and after the opinion of some learned men in these days, of Columella in hortis, Ligustrum nigrum: of Herboristes Campana Lazura.  
The great white smooth Withiwinde, is called of the Apothecaries Volubilis maior: in high Dutch Grosz Windenkraut, and Groszweisz glocken: in base Almaigne Groote Wind. This kind is taken of some to be Ligustrum album, whereof Virgil treateth.  
The small Withiwinde or bindweed is called Volubilis minor: in French Campanette, or Vitreole: in high Douchlande Klein Windenkraut: in neither Douchlande Cleyne cloexkens Wind. And it seemeth to be much like to that which the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latin Chamaecissus, & Hedera terrestris.   

❀ The Nature.  
bindweed or Withiwinde, is of a hot and dry quality or nature.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Withiwinde or bindweed, is not fit to be put in medicine, as Galen and Pliny witnesseth.    

Of black Withiwinde/ or bindweed. Chap. liij.  

❀ The Description.  
Black bindweed hath smooth read branches, very small like great threddes, wherewithal it wrappeth and windeth itself about trees, hedges, stakes, and about all herbs that it may catch or take hold upon. The leaves are like to ivy, but smaller and tenderer, much resembling the leans of the white bindweed. The flowers be white and very small. The seed is black and triangled, or three square, like to the seed of Bockweyde or Bolymong, but smaller and blacker, growing thick together. Every seed is enclosed and conered with a little skin. The root is also small and tender as a thread.   

❀ The Place.  
Black bindweed groweth in Vineyards, and in the borders of fields, and gardens, about hedges and ditches, and amongst herbs.   

❀ The Time.  
It delivereth his seed in August and September, & afterward it perisheth.   

❀ The Names.  
This kind of bindweed is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and of the Emperor Constantine 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Malacocissos, hoc est, Mollis Hedera. Some call it in Latin Conuoluolus, of some Vitealis, that is to say, bindweed of the Vineyards, or belonging to the Vine: in Shops Volubilis media, that is to say, The mean bindweed: in high Douche Swerte wind, and Middelwinde: in English Weed wind, and Windweede, or juybindweede.   

¶ The Nature.  
Swerte bindweed is of a hot nature, and hath power to dissolve.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The juice of the leaves of this bindweed drunken, doth loose and open the belly.  
The leaves pound, and laid to the grieved place, dissolveth, wastes, and consumeth swellings, as Galen saith.  
Helxine Cissampelos.    

Of Soldanella or Sea Cawl. Chap. liiij.  

❀ The Description.  
SOldanella hath many small branches, somewhat read, by the which it trayleth or creepeth alongst the ground, casting or spreading itself here and there, covered or decked here & there with little, round, green leaves, more rounder and smaller, than the leaves Asarabacca, or like to the leaves of the round Aristolochia, or Birthworte, but smaller. The flowers are like them of the lesser bindweed, of a bright read, or incarnate colour. The seed is black, and groweth in husks or round cods, like the Bindeweedes. The root is small and long. But to conclude, this kind of bindweed is much like the lesser Withiwinde, saving that the leaves are much rounder and thicker, and of a saltish taste.  

Brassica Marina.    

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth abundantly in Zealande upon the Sea banks, and alongst the coast, or Sea side in Flaunders, and in all salt ground standing near the Sea.   

❀ The Time.  
This herb flowreth in june, after which time men may gather it, to keep to serve in medicine.   

❧ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Brassica Marina: in Shops of the Apothecaries and common Herbaries, Soldanella: in high Dutch Zee wind.   

❀ The Nature.  
Soldanella, is hot and dry in the second degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Soldanella purgeth down mightily all kinds of watery humours, and openeth the stoppinges of the liver, and is given with great profit unto such as have the Dropsy: but it must be boiled with the broth of some fat meat or flesh, and drunken: or else it must be dried and taken in powder.   

❧ The Danger.  
Soldanella, especially if it be taken in powder, hurteth and troubleth the stomach very much.   

❀ The Correction.  
Men take to it Annys seed, cinnamon, Ginger, and a great quantity of Sugar, and it must be so received, in powder altogether.    

Of Rough bindweed. Chap. lv.  

❀ The Description.  
ROugh or prikeley bindweed hath tender stalks and branches, garnished, or set round about, with many sharp pricks or thorns, winding and wrapping itself about trees, hedges and bushes like to the other kinds of bindweed, taking hold with their clasping branches upon every thing standing against it. The leaves be very well like ivy, but they are longer and sharper at the point. The flowers are white, and for his fruit, it hath round berries clustering together like grapes, the which are read when they be ripe. The root is thick and hard.   

❀ The Place.  
Rough bindweed, as witnesseth Pliny, groweth in untoiled watery places, and in low and shadowy valleys. It is not found in this Country, but in the gardens of some diligent Herboristes.  

Smilaxaspera.    

❀ The Time.  
Rough bindweed flowreth in the spring time, but in hot Countries it flowreth again in Autumn.   

¶ The Names.  
This bindweed is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Smilaxaspera, of some Volubilis acuta, or Pungens: in French Smilax aspre, or Liset piquant: in high Douch Stechend windt: in base Almaigne Stekende wind. And the root of this plant is the Zarsa parella, or as some do writ Sparta parilla. The which some of our time commend very much for divers diseases, albeit very small effect cometh thereof.   

❀ The Nature.  
This herb is hot and dry.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves and fruit of sharp Windeweede, are very profitable against all venom and poison, and it doth not serve only for the venom received beforehand, but also against all poison taken after that a man hath eaten of the leaves or fruit of this plant. In somuch that whosoever eateth hereof daily, no venom may hurt him.  
Men do also writ of this herb, that if you give to a child newly born, the juice of this herb, that no venom shall after hurt him.    

Of Scammony. Chap. lvi. Scammonea. Diadrygium.  

❀ The Description.  
Scammony is a kind of Windeweede, which bringeth forth many branches from one root, of the length of four or five foot, meetly great and thick, having leaves triangled and rough, not much varying from the leaves of the black bindweed, almost like the leaves of ivy, but more softer. The flowers be white and round, fashioned like a Cup or Bell, of a strong and noughty savour. The root is long, very thick, and of a strong savour, full of sap or juice, the which men do gather and dry calling it Scammonium, and is of great use in Physic.   

¶ The Place.  
It groweth in Asia, Mysia, Syria, and judea, but the best cometh from Asia, and Mysia.   

❀ The Names.  
This bindweed or Windeweede, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and of some also, as Dioscorides writeth, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, of the Ancient Romans in Latin Colophonium.  
The juice of the root dried, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Scammonium. in Shops when it is yet unprepared, Scommonea, and when it is prepared, Diagredium, or Diagridium.   

❀ The Nature.  
Scammony is hot and dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The juice of Scammony dried, the which is called Scammonium, as is abovesaid, taken to the weight of six wheat corns, doth purge downward vehemently choleric humours. Moreover, it is good against the jaundice, pleurisy, Frenzy, hot fevers, and against all diseases, the which take their original beginning of hot and choleric humours.  
The same laid to with honey and Oil, dissolveth all cold swellings, and with vinegar, it heals all spreading scabs, scurviness, and hardness of the skin.  
Scammony laid to with oil of Roses & vinegar, heals the old pains of the head.  
The same with wool, put into the natural places of women, as a Pessus, or mother suppository, provoketh the flowers, and expelleth the secundine and dead child.   

❧ The Danger.  
Scammony, that is the juice of Scammonium, is a very strong & violent medicine, bringing a number of inconveniences; and dangerous evils, if it be either taken unprepared, or out of due time and place.  
First, it overcometh and tormenteth the stomach very much, causing wambling and windiness in the same.  
Secondarily, it doth by heat so chafe the liver & blood, that it engendereth fevers, in such as be of a hot complexion.  
Thirdly, it openeth the veins, and hurteth the bowels and inward parts, even to the provoking of bloody excrements. And therefore without doubt, Scammony is very hurtful to the liver, the heart, and other inward parts.   

❀ The Correction.  
The first danger is corrected, by putting the Scammony to boil, or digest in a Quince, or in the paste of Quinces, until the said Quinces be very tender, and perfectly boiled. When the Scammony is thus prepared, it is called Diagredium.  
The second danger is prevented, by mixing your Scammony, with some cold juice, as of roses, Psylium, or with the substance or pulp of prunes.  
The third is amended, by putting to the Diagredium, some Mastic, or the juice of Quinces.    

Of Dulcamara. Chap. lvij.  

❀ The Description.  
THis plant hath his stalks and branches, small and tender, of a woody substance, by the which it climbeth up, by trees, hedges, & bushes. The leaves be long & green, not much differing from the leaves of ivy, but somewhat lesser, having sometime two ears, or two little leaves adjoining to the lowest part of the same leaves, like unto frank Sage. The flowers be blue growing together, every flower divided or parted, into five little narrow leaves, having in the middle, a small yellow prick or point. The flowers being past, there come in their steed long berries, read, and very plain or smooth, of a strange savour, clustering together like the berries of ivy. The root is small and threddy.  

Dulcamera. Wood Nightshade.    

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth in moist places, about ditches and ponds, in quicksettes and hedges.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth in july, and his seed is ripe in August.   

❀ The Names.  
The learned men of our age, do call this herb in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Dulcamara, and Amara Dulcis: some Herboristes of France, do call it Solanum lignosum, that is to say, woody Nightshade: in high Dutch it is called, je longer ie lieber, and Hynschkraut: in neither Douchelande Alfsrancke.   

❀ The Nature.  
Dulcamara is of complexion hot and dry.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The decoction of this herb in wine drunken, openeth all the stoppinges of the liver. Moreover, it is good against the jaundices coming of obstructions or stoppinges.  
The same decoction taken as is aforesaid, is very good for such as are fallen from high places, against brusinges, and dislocations, burstinges and hurts of the inward parts: for it dissolveth congealed and fixed blood, causing the same to come forth by the urine, and doth cure and heal wounds and stripes.    

Of Doder or Cuscuta. Chap. lviij.  

❀ The Description.  
DOder is a strange herb, without leaves, & without root, like unto a thread, much snarled and wrapped together, confusely winding itself about hedges and bushes, and other herbs. The threads be sometimes read, sometimes white, upon the said threads are fastened, here and there little round heads or knoppes, bringing forth at the first, small white flowers, and afterward a little seed.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth much in this Country upon Brambles, Hops, and upon Line or Flax, and sometimes it is also found growing upon other herbs, especially in hot Countries, as upon Thyme, Winter savoury, Tithymale, Germander, Sea Holme, but it is very little and small, and in dry places of this Country it groweth upon Wodwaxen, and upon wormwood, as I have seen in my garden.   

❀ The Time.  
Most commonly, this herb is found in july and August, and after that, it beareth his flower and seed.   

❧ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Cassytha: in shops Cuscuta: of some Podagra lini, and Angina lini: in French Gout, or Agoure de lin: in high Douch Filtzkraut, Flachszseiden, and Todtern: in neither Douchlande Scorfte, and of some wrang, and Vildtcruyt. The Doder which groweth upon Thyme, is named of the Ancient Greek Physicians & of the Arabians Epithymun: & in like manner you may call by divers names the Doder growing upon & about other herbs, according to the diversity of the same, as 
Cassytha.  

Epichamaedris, that which groweth upon Germander.  
Epitithymalos, that which groweth upon Tithymale.  
Eperingium, which groweth about Sea Holme.  
Epigeniston, which groweth about Broome.  
Epibaton, which wrappeth about Brambles.  
Epilinum, which groweth upon Flax.  
Epibryon, which windeth about Hops.  
Epapsinthion, which groweth about Wormwood. Et sic de alijs.   ss   

❧ The Nature.  
The nature of this herb changes, according to the nature and quality of the herbs, whereon it groweth, insomuch that, that which groweth upon hot herbs, as Thyme, savoury, & Tithymale, is likewise very hot. That which groweth upon other herbs, is not so fervent hot. Nevertheless of itself, it is somewhat hot and dry.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Doder or Cuscuta, boiled in water or wine, and drunk, openeth the stoppinges of the liver, the bladder, the gall, the melt, the kidneys, & the veins: and purgeth both by siege and urine, the Choleric humours.  
It is good against old Agues, and against the jaundices, especially that kind which groweth upon the Hops and upon Brambles.  
The other sorts have property, according to the herbs whereupon they grow    

Of Hops. Chap. lix.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be two sorts of Hops, the manured or toiled Hop, and the wild hedge Hoppe. The husbanded Hoppe, beareth his flowers or knoppes full of scales or little leaves growing one over another, & clustering or hanging down together like bells. The wild is not fruitful, but if by chance they happen to bear, it is but little and small.   

❀ The Description.  
THE tame Hoppe hath rough branches, beset with small sharp prickels, it groweth very high, and windeth itself about poles and perches standing near whereas they be planted. The leaves be rough almost like the leaves of Briony, but lesser, and nothing so much, nor so deeply cut, of a deeper or brown colour. About the top of the stalks amongst the leaves, grow round and long knoppes or heads of a whitish colour, which are nothing else, but many small leaves, betwixt white and yellow, or pale growing together. Under the said small leaves or scales, is hidden the seed, which is flat. The bells or knoppes be of a very strong smell when they be ripe: The brewers of Ale and Bier, do heap and gather them together, to give a good relish, and pleasant taste unto their drink. The root creepeth along in the earth, & is interlaced or tangled, putting forth in sundry places new shutes and springs.  
The hedge or wild Hoppe is very much like the manured and tame Hoppe in leaves & stalks, but it beareth no knoppes or flowers: and if they bear any, they be very small and to no purpose. The root of the same doth also trail or creep alongst in the ground, and at divers places, putteth forth also new shutes, and tender springs, the which are used to be eaten in Salads before they bring forth leaves, and are a good and wholesome meat.   

❀ The Place.  
The tame Hoppe is planted in gardens and places fit for the same purpose, & is also found in the borders of fields and about hedges.  
The wild Hoppe groweth in hedges and bushes in the borders of fields, and herb gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
The bell knoppes and heads of Hops come forth in August, and are ripe in September.   

❀ The Names.  
Some of our time do call the Hoppe in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Lupulus Salictarius, or Lupus Salictarius: in shops Lupulus: in high Dutch Hopffen: in neither Douchlande Hoppe, and Hoppecruyt.  

Lupus Salictarius.    

¶ The Nature.  
The Hoppe, but especially his flowers, are hot and dry in the second degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The Decoction of Hops drunken doth open the stoppinges of the liver, the spleen or melt, and kidneys, and purgeth the blood from all corrupt humours, causing the same to come forth with the urine. Also it is good for them that be troubled with scabs and scurninesse and such like infirmities, whose blood is gross and corrupted.  
For the same purpose serveth the young springs and tender crops, at their first coming forth of the ground in March and April, to be eaten in Salade.  
The juice of Hops openeth the belly, and driveth forth the yellow choleric humours, and purgeth the blood from all filthiness.  
The same dropped into the ears, cleanseth them from their filth, and taketh away the stinking of the same.    

Of fern or Brake. Chap. lx.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be two kinds of Fernes (as Dioscorides writeth) the male and female, the which in leaves are very well like one another.   

❀ The Description.  
THE male fern hath great long leaves, sometimes of two foot in length, spread abroad upon each side like wings cut in even to the middle rib or sinew, and snipt or toothed round about like a saw: under which leaves you may see many little spots or marks, the which in continuance of time become black, and after they fall of, the root is thick and black without, putting forth many leaves, and small dodkins or springs, which are the beginning of leaves.  
This kind of fern beareth neither flowers nor seed, except we shall take for seed the black spots growing on the backside of the leaves, the which some do gather thinking to work wonders, but to say the truth, it is nothing else but trumpery and superstition.  
Filix mas. Osmunde Royal.  
Filix foemina. Brake or common Ferne.  
The female fern also, hath neither flowers nor seed, but it hath long, green, bore stems, upon the which grow many leaves on every side, cut in, and toothed round about, very like to the leaves of male fern, but somewhat less. The root of this fern is long and small, black without, and creeping along in the ground.   

¶ The Place.  
Male fern groweth almost in all rough and uneven places, in moist sandy grounds, and alongst the borders of fields, standing low or in valleys.  
The female kind is found in woods, and mountains.   

❀ The Time.  
The leaves spring forth in April, and whither or fade in September.   

❀ The Names.  
The first kind of fern, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Filix mas, that is to say, The Male fern: in French Feuchiere masle: in high Douch Waldtfarn mennle: in neither Douchland Varen manneken, of Mattheolus and Ruellius, it is called Osmunde Royal.  
The second kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. and of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Filix foemina: in French Feuchiere femelle: in English Female fern: in high Almaigne Waldtfarn Weiblin, and of some Grosz Farnkraut: in base Almaigne Varen wijfken: in English Brake, Common fern and female Ferne.  
Both kinds of fern are of like temperament or quality, that is hot and dry in the second degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of male fern taken with Mede or honeyed water, to the weight of half an ounce, driveth forth, and killeth broad worms.  
The same sodden in wine, is very good against the hardness and stopping of the Melt or Spleen.  
The root of the female fern, taken in like manner as you take the male, bringeth forth the broad and round worms.  
The leaves of both kinds of fern put into the bedstrowe, driveth away the stinking punayses, and all other such worms.   

❧ The Danger.  
The use of fern is very dangerous for women, especially those that are with child.    

Of Osmunde or Water Ferne. Chap. lxi.  

❀ The Description.  
THis kind of fern is almost like the female fern, saving that the leaves be not dented or toothed: it hath a triangled, strait, and small stem, about a cubit and a half long, having upon each side large leaves, spread abroad like wings, and cut in, like Polipodie. At the top of some of the branches grow round about small, rough and round grains, which are like unto seed. The Root is great and thick, folded, and covered over with many small interlacing roots, having in the middle a little white, the which men call the Heart of Osmunde.   

❀ The Place.  
This kind of fern groweth in woods, and moist shadowy places.   

❀ The Time.  
It springeth up in April with the other Fernes, and fadeth at the coming of winter: yet the root abideth still in the ground.   

¶ The Names.  
This herb is called in Latin of the Herboristes or Herbaries of our time, Osmunda, Filix aquatica, and of some Filicastrum: of the Alcumistes Lunaria maior: in French Osmonde, or Feuchiere aquatique: in Dutch Water Varen, or Wildt Varen, and of some Sinte Christoffels' cruyt. We may call it in English Osmonde the Waterman, Waterferne, and Saint Christopher's herb.   

❀ The Nature.  
Osmunde in hot is the first degree, and dry in the second.  

Filix aquatica Osmunda.    

❀ The Virtues.  
The heart or middle of the root of Osmonde, is good against squattes and bruises, heavy and grievous falls, burstinges aswell outward, as inward: or what hurt or dislocation soever it be. And for this purpose, many practisers, at this day: do put it into their broths and drinks which they make for wounds, causing it to boil with other herbs: some do also put it in their Consolidative, or healing plasters.    

Of Polypodie/ Wall fern/ or Oak Ferne. Chap. lxij.  

❀ The Description.  
POlypodie hath leaves of a span long, divided into many cuts or slittes, rend and torn, even hard to the middle rib or sinew, and yet not snipt about the little leaves. The root is almost as big as a man's finger, and very long, creeping hard by the ground, bringing forth many little leaves, brown without, having many small hears, and within of a green herbelike colour. It hath neither branch nor flower, nor seed.   

❀ The Place.  
Polypodie groweth in the borders of fields, standing somewhat high, & about the roots of trees, especially of Okes. Sometimes also you shall find it growing upon old wythiese, houses, and old walls.   

❀ The Time.  
Polypodie keepeth his leaves both summer and winter, but his new leaves come forth in April.  

Polypodium.    

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Filicula, and Polypodium: in French Polypode: in high Douche Engelsuz, Baumfarn, and Dropffwurtz: in base Almaigne Boomvaren, and of some Eyckenvaren: in English Polypodie, Wall fern, and Oak Ferne.   

❧ The Nature.  
The root of Polypodie, is dry in the second degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of Oak fern openeth the belly, and purgeth Melancholic gross, and phlegmatic humours. Moreover, it is very good against the Colique, that is the pain or gripping in the belly, against the hardness and stopping of the Spleen or Melt, and against quartain agues, especially if you join to it Epithymum.  
You must boil it in mutton broth, or the broth of a Cock or Capon, or the decoction of Mallows or Beets, and a little anis, and after drink thereof: or else you may make it in powder and drink it with honeyed water or Mede.  
The powder of polypody often put into the nose, heals and taketh clean away the superfluous flesh growing in the nostrils, which men call Polypus.   

❀ The Choice.  
The root of Polypody which groweth at the foot of the Oak, is the best and most fit to be used in medicine, and is called in Latin Polypodium quercinum.    

Of Oak fern/ Petie fern/ or Piled Osmunde. Chap. lxiij.  
THere is now a days found two kinds of Dryopteris, or Oak fern, the one is white, the other swart, the which are not much unlike one another.  

Dryopteris candida. White Oak Ferne.   

Dryopteris nigra, Black Oak Ferne.   

❀ The Description.  
THE white kind of Dryopteris, and the male, are not much unlike, but it is much smaller, and not exceeding a span in height and likewise it beareth neither stalk, flowers, nor sede. The leau●… 〈◊〉 white, with great and deep incisions and cuts, snipt round about with smaller and thicker snips or jags, than the leaves of mal● fern, and it hath also small spots or marks underneath the leaf. The ro●…s th●…e and blackish, with many little roots, twisted, pressed, and interlaced one with another.  
The black Dryopteris, hath the stalk or stem of his leaves black, the leaves brownish, the which are neither so large, nor yet so long, neither so much crevished or snipt, as the leaves of the white Dryopteris, but in all other parts like, and it is beset also with little marks or spots underneath. The leaves of this kind do not perish nor fade in winter, but continued green all the year.   

❀ The Place.  
Both kinds of Dryopteris grow in hollow ways, in shadowy and covered places, in the foot or roots of Okes, that be aged, and of many years continuance: but yet they are not to be found in all places.   

❀ The Time.  
The white Driopteris springeth up in April as fern doth.  
The black bringeth forth his leaves at the same time.   

❀ The Names.  
This kind of fern is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Dryopteris: In Latin Filix querna: that is in English Oak fern: Mathiolus, and Ruellius, both men of great knowledge, do call it in Latin Osmunda, and Osmunda Arborea. Wherefore we considering the property of this herb in taking away hear, as also for a difference from the other Oak Fernes, and Osmundes, do think good to name this herb in our language Osmunde Baldepate, or pilled Osmunde.  
The white is called in shops Adianthum, and to the great peril and danger of such as be sick, is used for Adianthum.  
The black is not very well known of the Apothecaries, but where as it is known, they do likewise call it Adianthum. This may be very well called in our tongue, Small Osmunde, or Petty Ferne.   

❀ The Nature.  
The white Dryopteris, is hot, sharp, and very abstersive, or cleansing.  
The black agreeth with the nature or faculty of Saluia vita, or Stone Rue.   

❀ The Virtues.  
White Oak fern, which is the right Dryopteris, is of such strong power or virtue, that it causeth the hear to fall of, and maketh the skin bald. But for the doing of the same, the root must be pound very small, and laid upon the place while a man is in the stove or hot house, until he sweat well: than it must be taken away, and new laid on, two or three times, as witnesseth both Dioscorides and Galen.  
The black may be used for Adianthum, that is to say, Venus or Maiden hear.    

Of Stone hearts tongue. Chap. lxiiij.  

❀ The Description.  
hearts tongue hath long narrow leaves, about the length of a span, plain, and smooth upon one side, and upon the side next the ground, it is streaked overthwart, with certain long rough marks, as it were small worms, hanging upon the backside of the leaf. The root is black, hairy and twisted, or growing as it were wounden together. And it bringeth forth neither stalk, flower, nor seed.   

¶ The Place.  
Hearts tongue loveth shadowy places, and moist stony valleys, about wells, fountains, and old moist walls.  

Phyllitis.    

❀ The Time.  
It beginneth to bring forth new leaves in April.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and in Latin Phyllitises: in shops Scolopendria, and Lingua Ceruina: in French Langue de cerf: in high Dutch Hirszung: in base Almaigne Hertstonge, and for a diversity betwixt it and Bistorte, the which they do likewise call Hertstonge, Steenhertstonghe, this is not Hemionitis, as some do think.   

❀ The Nature.  
Hartstong is of complexion very dry, and astringent.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The decoction of the leaves of Hertstong drunk, is very good against the bitings of Serpents, it stoppeth the lask, and the bloody flux.    

Of broad or large Splenewort/ or Miltwast. Chap. lxv.  

❀ The Description.  
HEmionitis is also an herb without fruit, as the abovesaid Fernes, and Hearts tongue, without stalk, without flowers and seed, bearing leaves somewhat great, large beneath, and somewhat sharp at the top, not much differing (as witnesseth Dioscorides) from the leaves of the second Dracunculus, the which leaves are plain by one side, & of the other side they have also streaks or rough marks, even as Hearts tongue, his root is compact of many strings.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth in shadowy, moist, stony, and fresh places, and is now found about the decayed places and ruins of Rome, & in some other places of Italy, especially planted and set in the gardens of Herboristes'. In this Country it is yet a stranger.   

❀ The Names.  
It is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Hemionitis, Splenium, and of Gaza Mula herba: not known of the Apothecaries: we may call it Broad Spleneworte, or large Spleneworte.   

¶ The Nature.  
Hemionitis. is meetly warm, and dry of Complexion.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Hemionitis taken with vinegar, doth open and help the hardness and stopping of the spleen, and is a sovereign medicine for the most part of accidents, and grieves coming or proceeding from the Rate or Spleen.  

Hemionitis.     

Of wild or rough Splenewort. Chap. lxvi.  

❀ The Description.  
LOnchitis aspera, is partly like the other Fernes, for it beareth neither stalk nor seed. The leaves be long, about the length of a span or foot, not much differing from the leaves of Polypodie: but much narrower, crevised, and cut, into more divisions. The root is brown and thick, like to the root of Dryopteris.   

❀ The Place.  
It groweth upon the brinks of ditches, in woods and low moist places, of dry Countries.   

❀ The Time.  
It abideth all the winter, and bringeth forth new leaves in April.   

¶ The Names.  
This kind of fern is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Lonchitisaspera: of some Longina, and Calabrum, of our later writers Asplenium magnum, & Asplenium syluestre. in high Dutch Spicant, & Grosz Miltzkraut: in neither Douchlande Grachtvaren: We may name it in English, Great Spleneworte, or Wild Splenewort.   

❀ The Nature.  
Lonchitis is hot in the first degree, and dry in the second.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Lonchitis is very good against the hardness, stoppinges, and swellings of the Spleen or Melt: when it is drunken, or laid upon with vinegar, upon the place of the Spleen outwardly.  
Lonchitis aspera.  
This herb is also good for to be laid unto wounds, for it keepeth them from inflammation and apostumation.    

Of Ceterach/ or the right Scolopendria. Chap. lxvij.  

❀ The Description.  
CEterach hath little leaves, almost of the length of a man's fingar, cut and jagged upon both sides even hard to the rib or middle sinew (with cuts half round or compassed, standing not directly, but contrary one to another) fat and green upon one side: but on the other side, it is rough and somewhat hairy, reddish, or of a brown colour. The root is small, black and rough, much plaited or interlaced. And this herb hath neither stalk, flower, nor seed.   

¶ The Place.  
This herb groweth in shadowy and stony places, and it is much found about Welles, near unto Namur, and the quarters thereabouts.   

❀ The Time.  
This herb continueth green all the winter, and putteth forth new leaves in April.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Asplenum, or Asplenium: in Shops Ceterach: in French Scolopendrie uraye: in high Douch Steinfarn, and Miltzkraut: in base Almaigne Steenvaren: in English Right Scolopendria, Scaleferne, Finger fern, Stone fern, Ceterach, and Myltewaste.   

❀ The Nature.  
Ceterach is temperate in heat and cold, of subtle parts, & somewhat drying.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves of Ceterach, taken with vinegar, by the space of forty days, heals the Melt that is hard and stopped, and is very good against Quarteyne Agues, like virtue they have, boiled in wine, and playstered upon the left side.  
Asplenum.  
The same is also very good against the strangury, the hot piss, the stone in the bladder: it stayeth yeoxsing, oryexing: it openeth the stoppinges of the liver, and it is given with great profit, to such as have the jaundices.    

Of Venus hear/ or jumbardie maidenhair. Chap. lxviij.  

❀ The kinds.  
Under that name of Capillus Veneris, at this day, is set before us two kinds of herbs not a little like one the other: whereof one, who is the stranger, is the right 
Adiantum. True maidenhair. Ladies hear. Venus' hear.  
Ruta Muraria. Stone Rue, or Wall Rue.  Capillus Veneris, named of the ancients Adiantum. The other is very common, and hath been used here for Capillus Veneris, the which some men call Ruta Muraria in Latin, and of others it is called Saluia vita.   

❀ The Description.  
THE right Venus hear hath the footestalkes of his leaves very small, blackish, and glistering with a certain brightness. The leaves are small & tender, hacked or snipped round about, like unto the first leaves of Coriander, but much smaller. The root is tender.  
The second kind called Wall Rue, hath likewise his leaves set upon short and small stems, the which do somewhat resemble the leaves of garden Rue, but lesser, and something dented about, plain and smooth upon one side, but the other side is laden, or charged with small pricks or spots. The root is tender and hairy. And both these herbs be without either flowers or seed like to the Ferne.   

❀ The Place.  
Venus' hear groweth in walls, and in stony shadowy places, near about waters and welspringes, and there is great plenty thereof found in Italy, and Provence. It groweth not in this Country, but it is brought dry to us from Italy.  
Reu of the wall is very common in this Country: for it is to to be found almost upon all old walls that are moist, and not comforted or lightened with the shining of the Son, as are the walls of Temples or Churches.   

❀ The Time.  
They remain all the year, and renew their leaves in April.   

❀ The Names.  
The first kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Adiantum, Polytrichum, Callitrichun, Cincinnalis, Terrae capillus, Supercilium terrae. Apuleius calleth it Capillus Veneris, Capillaris, & Crinita: in the Shops of France and Italy Capillus Veneris: it is for the more part unknown in the Shops of this Country: in French Cheveux de Venus: in high Almaigne frauwenhar: in base Almaigne Vrouwen hair.  
The second kind is called in the Shops of this Country Capillus Veneris, and of some it is taken for Adiantum: in the Shops of France Saluia vita: of the learned at this time Ruta Muraria, that is to say, Rue of the brickwall: in high Dutch Maurrauten, and Steinrauten: in base Almaigne Steencruyt.   

❀ The Nature.  
Both these herbs be dry, and temperate in heat and cold.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The decoction of Capillus Veneris, made in wine and drunk, helpeth them that are short breathed, and cannot fetch wind, also it helpeth such as are troubled with an hard or unesie cough, for it ripeth tough phlegm, and avoideth it by spitting.  
It provoketh urine, breaketh the stone, moveth the flowers, delivereth the secundine, and unstoppeth the liver, and the melt, and is very good against the diseases of the Melt and the jaundices.  
Capillus Veneris stoppeth the flux of the belly, & stayeth the spitting of blood: and is profitable against the fluxions and moistness of the stomach, & against the bitings and stingings of venomous beasts.  
Capillus Veneris as yet green, pound and laid to the bitings of venomous beasts, and mad Dogs, prevaileth very much, and laid upon the head, causeth hear to come again in places that are piled or bald.  
It dispatcheth also the swellings of the throat called Strumes, especially in young children, when it is pound green, and laid thereupon.  
The lie wherein the same hath been stieped and boiled, is very good to wash the scurf of the head: for it heals the same, causing the room and scales to fall of.  
A cay or garlende of maidenhair worn upon the head, heals the ache and pain of the same, as Pliny affirmeth.  
The leaves of Adiantum mixed together with a little Saltpetre, and the urine of a young child, taketh away the shreucled wrinkles that appear upon the bellies of women lately delivered of child, if the belly be washed therewithal after their Beliverance.  
Men use in this Country, to put Rue of the brickwall in steed of Capillus Veneris, in all their medicines: and have found it to profit much, in the cold passions or diseases of the breast.    

Of English or common maidenhair. Chap. lxix.  

❀ The Description.  
TRichomanes is a little herb, of the length of a span, without flowers and seed, and hath the stalks of his leaves, very small and lean, brown, shining, and smooth, beset on both sides with many little pretty round leaves, every leaf of the bigness of a lentil, streaked and dashed on that side which is next the ground, with many small marks and strikes, like Rue of the brickwall. The root is small and blackish.   

❀ The Place.  
It loveth moist and shadowy places, and groweth about waters, especially upon moist rocks, and old walls, and great store thereof is found in this Country.   

❀ The Time.  
It abideth always green, like Venus hear, and Rue of the brickwall.  

Trichomanes.    

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Fidicula capillaris, and also Trichomanes: in the Shops Polytrichon: in high Dutch Widertodt, Abthon, and of some Roter Steinbrecke: in neither Douchland Wederdoot: in English maidenhair, and Common maidenhair.   

❀ The Nature.  
This herb is dry and temperate betwixt hot and cold, and of the same nature that Venus hear is.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Trichomanes after the mind of Dioscorides and Galen, hath the same faculties in operation, that Capillus Veneris hath.    

Of Stone liverwort. Chap. lxx.  

❀ The Description.  
STone liverwort spreadeth itself abroad upon the ground, having wrinkled, or crimpled leaves laid one upon another as the scales of fish, and are green on the upper part, and brown on that side which is next the ground: amongst the leaves there grow up small stems or twigs, in the tops whereof are certain knaps or things like stars. The roots are like small threddes, growing under the leaves, whereby it cleaveth, and sticketh fast upon the ground, and upon moist or sweeting rocks.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb (if a man may so call it) groweth in moist grounds, and stony places, and shadowy, where as the Son shines seldom.   

❧ The Time.  
It bringeth forth his stars in june and july.   

¶ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Lichen: in Shops Hepatica: in French Hepatique: in high Almaigne Brunnenlebercraut, or Steinlebercraut: in base Almaigne Steenlevercruyt, and Levercruyt: in English Liverwurt and Stone liverwort.   

❀ The Nature.  
liverwort is cold and dry of complexion.  

Lichen.    

❀ The Virtues.  
The decoction of liverwort, suageth the inflammation of the liver, & openeth the stoppinges of the same, and is very good against Fever tertians, and all inflammations of blood.  
This herb (as Dioscorides and Pliny writeth) bruised when it is yet green, and laid upon wounds, stoppeth the superfluous bleeding of the same and preserveth them both from inflammation and Apostemation.  
The same doth also heal all foul scurffes and spreading scabs, as the Pocks, and wild fire, and taketh away the marks and scars made with hot irons, if it be pound with honey and laid thereupon.  
The same boiled in wine, and held in the mouth, stoppeth the Catarrhs, that is, a distilling or falling down of Rheum, or water and phlegm from the the brain to the throat.    

Of Moss. Chap. lxxi.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be many sorts of Moss, whereof some grow in the fields, some upon trees trees, and some in shadowy and moist woods, and some in the rocks of the sea.   

❀ The Description.  
THE first kind of Moss, which groweth upon trees, and is most properly called Moss, is nothing else but a fort of small white leaves, all jagged, hackte, or finely kerued, twisted, and interlaced one in another, without root, without flower or seed, hanging and growing upon trees.  
1. Muscus Moss.  
2. Pulmonaria. Lungwurt.  
The second kind groweth also about trees, the which is called Lungwurt, and it doth somewhat resemble Liverwurt, but that it is greater and larger, with great scales laid one upon another, meetly green upon one side, and whitish upon the other side.  
3. Glodylockes, Polytrichon, or Golden maidenhair.  
4. Ros Solis. Son Dew.  
The third kind which some call Golden Polytrichon, hath very small slender stalks, nothing so long as a man's hand, covered with short hears, of a brown green colour changing upon yellow, the which doth sometimes put forth other little bore stems, with small grains or seeds at the top.  
Of this sort is found another small kind, like unto the aforesaid, saving that it is much less.  
The fourth kind called Rosa Solis, hath reddish leaves, somewhat round, hollow, rough, with long stems, almost fashioned like little spoons, amongst the which cometh up a short stalk, crooked at the top, and carrying little white flowers. This herb is of a very strange nature and marvelous: for although that the Son do shine hot, and a long time thereon, yet you shall find it always moist and bedewed, and the small hears thereof always full of little drops of water: and the hotter the Son shines upon this herb, so much the moystier it is, and the more bedewed, and for that cause it was called Ros Solis in Latin, which is to say in English, The dew of the Son, or Sonnedewe.  
5. Lycopodium. wolves Claw.  
6. Muscus Marinus. Coralin, or Sea Moss.  
The sixth kind of Moss, called Moss of the Sea, hath many small stalks, hard, and of a stony substance, divided into many joints, and many branches grow forth together from one hat, or little stony head, by the which it is fastened unto rocks.  
7. Muscus Marinus Theophrasti, & Fuci species Dioscoridis. Slanke, Wrack, or Laver.  
8. Fuci marinispecies. Wrack, or Sea girdle.  
The seventh kind of Moss, whereof The ophrastus spreaketh, is a plant without stalk or stem, hearing green leaves, crimpled, full of wrinkles, and broad, not much differing in fashion from the leaves of some Lettuce, but much more wrinkled and drawn together, the which leaves come up many together, growing upon rocks.  
The eight which is a kind of Fucus Marinus, hath long narrow leaves, almost as narrow as a Leek: the root is thick, full of branches and rough heard, taking hold upon rocks.   

❀ The Place.  
The first kind of Moss groweth upon trees, especially there where as the ground is naught.  
Lungwurt groweth upon Mossy trees, in moist, sandy, and shadowy places.  
Golden maidenhair, or Goldylockes Polytrichon, the Ros Solis, and wolves claw, do grow in dry watery Countries, and also in fields that lie unmanured, or toiled, and in some shadowy woods. The Golden Polytrichon is very common.  
The Sea Moss groweth upon stones and rocks in the Sea.   

❀ The Names.  
The first kind of these plants is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, & of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Muscus, of Serapio and in Shops Vsnea: of Aetius Dorcadias': in French Mousse: in high Dutch Mosz: in base Almaigne Mosch. The best and most fittest for medicine is that which groweth upon the Cedar tree, and next to that, is that which groweth upon the Poplar.  
The second kind is now called Pulmonaria in Latin, in English Lungwort: in high Douch Lungenkraut: in base Almaigne Longencruyt: in French Herb aux Poulmons.  
The third is called in Dutch Gulden Widdertodt: in base Almaigne, Gulden Wederdoot, that is to say, Golden Polytrichon, of some jung fraw hare. Some think it to be Polytrichon Ipuleanum, albeit there is but small similitude betwixt the one and the other: for Apuleius his Polytrichon, is the true Trichomanes of Dioscorides: we may call it in English Goldylockes Polytrichon: in French Polytrichon doré.  
The fourth kind is called in this Country Ros Solis: in French Rosee de Solcil: in Douch Sondaw, and of some Sindaw, and Loopich truyt.  
The fifth is called in high Dutch Beerlap, Gurtelkraut, Seilkraut, Harschar, Teuffels clawen: in Brabant Wolf's clawen, and of some Wincruyt: in some Shops Spica Celtica: and is taken for the same of the unlearned, to the great detriment, damage, and hurt of the sick and diseased people. What the Greek or Latin name is, I know not, and therefore after the common name I do call it in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Lycopodion, that is, Pes Lupi, in Latin, and Pied de Loup, in French: in English, wolves claw.  
The sixth kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Muscus marinus, that is to say, Moss of the Sea: in French Mousse Marine: in Dutch Zee Mosch: in Shops it is called Corallina, that is to say, Herb Coral, and of the unlearned Soldanella, unto which it beareth no kind of likeness.  
The seventh is called also of Theophrastus' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Muscus marinus, that is to say, Sea Moss with the large leaves: in French Mousse marine a largesse fueilles: in Brabant Zee Mosch: it is to be thought, that this is the first kind of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is to say, Fucus, or Alga, whereof Dioscorides treateth in his fourth book.  
The eight is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Fucus, and Alga: this is the second kind of Fucus in Dioscorides, the which Theophrastus nameth also in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is to say in Latin Porrum, because the leaves are like unto Leek blades.   

❀ The Nature.  
The Moss is dry and astringent, or of a binding quality, without any manifest heat or cold.  
Lungworte is like to the aforesaid, saving that it cooleth more.  
Golden maidenhair, and wolves Claw, are dry and temperate in heat and cold.  
The Ros Solis is hot and dry almost in the fourth degree.  
The Sea Moss, is cold, dry, and astringent.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The decoction of Moss in water, is good for women to wash themselves in, which have to much of their natural sickness: and put into the nose, it stayeth bleeding: to conclude, it is very well, and profitably put into all ointments and oils that be astringent.  
The Physicians of our time do much commend this Pulmonaria, or Lungwort, for the diseases of the lungs, especially for the inflammations, and vicers of the same, if it be made into powder and drunk with water.  
They say also that the same boiled in wine and drunk, stoppeth spitting of blood, pissing of blood, the flowers of women, and the lask or flux of the belly.  
The same made into powder, and cast into wounds, stoppeth the bleeding, and cureth them.  
Ros Solis bruised with Salt, and bound upon the flesh or bore skin, maketh blisters and holes, even as Cantharides, as you may prove by experience.  
The common sort of people do esteem this herb (but especially the yellow water) distilled of the same, to be a singular and special remedy for such as begin to dry away, or are fallen into consumptions, and for them that are troubled with the disease, called Asthma, which is a straightness in drawing of breath, or with any ulceration in their lungs: thinking that it is very consolidative, and that it hath a special virtue to strengthen and nourish the body: but that which we have recited before concerning the virtue of this herb, declareth sufficiently, that their opinion is false.  
Men use not Golden maidenhair, nor wolves Claw in medicine.  
Sea Moss is of a very astringent and preserving quality. Therefore men lay it to the beginning of hot tunours or swellings, and upon all kinds of gouts that require refreshing or cooling.  
The same also is very good against worms, to be made in powder, and given to take: for it stayeth them, and driveth them forth mightily.  
The two other sorts of Moss of the Sea, is also good against flegmons or hot tumours, and the hot gout if they be used, as the first kind of Sea Moss commonly called Corallina.    

Of Crowfoote. Chap. lxxij.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be four kinds of Ranunculus, or Crowfoote, as Dioscorides and Galen do affirm, whereof the first is of many sorts. The one hath great thick leaves, the which is called Water Crowfoote. The second hath white leaves, and is called White Crowfoote. The third hath black leaves, the which is called Leopards Claws. And these be comprised of Apuleius under the first kind. The second kind hath rough stalks and leaves: the third is small with yellow flowers. The fourth hath white flowers.  
Bysides these there be yet other Crowfootes, the which grow commonly in gardens, which are called Butter flowers, the which are set forth in the the lxxiiij. Chapter. And yet there be other, as hereafter is declared.   

❀ The Description.  
Ranunculorum primum genus quadruplex.  
Ranunculus palustris. Water Crawfoote.  
Ranunculus albus, sive echinatus. White, Yrchin Crowfoote.  
THE water Crowfoote hath white green stalks, hollow, and smooth, upon the which grow leaves deeply cut or cloven, almost like the leaves of Parsely, or Smalache, but much whiter, softer, and thicker, very hot and burning in the mouth. The flowers be pale, in fashion like Gold cups. The which being faded, there come up in their places little heads or knoppes almost like the first buds of Asparagus. The root is compact of a number of white threddes.  
The white or Yrching Crowfoote, hath also plain whitish stalks, upon the which grow leaves also of a whitish colour very deeply cut and cloven, especially the uppermost, almost like the leaves of Coriander. The flowers be like them aforesaid: when they be fallen away, in place of every flower cometh four or five round grains or berries, plat, rough like yrching. The root is threddie like the other.  
Ranunculus auricomus. Golden Crowfoote.  
Pulsatilla. Mischievous Passeflower.  
Golden Crowfoote hath his first leaves somewhat round, but afterward very much cut and divided, of a brown green colour, & speckled in the middle with broad spots, somewhat black or blackish, drawing toward the colour of fire. The flowers be of a fair yellow colour as gold, and shining: after the flowers there come up round heads or buttons, more rougher than the knoppes of water Crowfoote.  
Of this sort there is yet one kind found (as Dioscorides, and Apuleius are witnesses) which beareth a purple flower, and the same is yet unknown.  
The second kind of Ranunculus, that is called Illyricus, hath thin stalks, and thereon grow cut leaves, and with white, small, soft hears, the flowers be of a pale yellow, the seed is as the other: but the roots are otherwise, and be as many, and somewhat more than the wheat or barley corns joining together, out of the which some threddes' sprout, with the which it setteth forth and multiplieth.  
Of this kind there is yet also another strange Ranunculus, and it hath long narrow leaves, as grass, of colour after white and blue, drawing it out of the green. The flowers & seeds are as the aforesaid, but the roots are threddie.  
To this kind of Ranuculus is drawn another herb which is called Passeflower, and it hath rough hairy stems, all jagged, and small cut, or split, sometimes thick maned, and lying for the most part upon the ground: at the highest of the stalks grow flowers, almost after the fashion of little Cymballes, having in the inside small yellow threads, as in the middle of a Rose, of colour most purple brown, sometimes white, and in some places read or yellow, and when the flowers be fallen, there cometh up a round head, covered over with a certain grey and brown hear.  
Ranunculus Illyricus.  
Ranunculus Lusitanicus.  
The third kind of Ranunculus, is lesser and lower than the aforesaid, his leaves be broad and undivided, and slippery: between these two there groweth a stalk, and one flower thereupon like unto the other, of a fair yellow colour like unto gold, and of a very pleasant smell. The roots are of many corns gathered, the which be longer than the roots of Ranunculus Illyricus  
The fourth kind groweth high, and hath broad leaves like unto the Leopards claws, but bigger, the flowers are fashioned as the other, of colour white. The roots are much threeddie.  
Byside these kinds of Ranunculus, is yet another strange kind reckoned, the which is called Troll flowers, and it hath great leaves divided into many parts, and cut round about: the flowers grow uppermost of the stalk, and are yellow like unto gold, fashioned like the flowers of Ranunculus: but bigger, and not whole open, but abiding half shut: thereafter follow many small cods together, in the which the seed lieth. The roots are much threddie.  
Ranunculus albo floor. Crowfoote with white flowers.  
Ranunculus' floor globoso. Trol flowers.   

❀ The Place.  
Crowfoote of the water, groweth in ditches and standing waters, sometimes also in meadows, and low sandy grounds, especially in moist years.  
The white and golden Crowfoote, groweth in meadows, & moist fields. These three kinds be common in this Country.  
The second kind of Crowfoote groweth in the Country of Illyria and Sardine, and loveth sandy and dry ground that is untoyled, and is found in many places of France and Almaigne. In this Country the Herboristes do plant it in their gardens.  
The third Ranunculus is found upon certain mountains in the Country of Portugal, and of Civil.  
The fourth is here in this Country very strange.  
The Trol flowers grow upon the mountains of Switserlande.   

❀ The Time.  
The kinds of Crowfootes flower from April till june, & sometimes later.   

❀ The Names.  
Crowfoote is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Ranunculus, of Apuleius Herba seelerata: in high Dutch Hanenfusz: in base Almaigne Hanenvoet, that is to say, cocks foot: in French Bassinet: in Spanish Yerua belida: in Italian Pie Coruino.  
The first of the first kind is called of some in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Apium palustre, and Ranunculus palustris: in French Grenoillette aquatique, or Bassinet deave: in high Douch Wasser epffs, & Wasser hanenfusz: in neither Douchlande Water hanenvoet. It may be called in English Water or marish Crowfoote.  
The second is now called in Latin Ranunculus echinatus: in French Grenoillette Herissonnée: in high Douche Weisz Hanenfusz, Ackerhanenfusz: in Brabant Witte Hanenvoet: in French Bassinet blanc: in English White Crowfoote, or Urchin Crowfoote.  
The third is called Ranunculus auricomus: in French Grenoillette dorée: in high Douch Wisen Hanenfusz, Schwartz Hanenfusz, and Geelb Hanenfusz: in base Almaigne Lupaerts clawen, and according to the same it is called in Latin Pes Leopardi, that is to say, Leopards foot, Crowfoote and Golden Crowfoote.  
The second kind is called Herba Sardoa, Apium syluestre, Apium rusticum, Apiastrum, and Apium risus, & Ranunculus Illyricus, after the Country where it is found. Pass flower, is called in Latin Pulsatilla, and of some Apium risus: in French Pass fleur: in high Dutch Kuchenschelle: in base Almaigne Cueckenscelle.  
The third kind of the Emperor Constantine, is called Chrisanthemum: in English Golden flower, and now Ranunculus Lusitanicus.  
The fourth is called Ranunculus albus: in French Grenoillette petite, ou de Bois: in high Almaigne Weisz Hanenfusz: in base Almaigne Witte Hanevoet: in English White Crowfoote.   

❀ The Nature.  
All the Crowfootes be hot and dry, in the fourth degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves or roots of Crowfoote pound, and laid to any part of the body, causeth the skin and flesh to blister, and raiseth up weals, bladders, scars, crusts, and ulcers. Therefore it is laid upon corrupt and evil nails, and upon warts, to 'cause them to fall away.  
The leaves of Crowfoote may be also used against the foul scurf or tetter, weals, galls, scabs, if it be laid to well pound or brayed: you may not let it lie long, but it must be taken of immediately.  
Also the root of Crowfoote dried, and made into powder, and put into the nose, provoketh snesing.   

❧ The Danger.  
All the Crowfootes are dangerous, and hurtful, yea they kyl and slay, especially the second, & Apium risus, the which taken inwardly spoileth the senses, and understanding, and doth so draw together the sinews of the face, that such as have eaten thereof do seem to laugh, and so they die laughing, without some present remedy.    

Of Rape Crowfoote. Chap. lxxiij.  

❀ The Description.  
THis herb is also a kind of Crowfoote, it groweth to the length of a span or twain, the leaves are very much parted and cut, like to the leaves of Goldknap or Goldecup, the flowers be fair and yellow, the seed groweth in round heads or knoppes, as the seed of Goldcuppes, the root is white and round as a little Turnip, sometime of the quantity of a Nut with a beard, or threddes underneath.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth in dry sandy meadows, and in such like grassy places.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowereth in April and May.   

❀ The Names.  
Apuleius calleth this herb in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and separateth it from the kinds of Crowfoote called Ranunculus. It is called in neither Douchlande, Sint Anthuenis Raepken, that is to say, Saint Anthony's Turnip: we may call it, Rape Crowfoote, Goldknappe, Yellow Craw.   

❀ The Nature, Virtue, and Danger.  
This herb is of like quality, and complexion, as the Crowfootes are, and is as dangerous & hurtful to be taken inwardly.  

Batrachion Apulei.     

Of Gold Cups/ or Gold Knoppes. Chap. lxxiiij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
GOld knop is of two sorts, the single and double, or else the garden Goldecuppe, and the wild. The single is the wild kind, the double is planted in gardens.  

Polyanthemun simplex. The single Goldcuppe, or Butter flower.   

Polyanthemun multiplex. The double Goldcup, Bachelors Buttons.    

❀ The Description.  
THE Goldeknop hath bore slender stems, the leaves are blackish, slit and cloven, not much differing from the leaves of Crowfoote, but more large, and not so much cut. The flowers be yellow as fine gold, altogether like to golden Crowfoote. The root is threddie or hairy.  
The double Goldcup is like to the single, in his leaves, stalks, and roots, but the flower is very double. To conclude, Goldknop is very much like Crowfoote, and especially to the golden kind (which I think to be Chrysanthemon Constantini Imperatoris) saving that it hath no black spots in the leaves, as golden Crowfoote hath, neither is it burning upon the tongue, as Crowfoote is.   

❀ The Place.  
Goldeknoppes do grow upon grassy downs or plains, and in gardens, whereas it is planted.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth from April, almost all the summer.   

❀ The Names.  
Pliny calleth this herb in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and in Latin Polyanthemun, and it is described lib. xxvij. Chap. xij. Some do also name it Batrachion, that is to say, Ranunculus, because it is like the said herb: in French Bassinet▪ in high Almaigne Schmalzblum: in base Almaigne Booterbloeme: in English Goldcuppes, Goldknoppes, and Butterflowers. The double Goldcuppes, are now calied in English, Bachelors Buttons.   

❀ The Nature.  
The Goldknop is of complexion hot and dry, and yet not so hot as Ranunculus, or Crowfoote.   

❀ The Virtues.  
This herb is not used in Physic, yet in some places of Almaigne (as Hierom Bock writeth) they do mingle it amongst other herbs, in round salads, and junkets with eggs.    

Of Anemone. Chap. lxxv.  

❀ The Kinds.  
DIoscorides describeth two kinds of Anemone. The one is tame and the other wild: of the tame are found many sorts.   

❀ The Description.  
PAsseflower or the first Anemone, hath leaves like Coriander, as witnesseth Dioscorides, or almost like the leaves of Ranunculus, but much lesser. The flowers be sometimes read, sometimes white, and sometimes purple. The root is thick & round, greater than an olive, in some places not very even, but as though it had certain knots and joints.  
Anemone Passefluer Rosepersley, or Wind Passeflower.  
2. Anemone.  
3. Anemone.  
The second Anemone hath leaves like Goldcuppe, but lesser. The flowers be for the most part blewe, sometimes also white, being beset round about the middle with xiij. or xiv. narrow leaves. The root is thick, knotty, and lieth overthwart.  
The third Anemone hath leaves very much snipt or indented, & flowers of seven or eight little leaves, of a purple violet colour, or read, or white. The root is much like to the second Anemone.  
The fourth Anemone, is like to the third in leaves and roots, but the flowers are thick, and very double, and read of Colour.  
The fifth Anemone in leaves is like the aforesaid, but commonly greater. The flowers are some purple read, some white, and some yellow. The roots be very hearic.   

❀ The Place.  
The first Anemone groweth in some places of Almaigne alongst by the river Reyn.  
The fifth groweth alongst by fields, and in woods, in low places and grassy: and is very common in this Country.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth in March and in April.   

❀ The Names.  
Anemone is also called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and in shops likewise: of some Flos Adonis: and of some Herboristes, Herbaventi, although this name is common unto other herbs: for as Antony Musa writeth, Cotyledon is likewise called Herba venti, and also divers others.  

4. Anemone.   

5. Anemone.    

❀ The Nature.  
Anemone is hot & dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of Anemone chewed in the mouth, draweth unto itself flemes, and causeth much moisture to be avoided out of the mouth.  
The same boiled in wine prepared (called in Latin Passum) and after laid upon the eyes, cleareth the sight, and taketh away webs and spots.  
The leaves and young branches boiled with clean husked barley, causeth Nurses (that drink thereof) to have abundance of milk.  
The same put under, as a pessary or mother suppository, stirreth up the menstrual flowers of women.    

Of Spereworte or Baneworte. Chap. lxxvi.  

❀ The Description.  
THis herb hath radish stalks, hollow, full of knees or joints, upon the which grow long narrow leaves, almost like to the Wythie leaves, but yet longer, and a little snipt or toothed round about, especially those that grow lowest. The flowers are yellow as gold, somewhat rough in the middle, in fashion and colour altogether like the flowers of golden Crowfoote. Those being past, it hath knops or heads like the seedy knoppes of golden Crowfoote. The root is full of threddes or laces.   

❀ The Place.  
It groweth in moist meadows, watery places, and standing puddelles.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth in May, and soon after yieldeth his seed.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is now called in Latin Flammula, that is to say, Flame, or the fiery herb, because it is very hot, and burning like fire. The Douchemen call it Egelcoolen, because the sheep that have eaten of this herb, have the disease which they call Egel, that is to say, the inflammation and blistering of the liver. I know not by what name the old writers have called this herb, except this be that herb, which Octavius Horatianus doth name Cleoma, the which groweth also in moist places, and is of a very hot temperament or complexion. It is called in some places of England Sperworte, it may be also called Banewort.   

¶ The Nature and operation.  
It is hot and dry in the fourth degree, and burneth, and blistereth the body, as Ranunculus, unto which it is partly like in complexion and operation.   

❧ The Danger.  
This herb is hurtful both unto man and beast: for it slayeth both the one and the other. The sheep which do happen to eat of it, are vexed with a marvelous inflammation, and they dye therewith, because their livers are inflamed and consumed.  

Flammula.     

Of Herb Paris/ or One Berie. Chap. lxxvij.  

❀ The Description.  
Herb Paris hath a smooth round stalk, about a span long, upon the which grow four leaves, set directly one against another crosswise, or like a Cross: amongst the said leaves groweth a fair starrelike flower, in the middle whereof there cometh forth a bud or knop, growing hard by, and square, the which turneth into a brown berry. The root is long and small, casting itself hither and thither.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth in dark shadowed woods, as in the wood Soignie by Brussels, where as it groweth abundantly.   

❀ The Time.  
This herb flowreth in April, and the seed is ripe in May.   

¶ The Names.  
This herb is now called in Latin Herba Paris, and of some Vua Lupina, and Vua versa: 
Herba Paris.  in French Raisin de Renard: in high Dutch Wolfsbeer, Einbeer: in neither Douchlande Wolfsbesie: in English, Herb Paris and One berry.   

The Nature, and Virtues.  
The fruit and seed of this herb, are very good against all poison, especicially for such as by taking of poison, are become peevish or without understanding: insomuch that it heals them, if it be given every morning by the space of twenty days, as Baptista Sardus hath first written, and after him the excellent learned man Andrea's Matthiolus.    

Of Aconitum Chap. lxxviij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
Aconit is of two sorts (as Dioscorides writeth) the one is named Aconitum Pardalianches, that is to say, Aconite that baneth, or killeth Panthers. The other is Aconitum Lycoctonun, that is to say, Aconit that killeth wolves, whereof shallbe spoken in the next Chapter.   

❀ The Description.  
THE first kind of Aconite, called Pardalianches, hath three or four leaves, partly round, and somewhat rough heard, the which do resemble the leaves of Sow bread, or like the wild cucumber, but they be smaller. The stem groweth of the height of span. And thereupon grow yellow flowers, which when they perish, they change into wool hairy threddes, which are carried away with the wound. By them hangs black seed. The root is not unlike to a Scorpion, or Tortese, and is white, shining like Alabaster.  
Of this kind there is also found an other which is somewhat greater. The root also is somewhat longer, and more like to a freshwater Creavis. The which root is most commonly sold of the Apothecaries, for Doronicum.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb loveth shadowy, and rude or wild places, and is not found in this Country.  

Aconitum Pardalianches. Panther, or Leopards bane.    

¶ The Names.  
This kind of Aconit, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Aconitum Pardalianches, Myoctonun, Theliphonum, Cammorum: in the Apothecary's shops, is this root used for Doronicum: but it is very unlike to the Doronicum of the Arabian masters.   

❧ The Nature.  
Aconit is hot and dry in the fourth degree, very hurtful to man's nature, and killeth out of hand.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The report goeth, that if this herb or the root thereof, be laid by the Scorpion, that he shall loose his force, and be astonished, until such time, as he shall happen again to touch, or be touched, with the leaves of white Elebor, or Niesewort, by virtue whereof he cometh to himself again.   

❧ The Danger.  
Aconit taken into the body, killeth Wolves, Swine, and all beasts both wild and tame.    

Of wolves bane/ or Leopards bane. Chap. lxxix.  

❀ The Kinds.  
wolves bane is of two sorts. The one beareth blue flowers, and the other yellow. And of both those kinds are divers other.  

Lycoctonum caeruleum maius, Napellus verus. Blue wolves bane, or Monks Hood.   

Lycoctonum caeruleum minus.    

❀ The Description.  
THE first kind of blue wolves bane is small, the leaves be split and somewhat parted, as Leopards bane. The flowers be as little hoods, like to the leaves of the greater wolves bane, with three cods following the same commonly together. On the hairy root groweth as it were a little knop, wherewith it spreadeth itself abroad and multiplieth.  
Lycoctonum Ponticum. Pontic Leopards bayne, or yellow wolves bain.  
Lycoctonum floor Delphini.  
The great blue wolves bain, hath likewise large leaves, and cloven or cut, not much differing from the aforesaid, but much greater and more finely jagged and cut, and in colour likewise brown. The stalks grow to the height of three or four foot, and they bear at the top fair blue flowers, rough within, and made like a Hood or Helmet, of five leaves: whereof the two nethermost are narrow and strait, they of each side a little larger, and the leaf that is all upmost is great and hollow, as a Cap or Hood, covering the leaves that are by the sides. In the hollowness of the said flower, grow two small crooked hears, somewhat great at the end, fashioned like a fools babble: in the middle of the said flowers are many small hairy threddes, at the end of the said small threddes, are little pricks or points, turning upon yellow. When the flowers do fall, there come in their steed, three or four husks together, having a hard, black, and cornered seed. The root is thick and black, fashioned like a pear, and hath many hairy strings or strappes.  
To these kinds of blue wolves bain, is likewise accounted another purple flower, the leaves be much cut, the flowers grow along the stalks, and are of a violet colour, of fashion like unto a Knights spur, with a little tail hanging behind the flower. The cods are as the aforesaid. The roots are joining three or four together.  
The yellow wolves bain, is likewise of two sorts, the one great, and the other small. The great yellow wolves bane, hath large blackish leaves, slit and cloven, almost like to Crowfoote, but far greater. The stems be roundish, about two foot high or more: at the top of those stems or branches grow pale flowers, almost like the flowers of wild linseed, after which flowers there follow small cods, containing a black and cornered seed. The root is black and very threddy.  
The little yellow wolves bane is a lower herb, his leaves come forth of the root, the which are deeply cut round about: the flowers grow upon some of the leaves, and they be of a yellow colour, fashioned like unto one of the Ranunculus flowers. Thereafter follow cods like unto the wolves bane. The roots be thick and knotty as on the Anemone.   

❀ The Place.  
These venomous & noughty herbs are found in this Country planted in the gardens of certain Herboristes, and the blue is very common in divers gardens. The two last kinds are found in Almaigne & other Countries, in low valleys, and dark woods or wild forests. The yellow are also found upon wild mountains in dark places.   

❀ The Time.  
These herbs do flower in April, May, and june.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is in called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Aconitum lycoctonum and of some Luparia: in French Tueloup.  
The first is called in high Douchelande Blowolfwurts, Ysenhut, and Bloysenhutlin: in neither Douchelande Blauw Wolf's wortele, and of some Munckes' capkens, and therefore they call it in Latin Cucullus Monachi, or Cappa Monachi, that is to say, The Cape or Hood of the Monk: and the second is counted of many learned men to be the right or true Napellus described of Avicen, & he calleth it Napellus, quasi parvus Napus, because the root is like to a little Rape or Navew, called in Latin Napus.  
The yellow is called of Dioscorides, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Lycoctonum Ponticum: in French Tueloup iaulne: in high Dutch Wolffwurtz, and Gelbwolffwurtz: in neither Douchlande Geel Wolf wortell: in English Yellow wolves bane: plain wolves bane, and Heath Crowfoote.  
The little yellow seemeth well to be that Aconitum, the which Theophrastus hath spoken of, and is now called of some Aconitum hyemale: because it is preserved in the gardens of this Country, and in the winter it flowreth.   

❀ The Nature.  
All these Leopards or wolves bane, are hot and dry in the fourth degree, and of a venomous quality.   

❧ The Danger.  
wolves bane taken into the body, inflameth the heart, burneth the inward parts, and killeth the body, as it hath been seen not long sithence, in Anwarpe, where as some did eat in Salade the root of blue wolves bane, in steed of some other good herb, and died incontinent. The kinds of wolves bane, do not only kill men, but also wolves, Dogs, and such other beasts, if it be given them to eat with flesh.    

Of Oleander/ or Rose Bay. Chap. lxxx.  

❀ The Description.  
OLeander is a little tree or shrub, bearing leaves greater, thicker, and rougher, than the leaves of the Almond tree, the flowers be of a fair read colour, divided into five leaves, and not much unlike a little Rose. The fruit is as long as a finger, full of rough hairy seed, like the cods or husks of Asclepias, called in English Swallow wort.   

❀ The Place.  
Oleander groweth in some Countries by rivers, and the sea side, in pleasant places (as Dioscorides writeth) in this Country in the gardens of some Herboristes.  

Nerium.    

❀ The Time.  
In this Country it bringeth forth his flower in june.   

❀ The Names.  
This plant is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: Nicander calleth it also Neris: in Latin Laurus rosea, and Rosea arbour: that is to say, Rose tree: in Shops Oleander: in French Rosagine, or Rosage: in Dutch Oleander boom: in English Rose tree, or Rose Bay tree, Oleander, and Nerium.  

Nerium.    

❀ The Nature.  
Oleander is also very hot and dry of Complexion.   

❀ The Virtues.  
It hath scarce one good property. It may be compared to a Pharisee, who maketh a glorious and beautiful show, but inwardly is of a corrupt and poisoned nature. God grant all true Christians and Christian Realms, whereas this tree, or any branch thereof, beginneth to spread and fiorishe, to put to their helping hands to destroy it, and all the branches thereof: as dissimulation, Covetousness, Bribery, sir Simony, and master Usury. It is high time, if it be the will of God, to supplant it. For it hath already flowered, so that I fear it will shortly seed, & fill this wholesome soil full of wicked Nerium.   

❧ The Danger.  
Oleander or Nerium, is very hurtful to man, but most of all to Sheep, Goats, Cows, Dogs, Asses, Mules, Horses, and all four footed beasts: for it is deadly, and killeth them. Yea if they do but drink the water, wherein Oleander hath been stieped or soaked, it causeth them to dye suddenly, as Dioscorides, Pliny, and Galen do writ.    

Of Poppy. Chap. lxxxi.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be three sorts of Poppy, as Dioscorides saith, whereof the first kind is white, and of the garden, the two other are black and wild.  

Papaver sativum. Garden Poppy.   

Papaver syluestre. Wild Poppy.    

❀ The Description.  
THE garden white Poppy beareth a strait stem, or strait smooth stalk, about the height of four or five foot in length, with long leaves thereupon, large and white, unevenly jagged and toothed about: at the highest of the said stems, groweth a round bud or button, the which openeth into a large white flower, made of four leaves, the which flower hath in the middle many small hairy threddes, with little tips at the endeth, and a round head, the which head waxeth great and long, wherein is the seed, which is white, and very necessary in medicine.  
Of this kind there is yet another, whose flowery leaves be jagged or frenged, in all things else like to the aforesaid.  
The second kind of Poppy, hath his stalks and leaves much like to the white, but the flowers be of a fair read colour, and the heads are more rounder, and not long. The seed is blackish.  
Of this sort there is found another kind, whose flowers be snipt & jagged, the which sometimes be very double, like to the other.  
The third kind of Poppy, is like to the two other sorts in leaves, and stems, saving that it is smaller, and beareth more flowers, and heads. The flowers be of a colour betwixt white and read, changing toward black, having black spots, at the lower part of every flowers leaves. The heads be somewhat long, much smaller than the heads of the others, wherein there is also black seed, and when the seed is ripe, the heads do open above, under the shell or scale which covereth the said heads. And afterward the seed falls out easily, which happeneth not to the other two Poppies, whose heads remain always close.  
There droppeth or runneth out of Poppy, a liquor as white as milk, when the heads be pierced or hurt, the which is called Opium, and men gather and dry it, and is kept of the Apothecaries in their shops to serve in medicine.   

❀ The Place.  
All these kinds of Poppy are sown in this Country in gardens. The third kind is very common, insomuch as it is sown in many fields for the commodity and profit which cometh of the seed. In Apulia and Spain, and other hot Countries, they gather the juice, which is the Opium, that men of this Country put in medicines.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth most commonly in june.   

❀ The Names.  
Poppy is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin and in shops Papaver, of some Oxytonon, Prosopon, Lethe, Lethusa, and Onitron: in high Almaigne, Magsamen, Moen, Magle, and Olmag: in base Almaigne Huel, & of some Mancop.  
The juice of Poppy is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, & in shops Opium.  
The first kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Papaver sativum, of some Thylacitis: in shops Papaveralbum: in French Pavot cultiué & blanc: in Almaigne Witten Huel, and Tammen Huel: in English White Poppy, and Garden Poppy.  
The second kind Dioscorides calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and Papaver syluestre, & erraticum, some also call it Pithitis: in Shops Papaver nigrum, magnum, of the unlearned Papaver rubrum, and according to the same, the Frenchmen call it Pavot rouge: in Dutch Rooden Huel: in English, Black Poppy, and Wild Poppy.  
The third sort is also taken for a kind of wild Poppy, and is called in Shops Papaver common, and Papaver nigrum, that is to say, Common Poppy, and black Poppy: in Dutch Huel. This should seem to be Poppy Rhoeas, that is to say, Flowing and falling, because the seed thereof floweth out when it is ripe, which chanceth to none of the other kinds, as is abovesaid.   

❀ The Nature.  
All the Poppies be cold and dry, almost even hard to the fourth degree.  
Opium is cold and dry, almost hard to the fourth degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The decoction of the leaves and heads of Poppy, made in water & drunk causeth fleepe. It hath the like virtue, if the head and hands be washed therewith.  
Of the heads boiled in water, is made a Syrup, which doth also cause sleep, and is very good against the subtle Rheums, and Catharrhes, that distill and fall down from the brain upon the lungs, and against the cough, taking his beginning of such subtle humours.  
The seed of black Poppy drunk in wine, stoppeth the flux of the belly, and the unreasonable course of women's issues: & if it be mingled with water, and laid to the forehead, it will cause sleep also.  
A plaster is made with the green knoppes or heads of Poppy (before it is ripe) & parched barley meal, the which is good to be laid upon the disease, named in Latin Ignis sacer, and hot tumours, which have need of cooling.  
Opium, that is the juice of Poppy dried, taken in quantity of a fetch, suageth all inward pains, causeth sleep, cureth the cough, and stoppeth the flux.  
The same laid to with Oil of Roses, suageth headache: and with Oil of sweet Almonds, Myrrh, and Saffron, it heals ache, or pain of the cares.  
With vinegar it is good to be laid to the disease, called Erysipelas, or Wild fire, and all other inflammations, and with woman's milk and Saffron, it suageth the pain of the gout.  
The same put into the fundament, as a Suppository, bringeth or causeth sleep.  
To conclude, in what manner soever Opium be taken, either inwardly or outwardly, it causeth sleep, and taketh away pains. Yet you must take heed, to use it ever with discretion.   

❧ The Danger.  
The use of Poppy is very evil and dangerous, and especially Opium, the which taken excessively, or to often applied upon the flesh outwardly, or otherwise without good consideration and advisement, it will 'cause a man to sleep to much, as though he had the Lethargy, which is the forgetful sickness, and bringeth foolish and doting fancies, it corrupteth the sense and understanding, bringeth the Palsy, and in fine it killeth the body.   

❀ The Correction.  
When by great necessity you are forced to use Opium, mix Saffron with it, for it shall let, and somewhat hinder the evil quality of Opium, in such sort as it shall not so easily do harm, as it would, if Saffron were not mingled with it. See Turner's Herbal for the remedy against Opium lib. 2 fol. 76.    

Of Read Poppy/ or Cornerose's. Chap. lxxxij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be two sorts of read Poppy, or Cornerose, the great and the small, differing only in leaves, but the flowers are like one another.   

❀ The Description.  
THE small Cornerose, or wild Poppy, hath small rough branches, the leaves be somewhat long, toothed round about, not much differing from the leaves of the other Poppy, saving that they be much smaller, and not smooth, but rough. The flowers be of a fair read colour, not differing in figure from the flowers of the other Poppy with black threads in the middle. After the falling of the flowers, there rise heads much smaller than the heads of Poppy, and in proportion longer, wherein is contained black seed. The root is long and yellowish.  
Papaver Rhoeas. Shadowy Poppy, or read Poppy.  
Papaver Rhoeas alterum. Cornerose or shadding Poppy.  
The great Cornerose hath large leaves, very much jagged, or rather rend, like to the leaves of white Senuey, but always longer and rougher. The stalks, flowers, and knoppes, or heads, are like to the smaller Cornerose. The root is great, and whiter than the root of the lesser Cornerose.   

❀ The Place.  
The Cornerose groweth amongst the Wheat, Rye, Oats, and Barley. The lest is most common.   

❀ The Time.  
Cornerose's flowreth in May, and from that time forth, until the end of summer.   

❀ The Names.  
This kind of wild Poppy is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Papaver erraticum, Papaver fluidum, and Papaver Rhoeas: in some Shops Papaver rubrum: in French Coquelicoc, or Ponceau: in high Douch Klapperrosen, Kornrosen: In base Almaigne Clapperroosen, and Rooden Huel, or wilden Huel. And it is not without cause to be doubted, whether the second Cornerose be a kind of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Argemone, or no.   

❧ The Nature.  
Corneroses do cool and refresh also, and are of complexion much like Poppy.  
Five or six heads of wild Poppy, or Cornerose's boiled in wine & drunk, causeth sleep. Like virtue hath the seed taken with honey.  
The leaves with the green heads bruised together, are very good to be laid upon all evil hot swellings, and ulcers, and upon Crysipeles, or wild fire, as the other Poppies are.    

Of Horned or Codded Poppy. Chap. lxxxiij. And Hypocoum fort.  

Papaver Corniculatum. Horned Poppy, yellow Poppy.   

Papaveris corniculati alia species. Horned Poppy, an other kind.   

❀ The Description.  
THE Horned Poppy his leaves be very much cut and cloven, not much unlike the leaves of the other Poppy, but more rough, and hairy, like the leaves of Cornerose. The stalks be round & somewhat rough also, whereupon grow yellow flowers, made of four leaves, the which falling away, they bring forth long, narrow husks, or cods, something crooked, wherein the seed is contained. The root is great and thick, and abideth winter, bringing forth every year new leaves, and stems.  
There is yet two other sorts of this Poppy, as some men of good knowledge do testify, the which are very common in Spain.  
The one hath his leaves, stalks, & cods, altogether like to the aforesaid, saving that his flowers be not yellow, but shining read: but for the rest, the flower is agreeable with the proportion of the yellow.  
The second is like to the others, saving that it is much less in leaves, stalks, flowers, and cods. And the flowers be neither yellow, nor read, but of a fair blue violet colour, parted likewise into four leaves.  
There is found in some places of France, a kind of herb very fair, the which may be very well brought under this Chapter, because it is like to the herbs described in the same. First it hath large leaves finely jagged & white, like the leaves of Rue, the which do partly lie upon the ground, and partly are lifted up from the earth: amongst the which cometh up a stalk or twain, set by certain spaces, with the like leaves, but smaller, and divided towards the top, into other small branches, which bring forth a yellow flower with two leaves only, in the middle whereof, you may see a thing like to a little clipper, the which is nothing else, but the husk or cod, and afterward it waxeth long, & hath within a reddish sede. The root is white and tender, having a number of threddes.  
Corniculati Papaveris peregrina species. A strange codded Poppy.   

❀ The Place.  
Horned Poppy groweth of his own kind, by the sea side in rough places (as Dioscorides saith) in this Country the Herboristes do set and sow it in their gardens.  
The other two kinds are found in Spain by the Sea coast, amongst Corn, and by the high ways.  
The third groweth about Monpellier, amongst the wheat and Oats.  
The fourth is found in some places of Languedoc, as near about Vover, where as there is great store in the fields, that are by the high ways.   

❀ The Time.  
Horned Poppy flowreth in july and August.  
Hypecoum flowreth in April, and the seed is ripe in june.   

❀ The Names.  
This kind of Poppy is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Papaver cornutum, and of some Apothecaries that are ignorant Memitha, whereunto it is nothing like: in French Pavot cornu: in high Dutch Gehornter Magsamen, and Geel Olmagen: in base Almagne Geelen Huel: in English Horned Poppy.  
Some of the learned sort do think, that this herb is a kind of Papaver Corniculatum, that is to say, Horned Poppy, described by Dioscorides in his fourth book. Some would have it Papaver spumeum, described of the same Dioscorides in the same place. But if it may be lawful for me to give a judgement aswell as the rest, it shallbe neither of those herbs: but rather that Hypecoum of Dioscorides, named in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for all the signs and tokens do agreed very well with the same.   

❀ The Nature.  
Horned Poppy is hot and dry in the third degree.  
If the fourth kind be Hypecoum, it should be cold and dry in the third degree, not much differing from Poppy, as Galen saith.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of Horned Poppy boiled in water until half be consumed, pronoketh urine, unstoppeth the liver, and it is given to drink with great profit to such as make gross and thick urine, and to such as are diseased in the liver, and that have any grief in their reins, their lining, or hanche.  
The seed of this Poppy, taken in quantity of a spoonful, loseth the belly very gently, and purgeth phlegm.  
The leaves and flowers bruised or pound, and afterward laid to old sores, and rotten ulcers, cleanseth them well.    

Of Maudrake/ or Mandrake. Chap. lxxxiiij.  

❀ The kinds.  
MAndrake (as Dioscorides writeth) is of two sorts, that is to say, The white and the black. The white is called the male Mandrake, the which is very well known. The black is called the female Mandrake, the which is not yet much known.   

❀ The Description.  
THe white Mandrake hath great large leaves, of a whitish green colour, thick, and plain, spread upon the ground, not much differing from the leaves of Beets, amongst the which there cometh up, upon short small and smooth stems, fair, yellow, round apples, and of a strong savour, but yet not unpleasant. The root is great and white, not much unlike a radish root, divided into two or three parts, and sometimes growing one upon another, almost like the thighs and legs of a man.  
The black or female Mandrake, hath likewise no upright stem, his leaves be in like manner spread abroad upon the ground, narrower and smaller than the leaves of lettuce, of an unpleasant smell or savour. The apples be pale, in figure like the Sorbappel or Corme, by half less than the apples of the Malemandrage. The root is black without, and white within, cloven beneath into two or three divisions or cliffs folding one upon another. It is smaller than the root of the male.  
Mandragora mass. The male Mandrake. Mandragora foemina. The female Mandrake.   

¶ The Place.  
Mandrake growth willingly in dark and shadowy places. It groweth not of himself in this Country, but you shall find it in the gardens of some Herboristes, the which do set it in the son.   

❀ The Time.  
The Apples of Mandrake, in this Country be ripe in August.   

❀ The Names.  
Mandrake is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Mandragoras, of some Circaea, and Antimalum, and of Pythagoras also Anthropomorphos, because that the roots of this herb are like to the lower parts of man.  
The first kind is called Mandragoras mass, of some (as Dioscorides says) Morion: in French Mandragore masle: in high Douch Alraun mennlin: in neither Douchlande Mandragora manneken, or Alruyn manneken: in English White Mandrake, and Male Mandrake.  
The other is called Mandragoras foemina, of some Thridacias: in French Mandragore femelle: in Almaigne Alraun weibling, and Mandragora wijfken: in English Black Mandrake, and Female Mandrake.   

❀ The Nature.  
The root of Mandrake, and especially the bark, is cold and dry even hard to the fourth degree, the fruit is not so cold, and it hath some moisture adjoining.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The juice drawn forth of the roots of fresh Mandrake, dried, and taken in a very small quantity, purgeth the belly vehemently from phlegm, and black melancholic humours, even like the root of black Hellebor.  
It is good also to be put in Collyres, and medicines, that do mitigate the pains of the Eyes: and being put under as a pessary, it draweth forth the secundine, and the dead child.  
A suppository made of the same, and put into the fundament, causeth sleep.  
The green and fresh leaves of Mandragoras, pound with parched barley meal, are good to be laid unto all hot swellings and ulcers, and they have virtue to dissolve, and consume all swellings and impostemes, if they be bruised and laid thereupon.  
It is also good to put of the root upon hot ulcers & tumours: and with Oil and honey, it is good, it is good to be laid to the bitings of venomous beasts.  
The wine wherein the root of Mandrake hath been stieped or boiled, causeth sleep, and suageth all pain, wherefore men do give it (very well) to such as they intend to cut, saw, or burn, in any part of their bodies, because they shall feel no pain.  
The smell of the apples causeth sleep, but the juice of the same taken into the body doth better.   

❀ The Danger.  
It is most dangerous to receive into the body, the juice of the root of this herb, for if one take never so little more in quantity, than the just proportion which heought to take, it killeth the body. The leaves and fruit, be also dangerous, for they 'cause deadly sleep, and peevish drowsiness like Opium. See Turner's remedy against this evil in the Chapter of Mandrake.    

Of Mad Apples/ or Rage Apples. Chap. lxxxv.  

❀ The Kinds.  
There be two kinds of Amorous, or Raging love apples. The one beareth apples of a purple colour, the other pale of whitish, in all things else one like to the other, as in making, fashion, stalks, leaves, and flowers.   

❀ The Description.  
THis plant hath a round stalk or stem of a foot high, bearing broad brown green leaves, almost like to the leaves of Dwale or deadly Nightshade, but a little more rougher, amongst the which grow the flowers upon short stems, which do turn afterward into a great, round, long fruit, almost like an apple, full of seed within as the cucumber, & of colour outwardly sometimes brown as a Chestnut, sometimes white, or yellow. The root is full of laces like threddes.   

¶ The Place.  
Apples of love, grow not of their own kind in this Country: but the Herboristes do set and maintain them in their gardens, as Cucumbers & Gourds, with the which they do spring, and vanish yearly.   

❀ The Time.  
This plant flowreth in August, and his fruit is ripe in September.  

Mala insana.    

¶ The Names.  
They be called now in Latin Mala insana: in French Pommes D'amours: in base Almaigne, Verangenes: in high Dutch, according to the Latin name Melantzan, and Doll opffel, that is to say, Raging or mad Apples, also they be called in English Amorous Apples, and Apples of love.   

❀ The Nature.  
These apples be of complexion cold and moist like Gourds.   

❀ The Virtues.  
They be not used in medicine, but some do prepare and trim them with oil, pepper, salt, and vinegar, for to eat. But it is an unwholesome meat, engendering the body full of evil humours.    

Of Amorous Apples or Golden Apples. Chap. lxxxvi.  

❀ The kinds.  
THese strange Apples be also of two sorts, one read, and the other yellow, but in all other points they be like as in stalks, leaves, and growing.   

❀ The Description.  
THese apples have round stalks of a grey or ash colour, and hairy: three or four foot long full of branches. The leaves be great, broad, and long, spread abroad upon every side, and deeply cut, almost like the leaves of Aygremonie, but much greater and whiter. The flowers are yellowish, growing upon short stems, five or six together, and when they are fallen, there come in their places great flat apples, bollen or by certain spaces bunched out, on the sides, and of colour sometimes read, sometimes white, and sometimes yellow, like Oranges, or Mandrake apples, wherein is contained the seed. All the herb is of a strange stinking savour, and it must be sown every year as the Cowcombers be.   

❀ The Place.  
This is a strange plant, and not found in this Country, except in the gardens of some Herboristes, where as it is sown.   

❀ The Time.  
This herb flowreth in july and August, his apples be ripe in August and September.   

¶ The Names.  
This strange plant, is now called in Latin Pomum Amoris, Poma Amoris, and of some Pomumaureum: in French Pommes dorées, and of some also Pommes D'amours: in high Dutch Golt offel: in base Almaigne Gulden appelen: in English Apples of love, or Golden Apples.  

Poma Amoris.    

¶ The Nature and Virtue.  
The complexion, nature, and working of this plant, is not yet known, but by that I can gather of the taste, it should be cold of nature, especially the leaves, somewhat like unto Mandrake, and therefore also it is dangerous to be used.    

Of Apples of Perome. Chap. lxxxvij.  

❀ The Description.  
THE apple of Perow hath a round stalk, about two foot long, the leaves be grayish, almost like the leaves of Solanum, or Nightshade, but greater, especially the lowmost next the root, the flowers be white, round, and hollow as a bell, of a pleasant savour like the white Lily, and when they are fallen, there cometh fruit, round as an apple, of a green colour, beset round about with many prickly thorns, and therefore they call it Thorn apple, full of seed within like the Apples of love. The root is full of threddie strings, interlaced, woven, and winded one in another.   

❀ The Place.  
The apple of Perow, is a stranger also, the which is not to be found except in the gardens of the Herboristes, and yet not often.   

❀ The Time.  
These apples are in flower, in May and june.   

❀ The Names.  
This strange plant is called of the Italians, Stramonia, and Pomum spinosum, of some Corona regia: at Venize Melospinus, and Paracoculi: in French Pomme de Perou, or Pomme espineuse: in high Dutch Stech opffel, Rauch opffel, & Stecheud opffel: in base Almaigne Doren apple: we may call it in English, The apple of Perrow, Thorny apples, Prickle apples, and Stramonia.   

❀ The Nature.  
The complexion, virtue, and faculty of this plant, is not yet known.    

Of the Balm Apple or Momordica. Chap. lxxxviij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
BY the name of Balsamine, you must now understand two sorts of apples, or fruits, varying much one from an other, both in figure and growing. The one is called the Male Balsem, or Balm apple. The other is called the female Balsem apple.  

Stramonia.    

❀ The Description.  
THE first kind of these marvelous Apples, hath long branches and small, with little claspers or tendrelles, wherewithal it taketh holdefast upon hedges, trees, poles, and rails, against which it is planted. The leaves be large and round, cut in round about with certain deep cuts, almost like the vine leaves, but smaller. The flowers be pale, the fruit round, sharp pointed, and rough without, like the fruit of the wild cucumber, green at the beginning and afterward read. In these apples are found broad, rough, and blackish seed. The root putteth forth many branches, or moors, spread abroad here and there.  
The second kind hath a thick stalk or stem, of a reddish colour like Purslane, about a foot high or somewhat more. The leaves be long and narrow, and not much unlike the leaves of Wythie, a little toothed or crevised about. The flowers be fair, of an incarnate or lively colour changing upon blue, with a little tail turned again, not much differing from the flowers of Larks spur. The fruit or apple is round sharp at the point, and rough without, green at the beginning, but after yellowish pale, the which openeth itself when it is ripe, and the seed falls out, the which is very well like unto a Fetch. The root is like the abovesaid.  
Charantia. Balsam apple, the male. marvelous apples.  
Balsaminum. Balsam the Female.   

❀ The Place.  
These two strange herbs, are found in this Country, in the gardens of certain Herboristes.   

❀ The Time.  
These plants do flower in july and August, and their fruit is ripe in August and September.   

❀ The Names.  
The first kind of these herbs is called in Italian Charantia, Balsamina, Momordica, and in some places, Pomum Hierosolymitanum: in French Pomum mirabile, Pomme de merueille, & Merueille masle: in high Douch Balsam opffel mennlin: in base Almaigne Balsam apple manneken: in English we may call it Momordica, and the Male Balsam apple.  
The other kind is called Balsaminum, and is not Charantia, Balsamina, or Momordica, as some do think. The high Douchmen do call it Balsam opffel weiblin, that is to say, Merueille femelle: and in base Almaigne, Balsem apple wijfken: in English, the female Balsam apple.   

❀ The Nature.  
The complexion of these apples, according to the judgement of some, is hot in the first degree, and dry in the second.   

❀ The Virtues.  
A man shall found in writing, that the marvelous apples, are named Charantia, for the virtues following.  
The leaves of Charantia taken in wine, are a present remedy for all pains, aswell within the body as without, and doth comfort the strength of such as take it, in such sort, that no grief may happen to them.  
The same made into powder and drunk in wine, doth cure and heal all inward wounds, that is to say; of the bowels or entrails, and are very profitable against the Colique.  
The only juice of the leaves, put upon the teeth, heals the ache of the same.  
The Oil which men draw forth of the fruit of the same in the Son, closeth up all wounds, assuageth all pains, helpeth Cramps, and the drawing together, or shrinking of sinews, being laid to the places hurt & grieved.  
The same is also good against the ulcers of the breast, and pains of the Matrix: causing women to be easily delivered and without great pain, if it be laid to or anointed upon their bellies.  
The same cureth all ulcers, hurts, impostumes, and gatherings together of evil humours in the Matrix, being cast into the same, with an instrument made for that purpose.  
The same with Cotton laid to the fundament, heals the hemorrhoids, and suageth all pains of the same.  
Burstinges be also helped, when the diseased place is anointed with the Oil aforesaid, but for the same purpose, you must give the powder of the leaves to drink in wine.  
The Oil of Momordica, or marvelous Apples, made as is aforesaid, putteth away all scars and blemishes, if it be applied thereto.  
There is nothing found written of the properties of the female Balsam, because they be not known.    

Of Nightshade or Morello. Chap. lxxxix.  

❀ The Description.  
NIghtshade hath round stalks of a foot long, full of branches. The leaves are blackish, large, soft, and full of juice, like to the leaves of Basil, but much greater: the little flowers be white, hanging three or four one by another. After that they be passed, there come in their places, berries hanging together like the fruit of ivy, of colour most commonly black, when they be ripe sometimes read, and sometimes also yellow. The root is white and full of hairy threddes.   

❀ The Place.  
Nightshade is very common in this Country, about old walls, under hedges, about paths, and hollow ways, and all about the borders of fields, and in the gardens of pot herbs.   

❀ The Time.  
This herb flowreth from the month of june, during all the summer, and in this space delivereth his seed.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Solanum, and Solanum horrense: In Shops Solatrum, and of some Morella, Vua lupina, and Vua Vulpis: in French Morello: in high Dutch Nachtschat: in base Almaigne Nascaye, and Nachtscade: in English Nightshade, Petimorel, and Morel.   

❀ The Nature.  
morel is cold and dry in the second degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The green leaves of Petiemorel, or Nightshade, pound with parched barley meal, is marvelous profitable to be applied, or laid to Saint Antony's fire, to corrupt and running ulcers, and all hot inflammations. And for the same purposes men make an ointment of the juice of the same, with Oil of Roses, Ceruse, and Littarge.  
The same pound by itself and laid to, is good against pains in the head, and is very profitable against a hot stomach, and all hot distemperature of the eyes, the ears, the liver, the melt, or Spleen; and the bladder, to be laid to outwardly upon the places of the same.  
The same with Salt, dissolveth the apostemes and swellings behind & about the ears, named Parotidas, if it be laid thereunto after the form of a plaster.  
The juice of Nightshade, mingled with the white of an egg, is good to be laid upon the forehead, against inflammations, redness, reumes, fluxions, and all other hot diseases of the eyes.  
The same dropped into the ears, suageth the pains of the same, & laid to with Cotton, in the manner of a mother. suppository, stayeth the inorditate course of women's issues.  
Solanum hortense.  
To conclude, Galen affirmeth, that Nightshade or morel is very good against all diseases and Accidents, wherein is any need of cooling and restraining.    

Of sied Nightshade/ Winter Cherry and Alcakengy. Chap. xc.  

❀ The Description.  
THE common Alcakengie, beareth slender stalks, leaves like Petty Morel, but much larger and greater. The flowers be pale, greater, but not so white as the flowers of Nightshade or Petimorel, & when they perish, they bring forth round balls, or blasted bladders, hollow, close, green at the beginning, but afterward read: in the said bladders be round read berries, full of seed, flat, and yellowish. The root is small, creeping along, and casting forth new every year, and in sundry places it putteth forth new shutes, and tender stalks.  
Bysides this there is found a strange kind, which is also taken for Alcakengie, the which hath small and tender stalks, the leaves be somewhat long, crevised & deeply cut round about. The flowers be white as snow, bringing forth also bladders, or round blasted balls, at the beginning green, but afterward blackish: wherein groweth black berries, about the quantity of a pease. The root is small and threddie.  
Vesicaria vulgaris. Alcakengie or winter Cherie.  
Vesicaria peregrina. Black winter Cherie.   

❀ The Place.  
Alcakengie groweth in some woods of this Country, about hedges and low moist places, and is much planted in gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
The little bladders, and the fruit of this plant are ripe in August and September.   

❀ The Names.  
Alcakengie is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Vesicaria, of Pliny Vesicula, of some Callion, in Shops Alkakengie: in French Alquequanges, and des Coquerelles: in high Dutch Schlutten, Boberellen, juden Kirszen, Teuffels Kirsen, juden Hutlin, and Rot Nachtschad: in base Almaigne, Criecken van oversee, That is to say, Beyondsea Cherries: in English it is called Nightshade, Alkakengie, and Winter Cherries.  
The other strange kind is called of men of this time, Vesicaria peregrina, and Vesicaria nigra: in French Pois de merueilles: in high Douch Munches copfflin, Schwarte Schlutten, and Welsch Schlutten: in base Almaigne Vremde Criecken van over zoea, and Swerte Criecken van over zoea.   

❀ The Nature.  
The leaves of Alkakengie are cold like Petimorell. The fruit is not so cold. Moreover, it is of subtle parts.  
The complexion of the strange Alkakengie, is yet unknown.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves of Alkakengie are good for all such things, as the leaves of Petimorel serve for, but not to be eaten.  
The Cherries or fruit of Alkakengie, openeth the stoppinges of the liver, the kidneys, cleanseth the bladder, and provoketh urine. Therefore they be very good against the jaundices, the ache & grief of the rains and bladder, against the difficulty & sharpness of making water, and against the stone and gravel.    

Of great Nightshade/ or Dwale. Chap. xci.  

❀ The Description.  
THis noughty and deadly plant is taken for a kind of Solanum, because it doth somewhat resemble it. It hath round blackish stalks of two or three foot high, or more, upon the which grow great broad leaves, somewhat rough, greater and larger, yea & blacker than the leaves of Morel, the flowers be of a brown colour, fashioned like to little hollow bells, after the which there come up great round berries, every one upon a stalk by himself, about the bigness of a Cherie, green at the beginning, but afterward when they wax toward ripenesss, they be of a fair black shining colour, within the said berries is contained a little brown seed. The root is great, putting forth new every year, and bringing forth a number of new stalks.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb is found in some places of this Country, in woods, and hedges, and in the gardens of some Herboristes.   

❀ The Time.  
The fruit or berries of this venomous Solanum, are ripe in August.  

Mandragoras Theophrasti. Solanum lethal.    

❀ The Names.  
This herb is now called Solanum lethal: in Shops Solatrum mortale: in Frenché Solanum mortel: in high Dutch Dollkraut, Seukraut: in base Almaigne Groote Nascaye, and Dulcruyt, or dull besien. This is not Solanum Manicum, neither Solanum Somniferum, neither yet Mandragoras Morion, the which Dioscorides describeth. But it should rather seem to be that kind of Mandrake, whereof Theophrast speaketh in his sixth book the second Chapter. And for that cause it may be well called Mandragoras Theophrasti.   

¶ The Nature.  
The leaves and fruit of this herb are very cold, even in the fourth degree.   

❀ The working.  
The green and fresh leaves of this deadly Nightshade, may be applied outwardly as the leaves of Petimorel to S. Antony's fire, and the like hot inflammations but it must be done by great advise, seeing that this Solanum cooleth again more strongly than the common Nightshade.   

❧ The mischievous Danger.  
The fruit of this Solanum is deadly, and bringeth such as have eaten thereof into a deep sleep, with rage and anger, the which passion leaveth them not, until they die, as it hath been seen by experience, as well in Almaigne, as at Mechlen, upon some children who have eaten of this fruit, thinking that it was not hurtful. Wherefore each man aught to take heed, that they plant not, neither yet suffer in their gardens, any such venomous herbs, especially of such sorts which bear a fair and pleasant fruit, as this last recited kind doth: or if they will have it in their gardens, then at the lest way, they aught to be careful, to see to it, & to close it in, that no body enter into the place where it groweth, that willbe enticed with the beauty of the fruit to eat thereof, as it cometh very oftentimes to pass unto women and young children.    

Of Solanum Somniferum, & Manicum. Chap. xcij  

Sleeping Nightshade.  
Furious Nightshade.   

❀ The Kinds.  
THE deadly Nightshade, whereof I have written in the former Chapter, causeth me yet to remember two other kinds of Solanum, or Morel, described of the Ancients, and of Dioscorides. Whereof one is called Solanum Somniferum, that is to say, Sleeping Nightshade: The other is called Solanum Manicum, that is to say, Mad, or Raging Nightshade.   

❀ The Description.  
SOlanum Somniferum, that is, Sleeping Nightshade, hath gross and hard stalks, upon the which groweth great broad leaves, almost like to the leaves of the Quince tree. The flower is great and read, the fruit as yellow as Saffron, contained in puffed balls or cods. The root is long and woody, and on the outside brown.  
The other Solanum called Manicum, that is to say, Mad or Raging, hath leaves like Senuie or Mostarde, but greater, and somewhat like to the leaves of the right Branke Vrsine, called in Latin Acanthus, the which shallbe described in the fifth book. It bringeth forth from one root ten or twelve stalks of the height of two or three foot, at the top of the said stalks or branches groweth a round head of the bigness of an olive, and rough like the fruit of the Plane tree, but smaller & longer. The flower is black, & when it perisheth, it bringeth forth a little grape, with ten or twelve berries, like the fruit of ivy, but plainer, and smother like the berries of grapes. The root is white and thick of a cubit long, and hollow within. To this Description agreeth that kind of strange Mallow, which is called Malua Theophrasti, and Alcea Veneta, the which shallbe described in the xxvij. Chapter of the fifth part of this History.   

❀ The Place.  
Solanum Somniferum, according to the opinion of Dioscorides, groweth in stony places, lying not far from the Sea.  
Solanum Manicum, groweth upon high hills, whose situation or standing is against the Son.   

❀ The Names.  
The first kind of these two herbs, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Solanum Somniferum, that is to say in English, Sleeping Nightshade, of some Halicacabon, Dirtion, Apollinaris minor, Vlticana herba, and Opsago.  
The second kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Solanum Manicum: that is to say, Furious or raging Solanum, or Nightshade, of some Persion, Thryon, Anydron, Pentadryon, and Enoron.   

❀ The Nature.  
The sleeping Nightshade or Solanum, is cold in the third degree, approaching very near unto the nature or complexion of Opium, but much weaker.  
The root of the mad or furious Solanum or Nightshade, especially the bark thereof, is dry in the third degree, and cold in the second, as Galen writeth.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The fruit of Solanum Somniferum, causeth one to make water, and is very good against the Dropsy, but you may not take above twelve of the berries at once: for if you take more, they will do harm.  
The juice of the fruit is good to be mixed with medicines, that do assuage and take away pain.  
The same boiled in wine, and held in the mouth, suageth tooth ache.  
The root of raging Solanum, especially the bark thereof, is very good to be rubbed and laid to Saint Antony's fire, in form of a plaster, and upon ulcers that be corrupt and filthy.  
It is not good to take this kind of Solanum inwardly.   

❧ The Danger.  
If you give more than twelve of the berries or grapes of Solanum Somniferum, it will 'cause such as you do give it unto, to rave, and wax distract or furious, almost as much as Opium.  
The root of Solanum Manicum, taken in wine to the quantity of a Dram, causeth idle and vain imaginations: & taken to the quantity of two Drams, it bringeth frenzy and madness, which lasteth by the space of three or four days: and if four drams thereof be taken, it killeth.    

Of Henbane. Chap. xciij.  

❀ The kinds.  
Of Henbane are three kinds (as Dioscorides and others have written) that is, the black, the yellow, and the white.   

❀ The Description.  
THE black Henbane hath great stalks and soft, the leaves be great broad, soft, gentle, woolly, grayish, cut and jagged, especially those at the lowest part of the stalk, and near the root: for they that grow upon branches, are smaller, narrower and sharper. The flowers be browneblewe within, and like to little bells, and when they fall of, there follow round husks, like little pots, covered with small covers, enclosed within with small rough velmes or skins, open above, and having five or six sharp points. These pots or cups are set in a rue, one after another, alongst the stalks. Within the said pots is contained a brown sede. The root is long, sometimes as great, as a finger.  
The yellow Henbane hath broad whitish and soft, or gentle leaves, neither carved nor cut, almost like the leaves of Mortal Nightshade, but greater, whiter, and softer. The flowers be of a faint or pale yellow colour, and round, the which being passed, there come in their steed round husks, almost like little cups, not much differing from the cups or husks of black Henbane, wherein is the seed, which is like to the seed of other Henbanes. These small pots do grow and are enclosed in a round skin, but the same is gentle and pricketh not. The root is tender. This kind of Henbane, having once born his seed, dieth before winter, and it must be sown yearly.  
Hyoscyamus niger. Black Henbane.  
Hyoscyamus luteus. Yellow Henbane.  
Hyoscyamus albus White Henbane.  
The third kind of Henbane, called the white Henbane, is not much unlike to the black, saving that his leaves be gentler, whiter, more woolly, and much smaller. The flowers be also whiter, & the seed which is enclosed in little cups, is like the seed of black Henbane, but the shell or skin that covereth the husks is gentle and pricketh not. The root of this kind is not very great. It dieth also before winter, and it must be likewise new sown every year.   

❀ The Place.  
The Henbane doth grow very plenteously in this Country, about ways & paths, and in wrought & sandy places.  
The two other kinds, the Herboristes do set in their gardens, whereof the white sort groweth of his own kind, as Dioscorides says, upon dung heaps, or mixens by the sea coast. In Languedoc they have scarce any other, saving the white kind.   

❀ The Time.  
These three kinds of Henbane do flower in july and August.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Hyoscyamus, Apollinaris, and Faba suilla, of some Dioscyamos, that is, iovis faba, Fabulonia: of Apuleia Symphoniaca, Calicularis, Remenia, Faba Lupina, Mania: of the ancient Romans, and Hetruscians, or Tuscans, Fabulum: of the Arabian Physicians Altercum, and Altercangenum: of Mattheus Syluaticus, Deus Caballinus, and Cassilago: of jacobus Manlius Herba Pinula: of some others Canicularis, and Caniculata: in French jusquiame, or Hanebane: in high Almaigne Bilsamkraut, Sewbon, and Dolkraut: in neither Douchlande Bilsen, and Bilsencruyt.  
The first kind is called because of his darkish brown flowers, Hyosyamus niger, that is to say, black Henbane.  
The second is called Hyoscyamus luteus, that is to say, Yellow Henbane, because it beareth yellow flowers.  
The third which hath white flowers, is called Hyoscyamus albus, that is to say, White Henbane.   

❀ The Choice.  
The white Henbane is best to be used in medicine. The two other be not so good, especially the black which is most hurtful.   

❀ The Nature.  
The seed of the white Henbane, and the leaves are cold in the third degree. The two other kinds are yet more colder, almost in the fourth degree, very hurtful to the nature of mankind.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The juice drawn forth of the leaves and green stalks of Henbane, and afterward dried in the Son is very good to be mingled with Colyries, that are made against the heats, rheums, and humours of the eyes, and the pain in the same, in the ears, and mother.  
The same laid to with wheaten meal, or with parched Barley meal, is most profitable against all hot swellings of the eyes, the feet, and other parts of the body.  
The seed of Henbane is good for the cough, the falling down of Catarrhs, and subtle humours into the eyes, or upon the breast against great pains, the inordinate flure of women's issues and all other issue of blood to be taken in the weight of an half penny, or ten grains with Hydromel, that is to say honeyed water.  
The same suageth the pain of the gout, heals the swelling of the genitors or stones, assuageth the swelling of wemens' paps after their deliverance. If it be bruised with wine, and laid upon. It may be also put into all emplaysters anodins, that is such as are made to suage pain.  
The leaves alone, or by themselves, pound with parched Barley meal, or mingled with other ointments, emplasters and medicines suage also all pains.  
If one do wash his feet with the Decoction of Henbane, or if it be given in glister, it will cause sleep. The same virtue hath the seed to be laid to with oil, or any other liquer upon the forehead, or if one do but smell often to the herb and his flowers.  
The root of Henbane boiled in vinegar, and afterward held in the mouth, appeaseth the tooth ache.  
To conclude, the leaves, stalks, flowers, seed, root, and juice of Henbane, do cool all inflammations, causeth sleep, and suageth all pain: yet notwithstanding this mitigation of pain doth not continually help or remain: for by such remedies as consist of things that are extreme cold as Opium, Henbane, Hemlock, and such other, the disease or pain is not clean taken away, but the body and grieved place is but only astonished, or made a sleep for a season, and by this means it feeleth no pain. But when they come again to their feeling, the pain is most commonly more grievous than before, and the disease more harder to be cured, by the extreme cooling of the said herbs, which bring to the sick (especially to such as be of a cold nature) intolerable Cramps and retractions of smewes. Therefore these herbs aught not to be used for the appeasing of pain, except in time of great need when the grief is great and intolerable.   

❧ The Danger.  
The leaves, seed, and juice of Henbane, but especially of the black kind, the which is very common in this Country, taken either alone or with wine, causeth raging, and long sleep, almost like unto drunkenness, which remaineth a long space, and afterward killeth the party.  
The leaves or juice taken in to great quantity, or to often, or laid to any member or part of the body having no need, quencheth the natural heat of the same, and doth mortify and 'cause the said member to look black, and at last doth putrefy and rot the same, and 'cause it to fall away.    

Of Hemlock. Chap. xciiij.  

❀ The Description.  
Hemlock hath a high long stalk, of five or six foot long, great and hollow, full of joints like the stalks of fenil, of an herbelike colour, powdered with small red spots, almost like the stem of Dragon, or the greater Serpentarie. The leaves be great, thick, and small cut, almost like the leaves of chervil, but much greater, and of a strong unpleasant savour. The flowers be white, growing by tuftes, or spokie tops, the which do change and turn into a white flat seed. The root is short, and somewhat hollow within.   

❀ The Place.  
This noughty and dangerous herb, groweth in places not toiled, under hedges, and about pales, and in the fresh, cold shadow.   

❀ The Time.  
Hemlock flowreth most commonly in july.  

Cicuta.    

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Cicuta: in English Hemlock: in French Cigne: in high Almaigne Shirling, Wutzerling, wundtscherling, and Weterich: in base Almaigne, Scheerlinck, and Duile keruel, or dull Peterselie: of some unlearned Apothecaries Harmel, the which albeit they have been sundry times warned of their errors by many learned, as Leonicenus, Manardus, and divers others, yet will they not leave, but continued obstinate in in their ignorance, using yet daily in steed of the seed of Rue called in Greek Harmel, the seed of Hemlock (the which they take perversely for Harmel) and do put it daily into their Medicines.   

❀ The Nature.  
Hemlock is very cold, almost in the fourth degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Hemlock laid upon the stones of young children, causeth them to continued in one estate, without waxing bigger. Likewise laid to the breasts of young maidens, do cause them to continued small: nevertheless, it causeth such as do use it, to be sick and weak, all the days of their lives.  
The same laid to and applied in manner of a plaster upon wild fire and hot inflammations, suageth the pain and taketh away the heat, even as Henbane and Opium doth.   

❧ The Danger.  
Hemlock is very evil, dangerous, hurtful, and venomous, in so much that whosoever taketh of it, dieth, except he drink good old wine after it: for the drinking of such wine, after the receiving of Hemlock, doth surmount and overcome the poison, and heals the person: but if one take the wine and Hemlock together, the strength of the poison is augmented, and then it killeth out of hand, insomuch that he is no kind of ways to be helped, that hath taken Hemlock with wine.  
The end of the third part of the History of plants.     

¶ The fourth part of the History of plants/ treating of the sundry Kinds/ fashions/ names/ virtues, and operations, of Corn or Grain, Pulse, Thistelles, and such like.  By Rembertus Dodonaeus. 

Of Wheat. Chap. i  

❀ The Kinds.  
THE Ancient writers have described divers sorts of wheat, according to the places and Countries, from whence it hath been brought to Rome and other such great Cities. But such as make no account of so many kinds, as Columella and Pliny, have divided wheat but only into three kinds: whereof the one is called Robus, the other Siligo. The which twain are winter corn or fruits, and the third Setanium, which is a summer wheat or grain. Yet to say the truth, this is as it were but one sort or kind, and the diversity consists but only in this point, that the one kind is browner or blacker, and the other sort is whiter and fairer, & the one is to be sown before winter, and the other after.   

❀ The Description.  
EVery kind of wheat hath a round high stem, straw, or reed, most commonly many straws growing from one root, every one having three or four joints, or knots, greater and longer than barley straw, covered with two or three narrow leaves, or grayish blades, at the highest of the said stem or straw, a good way from the said leaves, or blades, groweth the ear, in which the grain or corn is set, without order, very thick, and not bearded.   

❀ The Place.  
The wheat groweth in this Country, in the beast and fruitful fields.   

❀ The Time.  
Men sow their winter corn in September, or October, & the summer corn in March, but they are ripe altogether in july.   

¶ The Names.  
Wheat is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Triticum: in high Dutch Weyssen, & Weytzen: in neither Douchlande Terwe.  
The first kind, which of Columella is judged the best, & groweth not in this Country, is called Robus, & of Pliny Triticum: in English Read Wheat.  
Triticum. Wheat.  
The second kind, which is more light, and whiter, is called in Latin Siligo, & that is our common wheat growing in this Country, as we have evidently declared in Latin, in Historia Frugun, whereas we have also declared, that our common Rye is not Siligo, whereof Columel and Pliny have written.  
The third kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Setanium, and Trimestre Triticum: in French Blé de Mars: in base Almaigne, Zoomer Terwe: in English March, or summer Wheat.  
Wheat laid to outwardly as a medicine, is hot in the first degree, without any manifest moisture. But the bread that is made thereof, is warmer, and hath a greater force, to ripe, draw, and digest.  
The Amylum made of wheat, is cold and dry, and somewhat astringent.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Raw wheat chewed in the mouth, is good to be laid to against the biting of mad Dogs.  
The whole wheat is very profitable against the pains of the gout, when a man plongeth himself therein, even up to the knees, as you shall read in Pliny of Sextus Pompeius, who being so used, was cured of the gout.  
Wheaten meal mingled with the juice of Henbane, & laid to the sinews, is good against the rheums and subtle humours falling down upon the same.  
The same laid upon with vinegar and honey (called oxymel) doth cleanse and take away all spots and lentils from of the face.  
The meal of March or summer wheat, laid to with Vinegar, is very good against the bitings of venomous beasts.  
The same boiled like to a paste or pap, and licked, is very good against the spitting of blood: and boiled with Butter, & Mints, it is of great power against the cough, and roughness of the throat.  
The flower of wheaten meal boiled with honey and water, or with Oil and water, dissolveth all tumours, or swellings.  
The Bran boiled in vinegar, is good against the scurvy itch, and spreading scab, and dissolveth the beginnings of hot swellings.  
The said Bran boiled in the decoction of Rue, doth slake & suage the hard swellings of woman's breasts.  
The leaven made of wheaten meal, draweth forth shivers, splinters, and thorns, especially from the soles of the feet. And it doth open, ripe, and break all swellings and impostumes, if it be laid to with Salt.  
Wheaten bread boiled in honeyed water, doth suage and appease all hot swellings, especially in putting thereto other good herbs and juices.  
Wheaten bread new baked, tempered or soaked in brine or pickle, doth cure and remove all old and white scurviness, and the foul creeping or spreading scab.  
The Amylum or Starch, that is made of wheat, is good against the falling down of rheums and humours into the eyes, if it be laid thereunto, and it cureth and filleth again with flesh, wounds and hollow ulcers.  
Amylum drunken stoppeth the spitting of blood, and mingled with milk, it suageth the roughness, or soreness of the throat and breast, and causeth to spit out easily.    

Of the Corn called Spelt or Seia. Chap. ij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
SPelt is of two sorts. The one hath commonly two corns or seeds joined together, whereof each grain is in his own skin, or chaffy covering. The other is single, and hath but one grain.   

❀ The Description.  
SPelt, hath straw, joints, and ears, much like to wheat, saving that the corn thereof is not bore as the wheat corn is, but is enclosed in a little skin or chaffy husk, from which it can not be easily purged, or cleansed, except in the mill, or some other devise made for the same purpose, and when it is so pylde and made clean from the chaff, it is very wellyke to a wheat corn, both in proportion and Nature: in so much that at the end of three years, the Spelt being so purged, changes itself into fair wheat, when it is sown, as Pliny, Theophraste, and divers other of the ancients have written.   

¶ The Place.  
Spelt requireth a fat and fruitful ground well laboured, and groweth in high & open fields. In times past, it was found only in Grece, but at this day, it groweth in many places of Italy, France, and Flaunders.   

❀ The Time.  
It is sown in September, and October, like unto wheat, and is ripe in july.   

❧ The Names.  
This grain is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Zea: of the Ancient Romans Semen, and Far, and at this day Spelta: in French Espeautre: in high Dutch Speltz, and Dinckelkorne: in base Almaigne Spelte: and amongst the kinds of Far, it should seem to be Venniculum album.  

Zea. Far. Spelt.    

❀ The Nature.  
Spelt is of Nature like unto wheat, but somewhat colder, drawing near to the complexion of barley, and somewhat drying.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The meal of Spelt, with read wine, is very profitable against the stingings of Scorpions, and for such as spit blood.  
The same with sweet Butter unsalted, or with new goats suet, doth supple and mitigate the roughness of the throat, and appeaseth the cough.  
The same boiled with wine and Saltpetre, cureth corrupt and running sores, and the white scurf of all the body, the pain of the stomach, the feet, and women's breasts.  
To conclude, Spelt in quality is very like wheat, and is a good nourishment both for man and beast, as Theophrastus writeth.  
The bread thereof is not much inferior to that is made of wheat, but it nourisheth less. Turner lib. 2. fol. 131.    

Of Amilcorne. Chap. iij.  

❀ The Description.  
THIS grain is also like unto wheat in the straw, joints, and growing, but that the ears be not bore or not like wheat, but rough with many sharp pointed ears or beards, like the ears of Barley: & the corns grow by ranges, like to the corns or grains of Barley. The seed is also enclosed in little husks or coverings, like to spelt, and being cleansed and purged from his chaffy husk, it is much like to wheat.   

❀ The Place.  
This Corn groweth in many places of Almaigne.   

❀ The Time.  
Men do also sow it before winter, and it is cut down in july.   

❀ The Names.  
This Corn is called in high Douch Ammelkorne, That is to say, in base Almaigne Amelcorne, and in Latin Amyleum frumentum: and is a kind of Zea, and Far: and it should seem to be Halicastrum. It may be englished, Amelcorne, or bearded Wheat.   

The Nature, and Virtue.  
As this grain is a kind of spelt, even so it is very much like unto it in complexion and working, being in the middle betwixt Wheat and Barley, agreeable to all purposes whereunto Spelt is good.  
Amyleum frumentum.  
The bread that is made of it, is also somewhat like the bread of wheat.    

Of Typhewheate/ called in Latin Triticum Romanorum. Chap. iiij.  

❀ The Description.  
Roman Wheat, is like common Wheat in his blades and knotty straws, but the ears are more round and plain, and better compact, very much bearded, the grain is like the Wheat.  
There is another kind like unto this, whose straw and ears are smaller, the ears be also pointed and bearded. The seed is like unto wheat, saving that it is smaller, and blacker than our common Wheat is.   

❀ The Place.  
This Corn groweth not in all places, nor is not very common, but it is found in some parts of Almaigne, as in Aussois, about the mountains and forests, where as wild Boars, and Swine do commonly haunt. And the husbandmen of the Country do sow it for the same purpose, because of the Swine, which do ordinarily destroy the other Corn, but they come very seldom to feed upon this kind of grain, because of the rough and prickely beards which do hinder and let them, as Jerome Bocke writeth.  
The second kind groweth in the Isles of Canary, and in certain places of Spain.  
Triticum Romanorum, aut Triticum Barbatum. Roman Wheat.  
Triticum Typhinum. Typhwheate.   

❀ The Names.  
The first kind is called in French Meteil: in high Douch Welsche Weyssen, that is to say in Latin, Triticum Romanum: in base Almaigne, Romsche terwe: of some it is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Typhas, and also Typha cerealis, as a token of knowledge from another Typha, which is called Typha palustris: we may call it Typhe wheat or Bearded wheat, and Roman wheat.  
The second might also be a kind of Typha, if the seed were enclosed in little chaffy skins like unto Spelt, but seeing it is naked like wheat, therefore it cannot be Typhas, although in other respects it is very much like Typha, of Theophrastus and Galen, therefore it may be well called Triticum Tiphinum.   

❀ The Nature.  
This Corn is of temperature, somewhat like to the other, but not so good.    

Of Spelt corn/ Spelt wheat. Chap. v.  

❀ The Description.  
ZEopyron is a strange grain, very much like Spelt, in the straw, knots, and ears: yet the seed or grain is better like wheat, for it is not closed up in the husk like Spelt, but it cometh forth easily in thresshing like wheat: & it hath a brown yellowish colour like wheat.   

¶ The Place.  
This kind of grain, doth also grow in some places of Almaigne.   

❀ The Time.  
Men sow, and cut it down like other corn.   

❀ The Names.  
This corn as Galen writeth in his first book, Dealimentis, hath been called in the Country of Bythinia in Greece 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Zeopyron. The which is a compound name, of Zea (that is to say, Spelt) and Pyros, that is to say, Wheat, the which name is very agreeable unto this Corn, because it is like to them both, or as a mean betwixt them both. The Almains call it Kern, Drinkelkern, and Kernsamen, that is to say in base Almaigne Keerensaet.   

The Nature, and operation.  
Zeopyron is of temperature, not much differing from Spelt.  
The bread of Zeopyron is better than the bread made of Briza, and is as it were a mean or middle cast bread, betwixt wheaten bread, and the bread made of Briza, as winesseth Galen.  
Zeopyron.    

Of single Spelt. Chap. vi.  

❀ The Description.  
BRiza is also something like to Spelt, saving that it hath the ears, motes, and straws, lesser, smaller, and shorter, the ears be bearded, and the beards are sharp, like the beards of Barley. The seed is covered with a husk like to Spelt. The whole plant with his straw, ears, and grain is of a brown red colour, and it maketh brown bread, of a very strange and unpleasant taste.   

❀ The Place.  
This corn loveth rough and rude places, and hath not to do with the champion ground. It hath been found in times passed of Galen, in Macedonia, & Thracia: but now it is grown in some places of Douchlande, being brought first thither out of Thracia, as it is easy to conjecture. The which Country the Turks do now call Roman, the chiefest city whereof is Constantinoble.   

❀ The Time.  
Men sow it in September, and cut it in Summer, as other fruits of the like kinds.   

¶ The Names.  
This grain is now called in Douche Blicken, Sant Peter's Corn, and Einkorne: in neither Douchlande Eencoren. It should seem to be a kind of Zea Monococcoes, and 
Briza.  Zea simplex, of Dioscorides, and the Zea of Mnesitheus, the which Galen in his book, De aliment. facult. thinketh to be that grain, which in his time was called in Thracia and Macedonia, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Briza. It should also seem to be the kind of Far which Columella nameth Far Venniculum rutilum.   

❀ The Nature, and operation:  
To what purpose this corn serveth in Physic, hath not yet been written of, nor proved to my knowledge. But the bread made thereof is very heavy, nourisheth evil, and is unwholesome.    

Of Rye. Chap. seven.  

❀ The kinds.  
AS the wheat described in the first Chapter, is divers, according to the times or seasons of sowing, even in like manner is the Rye: for the one kind is sown before winter, and the other after winter.   

❀ The Description.  
RYe bringeth forth of one root, six or seven and sometime more, long, slender, and lean straws with four or five joints, the which in good and fertile ground groweth to the length of six foot or more, like to the straw or reed of wheat, but softer, smaller, and longer. At the highest of the said straws, grow long ears, bearded with sharpeyles, like Barley ears, but nothing so rough or sharp. The which when the corn is ripe do hung or turn downwards, within the said ears is the grain or corn, smaller, and much blacker than wheat, and less than Barley, and is not enclosed in small husks, but cometh forth lightly. Of this kind is made a very brown bread.  
The other Rye is like to the aforesaid, in all respects saving that the straws and ears are smaller.   

❀ The Place.  
Rye groweth in all the low Country of Flaunders, and in many other Regions, it loveth the barren soil, that is dry & sandy, where as none other corn or grain may grow, as in the Country of Brabant, the which is called Kempene, and other like dry soils. Yet for all that, the best Rye groweth in good and fertile soils.   

❀ The Time.  
The first kind is sown in September, and the other in March, and are both ripe in july.  

Secale.    

❀ The Names.  
This grain is called of Pliny in Latin Secale: in English Rye: in French Seigle: in high Almaigne Rocken: in base Alemaigne Rogghe: in Italian Segala: of some Asia, of others Farrago: although this is not the true Farrago, for Farrago is none other thing, but Barley, Oats, and such like grains mingled together and sown for forage or provender for cattle: the which men do mow and cut before it is ripe, to feed their Oxen, kine, Horses, and other like cattle.  
And that this grain is not Siligo, it is sufficiently declared in our fourth book of the History of plants Chapt. j   

¶ The Nature.  
Rye laid outwardly to the body, is hot and dry in the second degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Rye meal put into a little bag, and laid upon the head, cureth the old and inveterate pains of the head, and drieth the brain.  
The leaven made of the same, draweth forth thorns, & splinters, or shivers, and it ripeth all swelling and impostumations, insomuch that for this purpose, it will work better and is of more virtue, than the leaven made of wheaten meal.  
Rye bread with butter is of the like virtue, but yet not so strong as the leaven.  
Rye bread is heavy and hard to digest, most meetest for labourers, and such as work or travel much, and for such as have good stomachs.    

Of Barley. Chap. viij.  

❧ The Kinds.  
BArley is of two sorts, great and small, to the which they have now put two other kinds, that is to say, a kind without husk: and another kind called Dutch Barley or Rice.  

1. Hordeum Polystichun Winter Barley. Bear Barley.  
3. Hordeum Nudum. Naked orbare Barley. Wheat Barley.   

2. Hordeum Dystichum. Summer Barley. Common Barley.  
4. Oriza. Rice.    

❀ The Description.  
BArley hath helm or straw, like wheaten straw, but it is shorter and more brittle with six or more joints, and knots. The ears be long and very rough, covered & set full of long bearded sharp ails, where as the grain or corns are placed in order or rues, sometimes in four ranges or more lines. The seed is like to wheat, and is closed up fast in a chaffy covering or skin, like Spelt.  
The small common Barley is very well like the other, saving that his spike or ear hath but two rues or orders of Corns.  
Besides these two sorts of Barley, there is yet another kind the which hath the Barley in straw and ear, but the grain is not so closed up in the husk as the other Barley, but is naked bore, and clean, and cometh forth easily from his ear like wheat and Rye.  
Yet there is another kind, which some do call Douche Rysz, the same in his straw, joints, and in his long bearded ears doth much resemble Barley. It hath also his grains or corns enclosed in chaffy husks, like to Barley, but it is whiter than Barley.   

❀ The Place.  
Barley is common in all Countries, and it loveth good ground and fertile soil.  
The naked or hulled Barley groweth in some places of France, as about Paris.  
That which is called Douch Rysz, is sown in some places of Almaigne, as in Westerich.   

❀ The Time.  
Men do sow the great Barley in September, and they mow or cut it in july, and sometime in june.  
The lesser or common Barley is sown in the spring time, and is ripe in August.   

❀ The Names.  
Barley is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Hordeum: in French Orge: in Dutch Gerst.  
The great Barley is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Hordeum Cantherinum: in high Dutch Grosz Gerst: in base Almaigne Groote Gerste. I take this for Bear Barley,  
The lesser Barley is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and Galatinum Hordeum: in high Douch Fuder Gerst: in base Almaigne Voeder Gerste.  
The third kind (as witnesseth Ruelius) is called Hordeum mundum, and may be well called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Gymnocrithon, that is to say in Latin Hordeum nudum, as Galen setteth forth in his book Dealiment faculta.  
Jerome Bock nameth the fourth kind Teutsch Rysz, that is to say in Latin Oriza Germanica. It should seem to the eye, to be a kind of Far, especially that Far Clusinum, which resembleth much Santalum Plinij. It should seem also to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Olyra, of Dioscorides, which is called in Latin not Siligo, but Arinca: in English Rise.   

❀ The Nature.  
Barley is cold and dry in the first degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Barley meal boiled with figs in honeyed water dissolveth hot and cold tumours, and it doth soften and ripe all hard swellings with Pitch, Rosen, and Pigeons dung.  
The same mingled with Tar, Oil, Wax, & the Urine of a young child doth digest, soften, and ripe the hard swellings of the Neck, called in Latin Strumae.  
The same with Melilote and the heads of Poppy suageth the ache of the side, and with linseed, Fenugreck, and Rue, it is good to be laid upon the belly against the pains and windiness of the guts.  
Barley given with Mirtels, or wine, or wild tart pears, or with Brambles, or with the bark of Pomgarnet, stoppeth the running of the belly.  
They make a plaster with Barley meal against the scurf and lepry.  
The same mingled with vinegar or Quinces suageth the hot inflammations of the gout, and if it be boiled with vinegar and Pitch, and laid about the joints, it stayeth the humours from falling into them.  
It is also used in meats, and bread is made of it, the which doth not nourish so well as the bread made of wheat or spelt.    

Of Mill/ or Millet. Chap. ix.  

Milium.   

Lachryma job.   

❀ The Description.  
MIllet hath a hairy stalk, with seven or eight knots or joints. The leaves be long and like the leaves or blades of Polereede: at the highest of the stems come forth the bushy ears, very much severed and parted, like the plume or feather of the Cane or Polereede, almost like a brush or bosom to sweep withal, in which groweth the seed, very round and plain almost like to linseed, but that it is not so black.  
For one kind of Milium is likewise taken of some, that which is named Lachrima job, and it hath many knotty stalks, about a foot and a half high, and thereon broad reed leaves, between the which cometh forth round fruit upon thin stalks, about the bigness of a pease, thereof come forth small ears. The roots have strong threddie strings.   

❀ The Place.  
Mill loveth a moist and clay ground, it groweth abundantly in Italy and Spain.  
Lachryma job is in this Country strange, and is found only in the gardens of some diligent Herboristes.   

❀ The Time.  
They sow it in the spring time, and it is ripe in summer, it may be kept along time, even a hundred years, so it be kept from the wind.   

❀ The Names.  
This plant is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin of the Apothecaries Milium: in English Mill, Millet, and Hirse: in French Mil, or Millet: in high Dutch Hirsen: in neither Douchlande Hers, or Milie. What other name Lachryma job hath, is unknown unto us.   

❀ The Nature.  
Millet is cold in the first degree, and dry almost in the third degree, and of subtle parts.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Millet parched in a frying pan, and well heated and made warm, and put up into a bag, and so laid to the belly, doth help the gripinges & gnawing pains of the same: and suageth all pains, and aches, especially of the sinews: and is good to dry up that which requireth to be dried, being most convenient to dry, and comfort the brain.  
For want of other corn men may make bread of Millet, the which bindeth the belly, and provoketh urine: but it nourisheth little, and is very lean or slender.    

Of Turkey Corn/ or Indian Wheat. Chap. x.  

❀ The Kinds.  
TUrkish wheat is of one, and of many sorts. A man shall not find in this Country (in fashion and growing) more than one kind, but in colour the seed or grain doth much differ: for one beareth a brown grain or Corn, the other a read, the third a yellow, and the fourth a white Corn or grain. The which colour doth likewise remain both in the ears & flowers.   

❀ The Description.  
THis Corn is a marvelous strange plant, nothing resembling any other kind of grain: for it bringeth forth his seed clean contrary from the place where as the flowers grow, which is against the nature and kinds of all other plants, which bring forth their fruit there, where as they have born their flower. This corn beareth a high helm or stemine, & very long, round, thick, firm, and below towards the root of a brownish colour, with sundry knots and joints, from the which dependeth long, and large leaves, like the leaves of spiere or Polereede: at the highest of the stalks, grow idle and barren ears, which bring forth nothing but the flowers or blossoms, which are sometimes brown, sometimes red, sometimes yellow, and sometimes white, agreeable with the colour of the fruit which cometh forth afterward. The fruitful ears do grow upon the sides of the stems amongst the leaves, the which ears be great and thick and covered with many leaves, so that one cannot see the said ears, upon the uppermost part of the said ears there grow many long hairy threddes, which issue forth at the ends or points of the leaves covering the ear, and do show themselves, about the time that the fruit or ear waxeth ripe. The grain or seed which groweth in the ears, is about the quantity or bigness of a pease of colour in the outside sometimes brown, sometime read, and sometime white, and in the inside it is in colour white, and in taste sweet, growing orderly about the ears, in niene or ten ranges or rues.   

❀ The Place.  
This grain groweth in Turkey whereas it is used in the time of dearth.   

❀ The Time.  
It is sown in April, and ripe in August.   

❀ The Names.  
They do now call this grain Frumentum Turcicum, and Frumentum Asiaticum: in French Blé de Turquie, or Blé Sarrazin: in high Dutch Turkey Korn: in base Almaigne Torckschcoren: in English Turkish Corn, or Indian wheat.  

Frumentum Turcicum. Turkish or Indian wheat.    

❀ The Nature and Virtues.  
There is as yet no certain experience of the natural virtues of this corn.  
The bread that is made thereof is dry and hard, having very small fatness or moisture, wherefore men may easily judge, that it nourisheth but little, and is evil of digestion, nothing comparable to the bread made of wheat, as some have falsely affirmed.    

Of petty Panic/ Phalaris grise/ grass corn. Chap. xi.  

❀ The Description.  
PHalaris hath a round straw or helm, with three or four joints, the leaves be narrow and grassy, like the blades of Spelt or wheat but smaller and shorter, upon the said straw groweth a short thick ear, and clustered or gathered together. it bringeth forth a seed like unto Mill, and in fashion like to Line seed.   

¶ The Place.  
This seed groweth in Spain, and in the Isles of Canary. And is only sown in this Country of the Herboristes.   

❀ The Time.  
It is ripe in this Country in july and August.   

❧ The Names.  
This seed is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: & likewise in Latin Phalaris: of some Douchmen Spaensch saet, and Saet van Canarien, that is to say, Spanish or Canary seed, some Apothecaries do cell it for Millet. Turner calleth it Petty Panic.   

❧ The Nature.  
In complexion, it is much like to Millet.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The juice of Phalaris drunken with water, is good against the pain or grief of the bladder.  
And a spoenfull of the seed made into powder is good to be taken for the same purpose.    

Of Panic. Chap. xij.  

❀ The Description.  
Panic cometh up like Millet, but his leaves are sharpet & rougher. It hath a round stem or straw full of knotty joints, for the most part six, or seven knots upon one stem, and at every knot a large narrow leaf. The ears be round, and hanging somewhat downwards, in the which groweth small seed, not much unlike the seed of Millet, of colour sometimes yellow, and sometimes white.  
Phalaris.  
There is also found another plant like unto Panic, the which some hold for a kind of Panic, the Italians do call it Sorghi. This strange grain hath four or five high stems, which are thick, knotty, and somewhat brownish, beset with long sharp leaves, not much unlike the leaves of Spier or Poole reed, at the uppermost part of the stalks, there grow thick brownered ears, greater & thicker than the ears of Panic, the which at the first do bring forth a yellow flower, & afteward a round radish seed, of the quantity of a lentil, & somewhat sharp or pointed.   

❀ The Place.  
Panic is not much known in this Country, it groweth in some places of Italy and France, and it loveth gravel and sandy ground, it desireth not much rain or moisture: for when it raineth much, it maketh the leaves to loll and hung downward, as Theophrastus writeth.  
The Indian Panic is also a strange sede, & is not found in this Country, but in the gardens of Herboristes'.   

❀ The Time.  
Men do sow Panic in the spring of the year, and it is cut down again (in hot Countries) forty days after. The Gascons do sow it after they have sown their other corn, yet for all that, it is ripe before winter, as Ruelius says. In this Country when it is sown in April, it is ripe in july.  
Panicum. Panik.  
Sorghi. Melica. Indian Panic.  
Also the Indian Panic is sown in the spring time, and ripe at the end of summer.   

❀ The Names.  
Panic is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: of Theophraste also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Panicum: and now a days in Italian Melica: in high Dutch Feuch, Fenich, and Heydelpfenich: in base Almaigne Panickoren.  
The Indian Panic is now called of some Italians Melegua, or Melega, of some others, Saggina, and Sorgho▪ in Latin Melica Sorghi, Milium Saburrum, and of some Panicum peregrinum: of the Almains Sorgsamen: of the Brabanders Sorgsaet. It is very like that this is Milium Indicum, which as Pliny writeth, was first known in the time of the Emperor Nero.   

¶ The Nature.  
Panic is cold and dry of complexion.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The seed of Panic drunk with wine, cureth the dangerous and bloody flux, and taken twice a day boiled in goats milk, it stoppeth the lask, and the gnawinges or gripins of the belly.  
They make bread of Panic, as of Millet, but it nourisheth, and bindeth less than the bread of Millet.  
The Indian Panic is like the other Panic in operation and virtue.    

Of Oats. Chap. xiij.  

❀ The Description.  
Oats (as Dioscorides says) in grassy leaves, and knotty straw or motes, are somewhat like to wheat: at the upper part of the straws grow the ears, divided into many small springs or stems, displayed and spread abroad far one from another, upon the which stems or small branches the grain hangs sharp pointed always together, well covered with his husk.  
There is an other kind of Oats, which is not so enclosed in his husks as the other is, but is bore, and without husk when it is threshed.  
Also there is a barren oat, of some called the purre Oats, of others wild Oats.   

❀ The Place.  
Oats are very common in this Country, and are sown in all places in the fields.  
The piled Oats are sown in the gardens of Herboristes'. Turner says they grow in Sussex.  
The Purwottes or wild Oats, cometh up in many places amongst wheat and without sowing.   

❀ The Time.  
Oats are sown in the spring time, and are ripe in August.   

❧ The Names.  
Oats are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Auena: in high Dutch Habern: in base Almaigne Haver: in French Auoyne.  
The second kind may be called in English, Pilcorne, or pylde Oats.  
Turner calleth the third kind by the Greek name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and in Latin Auena sterilis: which you may see described in the xuj. Chapter of this fourth book.   

❀ The Nature.  
Oats do dry much, and are of complexion somewhat cold, as Galen says.  

Auena.    

❀ The Virtues.  
Oats are good to be put in plasters and Cataplasms wherein Barley is used, men may also use the meal of Oats in steed of Barley meal, forasmuch as Oats (as Galen says) do dry and digest without any biting acrimony.  
Oaten meal tempered with vinegar, driveth away the lentils and spots of the face.  
The same taken in meat stoppeth the belly.  
Oaten bread nourisheth but little, and is not very agreeable or meet for mankind.    

Of Gockwheate. Chap. xiv.  

❀ The Description.  
BOckwheate hath round stalks chavellured and fluted (or forowed and crested) of a reddish colour, about the height of two foot or more: The leaves are broad and sharp at the ends, not much unlike the leaves of ivy or common Wythiwinde. It putteth forth short stems, aswell on the sides as on the top of the stalks, upon the said short stems there grow many white flowers in tuftes or clusters, after the said flowers cometh the seed, which is triangled and grey, enclosed in a little felme or skin, like the seed of black bindeweede, described in the third part of the history of plants.   

❀ The Place.  
They sow it in lean and dry ground, and is very common in the lands of Brabant called Kempene.   

❀ The Time.  
It is sown in the spring time, & in summer after the cutting down of Corn, and is ripe niene or ten weeks after.  

Fegopyron. Tragopyron.    

❀ The Names.  
This kind of grain and plant is called in French Dragée aux cheveaux: in high Dutch Heydenkorne: in base Almaigne Bockweydt, after which name it may be englished Bockwheat, The Author of this work calleth it Tragopyron, certain others do call it in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and in Latin Fagotriticum, which is not O●ymum, described by Columel, as we have sufficiently declared in the fourth book of our History of plants, where as we have in like manner declared how it was unknown of the ancients. I think this to be the grain called in some places of England Bolimonge.   

¶ The Nature.  
This seed without fail is endued with no heat, and is not very dry.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The meal of Bockewheate is used with water to make pap, whitpottes and great cakes of light digestion, which do lightly loose the belly, and provoke urine, yet they be but of small nourishment.  
The bread which men do make of this grain is moist, & sharp or sour, without any great nourishing.  
It hath none other virtue that I know, saving that they give the green herb as fodder and fourrage for cattle, and they feed hens and chickens with the seed, which doth make them fat in short space.    

Of juray or darnel. Chap. xv.  

❀ The Description.  
IVray is a vicious grain that combereth or anoyeth corn, especially wheat, and in his knotty Straw, blades, or leaves is like unto wheat, but his ears do differ both from wheat and Rye ears, for they are divided into many small ears growing upon the sides at the top of the straw, in the which small ears the seed is contained, in proportion almost like wheat corns, but much smaller.   

¶ The Place.  
juray for the most part groweth amongst wheat, and sometimes it is also found amongst Barley, especially in good land, where as wheat hath grown before.   

❀ The Time.  
It waxeth ripe with the wheat and other corn.  

Lolium.    

¶ The Names.  
This plant is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. in Latin Lolium: of the Arabians Zizania: in French Yuraye, or Gasse. in English it is also called juraye, darnel, and Rain.   

❀ The Nature.  
juray is hot even almost in the third degree, and dry in the second.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The meal of juray laid on with Salt and Radish roots, doth stay and keep back wild Scurffes, and corrupt and fretting sores.  
The same with sulfer and vinegar, cureth the spreading scab, and lepry, or noughty scurf, when it is laid thereon.  
The same with Pigeons dung, oil, and linseed, boiled & laid plasterwise upon wens, and such hard tumours, doth dissolve and heal them.  
It draweth forth also all splinters, thorns, and shivers, and doth ripe and open tumours and impostemes.  
If it be sodden with Mede, or as Pliny says oxymel, it is good to be laid to, to suage the pain of the gout Sciatique.  
They lay it to the forehead with birds grease, to remove and cure the headache.  
It is also found by experience, that juray put into Ale or Bier causeth drunkenness and troubleth the brain.    

Of Pour Oats Festuca and Melampyrum. Chap. xuj.  

Aegilops. Pour Oats.   

Festuca altera. Dravick wild Oats.   

❀ The Description.  
POur Oats or wild Oats, are in leaves and knotty straws like unto common Oats, the ears be also spread abroad, like to the common Oats. The grain is blackish & rough heard, enclosed in hairy husks, each one having a long beard or barb. This is a hurtful plant as well to the Rye as other corn.  
Festuca, or as the Douchmen call it Dravick, is also a hurtful plant, having his leaves and straw not much unlike Rye, at the top whereof grow spreading ears, wherein is contained a small seed of grayish colour, enclosed in little skins or small husks, much less and smaller than any other kind of corn or grain.  
You may well place with these, that herb or plant which of the Brabanders is called Peertsbloemen, that is to say, Horse flower, whose description you may see in the second book Chapter xiv. placed with those wild flowers, that grow amongst corn: for his seed is like to wheat, and a hurtful or noisome weed to corn, especially to wheat, as Galen says.   

¶ The Place.  
You shall find much of this gear amongst Rye, and oftentimes amongst wheat and Barley.   

❀ The Names.  
The first is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Aegilops, and according to Pliny Festuca: in English Wild Oats, or Pour Oats.  
The second is called in high Dutch Dort: in neither Douchlande Dravick: it may be also very well called in Latin Festuca, or Festuca altera: in English Wild Oats, or Dravick.   

❀ The Nature.  
Pour Oats are hot, as Galen testifieth.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The green leaves laid to, with the meal of th' the seed of Pour Oats (if it be Aegilops) is good to heal hollow ulcers called Fistulas, especially those which are in the corners of the Eyes, called Aegilopes.  
The same sodden with Ale or Bier, causeth the head to be dull and heavy, after a drunken sort or manner, like to juraye, and the seed of the same grain which the Brabanders call Peertsbloemen.  
Melampyrun Black wheat. Cow wheat or Horse flower.    

Of Blight or Brantcorne. Chap. xvij.  

❀ The Description.  
ustilago is a certain disease, or infirmity, that happeneth unto such fruits as ebare ears, but especially unto Oats. This kind of plant, before it shuteth out in ear is very like unto Oats, but when it beginneth to put forth his ear, in steed of a good care, there cometh up a black burned ear, full of black dust or powder.   

❀ The Place.  
It groweth most commonly (as is beforesaid) amongst Oats, and sometimes amongst wheat.   

❀ The Time.  
It is found most commonly in April, when as the Son shines very hot, & after a rain following.   

❀ The Names.  
This barren and unfruitful herb is now called ustilago, that is to say, Burned, or Blighted: in French Brulure: in high and base Almaigne Brant.   

❀ The Nature, and faculties.  
ustilago hath no good property in Physic, and serveth to no manner of good purpose, but is rather a hurt or malady to all Corne.  

ustilago.     

Of beans. Chap. xviij.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be two sorts of beans. The one sort is commonly sown, the other is wild. The common or manured bean, is divided again into two sorts, that is: great, and small.  

Phaselus' satiuus. Sown beans.   

Phaselus' syluestris. Wild beans.    

❀ The Description.  
THE great sown Bean hath a square stalk, upright, and hollow. The leaves grow upon short stems standing upon both sides of the stalks one against another, and are long & thick. The flowers grow upon the sides of the stalk, and are white with a great black spot in them and sometimes a brown. After which flowers there come up long cods, great and round, soft within, & frised, or cottonlike. In the said cods the beans are enclosed, of colour most commonly white, sometimes red or brown, in fashion flat, almost like to the nail of a man's finger or toe.  
The lesser bean that is used to be sown, is like to the aforesaid, in stalks, leaves, flowers, and woolly cods, saving that in all points it is lesser. The fruit also is nothing so flat, but rounder and smaller.  
The wild bean hath also a square hollow stalk, as the garden and sown beans have. The leaves be also like to the common bean leaves, but the little stems, whereon the leaves do grow, have at the very end tendrelles and claspers, as the pease leaves have. The flowers be purple. The cods are flat, and woolly within, as it were laid with a soft down or Cotton, but nothing so much as the cods of the common sown beans. The fruit is all round and very black and no bigger than a good pease, of a strong unpleasant savour, and when it is chewed, it filleth the mouth full of stinking matter.   

❀ The Place.  
The domestical, or husbandly beans, do grow in fields and gardens where as they be sown or planted. The wild is to be found amongst the Herboristes: and groweth of his own kind in Languedoc.   

❀ The Time.  
They are planted and sown in November, january, February and April, and are ripe in june and july.   

❀ The Names.  
Beans are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, of Dioscorides also Phasioli: in Latin Faseli: now a days they be called in Shops, and commonly Fabae: in high and base Almaigne Bonen.  
The great kind is called in Latin Phaselus' mayor, or Faselus satiuus maior: in Dutch, Groote Boonen: in English, Great Beans, and garden beans.  
The other may be well called Faseli minores, that is to say, The smaller Bean, in Brabant Zeeusche Boonkens, and Peerde Boonkens. That the common Bean is not that kind of pulse called of the ancients Cyamos, and Faba, hath been sufficiently declared, In Historia nostra.  
The wild kind may well be called in Latin Faselus' syluestris, and Faselus' niger, that is to say, The wild Bean, and the black Bean: in Douch, Wild Boonen, and Swerte Boonen, or Moorkens, as some do call them. This may well be that Pulse which is called Cyamos, and Faba.   

❀ The Nature.  
Green beans before they be ripe, are cold, and moist: but when they be dry they have power to bind and restrain.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The green and unripe Beans eaten, do lose & open the belly very gently, but they be windy, & engender ventosities (as Dioscorides says.) The which is well known of the common sorts of people, and therefore they use to eat their beans with Commine.  
Dry beans do stop & bind the belly, especially when they be eaten without their husks or skins: and they nourish but little, as Galen says.  
bean meal laid to outwardly in manner of a Cataplasm or plaster, dissolveth tumours and swellings. And is very good for the ulcers and inflammation of women's paps, and against the mishaps and blastings of the genitors.  
The wild Bean serveth to no use, neither for meat nor medicine, That I know.    

Of Kidney bean/ or garden Smilax. Chap. nineteeen.  

❀ The Description.  
GArden Smilax hath long and small branches, growing very high, gripping, and taking holdfast when they be succoured with riseth or long poles, about the which, they wrap and wind themselves, as the Hoppe, otherwise they lie flat and creep on the ground, & bear no fruit at all. The leaves be broad almost like ivy, growing three and three together as the Trefoil or three leaved grass. The flowers be sometimes white and sometimes read, after the flowers there come in their places long cods, which be sometimes crooked, and in them lie the sedes or fruit, smaller than the common bean, and flat fashioned like to a kidney of colour sometimes read, sometimes, yellow, sometimes white, sometimes black, & sometimes grey, & speckled with sundry colours. This fruit is good and pleasant to eat, in so much that men gather and boil them before they be ripe, and do eat them cods and all.   

❀ The Place.  
In this Country men plant this kind of Beans in gardens, & they love good ground and places that stand well in the Son.   

❀ The Time.  
They are planted in April after that the cold and frosts be passed: for at their first coming up, they can by no means at all endure cold. They are ripe in August and September.   

¶ The Names.  
This kind of Beans are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Faseolus, Dolichus, and Smilax hortensis. The cods or fruit are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is in Latin Siliquae, and Lobi: of Serapio Lubia: in French Phaseoles. in high Douch Welsch Bonen: in base Almaigne Roomsche Boonen: in English of Turner it is called Kidney bean, and Sperage, of some they are called Faselles, or Long Peason, it may be also named Garden Smilax, or Roman Beans.  

Phaseolus.    

❀ The Nature.  
Kidney beans are somewhat hot and moist of Complexion, after the opinion of the Arabian Physicians.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Kidneybeanes do nourish meetly well, and without engendering windiness, as some other pulses do: also they do gently lose and open the belly, as Hipocrates and Diocles do writ.  
The fruit and cods boiled and eaten before they be ripe, do provoke urine, and cause dreams, as Dioscorides saith.    

Of Pease or Peason. Chap. xx.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be three kinds of Peason, the great, the mean, & the small, the which are like one another, in stalks, leaves, flowers and cods, but not in fruit, as you may perceive hereafter.   

❀ The Description.  
THE great branched Peason, are not much known in this Country. They grow when they be stayed up, by rises, stakes, or other helps to the length of a man, or higher. The stalks be round and hollow, and somewhat cornered, as big as a finger, upon the which at every knot there grow two leaves, very well closed and joined together, as if it were but one leaf: amongst the leaves grow small stems, the which have four or five gross or fat leaves set directly opposite, one against another, having at the end four or five gripping or ramping claspers, whereby the Pease doth take hold, and is stayed up, and fastened to such things as it standeth by. Adjoining hard to the stems of the leaves aforesaid, there grow other naked and bore stems, upon the which grow pleasant flowers of blue or purple colour. After the said flowers there come up long cods, round, plain, and shining, hanging downwards, in which the Peason are couched and laid, the which being yet but green, are round and whitish, but when they be dry, they are grey and cornered.  
Pisum. Great Peason. Branch Peason.  
Ochros. Eruilia. Middle Peason.  
The second sort which are the common pease, is much like to the aforesaid, but that his leaves and branchy stalks, are smaller, neither do they grow so high, although they be stayed up and succoured with bows or branches. The flowers are most commonly white, the fruit is round and white, and remaineth round when it is dry.  
The third, which is the lest kind, is like unto the second, saving that it is much smaller in leaves, stalks, cods and fruit. It is suffered for the most part to lie upon the ground in the fields, without any stay or help of branches or bows. The fruit thereof is likewise round, of colour sometimes white, sometimes green, and sometimes grey or blackish.  
Besides the aforesaid kinds, there is yet a certain kind of Pease like unto the wild or lest kind. It hath flat stalks, the leaves are long with clasping tendrils at the ends, whole beneath next to the stem, but at the top of the branches, the leaves are cloven and divided into two or three small narrow leaves, almost like the leaves of Cicercula, (which Turner calleth Cicheling.) The flowers are white, after the which flowers there come up round cods or husks, lesser than pease-coddes', within them groweth the fruit, which is round like unto Pease, saving it is lesser, and in taste bitter, while it is yet green, & very hard when it is dry.   

❀ The Place.  
The great and branched Peason are planted in gardens: but the middle and lest kind are sown and planted in fruitful fields, and are very common in this Country.  
The Herb oristes do sow the wild kind in their gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
Men plant them in March and April, and they be ripe in August.  

Eruilia syluestris. Wild Peason.    

❀ The Names.  
The branch Peason are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Pisum: in Brabant Groote Erweten, Roomsche Erweten, and of some Stock Erweten. This kind is the right Pisum, described of Pliny and the ancients: in English Great Peason, Garden Peason, and Branch Peason, because, as I think, they must be helped or stayed up with branches.  
The two other kinds are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin of Pliny Eruiliae: in French Pois in high Douch Erweyssen: in base Almaigne Erweten: in Italian Roviglione: at Veniz Pisareli: in English, Common Peason.  
The fourth is very well like to be a kind of wild pease, and especially that kind whereof Hermolaus Barbarus writeth, calling it Eruilia syluestris, that is to said wild Peason.   

❀ The Nature, and Virtues.  
Branch Peason being eaten do nourish meanly, engender windiness, but not so much as the pulse which the ancients call Faba.  
The other round and common Pease are better, and do nourish better than the great or branched Peason, and they do loose and open the belly gently.    

Of the Cicheling or flat Peason. Chap. xxi.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be two sorts of Cichelinges, the great and the small, or garden and wild Cichelinges.  

Lathyrus Cicercula. Cicheling or broad Peason.   

Lathyrus syluestris. Wild Cicheling.    

❀ The Description.  
THe Cicheling or flat pease, hath flat and crested stalks: the leaves be long and narrow, standing upward, almost like the two ears of a Hare, with Clasping tendrelles, by the which they take hold by poles and branches that are set by them. The flowers be white like the flowers of branch Peason, after them come flat cods, & large, wherein is a white fruit, large, flat, & unevenly cornered having almost the scent or smell of the pease. The root is tender and threddy.  
The lesser Cicheling is like to the aforesaid, in stalks leaves & cods. The flowers are radish. The fruit is also flat, unevenly cornered as the great kind, but it is smaller, harder, and of a more brown colour, drawing towards black.  
There is also found a wild kind of this pulse much like to the aforesaid in the flatness of the stalks, and in his long and narrow leaves. The which in like manner bringeth forth radish flowers, and afterward narrow cods, wherein is contained a small brown seed, round and hard. The root is great and thick, of a woody substance, and dieth not, but putteth forth new every year.   

¶ The Place.  
These pulses are found in this Country, amongst some diligent Herboristes.  
The wild groweth in hedges, and in the borders of fields, in good & fertile ground, and is found in great plenty about Lovayne and Brussels.   

❀ The Time.  
These Pulses do flower in june, and are ripe in july and August.   

❀ The Names.  
The first and greatest kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Lathyrus: of Columella and Paladius Cicercula. Turner calleth it a Cicheling.  
The second is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Aracus: in Latin Cicera They are both called in French Des Sars but they have no Dutch name that I know, yet the Author of this book in the last Douche copy by him corrected, calleth the first kind in Dutch Platte Erwten, that is to say in English, broad or Flat Pease: not known of the Apothecaries.   

❀ The Nature, and Virtues.  
The first kind is of nature and quality like unto Pease, and doth meanly nourish the body, as Galen says.  
The second is like to the first, as witnesseth the same Galen, saving that it is harder, for which cause it aught to be longer boiled.    

Of Chiche Peason. Chap. xxij.  

❀ The kinds.  
There be three kinds of Ciche Peason (as Dioscorides writeth) the domestical or tame kind, the square or cornered kind, the which some do call Arietinum, and the wild Ciche, and there be two sorts of that kind which is called Arietinum, white, and black.  

Cicer sativum. Tame Ciches.   

Cicer Arietinum. sheeps Ciches.    

❀ The Description.  
THe tame Ciche Peason is a small kind of pulse, almost like to a lentil, it hath four or five branches, and thereupon small, narrow, dividid leaves, not much unlike the leaves of lentils. The flowers grow upon short stems, small and somewhat whitish, after the which there come up small round husks or cods, wherein is commonly found three or four round Peason, having a certain bunch, hillock, or outgrowing by one side, not much unlike sheeps Ciche Peason, but a great deal smaller, and not so hard, and of a better taste.  
sheeps Ciches have slender stalks, and hard with many branches, and round leaves jagged about the brims, like the lentil or feche: growing directly or opposite one against the other, the flowers be either white or purple, and bring forth short round cods or husks, bollen or swelling up like small bladders, wherein grow two or three Peason cornered, and fashioned almost like a sheeps head, in colour sometimes white, and sometimes black.  
The wild Ciche pease, in leaves are like to the tame, but they are of a rank and strong savour, and the fruit of another fashion (as Dioscorides says) unlike the tame Ciches.   

❀ The Place.  
These Ciche Peason, are found planted in the gardens of Herboristes'.   

❀ The Time.  
All the Ciches are ripe in August, like to the other sorts of pulse.   

❀ The Names.  
Ciche Peason are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Cicer: in French Cices▪ or Pois Cice.  
The first kind is called Cicer sativum, Columbinum Venereun: and in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Orobiaeon, that is to say in Latin Cicer eruillum: unknown in Shops. This is not Eruum, as many at this time do think, and for that purpose they put it into their treacles and other such medicines.  
The second kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Cicer Arietinum, that is to say, sheeps Ciche pease: in Shops Cicer: in English sheeps Cichpeason, in French Pois Ciches: in high Douch Zysern erweyssen: in base Almaigne Ciceren.  
The third kind is called Cicer syluestre, that is to say, Wild Ciches.   

❀ The Nature.  
The Ciche pease is hot and dry in the first degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The domestical or tame Ciches, provoke urine, and cause milk to increase in women's breasts, it taketh away the evil colour, and causeth good colour to ensue.  
The same boiled with Orobus (called in English the bitter Fiche) doth assuage and heal the blastinges or swellings of the yard or privy members, if it be laid thereon: also men use with great profit, to apply it to running sores, and ulcers of the head, and the scurf.  
The same mingled with Barley meal and honey, is good against corrupt and festered sores, and Cankers, being laid thereupon.  
sheeps Ciches do provoke urine, and unstop the Melt, the Liver, and the kidneys: and the decoction thereof drunken, breaketh the stone, and gravel.  
To conclude, the Ciche peason do waste, cleanse, and make thin, all cold and gross humours, and are good against all spreading sores, and the inflammations and swellings behind the ears.  
They do likewise nourish sufficiently, but they engender much windiness.   

❧ The Danger.  
The use of Ciches is not very good for them which have any ulceration, in the kidneys or bladder, for they be to much scouring, and do cause the urine to be sharp.    

Of lupines. Chap. twenty-three.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be two sorts of lupines, the white or garden Lupine, and the wild Lupine. The wild kind again is of sundry sorts for sometimes you shall see some of them with a yellow flower, sometimes with a blue flower, and sometimes with a reddish flower.  

Lupinus' Satiuus.   

Lupinus' syluestris. lupines.    

❀ The Description.  
THE tame or garden Lupine hath round hard stems, standing upright of himself, without any succour stay or help, either of bows, or branches: and after it hath brought forth his first flowers, than it parteth itself above, into three branches, which when they have also brought forth their flowers, every of the said branches doth part and dinide themselves again into three branches, continuing so in flowers & parted branches until they be hindered by frosts. The leaves are cut and slit down into five six, or seven parts. The flowers do grow many together at the end, or parting of the stalks, after which flowers there come in their places long cods, somewhat rough without. The fruit is white and flat like a cake, in taste very bitter.  
The wild Lupine hath yellow flowers, and is very like to the aforesaid, saving that his leaves and stalks are much less, & his flowers are not white, but yellow, and the seed or fruit is not white, but spotted.  
The wild lupines, with the blue and read flowers, are yet lesser than the yellow, the fruit is also marked or spotted, and it is the lest of the lupines.   

❀ The Place.  
The Herboristes do plant lupines in their gardens. The wild with the blue, do grow amongst the corn about Monpellier.   

❀ The Time.  
In warm Countries and hot seasons, the Lupine flowreth three times a year. The first flower cometh forth about the end of May, afterward the three first collateral branches do spring out, the which three branches do likewise flower about the beginning of july. The said collateral bows or branches, do again bring forth three other branches, & they do flower in August, where as they be well placed in the Son. The fruit of the first and second bloweing doth come to perfect ripeness in this Country, but the third blowing doth hardly come to ripeness, except it chance in a very hot summer.   

❀ The Names.  
This kind of pulse is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin and in Shops, Lupinus: in French Lupin in English lupines: in high Douche Feigbonen: in base Almaigne Lupinen, and Vijchboonen.  
The first kind is called Lupinus' satiws, that is to say, The manured or garden Lupine.  
The three other sorts are called Wild lupines, in Latin Lupini syluestres: and these be not used in medicine.   

❀ The Nature.  
The garden Lupine is hot and dry in the second degree, it hath virtue to digest, make subtle, and to cleanse.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The meal of lupines taken with honey, or else with water and vinegar, doth kill and drive forth by siege all kinds of worms. The same virtue hath the decoction of lupines, when it is drunken. And for the same purpose men use to lay lupines stamped upon the navel of young children fasting.  
Men give the decoction of Lupins, boiled with Rue and Pepper, to drink to open the stoppinges of the liver and melt.  
Apessarie made of Lupins, Myrrh, and honey mingled together, moveth women's natural sickness or flowers, and expelleth or delivereth the dead birth.  
She decoction of lupines doth beautify the colour of the face, and driveth away all frekles, and spots like lentils. The meal thereof is of the like virtue, mingled with water and laid thereto.  
The flower or meal of lupines, with the meal of parched barley & water suageth all impostumations and swellings.  
The same with vinegar, or boiled in vinegar, suageth the pain of the Sciatica, it digesteth, consumeth and dissolveth the kings evil or swelling in the throat, it openeth and bursteth wens, botches, boils, and pestilential or plague sores.  
Lupins may be eaten, when as by long soaking in water they are become sweet, and have lost their bitterness: for when they be so prepared, they take away the loathsomeness of the stomach, and the desire to vomit, and do cause good appetite. Yet for all that this kind of food or nourishment, engendereth gross blood, and gross humours. For Lupins are hard to digest, and uneasy to descend, as Galen says.  
The wild Lupins have the like virtue, but more strong.    

Of the bitter Veche called in Greek Orobos, and in Latin Eruum. Chap. xxiv.  

❀ The Description.  
ERuum or the bitter Fetch is now unknown, and therefore we can give none other description, but so much as is written in Dioscorides and Galen. They say that Orobos, or Eruilia is a small plant, bearing his fruit in cods, round, of a white or yellowish colour, of a strange and unpleasant taste, so that they serve not to be eaten, but of cattle, neither will cattle feed upon them, before that with long soaking or stieping in water, their unpleasant taste be go and lost: wherefore it is very easy to judge, that the flat Pease called in Greek Lathyri, and described in the xxj. Chapter of this book, are not Ers or Eruilia, as some have thought: for those flat Peason are in taste like the common Peason, as we have before declared.   

❧ The Names.  
This pulse is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Eruum: and the Frenchmen following the Latin name, do call it Ers: in Dutch Eruen: in English Bitter Vetche, or Ers.   

❀ The Nature.  
Ers are hot in the first degree, and dry in the second.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The meal of Eruum often licked in with honey in manner of a Lohoch, cleanseth the breast, and cutteth and ripeth gross and tough humours, falling upon the lungs.  
It loseth the belly, provoketh urine, maketh a man to have a good colour, if it be taken in reasonable quantity: for to much thereof is hurtful.  
With honey it scoureth away lentils or freckles from the face, and all other spots and scars from the body. It stayeth spreading ulcers: it doth soften the hardness of women's breasts, it breaketh Carboncles and impostumes.  
Being kneded or tempered with wine, it is laid very profitably unto the bitings of dogs, of men, and wild beasts.  
The decoction of the same, helpeth the itch, and kibed heels, if they be washed therein.  
Ers are never taken in meat, but it fatteth oxen well.   

❧ The Danger.  
Ers or Orobos being used often, and in to great a quantity causeth headache, and heavy dullness, it bringeth forth blood, both by the urine, and excrements of the belly.    

Of the Vetche. Chap. twenty-five.  
THe Vetche hath stalks of a sufficient thickness, and square about the heigh of three foot, with leaves displayed & spread abroad, compassed about with many small leaves, set opposite one direetly against another: at the end of which leaves, you have tendrelles or claspers whereby it taketh hold and is stayed up. The flowers are purple and fashioned like the Beaneflowers, afterward there come up long flat cods, wherein are Vetches, which are flat and of a blackish colour.  

❀ The Place.  
They sow Vetches in this Country, in the fields, for fourrage or provender for Horses.   

❀ The Time.  
They be ripe in july and August.   

❀ The Names.  
This pulse is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Vicia: of some Osmundi: in English a Vetche, or Vetches: in French Vesse: in high Dutch Wicken: in base Almaigne Vitsen. And that this is not Eruum, it appeareth evidently by that which is described in the former Chapter. This should seem to be Theophrastus' Aphace or Taare.   

❀ The cause of the Name.  
The Vetche, as Varro saith, is called in Latin Vicia, because it bindeth itself about other plants, and overcometh them, and is derived from this Latin word (Vincire) which signifieth to bind sure, to overcome and to restrain from liberty.  

Vicia.    

❀ The Nature and Virtues.  
The Vetche is not used in medicine, neither used to be eaten of men, but to be given to Horses and other cattle, and this Galen doth also witness.    

Of Arachus or wild Fitche. Chap. xxvi.  

❀ The Description.  
ARachus is much like to the common Vetche, in stalks, leaves, and cods, but in all these much less. The stalks be tender, weak and slender with cornered trails or square crested edges. The leaves are spread abroad like the other Vetche, but cloven and parted above at the ends, into two or three clasping tendrelles. The flowers be small, of a light purple, or incarnate colour, and do grow upon the stalk self, as the flowers of beans or common Vetches do, without any foot stalks. The cods be small, long, and narrow, wherein is couched six or seven seeds, of a blackish colour, hard, and smaller than Vetches.  
Arachus.  
Of this fort there is found an other kind, the which is very well like to the abovesaid, in leaves and stalks, but it is smaller. It hath small white flowers growing clusterwise at the end upon long stems, almost like the wild Vetche, the which do turn into little short husks, clustering together, smaller than the lentil husks, in the which is found, but only two grains, hard, round, grey speckled, blackish, in making and taste like to the Vetche.   

❀ The Place.  
These two kinds of Vetches do grow in the fields, amongst Rye & Oats, and other like grains.   

❀ The Time.  
They are both ripe in june.   

❀ The Names.  
This plant is called of Galen, Lib. 1. de alimentorum facultatibus, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Arachus, the which name is written by chin the last syllable, as a difference from the other 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Aracus, written with ac, whereof we have already treated. They call it in French Vesseron: in Brabant, Crock: in English, Wild Vetche.   

❀ The Nature, and Virtues.  
Arachus or the wild Vetche, is not fit for man, but serveth only for provender or fourrage, for Bieves and horses, unto whom the whole herb is given.    

Of small wild Fetchelinges. Chap. xxvij.  
Galega altera. Vetcheling or small wild Fitches.  
Onobrichis fortè, Medica Ruellij. Saint Foin. Medick Vetcheling.  
THE wild Vetche is much like Arachus, described in the former Chapt. in stalks leaves and clasping tendrelles, but that his flowers grow not in the like order, but do grow in tuffed clusters about long stems, almost like to spiked ears, of colour purple in blue, the which past & go, there come up little flat husks, wherein lieth the seed, like to the seed of Arachus.  
You may set by this wild Vetche, a certain plant not much unlike the aforesaid in leaves and growing, the which beareth rough and pricky buttons, or bosses. It doth not commonly grow in this Country, but planted in the gardens of some Herboristes. This kind of plant hath leaves like to the other, but somewhat narrower, whiter & smoother. His flowers do likewise grow thick upon long stems, commonly of acleare read or Crimson colour. After which there come flat prickley round husks, bossed or bunched, and sometimes fashioned like a small Hedgehog, which is nothing else but the seed.  

❀ The Place.  
The wild Vetche groweth in the borders of fields, in meadows, & oftentimes in moist places, and about water courses, and running streams.  
The other kind (for daintiness sake) is planted in the gardens of the Herboristes of this Country. They say it groweth plentifully by the Sea side, upon banks or trenches made with man's hands, and such like places. They use to sow it in meadows about Paris, and otherwhiles: it is found growing there of his own accord.   

❀ The Time.  
The wild Vetche flowreth most commonly in june, and soon after it delivereth his cods and grain.  
The other flowreth in july, and for the most part delivereth his seed forthwith.   

❀ The Names.  
The first should seem to be Galega altera, & a kind of little Vetches, & may also be well called Arachus, & taken for a kind of Arachus: in French Vesce sauvage: in Douch Wilder Wicken: in neither Douchlande, Wild Vitsen: in English Small wild Vetches or Vitchelinges.  
The other is counted of some to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Onobrychis, of Ruelius for Medica, they name it in French Saint Foin: we may call it, Yellow Fitcheling, and Medick fitch.   

❧ The Nature and Virtues.  
The wild Vetche is no better than Arachus, and therefore it serveth only but for pasture, and feeding for cattle, as other like herbs do.  
If the other be Onobrychis, you shall find his properties described in the Chapter of Onobrychis.    

Of tars. Chap. xxviij.  

❀ The Description.  
THe Tare hath long, tender, square stalks, longer and higher than the stalks of the lentil, growing almost as high as the wheat or corn, or the other plants whereamongst it groweth. The leaves be small and tender (triangled like a scuchion) somewhat round, growing always two together, one against another at the joints, betwixt the said leaves there grow up clasping tendrils, & other small stems or shutes, whereupon grow flowers, of a yellowish colour. The flowers past there rise cods somewhat large, & longer than the cods or husks of the lentils, in which is contained five or six black seeds, hard, flat, and shining, lesser than the seeds of lentils.   

¶ The Place.  
The Tare groweth in fields, & is found growing in this Country, in fertile grounds amongst wheat & Rye.   

❀ The Time.  
In this Country it flowreth in May, and in june and july the seed with the cods is ripe.   

¶ The Names.  
This kind of Pulse is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Aphaca: in English, tars: unknown in shops, this is the Aphace of Dioscorides & Galen: for it should seem, that the Vetche is the Aphace of Theophrastus.   

❀ The Nature.  
The Tare is temperate in heat, & of like nature to the Lentil: but drier.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The Tare seed is of a restringent virtue like the Lentil, but more astringent, for it stoppeth the flux of the belly, and drieth up the moisture of the stomach.  
The Tare in virtue is like to the Lentil.  
Men in time past did use to eat this pulse (as witnesseth Galen) nevertheless it is harder of concoction or digestion, than the Lentil.  
Aphaca.    

Of Birds foot. Chap. xxix.  

❀ The Description.  
Birds foot is like to Arachus, & to the wild Vetche, but far smaller. It hath very slender and small stalks or branches, soft and tender, the leaves be small and round, fashioned like to a small feather. The flowers be yellowish and small, growing close together upon husks or stems, the which being withered, there cometh up in their places small crooked husks or cods, growing five or six together, the which in their standing do show almost like the closing foot of a small bird. Within the said little crooked cods the seed is enclosed, in fashion not much unlike Turnip seed.   

❀ The Place.  
Birds foot groweth in certain fields, and is likewise found in high meadows, & in dry grassy ways & Countries. That which groweth in meadows, and grassy ways, is a great deal smaller, then that which groweth amongst the corn.   

❀ The Time.  
Birds foot flowreth from after the month of june, until September, and within this space it delivereth his seed.  

Ornithopodium.    

❀ The Names.  
This wild herb is called in Brabant Voghelvoet, that is to say in English, Birds foot, or Fowl foot, because his husks or cods are like to a birds foot, & for that cause men may well call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Ornithopodion, for it hath none other Greek nor Latin name (that I know) except it be that Polygala of Dioscorides, as it may be called, whereunto it is very like.   

❀ The Nature and Virtues.  
This herb is not used in medicine, nor reçeived any ways for man's use, but is a very good food both for horses and cattle.    

Of Zentilles. Chap. thirty.  

❀ The Description.  
THe Lentil hath small tender and pliant branches, about a cubit high. The leaves be very small, the which are placed two and two upon little stems, or small footestalkes, and do sometimes end with clasping tendrelles, whereby it hitcheth fast and taketh sure hold. The flowers be small, of a brownish colour, intermixed with white. The husks or shells are flat. The fruit is round and flat, of colour now black, now white, and sometimes brown.   

❀ The Place.  
The Lentil is not very well known in this Country, but is found sown in the gardens of Herboristes'.   

❀ The Time.  
The Lentil doth both flower and wax ripe in july and August.   

❀ The Names.  
This Pulse is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Lens, and Lenticula, by which name it is known in Shops: in English lentils: in French Lentille: in high Dutch Linsen.  

Lens.    

¶ The Nature.  
The Lentil is dry in the second degree, the residue is temperate.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The first decoction of lentils doth loose the belly.  
If after the first boiling you cast away the broth wherein they were sodden, and then boil them again in a fresh water: then they bind together and dry, and are good to stop the belly, and against the bloody flux or dangerous lask. also they stop the inordinate course of women's terms, but it will make their operation more effectual in stopping, if you put vinegar unto them, or chicory, or Purselayn, or red Beets, or Myrtilles, or the pill of Pomegarnates, or dried Roses, or Meddlers, or Services, or unripe binding Pears, or Quinces, or plantain, and whole Gauls, or the berries of Sumach.  
The pill or shell of lentils hath the like property, and in operation, is of more force than the whole Lentil.  
The meat that they use to make of the husked or unshelled lentil, drieth the stomach, but it stoppeth not, and is of hard digestion, and engendereth gross and noughty blood.  
They use to swallow down thirty grains of lentils shelled, or spoiled from their husks, against the weakness, and overcasting of the stomach.  
The lentil boiled with parched barley meal, & laid to, suageth the pains or ache of the gout.  
The meal of lentils, mixed with honey, doth mundify and cleanse corrupt ulcers and rotten sores, and filleth them again with new flesh.  
The same boiled in vinegar, doth dissolve and drive away wens, and hard swelling strumes.  
With Melilot, a Quince & oil of Roses, they help the inflammation of the eyes and fundament, and with sea water it is good against the hot inflammation called Erisipilas, S. Antony's fire, and such like maladies.  
The lentil boiled in salt (or sea) water, serveth as a remedy against clotted & clustered milk in women's breasts, & consumeth the abundant slowing of the same.   

❧ The Danger ensuing the use of this pulse.  
The Lentil is of hard digestion, it engendereth windiness, and blastinges in the stomach, & subverteth the same, they 'cause doting madness & foolish toys, and terrible dreams: it hurteth the lungs, the sinews and the brain. And if one eat to much thereof, it dulleth the sight, and bringeth the people that use thereof, in danger of Cankers, and the lepry.    

Of Hatchet Fitche/ Axsede or Axwurt. Chap. xxxi.  

Hedysaron. Securidaca. Axesiche, or Axwurt.   

Securidaca altera.   

❀ The Description  
SEcuridaca hath small slender stems, whereupon grow small leaves spread abroad like to the leaves of Arachus, or the wild Vetche, but smaller and rounder. The flowers grow thick together, after the said flowers, there come long cods, round and small, growing one against another, bowing inward, & crooking or crompling like unto horns, within which crooked cods, is contained a flat seed with flower corners, like to a little wedge. The root is small and tender.  
The other Securidaca set forth by Matthiolus, in leaves is very well like to the aforesaid, nevertheless his cods be longer, and not so much crooked: and for that consideration not very well approaching to the description of Securidaca, set forth by Dioscorides.  
Ferrum equinum. Horse shoe.  
There is found another herb with many stalks, trailing upon the ground, having at every joint a leaf, or rather a branch of leaves, very well like to the leaves of the Lentil or Securidata, but yet somewhat lesser, betwixt those leaves, & the trailing branches it beareth small yellow flowers, in fashion like to the flowers of the Vetche or lentil: the which afterward do change into flat husks or cods, the which are upon one side full of deep chinks, or Cliffs, and the grain or seed waxing ripe, the said cods do turn crooked upon one side, so that they bear the form and fashion of a horse shoe. The seed also is crooked, and turned round like a Croisssant or new Moon.   

¶ The Place.  
Securidaca, as Galen says, groweth in some places amongst lentils: or according to Dioscorides, amongst Barley and wheat, unknown in this Country, and is not known to grow but in the gardens of Herboristes'.  
The third kind groweth in some places of Italy, and of Languedoc, alongst the ways, and like untoyled places.   

❀ The Time.  
Securidaca flowreth in this Country, in july and August, and afterward the seed is ripe.  
The Horse shoe flowreth in june, and july, and the seed is ripe in August.   

❧ The Names.  
The Pulse called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Securidaca; of some also Pelecinon: in Douch and French it hath no name that I know. Turner calleth it in English Axsich, or Axeworte, because Dioscorides says the seed is like a two edged Axe.  
The third kind is called in Italian Fer di Cavalla, that is to say in Latin, Ferrum equinum: and in English Horse shoe: in French Fer de Cheval: in Brabant Peerts ysere. It should seem that this is a kind of Securidaca: and therefore we have placed it in this Chapter.   

❀ The Nature.  
The seed of Securidaca is hot and dry of complexion.  
The Horse shoe is in quality and virtue like to Securidaca, as you may know by his bitterness.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The seed of Securidaca, openeth the stoppinges of the liver, the Spleen, and all the inward parts, and is very good for the stomach, because of his bitterness.  
Of the like virtue are the new leaves and tender crops of the same.    

Of Italian Fitche/ or goats Rue. Chap. xxxij.  

❀ The Description.  
THis herb is not much unlike Arachus or the wild Vetche in stalks and leaves: it hath round hard stalks, and thereupon displayed leaves, made of divers. small leaves like to the leaves of Vesseron or Arachus, but much greater and longer. The flowers be either clear blue, or white, and do grow clustering together spikewise, and like to the wild Vetche, after come long, small, and round cods, wherein is the seed. The root is meetly great, and doth not lightly die.   

❀ The Place.  
Galega in some Countries (as in Italy) groweth in the borders of fields, it groweth also in the wood called Madrill by Paris. You shall not lightly find it in this Country, but sown in the gardens of Herbozistes.   

❀ The Time.  
Galega flowreth in july and August, and forth with the seed is ripe.  

Galega.    

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called of the Herboristes of these days, in Latin Galega, Ruta Capraria, and of some Foenograecum syluestre. And some do also count it to be Glaux▪ or Polygala, but as I think it is nothing like any of them: it is called in English▪ Italian Fetch, and goats Rue.   

¶ The Nature.  
Galega is of nature hot and dry.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Galega, as Baptista Sardus writeth, is a singular herb against all venom and poison, and against worms to kill and drive them forth, if the juice of it be given to little children to drink.  
It is of like virtue fried in Dyle of Line seed, and bound upon the navel of the child.  
They give a spoonful of the juice of this herb every morning to drink, to young children against the falling sickness.  
It is counted of great virtue, to be boiled in vinegar, and drunken with a little Treacle, to heal the plague, if it be taken within twelve hours.    

Of the Pease Earthnut. Chap. xxxiij.  

❀ The Description.  
THE Earthnut hath three or four little stalks or tender branches, somewhat reddish below next the ground, with clasping tendrelles, whereby it taketh hold upon hedges, and all other things that it may come by. The leaves be small and narrow. The flowers be of a fair read colour, and of an indifferent good smell. After the fading of those flowers there come in their steed small cods, in which is contained a small seed. The roots be long and small, whereunto is hanging here and there certain nuts or kernels like Turnips, of an earthlike colour without, and inwardly white, sweet in taste, almost like the Chestnut.  
The other kind of Earthnut, called in some places, the little Earthnut, shallbe described in the fifth part of this history, in the twenty-three. Chapter.   

❀ The Place.  
The Pease Earthnut, groweth abundantly in holland and other places, as in Brabant, near Barrow, by the river Zoom, amongst the Corn, and upon, or under the hedges. It groweth in Richmonde heath, and Coome park, as Turner says.  

Chamaebalanus.    

❀ The Time.  
This herb flowreth in june, and afterward the seed is ripe. In some places they draw or pluck up the roots in May, and do eat of them.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in high Dutch Erdnusz, Erckelen, Erdfeigen, Erdamandel, Acker Eychel, and Grund Eychel: in Brabant Eerdtnoten, and of some Muysen met steerten: of the writers in these days in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Chamaebalanos: but this is not that Chamaebalanus, which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Glandes' terrestres, that is to say, Earthnuttes. Some of the learned do count it to be Astragalus described by Dioscorides, and some hold it for Apios. But that it is not Apios, it is manifest enough by the third Chapter of the third part of this book, where as we have plainly set forth the right Apios.   

¶ The Nature.  
The pease Earthnut is dry in the second degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The roots of pease Earthnut, are boiled in many places of holland and Brabant, and eaten as the roots of Turnips and parsnip, and they nourish aswell: yet for all that they be harder of digestion than Turnip roots, and do stop the belly, and running of the lask.  
If these herbs be the right Astragalus, his root will provoke urine, and stop all fluxes of the belly, being boiled in wine and drunk.  
The same received in the same manner, stoppeth also the inordinate course of women's flowers, and all unnatural flux of blood.  
The same root of Astragalus dried and made into powder, is very good to be strowen upon old sores, and upon fresh new wounds, to stop the blood of them.    

Of Fenugrer. Chap. xxxiiij.  

❀ The Description.  
FEnugreck hath tender stalks, round, blackish, hollow, and full of branches, the leaves are divided into three parts, like the leaves of Trifoil, or the threeleaved grass. The flowers be pale, whitish, and smaller than the flowers of Lupins. After the fading of those flowers, there come up long cods or husks, crooked and sharp pointed, wherein is a yellow seed, the root is full of small hanging hears.   

❀ The Place.  
The Herboristes of this Country, do sow it in their gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth in july, and the seed is ripe in August.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin and in Shops Foenum Graecum, of Columella Siliqua: in French Fenugrec, or Fenegrec: in high Dutch Bockshorn, or Kuhorne: in base Alemaigne Fenigriek: in English Fenegreck.   

❧ The Nature.  
The seed of Fenugreck, is hot in the second degree, and dry in the first, and hath virtue to soften and dissolve.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The decoction or broth of the seed of Fenugreck, drunken with a little vinegar, expelleth all evil humours, that stick fast to the bowels.  
Foenum Graecum.  
The meal of Fenugreck, boiled in Meade or honeyed water doth consume, soften, and dissolve cold hard impostumes and swellings. The same tempered or kneded, with Saltpetre and vinegar, doth soften & waste the hardness, and blasting of the Melt.  
It is good for women that have either impostume, ulcer, or stopping of the Matrix, to bathe and sit in the decoction thereof.  
The straining or juice of Fenugreck mingled with Goose grease, & put up, under, in the place convenient, after the manner of a mother suppository, doth mollify and soften all hardness, and pains of the neck of the Matrix, or the natural place of conception.  
It is good also to wash the head with the decoction of Fenugreck: for it heals the scurf, and taketh away both nittes, and scales, or brand of the head.  
The same laid to with Sulphur (that is, brimstone) & honey driveth away pusshes or little pimples, weals, and spots of the face: and heals all manginess and scurvy itch, and amendeth the stinking smell of the armepittes.  
Green Fenugreck bruised, or pound with a little vinegar, is good against weak and feeble parts, that are without skin, ulcerated, and raw.  
The seed of Fenugreck may be eaten, being prepared as the lupines, and is then of virtue like, and loseth the belly gently.  
Men do also use to eat of the young buds and tender crops in salads with oil & vinegar (as Galen says) but such meat is not very wholesome, for it overturneth the stomach & causeth headache, to be used to much, or to often.    

Of Cameline. Chap. xxxv.  

❀ The Description.  
Myagrun or Cameline, hath strait round stalks, of the height of two foot or more, dividing itself into many branches or boughs. The leaves be long and narrow, almost like to the leaves of Madder, at the highest of the stalks, alongst by them grow small flowers; and afterward small cups, or sede vessels, almost like the knoppes of linseed, but flatter, within the which is enclosed a small yellowish seed, of the which an oil is made, by pounding, and pressing forth of the same.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth in many places amongst wheat, and flax, and the most part of men do deem it as an unprofitable herb: yet for all that it is sown in many places, because of the oil which the seed yieldeth, as in this Country, Zeelande, and the Country of Liege, or Luke beyond Brabant.   

❀ The Time.  
It is sown in March and April, and ripe about August.  

Myagrum.    

❧ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, of some also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Myagrum, Linum triticeum, and Melampyrum: in French and base Almaigne, Cameline▪ and of some Camemine. in high Dutch Flaschdotter, and Leindotter: in English Myagrun, or Cameline: It should seem that this herb is Erysimon, whereof Theophrast & Galen, Lib. 1. de alimentorum facultatibus, have written.   

❀ The Nature.  
Myagrum is of a hot complexion.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The oil of the seed of Cameline, or Myagrum streaked, or anointed upon the body, doth clear and polish the skin from all roughness.  
It is used at this day to prepare and dress meat withal, as Rape oil, and it may be used to burn in lamps.    

Of meadow Trifoyl/ or three leaved grass. Chap. xxxvi.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be divers sorts of Trefoyles, the which for the more part of them shallbe set forth in divers Chapters. But that kind whereof we shall now entreat, is the common trefoil, growing in meadows. The which is of two sorts, the one with red flowers, the other with white, but for the rest there is no great difference in these two herbs.   

❀ The Description.  
THree leaved grass of the meadow, hath a round tender stalk: and leaves somewhat round, always standing together upon a stem, the flowers do grow at the top of the branches or stems, in tuftes or knoppes tuffed, and set full of small flowers, of a read purple colour: like to a short tuffed ear, the which flowers once vanished, there cometh up round seed enclosed in small husks. The root is long, and of a woody substance.  
The trefoil with the white flowers, is much like to the aforesaid, but that his stalks are somewhat rough and hairy, and the leaves be longer and narrower, and in the middle of every leaf is sometimes a white spot, or mark, like to the new Moon. The flower is white, in all things else like to the other, and groweth after the self same fashion.   

❀ The Place.  
These two kinds of Trefoyles, do grow in all places of this Country, in meadows, especially such as stand somewhat high.  

Trifolium pratense.    

❀ The Time.  
The three leaved grass flowreth in May and june, and sometimes all the Summer.   

❧ The Names.  
This kind of trefoil is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Trifolium pratense: in French Treffle de pres, or Triolet: in high Dutch Wisen klee; and Fleyschblum: in base Almaigne claveren, and Ghemeyn claveren: in English, Meadow trefoil, or Common trefoil.   

❀ The Nature.  
The trefoil is cold and dry, as one may easily know by the taste thereof.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Trefoyl with his flowers, or by himself, boiled in Meade, or honeyed water, or wine, and drunken, doth slake and suage the hot burning and fretting of the bowels and inward parts. Of the like virtue is the decoction thereof, made in water, and powered into the body by glister.  
The same decoction drunken in due time, and season, stoppeth the white flowers in women.  
The flowers or leaves of trefoil sodde in Oil, and laid to in manner of a plaster, doth ripe hot inflammations and swellings, & other like tumours, and breaketh them, yea sometimes they do scatter and dissolve them clean.    

Of sweet trefoil. Chap. xxxvij.  

❀ The Description  
SVeete trefoil hath a round hollow stalk, of two or three foot long or more, full of bows and branches. The leaves do always grow three and three together, even as the common meadow trefoil, but somewhat longer, & jagged round about like a Saw. At the top of the branches grow flowers, clustering together in knoppes, like the flowers of the meadow or common trefoil, saving that the tuftes or knaps, are not so great as the knaps of the other: after the fading of those flowers there come little husks, or sharp pointed heads, wherein the seed lieth. All the herb, especially when it is in flower, is of a very good smell or savour, the which as some say, loseth his scent or smell seven times a day, & recoucreth it again as long as it is growing, but being withered and dried, it keepeth still his savour, the which is stronger in a moist and cloudy dark season, then when the wether is fair and clear.   

❀ The Place.  
In this Country men sow the sweet trefoil in gardens, & where as it hath been once sown, it groweth lightly every year of the seed which falléth, In Master Riches garden.  

Lotus sativa, or Vrbana.    

❀ The Time.  
This herb flowreth in july & August, during which time, the seed is ripe.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Lotus urbana, & Lotus sa●…●… Trifolium, and now a days Trifolium odoratum: in French Trefle odoriferant: in high Douch Siben gezeyt: and in base Almaigne, Seven getijde cruyt, because that seventimes a day it loseth his sweet scent and smell, and recovereth it again. Turner calleth Lotus urbana in English, Garden or Salad clover: we may call it sweet trefoil, or three leaved grass.   

❀ The Nature.  
Sweet trefoil, is temperate in heat and cold, & taking part of some little dryness.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The sweet trefoil doth suage & ripe, alcold swellings, being laid thereto.  
The juice of the same taketh away the spot or white pearl of the eyes, called in Latin Argema.  
The Oil wherein the flowers of the sweet trefoil have been soaked, cureth all new wounds, and burstinges, as some affirm.    

Of wild Zotus. Chap. xxxviij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere is commonly found in this country, two sorts of wild Lotus or trefoil, with yellow flowers, one having cods, and the other none.  

Lotus syluestris. Wild trefoil. Yellow stone clover.   

Lotus syluestris minor. Petty clover or stone trefoil.    

❀ The Description.  
THe first kind of wild Lotus is a little low herb, creeping alongst the ground. The leaves be somewhat like to the leaves of the common three leaved grass, or meadow trefoil, almost of an aishe colour. The flowers be fair and yellow, fashioned like to the flowers of peason, but much smaller: the which decayed and fallen away, there come up three or four round cods, standing together one by another, wherein is contained a round sede. The root is long & radish.  
The second kind hath round stalks, and very small. The leaves be like to meadow trefoil. The flowers be yellow, growing thick together in round knopped heads, the which do change into a round crooked black seed, covered with a black husk or skin. The which seed groweth round about the knoppes, orderly compassing the same.   

¶ The Place.  
These two kinds of wild Lotus, or trefoil do grow in this Country in dry places, alongst the fields and high ways.   

❀ The Time.  
These Trefoyles are in flower, from after the month of june, all the rest of the Summer, and in the mean season they yield their seed.   

❀ The Names.  
These Trefoyles, are now called Loti syluestres, yet they be not the Lotus syluestris of Dioscorides, the which groweth very high, and hath seed like to Fenugreck.  
The first kind is called in high Douch, Wilden klee, Steenklee, Edelsteenklee, Vogels wicken, Vnser Frawen schuchlin: in French Trefle sawage taulne: in Brabant Steenclaveren, and Geelsteenclaveren, Wild claveren, and of some Vogels Vitsen. Some take it for a kind of Melilotus, and therefore it is called in Latin Melilotus syluestris or Melilotus Germanica: in English, The wild yellow Lotus, the Germans Melilot, or the wild yellow trefoil.  
The second is called in French Petit Trefle iaulne: in high Douche Geelk●ee, Kleiver, Steenkle, and Geel wisen klee: in base Almaigne, Cleyn steenclaveren, and Cleyn geel clavere. This should seem to be a kind of Medica, whereof we shall speak hereafter.   

❧ The Nature and Virtues.  
These herbs are cold, dry, and astringent, especially the first: therefore they may be used aswell within the body, as without, in all griefs that require to be cooled and dried.    

Of Melilot. Chap. xxxir.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere is now found two sorts of Melilot, the one which is the right Melilot, and the other which is the common Melilot.   

❀ The Description.  
The true and right Melilot, hath round stalks, the leaves jagged round about, not much unlike the leaves of Fenugreck, always growing three and three together like to the trefoil. The flowers be yellow and small, growing thick together in a tuft, the which passed there come in their places, a many of small crooked husks or cods, wheru● the seed is contained. The root is tender, and full of small hairy threddes.  
The common Melilot hath round stalks, about two or three foot long, & full or branches. The leaves do always grow by three and three, like to Trefoyl, hacked round about like the leaves of Fenugreck, or the right Melilot. The flowers be yellow, clustering together, after the fashion or order of spike, the which vanished, there come up small husks, which contain the seed. The root is long, all the herb with his flowers, is of a right good savour, specially when it is dry.   

❀ The Place.  
The right Melilot groweth plentifully in Italy, especially in the Country of Campania, near the Town of Nola. In this Country the Herboristes do sow it in their gardens.  
The common Melilot groweth in this Country in the edges and borders of fields, and meadows, alongst by ditches, and trenches.  
Melilotus Italica. The right Melilot.  
Melilotus Germanica. The common Melilot.   

❀ The Time.  
These two kinds of Melilot do flower in july and August, during which time they yield their cods and seeds.   

❀ The Names.  
Melilot is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Melilotus, and Sertula Campana.  
The first kind of these herbs, is taken at Rome and in Italy for Melilot, & therefore is called Melilotus Italica that is to say, Italian Melilot: in French Melilot d'Italie: and in Dutch, Italiansche, or Roomsche Melilote.  
The other kind is called in Shops of this Country, and of Almaigne Melilotus, and is used for the same, and hereof it cometh to pass that men call it Melilotus Germanica: in French Melilot vulgaire: in base Alemaigne, Ghemeyne, or Douche Melilote. Some do also call it Saxifraga lutea, that is say, Yellow Saxifrage: and in high Dutch, Gross steinklee: in English, The common and best known Melilot.   

¶ The Nature.  
Melilot is hot, and partly of an astringent nature, and hath part of a digesting, consuming, dissolving, and riping power.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Melilote boiled by itself in sweet wine, or with the yolk of a roasted egg, or the meal of Fenugreck, or Lineseed, or with the fine flower of meal, or with chicory, doth smage and soften all kinds of hot swellings, especially those that chance in the eyes, the matrix, or mother, the fundament, and genitors or cods, being laid thereto.  
If it be laid to with Gauls or Chalk, or with good wine, it heals the scurf, and such sores, as yield corrupt matter or filth.  
The same raw, and pound, or sodde in wine, suageth the pain of the stomach, and dissolveth the impostumes and swellings of the same, being laid thereto.  
The juice of the same dropped into the ears, taketh away the pain of them, and laid to the forehead with oil of roses and vinegar, cureth the head ache.  
The common Melilote is used and found good for all such things as the other serveth: it is most used to suage and slake pain, as the flower of Camomile is.  
The same boiled in wine and drunk, provoketh urine, breaketh the stone, and suageth the pain of the kidneys, the bladder and belly: and ripeth phlegm, causing it to be easily cast forth.  
The juice thereof dropped into the eyes, cleareth the sight, and doth consume, dissolve, and take away the web, pearl, or spot of the eye.    

Of Horned clover/ or Medic father. Chap. xl.  

Medica. Spanish clover.   

Italian or Spanish clover.   

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be three sorts of Medica, the which we have seen in this Country. The first kind hath flat husks, and turned or folded round together. The other hath long, rough, & sharp pointed husks, turning in also together like a Rams horn, or Snail (as Turner writeth) otherwise one much like to the other. There is also a third kind, whereof both Turner and this Author do writ.   

❀ The Description.  
THe first kind of Medica, hath many round tender stalks, which grow not upright, but are spread abroad upon the ground, like the common meadow trefoil. The leaves be like them of the common trefoil. The flowers be small, of a pale yellowish colour, & for the most part they grow three and three together. The which once past, there grow up flat husks or cods, turned round together, like a water snail, wherein the seed is contained, the which is flat. The root is lean or slender, and withereth or perisheth in this Country, after that it hath once born seed.  
The second kind of Medica, is much like the other in stalks & leaves. The cods only be not so flat, but longer, & sharp pointed, wherein is a seed like to the other.  
The third kind hath many stalks, growing almost right up, & thereon leaves like unto the other. The flowers grow in tuftes almost like to the common trefoil, of colour fair purple blue, sometimes yellow, & thereafter follow many round flat cods turned together, of that which each asunder about the bigness of a Lentil. The root of this is long, and continueth many years, especially in Spain.  
Bysides these there is yet another kind of Medica or strange trefoil, that which lieth not alongst the ground, but standeth-upright, a foot & a half or two foot long. It hath hard round stalks, divided into divers branches, upon the which grow meetly large leaves, grey & thick, three upon one stem, almost like the leaves of trefoil or Fenugreck, but much less. The flowers be white mixed with Crimson or Carnation colour. All the herb, aswell the stalks as leaves, is whitish, and covered with a soft and gentle cotton, or woolly roughness.   

❀ The Place.  
These kinds of trefoil grow in Spain. They grow not of their own kind in this Country, but are sown in the gardens of Herboristes'.   

❀ The Time.  
Medica flowreth in this Country in july, and within short space after cometh forth his crooked of crompled husks.  
The fourth kind flowreth in this Country at the end of Summer.   

❧ The Names.  
The first two have no certain name which is known unto us, therefore have we named them in Latin Trifolia cochleata: in Dutch, Gedrayde claveren: in French Treste au limason: in English Horned trefoil or clover, because their cods veturned as water snails, wherein the seed is contained.  
The third is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Medica: in Spanish Alfafa, after the Arabian name Fasfasa, or Alfasfasa: with the which Medica of Auicenna is named: in Douch Spaensche claveren: in English Spanish trefoil.  
The fourth kind is counted of some to be Glaux, of some to be Anthyllis, of others it is taken for Polygala.   

❀ The Nature.  
Medica is of a cold nature.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Medica is good against all hot diseases, & impostumes that require cooling & drying.  
This is also an excellent fodder for Oxen and cows, and for the same purpose it was used to be sown of the Ancient Romynes in old time.    

Of the right trefoil/ or Treacle clover. Chap. xli.  

❀ The Description.  
Among all the sorts of Trefoyles, the same here is the largest in leaves that we have yet seen, it hath great round stalks of a foot & a half or two foot long, full of branches, upon the which there grow always three leaves together, upon one footestalke or stem, of a blackish colour, and much greater than the leaves of the common trefoil. The flowers grow from the sides of the stalks upon long stems, thick tufting and clustering together, almost like the flowers of scabious, of a deep blue or sky colour. The seed is broad and rough, or a little hairy, and sharp at the end. The root is small and slender.   

❀ The Place.  
The Herboristes of this Country, do also sow this kind of trefoil in their gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
This trefoil flowreth in this Country in August.   

¶ The Names.  
This kind of trefoil is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Trifolium, & Trifolium odoratum, at this time they call it Trifolium foetidum, Trifolium bituminosum, in French Vray Treste, and Treste puant. in base Almaigne, Groote claveren: in English, The right trefoil, stinking trefoil, Smelling clover, Treacle clover, clover gentle, and Pitch trefoil. And this is that Oxytriphyllon, of the which Scribonius Largus hath written.   

❀ The Nature.  
This trefoil is hot and dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves and flowers, or seed of this trefoil, drunken in water, is good for the pain of the side, the strangury, the falling sickness, the dropsy, and for women that are sick of the mother, or stuffing of the matrix: for taken in such sort, it provoketh urine, and the menstrual terms or flowers.  
Trifolium.  
The same leaves taken in the syrup oxymel, helpeth against the bitings of venomous beasts. The decoction of this trefoil, with his roots is very good for the same, if the bitings and stingings of such hurtful beasts be washed therewithal.  
Moreover they do with great profit mingle the said leaves or roots, with Treacles and Mithridates, and such like preservative medicines, which are used to be made against poison.  
Also they say, that three leaves of this trefoil drunk a little before the coming of the fit of the fever tertian, with wine, do cure the same, & four leaves so taken, do help against the quartain.    

Of Hare's foot/ or rough clover. Chap. xlij.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be two sorts of Hare's foot, the great & the small, but in leaves and figure one is like to the other.   

❀ The Description.  
Hare's foot hath a round stalk, & rough: the leaves are very like the leaves of trefoil or Trinity grass. The flowers grow at the top of the stalks, in a rough spikie knap or ear very like to Hare's foot. The root is small and hard.   

❀ The Place.  
Hare's foot, especially the lesser, is very common, throughout all the fields of this Country.   

❀ The Time.  
Hare's foot is most commonly in flower in july and August.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Lagopus: of some Leporis Cuminum now Pes Leporis and Trifolium humile: that is to say in english, Hares foot, Rough clover, & base trefoil: in French Pied de Lieure and Treste bas: in high Dutch Hasenfusz, Katzenklee, Katzle: in base Almaigne Hasen pootkens, Hasen voetkens.   

¶ The Nature.  
Hare's foot is dry in the third degree, and indifferent cold.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Hare's foot boiled in wine and drunk, stoppeth the lask, and the bloody flux.  

Lagopus.     

Of wood Sorrel/ or Sorrel de boys. Chap. xliij.  

❀ The Description.  
VOode Sorrel is a low or base herb, without stalks: the leaves do grow from the root upon short stems, and at their first coming forth are folden together, but afterward they spread abroad, and are of a fair green colour, and fashioned almost like the trefoil, saving that each leaf hath a deep cleft in the middle. Among the leaves, there grow also upon short stems coming from the root, little small flowers, almost made like little bells, of a white colour with purple veins, all alongst, sometimes of a yellowish colour: when they be fallen, there rise up in their places sharp husks or cups, full of yellowish seed. The root is brown, somewhat read, and long.  
Of this is found yet another kind, the which beareth yellow flowers, and afterward small cods.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth in this Country in shadowy woods, upon the roots of great old trees, sometimes also upon the brinks and borders of ditches.   

❀ The Time.  
This herb flowreth in April, and at the beginning of May.  

Oxys.    

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Oxys: in Shops hallelujah, of some Trifolium acetosum, and Panis Cuculi Alimonia: in French Pain de Cocu: in high Dutch Saurerklee, Buchklee, Buchamffers, Buchbrot, Gauchklee, and Gauchgauchklee: in base Almaigne Coeckoecks broot: in English Woodsorel, sorrel du bois, hallelujah, Cockowes' meat, Sour Trifoly, Stubwurt, and Woodsower.   

¶ The Nature.  
This herb is cold and dry like sorrel.   

❀ The Virtues.  
sorrel du bois is good for them that have sick & feeble stomachs, for it drieth and strengtheneth the stomach, and stirreth up appetite.  
It is good for corrupt sores, and stinking mouths, if one wash with the decoction thereof.    

Of Grass. Chap. xliiij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
A Man shall find many sorts of grass, one like another in stem, and leaves, but not in the knoppes or ears: for one hath an ear like Barley, the other like Millet, another like Panic, another like juray, and such unprofitable weeds that grow amongst corn. Some have rough prickly ears, and some are soft and gentle, others are rough & mossy like fine down or cotton, so that there are many sorts and kinds of grass: whereof we will make no larger discourse, but of such kinds only, as have been used of the Ancient Physicians, and are particularly named Agrostis and Gramen.   

❀ The Description.  
THE grass whereof we shall now speak, hath long rough leaves almost like the Cane, or Pole reed, but a great deal lesser, yet much greater & brother than the leaves of that grass which groweth commonly in meadows. The helm or stems are small, a foot or two long, with five or six joints, at the uppermost of the stalks there grow soft & gentle ears, almost like the bushy ears of the Cane or Pole reed, but smaller and slenderer. The root is long and white, full of joints, creeping hither & thither, & plaited or wrapped one with another, & putting forth new springs in sundry places, & by the means hereof it doth multiply and increase exceedinly in leaves and stalks.   

❀ The Place.  
This grass groweth not in meadows & low places, like the other, but in the corn fields, & the borders thereof, & is a naughty & hurtful weed to corn, the which the husbandmen would not willingly have in their land, or fields: & therefore they take much pain to weed, and pluck up the same.   

❀ The Names.  
This grass is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Agrostis, because it groweth in the 
Gramen. Couch grass.  corn fields, which are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Agroi, therefore men may easily judge, that the common grass is not Agrostis.  
This grass is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Gramen: in French Grame, or Dent au chien: in base Almaigne Ledtgras, and Knoopgras: and of the Country or husbandmen Poeen: in English Couch, and Couch grass.   

❀ The Nature.  
Couch grass is cold and dry of complexion.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The roott of Couch grass boiled in wine and drunken: doth suage and heal the gnawing pains of the belly, provoketh urine, bringeth forth gravel, and is very profitable against the strangury.  
The same with his leaves new bruised, heals green wounds, and stoppeth blood, if it be laid thereto.    

Of brickwall Barley or way Bennet. Chap. xlv.  

❀ The Description.  
PHoenix is a kind of unprofitable Grass, in ear and leaves almost like juray, or Darnel, but smaller & shorter. It hath leaves meetly long and large, almost like Barley, but smaller. The litter or stems is short, full of joints, and radish. The ears grow in fashion like jucay, but the little knoppes or ears, stand not so far asunder one from an other.  
There is yet another grass much like to the aforesaid, the which groweth almost throughout all meadows and gardens. Nevertheless his leaves be narrower, & the stalks smaller, and are never read, but always of a sad green colour, and so is all the residue of the plant, whereby it may be very well discerned from the other.  
Phoenix.   

¶ The Place.  
Phoenix groweth in the borders or edges of fields, and is found in great quantity, in the Country of Liege or Luke. And as Dioscorides writeth, groweth upon houses.   

❀ The Time.  
Phoenix is ripe in july and August, as other grain is.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Phoenix, and of some Lolium rubrum: in English Wall Barley, or Way Bennet: it may be called Red-Ray, or darnel.   

❀ The Nature.  
Phoenix drieth without sharpness, as Galen writeth.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Phoenix taken with read wine stoppeth the flux of the belly, and the abundant running of women's flowers, and also the involuntary running of urine.  
Some do writ, that this herb wrapped in a Crimson skin, or piece of leather, and bound fast to a man's body, stoppeth bleeding.    

Of Haver Grass. Chap. xlvi.  

❀ The Description.  
BRomus or Havergrasse, is also an unprofitable grass, much like to Oats, in leaves, stems, and ears: saving that the grass or leaves be smaller, the stalks or motes be both shorter and smaller, and the ears are longer, rougher, & more bristeled or bearded, standing farther asunder one from the other.   

❀ The Place.  
It groweth in the borders of fields, upon banks and Rampers, & alongst by way sides.   

❀ The Time.  
It is to be found, in ear, well near all the summer.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Bromus: and as a difference from Oats (whose Greek name is Bromus) they put to this addition, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Bromus herba, and Auena herba. It had this name first, because of the likeness it hath with Oats: it is called in French Aueron, or Aueneron, we may call it in English, Haver, or oat grass.  

Bromus.    

❀ The Nature.  
Bromus is of a dry complexion.   

❀ The Virtues.  
This herb and his root boiled in water until the third part be consumed, and afterward the same decoction boiled again with honey, until it wax thick, is good to take away the smell or stench of the sores in the nose, if it be put in with a week or match, but especially if you put to it Aloes.  
The same also boiled in wine with dried roses, amendeth the corrupt smell of the mouth, if it be washed thoroughly therewithal.    

Of Stitchwurt. Chap. xlvij.  

❀ The Description.  
THis herb hath round tender stalks, full of knots or joints creeping by the ground, at every joint grow two leaves one against another, hard, broad, and sharp at the ends. The flowers be white, divided into five small leaves, when they be fallen away there grow up little round heads or knoppes, not much unlike the knops or heads of Line, wherein the seed is. The roots be small and knotty, creeping hither, and thither.   

❀ The Place.  
It groweth in this Country alongst the fields, and under hedges and bushes.   

❀ The Time.  
A man may find it in flowers in April and May.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb hath the likeness of the herb called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Crataeogonum, Crataeonum, and Crataeus: it is called in high Dutch Augentroostgras: and the Brabanders following the same call it Oogentroostgras, that is to say, Grass comforting the eyes. And may well be named Gramen Leucanthemum.   

❧ The Nature.  
The seed of Crataeogonum, heateth and drieth.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Men have written, that if a woman drink the seed of Crataeogonum three days together fasting after the purging of her flowers, that the child which she may happen to conceive within forty days after, shallbe a man child.  

Gramen Leucanthemum.     

Of Gupleuros. Chap. xlviij.  

❀ The Description.  
BVpleuron hath long narrow leaves, longer & larger than the blades of grass: otherwise not much unlike. The stalks be of a three or four foot long or more, round, upright, thick, full of joints, the which do part and divide again, into many branches, at the top whereof there grow yellow flowers in round tuftes or heads, & afterward the seed, which is somewhat long.  
There is another herb much like to the aforesaid, in fashion and growing, saving that his leaves which are next the ground, are somewhat larger, the stem or stalk is shorter, and the root is bigger, and of a woody substance: in all things else like to the aforesaid.   

¶ The Place.  
This herb groweth not of itself in this Country, but the Herboristes do sow it in their gardens.  
The second is found in the borders of Languedoc.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth and bringeth forth seed in july and August.   

❀ The Names.  
The first is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. in Latin Bupleurum: we know none other name.  
The second sort is called of the Herboristes of Province Auricula Leporis. It is very like that which Valerius Cordus nameth Isophyllon.  
Bupleuri prima species. The first kind of Bupleures.  
Bupleurialtera species. The second kind of Bupleures.   

❀ The Nature.  
Buplerum is temperate in heat and dryness.   

❀ The Virtues.  
This herb in time past was used as pot herb, and counted of Hypocrates, as a convenient food, as Pliny writeth.  
The leaves of the same pound with salt and wine, and laid to, doth consume and drive away the swelling in the neck, called the kings evil.  
It is also a special remedy against the bitings of Serpents, if the party that is so hurt, doth drink the seed of the same in wine, and wash the wound with the decoction of the leaves of the same.  
They that use it much do take Auricula Leporis, against the stone & gravel.    

Of Catanance. Chap. xlix.  

❀ The Description.  
THis herb is also like unto grass, it hath narrow leaves & smooth, like to the blades of grass, but smaller, the which afterward being dried, do turn crooked or bend round towards the ground. The stalks be tender, small, and short, upon the which grow little Crimson flowers, and afterward long small round cods, in the which is contained a seed, somewhat reddish.  
Of this sort there is yet another kind, the which hath no round cods, but large and somewhat broad, in all things else like to the other.   

¶ The Place.  
This herb groweth in Copses that be several, and in pastures, but that with the broad cods is found most commonly by the sea coast.   

❀ The Time.  
Catanance bringeth forth his flowers and cods, in july and August, and sometimes sooner.   

❀ The Names.  
This grass is much like to that which the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and the Latinistes Catanance, and it should seem to be the first kind of Catanance, described by Dioscorides.   

❀ The Nature and Virtues.  
Catanance was not used for medicine, in times past: neither yet is used that I can tell of.    

Of Moly. Chap. l.  

❀ The Description.  
Moly according as Dioscorides writeth hath leaves like grass, but broader, and spreaden or laid upon the ground. The flowers be white, in fashion like the stock or brickwall Geleflowers, but smaller. The stalk is white of four cubits long, at the top whereof there groweth a certain thing fashioned like Garlic. The root is small and round as an Onion.  
Catanance.  
Pliny in the fourth Chapter of his twenty-five. Book writeth of another Moly, whose root is not bolefashion, or like an Onion, but long and slender. His leaves be also like unto grass, and laid flat upon the ground, amongst which springeth up, a round, small, and plain stalk divided above into many branches, whereupon grow white flowers, not much unlike the flowers of stock Gelleflowers, but much smaller. The roots be long and small, and very threddie.  
You may also reckon amongst the kinds of Moly, a sort of grass growing alongst the sea coast which is very tender and small, bearing small, short, narrow leaves, and most commonly lying flat and thick upon the ground, amongst which cometh up small short and tender stalks bearing flowers at the top tuft fashion, of a white purple, or sky colour. The roots of the same kind be likewise long, small, and tender.   

❀ The Place.  
The second Moly, as Pliny writeth, groweth in Italy in stony places, the Herboristes of this Country do plant it in their gardens.  
The grass that groweth by the sea coast, is found in some places of Zealande, in low moist places or grounds.   

❀ The Time.  
Pliny's Moly, flowreth in this Country in july.  
Liliago. Phalangium.  
Pseudo Moly. Sea grass.  
The bastard Moly flowreth most commonly all the summer.   

¶ The Names.  
The first is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and in Latin Moly.  
The second is called Pliny's Moly, in Latin Moly Plinij, and is taken to be the right Phalangium, or Spider's wort of Dioscorides, and that in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, is of Valerius Cordus named Liliago.  
That kind of grass which groweth by the sea side, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Pseudomoly, that is to say, Bastard Moly. Nevertheless it is no kind of Moly, but rather a kind of grass, the which you may well name Gramen marinum: some call it in English our Lady's quishion.   

¶ The Nature.  
The true Moly, which is the first kind, is hot in the third degree, and of subtle parts.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of Moly, eaten or drunken, provoketh urine, and applied as a pessary or mother suppository, openeth the stoppings of the matrix or mother.  
Moly is also excellent against enchauntementes, as Pliny and Homer do testify, saying, That Mercury revealed or showed it to Ulysses, whereby he escaped all the enchantments of Circe, the Magicien.    

Of the grass of Parnasus. Chap. li.  

❀ The Description.  
THis herb hath little round leaves, in fashion much unlike the leaves of ivy or Asarabacca, but far smaller, and not of so dark a colour: amongst the which spring up two or three small stalks, of a foot high, and of a radish colour below, and bearing fair white flowers at the top, the which being passed, there come up round knops or heads, wherein is contained a radish seed. The root is somewhat thick, with many threddy strings thereunto annexed.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth in moist places, and is found in certain places of Brabant.   

❀ The Time.  
This herb flowreth in july, and soon after yieldeth his seed.   

❀ The Names.  
Because of the likeness that this herb hath with the grass called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Gramen Parnasium: they call it in this Country, The grass of Parnasus: in base Almaigne Grass van Parnasus: Valerius Cordus nameth it Hepatica alba.  

Hepatica alba. Gramen Parnasi.    

❧ The Nature.  
The seed of Parnasus grass is dry, and of subtle parts.   

❀ The Description.  
The decoction of Parnasus grass drunken, doth dry and strengthen the feeble and moist stomach and the moist bowels, stoppeth the belly, and taketh away the besire to vomit.  
The same boiled in wine or water, provoketh urine, especially the seed thereof, the which doth not only provoke urine, but also breaketh the stone, and driveth it forth, if it be drunken.  
The young leaves bruised, and laid to fresh wounds, stoppeth the bleeding of the same, and heals the wounds.  
Of the juice of this herb is made a singular Collyrium, or medicine for the eyes, the which comforteth the sight, and cleareth the eyes, if you put unto it as much wine as you have of the juice, and half as much Myrrh, with a little Pepper and Frankincense. And for to keep the said Collyrium a long time in his goodness, it must be put into a copper Box.    

Of Rush. Chap. lij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere are found in this Country, four or five kinds of usual or common rushes.   

❀ The Description.  
ALL Rushes seem nothing else, but lgon twigs, shutes, or springs, that are slender, smooth, round, and without leaves, & the root from whence they grow and spring up, is large and interlaced. The flowers & seed grow upon one side, almost at the top of the shutes or rushes in tuftes or tassels.  
The first kind is full of white substance or pith, the which being drawn out, showeth like long white soft or gentle threads, and serveth for Matches to burn in lamps, and of the same is made many pleasant devices.  
The second kind is somewhat rough and harder in handling then the first, and hath but little pith within, and the the same not thick nor close, so that in drawing it forth, it yieldeth small substance, wherefore the said pith is unprofitable: but the Rush being dried, is more pliant, and better to bind any thing withal, than any of the other sorts.  
The third kind also hath not much pith, and groweth not far apart from the roots, but many together, as the flag or gladden leaves, so that one rush groweth out of another.  
The fourth kind is great, of eight or niene foot long, of the bigness of one's finger, spongy within, as the Flag or water Laver, whereof they use to make Mats: and of this kind they do likewise make Mats, which are called Rush Mats.  
juncus.  
Bysides these sorts of common rushes, there is also a strange, aromatical, or sweet smelling rush, the which is not to be fund in this Country, but only in Apothecaries shops, under the name of Squinantum.   

¶ The Place.  
The Rushes grow in low moist sugges, or watery places. The small kind groweth only in dry lean and sandy grounds, & barren Countries, as is aforesaid: but the sweet rush groweth in Arabia, Africa, and India.   

❀ The Names.  
Rushes are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin junci: in French joncs: in Dutch Bintzen: in base Almaigne Biesen.  
The first kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin juncus laevis, of Pliny Mariscus: in base Almaigne Merch biesen, that is to say, The pith, or pithy Rush: and in English, the Rush candle, or Candle rush: Camels straw.  
The second is called in Douche Yseren Biesen, and the third Strop Giesen, the which are like a kind of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin juncus acutus: they be our common hard Rushes: in French jonc agu.  
The small Rush seemeth to be a kind of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and juncus acutus, especially that kind which is Sterile, or barren without flowers.  
The fourth is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and following the Greek Holoschoenus: in English, the pole Rush, or bull Rush, or Mat Rush: in French jonc a cabas, that is to say, The frail Rush or panier Rush, because they use to make fig frayles and paniers therewithal: in base Almaigne Matten biesen: because they use to make Mats therewith.  
The strange Rush is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin juncus odoratus, & juncus angulosus, the flower whereof is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin junciflos, and Schoenu anthos: and from hence came that name Squinantum, which is the name whereby this kind of Rush is known in Shops: in English Squinant.   

❀ The Nature.  
The common Rush is of a dry complexion.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The seed of the common Rush parched, & stieped in wine: stoppeth the lask, and the red flowers of women, and provoketh urine. But to be taken in to great a quantity, it causeth headache.  
You must search farther for the virtues of Squinant, which are not described in this place.    

Of Typha palustris. Chap. liij.  

❀ The Description.  
THis herb hath long, rough, thick, and almost threesquare leaves, within filled with soft marrow. Among the leaves sometimes groweth up a long smooth naked stalk, without knots or joints, not hollow within, having at the top a grey, or russet long knap or care which is soft, thick, and smooth, and seemeth to be nothing else but a throm of grey wool or flocks, thick set and throng together. The which at length when as the said ear or knap waxeth ripe, is turned into a down, and carried away with the wound. This down or cotton is so fine, that in some Countries they fill cushions and beds with it, as Leonardus Fuchsius writeth. The roots be hard, thick, and white, with many hanging threddes overthwart one another, and when these roots are dry, than they burn very well.  

Typha palustris. Reed Mace, cats tail, or Water torch.   

Typha absque call The water Flag or Liver.    

❀ The Place.  
This Typha groweth in this Country in shadow pools, and standing waters, and in the brinks of edges of great rivers, and commonly amongst Reeds.   

❀ The Time.  
This Mace or torch is found in july and August.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Typhas, and of the writers in these days Typha palustris, as a difference from the other Typhas, called Typha cerealis, which is a kind of grain or corn, the which hath been already described in the fourth Chap. of this book, of some it is also called Typha aquatica, and Cestrum morionis. in French Marteau, Masses: in high Dutch Narrenkowen, and Lies; knospen: in base Almaigne, Lisch Dodden, and Dozen. Turner calleth it in English, Reed Mace, and cats tail: to the which we may join others, as Water Torch, March Betill, or Pestle, and Dunche down, because the down of this herb will 'cause one to be deaf, if it happen to fall into the ears, as Matthiolus writeth. The leaves are called, mat reed, because they make mats therewith, to the which they only serve when it bringeth forth neither stalks nor cats tail. like as this plant yieldeth his cats tails, so likewise be the leaves not necessary to make any thing thereof.   

❀ The Nature.  
This herb is cold and dry of complexion.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The down of this herb mingled with swines grease well washed, heals burnings and scaldings with fire or water.  
Men have also experimented and proved, that this cotton is very profitable to heal broken or hollow kibes, if it be laid upon.    

Of Pole Reed/ or Canes. Chap. liiij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THERE are divers kinds of Reeds, as Dioscorides and Pliny do writ, whereof the sixth kind is very common and well known in this Country.   

❀ The Description.  
THE common Reed or Cane hath a long stalk or straw full of knotty joints, whereupon grow many long rough blades or leaves, and at the top large tufts, or ears spread abroad, the which do change into a fine down or cotton, and is carried away with the wind, almost like the ears of Mill or Millet, but far bigger. The root is long & white, growing outwardly in the bottom of the water.  
The Cane of Ind, or the Indian Cane, is of the kind of Reeds, very high, long, great, and strong, the which is used in temples & Churches to put out the light of candles, which they use to burn before their Images.  
To these we may join that Cane, whereof they make Sugar, in the Islands of Canare, and else where.  
Bysides these sorts, there is another aromatical, and sweet smelling kind, unknown in this Country.  
Harundo Vallatoria. The common Pole Reed.   

❀ The Place.  
The common Reed or spier groweth in standing waters, and on the edges and borders of rivers.   

❀ The Names.  
This plant is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Harundo, or Arundo, and Calamus: in French Can, or Roseau: in high Douche Rorh: in base Almaigne Riet: in English, Common Pole Reed, Spier, or Cane Reed.  
The first kind is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Nastus, of this kind in times past they made arrows and darts.  
The second is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Arundo foemina, this kind did serve to make tongues for pipes, shaulmes, or trumpets.  
The third is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Syringias, Fistularis, of which they make pipes and flutes.  
With the fourth men did writ in times past, as they do now use to do with pens and quills of certain birds, the which for the same purpose were named Calami  
The fifth kind is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Donax, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Arundo Cypria.  
The sixth, which is our common Canereede, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is to say in Latin, Arundo vallatoria, and Arundo vallaris, and Arundo sepicularis: in English Cane Reed, Pole Reed, Spier, and the Reed or Cane of the valley.  
The seventh is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and Arundo Indica: in French Can: in base Almaigne, Riet van Indien, and of some also, Riet van Spaengien: in English Spanish Canes, or Indian Reed.  
The Sugar Cane, hath none other particular name, but as men do now call it Arundo saccharata, or Arundo sacchari, that is to say in English, Sugar Reed, or Sugar Cane: in French Can de succré: in Dutch Suycker Riet.  
The Aromatical and sweet Cane, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Calamus odoratus, Calamus Aromaticus, Arundo odorata, altogether unknown in shops, for that which they use to sell for Calamus Aromaticus, is no reed nor root of a reed, but is the root of a certain herb like unto the Yellow Flag or bastard Acorus, the which root is now taken for the right Acorus.   

❀ The Nature.  
The Cane Reed is hot and dry, as Galensayth.  
The Aromatical and sweet Cane, is also hot & dry in the second degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of Cane Reed or Spier, pound small and laid to, draweth forth thorns and splinters, and mingled with vinegar it suageth the pain of members out of joint.  
The green tender leaves finely stamped and laid to, heals choleric inflammations or wild fire, also hot swellings and impostumes.  
The ashes of the Pole Reed mingled with vinegar and laid to, heals the room and scales of the head, which do 'cause the hear to fall of.  
The Aromatical or sweet Calamus being drunken, provoketh urine, and boiled with Parsley seed, is good against the strangnrie, the pain of the reins, the bladder and dropsy.  
The same taken in any kind of ways, is very agreeable to all the inner parts, as the stomach, the liver, the spleen, the matrix, & against burstinges or ruptures.   

❧ The Danger.  
The down that is in the top of the Cane reed, or in the tufting tassels there of, if it chance to fall into the ears, bringeth such a deafness, as is hard to be cured.    

Of Reed Grass. Chap. lv.  

❀ The Description.  
Reed grass hath long narrow leaves, two edged or sharp on both sides, with a sharp crest or back, raised up, so that they seem almost triangled or three square. The stalks grow amongst the leaves, to the height of two or three foot or more, and do bear about the upper part of the stalks round prickley knoppes, or boullettes, as big as a Nut. The root is full of hairy strings.   

❀ The Place.  
It groweth in this Country in moist meadows, & in the borders, or brinks of ditches & rivers.   

❀ The Time.  
It bringeth forth his boullettes, or prickley knoppes in August.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in base Almaigne Rietgras, and therefore some take it for a kind of grass which Dioscorides calleth in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Calamagrostis: in Latin Gramen Arundinaceum: in English, Reed grass. With the which it hath no likeness, and therefore it serveth better to be named Platanaria, and likewise it is not like unto Spargamum, but it is more like that Butomon of Theophrastus, that likewise in Greek is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  

Platanaria.    

❀ The Nature.  
It is of a cold and dry complexion.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Some writ, that the knoppes or rough buttons of this herb boiled in wine, are good against the bitings of venomous beasts, if it be either drunken, or the wound be washed therewith.    

Of rattle grass. Chap. lvi.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be two kinds of this grass, one which beareth red flowers, and leaves finely jagged or snipt, the other hath pale yellow flowers, and long narrow leaves snipt like a saw round about the edges.   

❀ The Description.  
THe first kind hath leaves very small jagged, or dented, spread abroad upon the ground: The stalks be weak & small, whereof some lie along trailing upon the ground, & do bear the little leaves: the rest do grow upright, as high as a man's hand, & upon them grow the flowers from the middle of the stem round about, even hard up to the top, of a brown read or purple colour, somewhat like to the flower of the read nettle. The which being fallen away, there grow in their place little flat pouches or husks, wherein the seed is contained, which is flat, & blackish. The root is small & tender.  
Fistularia. Reed rattle.  
Crista gallinacea. Yellow rattle.  
The second kind hath a strait stem, set about with narrow leaves, snipt round about upon the edges. The flowers grow round about the stem, at the highest of the stalk, fashioned like the flowers of the first kind, saving that they be of faint or pale yellow colour, or whitish, after the which there come up little flat pouches or purses, covered as it were with a little bladder, or flat skin, open before like the mouth of a bladder. Within the little purses is the seed, the which is flat, yellow or brownish. The root is small and short.   

❀ The Place.  
That with the read flowers groweth in moist meadows, and is very noisome to the same.  
That with the pale or yellow flowers, groweth in dry meadows, and in the fields also, and is to them very evil and hurtful.   

❀ The Time.  
That with the read flowers, flowreth in May, and his seed is ripe in june.  
The other flowreth in june and july, and almost all the summer.   

❀ The Names.  
The first is called of the writers in these days, Fistularia, and Crista, and of some in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Phthirion: in Latin Pedicularis, that is to say, Louse herb: in high Dutch Braun Leuszkraut, because the cattle that pasture where plenty of this grass groweth, become full of louse. They call it also in high Douch Rodel, and Brown Rodel: in base Almaigne, Rood Ratelen: some take it for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Alectorolophos of Pliny: in English, Red rattle.  
The other kind is called of the writers in these days Crista gallinacea, and Crista galli, because that in proportion of flowers and pouches, it is like to Read rattle: in high Douch Geel Rodel: in base Almaigne, Geel and wit Ratelen, & of some Hanekammekens, that is to say, Hens Comes, or Coxcombs: also yellow or white rattle. This may well be that herb, whereof Pliny writeth in his xviii. book, the xxviii. Chapter, and there is called Nimmulus, the which is very hurtful to meadows.   

¶ The Nature.  
Both of these herbs are cold, dry, and astringent.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Red rattle is taken of the Physicians in these days, against the flux menstrual, and all other issue of blood, boiled in wine and drunken.  
The other kind hath no peculiar virtue that I know.    

Of the Thistel Chameleon. Chap. lvii.  

❀ The Kinds.  
chameleon is of two sorts, as Dioscorides writeth, the white and the black.  
The figures which my Author attributeth to Leucacantha, will agreed well with this description, and they be so placed of Matthiolus.   

❀ The Description.  
THe great Chameleon, hath great broad prickly leaves, not much unlike the wild Thistle, but rougher & sharper, the which leaves are greater, stronger & grosser, than the leaves of the black Chameleon: amongst which leaves there rises immediately from the root, a prickly head or bowl, almost like the heads of Artichokes, and beareth a purple thrommed flower like velvet. The seed is almost like the seed of bastard saffron. The root is long, and white within, of a sweet taste, and aromatical smell.  
The black Chameleons leaves, are also almost like to the leaves of the wild Thistel, but smaller and finer, and sprinkled or spotted with read spots. The stem is radish or brown red, of the bigness of a finger, & groweth to the height of a foot, whereupon grow round heads with small prickly flowers of divers colours, whereof each flower is not much unlike the flowers of the Hyacynthe. The root is great & firm, or strong, black without and yellowish within, sharp and biting the tongue, the which for the most part is found, as it were already tasted or bitten.   

❀ The Place.  
The white Chameleon groweth upon hills and mountains, & such like untoiled places. Yet for all that it desireth good ground. It is found in Spain in the region of Arragon by the high way sides.  
The black groweth in dry soils, and places near the Sea.   

❀ The Names.  
The first kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Chamaeleo albus, of Apuleius Carduus syluaticus, of some also Erisisceptrum, lx●●, Carduus varinus', Carduus irinus, Carduus lacteus. Matthiolus saith, that the Italians call this herb Carlina in Spain Cardo pinto: in French Carline.  
The second kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Chamaeleo niger, of some Pancarpon, Vlophonon, Cynomazon, Cynoxylon, Ocymoides, Cnidos coccos, Carduus niger, Veruilago, ustilago, etc. Both these kinds are unknown in this Country.   

❧ The Nature.  
Chameleon is temperate in heat and dryness, specially the black, the which is almost hot in the second degree, and altogether dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of the white Chameleon drunken with red wine wherein Origanum hath been sodden, killeth and bringeth forth large or broad worms.  
The same boiled in good wine, is very good for such as have the Dropsy, and strangury, for it delayeth the swelling of them that have the Dropsy, and dispatcheth urine.  
It is good against all kinds of venom or poison that may be given.  
The root of the black Chameleon, is not very meet to be received inwardly: for it is endued with a certain hidden evil quality, as Galen saith, and therefore it was never ministered of the ancients, but in outward medicines.  
The same with a little Copperas and Swine's grease, heals the scab, and if you put thereto of Brimstone and Rosen or Tar, it will heal the hot running or creeping scab or scurf, foul tetters, and all noughty itch or manginess.  
The same laid to in the Son but only with Brimstone, putteth away the creeping scab and tetter, white spots, son burning, and other such deformities of the face.  
The decoction of this root boiled in water or vinegar being held in the mouth, heals the tooth ache. The like property hath the root, broken or bruised with Pepper and Salt, to be applied and laid upon the noughty tooth.    

Of Sea Holly. Chap. lviij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
IN this Country is found two kinds of Eryngium, the one called the great Eryngium, or Eryngium of the Sea, and the other is called but Eryngium only.  

Eryngium marinum. Sea Holly.   

Eryngium vulgar. The hundred headed Thistel.    

❀ The Description.  
THE great Eryngium hath great, large, whitish, somewhat round and thick leaves, a little crompled or cronkeled about the edges, set here and there with certain prickles round about upon the edges, the said leaves be of an aromatical or spicelyke taste. The stalks be round, and grow about the height of a foot, of a reddish colour below near the ground, upon the tops of the branches come forth round knoppie and sharp prickly heads, about the quantity of a nut, set round about full of small flowers, most commonly of a Celestial or sky colour, and in this Country they have small tips or white marks. And hard joining under the flowers grow five or fix small prickly leaves, set in compass round about the stalk like a star, the which with the uppermost part of the stem are altogether of a sky colour in this Country. The root is of ten or twelve foot long, and oftentimes so long, that you cannot draw it up whole, as big as one's finger, full of joints by spaces, and of a pleasant taste.  
The second kind hath broad crompled leaves, all to pounced and jagged, whitish, & set round about with sharp prickles. The stalk is of a foot long, with many branches, at the top whereof grow round, rough, and prickle bullets or knoppes, like to the heads of Sea Holly or Huluer, but much smaller, underneath which knoppes grow also five or fix small narrow sharp leaves, set round about the stem after the fashion of Stars. The root is long and plain or single, as big as a man's finger, blackish without, and white within.   

❀ The Place.  
Erynge, as Dioscorides writeth, groweth in rough untoiled fields: it is found in this Country in Zealand, & Flaunders, upon banks, and alongst by the Sea coast.  
The common Erynge groweth also in this Country in the like places: it groweth also in Almaigne alongst by the river Rhine, and in dry Countries by the high ways. There is plenty growing about Strasbourge.   

❀ The Time.  
Both these kinds do bring forth their flowers in this Country, in june and july.   

❧ The Names.  
The first kind of these Thistles is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Eryngium: Pliny calleth it also earing: the writers of our time call it Eryngium marinum: the Arabians with the Apothecaries call it Iringus: in Almaigne Cruyswortele, and Endeloos', and in some places of Flaunders, Mere wortele: in English, Sea Holme, or Huluer, and Sea Holly.  
The other kind is called in English, the Hundred headed Thistel: in French Chardon a cent testes: in high Douch Manstrew, Brachen distel, and Rad distel: in base Almaigne Cruysdistel: in the Shops also it is now called Iringus. This without doubt is a kind of Eringium, the which may also very be well called Centumcapita.   

❀ The Nature.  
Sea Holly is temperate of heat and cold, yet of dry and subtle parts.  
The hundred headed thistle, is hot and dry as one may easily gather by the taste.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The first leaves of Eryngium are good to be eaten in Salade, and was for that purpose so used of the ancients, as Dioscorides writeth.  
The roots of the same boiled in wine and drunken, are good for them that are troubled with the Colique and gripings of the belly, for it cureth them, and driveth forth windiness.  
The same taken in the same manner, bringeth forth women's natural sickness.  
It is good to drink the wine wherein Sea Holly hath boiled, against the stone and gravel, and against the pain to make water, for it provoketh urine, driveth forth the stone, & cureth the infirmities, that chance to the kidneys, if it be drunken fiftiene days together one after another.  
The same roots taken in the same manner, are good for such as be liver sick, and for those that are bitten of any venomous beasts, or have received or drunk poison, especially if it be drunken with the seed of wild Carrot.  
It doth also help those that are troubled with the Cramp, and the falling sickness.  
The green herb is good to be pound, and laid to the bitings of venomous beasts, especially to the bitings of Frogs.  
The Apothecaries of this Country do use to preserve and comfit the root of Eringium, to be given to the aged, and old people, and others that are consumed or withered, to nourish and restore them again.  
The root of Centumcapita, or the Thistel of a hundred heads, is likewise comfited, to restore, nourish, and strengthen, albeit it cometh not near by a great way, to the goodness of the other.    

Of Star Thistel/ or Caltrop. Chap. lix.  

❀ The Description.  
Star thistle hath soft frised leaves, deeply cut or gaysle, the stalks grow of a foot and a half high, full of branches, whereupon grow small knaps or heads like to other Thistelles, but much smaller, and set round about with sharp thorny prickles, fashioned like a Star at the beginning, either green or brown red, but afterward pale or white: when those heads do open, they bring forth a purple flower, & afterward a small flat and round seed, the root is long and somewhat brown without.   

¶ The Place.  
This thistle groweth in rude untoiled places, & alongst the ways, & is found in great quantity, about the Mart Town of Anwarpe, near to the river Scelde, and alongst by the new walls of the Town.   

❀ The Time.  
This thistle flowreth from the month of july, until August.  

Carduus stellatus.    

❀ The Names.  
This herb is now called in Latin Carduus stellatus, and Stellaria, also Calcit●apa: and some take it for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Polyacanthus of Theophrast, the which Gaza calleth in Latin Aculeosa, they call it in French Chaussetrape: in high Douch, Wallen Distell, ano Raden Distel: in base Almaigne, Star distel: in English, Star Thistel, or Caltrop.   

❀ The Nature.  
This Thistel also is of a hot nature, as the taste of the root doth show.   

❀ The Virtues.  
They use greatly to take the powder of the seed of this Thistel in wine to drink, to provoke urine, and to drive forth gravel, and against the strangury.    

Of the Teasel. Chap. lx.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THe Cardthistel or Teasel is of two sorts, the tame & the wild. The tame Teasel is sown of Fuller's and clothworkers to serve their purposes, the wild groweth without husbanding of itself, & serveth to small purpose.  
Dipsacum sativum. Fuller's Teasel.  
Dipsacum syluestre. Wild Teasel.  
THE Cardthistel his first leaves be long, and large, hacked round about with notches, like the teeth of a saw, betwixt those leaves rises a hollow stalk of three foot long or more, with many branches, set here and there with divers hooked sharp prickles, and spaced or severed by joints, & at every of the said joints, grow two great long leaves, the which at the lower ends be so closely joined and fastened together, round about the stalk, that it holdeth the water, falling either by rain or dew, so sure, as a dish or basin. At the top of the branches grow long, rough, and prickle heads, set full of hooks: out of the same knops or heads, grow small white flowers placed in Cells and Cabins, like the honey Combe, in which Chambers or Cells (after the falling away of the flower) is found a seed like Fenil, but bitter in taste. The knoppes or heads are hollow within, and for the most part having worms in them, the which you shall find in cleaving the heads. The root is long, plain, and white.  
The wild Teasel is much like to the other, but his leaves be narrower, and his flowers purple, the hooks of this Teasel be nothing so hard, nor sharp as the other.  
There is yet another wild kind of these Card Thistles, the which grow highest of all the other sorts, whose knopped heads are no bigger than a nut, in all things else like to the other wild kinds.   

❀ The Place.  
The tame Teasel is sown in this Country, and in other places of Flaunders, to serve Fuller's and Clothworkers.  
The wild groweth in moist places, by brooks, rivers, & such other places.   

❀ The Time.  
Card Thistel flowreth for the most part in june and july.   

¶ The Names.  
This kind of Thistel is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Dipsacum, and Labrun Veneris, of some also chameleon, Crocodilion, Onocardion, Cneoron, Meleta, Cinara rustica, Moraria, Carduus Veneris, Veneris lavacrum, & Sciaria: in Shops Virga Pastoris, and Carduus Fullonum. in French Verge de berger, Cardon a Foulon or A Carder: in high Dutch Karten distel, Bubenstrel, Weberkarten: in base Almaigne, Caerden, and Volders Caerden: in English, Fuller's Teasel, Card thistle, and Venus' bath or Basin.  
The tame Teasel is called Dipsacum sativum, and Dipsacum album.  
The wild Teasel is called Dipsaca syluestris, or Purpurea.   

❀ The Nature.  
The root of Card thistle (as Galen says) is dry in the second degree, and somewhat scouring.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of teasel boiled in wine, and afterward pound until it come to the substance or thickness of an ointment, heals the chaps, rifts, and fistulas of the fundament. But to preserve this ointment, you must keep it in a box of Copper.  
The small worms that are found within the knoppes or heads of Teaselles, do cure and heal the quartain ague, to be worn or tied about the neck or arm, as Dioscorides writeth.    

Of Artechokes. Chap. lxi.  

❀ The kinds.  
There is now found two kinds of Artechokes, the one with broad leaves, and nothing prickly, which is called the right Artechoke, the other whose leaves be all to gashed full of sharp prickles and deep cuts, which may be called the thistle, or prickly Artechoke.   

❀ The Description.  
Cynara. Artechokes.  
Cynaraealiud genus. Prickley Artechokes.  
The thistle or prickly Artechoke, hath great long leaves, very much and deeply cut upon both sides (even to the very sinews which departed the leaves) and full of sharp cruel prickles. The stalk is long, upon the which grow scaly heads, almost like the others.  
They are both of one kind, & not otherwise to be accounted: for oftentimes of the seed of one springeth the other, especially the thistle Artechoke cometh of the seed of the right Arrechoke. Which thing was very well known of Palladius, who commanded to break the point of the seed, for because it should not bring forth the prickly kind.   

¶ The Place.  
These two kinds grow not in this Country of their own accord, but are sown and planted in gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
The right & prickley Artechokes, bring forth their great heads in August.   

❀ The Names.  
This kind of thistle, especially the first sort, is called of Galen in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. of Math. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Cynara, Cinara, Carduus, & Carduus satiuus, of writers of our time, Arocum, Alcoralum and Articocalus: in French Artichaut: in Italian Articoca: in high Douch Strobildorn: in Brabant Artichauts, following the French: the heads be called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Spondyli: in English, the great and right Artechok.  
The other is called Cinaraacuta: in French Chardonnerette: in Brabant, Chardons. It may be well Englished, the Thistel or prickly Artichoke.   

❀ The Nature and Virtues.  
The heads of Artechokes are unhole some to be eaten, as Galen writeth in his book, De Alimentis and of hard digestion, wherefore they engender noughty humours, especially being eaten raw and unprepared. Therefore they must be boiled after the order of Asparagus, in some good broth of beef or other flesh, then serve them with a sauce of butter or oil, salt and vinegar: some use them raw with pepper and salt, and the powder of Coriander, and so they yield a natural pleasant and kindly sweetness in taste. They are not used in medicine, as my Author in following Dioscorides and Galen writeth.  
Some writ, if the young and tender shells or Nuts of the Artechok (being first srieped or soaked in strong wine) be eaten, that they provoke urine, and stir up the lust of the body.  
Also they writ, that the root is good against the rank sinel of the arm pits, if after the taking clean away of the pith, the same root be boiled in wine and drunken. For it sendeth forth plenty of stinking urine, whereby the rank and rammishe savour of all the body is amended.  
The same boiled in water and drunken, doth strengthen the stomach, and so confirm the place of natural conception in women, that it maketh them apt to conceive male Children.  
The first springs or tender imps of the Artechok sodden in good broth with Butter, doth mightily stir up the lust of the body both in men and women, it causeth sluggish men to be diligent in Summer, and will not suffer women to be slow at winter. It stayeth the involuntary course of the natural seed in man or woman.    

Of our Zadyes' thistle. Chap. lxij.  

❀ The Description.  
Our Ladies Thistel hath great, broad, white, green leaves, speckled with many white spots, & set round about with sharp prickles. The stalks be long, as big as one's finger, at the top whereof grow round knapped heads with sharp prickles, out of the same knaps come forth fair purple flowers, and after them within the same heads groweth the seed enclosed or wrapped in a certain cotton or down. The which is not much unlike the seed of wild Carthamus, but lesser, rounder, and blacker. The root is long, thick and white.  

Spina alba. Our Ladies Thistel.    

❀ The Place.  
Our Ladies Thistel groweth of his own kind in this Country, almost in every garden of potherbes, and is also found in rough untoiled places.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth in june and july, the same year it is first sown, and when it hath brought forth his seed, it decayeth and starueth.   

❀ The Names.  
This thistle is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Spina alba, of some also Agriocinara, Donacitis, Erysisceptrum, Spina regia, and Carduus Ramptarius: of the Arabian Physicians, Bedeguar: in English, Our Lady's thistle: in French, Chardou nostre Dame: in high Dutch Marien Distel, and Frauwen Distel: in base Almaigne, Onser Vrouwen Distel: in shops, Carduus Mariae.   

❀ The Nature.  
The root of our Ladies Thistel, is dry and astringent. The seed is hot, and of subtle parts.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of our Ladies Thistel drunk in wine, is good for them that spit blood, and for those that have feeble stomachs, and loose bellies.  
Taken in the same sort, it provoketh urine, and driveth it forth.  
It consumeth cold and soft swellings, being laid thereunto.  
The wine wherein it hath been boiled, suageth the tooth ache.  
The seed is given with great profit, to children that be troubled with the cramp, or the drawing awry of any member, and to such as are bitten with Serpents, or other venomous beasts.    

Of the Globe Thistel. Chap. lxiij.  

❀ The Description.  
THis thistle hath also great broad leaves, of a sad green colour above, or in the upper side, and next the ground they are rough, & of a grayish colour, deeply jagged and hacked round about, the indented edges are full of sharp & prickley points. The stalk is round, and blatkishe, as big as one's finger, and of four or five foot long, whereupon grow fair round heads, and rough, bearing round about a great many of small whitish flowers mixed with blue. The root is brown without.   

❀ The Place.  
This thistle is a stranger in this Country, and is not found but in the gardens of Herboristes', and such as love herbs.  

Spina peregrina.    

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth in june and july, a year after it hath been sown.   

❀ The Names.  
The Thistel is called of the writers in these days, in Latin, Spina peregrina: & of Valerius Cordus, Carduus Sphaerocephalus: in high Dutch Welsch Distel, or Romisch distel: in base Almaigne, Roomsche distel, & Vremde distel, that is to say, the Romans Thistel, or the strange Thistel. How this Thistel was called of the ancients, we know not, except it be Acanthus syluestris, wherewithal it seems to be much like. Turner calleth it oat Thistel, or Cotton Thistel: in following Valerius Cordus, we may also call it Globe thistle, because the heads be of a round form like to a Globe or bowl.   

❀ The Nature.  
This strange Thistel is hot and dry, the which may be perceived by the strong smell, in rubbing it between your hands: also it may be diserned by the sharp taste thereof.   

❀ The Virtues.  
This thistle is not in use that I know, except as some do writ, that in Italy they boil the round heads with flesh, and eat them like Artichokes.    

Of white Cotton Thistel. Chap. lciiij.  

❀ The Description.  
ACanthium is not much unlike our Lady's thistle, it beareth great large leaves all to mangled and cut by the edges, and set full of sharp prickles, covered and laid over with a fine Cotton or soft down. The stalk is great & thick set full of prickiey stings, at the top of the stalks are rough heads, in sashion like to the heads of our Ladies Thistel. The root is great and thick.   

❀ The Place.  
This thistle groweth here by the high ways and borders of fields, and in sandy untoiled places.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth from the month of june, unto the end of August, and sometimes longer.   

❀ The Names.  
This Thistel is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Acanthium: in high Douche Weisz wege distel: in neither Douche laud, Wit wech Distel, and Wild or Groote wit Distel: in French Chardon argentin, or Chardon salvage: in English White Cotton thistle, Wild white thistle, and Argentine, or Silver Thistel.  

Acanthium.    

❀ The Nature.  
This Thistel is hot of complexion.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Dioscorides and Galen writ, that the leaves or roots of Acanthium drunken, are good for such as are troubled with the crick or shrinking of sinews, by means of the Cramp.    

Of Granke Orsine. Chap. lxv.  

❀ The kinds.  
BRanke Vrsine called Acanthos in Greek, is of two sorts, as Dioscorides saith, to wit, the garden and wild Branke Vrsine.   

❀ The Description.  
The tame Acanthus hath great large leaves, of a sad green colour, thick and gross, smooth, & deeply cut in, rent, or jagged by the sides or borders, like the leaves of white Senuie, or Roquet. The stalk is long, of the bigness of one's finger, covered with long, little, and sharp pointed leaves, even all alongst up to the top: amongst the leaves do grow fair white flowers, and after them broad husks, wherein is found a yellowish seed. The roots be long and slimy.  
The wild Acanthus is like to the wild thistle, rough and prickley, but smaller than the aforesaid, as Dioscorides writeth. It is of leaves, flowers, and seed, growing upward, like unto the tame.   

❀ The Place.  
Branke Vrsine groweth in gardens, and in moist stony places, as Dioscorides saith. In this Country it is found but only in the gardens of Herboristes'.   

❀ The Time.  
The garden Branke Vrsine, flowreth in this Country in july and August, and sometimes later.  

Acanthus satiuus. Branke Vrsine.    

❀ The Names.  
The tame or garden Branke Vrsine, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Acanthus, and Acantha, of some Paederota, Herpacantha, Melamphyllon, Topiaria, Marmoraria, and Craepula: in the Shops of Italy and France, Branca Vrsina: in English, Branke Vrsine: in French, Branch Vrsine: in high Dutch, Bernklaw: in base Almaigne, Beerenclauw. It is known in the Shops of this Country, for they use in stead of the same, the herb described in the next Chapt. Cooper in his Dictionary, calleth it Branke Vrsine, Bear Briche, and not Bearefoote, as some have taken it.  
The wild is called of Dioscorides, Acanthus syluestris, that is to say, the wild Acanthus.   

❀ The Nature.  
The root of Acanthus is dry, and temperate in heat.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The roots of Acanthus taken in drink, do provoke urine and stop the belly. They be excellent for such as be troubled with cramps or drawing together of sinews, and for such as be broken, and those that have the Ptysike or consumption, or consuming fever.  
The same green is good against burning, and members out of joint, and with the same is made very good plasters against the gout of the hands and feet.  
Dioscorides says, that the wild Acanthus hath the same virtue.    

Of Douch Branck ursine. Chap. lxvi.  

❀ The Description.  
THE wild Carrot, or Cow Parsenep, hath great rough black leaves, much cloven & divided, into five or six lesser leaves. The stalk is long, round, and hollow within, full of joints, and sometimes of an inch thick, at the top of the stalks grow spokie flowers, which are white, & after cometh the seed which is broad and flat. The root is white and long.   

¶ The Place.  
The wild Carrot groweth alongst the borders of fields, and in low grassy places and meadows.   

❀ The Time.  
This herb flowreth in june and july, and in this space the seed is ripe.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in high and base Almaigne, Branca ursina, and of some writers of our time. Pseudacanthus, or Acanthus Germanica: in French Panaiz sauvage: in Dutch Bernclaw, or Berntaisz: in Brabant, Beerenclauw: in English, Wild Carrot, or Douche Brank ursine.  
Some take it to be the herb called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Spondylium. Turner calleth it Cow Parsnep, or Medo Parsnep.   

❀ The Nature.  
Meadow or Cow Parsnep, is of a manifest warm complexion.  

Branca ursina Germanica. Wild Carrot, or Cow Parsnep.    

❀ The Virtues.  
Douche Branck ursine doth consume and dissolve cold swellings, if it be bruised and laid thereupon.  
The people of Polonia, and Lituania, use to make drink with the decoction of this herb and leaven, or some such like thing, the which they use in steed of Bier, or other ordinary drink.  
Turner ascribeth more Virtues to his Spondilion.    

Of Carline Thistel. Chap. lxvij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
OF this kind of thistle there be two sorts. The one beareth white flowers upon a stalk of a handful and a half long, or somewhat more. The other beareth a read flower without stem.  

Leucacantha. Carlina. White Caroline Thistel.   

Spina Arabica. Carlina minor. The Arabian thistle, or the lesser Caroline.    

❀ The Description.  
THE white Carline, hath long, narrow, rough, and prickly leaves, deeply cut and mingled upon both sides or edges, and they have read sinews or ribs in the midst of the leaves, from amongst those leaves springeth up a stem or stalk of a handful and a half long, or somewhat more, bearing such leaves as aforesaid, upon which stem groweth a round flat head, set round about with sharp prickles, like the shells or husks of the Chestnut, the which head or knap is open, & wide above in the middle, and thromde like Velvet, and round about that Velvet, throm, or Crown, standeth a pale or enclosure, of proper small white leaves, which is the flower: the flowers being past, you shall find a narrow grey seed amongst the fine hear or down. The root is long and round, most commonly split, & divided through the midst, of apleasant smell, and sharp bitter taste.  
The second kind is like the other in leaves and roots, but it is smaller. The flowers be of a fair red colour like the rose, and grow hard by the leaves, immediately from the root without stalk ', almost lying hard by the ground. The root is radish, and of a strong smell.   

❀ The Place.  
The white Carline groweth in many places of Italy, and Douchlande upon high rough hills. The Herboristes of this Country do sow it in their gardens.  
The other likewise groweth in many places of Italy and Douchland, and in France, as Ruellius writeth, it is yet unknown to us.   

❀ The Time.  
These two kinds of Carline do flower in july and August.   

❀ The Names.  
The first of these Thistelles is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 (the which name is distinct, and separated from Acantha leuce, as Dioscorides writeth) of some it is called Polygonatum, Phyllon, and Ischias, of the Ancient Romans Spina alba: now they call it Carlina, or Carolina, because of Charlemaigne Emperor of the Romans, unto whom an Angel first showed this Thistel, as they say when his army was stricken with the pestilence: some call it also Cardopatium: in French, Carline: in high Dutch, Eberwurtz, Grosz Eberwurtz, and Waisz Eberwurtz: in base Almaigne, Euerwortele, Wit Euerwortele, and Carlina.  
The other is also a kind of Carline, and is called in French, Petite Carline: in high Douch, Klein Eberwurtz: and in base Almaigne according to the same it is called Euerwortele, and Cleyne Carlina. Some learned Friars of Rome do think it to be that Thistel, which is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Spina Arabica, of some Acanthis, and of the Arabian Physicians Suchaha.   

❀ The Nature.  
The root of Carline is hot in the first degree, and dry in the third.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of Carline boiled in wine, is very good for the old griefs of the side, and against the Sciatica, if you drink three little cupfulles of wine wherein it hath been sodden.  
The same taken in like manner, is good for them that are bursten, and troubled with the Cramp, or drawing together of the sinews.  
The same made into powder and taken to the quantity of a Dram, is of singular virtue against the Pestilence, for as we may read, all the host of the Emperor Charlemaigne, was by the help of this root preserved from the Pestilence.  
The same root held in the mouth, is good against the tooth ache.  
The same laid to with vinegar, heals the scurf and noughty itch.  
The lesser Carline is the Thistel, which Dioscorides calleth Spina Arabica, and of the Arabian Physicians Suchaha, it stoppeth all issue of blood, the inordinate course of women's flowers, and the falling down of Rheums and Catarrhs upon the lungs and inward parts, so that it be eaten. Cooper says that Leucacantha is a kind of Thistel with white prickle leaves, called in English, Saint Marry Thistel. Wherein he hath followed Matthiolus, if theirallegations be true, this place is to be amended. Seek for Matthiolus Carlina in the Chapter Chameleon, where as here citeth the tale of the Emperor Charlemaigne. The figures here expressed, Matthiolus useth to Chameleon, and to Leucacantha, he hath given the figure of Saint Marie, or our Ladies Thistel, whereof we have before written. Chapt. 63.    

Of Wild Caroline. Chap. lxviij.  

❀ The Description.  
THis Thistel hath long narrow leaves, deeply cut upon both edges or sides, and prickly, much like to the leaves of Carlina: from the midst of which leaves groweth up a strait round small stem, about a foot high, set full of such leaves as are before described, at the top whereof grow three or four round heads or more, set full of sharp prickles like the husks of the Chestnut, the which at their opening do spread very broad in the middle, and about the roundness thereof it beareth little pale yellowish leaves which is the flower. To conclude, the knoppes with their prickles, flowers, and seed, do much resemble the heads or knoppes of Caroline, saving they be smaller & paler turning towards yellow. The root is small and hot upon the tongue.   

❀ The Place.  
This Thistel groweth in this Country, in rude untoiled places, about the high ways.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth in july and August.  

Carlina syluestris.    

❀ The Names.  
This Thistel is called in high Douch, Dreydistel, Frauwen Distel, and Seuw Distel, and in base Almaigne likewise, Dryedistel. It should seem, that this is a sort or kind of Carline, and therefore we call it Carlina syvestris, that is to say, Wild Carline. It may be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Acorna of Theophraste.   

❀ The Nature.  
This Thistel is hot of complexion. But what virtue or working it is of, is yet unknown.    

Of wild bastard Saffron. Chap. lxix.  

❀ The Description.  
THis thistle is not much unlike Carthamus, that is to say, the right Bastard Saffron. The leaves be rough and prickly, the little heads or knoppes are decked, with many small narrow leaves, sharp pointed and pricking out, of which grow threddy or thrommed flowers, like as in Carthamus, of a faint yellowish colour, but much paler, than the flowers of Carthamus The flowers past, there is found within the knoppie heads, a seed like the seed of Carthamus, but browner.   

¶ The Place.  
This Thistel groweth not of itself in this Country, but is sown in the gardens of Herboristes'.   

❀ The Time.  
This Thistel flowreth very late in August and September.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Atractilis, Syluestris Cnecus, Fusus agre●●is, Colus rustica, of some also Amyron, Aspidion, Aphedron, and Pręsepium: they call it now a days, Syluestris Carthamus: in French, Quenoille rustic, Saffran bastard sauvage in Douch Wild Carthamus: unknown in Shops: in English, Wild Carthamus, or Wild bastard Saffron.   

❀ The Nature.  
Wild bastard Saffron hath a drying quality, and partly digestive.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The tender Crops, leaves, and seed of this Thistel, well brayed with Pepper and wine, is very good to be laid to the bitings of Scorpions.  
Men say also (as Dioscorides hath written) that such as be stongue with the Scorpion, do feel no pain nor grief so long as they bear this herb in their hands, but as soon as they let it go, the ache and pain taketh them again.  
Atractilis.    

Of Blessed Thistel. Chap. lxx.  

❀ The Description.  
BLessed thistle hath long rough hoar leaves, deeply cut, and parted on both sides or edges. The stalks be also rough & hairy, creeping or rather lying upon the ground, and set full of small leaves, but like the other, it beareth rough knoppes or heads, beset round about with long and sharp pointed, little prickly leaves, out of which grow the flowers, of a faint yellowish colour. The which being passed and go, there is found in the knoppes, a long grey seed (bearded with bristelles at the upper end) laid and wrapped in a soft down or Cotton. The root is long and tender full hairy threddes.   

❀ The Place.  
This Blessed thistle is sown in gardens.  

Atractilis birsutior.    

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth in june, and july.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is also taken of Pliny, and Theophrast, for a kind of Atractilis, and they call it Atractilis hirsutior. It is now called in Shops Carduus benedictus, and Cardo benedictus, and accordingly in French they call it Chardon beniss: in high Douch Cardobenedict, and Besegneter Distel: in base Almaigne Cardobenedictus: in English, Blessed Thistel, and Carduus benedictus.   

❀ The Nature.  
Blessed Thistel is hot and dry of complexion.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The Blessed Thistel taken in meat or drink, is good against the great pain, and swimming giddiness of the head, it doth strengthen memory, and is a singular remedy against deafness.  
The same boiled in wins and drunken hot, heals the gripping pains of the belly, causeth sweat, provoketh urine, driveth out gravel, and moveth women's flowers.  
The wine, wherein it hath been boiled, doth cleanse and mundify the infected stomach, and is very good to be drunken against fever quartaynes.  
The powder thereof drunken in wine, doth ripe and digest cold phlegm in the stomach, and purgeth, and bringeth up that which is in the breast, scouring the same, and causeth to fetch breath more easily.  
To be taken in like manner, it is good for such as begin to have the Ptysick or consumption.  
A Nut shell full of the powder of Carduus benedictus, is given with great profit against the pestilence: so that such as be infected with the said disease, do receive of the powder, as is abovesaid, within the space of xxiv. hours, and afterward sweat, they shallbe delivered incontinent. The like virtue hath the wine of the decoction of the same herb, drunken within xxiv. hours after the taking of the said sickness.  
The Blessed Thistel, or the juice, thereof, taken in what sort soever it be, is singular good against all poison, so that whatsoever he be that hath taken poison; he shall not be hurt therewithal, if immediately he take of Carduus benedictus into his body, as was proved by two young folk, which when they could not be holpen with treacle, yet were they made whole by the use of blessed Thistel, as Jerome Bock writeth.  
The juice of the same dropped into the eyes, taketh away the redness, and dropping of the eyes.  
The green herb pound and laid to, is good against all hot swellings, Erysipilas, and sores or botches that be hard to be cured, especially for them of the pestilence, and it is good to be laid upon the bitings of Serpents, and other venomous beasts.    

Of Scolymus, or the Wild Thistel. Chap. lxxi.  

❀ The Kinds.  
IN this Country there is found three sorts of wild Thistelles, commonly growing by the way sides, and in the borders of fields, and in woods, the which are all comprised under the name of wild Thistelles.  

Scolymus. Carduus syluestris. Wild Thistel.   

Cardui syluestris tertium genus. The third kind of wild Thistel.    

❀ The Description.  
THE first kind of these Thistles groweth about a foot & a half high, it hath a round stem full of branches, and set with prickly leaves, like the leaves of Acanthium, but smaller, and nothing at all frized or Cottonie, & of a browner colour, at the top of the stalk grow round rough knops, set round about full of sharp prickles, in fashion like to a hedge hog, the which being open, do show forth a fair purple flower, within the which groweth the seed like to the seed of the other Thistelles, but smaller. The root is long and brown, and very full of threddes, or sucking strings.  
The second kind groweth three or four foot high, and beareth a round naked stem, with a few branches. The leaves be like to the leaves aforesaid, set on every side with sharp prickles, but they be smaller, and not so large as the leaves of the other. The knoppes small and somewhat long, not very sharp or pricking: the which when it openeth, putteth forth a purple flower. The root is black and of a foot long.  
The third kind of wild Thistel groweth also to the length of three or four foot, having a strait stem, without many branches, but set full of cruel prickles, the leaves are like to them of the second kind. The knoppes of this Thistel, are smaller than the knoppes of the second. The flowers are purple. The seed is white and very small. And for his root, it is nothing else but small hairy sucking strings.   

❀ The Place.  
These Thistles grow in all places of this Country, by the way sides, & in the fields. The second and the third sort are likewise found in meadows.   

❀ The Time.  
The Thistles flower in july and August.   

❀ The Names.  
These Thistles be called Cardui syluestres, that is to say, Wild Thistles, & the two first sorts are of that kind of wild Thistles, called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, & of Pliny in Latin Carduus syluestris, & also Limonium, of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Pherusa, and Pyracantha. Cooper calleth this, wild Artichoke and Cowthistel.  
The third is also a kind of wild Thistel, yet it is not Scolymus, but it may be well called Carduus Asininus, that is to say, Ass Chistel.   

❀ The Nature.  
The wild Thistel is hot and dry in the second degree, as Galen writeth.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of the wild Thistel, especially that of the second kind, which is black and long, boiled in wine & drunk, purgeth by urine, and driveth forth all superfluities of the blood, & causeth the urine to stink, & to be of a strong smell: also it amendeth the stench of the armepittes, and of all the rest of the body.  
The same laid to with vinegar, heals the wild scurf, & naughty scab.  
Pliny writeth, that in some places men do use to eat this root, & the first buds or tender crops of the same, as Galen reporteth, but it nourisheth but little, and the nourishment that it yieldeth, is watery and naught.    

Of Tribulus. Chap. lxxij.  

❀ The kinds.  
THeophrast and Dioscorides have described two kinds of Tribulus, the one of the land, which is also of two kinds. The other of the water, called Saligot.   

❀ The Description.  
THE first kind of Tribulus terrestris, hath long branches, full of joints, spread abroad upon the ground, garnished with many leaves, set about with a sort of little round leaves, standing in order one by another, all fastened and hanged by one sinew or rib, like the leaves of the Ciche pease, amongst which grow small yellow flowers, made & fashioned of five small leaves, almost like the leaves of Tormentil, or white Tansey called in Latin Potentilla, the which do turn to a square fruit, full of sharp prickles, wherein is a Nut or kernel, the root is white & full of threedy strings.  
Tribulus terrestris Theophrasti prior.  
The Saligot or water Tribulus, hath long slender stalks growing up, and rising from the bottom of the water, and mounting above the same, weak and slender, beneath under the water, having here and there certain tuftes or tassels, full of small strings and fine threddie hears, but the said stalk is big or great in the upper part, where as the leaves grow forth upon long stems: the said leaves be large and somewhat round, a little creavesed and toothed round about, amongst, & under the leaves groweth the fruit, which is triangled, hard, sharp pointed, and prickly. Within the which is contained a white kernel or nut, in taste almost like to the Chestnut.   

❀ The Place.  
The first groweth by the way sides, and near unto waters, in untoiled places. It is found in Italy and some places of France. It groweth abundantly in Thracia.  
Tribulus aquaticus. Saligot.  
Saligot is found in certain places of this Country, as in stews & ponds of clear water.   

❀ The Time.  
Ground Tribulus flowreth in june, and after that it bringeth forth his prickly seed.   

❀ The Names.  
The first of these plants is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Tribulus, and Tribulus terrestris This is the first kind of Tribulus terrestris, or ground Tribulus described of Theophrastus. for he setteth forth two sorts as we have before said, that is to say, one bearing leaves like Ciche peason, whereof we have now given you the figure to behold, and the other having prickly leaves, for which cause it is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Phyllacanthus, that is to say, the prickly leaf. The second kind seemeth to be that kind of Ground Tribulus which Dioscorides speaketh of in his fourth book, which kind is yet to us unknown.  
That which groweth in the water, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Tribulus aquaticus: in French Chastaignes d'eau, and Saligot: in high Douch Wassernusz, Weihernusz, Stachelnusz, Spitz nusz: in base Almaigne, Water Noten, and of some Minckysers: in English, Water Nuts, and Saligot.   

❀ The Nature.  
Ground Tribulus is cold and astringent, is Galen writeth.  
The Saligot is also of the same complexion, but moister.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The green Nuts or fruit being drunken, is good for them which are troubled with the stone and gravel.  
The same drunken or laid to outwardly, helpeth those that are bitten of Vipers. And drunken in wine, it resisteth all venom and poison.  
The leaves of Saligot or water Tribulus, are very good to be laid plasterwise upon all ulcers, and hot swellings.  
They be good also against the inflammations and ulcers of the mouth, the putrefaction, and corruption of the jaws or gums, and against the king's evil, and swellings of the throat.  
The juice of them is good to be put into collyries, & medicines for the eyes.  
They use to give the powder of the Nuts to be drunken in wine, to such as piss blood and are troubled with gravel.  
Also in time of scarcity they use to eat them as food, but they nourish but little, and do stop the belly very much.    

Of Madder. Chap. lxxiij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be two sorts of Madder, the tame Madder, the which they use to plant and sow, and the wild Madder, which groweth of his own kind.  

Rubia sativa. Garden Madder.   

Rubia syluestris. wild Madder.    

❀ The Description.  
THE husbanded or garden Madder hath long stalks or branches, square, rough, and full of joints, and at every joint set round with green narrow leaves fashioned like a Star, the flowers grow about the top of the branches like as in the wild Madder, of a faint colour changing upon yellow, after which cometh a round seed, at the first green, then read, and at the last black. The root is very long, small, and red.  
The wild Madder is like to that of the garden, but it is smaller, and not so rough. The flowers are white. The root very small & tender, and sometimes also radish.   

❀ The Place.  
The husbanded Madder is planted in Zeelande and Flaunders, and in some places of Brabant, by Berrow, in good and fertile ground.  
The wild groweth generally of itself, alongst the fields under hedges and bushes.   

❀ The Time.  
They do both flower in july and August.   

❀ The Names.  
Madder is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. in Latin Rubia: in Shops, Rubia tinctorum: in high Dutch, Rodte: in base Almaigne, Rot, & most commonly Me, and they call the powder of the Rot, Meecrappen: in French, Garance: in English, Madder.  
The wild is called Rubia syluestris, and of some learned men is thought to be Alysson, of Pliny it is named Mollogo.   

❧ The Nature.  
Garden Madder is dry of Complexion.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of garden Madder, boiled in Meade or honeyed water and drunken, openeth the stopping of the liver, the melt, the kidneys, and matrix: it is good against the jaundices, and bringeth to women their desired sickness.  
The same taken in the like manner, provoketh urine vehemently, in somuch that the often use thereof causeth one to piss blood.  
The decoction of the same drunken, or the powder thereof drunken in wine, dissolveth clotted or congealed blood in the body, and is good for such as are fallen from high, and are bruised or bursten within.  
Men give the juice of the root to such as be hurt with venomous beasts: and also the wine wherein the roots and leaves have boiled.  
The seed thereof taken with oxymel, or honeyed vinegar, doth suage and make less the Melt, and heals the hardness thereof.  
The root put up under into the natural place of conception, in manner of a pessary, or mother suppository, bringeth forth the birth, the flowers, and secundines.  
The root bruised or pound very small, heals all scurvy itch and manginess or foulness of the body, with spots of divers colours, especially laid to with vinegar, as Droscorides teacheth.  
The wild Madder is not used in Medicine.    

Of Goosegrasse/ or Cliver. Chap. lxxiiij.  

❀ The Description.  
Cliver or Goosegrasse hath many small square branches, rough & sharp, full of joints, about which branches, at every joint grow long narrow leaves after the fashion of Stars, or like the leaves of Madder: but smaller and rougher, out of the same joints grow little branches, bearing white flowers, and afterward round rough seeds, most commonly two upon a stem. All the herb, his branches, leaves, and seed, do cleave and stick fast to every thing that it toucheth: it is so sharp, that being drawn alongst the tongue, it will make it to bleed.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth in all places in hedges and bushes.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth and beareth seed all the Summer.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Aparine: in French, Grateron: in high Dutch, Klebkraut: in base Almaigne, Cleefcruyt: in English, Goosegrasse, Cliver, and Gooseshare.   

❀ The Nature.  
Clyver is dry of complexion.   

❀ The Virtues.  
They driuke the juice of the leaves & seed of Goosegrasse, against the bitings, and stingings of venomous beasts.  
The same dropped into the ears, heals the pain and ache of the same.  
This herb pound, and laid unto fresh wounds stoppeth the bleeding of the same; & pound with Hogs grease, it dissolveth & consumeth the disease of the neck, called the kings evil, and all hard kernels and wens wheresoever they be, if it be laid thereto, as Turner writeth.  
Aparine.    

Of Gallion. Chap. lxxv.  

❀ The Description.  
GAllion hath small, round, even stems, with very small narrow leaves, growing by spaces, at the joints round about the stem, star fashion, and like Cliver, but much lesser, and gentler, very smooth, and without roughness. The flowers be yellow, and grow clustering about the tops of the branches like to wild Madder, the root is tender, with hairy threddes or strings hanging at it.   

¶ The Place.  
This herb groweth in untoiled places, and hilly grounds, as upon Roesselberch by Louvain.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth in july, and August.   

❀ The Names.  
This Herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and in Latin Gallium: of some Galation, & Galerium: in Spanish, Yerua Coaia leech: in French, Petit Muguet: in Douch, Walstroo: and as Matthiolus and Turner writ, Vnser Frauwen Wegstro, and of some Megerkraut: we may also name it Petty Muguet, Cheese running, or our Lady's bedstraw.  

Gallion.    

❀ The Nature.  
Gallion is hot and dry of complexion.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The flowers of Gallion pound, and laid upon burnings, draw forth the inflammation and heat, and heal the said burnings.  
The same laid unto wounds, or put into the nose, stop bleeding.  
The leaves of Gallion mingled with Oil of rooses, and set in the Son, and afterward laid upon wearied members, do refresh and comfort them. The roots provoke men to their natural office in Matrimony. The herb may serve for Rennet to make Cheese: for as Matthiolus upon Dioscorides writeth, the people of Tuscan or Hetruria do use it to turn their milk, because the Cheese that they use to make of Yeowes and goats milk, should be the pleasanter and sweeter in taste.    

Of Woodrow/ or Woodrowel. Chap. lxxvi.  

❀ The Description.  
WOodrowe hath many square stalks, full of joints, at every knot or joint, are seven or eight long narrow leaves, set round about like a star, almost like the leaves of Cliver or Goosegrasse, but broader, and nothing rough. The flowers grow at the top of the stems or branches of a white colour, and pleasant of smell (as all the herb is.) The seed is round, and somewhat rough.   

❀ The Place.  
In this Country they plant it in all gardens, and it loveth dark shadowy places, and delighteth to be near old moist walls.   

❀ The Time.  
Woodrowe flowreth in may, and then is the smell most delectable.  

Asperula.    

¶ The Names.  
This herb is called in Latin Asperula, Cordialis, Herba Stellaris, and Spergula odorata: in high Douch, Hertzfreydt, and Walmeyster: in base Almaigne, Walmeester: in French, Muguet, by the which name it is best known in most places of Brabant. Some would have it a kind of Liverwort, and therefore it is called of them in Latin Hepataria, Hepatica, jecoraria, and in high Dutch Leberkrant. The ignorant Apothecaries of this Country do call it jua muscata, and do use it in steed thereof, not without great error.   

¶ The Nature.  
Woodrow taketh part of some heat, & dryness, not much unlike to Gallion.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Woodrowe is counted a very good herb to consolidate and glue together wounds, to be used in like manner, as those herbs we have described in the end of the first book.  
Some say, if it be put into the wine which men do drink, that it rejoiceth the heart and comforteth the diseased liver.    

Of Golden Croswort/ or Muguet. Chap. lxxvij.  

❀ The Description.  
CRoswort is a pale green herb, drawing near to ayellow Popingay colour, covered or set full of fine cotton or soft hears, having many square stalks, full of knots or joints. The leaves be little, small, and short, always four growing together, standing one against another, in fashion like to a Cross at every joint: above the said leaves grow up from the said joints, many small yellowish flowers, growing round about, & compassing the stem like Crownettes or garlands: and every of the said little proper flowers, are parted again into four divisions fashioned like to a small Cross. The roots be nothing else, but a sort of small tender threads.   

❀ The Place.  
Croswort groweth of his own accord, by trenches, and water courses, and is found under hedges in moist places.   

❀ The Time.  
Croswort flowreth almost all the summer long, especially from May unto August.  

Cruciata.    

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called of the Herboristes of these days in Latin Cruciata, that is to say, Croswort: in French, Croysée: in high Dutch, Golden Walmaister, that is, Golden Muguet: in base Almaigne, Crusette.   

❀ The Nature.  
It is dry and astringent.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Cruciata hath a very good property to heal, join, & close together wounds, agreeable for all manner of wounds both inward and outward, if it be so sodde in wine and drunken.  
They give the wine of the decoction of this herb, to folk that are bursten, and lay the boiled herb right against, or upon the bursten place, as some, who have made experience thereof, do affirm.    

Of Bucks Beans. Chap. lxxviij.  

❀ The Description.  
marish trefoil hath broad, smooth, thick leaves, always three together upon one stem, in fashion, quantity, thickness, and proportion of leaves, like to the common bean. The stalk is small, of a foot and a half, or two foot long, at the top whereof grow white flowers, and afterward round husks or knoppes, containing a yellowish brown seed. The root is long, white, and full of joints.   

❀ The Place.  
Marish trefoil groweth in low moist places, in pools, and sometime on river sides.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth in May, and in june the seed is ripe.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called of the writers now a days, Trifolium palustre: in Brabant, Bocxboonen, that is to say, Bockes Beans: because it is like the leaves of the common Bean: it should seem to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Isopyrum, which some do also call Phasiolon, because of the likeness it hath to Phasiolos, as Dioscorides writeth. Matthiolus confesseth that he never saw the right Isopyron.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The seed of Isopyron is good against the cough, and other cold diseases of the breast, to be taken with Mead or Hydromel: it is also good to be taken in like manner of such as spit blood, and are liver sick.  

Trifolium palustre.     

Of Foxtail. Chap. lxxix.  

❀ The Description.  
Foxtail hath blades and helm almost like wheat, as Theophrastus writeth, but smaller and better, like the blades & stems of Couch grass, at the top or end of the stems grow small soft hairy ears or knoppes, very like to Foxtail.   

❀ The Place.  
Foxtail groweth not in this Country: but in certain places of France, in fields and alongst the sea coast.   

❀ The Time.  
This herb flowreth in june and july.   

¶ The Names.  
Theophrast calleth this herb in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is to say in Latin, Cauda vulpina: in English, Foxtail: in French Queve de Renarde: in high Dutch, Fuchs schuantzes: in base Almaigne Vossen steert.   

❀ The Nature and Virtues.  
The ancients have made no mention at all, of the nature, and virtues of this herb.  

Alopecuros.     

Of Tragacantha. Chap. lxxx.  

❀ The Description.  
TRagacantha hath many branchy boughs and twigs, slender, and pliant, so spread abroad upon every side, that one plant doth sometime occupy the room or space of a foot, or a foot and a half in compass. The leaves be as small as the Lentil leaves, whitish, and somewhat mossy or hairy, set in rues, directly answering one leaf against another, all alongst a small twig or slender branch, neither greater nor less, but like the boughs and leaves of lentils. The flower is also like the blowing of the Lentil, but much smaller, almost like the blossom or flower of Ciche peason, whitish, and sometimes marked with purple lines or streaks. The seed is enclosed in small husks, almost like to the wild Lotus or trefoil. The whole plant on every side is set full of sharp prickly thorns, hard white and strong. The root stretcheth itself alongst, in length under the ground, like to the root of the common Licorice, yellow within, and black without, tough and limmer, and hard to break, the which root being laid in some fervent hot place, or in the Caniculer days laid in the Son, it getteth a white gum, which is found sticking fast upon it.  

Tragacantha.    

❀ The Place.  
Tragacantha groweth in Media, and Creta, as Pliny saith: it is also found in other Countries, as in Province about Marselles, whereas I have seen great store.   

❀ The Time.  
Tragacantha flowreth in April, the seed is ripe in june, & in the Caniculer days the gum is found cleaving to the root.   

❧ The Names.  
This plant is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Tragacantha: and Hirci spina: unknown in Shops, even amongst them where as it groweth.  
The gum also which cometh from it, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Tragacanthae lachryma: in Shops, Gummi Dragaganthi: in English, Gum tragacanth.   

❀ The Nature.  
Tragacantha, as Galen writeth, is of nature like to gum Arabic, that is to say, of a dry and clammy complexion.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Gum tragacanth is good against the cough, the roughness of the throat the hoarseness and roughness of the voice, being licked in with honey. For the same purpose (that is to say for the roughness of the throat and sharp Artery or wound pipe) They make a certain electuary in shops, called Diatragaganthun.  
They drink it stieped in wine the quantity of a dram, against the pain of the kidneys, and excoriation or knawing of the bladder, in putting thereto Hearts horn burned and washed.  
The said gum is put into Collyres, and medicines that are made for the eyes, to take away the acrimony and sharpness of the same: it doth also stop the pores and conduits of the skin.   

❀ The Choice.  
You must choose that which is clear and shining, small, firm, and close, well purified and clean from all manner filth, and sweated.    

Of Ficus Indica. Chap. lxxxi.  
THis strange kind of plant cometh forth of one leaf set in the ground, and sometimes it groweth high, and is named of Pliny Opuntia, now in these days Ficus Indica.  
That Euphorbium cometh forth likewise of one leaf, but yet it is separated from this kind, for the leaves of Euphorbium be long, round, and thick, fasshioned like unto Cucumbers, set on the sides with thorns. Of that Euphorbium writeth joannes Leo in his history of Aphrica, and is spoken of before in the second part of this book in the cxuj. Chap.  
Ficus Indica.   

Of Buprestis. Chap. lxxxij.  
THis Worm is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in Latin Buprestis, in some places of the low Country he is called Veemol. And is called Buprestis, because it is hurtful to cattle, as namely unto Oxen and kine. And is found in certain places of Holland, and likewise sometimes in Brabant, and Flaunders: where the kyen sometimes are bitten of them.  
This worm is of the kind of Scarabeen or Horswormes, the which are named Cantharides, or Spanish Flies, and hath wings like unto these, and is of form and bigness such as the figure doth show. And this figure have we set here, because that some have set forth another worm, not like unto the true Buprestis.  
Buprestis.  
The end of the fourth Book.    

¶ The fifth part of the History of plants/ treating of the differences/ fashions/ names/ virtues, and operations of herbs, roots, and fruits, which are daily used in meats: Set forth by Rembertus Dodonaeus.  

Of Orache. Chap. i  

❀ The Kinds.  
ORache as Dioscorides writeth, is of two sorts: the garden Orache, and the wild Orache.  

Atriplex sativa. Garden Orache.   

Atriplex syluestris. Wild Orache.    

❀ The Description.  
GArden Orache hath long strait stalks, round next the root, and square above with many branches. The leaves be (almost triangled) long and broad, of a faint yellow, or white colour, as if they were overstrowen with meal or flower, especially those leaves that are yet young and new sprung up. The flowers grow at the top of the branches a number clustering together, small and yellow, and afterward cometh the seed, which is broad, and covered with a little skin or rhyme. The root is full of hairy strings.  
There is also another kind of Garden Orache, whose leaves, stalks, and flowers, be of a brown read colour, but in all things else like to the leaves, stalks and flowers of the white Orache both in bigness and proportion.  
The wild Orache hath also a long stalk moulded or crested, with leaves not much unlike the leaves of the garden Orache, but somewhat lesser, and crevised or a little snipt round about. The flowers be yellowish. The seed is hard, and groweth thick clustering together, like as the seed of the garden Orache. The root is full of hears.  
Of this wild kind, there is also found another sort, the which groweth not very high, but remaineth low, and spread abroad into many branches. It hath little long narrow leaves nothing snipt or crevished about. The flowers, seed, and roots are very much like unto the wild kind before described.   

❀ The Place.  
The garden Orache groweth amongst other pot herbs in gardens.  
The wild Orache is found alongst the fields and ways.   

❀ The Time.  
Orache flowreth in june and july, and almost all the summer.   

❀ The Names.  
It is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Atriplex: of some Chrysolachanon▪ that is to say in Latin, Aureum olus: in French, Arroches, or Bonnes Dames: in high Dutch, Molten, and Milten: in base Almaigne, Melde: in English, Orache.  
The garden Orache is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Atriplex sativa, and Hortensis in high Dutch, Heymisch Molten, Zam Molten, and Garden Molten: in base Almaigne, Tam Melde.  
The wild is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and Atriplex syluestris: in high Dutch, Wild Molten, Ackermolten: in base Almaigne, Wild Melde.  
The lesser wild kind is called in high Dutch, Kleyn Scheiszmilten: in base Almaigne, Cleyne Melde.   

❀ The Nature.  
Orache is cold in the first degree, and moist in the second, especially garden Orache, the which is more colder and moister, than the wild Orache.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Orache eaten in pottage as other herbs, doth soften and lose the belly.  
The seed of Orache taken in Meade or honeyed water, doth open and comfort the stopped liver, and is good against the jaundize, or Guelsought.  
Green Orache bruised, is very good to be laid upon inflammations and hot swellings. that of the garden, at the beginning of the swelling or inflammation: and the wild, at the end or going away of the same.  
With Saltpetre, honey & vinegar, it is laid to Choleric inflammations, called Wild Fire (because it doth waste and consume the member it is in): and also to the gout.   

❧ The Danger.  
The often use of Orache engendereth many infirmities, overturneth the stomach, and causeth divers spots, freckles, or pimples to artses in the face, and all the rest of the body. Also it is hard of digestion, as saith Diocles, and Dionysius.    

Of Blites. Chap. ij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be two sorts of Blites, the great and the small, and every of them is divided again into two kinds, whereof the one is white, and the other red, and doth common in this Country.   

❀ The Description  
THE great white Blite groweth two or three foot high, & hath grayish, or white round stalks. The leaves be plain and smooth almost like the leaves of Orache, but not so soft, white, nor mealy. The flowers grow like Orache, and after them cometh the seed enclosed in little flat husky skins.  
The great read Bleete is much like the other, saving that his stalks be very read, and the leaves of a brown green colour, changeable upon red, and so is the seed also.  
The lesser Blite with the green stalk, is full of branches, and groweth up suddenly. The leaves be long and narrow or small, not much unlike the leaves of Beets, saving they be far smaller. The flowers be brown turning towards red. The seed groweth clustering together like Orache seed. The root is full of hairy strings.  
The small read Blite hath stalks read as blood, and so are his leaves and roots, in so much that with the juice of this herb, one may writ as fair a read, as with roset made of brasil: otherwise it is like the rest of the kinds of other Blites.  
Blitum maius. The great Blite. Blitum rubeum. The read Blite. Blitum album. The white Blite.   

¶ The Place.  
This herb groweth wild, and in some gardens amongst pot herbs, and where as it hath once taken root, it cometh up every year, wherefore it is counted but a weed, or unprofitable herb.   

❀ The Time.  
It is found most commonly in flower about midsummer.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Blitum: in French, Blette, and Pourée rogue: in high and base Almaigne, Maier: in English, Blite, and Blittes.   

¶ The Nature.  
This herb is cold and moist.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Blites eaten in pottage do soften the belly, but it hurteth the stomach, and nourisheth not.    

Of Goose foot. Chap. iij.  

❀ The Description  
GOose soot groweth a foot and a half high, or two foot in length, he stalk is strait and full of branches, the leaves be broad and deeply cut round about, almost like to a Gander's foot, wherefore it is so named. The flowers be small & radish. The seed groweth clustering like the Orache seed. The root is full of hairy threddes.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth wild, and in untoiled places, alongst by the way sides, and is taken but as a weed or unprofitable herb.   

❀ The Time.  
You shall find it flowering in june, and july.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called of the writers in our time Pes Anserinus: in high Dutch, Genszfusz: in French, Pied d'oyson: in base Almaigne, Gansenvoet, and of some Schweinsztod, & Seutod, that is to say▪ Swine's bane, because the Hogs eating of this herb, are immediately baned, or taken with the Murrain, so that within short space they die.   

❀ The Nature.  
This herb is cold almost in the third degree.  

Pes Anserinus.    

❀ The Virtues.  
This herb in operation is much like Morel or Nightshade and may be used outwardly to all things whereunto Nightshade is required.  

Tragium Germanicum.     

Of the rank Goat/ or stinking Motherwort. Chap. iiij.  

❀ The Description.  
THis herb also is somewhat like Orache, but in all things smaller. This is a little low tender herb with many long branches trailing on the ground. The small leaves are whitish, as though they were overstrowen with meal, like to the leaves of Orache, but much smaller, neither much greater than the leaves of Marierom gentle. The seed is small and white, and groweth clustering together like the seed of Orache. All the herb stinketh like rotten corrupt fish, 
Tragium Germanicum.  or like stinking fish broth, or like a rank stinking Goat.   

¶ The Place.  
It groweth in this Country in sandy places by the way sides.   

❀ The Time.  
You may find it in flower and seed, about midsummer.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb hath no particular Latin name, wherefore because of his stinking savour, we do call it in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉▪ in Latin Tragium, that is to say, goats herb. And because you shall read in Dioscorides of two other herbs called Tragia, to make some difference betwixt them, we do name this Tragium Germanicum: in French, Blanch putain: in base Almaigne, Bocxcruyt: some call it Vuluaria, by which name it is known of the Herboristes of this country: Valerius Cordus calleth it Garosmos: I have named it in English, The rank stinking Goat, or stinking Motherwort. And is taken of some to be that stinking herb, that of Plautus is named Nautea.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The smell of this herb is good for women that are vexed with the rising up of the mother: and for the same grief, it is good to be laid upon the navel.    

Of Beets. Chap. v.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be two sorts of Beets, the white and read. And of the read sort are two kinds, the one having leaves and root like to the white Beete, the other hath a great thick root, and is a stranger amongst us.  

Beta candida. White Beete.   

Beta nigra. Red Beete.    

❀ The Description.  
THE white Beete hath great broad plain leaves, amongst the which rises up long crested or streked stalk. The flowers grow alongst by the stalks one upon another, like little Stars. The seed is round, hard, and rough. The toot is long & thick, and white within.  
The common red Beete is much like unto the white, in leaves, stalks, seed, and root: saving that his leaves and stalks are not white, but of a swart brown read colour.  
The strange read Beete is like to the common read Beete, in leaves, stalks, seed, proportion, & colour, saving that his root is much thicker, and shorter, very well like to a Rape or Turnip, but very red within, and sweeter in taste then any of the other two sorts.   

❀ The Place.  
They sow the Beete in gardens amongst pot herbs. The strange red Beete is to be found planted in the gardens of Herboristes'.   

❀ The Time.  
Beets do seed in August, a year after their first sowing.  

Beta nigra Romana. The strange read Beete.    

❀ The Names.  
Beets are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin & in Shops, Beta: in French, Bete, jotte, Porée: in high Douch, Mangolt: in base Almaigne, Beete.  
The white kind is called Sicula, and of some Sicelica, or Sicla, of the writer in our time, Beta candida. in English, The white Beete: in French, beat blanch: in high Dutch, Weisser Sangolt: in base Almaigne, Witte Beete.  
The common read Beete is called Beta nigra: in French, beat rogue: in Douch, Roter Mangol, and Rood Beete.  
The third is called Beta nigra Romana, that is to say, The Roman or strange read Beete: in French, Bete rouge Roman, or Estrangere: in Douch, Roomsche rood Beete: of some, Rapa rubra: albeit this is no kind of Rape or naveau.   

❀ The Nature.  
Beets are hot, dry, and abstersive, especially the white Beete, the which is of a more abstersive and cleansing nature.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The juice of the white Beete drunken, openeth the belly, and cleanseth the stomach, but it must not be used to often, for it hurteth the stomach.  
The same with honey powered into a man's nose, purgeth the brain, and openeth the stoppinges of the nose thrilles, and suageth the headache.  
The same powered into the ears, taketh away the pains in the same, and also the singing or humming noise of the same.  
The raw leaves of Beets pound and laid to, heal the white scurf, so that the place be first rubbed well with Saltpetre.  
The same raw leaves pound are very good to be laid upon spreading sores, & upon the room or naughty scales and scurf, which causeth the hear to fall of.  
The leaves sodden, are laid to as an emplaster, upon burnings and scaldings, hot inflammations, and weals coming of choler and blood.  
The broth of Beets scoureth away the scurvy scales, nittes, and lice of the head, being washed therewithal, and is good for mouled or kibed heels, to be stewed or soaked in the same.  
The roots of Beets put as a suppository into the fundament, doth soften the belly.  
Beets used in meats nourisheth but little, but it is good for them that are splenitike: for being so used, it openeth the stoppings of the liver & melt or spleen.  
The common read Beete boiled with Lentils, and taken before meat, stoppeth the belly.  
The root of the Roman or strange read Beete, is boiled and eaten with oil and vinegar before other meats, and sometimes with pepper, as they use to eat the common Parsenep.    

Of Colewurtes/ and Cabbage Cole. Chap. vi.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be divers sorts of Colewurtes, not much like one another, the which be all comprehended under two kinds, whereof one kind is of the garden, and the other is wild. Again, these Colewurtes are divided into other kinds. for of the garden Colewurtes, some be white, and some be read, and yet of them again be divers kinds.  

Brassica Tritiana, sive Capitata.   

Brassica Pompeiana, aut Cypria.    

❀ The Description.  
THE first kind of white Colewurtes, is the common white lofed or close Cabbage, that which hath great large leaves, full of gross veins, ribs, or sinews, whereof the first leaves before the closing of the Cabbage, are of a white green colour, but the others following next under them, are as white as snow, the which do grow so closely laid, & folden hard one with, and upon another, that they are like to a great globe, or round bowl. These Colewurtes (winter being once go & passed) do spread abroad by unfolding themselves, and do bring forth both flowers and seed, as the other Colewurtes do.  
The second kind of white Colewurtes, is that which they call Savoy Colewurtes. It is very much like to the white lofed Cabbage, & so it closeth, but nothing so firmly, neither is it so great nor so round as the aforesaid: but it abideth smaller, and in shape longer. This kind of Colewurtes cannot abide the cold, for most commonly it decayeth as soon as it beginneth to freeze. Nevertheless the winter being calm, as it was in the year of our Redeemer M. D. LX. after winter it bringeth forth his stalk with fair white flowers, and afterward his seed in small cods like to the other Colewurtes.  
The third kind of white Colewurtes is very strange, and is named Flowery or Cypress Colewurtes. It hath grayish leaves at the beginning like to the white Colewurtes and afterward in the middle of the same leaves in the steed of the thick Cabbaged, or lofed leaves, it putteth forth many small white stems, gross and gentle, with many short branches, growing for the most part all of one height, thick set and fast throng together. These little stems so growing together, are named the flower of these Colewurtes.  
The fourth kind hath grayish or white green leaves, as the other white Colewurtes have, but they remain still without closing or gathering to a round head or crop: yet it beareth a great round knop like a Turnip, the which groweth right under the leaves, even hard upon the ground, & is white within like a Turnip, and is even so dressed and prepared to be eaten.  
There is also a very strange kind of Cole, which is also set amongst the white kinds of Colewurtes, and is now called swart, or black Colewurtes. It hath long high stems, and great, broad, swartgreene leaves, the which are unevenly wrinkled, or crompled. The flowers be yellow. The seed and cods are very well like the other Colewurtes.   

❀ The Description of the red Colewurtes.  
The first kind of read Colewurtes, hath great, broad, and smooth, brownish, dark, read green leaves, with radish ribs, or veins going through them. The flowers be yellow, and the cods or husks be long and slender, the seed is small and round, brown without, and yellow within, much like to Rape seed, but it is bigger.  
The second kind his leaves at the beginning are like to the leaves of the former, but afterward the middle leaves do gather themselves together, and lie one upon another like the white Cabbage or lofed Cole, the which be of a read or purple colour.  
The third kind of read Colewurtes his leaves be all to cut, and jagged, else it is like both in colour, flowers, and seed to the first.  
The fourth kind his leaves be ruft, crompled, and drawn together or curled, the rest is like to the former read kinds.  
Brassica Cumana sive rubra. Read Colewurtes.  
Brassica Sabellica sive crispa. Ruffed, or curled Colewurtes.   

❀ The Place.  
All these kinds of Colewurtes, are planted in gardens of this Country. But the fifth kind is sometimes sown in the fields like Rapes.   

❀ The Time.  
The best Colewurtes, are they which be sown in March, and planted again in May: for they will be ready to be eaten in winter, and if they abide the winter, they will flower in March and April, and the seed is ripe in May. But some kinds, especially the white Cabbage Cole, or lofed Colewurtes, is also sown in August, and planted again in November, & then it closeth or lofeth in june, july, and August, and after that time it is good to be eaten.   

❀ The Names.  
Garden Colewurtes are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Brassicae satinae: in Shops, Coals: in high Dutch▪ Kolen: in base Almaigne Koolen.  
The first kind of white Colewurtes, is called in Latin (of Plime) Brassica Tritiana, of the writers in our days, Brassica sessilis capitata, and Imperialis in French, Chous cabus: in high Dutch, Kappszkraut: in base Almaigne, Witte Sluytkoolen, & Kabuyskoolen: in English, White Colewurtes, Lofed Cabbage, and Great round Cabbage Cole.  
The second kind is called of Pliny in Latin, Brassica Lacuturria: in French, Chous de Savoy: in base Almaigne, Savoy Koolen.  
The third kind is called in Latin, Brassica Pompeiana, of the writers in our time, Brassica Cypria: in Italian, Cauliflores: in French, Chous flories: in base Almaigne, Bloemkoolen: in English, Flowery Cole, or Cypress Colewurtes.  
The fourth kind is now called Rapae Caulis, that is to say, Rape Cole: in French Chou naveau: in base Almaigne, Raepkoolen.  
The fifth kind is called Caulis nigra: in Italian, Niger Cawls: that is to say, Black Cole: in French, Chou noir. in Dutch, Swerte Koolen.  
The first kind of the read Cole is called of Cato in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: of Pliny in Latin, Brassica Cumana: in French Chous rogues & poly:: in high Dutch, Breyter roterkolen: in base Almaigne, Groote roo koolen.  
The second kind is also called Brassica lacuturria: in French, Chou cabu rouge: in base Almaigne, Rooskens, and Rood Sluytkoolen.  
The third kind with the jagged leaves, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Brassica Apiana: in base Almaigne, Ghehackelde koolen: that is to say, Cole with the jagged leaves.  
The fourth kind of read Cole, is called Brassica Sabellica, and of such as writ in these days, Brassica crispa. in French, Chous Crespues: in high Dutch, Krauser kol: in base Almaigne, Ghecronckelde koolen: in English, Wrinkled or russed Cole.  
The fifth and smallest, is called in high Dutch, Kleinder kolen, that is to say, the small and slender Cole: in French Petit Chou. in base Almaigne, Slooren. This is the third kind of Colewurtes described by Cato, the which is properly called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Crambe.   

❀ The Nature.  
Colewurtes are hot and dry in the first degree, and of a cleansing or scouring faculty, especially the read kind.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The juice of Colewurtes taken by itself, or with Saltpetre, softeneth the belly, and causeth one to go to the stool: the like property hath the first water, wherein the Colewurtes have been boiled.  
The juice of Colewurtes drunken with wine, is good against the bitings of Serpents.  
The same laid to with the meal of Fenugrek, helpeth members troubled with the gout.  
It doth cleanse and heal old rotten sores.  
The same put up into the nostrils, purgeth the brain and head.  
The same mingled with vinegar and put warm into the ears, is good against deafness, and against the humming or ringing of the same.  
The same as a pessary, put up into the natural places of women, provoketh the flowers.  
The same boiled as a Syrup with honey, & often licked in, is good against hoarseness and the cough.  
The decoction or broth of Colewurtes, especially of the first kind, and of the very worst or meanest sort of red Colewurtes, have all the aforesaid properties, the which taken either alone or with Sugar, doth both lightly and gently lose and soften the belly, and provoketh women's natural sickness.  
The same broth is also good for all wounds: for if they be often washed therewith, it doth both mundify and heal them.  
The young leaves eaten raw with vinegar, or parboiled, do open the belly very gently, and cause to make water, and are very good also to be eaten of such as be splenitique.  
The same taken after meat or meal, in the same manner, do cure drunkenness, and the headache proceeding of the same.  
The same alone, or with parched Barley meal, are very good to be laid unto black and blue marks that come of stripes, and all other hot inflammations or swellings.  
The same leaves sod and laid to with honey, are good for consuming and filthy sores.  
The seed of Colewurtes taken in Meade or watered honey, doth kill and expel all sorts of worms.  
The stalks burned to ashes, and mingled with old swine's grease, is good to be laid to the old pains or ache in the side.   

❧ The Danger.  
Colewurtes eaten, engender gross and melancholic blood, especially the read kind. The white are better to digest, and engender more agreeable and better nourishment, especially when they have been twice boiled.    

Of Wild Colewurtes. Chap. seven.  

❀ The Description.  
Wild Colewurtes in leaves and flowers are much like to the small Coleworts, or that they call Crambe, saving that his leaves and stalks be whiter and a little hairy, & in taste much bitterer.   

❀ The Place.  
This Colewurt groweth in high rough places by the sea side, as Dioscorides writeth. There is much of it found in many places of Zealande upon high banks cast up by man's hand.   

❧ The Names.  
This kind of Cole is named in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: & of some Halmiridia: in Latin Brassica syluestris, and Brassica rustica: that is to say, Wild Colewurtes, or Country Colewurtes: in base Almaigne, Zee Koolen, and wild Zee Koolen: and of some writers now a days, Caulis marinus, and Brassica marina: albeit this is not that Brassica marina, whereof Dioscorides writeth, which we have described already in the third part of this work, amongst those kinds of plants called Windweeds, or bindweedes.   

❀ The Nature.  
This kind of Cole is very hot and dry of complexion, & stronger in working then the great Colewurtes.  

Brassica syluestris.    

❀ The Virtues.  
The wild Coal in operation is like to the garden Colewurtes, but stronger and more abstersive or scouring, and therefore naught to be used in meats.  
The leaves thereof newly gathered and stamped, do cure and heal green wounds, and dissolve tumours and swellings, being laid thereupon.    

Of Spinach. Chap. viij.  

❀ The Description.  
Spinach hath a long leaf, sharp pointed, of a brownish or green colour, soft, gentle, full of sap, and deeply cut with large stittes upon both sides about the largest part or neither end of the leaf. The stalk is round and hollow within. Some of the plants have flowers clustering or thick set alongst the stalks, and some bring forth seed without flowers in thick heaps or clusters full and plenteous, and for the most part prickley.   

❀ The Place.  
It is sown in gardens amongst pot herbs.   

❀ The Time.  
They use to sow Spinach in March, and April, and it flowreth and beareth seed within two months after the sowing. They also use to sow it in September, & that continueth all the winter without bearing seed until the spring time.   

❀ The Names.  
This potherbe, or rather Salet herb, is called of the new writers Spanachea, Spinachea, Spinacheum olus, & of some Hispanicum olus: of Ruellius & certain others Seutlomalache: of the Arabians, Hispanach: in French, Espinars: in high Dutch, Spinet: in neither Douche Spinagie: in English, Spinach.  

Spinachea.    

❀ The Nature.  
Spinach is cold and moist of complexion.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Spinach doth loose the belly, and the broth of the same is of like virtue.  
The same laid unto hot swellings, taketh away the heat, and dissolveth the swelling.    

Of dock and Sorrel. Chap. ix.  

❀ The Kinds.  
DIoscorides setteth forth four kinds of Lapathum, bysides the fifth which groweth in ditches and standing waters, called Hippolapathum, the which shallbe described also in this Chapter.   

❀ The Description.  
THE first kind of Lapathun or Rumex hath long, narrow, hard, & sharp pointed leaves, amongst which come up round hollow brown stalks with knees, joints or knots, set and garnished with the like leaves. At the upper part of the said stalks grow many little pale flowers one above another, and after them is found a blackish triangled seed, leapt in a thin skin. The root is long, plain and yellow within.  
The second kind called Patience, doth not differ much from the abovesaid, saving that his leaves be greater, larger, softer, and not sharp pointed. The stalks be long and thick, growing four or five foot high. The flowers yellowish. The seed is read and triangled. The root is long, small and yellow.  
Oxylapathum Sharpe pointed Patience.  
Lapathum sativum. Patience.  
The third kind of Lapathum, is much like to the first, yet for all that the leaves be shorter and larger most commonly laid alongst and spread upon the ground, almost like the leaves of plantain, the stalk groweth not all so high.  
Of this kind is a read sort, the which hath fair read stalks or purple, the leaves be brown and full of read veins, out of the which (being bruised) cometh forth a read juice or liquer, but else like to the other in stalks, leaves, and seed.  
The fourth kind called Sorrel, hath long, narrow, sharp pointed leaves, and broad next the stem, very sharp and eager in taste almost like vinegar. The stalk is round and slender, upon the which grow small flowers, of a brownered colour. The seed is brown, triangled and much like the seed of pointed Patience. The root is long and yellow.  
Of this sort is found another kind called Roman Sorrel, the which hath short leaves, in a manner round, somewhat cornered and whitish, almost like to ivy leaves, but much smaller, and neither thick nor hard. The stalks be tender, upon which groweth seed like the other.  
There is yet another sort of Sorrel, which is small and wild, and therefore called sheeps Sorrel. The same in leaves, flowers, stalks, and seed, is much like to the great Sorrel, but altogether smaller. The leaves be very small, and the little stalks are slender of a span long, the which sometimes both with his flowers and seed showeth a blood read colour, and sometimes the leaves be read likewise: sometimes also you shall find them as white as snow.  
The fifth kind which groweth in waters and ditches, hath great leaves long and hard, much like the leaves of pointed Patience, but much larger.  
Oxalis. Sorrel.  
Oxalis Romana. Tours Sorrel or Roman Sorrel.  
The stalks be round growing, four or five foot long or more, the seed is like to Patience. The root is thick and pale, of a faint read colour within.  
Oxalis parva. sheeps sorrel.   

❀ The Place.  
The sharpepoynted Dock or Patience, groweth in wet moist meadows, & marshes.  
The Dock called Patience, is planted in gardens.  
The third kind groweth in dry places, and about ways and paths.  
The read Patience is found amongst pot herbs, growing in gardens.  
Sorrel is commonly sown in gardens, and is to be found also growing wild in some meadows and shadowy places.  
sheeps Sorrel loveth dry soils.  
The fifth kind groweth in ditches & standing waters, and is plentiful in this Country.   

❀ The Time.  
All these kinds of Lapathum, do flower in june & july.   

❀ The Names.  
All these herbs have but one Greek name, that is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Rumex, and Lapathum: in Shops Lapatium.  
The first kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Rumex acutus: in Shops, Lapatium acutum: in French, Parelle: in high Douch, Megelwurtz, Grindtwurtz, Streisswurtz, Zitterwurtes: in base Almaigne, Patich, and Peerdick,  
The second kind is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Rumex satiuus, of some new writers Rhabarbarum monachorum, of Galen also Hippolapathon: in French, Patience: in base Almaigne, patienty.  
The third kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Lapathun syluestre, that is to say, Wild Dock, or Patience: in base Almaigne, Wild Patich.  
The read kind is called in Latin, Lapathum nigrum: and of some late writers, Sanguis Draconis: in French Sang de Dragon: in Dutch, Draken bloet: in English, read Patience.  
The fourth kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Oxalis: in Shops, Acetosa: in French, Ozeille, vinette, or Salette: in high Dutch, Saur Ampffer: in base Almaigne, Surckele: in English, sorrel.  
Roman Sorrel is undoubtedly a kind of Oxalis: and it should seem to be that kind whereof the Ancients have used and written most properly, called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Oxalis. The later writers do call it Oxalis Romana, and Acetosa Romana: in French, Ozeille Roman, and Ozeille de Tours: in Dutch, Roomsch Surckele.  
The lest of these kinds is called Oxalis parva: in Shops Acetosella: in French, Petit Ozeille, and Ozeille de brebis: in high Dutch, Klein Saurampffer: in Brabant, Schaeps Surckele, and Velt Surckele: in English, small Sorrel, and sheeps Sorrel.  
The fifth kind, which groweth in ditches, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Hippolapathum, or Lapathum magnum, or Rumex palustris: in French, Grande Parelle, or Parelle de marez: in high Dutch, Wasser Ampffer: in base Almaigne, Groote Patick, or Water Patick: in English, Great Sorrel, Water Sorrel, and Horse Sorrel.   

❀ The Nature.  
These herbs are of a reasonable mixture betwixt cold and heat, but they be dry almost in the third degree, especially the seed which is also astringent.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves of all these herbs sodden and eaten as meat, do loose and soften the belly gently, and the broth of them is of like virtue.  
The green leaves pound with oil of Roses, and a little Saffron, do digest and dissolve the impostumes and tumours of the head (called in Latin Meliceris) if it be laid thereunto.  
The seed of dock and Sorrel drunken in water or wine, stoppeth the lask and bloody flux, and the wambling pains of the stomach.  
The same is also good against the bitings and stingings of Scorpions, so that if a man had first eaten of this seed, he should feel no pain, albeit he were afterward stung of a Scorpion.  
The roots of this herb boiled in wine & drunken, do heal the jaundice, provoke urine, and women's flowers, and do break and drive forth the stone and gravel.  
The roots of these herbs boiled in vinegar, or bruised raw, do heal all scabbedness and scurvy itch, and all outward manginess and deformity of the skin, being laid thereunto.  
The decoction or broth of them, is also very good against all manginess, wild festering and consuming scabs, to make a stew or broth to wash in.  
The wine of the decoction of them doth suage the tooth ache, to be kept in the mouth, and to wash the teeth therewith: it suageth also the pain of the ears, dropped therein.  
The roots also boiled and laid to the hard kernels, and swelling tumours behind the ears do dissolve and consume them.  
The same pound with vinegar doth heal and waste the hardness of the melt or spleen, and pound by themselves alone, and laid upon the secret places of women, doth stop the immoderate flux of the womb, or flowers.  
Some writ that this root hanged about the neck, doth help the kings evil or swelling in the throat.    

Of Lampsana. Chap. x.  

❀ The Description.  
LAmpsana is a wild wort or pot herb, having large leaves of a whitish or pale green colour, deeply cut upon both sides like the leaves of Rape or Senuie, but a great deal smaller. The stalks grow two foot high, & are divided again into many small branches: at the top whereof grow many small yellow flowers, almost like to the flowers of the lest hawkweed.   

¶ The Place.  
Lampsana groweth most commonly in all places, by high way sides, and specially in the borders of gardens amongst wortes and potherbes.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth almost all the summer.   

¶ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Lampsana, & of some Napium.   

❀ The Nature.  
Lampsana is somewhat abstersive or scouring.  

Lampsana.    

❀ The Virtues.  
Lampsana, as Galen writeth, taken in meat, engendereth evil juice, and noughty nourishment: yet Dioscorides saith, that it nourisheth more, and is better for the stomach, than the Dock or Patience.  
Being laid to outwardly, it doth cleanse and mundify the skin. and therefore is good against the scurvy itch.    

Of Algood. Chap. xi.  

❀ The Description.  
ALgood, hath long large thick leaves, almost like to the leaves of Sorrel, but shorter and brother, the stalk is gross of a foot high, upon which groweth the seed clustering together, almost like to Orache. The root is great, long, thick and yellow.   

¶ The Place.  
Algood groweth in untoiled places, about ways & paths, & by hedges.   

❀ The Time.  
You shall found it in flower in june and july.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Latin Tota bona: & of some also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Chrysolachanon, that is to say in Latin, Aureun olus, for his singular virtue: in French, Toute bonne: in high Douch, Guter Enrich, & Schmerbel: in base Almaigne, Goede Heinrich, Lammekens oore, and of some Algoede: in English, Good Henry, and Algood: of some it is taken for Mercury.   

❀ The Nature.  
Algood is dry & abstersive or scouring.   

❧ The Virtues.  
Algood taken as meat or broth, doth soften the belly, and provoketh the stool.  
This herb green stamped, and laid to, heals old sores, and green wounds, and killeth and bringeth forth worms, that engender in the same. Matthiolus. lib. 2. Dioscor. Chap. 162. Radicis succus illitus scabiem tollit, & Cutis maculas extergit, praesertim si cum aceto misceatur. Quidam eam quoque praeferunt adversus venenosorum animalium morsus.  
Totabona.    

Of Endive and Succory. Chap. xij.  

❀ The kinds.  
Endive according to Dioscorides, and other Ancient writers of Physic, is of two sorts, the one called Garden Endive or Succory: and the other wild Succory. Whereof the garden Endive or Succory is divided again into two sorts or kinds, one having broad white leaves, and the other narrow jagged leaves. Likewise of the wild kind are two sorts, one kind having blue flowers, the other hath yellow flowers.   

❀ The Description.  
THe white garden Succory with the broad leaves, hath great, long, large, & soft, whitegeeene leaves, not much unlike the leaves of some sort of lettuce. The stalk is round set with the like leaves, which grow up suddenly, bearing most commonly blue flowers, and sometimes also white. After the flowers followeth the seed, which is white. The root is white and long, the which withereth and starueth away, the seed being once ripe.  
The second kind of garden Succory hath long narrow leaves, sometimes crevished or slightly toothed about the edges. The stalk is round, the flowers blewe, like to the flowers of the aforesaid. The root is white and long, full of sap, and dieth not lightly, albeit it hath born both his flowers and seed.  
Intubum sativum latifolium. White Succory.  
Intubum sativum angustifolium. Garden Succory.  
The fourth kind, which is the wild yellow Succory, is also like to Succory in stalks and leaves, the stalks be a cubit long or more, full of branches. The leaves be long, almost like the leaves of wild Endive, but larger. The flowers be yellow, fashioned like the flowers of Dent de lion, but smaller. The root is of a foot long, full of white sap or juice, which cometh forth when it is hurt.   

❀ The Place.  
The first and second kind, are planted in the gardens of this Country.  
The third groweth in dry, grassy, and untoyled places, and sometimes also in moist grounds.  
The fourth kind groweth in meadows, and moist watery places, about ditches and waters.   

❀ The Time.  
These herbs flower at Midsummer, and sometimes sooner or rather, especially the white Endive, the which being timely sown in March, flowreth betimes. Therefore the gardiner's which would not have it to flower, but are desirous to have it great and large, do sow it in july and August: for being so lately sown, it flowreth not all that year, but waxeth large and great: a little before winter they pluck it up from the ground, and bind together the tops, and bury it under sand, and so it waxeth all white, to be eaten in Salads with oil and vinegar.   

❧ The Names.  
These herbs be called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Intuba: of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and Picridae.  
Intubum syvestre, Cichorium.  
Hedypnois. Yellow Succory.  
The second is also a kind of garden Endive, or Intubum sativum, & is called Cichorium sativum, & hortense: in shops Cicorea domestica in English, garden Succory: in French, Cichorée: in high Douch, Zam Wegwarten: in base Almaigne, Tamme Cicoreye.  
The third kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Cichorium, Intubum syluestre, of some Ambubeia: in shops, Cicorea syluestris: in French, Endive sauvage: in high Dutch, Wild Wegwarten: in base Almaigne, Wild Cicoreye: in English, Wild Endive.  
The fourth kind with the yellow flowers is called of Pliny Hedypnois: in high Douch, Geelwegwart: in French, Cichorée iaulne: in base Almaigne, Geel Cicoreye: in English, Yellow Succory.   

¶ The Nature.  
These herbs be cold and dry almost in third degree, especially the wild, which is more dry, and of a scouring or abstersive faculty.   

❀ The Virtues.  
These herbs eaten, do comfort the weak and feeble stomach, and do cool and refresh the hot stomach, specially the wild Endive, which is most agreeable and meetest for the stomach and inward parts.  
The same boiled and eaten with vinegar, stoppeth the lask or flux of the belly proceeding of a hot cause.  
The juice or decoction of Succory drunken is good for the heat of the liver, against the jaundice, and hot Fevers, and Tertians.  
The green leaves of Endive and Succory bruised, are good against hot inflammations and impostumes, or gathering together of evil humours of the stomach, the trembling or shaking of the heart, the hot gout, and the great inflammation of the eyes, being laid outwardly to the places of the griefs.  
The same laid to with parched Barley meal are good against choleric inflammations, called Erysipelas, and of some S. Antony's fire, or Phlegmon.  
The juice of the leaves of Endive and Succory, laid to the forehead with oil of roses and vinegar, suageth headache.  
The same with Ceruse (that is, white lead) and vinegar, is good for all tumours, impostumes and inflammations which require cooling.    

Of Sowthistel. Chap. xiij.  
❀ The Kinds.  
SOnchus is of two sorts, the one more wild, rough, and prickly, called Sowthistel, or milk thistle, the other more soft and without prickles, which we may call Hare's Lettuce, or Coney's milk Thistel.  

Sonchus syluestrior, aspera. Rough milk Thistel.   

Sonchus tenerior, non aspera. Tender or sweet milk Thistel.   

❀ The Description.  
SOwthistell hath long broad leaves, very deeply cut in upon both sides, and armed with sharp prickles. The stalk is crested, hollow within, spaced by joints or knobs, covered or set with the like leaves. At the top of the stalk grow double yellow flowers, like Dandelyon, but much smaller: when they be passed, there come up white hoar knoppes or downy heads, which are carried away with the wound. The root is long and yellow, full of hairy strings.  
The tender Milk thistle, is much like to the aforesaid in leaves, stalks, flowers and seed: but the leaves be somewhat brother, & not so deeply jagged or cut in upon the borders, and they have neither thorns nor sharp prickles, but are all plain without any roughness.   

❀ The Place.  
These herbs do grow of themselves both in gardens amongst other herbs and also in the fields, and are taken but as weeds, and unprofitable herbs.   

❀ The Time.  
Milk thistle and Sowthistel, do flower in june and july, and most commonly all the summer.   

❀ The Names.  
These herbs be called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉▪ in Latin, Sonchu: of the later writers Cicerbitae, Lactucellae, Lacterones: of Serapio and in shops, Taraxacon.  
The first kind is called Sonchus asperior, or syluestrior: in high Dutch, Genszdistel, Moszdistel: in Brabant, Gansendistel, & Melckweye: in French, Laicteron, and Laceron▪ in English, Sowthistel, and rough Milk thistle.  
The second kind is called Sonchus non aspera, or Sonchus tenerior, of Apuleius ●actuca leporina: in French, Palais de lieure: in high Dutch, Hasenkol: in base Almaigne, Hasen Lattouwe, Hasen struyck, Danwdistel, Canijnencruyt: in English, the tender or soft Milk thistle.   

❀ The Nature.  
These herbs be cold and dry of complexion, especially being green and new gathered: for being dry or long gathered, they are somewhat hot, as Galen saith.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The juice of either of these herbs drunken, suageth the gnawing pains of the stomach, provoketh urine, and breaketh the stone, and is of a sovereign remedy against the strangury and the jaundices.  
The same drunken, filleth the breasts of Nurses with good and wholesome milk, and causeth the children whom they nourish, to be of a good colour. Of the same virtue is the broth of the herb drunken.  
The juice of these herbs do cool and refresh the heat of the fundament, and the privy parts of the body, being laid thereto with cotton, and of the cares, being dropped in.  
The green leaves of Milk thistle, are good against all hot swellings and impostumations, especially of the stomach being bruised & laid thereupon.  
The root with his leaves being pound, and laid to as an emplaster, is good against the by●…ges and stingings of Scorpions.    

Of Hawk weed. Chap. xiv.  

❀ The Kinds.  
DIoscorides setteth forth two kinds of Hawk weed, the great and the small: of the smaller are also three sorts.   

❀ The Description.  
Hieracium maius. Great hawkweed.  
Hieracium minus primum. Wild Succory.  
The first kind of the less hawkweed hath long leaves, divided and cut on the edges, almost like the leaves of Dandelyon, but not so big nor so deeply cut, and lying flat upon the ground, from amongst those leaves shooteth up smooth naked brownish stalks, bringing forth double yellow flowers in the top, the which do turn into down bawls or globes and do flee away with the wind. The root is long and slender, smooth, and white.  
The second kind of the lesser Hawkweede is like unto the aforesaid in stalks and flowers, the leaves do also lie spread upon the ground, but they be smaller narrower and more deeply cut, than the leaves abovesaid. This Hawkweede hath no deep downright root, but showeth as though it were gnawn or bitten, like to the root of devils bit, whereof we have written in the first book of this history of plants, and it is full of strings.  
The third is the lest of all three, his leaves be much like to the first Hawkweede, and so be his flowers, stalks and roots: but altogether less. The leaves be altogether smooth and naked, and not so brownish as the leaves of the first Hawkweede.   

❀ The Place.  
These herbs grow in untoiled places, as the borders of corn fields, in meadows, high ways, and the brinks of ditches.   

❀ The Time.  
These herbs do flower from june to September.   

❧ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Accipitrina: that is to say, Sperhawke herb, or hawkweed, Apuleius calleth it Lactuca syluatica, picris, and Thridax agria.  
The first kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Hieracium magnum: of some Sonchites, Lampuca, or Sitheleas: in French, Cichorée sauvage in high Dutch, Grosz habichkraut, in base Almaigne, Groot havickscruyt: That is to say, the great hawkweed.  
The lesser kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Hieracium parvum: of some Intybum agreste, or Lactuca minor: in high Dutch, Klein Habichkraut, that is to say, the lesser Hawkweede: in base Almaigne, Cleyn Havickscruyt.  
The second lesser kind is also called of some Morsus Diaboli: in Dutch Teuffels abbisz: that is to say in English, devils bit: and in French, Mors de Diable: because his root is eaten or bitten like the scabious devils bit.  
Hieracium minus alterum. Yellow devils bit.   

❀ The Nature.  
These herbs be cold and dry.   

❀ The Virtues.  
These herbs in virtue and operation, are much like to Sow Thistel, or Sonchus, and being used after the like manner, be as good to all purposes.  
They be also good for the eyesight, if the juice of them be dropped into the eyes, especially of that sort which is called devils bit.    

Of langdebeefe. Chap. xv.  

❀ The Description.  
THis herb hath great broad leaves, greater and broader than the leaves of Borache, set full of soft prickles, from which leaves cometh up a tender weak brittle and triangled stalk set with leaves of the same sort, but smaller. At the top of the stalk grow many small leaves, thick set and hard throng together round about the stalk, from amongst which little leaves cometh a rough round Thistely knop, bearing a purple flower, the which is carried away with the wound. The root is thick and crooked having many strings.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth in the meadows of this Country, and in moist places by water brooks or ditches.   

❀ The Time.  
This Thistel flowreth in August.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Cirsium, of some Buglossum magnum, and Spina mollis: in Brabant, Groote Dauw distel, unknown in shops, some take Cirsion to be Langdebeefe. T. lib. 1. fol. 143.   

❀ The Nature.  
It is cold and dry of virtue like Sonchus.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Andrea's the Herborist writeth that the root of Cirsium tied or bound to the diseased place, suageth the ache of the veins (called Varix) being to much opened or enlarged and filled with gross blood.  

Cirsion.     

Of Condrilla, Gum Succory. Chap. xuj.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be two sorts of Condrilla, as Dioscorides writeth, the great and the small.   

❀ The Description.  
COndrilla is somewhat like to wild Endive: his leaves be long, grayish, and deeply cut upon both sides, the stalk is small, of a foot long or somewhat more, in the little stalks of Condrilla, is found a gum like Mastic, of the bigness of a bean, whereupon grow round knoppes, which after their opening bringeth forth fair flowers, which in colour and making are much like to the flowers of wild Endive: but much smaller. The root is long and white like to Succory.  
The other Condrilla hath long leaves deeply indented upon both sides like to the leaves of the wild Endive, and for the most part spread abroad upon the ground, amongst which leaves grow up small plain hollow stalks, carrying fair yellow double flowers the which past they turn into round blowballes, like to fine down or cotton, and are carried away with the wound. The root is long and slender yellowish and full of milk, which cometh forth when it is cut or broken.   

❀ The Place.  
The great Condrilla is not common in this Country, but is to be found in the gardens of Herboristes'.  
The lesser which is our Dandelion, groweth in all parts of this Country, in meadows and pastures.   

❀ The Time.  
The great Condrilla flowreth in May, and in june. Dandelion flowreth in April and August.   

❧ The Names.  
The first kind of these herbs is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Condrilla: 
Condrilla. Gum Succory.  
Condrilla Dandelyon.  of Pliny Condrillon, and Condrillis: of some also Cichorion, and Seris: of the later writers Condrilla mayor: in this Country Condrilla, and Gum Succory: in Dutch, Condrilla.  
The second kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Condrilla altera. in shops, Dens leonis, and Rostrum porcinum: in French, Pisse-en-lict in high Dutch, Korlkraut, Pfaffenblat, Pfaffen rorlin: in base Almaigne, Papencruyt, Hontsroosen, Canckerbloemen, and Schorftbloemen: in English, Dandelyon.   

❀ The Nature.  
These herbs be cold and dry like Endive and Succory.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The juice of the great Condrilla taken by itself or with wine, stoppeth the lask, especially coming of the heat of the liver.  
The same bruised and eaten with his leaves & roots, is very good against the bitings of venomous Serpents.  
The seed of Condrilla doth strengthen the stomach, and causeth good digestion, as Dorotheus writeth.  
Dantdelyon in virtue and operation is much like Succory, and it may be always used in steed thereof.  
It layeth down the staring hears of the eyebrows, and causeth new hears to grow, if the juice be often laid to the place.    

Of Groundswell. Chap. xvij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
Although Dioscorides and other the Ancients have set forth but one sort of Erigeron, yet for all that, the later learned writers do set out two kinds, the one great, and the other small: unto which we have joined a third kind. Wherefore Erigeron is now to be counted of three sorts.  

Erigeron primum, & secundum. The first & second kinds of groundswell.   

Erigeron tertium. The third kind of groundswell.    

❀ The Description.  
THE great groundswell, hath rough whitish leaves, deeply jagged and knawen upon both sides, like to the leaves of white Mustard or senuie. The stalk is two foot high or more: at the top whereof grow small knoppes, which do open into small yellow flowers the which are suddenly go, & changed into downy blowbawles like to the heads of Dantdelyon, and are blown away with the wind. The root is hairy, and the whole herb is of a strange smell.  
The lesser groundswell hath green leaves, which be also much torn, and deeply jagged upon both sides like the leaves of the great groundswell, but a great deal smaller, greener, smoother, and not so rough. The stalk is a span long, at the top whereof grow yellow flowers, which do also change suddenly into hoar heads or blowbawles, and do fly away with the wind. The root is hairy, and hath no proper smell.  
The third groundswell hath a strait slender stem, of a brown purple colour and set full of fine cotton or downy hears: the leaves be long and narrow. At the top of the stalks grow small knoppes, out of which come small pale yellow flowers, the which incontinently after their opening do change, and become so suddenly grey or white, that he that taketh not the better heed, may think that they are so at the first opening of the knoppes: for even the self same day, and sometimes the very same hour of their opening, they become grey or hoar, and shortly after the knoppes do spread abroad and open, and the grey hear with the seed, are blown and carried away with the wind, The root is small and very tender.   

❀ The Place.  
The great groundswell groweth in sandy grounds, and alongst by ways and paths.  
The lesser is often found amongst potherbes, and commonly in the fields.  
The third groweth in dark shadowed woods, and dry Countries.   

❀ The Time.  
The great groundswell flowreth in june and july.  
The lesser groundswell flowreth all the summer, and sometimes also in winter, when it is mild and not to cold.  
The third flowreth at Midsummer.   

❧ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Senecio: of some Herbulun, or Erechtites: in French, Seneceon, or Senesson: in high Dutch, Grindtkraut: in English, groundswell.  
The first kind is called Senecio mayor, that is to say, Great Groundswell: in Brabant, groot Cruyscruyt, and of some Silsom: in French, Grand Seneceon.  
The second is called in Latin Senecio minor, that is to say, the less groundswell: in French, Petit Senesson: in Douch, Cruyscruyt; or cleyn Cruyscruyt, the which is well known.  
The third sort is a right Erigeron, & Senecio, especially that which Theophras describeth: for as it is abovesaid, his flowers wax suddenly white hoar, from whence it hath to name Erigeron. Conrade Gesner calleth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and placeth it with the kinds of Conyza.   

❀ The Nature.  
Erigeron, as Paulus writeth, hath somewhat a cooling nature, but yet digestive.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves and stalks of Groundswell, boiled in water or sweet wine and drunken, heals the ache of the stomach that rises of choler.  
The leaves and flowers alone, or stamped with a little wine, are good to be laid to the burning heat or inflammation of the stones and fundament.  
The same mingled with the fine powder of Frankincense, heals all wounds, especially of the sinews, being laid thereto.  
The down of the flowers laid to with a little Saffron & water, are good for bleared and dropping eyes.  
The same with a little salt, doth waist & consume the kings evil, or strumes of the neck.  
The small Groundswell is good to be eaten in Salads with oil and vinegar, and is no evil or unwholesome food.    

Of lettuce. Chap. xviij.  

¶ The Kinds.  
OF lettuce are two sorts, the garden and wild lettuce, and of the garden Letuce are sundry sorts.   

❀ The Description.  
THe first kind of garden Letuce, hath long broad leaves, even plain and smooth, the which do never close, nor come together: amongst which rises a strait stalk full of white sap like milk, of the height of two foot, the which divideth itself at the top into sundry branches bearing yellow   

❀ The Time.  
This lettuce flowreth in july and August.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Lactuca sylnestris: of Zoroaster, Pherumbrum: in shops Endivia: albeit this is not the right Endive: of some Seriola: in French, Laictue sauvage: in high Dutch, Wilder Lattiche: in base Alemaigne, Wild Lattouwe: in English, Wild lettuce, of Turner green Endive. And this is the herb that the Israelites did eat with their Passeover Lamb.   

❀ The Nature.  
The wild lettuce is partly cold and dry in the third degree, and partly sharp and abstersive or scouring, with some warmness.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The juice of the wild lettuce drunken with oxymel, that is, honeyed vinegar, scoureth by siege the watery humours.  
It reconcileth sleep, and suageth all pains: also it is good against the stinging of Scorpions, and the field Spider called Phalangium.  
It is also good with woman's milk to be laid unto burnings.  
The same dropped into the eyes, cleareth the sight, and taketh away the clouds & dimness of the same.  
The seed of this lettuce also, abateth the force of Venus, and is of virtue like to the garden lettuce seed.  
Lactuca syluestris.    

Of porcelain. Chap. xx.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be two kinds of porcelain, one of the garden, the other wild: bysides these there is also a third kind, the which groweth only in salt grounds.   

❀ The Description.  
GArden porcelain hath gross stalks, fat, round, and of a brownred colour, the which do grow up to the length of a span or more, upon the said stalks are the thick fat or fleshy leaves, something long & broad, round before. The flowers grow betwixt the leaves and stalks, and also at the highest of the stalks, the which be very small, & of a faint yellowish colour. The same being past, there come little round close husks, in which is found small black seed. The root is tender and hairy.  
The wild Purcelaine hath thick fat round stalks, like the garden porcelain, but tenderer, smaller, and redder, the which grow nothing at all upright, but are spread abroad, and trail upon the ground. The leaves be smaller than the leaves of the other, but the flowers & seed is like. These two Purcelaynes are full of juice, and of a sharp or quick taste. They are used in the summer to be eaten in Salade, as they use lettuce.  
Portulaca hortensis. Garden Pyrcelayne.  
Portulaca syluestris. Wild porcelain.  
Portulaca marina. Sea porcelain.   

¶ The Place.  
The tame porcelain is sown in gardens.  
The wild groweth of his own accord in ways and allies of gardens, & in some places it groweth upon rocks, cleeves, and viniardes.  
Sea porcelain groweth upon banks or walls cast up in places adjoining to the sea: and great store thereof is found in Zeeland, and bysides the isle of Purbeck in England.   

❀ The Time.  
The garden & wild porcelain, do flower from after the month of june, until September, and in this space they yield their seed.  
The sea porcelain flowreth in july.   

¶ The Names.  
porcelain is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin and in shops Portulaca: in French, Pourpier, or Porcelain: in high Dutch, Burgel: in base Almaigne, Porceleyne: in English, porcelain.  
The first kind is called Portulaca sativa, or Hortensis: in French, Pourpier, or Porcelain domestic, or cultinée: in high Dutch, Heymisch Burgel, or Burtzeskraut: in base Almaigne, Roomsche Porceleyne, or tamme Porceleyne: in English, garden and tame porcelain.  
The second kind is called of the new writers, Portulaca syluestris: in French, Pourpier sauvage: in high Dutch, Wildt Burtzel: in base Almaigne, Ghemeyne, or wild Porceleyne: in English, Wild porcelain: but yet this is not that wild porcelain, which is described in some copies of Dioscorides, the which is of a hot nature or complexion.  
The third kind of porcelain of the later writers, is called Portulaca marina: in French, Porcelain de mer▪ in Douch, See Porceleyne. This seemeth to be that herb which the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: the Latinistes, Halimus, especially the second kind described by Pliny.   

❀ The Nature.  
The garden and wild porcelain are cold in the third degree, and moist in the second.  
Sea porcelain is plainly hot and dry in the second degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
They use to eat the garden and wild porcelain in Salads and meats, as they do lettuce, but it cooleth the blood, and maketh it watery & nourisheth very little: yet for all that, it is good for those that have great heat in their stomachs and inward parts.  
The same taken in like sort, stoppeth all defluxions and falling down of humours, and is good for the pains of the bladder and kidneys, & it heals them, albeit they be exulcerated, fret or hurt.  
porcelain comforteth the weak inflamed stomach, & it taketh away the imaginations, dreams, fancies, & the outrageous desire to the lust of the body.  
The juice of porcelain drunken hath the same virtue: also it is good against burning fevers, & against the worms that engender in the body of man.  
It is good for such as spit blood, it stoppeth the bloody flux, the flux of the Hemoroides, & all issues of blood. It hath the like virtue being boiled & eaten.  
The juice of porcelain powered upon the head with oil & vinegar roset, suageth the head ache coming of heat, or of standing to long in the Son.  
The same thrown up into the mother or matrix, helpeth the burning inflammations, exulcerations, or gnawing frettings in the same, & powered in by a glister, it is good against the flux of the guts & exulceration of the bowels.  
The leaves of porcelain mingled with parched barley meal, and laid to the inflammations of the eyes, easeth the same, and taketh away the hot swelling: so it is likewise good against S. Antony's fire, called Erysipelas: against the heat and pain of the head, and against all hot inflammations and tumours.  
The same eaten raw, are good against the teeth being set on edge, or astonished, and it fasteneth them that be lose.  
To conclude, porcelain cooleth all that is hot, wherefore being laid upon wounds, either by itself or with the meal of parched barley, it preserveth wounds from inflammation.  
The seed of porcelain being taken, killeth and driveth forth worms, and stoppeth the lask.  
The Sea porcelain is gathered in the summer, and is of some preserved and kept in vinegar for Salade, to be eaten at winter like Capers: for being so eaten, it doth heat and comfort the stomach, causeth good appetite, or meat lust, and provoketh urine.  
If this porcelain be Halimus, the root thereof is good against cramps and drawing awry of sinews, burstinges and gnawinges in the belly, to be taken in Meade the weight of a dram. It also causeth Nurses to have store of milk.    

Of Sampiere. Chap. xxi.  

Crithmum.   

Crithmum spinosum.   

❀ The Description.  
SAmpiere hath fat, thick, long, small leaves almost like porcelain, the stalk is round of a foot, or a foot and a half long bearing round spokie tufts, which bring forth little white flowers, and a seed like Fenyll, but greater. The root is thick, and of a pleasant savour. Search the commentaries of Matthiolus in the second book of Dioscorides, there you shall find three kinds more of Crithmum.  
Of this is found another kind of Crithmus, whose leaves are like unto the first, the crown set about with hard pricking thorns, otherwise in all things like unto the other.  
Yet is there found a third kind of Crithmus, the which bringeth forth many stalks of one root, set about with long small leaves, the which are very thick, upon the top of the stalks grow yellow flowers, almost like unto the flowers of Chrysanthemun, in the mids yellow, and round about set with yellow leaves. The root is long. And this herb is of taste like unto the first Crithmus, the which is very like to Creta marina.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth in salt ground by the sea coast, and is found very plentifully in many places of Spain, France, and England, alongst the shore or coast. The Herboristes of this Country do plant it in their gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
Sampiere bloweth in this Country in August and September, but whereas it groweth of his own kind, it flowreth more timely.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Crithmum, and Bati: in shops, Creta marina, by which name it is known in Brabant: in French, Bacille, Crete marine, and Fenoil marin: in English, Sampire, and Crestmarine.   

❀ The Nature.  
Crestmarine is dry and scouring, and meetly warm.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves, seed, or roots, or all together boiled in wine and drunken, provoketh urine and women's flowers: & helpeth much against the jaundice.  
They keep and preserve the leaves & branches of Crestmarin, or Sampire, in urine or pickle, to be eaten like Cappers: for being so eaten, they are good for the stomach and open the stoppinges of the liver, the spleen and the kidneys.  
Crithmus Chrysanthemus.    

Of Brookelime. Chap. xxij.  

❀ The Description.  
BRookelime hath round fat stalks, full of branches, & upon the same fat thick leaves: the which being bruised do yield a good savour. At the top of the stalks and branches grow many fair blue flowers, not much unlike the flowers of blue Pimpernel, The root is white & full of hairy strings.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth in the borders & brinks of ditches and pools, and sometimes also by running streams, and brooks hard by the water, so that sometimes it is overflown and drenched in the same.   

❀ The Time.  
Brookelime flowreth in May, and june.   

❧ The Names.  
This herb is called now in these days Anagallis aquatica, and Becabunga, and of some it is taken for that herb that of Dioscorides is named in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Cepaea: and it 
Anagallis Aquatica.  seemeth to be a kind of Soum, of the which is written by Cratenas: in high Dutch, Wasserpunghen, Bachpunghe, or Punghen: in base Almaigne, Waterpunghen: in English, Brookelyme.   

❀ The Nature.  
This herb is hot almost in the second degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Brookelime leaves drunken in wine do help the strangullion, & the inward scabs of the bladder, especially if it be taken with the root of Asparagus or Sperage.  
They be also eaten with oil and vinegar, and are good for them that are troubled with the strangury, and stone.    

Of Earth chestnut. Chap. twenty-three.  

❀ The Description.  
THE small Earth Chestnut hath even crested stalks, of a foot and a half long or more. The first leaves are like the leaves of common Parsely, but they be lesser, & smaller jagged & they that grow about the stem, are not much unlike the leaves of Dil, the flowers which are white, do grow in spokie tuftes like the tops of Dyl. The seed is small of a flagrant smell, not much unlike the seed of Commin or fennel, but a great deal smaller. The root is round like a wherrow or whirl, or rather like a little round apple, brown without and white within, in taste almost like to Carrottes.   

¶ The Place.  
This herb groweth in many places of holland and Zeelande, in corn fields & alongst the ways, there is good store of it in some places of England. The Herboristes of Brabant, do plant it in their gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
This herb flowreth and delivereth his seed in june.  

Bolbocastanon.    

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Zeelande, Cleyn Eerdtnoten, some Herboristes take it for Apios, others for Meum, and the third for Bulbina: but it hath no likeness unto any of them three, it seemeth better in my judgement to 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Bolbocastanon, of Alexander Trallianus, the which the later Grecians do call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Agriocastanon, whereunto it is very much like: for the root is like Bulbus, and in taste it is much like to the Chestnut: in consideration whereof, it may be well be called Bolbocastanon, and Agriocastanon: in French, Noix-Chastaigne: in base Almaigne, Eerdtrastanien: in English, Earth Chestnut.   

❀ The Nature.  
Bolbocastanon is hot almost in the second degree, and somewhat astringent, the seed is hot and dry almost in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
In Sealande they eat this root in meats, in which Country, it is not much differing in taste and virtue from Parsneppes and Carrottes: it provoketh urine comforteth the stomach, nourisheth indifferently, & is good for the bladder and kidneys.  
Bolbocastanon, as Alexander Trallianus writeth, is good to be eaten of them that spit blood.  
The seed of the same causeth women to have their natural sickness; bringeth forth the secondines, provoketh urine, and is very profitable for the reins, the kidneys, the bladder, and the spleen or milt being stopped.    

Of Mallows. Chap. xxiv.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be divers sorts of Mallows, whereof some be of the garden, and some be wild, the which also be of divers kinds. The garden Mallow, called the winter or beyondsea roose, is of divers sorts, not only in leaves, stalks, and growing, but in proportion, colour, & flowers: for some be single, some double, some white, some carnation, some of a clear or light read, some of a dark red, some grey, and speckled. The wild Mallows are also of two sorts, the great and the small.  

Malua sativa. hollyhock or garden Mallow.   

Malua syluestris elatior. Wild Hocke or the greater wild Mallow.    

❀ The Description.  
THE great tame Mallow which beareth the beyondsea or winter rose, hath great round rough leaves, larger, whiter, and unevener: then the leaves of the other Hockes or Mallows. The stalk is round, and groweth six or seven foot high or more: it beareth fair great flowers of divers colours, in figure like to the common Mallow or Hocke: but a great deal bigger, sometimes single, sometimes double. The flowers fallen the seed cometh up like small cheeses. The root is great and long, and continueth a long time, putting forth yearly new leaves and stalks.  
The great wild Mallow, hath leaves somewhat round, fat, and a little cut or snipt round about the borders, but of a browner colour, smaller and evener than the leaves of the Hollyhocke. The stalk is round of two or three foot long, thereupon grow the flowers in fashion like to the other, but much smaller, and parted into five leaves of a purple carnation colour, after which cometh the seed, which is round and flat, made like little cheeses. The root is long, and of a convenient thickness.  
The small wild Mallow is very much like to the great wild Mallow, saving that his leaves be a little rounder and smaller: the flowers be pale, & the stalks grow not high, or upright: but trail alongst the ground. The root is likewise long and thick.   

❀ The Place.  
The Hollyhocke or garden Mallow, is sown and planted in gardens of this Country.  
The wild kinds grow in untoiled places, by path ways, and pastutes.   

❀ The Time.  
Hollyhocke flowreth in june, july, and and August. The wild beginneth to flower in june, & continueth flowering until September, in the mean space it yieldeth his seed.   

❧ The Names.  
Mallows are called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Malua: of Pythagoras. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Anthema, of Zoroaster, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Diadema: of the Egyptians, Chocortis, of some Vrina muris: in French, Maulue: in high Dutch, Pappel: in base Almaigne, Maluwe: in Shops Malua: in English, Hockes, and Mallows.  
Malua syluestris pumila. The small wild Mallow.  
The first kind of Mallows, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Malua sativa: of some Rosa ultramarina: that is to say, the Beyondesea Rose: in French, Maulue de iardin, or cultiuée in high Dutch, Garden Pappeln, Ernrosz, or Herbstrosz: in base Almaigne, Winterroosen: in English, Holyhockes, and great tame Mallow, or great Mallows of the garden.  
The wild Mallow is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Malua syluestris: in high Almaigne, Gemeyn Pappeln: in base Almaigne, Maluwe, and Keeskens cruyt: whereof that sort which groweth upright and highest, is called Malua elatior, that is the common Mallow, or the tawle wild Mallow, and the common Hockes.  
The second wild kind which is the lest, is called Malua syluestris pumila, or Malua pumila, that is to say, the small wild Hocke, or Dwarf Mallow: in Dutch, Cleyn Maluwe.   

❀ The Nature.  
Mallows are temperate in heat and moisture, of a digestive and softening nature.   

❧ The Virtues.  
Mallows taken in meat, nourish better than lettuce, and soften the belly: nevertheless they be hurtful to the stomach, for they lose and mollity or relent the same.  
The raw leaves of Mallows eaten with a little salt, help the pain and exulceration of the kidneys and bladder.  
For the same purpose and against the gravel and stone, Mallows are good to be boiled in water or wine, and drunken.  
The decoction or broth of Mallows with their roots, are good against all venom and poison, to be taken incontinently after the poison, so that it be vomited up again.  
It doth mollify and suppling the tumours and hardness of the mother, if women bathe in the broth thereof.  
It is good against all going of, of the skin, excoriations, gnawings, roughness and fretting of the bladder, guts, mother, and fundament, if it be put in with a glister.  
The seed of Mallows drunken in wine, causeth abundance of milk, and is good for them that feel pain in the bladder, and are troubled with gravel.  
Mallows are good to be laid to against the stingings of Wasps and Bees, and draw forth thorns and splinters, if they be laid thereupon.  
The same raw or boiled, and pound by themself, or with Swine's grease, do suppling, mollify, ripe, and dissolve all kinds of tumours, hot and cold.  
The roots of Mallows roasted in the embers or hot ashes, and pound very small, are very good to be laid to as an implaister, against the exulceration and soreness of women's breasts.   

❀ The Choice.  
The garden Mallow is whelsomer to be eaten, than the wild Mallow: but in medicine, to soften hardness & dissolve swellings or tumours, the wild kind is better and of more virtue, than the garden Mallow.    

Of Marish Mallow/ or white Mallow. Chap. twenty-five.  

❀ The Description.  
marish Mallow is much like the other Mallows, but a great deal whiter, and softer: his leaves be roundish, white, soft, and almost frised or cottoned, which in proportion and quantity, are almost like to the leaves of the common hocke or wild Mallow. The stalk is round and strait. The flowers are in figure like to the wild Mallow, after them cometh the seed, as in the other Mallows. The root is great and thick, white within, and slimy.  
The second kind of white Mallow, which Theophrast describeth, hath roundish leaves, white and soft, and almost frised or Cottoned like the other white or marish Mallow, but far greater, almost like in proportion and bigness to the leaves of Gourd. The stalks be long, thick, and strong, upon which betwixt the leaves and the stem grow yellow flowers, & after them come crooked husks (as though they were wrinkled) wherein is the seed.   

❀ The Place.  
Marsh Mallow loveth fat and moist ground, adjoining to waters and ditches.  
The second kind is a stranger in this Country: & therefore not to be found but amongst certain diligent herboristes.  
Althaea. Marsh Mallow, or flymie Mallow.  
Ibiscus Theophasti. Abutilon Auicennae. Yellow Hibiscuus, or Abtilno.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth together with the other Mallows.  
The second fort is sown in March or April, and delivereth his flower and seed about the end of Summer.   

❀ The Names.  
These kinds of Mallows are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Althaea, and Hibiscus: of Galen Anadendron, of some Aristalthaea: in shops Bismalua, and Maluaviscum: in French, Guymaulue: in high Dutch, Ibisch, oder Eibisch: in base Almaigne, Witte Malue, or Witte Huemst: in English, Marish Mallow, and white Mallow.  
The second kind is called of Theophrastus also in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin also Hibiscus, and to be known from the other Hibiscus Theophrasti: of Avicenne it is called Abutilon, by the which name it is known of the Herboristes.   

❀ The Nature.  
Marsh Mallow is temperate in heat as the other Mallows, but drier even in the first degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of Marsh Mallow boiled in wine and drunken, is good against the pain and grief of the gravel and stone, the bloody flux, the Sciatica, the trembling & shaking of any member, & for such as are troubled with cramps and burstinges.  
The same boiled in sweet new milk, heals the cough, as Pliny writeth.  
It is good also against the toothache: for it suageth the pain, being boiled in vinegar and held in the mouth.  
The same boiled in wine or honeyed water, and bruised or pound very small doth cure and heal new wounds, and it doth dissolve and consume all cold tumours and swellings, as wens and hard kernels, also the impostumes that chance behind the ears, and for the burning impostume of the paps: it softeneth tumours, it ripeth, digesteth, breaketh, and covereth with skin, old impostumes and blastinges or windy swellings, it cureth the rifts and chaps of the fundament, and the trembling of the smewes, & sinewy parts.  
The same so prepared and pound with Swine's grease, Goose grease or Turpentine, doth mollify and suage the impostumes and sores of the mother, and openeth the stoppinges of the same, being put in as a pessary or mother suppository.  
The leaves are good for all the griefs aforesaid, being used in like manner, yet they be nothing so virtuous as the root.  
The leaves of marsh Mallow, being laid to with oil, do heal the burnings and scaldings with fire and water, and are good against the bitings of men and Dogs, and against the stingings of Bees and Wasps.  
The seed green or dried, pound and drunk, heals the bloody flix, and stoppeth the lask, and all issue of blood.  
The seed either green or dry, laid to with vinegar, taketh away freckles, or fowl spots of the face both white and black, but you must anoint yourself either in the hot Son, or else in a hot house or stew,  
The same boiled either in water, vinegar, or wine, is good to be drunken of them which are stongue with Bees and Wasps.    

Of vervain Mallow/ or cut Mallow. Chap. xxvi.  

❀ The Description.  
CUT Mallow, as witnesseth Diosorides, is a kind of wild Mallow, whose leaves are more cloven, deeper ●…t, and divided into sundry parts, almost like the leaves of vervain, but much larger. The stalks be round and strait, two or three foot high. The flowers be of a clear red or incarnate colour, in figure like to the flowers of the other Mallows, after the flowers cometh the seed also fashioned like little cheeses. The root is thick and two foot long or more, white within.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth in untoiled places, in the borders of fields and hedges, and is not very common in this Country.   

❀ The Time.  
Cut Mallow flowreth at Midsummer, as the other wild Mallows or Hockes.  

Alcea.    

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: & in Latin, Alcea: unknown in shops: of some Herba Simeonis, & Herba Hungarica: in high Dutch, Sigmars kraut, Sigmundswurtz, or Hochlenten: in French, Guymaulue sauvage▪ in base Almaigne, Sigmaerts' cruyt: in English, Verueyn Mallow, or cut Mallow, this is also a kind of marsh or slimy Mallow, Symons Mallow.   

❀ The Nature.  
Cut Mallow is temperate betwixt heat and cold, and hath somewhat a drying nature.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of cut Mallow, or Symons slimy Mallow boiled in water or wine and drunken stoppeth the bloody flix, and heals, and glueth together wounds and inward burstinges.    

Of Venisse Mallow. Chap. xxvij.  

❀ The Description.  
THe Venetian Mallow, hath round tender stalks, with handsome branches, the leaves be of a dark green, thick or fat, cloven & jagged not much unlike the leaves of cut Mallow, or the wild Guy Mallow, of a shining dark colour, not much unlike the colour of the leaves of Acanthus. The flowers grow at the top of the stalks, and are the fairest amongst all the sorts of Mallows, almost like in making to the flowers of the other Mallows, divided also into five leaves, the extremity & outside of the leaves are white or pale, but the middle or inner part of the flower is of a brown read purple, with a yellow Dodkin or Pestle, like gold in the middle. These flowers do not open at all until three or four hours after son rising, or an hour or two before noon, or there abouts: and when they have remained open or spread abroad the space of an hour, or an hour & a half, they close together again, and fade or whither away, the which being passed, there come in their steed little husks or bladders, wherein are small knoppes, or hairy pellettes, in which is a black seed. The root is small and tender, and perisheth yearly, so that it must be new sown every year.  

Alcea Veneta.    

❀ The Place.  
This herb is a stranger in this Country, and is not found at all except in the gardens of some Herboristes, where as it is sown.   

❀ The Time.  
They sow it in March or April, and it flowreth in june and july.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb of the later writers, is taken for a kind of Alcea, and is called Alcea Veneta, that is to say, The slimy or Mucculage Mallow of Vennis: of some Malua Theophrasti: in high Douch, Venediger Pappeln, or wetter Roszlin: in base Almaigne, Veneetsche Maluwe. This is not Hypecoon, as Matthiolus takes it, but it should rather seem to be Solanum Manicum, described in the xcij Chapter of the third book, whereunto it resembleth much.   

❀ The Nature.  
The Mucculage Mallow is hot and moist, like to the common Hocke or great wild Mallow, we may well presume, that in operation and virtue it is like to the common Mallow, yet for all that we have no certain experience of the same.   

❧ The Virtues.  
Forasmuch as this Mallow is hot and moist, we may well presume, that in operation and virtue, it is like to the common Mallow, yet for all that we have no certain experience of the same.    

Of Cucumbers. Chap. xxviij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be two sorts of Cucumbers, the garden and the wild Cucumber. The garden Cucumber is used in meats. The wild kind is not good for that purpose, but serveth only for medicine: we have given you his description in the third book of this history the xl. Chapter.   

❀ The Description.  
THE garden and eateable Cucumber, hath long rough branches, creeping alongst the ground, upon which grow rough roundish leaves, and claspers or tendrelles. The flowers grow betwixt the leaves and the stalks, of a faint yellow colour, that which being fallen away, the fruit followeth after which is long, the outside thereof is sparkled, and set full of little bowls of bosses, the coasts or sides be long, & green at the beginning, & afterward yellow, within the which groweth a broad or large white seed. The root is of a competent length.   

❀ The Place.  
These Cucumbers are sown in gardens, and love places standing well in the Son.   

❀ The Time.  
The chiefest season, for the eating of Cucumbers, is in july and August, and they are ripe in September.  

Cucumis satiuus. Melopepon Galeni. Cucumbers.    

❧ The Names.  
This kind of Cucumber is called of the later writers in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Cucumis satiuus, or cucumber satiws, of some Cucumis Anguinus, or Anguria: in shops, cucumber, in French, Concombre▪ in high Dutch, Cucumern, and Gurchen: in base Almaigne, Concommeren: and this seemeth to be the same, which Galen in libris de Alimentorum facultatibus, calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Melopepon.   

❀ The Nature.  
The Cucumber is cold and moist in the second degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Cucumber taken in meats, is good for the stomach and bowels that are troubled with heat: but it yieldeth small nourrishment & evil, insomuch that the immeasurable use thereof, filleth the veins with cold noughty humours, the which (because they may not be converted into good blood) do at the length bring forth long and great agues and other diseases, as Galen writeth.  
The seed drunken with milk or sweet wine loseth the belly gently, and is very good against the exulceration, & rawness of the bladder, and inward stopping of the same.  
The green leaves stamped with wine and laid to, heal the bitings of Dogs.    

Of Melones and Pepones. Chap. xxix.  

❧ The kinds.  
THE Pepon is a kind of Cucumber, the which is now of divers sorts, as the great, round, and flat: whereof the great is also of two sorts, that is white, and green.  

Pepones magni. Great Melons or Pepons.   

Pepones rotundi. Round Melons or Pepons.    

❀ The Description.  
THe great Pepon hath long, round, great, rough, and hollow branches, beset with short sharp prickles. The leaves be great, broad, & rough, parted into four or five deep cuts or jags, much greater than the leaves of the Gourd: by the said leaves come forth clasping tendrelles; whereby this Pepon groweth up, and taketh holdfast by every thing. The flowers grow amongst the leaves, very great and hollow within, jagged about the edges, and of a yellow colour. The fruit is very big, thick, and and long, one sort thereof is of a greenish colour with many ribs or costs, and the rind is very hard: the other sort is white, covered with a soft and tender rind. The seed is enclosed in the fruit, and is white and broad, much larger than the seed of the Cucumber.  
The second kind whose fruit is round, hath also prickly stalks & leaves: the stalks be smaller, and most commonly creep alongst the ground. The leaves be also smaller and not so deep cut or rend. The flowers be yellow like the flowers of great Melon or Pepon. The fruit is round and somewhat the other white, wherein groweth the flat, whereof one sort is green and seed smaller than the seed of the other Pepone, and greater than the seed of the Cucumber.  
The third kind of Pepones is much like to the second in creeping branches, leaves, and flowers: but the stalks be not so rough, the fruit is flat, broad, and round, covered with a soft and gentle rind or covering, cronkeled & wrinkled about the borders or edgiss, like to a buckler, wherein is the seed, like to the seed of the Cucumber but greater.  
There is also a wild kind of Pepons, which are like the tame Pepons, in stalks and rough leaves: but the fruit is smaller, and altogether bitter like to Coloquintida, or the wild Gourd, or wild Cucumber, whereunto this wild kind is agreeable in virtue and operation.  
Pepones lati. Broad Melons or Pepons.   

❀ The Place.  
All these kinds of Melons, and Pepons, are sown in gardens, and used in meats except the wild kind.   

❀ The Time.  
The fruit is ripe in August, and sometimes sooner, if it be a hot season, and a forward year.   

¶ The Names.  
This fruit is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and in Latin, Pepones: of Galen also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Sicyopepones, that is to say, Pepones Cucumerales: Cucumber Pepons.  
The first kind is called in English, Melons, and Pepons: in French, Pompons diver, or Citroulen in high Dutch, Pseben: in base Almaigne, Pepoenen: & of the new writers in Latin, Magni Pepones, of some Cucumeres Turcici, & in Almaigne accordingly Turckischer Cucumeren, & Torcksche Concommeren.  
The second kind of Pepons is called Pepo, or Cucumis marinus: of some Zuccomarin: in French, Concombre marin, Pompons Turquins' in Douch, Zee Concommere in English, Pompons, or Melons: we may also name them, Sea Cucumbers, or Turkey Pompons.  
The third kind which is the large Pompone, is for the same cause called Pepones lati, Broad Pepons: in Dutch, Breed Pepoenen, and of some Torcksche Meloenen, that is to say, Turkey Melons.   

❀ The Nature.  
The garden Melons, or Pompons, are cold and moist, but not so moist as the Cucumbers.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The fruit of the garden Pepon is not often eaten raw, but well boiled with good flesh or sweet milk, for being so prepared it is better and less hurtful than the Cucumber, and is good for such as have a hot stomach.  
The flesh or substance of Pepons finely stamped, doth suage and heal the inflammations of the eye, if it be laid unto them, and being bond to the forehead, it stoppeth the falling down of humours into the eyes.  
The seed of Pepons powned with meal and their own juice, doth beautify the face, for it taketh away freckles and alspottes of the face, if the place be well rubbed with it in the Son.  
The quantity of a dram of the dried root taken with mead or honeyed water, maketh one to vomit.  
The same laid to with honey, heals the sores of the heat which be full of corruption and filthy matter.    

Of Citrulle Cucumber. Chap. thirty.  

❀ The Description.  
THe Citrul or Citron Cucumber is also a kind of Cucumber having round rough stalks, full of Capreoles or clasping tendrelles, whereby it taketh hold upon hedges and stakes. The leaves be all jagged and rend, much like to the leaves of Coloquintida. The fruit is round and green without, wherein groweth a flat black seed, like to a Melon or Pepon seed, but somewhat smaller.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb is maintained in the gardens of some Herboristes.   

❀ The Time.  
The citrul Cucumber is ripe with Pompons or Melons, about the end of Summer.   

❧ The Names.  
This kind of Cucumber is called Cucumis Citrulus, of some Anguria: in shops Citrulum: and in Douch according to the same, Citrullen: in French Concombre citrin: in English, Citrulles: and of some, Pome Citrulles.  
Cucumis Citrulus.  
The wild kind of this Cucumber, is the right Coloquintida, described in the third book of this history of plants.   

¶ The Nature.  
The citrul is of temperament, cold and moist like the Pepon.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The citrul Cucumber is much like to the Melone in virtue and operation, whether it be taken in meat or medicine.    

Of Melons. Chap. xxxi.  

❀ The Description.  
THe Melon trayleth alongst the ground like the Cucumber, and hath tender branches with catching caprioles, and round rough leaves. The flowers be yellow, like the flowers of the Cucumber. The fruit is long, and almost like to the Cucumber, but greater, and covered all over with soft hear, especially being yet young and tender, and yellow within. The seed is much enclosed in the inner part of the fruit, and is much like to the Cucumber seed.   

❀ The Place.  
Melons are sown in gardens, and they require a fat & well dounged ground, and also a dry ground, standing well in the Son, for otherwise you scarce see them prospero in this Country.   

❀ The Time.  
The Melon is ripe in August & September.  

Cucumis Galeni, & Antiquorum.    

❧ The Names.  
Galen nameth this fruit in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to say in Latin, Cucumis, & undoubtedly it is the Cucumis of the ancients, whereof cucumber Asininus, that is to say, the leaping Cucumber is the wild kind. Of the later writers at these days, it is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Melopepo, of some Melo, and in some places of Italy, it is also called Citrulus, and Cucumis citrulus: in French, Melon: in high Dutch, Melaunen: in base Almaigne, Meloenen: in English, Melons, and musk Melons.   

❀ The Nature.  
The Melon in cemperament is almost like to the Pepone, but not so moist.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The Melon is in virtue like to the Pompon or Pepon, saving that it doth not engender so evil blood, neither doth it descend so quickly into the belly, wherefore it is by so much better than the Pepon.    

Of Gourds. Chap. xxxij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THe Gourd is of three sorts, that is to say, the great, the small, & the long, which are much like one another in leaves & branches, over and bysides the wild kind which is described before in the third book.  

Cucurbita cameraria maior.   

Cucurbita minor.   

Cucurbita anguina.    

❀ The Description.  
THE Gourd hath long limmer stalks, tender and full of branches and clasping tendrils or caprioles, whereby it taketh hold and climbeth up, especially if it be set by perches, hedges, quick sets or trees, by the which it may take hold and wrap and wind itself: for without such stays & helps the Gourd cannot climb up, but will lie alongst and grow hard by the ground, and than it can not bring forth his fruit. The leaves be round, whitish, soft, and almost like velvet, drawing somewhat towards the fashion of the great Clot burr leaves, but smaller. The flowers be white, every flower parted into five small leaves, after the flowers cometh the fruit, at the beginning green, and overlayed or covered with a soft cotton or hairy down, but after when it turneth to ripeness, it is of a yellowish colour, and almost bald without hear or cotton. This first kind is very great, round, thick, and large. Within this fruit is found a large long seed, with two peakes or corners at the end of the same seed.  
The second kind is like to the first in stalks, leaves, flowers, and seed, saving that the fruit is smaller, and like a round flagon or bottle with a long neck, which is the best fashion of Gourds, for they be oftentimes used (especially of the Pilgrims) in steed of flagons or bottelles, when they are made hollow.  
The third kind is like to the aforesaid, saving that the fruit is neither so short, nor so big as the fruit of the others, but most commonly is of three or four foot long, and as big as one's leg or arm: the rest is like the others.  
Bysides these three kinds of garden Gourds (as some learned men writ) there is found another sort whose fruit is very short and no bigger than one's finger, the residue, as the stalks and leaves is like to the abovesaid.  
Of this sort is also a wild kind, whereof there is mention made in the Chapter of Coloquintida, in the third book.   

❀ The Place.  
The three first kinds are planted in the gardens of this Country.  
The fourth kind groweth in some Countries in rough stony places.   

❀ The Time.  
The Gourd is ripe in this Country in August and September.   

❀ The Names.  
The Gourd is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin and in the Shops, Cucurbita: in high Dutch, Kurbs: in base Almaigne, Cauwoorde: in French, Courge▪ in English, a Gourd, or Gourds.  
The three first kinds are called of Pliny Cucurbitae camerariae, and of some also Perticales: because they grow upon poles, rails, and perches like unto vines, whereof is sometimes made close herbours and vaults or coverings.  
The first kind is now called of the later writers, Cucurbita magna, & mayor: in English, the great Gourd: in French, Grande Courge: in high Dutch, Grosz kurbs: in base Almaigne, Groote Cauwoorden.  
The second kind is called Cucubita minor: in English, the lesser Gourder in high Douch, klein kurbs: in base Almaigne, Cleyn Cauwoorden: in French Petit Courge.  
The third kind is called Cucurbita anguina, and of some Cucurbita oblonga: in French, Courge longue: in high Douch, Lang Kurbs: in base Almaigne, Langhe Cauwoorden: in English, Long Gourds.  
The fourth kind which is yet unknown in this Country, is called of Pliny in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Somphos: in Latin, Cucurbita barbarica, & marina.   

❀ The Nature.  
The Gourd is cold and moist in the second degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The Gourd eaten raw and unprepared, is a very unwholesome food, as Galen saith, for it cooleth, and charges, or lodeth the stomach, and overturneth and hurteth the same by stirring up the pain thereof.  
But being boiled, backte, or otherways dressed, it is not so hurtful, for it doth cool and moisten the hot and dry stomach, slaketh thirst, and loseth the belly, nevertheless it nourisheth but little.  
The juice of the whole Gourd pressed out and boiled, and drunken with a little honey and Saltpetre loseth or openeth the belly very gently.  
The like virtue hath the wine that hath stood by the space of a whole night (abroad in the air) in a raw hollow Gourd, if it be drunken fasting.  
The poulpe or inner substance of the Gourd pound or bruised doth slake and suage hot swellings and impostumes, the inflammations and redness of the eyes, and especially the hot pain of the gout, being laid to the grieved places.  
The juice of the Gourd with oil of roses dropped into the ears, suageth the pains of the same.  
The same is very good to be laid to in the same sort, or by itself, unto scaldings, burnings, and chafinges, and hot Choleric inflammations, called Erisipelas, or S. Antony's fire.  
The crops and tender branches, drunken with sweet wine and a little vinegar, cureth the bloody flux.  
The rind or bark of the Gourd, burned into ashes, doth cure and make hole the sores and blisters, that come of burning, and the old sores of the genitours, being strewed thereupon.  
The seed of the Gourd is almost of the like virtue with the seed of the Cucumber.    

Of Rapes and Turnips. Chap. xxxiij.  

❀ The Description.  
THe round Rape or turnip at the beginning hath great rough broad leaves, which leaves in the end next the stem, are deeply cut and jagged upon both sides: and towards winter, it will have a round stalk, upon the which grow small yellow flowers, which bring forth small brown seed in little cods or husks like Colewurtes, to which the Rapes are much like in flowers, husks, & seed. The root is round and thick, white both without and within, sometimes as great as a man's head, sometimes no bigger than one's fist, and sometimes smaller.  
There is another kind of Turnip or Rape, yet not that sort, which some men call the read Rape or Navew, whereof we have already spoken in the Chapt. of Beets: but another kind very like to the round Rape or turnip aforesaid, in rough leaves, stalks, flowers, cods, and seeds: and and differeth but only in this, that his roots or Turneppes are not white but red, in all things else like to the other, as I understand by some Herboristes, who have declared unto me, that the noble and famous Queen Dovager of Hungary and Bohem, doth 'cause them to be set and planted in her most rich and pleasant gardens.  
Rapa.   

❀ The Place.  
The Turnip loveth an open place, it is sown somewhere in vineyards, as at Huygarden and the Country thereabouts, which do wax very great: but they are most commonly sown in fields, especially when the corn is ripe, but they become nothing so great.   

❀ The Time.  
They are sown at the beginning of summer, that they may wax great: and in july and August after the cutting down of corn: but the later sowing be never very great, & about April when summer is at hand, they bring forth stalks, and flowers. The seed is ripe in May and june.   

❀ The Names.  
Rapes are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Rapae: in French, Naneaux: in high Douch, Reuben: in base Almaigne, Rapen: in English, Rapes and Turnips.   

¶ The Nature.  
Rapes are hot and moist of complexion.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The Turnip taken in meat nourisheth meetly well, so that it be moderately taken, and well digested, but if a man take so much thereof as may not be well digested, it engendereth and stirreth up much windiness, & many superfluous humours in the body, especially when it is eaten raw, for than it hurteth the stomach, & causeth windiness, blastings, and pain in the belly & small guts.  
The same boiled in milk, suageth the pain of the gout, being laid thereto.  
Dyle of roses put into a Turnip made hollow for the purpose, and then roasted under the hot ashes or embers, heals the kibed heels. The broth of Rapes is good for the same purpose, if the kibed heels be washed and soaked thereon, and so is the Navew or Turnip itself, either baked or roasted, good to be laid upon mouldy and kibed heels.  
The crops and young springs of Turnips, eaten, provoke urine, and are good for such as are troubled with the stone.  
The seed of Turnips or Rapes, withstandeth all poison, and therefore is put to the making of treacles, which are medicines or dayned against all poison, and for the swaging of pains.  
The oil of the same seed is of the same efficacy and working, and being taken raw it expelleth the worms that engender in the body.  
The root prepared and used as is before said stirreth up the pleasure of the body, the seed drunken is of the same virtue, the seed is also put into medicines, that are made for the beautifying of the face, and all the body, as Dioscorides, Galen, and other approved authors testify. Rapes have also a marvelous properrie to clear the eyesight, as Auerrois the Philosopher (but enemy unto Christ) writeth.    

Of the long Rape/ or Navet gentle. Chap. xxxiiij.  

¶ The Kinds.  
The Navew is of two sorts, tame and wild.   

❀ The Description.  
NAuew gentle, or garden long Rape, hath great large leaves almost like the leaves of Turnips or round navews, but much smother. The stalk is round of a cubit long, upon the which grow flowers, husks, and seed like to Turnip. The root is very long, and thick, in all things else like the Turnip or round Rape.  
The wild Navew is not much unlike the abovesaid, saving that his leaves are more jagged from the neither part, even up to the top, and the root is not so long, but shorter and rounder, almost like to a wild pear.  
Napus hortensis. Garden Rape.  
Napus syluestris. Wild Rape.   

❀ The Place.  
The Navew gentle is much sown in France, especially about Paris.  
The wild Navew groweth in some Countries alongst by rivers and brooks, and such cold places.   

❀ The Time.  
The Navew flowreth in the spring time, like the Turnip and Coleworts.   

❀ The Names.  
The Navew is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Napi: in high Dutch, Steckruben: in Brabant, Steckrapen, and Parijsche Rapen, that is to say, Long Rape, and Paris navews.  
Garden Navew is called in Latin, Napus satiuus: in high Douch, Trucken Steckruben: that is to say, the dry Navew: some do also call it in English, Navet, and navew gentle.  
The wild kind is called Napus syluestris: in high Almaigne, Nasz Steckruben, that is to say, the moist or water Navet.   

❀ The Nature.  
navews are of complexion like to the Turnips, as Galen writeth.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The Navew taken in meat, doth nourrish less than the Turnip, otherwise in virtue and operation, it is much like to the round Rape or Turnip.  
The seed thereof is very good against poison, and therefore it is put into treacles, and preservatives.    

Of Rampion or wild Rapes. Chap. xxxv.  

❀ The Kinds.  
There be two sorts of Rampions or wild Rapes, the great and the small.  

Rapum syluestre parvum. Little Rampions.   

Rapum syluestre aliud. Wild Rampions.    

❀ The Description.  
THE small common Rampion, his first leaves be roundish, almost like the leaves of the March Violet, afterward it bringeth forth a round hard stalk of two foot long, set about with long narrow leaves, at the top of the stalks grow pleasant flowers, very much like to the wild Bel flowers described in the second book the twenty-three. Chap. after the flowers come long cornered or square husks, wherein the seed is enclosed which is very small. The root is long and white, sometimes as big as a man's little finger, in taste almost like the Navew gentle, the which in the winter season is used in salads.  
The other Rampion, the which is not yet very well known his first leaves be broad, and they that grow up afterward about the stalk are narrow: it hath one or two strait hollow stems, in the top of the said stems groweth a great thick bushy ear, full of little long small flowers, which before their opening, are like little crooked horns, & being openly spread, are parted into four little narrow leaves, of a blue colour, purple, grey, or white. The flowers fallen, there appear many round little husks, joining one to another, like to the husks or cups of the other Rampion, but much smaller. The root is great white & full of sap, in fashion & taste like the root of the other Rampion.  
The Marians Violet, and the Gauntelet, described in the second book, are also of the kinds of Rampions.   

¶ The Place.  
The little Rampion groweth in fields and pastures of this Country under hedges and bushes.  
The other Rampion groweth most commonly in woods, in clay grounds, and other fat, moist and dark places.   

❀ The Time.  
The little Rampion flowreth in june and july.  
The other flowreth in May.   

❀ The Names.  
Rampion is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Rapa syluestris, that is to say, Wild Rapes.  
The first kind, is now called of the writers in these days, Rapontium, Rapunculum, and Rapunculum parvum: in French, Raiponce, and Petite Raiponce: in high Dutch, Klein Rapuntzeln: in base Almaigne, Cleyn or ghemeyne Raponcelen: in English, Rampions and the little Rampion.  
The second is likewise a kind of Rampion; or wild Rapes.   

❀ The Nature.  
Rampion is of nature somewhat like the Turnip.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The Rampion eaten with vinegar and salt stirreth up appetite or meat lust, and provoketh urine, especially when it is but a little boiled or parboyled.  
Rampions mingled with the meal of lupines or juray, doth cleanse and beautify the face and all other parts of the body, being laid thereunto.  
The juice of the stalks & leaves of Rampions, especially of the lesser kind, dropped into the eyes with women's milk, cleareth the fight.    

Of radish. Chap. xxxvi.  

¶ The Kinds.  
THere be two kinds of Radish, the tame, and the wild, whereof the tame or garden Radish is of two sorts, the one with a round root, like the Navew or garden Rape, and is not very common in Brabant. The other hath a very long white root and is the common Radish of this Country. To this may be joined a third kind of garden or tame radish, with the black root which of late years hath been brought into England, and now beginneth also to wax common.   

❀ The Description.  
THe common radish hath great broad rough leaves, much cloven or deeply cut in upon both sides, not much unlike the Turney leaves. The stalks be round, with many flowers of a purple or wan colour, every flower parted into four small leaves, the which being fallen, there come in their steed, long, round, sharp pointed husks, sometimes as big as one's little fingar, wherein is enclosed a round krowne seed. The root of the one kind of garden radish, is of a foot or foot and a half long, white both without and within, and of a sharp taste. The root of the other is short, and as big as a Navew, and of a stronger and sharper taste than the longer root. The third root is black without and white within, in taste like to the others.  
The wild radish hath leaves like the common radish, but smaller and fuller of cuts or jags. The stalk is of a foot and a half long, or more, upon which grow many yellow flowers, and afterward small husks, wherein the seed, which is very small, is enclosed. The root is as big as one's finger, in taste very like to a young radish, but stronger.  
Radicula sativa. Garden Radish.  
Radicula syluestris. Wild Radish.   

❀ The Place.  
They sow Radish in gardens, and it requireth to be new sown every year.  
The wild Radish groweth alongst by ditches sides, both by standing and running waters.   

❀ The Time.  
The garden Radish is sown most commonly in june and july, and that will serve to be eaten at winter, and it flowreth in April and may: and that which is sown in March flowreth the self same year in May or june, and is nothing worth for to eat.  
The wild flowreth in june, and shortly after it yieldeth his seed.   

¶ The Names.  
The first kind is called of the Athenienses, and other ancients in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Radicula, and Radicula sativa: of some Raphanus: and in Shops, Raphanus minor: in French, Rave & Raveforte: in high Dutch, Rettich: in base Almaigne, Radijs: in English, Radish.  
The second kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Radicula syluestris: of some Radicula palustris: in French, Rave sauvage. or Raifort d'eaue: in high Almaigne, Wilder Rettich: in base Almaigne, wild Radijs, and Water Radijs: in English, wild Radish, or water Radish.   

❀ The Nature.  
radish is hot in the third degree, and dry in the second.  
The wild Radish is stronger, and more biting than the garden radish.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Radish is now eaten with other meats, as they used in times past, Nevertheless it is rather medicine than meat or nourishment, as witnesseth Galen: for it giveth very little or no nourishment to the body, seeing that it is sharp and biting upon the tongue.  
The young stems and tender crops or buds of Radish, may be likewise eaten with oil and vinegar being first boiled, and they nourish better than the roots, although in deed they yield but little nourishment.  
Dioscorides saith, that the root of Radish is pleasant to the mouth, but evil for the stomach: for it engendereth belching and windiness, with a desire to vomit.  
The same eaten before meat, lifteth up the meat, and taken after meat or meal, it suppresseth the same, causing it to descend and digest.  
It is good to be eaten before meal to cause vomit, especially the bark thereof, the which taken with oxymel (that is honeyed vinegar) hath the greater strength to stir up vomiting, and purgeth tough and slimy phlegm, and quickeneth the wit and understanding.  
The decoction or broth of radish, drunken provoketh urine, breaketh the stone, and driveth it forth.  
The same rypeth tough phlegm, and gross humours, wherwithhall the breast and stomach is charged, and causeth them to be spit out: it is also good against an old cough, and the breast that is stuffed with gross humours.  
radish is good against the Dropsy, and for them that be liver sick, and for them that have any pain or stopping of the reins, and eaten with vinegar and mustard, it is good against the Lethargy, which is a drowsy and forgetful sickness.  
It is also good for such as are sick with eating Tadestooles or Mushrumes, or Henbane, or other venom, and for them that have the cholique and gripping pains in their bellies, as Plistonicus, and Praxagoras writeth.  
It moveth women's flowers, and as Pliny writeth, causeth abundance of milk.  
The root stamped very small with vinegar, cureth the hardness of the melt or spleen, being laid thereupon.  
The same with honey stayeth fretting, festering and consuming sores, also it is good against scurffenesse, and scales of the head, and filleth up again bore places with hear.  
The same with the meal of Darnel or juray, taketh away blue spots of bruised places, and all blemishes and freckles of the face.  
The seed thereof causeth one to vomit vehemently, and provoketh urine, and being drunken with honey and vinegar, it killeth & driveth forth worms of the body.  
The same taken with vinegar, wastes the melt or spleen, and flaketh the hardness thereof.  
The same sodden in honeyed vinegar, is good to be often used hot for a gargarism against the Squinancy.  
The wild or water Radish hath the same virtue, and in working is like to the garden Radish, but altogether stronger, and is inguler to provoke urine.    

Of Raifort or mountain Radish. Chap. xxxvij.  

❀ The Description.  
Mountain Radish or Rayfort hath great broad leans, in fashion like to the great Dock, called Patience, but greater and rougher. The stalks be tender, short, and small, at the top whereof are small white flowers, and after them very small husks, wherein is the seed. The root is long and thick of a very sharp taste, and biting upon the tongue: & therefore it is pound or stamped very small to be eaten with meats, and specially fish in steed of Mustard.   

¶ The Place.  
It is found for the most part planted in gardens, and where as it hath been once set, it remaineth a long season without perishing.   

❀ The Time.  
The great Raifort springeth up in April, and flowreth in june.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called of the later writers, Raphanus magnus, & Raphanus montanus: in French, Grand Raifort, & Raphanus: in high Dutch, Meerretich, and Kern: in Brabant most commonly Raphanus, of some also Merradijs. Some of the learned sort of the later writers do take it for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Raphanus, of the Ancient Athenians, the which as some writ, is an enemy to the vine, but this is not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of Theophrast, or of the other Greeks their successors: Who take for Raphanus, Brassica Romanorum, which is our common Colewurtes. Some others judge it to be Thlaspi, whereof Cratenas writeth, but their opinion is nothing like to the truth.  

Raphanus magnus.    

❀ The Nature.  
The great Rayfort is hot and dry almost in the third degree, especially the root, in which is the chiefest virtue.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of the great Rayfort is in virtue much like to radish, but it is hotter and stronger, but not so much troubling the stomach.  
The same being very small ground or stamped, may be served to men in steed of Mustard, or other sauce to eat fish withal: for being so taken it warmeth the stomach, and causeth good appetite, and digesteth fish very well.  
It hath been also found by experience, that the great Raifort doth hinder the growing of the vine, and being planted near it, causeth the vine to starve and whither away, the which thing the later Greek writers, & not the Athenians, do ascribe to Colewurtes.    

Of Carrottes. Chap. xxxviij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be three sorts of Carrottes, yellow and read, whereof two be tame and of the garden, the third is wild growing of itself.   

❀ The Description.  
Staphilinus luteus. Yellow Carrot.  
Staphilinus niger. Read Carrot.  
Staphilinus syluestris. Wild Carrot.  
The read Carrot is like to the aforesaid in the cuts of his leaves, and in stalks, flowers, and seed. The root is likewise long and thick, but of a purple read colour both within and without.  
The wild is not much unlike the garden Carrot, in leaves, stalks, & flowers. saving the leaves be a little rougher, and not so much cut or jagged, & in the middle of the flowery tuftes, amongst the white flowers groweth one or two little purple marks or speckes. The seed is rougher, and the root smaller and harder than the other Carrottes.   

❀ The Place.  
The manured or tame Carrot is sown in gardens.  
The wild groweth in the borders of fields, by high ways and paths, and in rough untoiled places.   

❀ The Time.  
Carrotes do flower in june and july, and their seed is ripe in August.   

¶ The Names.  
Carrottes are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and in Latin Pastinacae.  
The first kind is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and Pastinaca sativa: of the later writers, Staphilinus Luteus: in high Dutch, Zam Pastiney, Zam Pastinachen, and Geel Reuben: in French, Pastinade iaulne: in base Almaigne, Geel Peen, Pooten, and Geel wortelen: in English, Yellow Carrottes,  
The second kind is also Staphilinus satiuus, and is called Staphilinus niger: in French, Pastenade rouge: in high Douch, Rot Pastiny: in base Almaigne, Caroten: in English, Red Carrottes.  
And these two garden Carrottes are in sight like to 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Daucus, described by Theophraste lib. ix. Chap. xv. and like to the herb which Galen in his sixth book of Simples nameth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is to say, Daucus Pastinaca.  
The wild kind is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Pastinaca syluestris: in Shops, Daucus, as we have declared in the second book, of some it is also named Pastinaca rustica, Carota, Babyron, and Sicha: in French, Des Panaz, or Pastenade sauvage. in high Dutch, Wild Pastnach, or wild Pasteney, and Vogelnest: in base Almaigne, Vogels' nest, and Croonkens cruyt: in English, Wild Carrot.   

❀ The Nature.  
The root of Carrottes is temperate in heat and dryness. The seed thereof, especially of the wild kind is hot and dry in the second degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Carrot roots eaten in meats, nourish indifferently well, and because it is somewhat aromatical or of a spicelyke taste, it warmeth the inward parts, being eaten moderately: for when it is to much and to often used, it engendereth evil blood.  
The roots of Carrottes, especially of the wild kind, taken in what sort soever it be, provoke urine, and the work of veneri. And therefore Orpheus writeth, that this root hath power to increase love.  
Carrot roots made into powder, and drunken with Mead or honeyed water open the stoppinges of the liver, the melt or spleen, the kidneys & rains, and are good against the jaundices and gravel.  
The seed of wild Carrot provoketh women's flowers, and is very good against the suffocation and stiflinges of the Matrix, being drunken in wine, or laid to outwardly in manner of a pessary or mother suppository.  
It provoketh urine, and casts forth gravel, and is very good against the strangury, and Dropsy, and for such as have pain in the side, the belly and reins.  
It is good against all venom, and against the bitings and stingings of venomous beasts.  
Some men writ, that it maketh the women fruitful that use often to eat of the seed thereof.  
The green leaves of Carrottes bruised with honey and laid to, do cleanse and mundify unclean and fretting sores.  
The seed of the garden Carrot, is in virtue like to the wild Carrot, but nothing so strong, but the root of the garden Carrot, is more convenient and better to be eaten.    

Of Parseneppes. Chap. xxxix.  

❀ The Kinds.  
There be two sorts of Parseneppes, the garden and wild Parsenep.  

Pastinaca vulgaris. Garden Parsenep.   

Elaphoboscum. Wild Parsenep.    

❀ The Description.  
THE garden Parsenep hath great long leaves, made of divers leaves set together upon one stem, after the fashion or order of the leaves of the Walnut or ash tree, whereof each single leaf is broad or somewhat large, and nicked or snipt round about the edges, the stalk groweth to the height of a man, channel streaked and forrowed, having many joints, like the stalk or stem of fennel: at the top grow spokie tuftes, bearing yellow flowers, and flat seeds, almost like the seed of Dyll, but greater. The root is great and long, of a pleasant taste, and good to be eaten.  
The wild Parsenep, in leaves flowers and seed is much like the garden Parsenep, saving that his leaves be smaller, & his stalks slenderer, the root is also harder and smaller, and not so good to be eaten.   

❀ The Place.  
The manured and tame kind is sown in gardens.  
The wild groweth in this Country, about ways and paths.   

❀ The Time.  
Parseneppes do flower in june and july: and the garden Parseneppes are best and most meet to be eaten, the winter before their flowering.   

¶ The Names.  
The first kind is called in the Shops of this Country, Pastinaca, and the neither Douchemen borrowing of the Latin do call it Pastinaken: in English likewise Parsenep: in French, Grand Cheruy: in high Dutch, Moren, and Zam Moren, and according to the same the base Almains call it, Tamme Mooren. Some take it for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Sisarum, others take it for a kind of Staphilinus, and Pastinaca And in deed it seemeth to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is, Pastinaca, whereof Galen writeth in his viij. book of Simples.  
The wild kind is called in some Shops, Branca leonina, or Baucia: in French, Cheruy sauvage. in high Douch, Wild Moren: in base Almaigne, Wild Moren: it is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, of some, as witnesseth Dioscorides, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Elaphoboscum, and Cerui ocellus: in English, Wild Parsenep.   

❀ The Nature.  
Parsenep is hot and dry, especially the seed which is hotter and drier than the root.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of the garden Parsenep eaten in meats, as the Carrot, doth yield more and better nourishment than Carrot roots, and is good for the lungs, the reins, and the breast.  
The same root causeth one to make water well, and suageth the pains of the sides, and driveth away the windiness of the belly, and is good for such as be bruysed, squat, or bursten.  
The seed of the wild Parsenep is good against all poison, and it heals the bitings and stingings of all venomous beasts, being drunken in wine. And truly it is so excellent for this purpose, that it is left us in writing, that when the Stags or rather the wild Hearts have eaten of this herb, no venomous beasts may annoyed or hurt them.    

Of Skirwurtes. Chap. xl.  

❀ The Description.  
THe Skirwurt hath round stalks, the leaves be cut and snipt about like the teeth of a saw, divers set upon one stem not much unlike the leaves of garden Parsnep, but a great deal smaller & smother. The flowers grow in round tuftes of spoky tops, and are of a white colour, and after that cometh a seed somewhat broad, (as I read in my copy) but the Skirworte that groweth in my garden which agreeth in all things else with the description of this Skirwort, hath a little long crooked seed of a brown colour, the which being rubbed smelleth pleasantly, somewhat like the seed of Gith, or Nigella Romana, or like the savour of Cypress wood. The roots are white of a finger length, divers hanging together, and as it were growing out of one more, of a sweet taste, and pleasant in eating.  

Sisarum.    

¶ The Place.  
These roots are planted in gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
These roots are digged out of the ground to be eaten in March, and the lest or smallest of them are at the same time planted again, the which be good and in season to serve again the year following to be eaten. But when they be left in the ground without removing, they flower and are in seed in july, and August.   

❀ The Names.  
This root is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Siser, and Sisarum: & some men call it Seruillum, Seruilla, or Cheruilla: in French, Petit Cheruy: in high Douch Gerlin, Gierlin, & of some Zam Rapuntzel: in base Almaigne, Suycker wortelkens, and Serillen: in English, Skyrwurt, and Skirwit roots.   

❀ The Nature.  
Skirwurtes are hot and dry in the second degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of Skirrets boiled, is good for the stomach, stirreth up appetite, and provoketh urine.  
The juice of the root drunken with goats milk, stoppeth the lask.  
The same drunken with wine, driveth away windiness, and gripinges of the belly, and cureth the hicket or yexe.    

Of Garden Parsely. Chap. xli.  

❀ The Description.  
GArden Parsely hath green leaves, jagged, & in divers places deep cut, and snypt round about like the teeth of a saw. The stalks be round, upon the which grow crowns or small spokie tops, with flowers of a pale yellow colour, and after them a small seed somewhat round, and of a sharp or biting taste, and good smell. The root is white and long as the root of fennel, but a great deal smaller.   

❀ The Place.  
Parsely is sown in gardens amongst wurtes and potherbes, and loveth a fat and fruitful ground.   

❀ The Time.  
The common Parsely flowreth in june, & his seed is ripe in july, a year after the first sowing of it.   

❀ The Names.  
The common Parsely is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Apium, and Apium hortense: in shops, Petroselinum, and the Douchmen following the same, calleth it Petersilgen, or Peterlin: in neither Douchland it is called Peterselie: in French, Persil, or Persil de iardin: in English, Parsely, and garden Parsely.  

Apium hortense.    

❀ The Nature.  
Garden Parsely is hot in the second degree, and dry in the third, especially the seed which doth heat and dry more than the leaves or root.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Garden Parsely taken with meats is very wholesome and agreeable to the stomach, it causeth good appetite and digestion, and provoketh urine.  
The broth or decoction of the root of garden Parsely drunken, openeth the stopping of the liver, the kidneys, and all interior parts, it causeth to make water, it driveth forth the stone and gravel, and is a remedy against all poison.  
The seed of Parsely is good for all the aforesaid purposes, and is of greater virtue and efficacy than the root: for it doth not only open all stoppinges, & resist poison, but also it dispatcheth and driveth away all blastinges and windiness, and therefore it is put into all preservatives and medicines, made to expel poison.  
It is also good against the cough, to be mixed with Electuaries & medicines made for that purpose.  
The leaves or blades of Parsely pound with the crombes of bread (or barley flower) is good to be laid to against the inflammations and redness of the eyes, and the swelling of the paps, that cometh of clustered milk.    

Of Marish Parsely/ March or smallage. Chap. xlij.  

❀ The Description.  
smallage hath shining leaves, of a dark green colour, much divided, and snipt round about with small cuts or notches, much greater and larger than the leaves of common garden Parsely. The stalks be round and full of branches, upon the which grow spoky tufts or little shadowy tops with white flowers, which afterward bring forth a very small seed, like to garden Parsely seed, but smaller. The root is small and set full of hairy threddes or strings.   

❀ The Place.  
Smalllache groweth in moist places that stand low, and is sometimes planted in gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
smallage flowreth in june and yieldeth forth his seed in july and August, a year after the sowing thereof, even like to garden Parsely.  

Elioselinon.    

❧ The Names.  
smallage is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Apium palustre, & Paludapium, that is to say, Marish Parsely: of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Hydroselinon agrion, that is, Wild water Parsely, and Apium rusticum: in shops, Apium: in French, De L'ache: in high Dutch, Epffich: in base Almaigne, jouffrouw merck, and of some after the Apothecary's Eppe: in English, March, smallage, and marish Parsely.   

❀ The Nature.  
smallage is hot and dry like garden Parsely.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The seed and roots of Smallage, in working are much like to the roots and seed of garden Parsely, as Dioscorides writeth.  
The juice of smallage doth mundify and cleanse corrupt and festered sores, especially of the mouth and throat, mingled with other stuff, serving to the same purpose.  
smallage, as Pliny writeth, is good against the poison of Spiders.    

Of Mountain Parsely. Chap. xliij.  
Orioselinon.  

❀ The Description.  
Among the kinds of Parsely, the ancients have always described a kind which they name Mountain Parsely. And albeit it be now grown out of knowledge, yet we have thought it good to describe the same, to the intent that nothing should fail of that, which apparteyneth to the kinds of Parsely, also we hope that this Parsely shallbe the sooner found, because we do here express it by name. This Parsely, as writeth Dioscorides, hath small tender stalks of a span long, having little branches, with small spokie tops or crownets, like to Hemlock, but much smaller, upon the which groweth a little seed somewhat long, like to the seed of Commin, small, of a very good and aromatical sent, and sharp upon the tongue.   

❀ The Place.  
This kind of Parsely groweth in rough untoiled places, and upon high stony hills, for the which consideration it is called Mountain parsley.   

❧ The Names.  
This Parsely is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Apium montanum, that is to say in English, Hill Parsely, or Mountain Parsely: in French, Persil de montaigne: in high Douch, Berch Epffich: in base Almaigne, berch Eppe.   

❀ The Nature.  
This parsley is of complexion, or temperament like the other, but a great deal stronger, as witnesseth Galen.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The seed and root of hill, or mountain Parsely drunken in wine, provoketh urine and women's flowers,  
The seed with great profit is put into preservatives and medicines prepared to provoke urine.    

Of stone Parsely. Chp. xliiij.  

❀ The Description.  
THis Parlely hath meetly large leaves, severed into sundry parts, or divers small leaves, the which upon each side are deep cut and finely hacked or snipt round about. The stalks be small of two foot long, upon which grow small spokie tops with white flowers, and after them a seed somewhat brown, not much unlike the seed of the garden Parsely, but better, and of an aromatical savour, & sharper taste. The root is small with many hairy strings hanging thereat.   

❀ The Place.  
This kind which is the right Parsely, groweth plentifully in Macedonia, in rough stony and untoiled places, and also in some places of Douchland, that be likewise rough stony and untoyled. The Hetboristes of this Country do sow it in their gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
This Parsely flowreth in july, and yieldeth his seed in August.   

❀ The Names.  
This strange (but yet the true Parsely) is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. and because it groweth plentifully in Macedonia, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Petroselinon Macedonicon: in Latin, Petrapium, Apium saxatile, and Petroselinum, that is to say in English, Stone Parsely, in high Douch, Stein Epffich, or Stein Peterlin: in base Almagne, Steen Eppe. It is also called of some ignorant Apothecaries Amomum: in Brabant they call it, Vremde Peterselie, that is to say, Strange Parsley, the which without all doubt is the true Parsely, called by the name of the place, where as it groweth most plentifully, Parsely of Macedon: the French men call it Persil de Roches and Persil vray.   

❀ The Nature.  
This Parsely is hot and dry almost in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The seed of this Parsely moveth women's flowers, provoketh urine, breaketh and driveth forth the stone and gravel together with the urine.  
It dispatcheth and dissolveth all windiness and blastinges, and easeth the gripinges of the stomach and bowels: it is also very excellent against all cold passions of the sides, the kidneys, and bladder.  
It is also put with great profit in preparatives, and medicines ordained to provoke urine.  
Petroselinum Macedonicum.    

Of great Parsely or Alexander. Chap. xlv.  

❀ The Description.  
THE great Parsely hath large leaves, broad, and somewhat brown, not much unlike the leaves of garden Parsely, but much larger and blacker, almost like the leaves of Angelica. The stalk is round of three or four foot high, at the top whereof it bringeth forth round spokie tufts or circles with small white flowers, 
Hypposelinon.  and after them a black seed (somewhat long, and almost as big as the kernel of an Orange) of a spicy savour and bitterish taste. The root is white within, and black without, which being taken forth of the ground, & broken in pieces putteth forth a thick liquer, or oily gum of a yellowish colour, in taste very bitter and like to Myrrh.   

❀ The Place.  
This Parsely groweth in some Countries in low shadowy places. The Herboristes of this Country do sow it in their gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
This Parsely flowreth in july, and in August the seed is ripe.   

❀ The Names.  
This Parsely is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Equapium, and Olusatrum, of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Smyrnium: and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is to say, Apium syluestre: and of the later writers, Petroselinum Alexandrinum: in shops not without error (Petroselinum Macedonicum) for it hath no similitude at all with the Parsely of Macedon: in French, Grand Persil or Grand Ache, or Alexandre: in high Dutch, Grosz Eppich, or Grosz Epffich: in base Almaigne, Groote Eppe: in English, Alexanders.   

¶ The Nature.  
This Parsely in temperament is hot and dry, like the others.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The seed of the great Parsely drunken alone, or with honeyed water, bringeth to women their desired sickness, dissolveth windiness, and grypinges of the belly, it warmeth the astonished members, or limbs taken with cold, and bruysing shiveringes or shakinges that come with extreme cold: and is good against the strangury.  
The root of the great Parsely breaketh and driveth forth the stone, causeth one to make water, and is good against the pains of the rains, and ache in the sides.  
To conclude the seed of great Parsely is of like virtue to the seed of the garden Parsely, and in all things better and more convenient than the common Parsely seed.    

Of wild Parsely. Chap. xlvi.  

❀ The Description.  
THE herb which we (in following the ancient Theophrastus) do call wild Ache or Parsely, hath large leaves, all jagged, cut, and vittered, much like the leaves of the wild Carrot but larger. The stalks be round and hollow of four or five foot long, of a brown read colour next the ground, at the top of them grow spokie rundels, or round tuffetes with white flowers, after them cometh a flat rough seed, not much unlike the seed of Dyl, but greater. The root is parted into two or three long roots, the which do grow very seldom downwards, but most commonly are found lying overthwart and alongst, here and there, and are hot and burning upon the tongue. The whole herb both stalks & leaves, is full of white sap, like to the Tithymales or Spurges, the which cometh forth when it is broken or plucked.   

¶ The Place.  
This herb is found in this Country in moist places, about ponds, and alongst by ditches, nevertheless it is not very common.   

❀ The Time.  
The wild Parsely flowreth in june, and his seed is ripe in july.   

❧ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Apium syluestre, that is to say, Wild Parsely: in French, Persil, or Ache sauvage: in high Dutch, Wilder Eppich, or Epffich: in base Almaigne, Wild Eppe. Of this herb Theophrastus writeth, in his seven. book the iiij. Chap. saying that the wild Parsely hath read stems. And Dioscorides in his third book the lxvij. Chap. In some shops of this Country it is called Meum: & they use the roots of this Parsely in steed of Meum.   

❀ The Nature.  
The wild Parsely and specially the root thereof is hot and dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of wild Parsely held in the mouth & chewed, appeaseth the rigour of the tooth ache, and draweth abundance of humours from the brain.  

Apium syluestre.     

Of water parsley. Chap. xlvij.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere is found in this Country two kinds of this herb, one great, the other small, the which do differ but only in figure, and that is long of the diversity of the places where as it groweth, for the one is changed into the other, when as it is removed from one place to another. That is to say, that which groweth always in the water, becometh small being planted upon the land or d●ie ground: and on the contrary, that which groweth upon the dry land becometh great, being planted in the water: so that to say the truth, these two herbs are but all one, which doth not only happen to this herb, but also to divers others, that grow in the waters or moist meadows.   

❀ The Description.  
THE great water Parsely, hath round, hollow, smooth brittle stalks, & long leaves made & fashioned of divers little leaves standing directly one against another, and spread abroad like wings, whereof each little leaf by itself is plain and smooth, and snipt about the edges like to a saw. At the top of the stalks grow little spokie rundels with white flowers. The root is full of hairy threads, & it putteth forth on the sides new springs, all the herb is of a stronger & pleasanter savour than any of the kinds of Parsely, & being bruised & rubbed betwixt the hands doth smell almost like Petrolium.  
The lesser water Parsely, in scent is like to the abovesaid, his stalks be likewise hollow, but smaller. The leaves be not like to the greater, but drawing near to the leaves of chervil, but yet more tenderer, and more mangled, pounsed or jagged the small flowers be white and do also grow in little round tuftes, and shadowy or spokie circles growing thick and near throng together. The root is full of threddy strings, and doth likewise put forth divers new springs or branches, the which do stretch and spread abroad upon the ground, and cleave fast to the ground taking root here and there.  
Laver Cratevae. Great water Parsely.  
Laver minus. Small water Parsely. juncus adoratus.   

❀ The Place.  
The greater water Parsely groweth in ditches and ponds.  
The lesser groweth in moist meadows that stand low and watery, not very far from pools, and standing waters, yet sometimes likewise therein.   

❀ The Time.  
Water Parsely flowreth in june and july.   

❀ The Names.  
The first herb should seem to be a kind of that which is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Laver, and Sium: in French, Berle: in high Dutch, Wass Epffich: in base Almaigne, Water Eppe, that is to say, Ache, or water Parsely. Turner and Cooper do call it, Salad Parsely, Yellow water cresses, and Bell rags.  
The second is likewise a kind of Sium, as namely that which is called juncus odoratus. And yet it is not the upright juncus, for this is but named for a likeness unto it, because that his stalks be like rushes, and it hath a pleasant smell.   

❀ The Nature and Virtues.  
Without doubt this herb is of complexion hot and dry, and in virtue like to the other Sium.    

Of Bastard Parsley. Chap. xlviij.  

❀ The Description  
CAucalis is a hairy herb & somewhat rough, not much unlike Carrot. The leaves be almost like the leaves of Coriander, but disembred and parted into smaller jags or frengiss. At the top of the branches grow shadowy bushes or spoken rundels. with white flowers whose greatest blades or leaves are turned outwards. The seed is long and rough like Carrot seed, but greater than Commin seed.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb is found in this Country in the Menze of Corn fields.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth in june, and within short space after the seed is ripe.   

❧ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and also in Latin, Caucalis, of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: that is to say, Daucus syluestris: unknown in shops: Cooper calleth it, Bastard Parsley, and saith it is an herb like fennel with a white flower and cometh of noughty Parsley seed.  

Caucalis.    

¶ The Nature.  
Caucalis is hot and dry.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Caucalis provoketh to make water like Daucus, whereunto Caucalis is much much like in virtues, as witnesseth Galen. Matthiolus attributeth many other excellent virtues to the herb Caucalis, as you may see in his Commentaries upon the second book of Dioscorides.    

Of Smyrnium. Chap. xlix.  

❀ The Description.  
THis herb, as Dioscorides writeth, hath leaves like Parsley, and they bend downward, of a strong and pleasant Aromatical smell with some sharpness, and of a yellowish colour, greater and thicker than the leaves of Parsley: at the top of the stalks grow small spoky tuffets or rundels like Dyll, with yellow flowers, and after them a small black seed, like the seed of Colewurtes, it is sharp and bitter in taste like Myrrh. The root is of a good length, plain, and full of juice, of a good small and sharp taste, black without and white within.   

❀ The Place.  
Smyrnium, as says Dioscorides, groweth in Cilicia upon the mount Amanus, in stony rough and dry ground, but now some diligent Herboristes do sow it in their gardens.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Smyrnium: in Cilicia, Petroselinon, and of some as Galen writeth, Hipposelinon agreste, that is wild Alexander.   

❀ The Nature.  
Smyrnium is hot and dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves and root of Smyrnium do appease and mitigate the old cough, and the hardness in fetching breath, they stop the belly, and are very good against the bitings and stingynge of venomous beasts, & against the pain to make water.  
The leaves of Smyrnion laid to, doth dissolve wens and hard swellings that be new, it drieth up sores, and exulcerations, and gleweth together wounds.  
The seed is good against the diseases & stoppinges of the spleen, the kidneys, and the bladder, it moveth women's natural sickness, and driveth forth the after birth or secondines.  
Smyrnion Dioscorides.  
To be drunken in wine it is good against the Sciatique, that is the disease of the hips or hanche.  
It stayeth the windiness and blastings of the stomach, taken as is beforesaid.  
It provoketh sweat, and helpeth much them that have the Dropsy, and is good against the coming again of such fevers, as come by fits.    

Of chervil. Chap. l.  

❀ The Description.  
chervil leaves are of a light green colour, tender, brittle, much jagged and cut, somewhat hairy, and of good savour. The stalks be round small and hollow, upon the which grow rundels or spokie tuffetes with white flowers, and after them a long sharp brown seed. The root is white and small.   

❀ The Place.  
chervil is common in this Country, and is sown in all gardens amongst wortes and potherbes.   

❀ The Time.  
The chervil that is sown in March or April flowreth betimes, and delivereth his seed in june and july, but that which is sown in August, abideth the winter and flowreth not before April next following.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called of Columella, Chaerophyllum, and Chaerephyllum: of the Apothecaries in our time Cerefolium: in French, Cerfueill: in high Douch, Korffelkrant, or Kerbelkraut: in base Almaigne, Keruel: in English, chervil, and chervil.   

❀ The Nature.  
This herb is hot and dry.   

❀ The Virtues.  
chervil eaten with other meats, is good for the stomach, for it giveth a good taste to the meats, and stirreth up meat lust.  
This herb boiled in wine, is good for them that have the strangury, if the wine be drunken, and the herb be laid as an implayster, upon the place of the bladder.  
It is good for people that be dull, old, and without courage, for it rejoiceth and comforteth them, and increaseth their strength.  
Cerefolium.    

Of Gingidium, in Spanish Visnaga. Chap. li.  

❀ The Description.  
GIngidium, in leaves, flowers, knobby stalks, and fashion, is like to the wild Carrot, saving that his leaves be tenderer, thicker set, and cut into smaller thrommes, or jagged frenges, and the stalks be slenderer and plainer, and the whole herb is neither rough nor hairy as the wild Carrot is, but plain and smooth and of a bitter taste. The flowers be white and grow upon spokie tops or tuftes like the wild Carrot: after them cometh the seed, the which being ripe, the stems with their spokie tuftes become stiff, and wax strong and hard, like small staves or little sticks, and the spokes or little sticks of the tuft of this herb, the Italians and Spaniards do use as toothpicks. For the which purpose it is marvelous good and excellent. The root is white and bitter.  

Gingidium.    

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth of his own kind in Spain, and as Dioscorides saith, in Syria and Cilicia: it is not found in this Country, but amongst certain Herboristes.   

❀ The Time.  
This herb flowreth in this Country in August, and delivereth his seed in September.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Gingidium: in Syria, Lepidion: and of some also, as witnesseth Dioscorides, especially of the Romans, Bisacutum: therefore it is yet at this day called in Spain, Visnaga: unknown in the Shops of Douchlande, Brabant, and this Country: it may be called Toothpick chervil.   

❀ The Nature.  
Gingidium, as witnesseth Galen, is not so exceeeding hot, but it is dry in the second degree.   

❧ The Virtues.  
Gingidium eaten raw or boiled with other meats, is very good for the stomach, as Dioscorides saith, because it is dry and comfortable, as Pliny writeth.  
The same boiled in wine and drunken, is good for the bladder, provoketh urine, and is good against the gravel and the stone.  
The hard stems of the great rundels or spokie tuftes are good to cleanse the teeth, because they be hard, and do easily take away such filth & baggage, as stick fast in the teeth, without hurting the jaws or gums: and bysides this they leave a good sent or taste to the mouth.    

Of shepherds Needel or wild chervil. Chap. lij.  

❀ The Description.  
THis herb doth not much differ in the quantity of his stalks, leaves and flowers from chervil, but it hath no pleasant smell. The stalks be round and hard. The leaves be like the leaves of chervil, but greater and more finely cut, & of a brown green colour. The flowers which be white grow upon crowns or tuftes, after the which come up long seeds, much like to small pack Needles. The root is white, and as long as one's finger.   

❀ The Place.  
You may find it in this Country in fat and fertile fields.   

❀ The Time.  
shepherds Needell flowreth in May and june, and in short space after it yieldeth his seed.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Scandix, herba scavaria, Acus pastoris, or Acula, because his seed is like to a needel, in French, Aguille de berger: in Spanish, Quixones: in base Almaigne, Naeldenkeruel: in English, shepherds Needel, wild chervil, and Needel chervil.  

Scandix.    

¶ The Nature.  
Scandix is hot and dry in the second degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Scandix eaten is good & wholesome for the stomach and belly, & in times past hath been a common herb amongst the Greeks, but of small estimation & value, & taken but only for a wild wurt or herb. Aristophanes in times passed by occasion of this herb taunted Euripides, saying, that his mother was not a seller of wurtes or good potherbes, but only of Scandix, as Pliny writeth.  
The same boiled and drunken, openeth the stoppings of the liver, kidneys, and the bladder, and is good for all the inward parts, and bowels of man.    

Of Myrrhis Casshes or Caxes. Chap. liij.  

❀ The Description.  
MYrrhis in leaves and stalks is somewhat like Hemlock: it hath great large leaves, very much cut and jagged, & divided into many parts, having sometime white speckles or spots. The stalks be round (somewhat crested) and two or three foot long: at the top of the stalks grow rundels, or spokie tuftes with white flowers, and after them cometh a long seed. The root is long & round, not much differing in taste and savour from Carrot. The whole herb, but especially the first leaves are beset with a soft down or fine hear, and are in smell & savour much like to chervil, and therefore it is called in base Almaigne wild Keruel, that is to say, Wild chervil.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth of his own kind in some meadows of Douchlande: in this Country the Herboristes do sow it in their gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
This herb bloweth in May, and his seed is ripe in june.  

Myrrhis.    

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and in Latin, Myrrhis, of some also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Myrrah: and of the writers at these days, Cicutaria, because it doth somewhat resemble Hemlock, which is named in Latin, Cicuta: in French, Cicutaire, or Persil d'asne: in high Dutch, Wilder Korffel: in base Almaigne, Wild Keruel: in English, as Turner saith, Casshes, or Caxes, because Spinsters use the stems both of this herb and Hemlock, for quills and Caxes, to wind yarn upon, it may be called also wild chervil, or mock chervil.   

❀ The Nature.  
Myrrhis, especially the root is hot in the second degree, & of subtle parts.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of Myrrhis drunken with wine provoketh women's flowers, delivereth the secundine & dead child, & purgeth & cleanseth women after their deliverance.  
The same taken in like fort provoketh urine, & is good against the bitings of field Spiders, and such like venomous beasts.  
The same boiled in the broth of flesh, doth cleanse the breast from phlegm and other corruption, and is very good for such as are lean and unlusty, or falling into consumption.  
They say also that it is good to be drunken in wine, in the time of Pestilence, and that such as have drunken three or four times of the same wine, shall not be infected with the plague.    

Of Asparagus. Chap. liiij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
There be two sorts of Asparagus, the garden and wild Asparagus.  

Asparagus. Sperage.   

Corruda. Wild Sperage.    

❀ The Description.  
THe Asparagus of the garden at his first coming forth of the ground, putteth forth long shutes or tender stalks, plain, round, without leaves, as big as one's finger, gross, and thick, having at the top a certain bud or knop, the which afterward spreadeth abroad into many branches hanging like hears. The fruit groweth upon the branches like round berries, first green, and afterward of a yellowish read▪ even of the colour of Coral, within that berry is a black sede. The roots be long and slender and interlaced or woven one in another.  
The wild Asparagus in his first springs and fruit, is much like to the garden Asparagus, the rest is altogether rough and pricking, for in steed of the long soft hears, wherewithal the garden Asparagus is covered, this hath nothing else but thorns, very small, hard, short, & prickly, wherewithal the branches are furnished.   

❀ The Place.  
The manured or tame Asparagus groweth in Burgundy and some other Countries as in Almaigne, in stony places, where as is good earth, and fat ground: in this Country it is planted in the gardens of Herboristes'.  
The wild kind groweth in certain places of Italy, and throughout all Languedoc.  
The bore stalks or first tender springs of Asparagus shoot up in April, at what time they be boiled & eaten in salade, with oil, salt, & vinegar. The fruit is ripe in August.   

❧ The Names.  
Garden Asparagus is called in greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Asparagus, & in shops Sparag: in high douch, Spargen: in base Almain Coraelcruyt: in english sperage.  
The wild Asparagus is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Asparagus syluestris, and Curruda: unknown in the shops of this Country.   

¶ The Nature.  
Asparagus, especially the roots are temperate in heat and cold, taking part of a certain dryness.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The first tender springs of Asparagus parboyled & eaten with oil & vinegar, provoke urine, and are good against the strangury, and they soften the belly.  
The decoction or broth of Asparagus, by itself (or with Ciche Peason) drunken openeth the stoppinges of the liver and kidneys: and also it is good against the jaundice, stopping of the water, strangury, and the gravel & stone.  
Some say, that if it be taken in the same manner, it easeth and consumeth the Sciatica and pain of members out of joint.  
The root boiled in wine is good for them that are bitten of any venomous beast.    

Of Senuie or Mustard. Chap. lv.  

❀ The kinds.  
There be two sorts of Senuie, the tame & the wild, whereof also the tame or garden Senuie is of two sorts: the one with a great white seed, the other having a little brown seed.  

Sinapi hortense. Mustard seed.   

Sinapi syluestre. Wild Mustard seed.    

❀ The Description.  
THe tame white Mustard hath great rough leaves, at the first not much unlike the leaves of Turnip, but after the first leaves there follow other that are smaller & more jagged, growing upon the stalks which hairy & three or four foot long, & divideth itself into many branches alongst that which grow yellowish flowers, & after them long hairy husks or cods, wherein is the seed which is round & pale, greater than Rape seed, in taste sharp & hot.  
The second kind of tame Mustard with the brown seed, which is the black Mustard & common Senuy, is like to the aforesaid in leaves, sralkes and growing. The flowers be yellow. The seed is brown, smaller than Rape seed, and in taste also sharp and hot.  
The wild kind hath great large leaves, very much jagged and rough with stalks like the other, but it groweth not so high. The flowers be of a pale yellow, fashioned like a cross, after which cometh the seed which is radish, enclosed in long round husks.   

❀ The Place.  
Mustard or Senuie is so wen in gardens and fields.  
The wild kind groweth of his own nature, in stony places, and watery grounds, and alongst the high ways.   

❀ The Time.  
The Mustard and Charlock do flower in june and july, and during the same time, they yield their seed.   

❧ The Names.  
Mustard is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Sinapi, in shops Sinapis and Sinapium: in high Dutch, Seuff: in base Almaigne, Mostaert: in English, Senuie and Mustard.  
The first kind is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Sinapi hortense: & in the shops of this Country Eruca: in French, Blanch Moustarde: in high Dutch, Weisser Seuff: in base Almaigne, Wit Mostaert: in English, White Senuie, & white Mustard sede.  
The second is also counted for a kind of Mustard, and of the later writers is called Sinapi common: in French, Seneve de iardin, ou Moustarde noire▪ in high Douch, Zamer Seuff: in base Almaigne, Chemeyne Mostaert: in English, the common Senuie or Mustard.  
The wild kind is called of the later writers 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: Sinapi syluestre in French, Sanele: in high Douch, Wilder Seuff: in base Almaigne, Wilden Mostaert.   

¶ The Nature.  
The Mustard, especially the seed which men call Senuie, is hot and dry, almost in the fourth degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Senuie bruised or ground with vinegar is a wholesome sauce meet to be eaten with hard & gross meats, either flesh or fish: for it helpeth their digestion, and is good for the stomach to warm the same, and provoketh appetite.  
It is good to be given in meats, to such as be short winded, & are stopped in the breast: for it ripeth and causeth to cast forth tough phlegm, that troubleth or loadeth the stomach and breast.  
Mustard seed chewed in the mouth draweth down thin phlegm from the head and brain: appeaseth toothache: it hath the same virtue, if it be mingled with Meade, and held in the mouth, and gargled.  
They use to make a good gargarism with honey vinegar & Mustard seed, against the tumours and swelling of the vulva and the Almonds about the throat, and root of the tongue.  
For the same intent, especially when such tumours are become hard and waxed old, they make a necessary and profitable gargarism with the juice of Mustard seed & Mead, for it slaketh, wastes, or consumeth such swellings and hardness of the Almonds and throat.  
Senuie drunken with Hydromel or honeyed water, is good against the terror and shaking of agues, provoketh the flowers and urine.  
The same seed snift up into the nostrils, causeth one to sneeses; helpeth them that have the falling sickness, and women that have the strangling of the mother, to waken them up again.  
The same pound with figs, & laid to in manner of a plaster, taketh away the homming noise & ringing of the ears or head, & is good against deafness.  
The juice of the same dried in the Son, and afterward delayed with honey cleareth the sight, and taketh away roughness of the eye brows.  
They make an emplaster with the same & figs, very good for to be laid upon the heads of such as are fallen into the Lethargy or drowsy evil, and cannot waken themselves: it is likewise good against the Sciatica or pain of the hanche, the hardness of the spleen or melt: and against the Dropsy, to be laid as an emplaster to the bellies of such as are grieved therewithal. To be short this emplaster is of great force against all cold griefs and diseases, especially when they are waxen old, for it doth warm and bring heat again into the diseased parts, it digesteth cold humours and draweth them forth.  
Senuie mingled with honey and new grease, or with a Cerote made of wax, cureth the noughty scurf or scales in the head which cause the hear to fall of, it scoureth the face from all freckles and spots, and taketh away the blue marks that come of bruising.  
If it be laid to with vinegar, it is good for lepers, wild scabs and running scurf, and is good against the bitings of Serpents.  
The perfume or savour thereof driveth away all venom, & venomous beasts.    

Of Rapistrum, or Charlock. Chap. lvi.  

❀ The Description.  
CHarlock hath great rough broad leaves, like the leaves of Turnip, the stalks be rough & slender most commonly of a foot long, with many yellow flowers, cods and seed like the Turnip, but hot or biting sharp like to Mustard seed. The root is small and single.   

❀ The Place.  
Charlocke groweth in all places alongst the ways, about old walls and ruinous places and oftentimes in the fields, especially there, where as Turneppes and navews have been sown, so that it should seem to be a corrupt & evil weed, or enemy to the Navew.   

❀ The Time.  
Charlocke flowreth from March or April until midsummer, and the seed also rypeth from time to time in the mean space.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called of the later writers Rapistrum, and of some also Synapi syluestre: in French, Velar, or Tortelle: in high Dutch, Hederich: in base Almaigne Hericke: in English, Charlock.  

Rapistrum. Charlock.    

❀ The Nature.  
Charlock, and specially the seed is hot and dry in the third degree, and of temperament like Senuie.   

❀ The Virtues.  
This herb of the later Physicians, is not used in medicine, but some with this seed do make Mustard, as with Senuie, the which they eat with meat in steed of Mustard: whereby it is evident that the seed of this herb doth not much differ from Senuie in virtue and operation, and that it may be taken in steed thereof, although it be not all thing so good, and therefore it was reckoned of Theophrast and Galen amongst those seeds, wherewithal men used commonly to prepare and dress their meats.    

Of Rockat. Chap. lvij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
OF this herb be found two kinds, the one tame which is the common Rockat most used, the other is wild.  

Eruca. Rockat.   

Eruca syluestris Wild Rockat.    

❀ The Description.  
THe tame Rockat hath leaves of a brown green colour, very much and deeply jagged or rather torn upon both sides, of a hot biting taste, the stalks be a foot long or somewhat more: upon which grow many yellow flowers, and after them little cods, in which the seed is contained. The root is long with hairy strings, and doth not lightly dye in winter, but putteth forth new stems every year.  
The wild kind is much like to the garden Rockat, saving that it is altother smaller, especially the leaves and flowers, which be also yellower, and do bring forth small cods.  
Bysides these two kinds, a man shall find in the gardens of this Country another kind of Rockat, called Rockat gentle, or Roman Rockat, in leaves and flowers much like to the wild Mustard, whereof we have before spoken, saving that his leaves be not so rough nor hairy, and are more convenient to be beaten.   

¶ The Place.  
The garden Rockat is planted in gardens, and is also found in this Country in certain rude untoiled and stony places, and upon old broken walls.  
The wild Rockat is found also in stony places about high ways & paths.   

❀ The Time.  
Rockat flowreth chiefly in june and july.   

¶ The Names.  
Rockat is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Eruca: in French, Roquette: in Dutch, Rocket: in base Almaigne, Rakette.  
The first and also the third kind is called Eruca sativa, & hortensis in French, Roquette domestic or cultiveé in base Almaigne, Roomsche Rakette: in English, Garden or tame Rockat, and Rockat gentle.  
The wild is called Eruca syluestris, that is to say, wild Rockat: in base Almaigne, wild Rakette.   

❀ The Nature.  
Rockat is hot and dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Rockat is a good Salade herb to be eaten with lettuce, porcelain, and other like cold herbs, for being so eaten it is good and wholesome for the stomach, & causeth that such cold herbs do not hurt the stomach: but if Rockat be eaten alone, it causeth headache, and heateth to much, therefore it must never be eaten alone, but always with lettuce or porcelain.  
The use thereof stirreth up bodily pleasure, especially of the seed, also it provoketh urine, and helpeth the digestion of the meats.  
The seed thereof is good against the poison of the Scorpion, & Shrew and such like venomous beasts.  
The seed laid to with honey, taketh away freckles, lentils, & other faults of the face, also it taketh away black and blue spots and scars, laid to with the gall of an Ox.  
Men say, that who so taketh the seed of Rockat before he be beaten or whipped, shallbe so hardened, that he shall easily endure the pain, according as Pliny writeth.  
The root boiled in water, draweth forth shards and splinters of broken bones being laid thereupon.    

Of Tarragon or biting Dragon. Chap. lviij.  

❀ The Description.  
TArragon hath long, narrow, dark, green leaves, in taste very sharp, and burning or biting the tongue almost like Rockat, not much unlike the leaves of common Hyssop, but much longer, and somewhat larger. The stalks be round of two foot high, parted into many branches, upon which grow many small knoppes or little buttons, the which at their opening show many small flowers, as yellow as gold intermingled with black. They being past cometh the seed. The root is long and small, very threddy creeping alongst the ground hither and thither, & putteth forth yearly here and there new stalks and springs. Ruellius in his second book Chap. xcuj. says, that this herb cometh of linseed put into a Radish root, or within the scale of the sea Onion, called Scylla in Latin, and so set into the ground and planted, and therefore he says, it hath part of both their natures, for it draweth partly towards vinegar, and partly towards salt, as may be judged by the taste.   

❀ The Place.  
Tarragon is planted in gardens, but yet it is not very common.   

❀ The Time.  
Tarragon abideth green, from the month of March, almost to winter, but it flowreth in july.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb hath not been written of by any learned man before Ruellius time, neither is it yet well known, but in some places of England, France, and certain Towns of this Country, as Anwarpe, Bruxelles, Malines, etc. where as it was first brought out of France. And therefore it hath none other name, but that which was given first by the Frenchemen, who called it Targon, and Dragon: and according to the same it is called in Latin, Draco: and of some Dracunculus hortensis: that is the little Dragon of the garden: it is also called in English, Tarragon, which should seem to be borrowed from the French, nevertheless it was allowed a denizen in England long before the time of Ruelius writing.  

Draco.    

❀ The Nature.  
All this herb is hot and burning in the mouth and upon the tongue, whereby it is certain that it is hot and dry in the third degree, and in temperature much like to Rockat.   

❀ The Virtues.  
This herb is also good to be eaten in Salade with lettuce, as Rockat, for it correcteth the coldness of lettuce and such like cold herbs. Moreover where this herb is put into the Salade, there needeth not much vinegar nor salt, for as Ruelius writeth, it is sharp and salt enough of itself.    

Of Cresses. Chap. lix.  

❀ The Description.  
GArden Cresses have small narrow jagged leaves, of a sharp burning taste: the stalks be round of a foot long, and bring forth many small white flowers, and after them little round flat husks, within which the seed is contained of abrowne radish colour.   

¶ The Place.  
Cress' are commonly sown in all gardens of this Country.   

❀ The Time.  
Cresses that are timely sown, bring forth their seed bytime, but that which is later sown, bringeth forth flowers and seeede more lately.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Nasturtium of some later writers Cressio: in French, Cresson alnoys, or Nasitort: in high Dutch, Kresz and Garten Kresz: in base Almaigne, Kersse: in English, Cresses, Town Kars, or Town Cresses.   

❀ The Nature.  
Cress' are hot and dry almost in the fourth degree, especially the seed, and the herb when it is dry: for being but yet green they do not heat nor dry so vehemently, but that they may be eaten with bread, as Galen says.   

❧ The Virtues.  
Cresses eaten in Salade with lettuce, is of virtue like to Rockat, & good amongst cold herbs, for eaten alone it overturneth the stomach, and hurteth the same, because of his great heat and sharpness.  
The seed loseth the belly, and killeth, and driveth forth worms, it diminisheth the melt, provoketh the flowers, and putteth forth the secundine and the dead child.  
It is good against Serpents and venomous beasts, and the perfume of the same causeth them them avoid.  
The same taken with the broth of a pullet or chicken, or any other like moist meats, doth ripe and bring forth tough phlegm, wherewithal the breast is cumbered or charged.  
The same laid to with honey, cureth the hardness of the melt, scoureth away scurviness, and fowl spreading scabs, dissolveth cold swellings, and keepeth the hear from falling of.  
Nasturtium.  
Being laid to with honey & vinegar, it is good against the Sciatica, & pain in the hips, and the head ache that is old, and against all old cold diseases.  
To conclude the seed of Cresses is in virtue very like Senuie, as Galen writeth.    

Of water Cresses. Chap. lx.  

¶ The Kinds.  
Water Cresses are of two sorts, great and small.   

❀ The Description.  
The great water Cress hath round hollow stalks of a foot and a half long, with long leaves made of divers other little roundish leaves standing together upon one stem. The flowers be small and white, growing at the top of the branches alongst the stems, after which follow small cods or husks, within which is the seed, which is small and yellow. The root is white and full of hairy laces or strings.  
The lesser water Cress, at the first hath round leaves, then cometh the round stalk of a foot long, upoyn the which grow long leaves jagged on both sides, almost like the leaves of Rockat. The flowers grow at the highest of the stalks, of colour somewhat white, or of a light Carnation, after which come small husks, wherein the seed lieth.   

❀ The Place.  
The greater watercress groweth in ditches, standing waters, and fountains or springs.  
The lesser watercress groweth in moist grounds and meadows that are 
Sium. Nasturtium aquaticum. Great watercress.  
Sisymbrium alterum cardamine. Small watercress.  overwhelmed and drenched with water in the winter season, also in standing waters and ditches.   

❀ The Time.  
The great watercress flowreth in july and August.  
The lesser flowreth in May, and almost until the end of summer.   

❀ The Names.  
The first kind is called in high Dutch, Braun Kersz: in base Almaigne, waterkersse: in Shops also Nasturtium aquaticum: and seemeth very well to be that Sium of the which Cratenas maketh mention, in English, Water Kars, and Water Cress.  
The second kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Sisymbrium alterum cardamine: of some also Sium: in French, Passerage sauvage, or Petit Cresson aquatique: in high Douch, Gauchblum, wilder Kresz, and Wisen Kresz: in base Almaigne, Coeckoecxbloemen, and Cleyn Waterkersse: of the Herboristes, Flos cuculi, of some Nasturtium aquaticum: in English, the lesser watercress, and Coccow flowers. This is no Iberis as some have deemed it.   

❀ The Nature.  
These two herbs are hot and dry in the second degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Water Cress is good to be eaten in Salade, either by itself or with other herbs, for it causeth one to make water, it breaketh and bringeth forth the gravel and stone, and is good for such as have the strangury, and against all stoppinges of the kidneys and bladder.  
The lesser watercress taketh away spots and freckles from the face and all such blemishes, if it be laid thereto in the evening & taken away in the morning.  
The wild Passerage boiled in lie, driveth away lice, if the head or place where they be, are washed therewithal.  
The cows feeding where, as store of the wild Passerage or Coccow flowers grow, give very good milk wherewithal is made excellent sweet butter.    

Of winter Cresses. Chap. lxi.  

❀ The Description.  
THIS herb hath green gross leaves, broad, smooth, and somewhat round, not much unlike the leaves of Smallage, or garden Rape, but greater and larger than Smallage leaves. The stalks be round & full of branches above bringing forth many little yellow flowers, and after them long round cods, wherein is enclosed a little seed. The root is thick and long.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth in the feeldeg, & sometime also in gardens of potherbes, & places not toiled or husbanded.   

❀ The Time.  
This herb is green most commonly all the winter, but it flowreth & seedeth in May and june.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Dutch S. Barbarakraut: and according to the same in Latin, Sanctae Barbarę herba: we have named it Barbaraea: the Frenchmen, Herb de S. Barb: in some places of Brabant they call it Steencruyt, because it is good against the stone and gravel: in Holland and other places Winterkersse, because they do use to eat of it in the winter time in salads, in steed of Cresses, & therefore it is called Nasturtium, or Cardamum hybernum. This seemeth to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Pseudobunium of Dioscorides: for surely this is not Sideritis latifolia, or Scopa regia, as some do take it: Herb Sainbarbe  

Pseudobunium. Barbaraea.    

❀ The Nature.  
This herb is hot and dry in the second degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Herb S. Barb is a good herb for salade, and is used in the winter season for Salads like Cresses, for the which purpose it doth aswell as Cresses or Rockat.  
It doth mundify and cleanse corrupt wounds and ulcers, and consumeth dead flesh that groweth to fast, being either laid thereto, or the juice thereof dropped in.  
Also it is certainly proved by experience, that the seed of this herb causeth one to make water, driveth forth gravel, and cureth the strangury, which virtues be likewise attributed to Pseudobunium.    

Of Thlaspi. Chap. lxij.  

¶ The kinds.  
THere be four kinds of wild Cress, or Thlaspi, the which are not much unlike one another, nor unlike cress in taste.  

Thlaspi. The first kind of Thlaspi.   

Thlaspi alterum. The second kind of Thlaspi, or treacle Mustard.    

❀ The Description.  
THE first kind of Thlaspi hath long narrow leaves. The stems be hard and pliant or tough, of a foot and a half long, upon which grow little branches bringing forth small white flowers, and afterward flat husks and round, with a certain cloven brim, or edge all above at the upmost part of each husk, which chap or cleft, causeth the husk to resemble the heart of a man, within the said husks is found small seed the which is round, eager, and burning the mouth, and in the end it tasteth and smacketh of garlic or onions, and is of a brownish colour.  
The second kind hath long leaves and meetly large, longer and broader than the first, & jagged or cut about the edges. The stalks be round of a foot long divided into sundry small branches, upon which grow small husks, almost like the seed of shepherds pouch, within which husks is likewise found a sharp biting seed.  
The third kind of Thlaspi hath smaller stalks and leaves then the aforesaid and hath more small slender branches, upon which grow flowers and seed like to the other, but altogether smaller.  
The fourth kind hath long, small, rough, white green leaves, the stalks be of a woody substance, round and tough or pliant, upon the same grow small white flowers, the which past, it bringeth forth broad husks or seed vessels, having a brownish kind of seed, very hot in taste like to the seed of Cressis.   

¶ The Place.  
These herbs do grow in fields, and all alongst the same, in untoiled places about ways, & there is store growing together, the one kind in one place, and the other in another.   

❀ The Time.  
These herbs do flower and are in seed at summer from may to August.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Thlaspi, Capsella, and Scandulaceum, of some also Myitis, Bytron, Dasmophon, Myopteron: in high Dutch, Wilder Cresz: in French, Seneve sauvage: in base Almaigne, wild Kersse: it may be also called in English, Thlaspi.  
The first kind is the right Thlaspi of Dioscorides: and is called in base Almaigne, Visselcruyt: and of some in Latin, Scordothlaspi: that is to say, Garlikethlaspi.  
Thlaspi minus. Besom grass.  
The second kind is called of the later writers, Nasturtium rusticum, & Sinapi rusticum: in high Dutch, Baurn seuff, or Baurn Kresz, & the neither Douchmen in following the same call it, Boeren mostaert, or Boerens kersse, that is to say, Senevi, or Carls Cress: or churls Cress: Turner calleth Thlaspi, treacle mustard, Bowers mustard, or dish mustard: but I think it best next to Thlaspi, which is the Greek name to call it churls mustard, both because of the strong and violent nature of this noughty plant, as also in respect of the Bowers, who began to be more mischievous to the state of their Country, than this herb is to man's nature.  
The third kind is called Thlaspi angustifolium, & Thlaspi minus: in high Dutch, Bysemkraut: in base Almaigne Bessemcruyt: that is to say, Bessem weed, or the herb serving for Bysoms. Turner calleth this Iberis Dioscoridis.  
The fourth without all doubt is a kind of Thlaspi, but it hath no other particular name.   

❀ The Nature.  
Thlaspi, especially the seed thereof, is hot and dry almost in the fourth degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The seed of the first Thlaspi eaten, purgeth choler, both upward & downward, it provoketh women's flowers, and breaketh inward impostumes.  
The same as a Clyster powered in at the fundament, helpeth the Sciatica. And it is good for the same purpose to be laid upon the grieved place, like Mustard seed.   

❀ The Danger.  
Seeing the seed of Thlaspi is very hot, and of a strong or vehement working, insomuch that being taken in to great a quantity, it purgeth or scoureth even unto blood, and is very hurtful to women with child, therefore it may not rashly be given or minished inwardly.    

Of Candy Thlaspi. Chap. lxiij.  

❀ The Description.  
THis herb groweth with narrow leaves, to the length of a foot, almost like to the leaves of Iberis. The flowers grow at the top of the plant in round tuftes like the flower of Elder, of a white or light Carnation colour: after them come flat husks fashioned like the husks of of the other Thlaspi, but much smaller, within the which is contained a seed of a sharp biting taste, like the seed of the other Thlaspi.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb is not found in this Country, but in the gardens of some diligent Herboristes.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth in may, and shortly after the seed is ripe.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Arabis & Draba: of Pliny as some men hold, Dryophonon: of the Herboristes at these days, Thlaspi de Candie, unknown in shops.  

Arabis sive Draba.    

❧ The Nature.  
Candie Thlaspi is in complexion like to the other Thlaspies.   

❀ The Virtues.  
They use to eat the dried seed of this herb with meats in steed of Pepper, in the Country of Capadocia, as Dioscorides writeth.    

Of Erysimon Dioscorides. Chap. lxiiij.  

❀ The Description.  
ERysimon hath long leaves deeply rend, & jagged upon both sides, not much unlike the leaves of of Rockat gentle or Roman Rockat, or wild Mustard. The stalks be small, slender, and pliant, and will twist and wind like Ozier withie, upon the same stalks or branches grow many yellow flowers, & after them come little slender husks, wherein also is a seed of a sharp bitingt aste: the root is long and thick, with many small strings or hairy threads.  

Erysimon Dioscorides. jiro.    

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth in all places of this Country alongst the ways, and in untoiled stony places.   

❀ The Time.  
Erysimon flowreth very plentifully in this Country, in the month of june and july.   

¶ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Irio: of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: Chamaeplion. This is the Erysimum of Dioscorides, and not of Theophrastus, for the Erysimum of Theophrastus, is not all one with that of Dioscorides, as we have sufficiently declared elsewhere. Cooper Englisheth Irio: by the name of winter Cresses.   

❀ The Nature.  
Erysimon is hot and dry like Cresses.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The seed of Erysimon taken with honey in manner of a Lohoc, and often licked, ripeth and causeth to spit out the tough and clammy phlegm gathered within the breast & lungs: likewise it is good against the shortness of breath, and the old cough: it shallbe the more convenient for the same purpose, if you steep the seed first in fair water, and then dry it by the fire, or else lap it in paste and bake it, for else it willbe to hot.  
The same seed so prepared and put into the medicines, is good against the jaundices, and gripinges of the belly, against the Sciatica, and against all venom and poison.  
The seed of Erysimon mingled with honey and water availeth much to be laid unto hidden Cankers, hard swellings, impostumes behind the ears, the old and hard impostumes of the breasts, and genitours: for it wastes and consumeth cold swellings.    

Of Iberis. Chap. lxv.  

❀ The Description.  
 IBeris hath round stalks of a cubit long, full of branches: the small leaves be narrow, yet a little greater than the leaves of Cresses. The flowers be small & white, after which there follow small shells or husks wherein the seed is, the root is somewhat thick & white, in taste hot & sharp.   

❀ The Place.  
Iberis groweth in Italy and other hot Countries, about old walls and other untoiled places. The Herboristes of this Country do sow it in their gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
Iberis flowreth and is in seed at Midsummer.   

❧ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Iberis, Cardamantice, Lepidium, and of some Nasturtium syluestre: in English, Iberis, and of Turner Sciatica Cress.  

Iberis. Sciatica Cress.    

¶ The Nature.  
Iberis is very hot and dry, of nature like to Cresses.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The Ancient Physicians, especially Damocrates, say that the root of Iberis mingled with Swine's grease, cureth the Sciatica gout, if a man bind of this ointment to his hanche huckle bone, or the aching place the space of sour hours, & the women two hours, but immediately after the removing of this ointment, they must enter into a bath. Read Turner for the rest of this cure under the title Iberis.    

Of Dittander Dittany/ but rather Pepperwurt. Chap. lxvi.  

❀ The Description.  
DIttany which we may more rightly call Pepperwurt, hath long broad leaves, not much unlike the Bay tree leaf, but a great deal larger and longer, and a little natched or toothed about like a saw. The stalks and branches be round, uneasy or hard to be broken, and about two foot high: at the top whereof grow a number of small white flowers, and after them a small seed. The root is long & single creeping under the earth, and putteth forth yearly in divers places new springs and leaves.   

❀ The Place.  
Dittany is sown in some gardens of this Country, and where as it hath been once set, it abideth or continueth well, so that afterward it cannot be easily destroyed.   

❀ The Time.  
Dittany flowreth & is in Seed in june and july.   

❧ The Names.  
This herb is called of the later writers in these days, in Latin, Piperitis, of some also Syl●estris Raphanus: in French, Passerage: in high Almaigne, Pfefferkraut: in base Almaigne, Pepercruyt: This should seem to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Lepidium, of Paulus Aegineta, & of Pliny: yet for all that, this is not Lepidium of Dioscorides, neither yet Pliny's Piperitis, although it be of some men, sometimes so called: it is fond and unlearnedly named in English, Dittany. It were better in following the Douchemen to call it Pepperwurt.  

Piperitis.    

¶ The Nature.  
This herb is hot and dry in the third degree.   

❧ The Virtues.  
Some in these days use this herb with meats, in steed of Pepper, because it hath the nature and taste of Pepper, whereof it took the name Piperitis.  
And because the root of this herb is very hot and of complexion like to Mustard or Rockat, it is therefore also very good against the Sciatica, being applied outwardly to the huckle bone or hanche, with some soft grease, as of the Goose or Capon.    

Of water Pepper. Chap. lxvij.  

❀ The Description.  
WAter Pepper, hath plain, round, smooth, or naked stalks & branches, full of joints, the leaves be long & narrow, not much unlike the leaves of withy, of a hot burning taste, like Pepper, at the top of the stalks amongst the leaves grow the flowers upon short stems, clustering or growing thick together, almost like the flowers of Blite, small and white, the which passed there cometh a broad seed somewhat brown, which biteth the tongue, the root is hairy.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth in all this Country in pools & ditches, standing waters and moist places.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth most commonly in july & August.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latin Hydropiper, & Piper aquaticum in French, Poyure aquatique, or Couraige: in high Douch, Waster Pfeffer, or Muckenkraut: in base Almaigne, Water Pepper: in English, Water pepper, or Water-pepperwurt, and of some Curagie.   

❀ The Nature.  
Water Pepper is hot and dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves & seed of water Pepper or Curaige, doth waist & consume cold swellings and old hardness, also it dissolveth & scattereth congealed or clotted blood that cometh of stripes & bruises, being laid thereto.  
The dried leaves be made into powder, to be used with meat in steed of Pepper, as our Dyttanie, or Passerage is used.    

Of Arsesmart. Chap. lxviij.  

❀ The Description.  
THis herb is like to water Pepper, in leaves, stalks, & clustering flowers, but it is neither hot nor sharp, but most commonly without any manifest taste. The stalks be round & have many knobby joints like knees. The leaves be long and narrow like the leaves of water Pepper, but browner, with blackish spots in the middle, which are not found in the leaves of water Pepper. The flowers be of a carnation or light 
Hydropiper.  
Persicaria.  read colour clustering together in knops, after which cometh abroad brown seed. The root is yellow and hairy.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth also in moist marish places, and alongst the water plasshettes, and is oftentimes found growing near to the water Pepper.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth in july and August, and shortly after it is in seed.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called of the latter writers in Latin, Persicaria: in French, Persicaire, of some Curaige in high Douch, Persichkraut, or Flochkraut: in base Almaigne, Persickcruyt, and of some Vloocruyt: in English, Arsse-smart, or Ciderage.   

❀ The Nature.  
Arsesmart is cold and dry of complexion.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The green Arsesmart pound, is good to be laid to green or fresh wounds, for it doth cool and comfort them, and keepeth them both from inflammation and apostumation, and so doth the juice of the leaves dropped in.    

Of Indian Pepper. Chap. lxix.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be three sorts of this Pepper, the one with husks of a mean length and greatness, the others husks be long and narrow, and the third hath short broad husks in all things else not much unlike one another, in figure and manner of growing.  

Capsiacum. Indian Pepper.   

Capsiacum oblongius. Long Indian Pepper.    

❀ The Description.  
THe Indian Pepper hath square stalks somewhat brown of a foot high, upon which grow brownish leaves, smooth & tender, almost like to the leaves of common Morrel or Nightshade, but narrower & sharper pointed. Among the leaves grow flowers, upon short stems, with five or six small leaves, of colour white, with a green star in the middle. After the flowers come smooth and plain husks, which before they be ripe are of a green colour, and afterward read and purple. The husks of the first kind are of a finger length. The husks of the second kind be longer & narrower. They of the third kind are large, short and round. In the said husks is found the seed or grains, of a pale yellow colour, broad, hot, and of a biting taste like Pepper.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth not of his own kind in this Country, but some Herboristes do set and maintain it in their gardens, with great care and diligence.   

❀ The Time.  
The seed of this Pepper is ripe in this Country in September & before winter.  

Capsicum latum. Large Pepper of Indie.    

¶ The Names.  
This strange herb is called of Actuarius in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Capsicum: of Avicen, Zingiber caninun: of Pliny after the opinion of some men, Siliquastrum, and Piperitis: of such as writ in these days, Piper Indianum Piper Calecuthium, and Piper Hispanum: in high Dutch, Indianischer Pfeffer, Calecutischer Pfeffer: in French, Poyure d'Inde, or d' Espaigne: in base Almaigne, Pepper van Indien, and Bresilie Pepper: in English, Indian Pepper, or Calecute Pepper.   

❀ The Nature.  
The Indian Pepper is hot and dry in third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Indian Pepper is used in divers places for the dressing of meats, for it hath the same virtue and taste as the usual Pepper hath: furthermore it coloureth like Saffron, and being taken in such sort, it warmeth the stomach, and helpeth greatly the digestion of meats.  
The same doth also dissolve and consume the swelling about the throat called the kings evil, all kernels, and all cold swellings, and taketh away all spots and lentils of the face, being laid thereunto with honey.   

❀ The Danger.  
It is dangerous to be often used or in to great a quantity: for this Pepper hath in it a certain hidden evil quality, whereby it killeth Dogs, if it be given them to eat.    

Of Pepper. Chap. lxx.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THe old and ancient Physicians do describe and set forth there kinds of Pepper, that is to say, the long, the white, and the klacke Pepper, the which a man shall even in these days found to be sold in the shops of the Apothecaries and Gross.   

❀ The Description.  
AS touching the proportion & figure of the tree or plant that beareth Pepper, we have nothing else to writ, saving that we have found described of the ancients, and such as have travailed into India, and the Countries about Calecute: and because this is a strange kind of of fruit, not growing amongst us, we will writ no more thereof, but as we have gathered from the writings of the Ancients, & others, which lately have travailed into those Countries, who notwithstanding be not yet all of one mind or opinion: for Pliny writeth that the tree which beareth Pepper is like to our juniper: Philostratus says, the Pepper tree with his fruit, is like to Agnus castus. Dioscorides with certain others do writ, the Pepper groweth in India upon a little or small tree. And that the long Pepper (the which is like to the knoppes or agglettes that hung in the birch or Hasell trees before the coming forth of the leaves) is as it were the first fruit which cometh forth immediately after the flowers, the which also in process of time do wax long, great and white bringing forth many berries hanging together, upon one and the self same stem. The which berries being yet unripe, are the white Pepper. and being ripe & black is our common black Pepper. Such as travel to the Indians, Calecute, & the Countries there abouts do say, that Pepper groweth not upon trees, but upon a plant like ivy or bindweed, the which doth twist and wrap itself about trees and hedges, bringing forth long weak stems, where upon hung the Pepper corns or berries, even like the Ribs, or beyondsea Gooseberries, as you may see in this Country: for Pepper is brought from the Indians to Anwarpe preserved in comsiture with the stems, and foot stalks hanging in it. The green and unripe berries, remain white, and it is that we call white Pepper, but when they be through ripe they wax black, & full of shriveled wrinkles, and that is our common black Pepper. The same authors or later travailers do affirm, that long Pepper is not the fruit of this plant, but that it groweth upon other trees, like the things that you see hanging like cats tails, or Agglettes, upon the Nut trees and birch trees in the winter, the which fruit they call long Pepper, because in taste and working it is like Pepper.   

¶ The Place.  
Pepper groweth in the Isles of the Indian seas, as Taprobane Sumatra, and certain other Islands adjoining, from which Islands it is brought to Calecute, the which is the most famous and chiefest city, as also the greatest mart town of the Indians: and there it is sold not by weight, but by measures as they sell corn in this Country.   

❀ The Names.  
Pepper is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: Latin, Piper in high Dutch, Pfeffer: in base Almaigne, Pepper: and in English, Pepper.  
Long Pepper is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Piper longum: in Shops, Macropiper.  
The white Pepper is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Piper album: in Shops, Leucopiper.  
The black Pepper is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Piper nigrum: in Shops, Melanopiper.   

❀ The Nature.  
Pepper is hot and dry in the third degree, especially the white and the black, for the long Pepper is not so dry, because it is partaker of a certain moisture.   

❀ The Virtues.  
It is put into sauces to give a good smack & taste unto meats, to provoke appetite, and help digestion.  
It provoketh urine, driveth forth windiness, and pains in the belly, to be ken with the tender leaves of Bay or Commin: it is also very good against poison, and the bitings and stingings of venomous beasts, and therefore it is put into treacles and preservative medicines.  
The same drunken before the coming of the fit of the Ague, or laid to & anointed outwardly with oil, is good against the shakings & bruisings of agues.  
The same licked in with honey, is good against the cough coming of a cold cause, and against all the cold infirmities of the breast and lungs.  
The same chewed with Raisins, draweth down from the head thin phlegm, and purgeth the brain.  
Laid to with honey it is good against the Squinancy, for it consumeth and wastes the swellings and tumours.  
The same with Pitch dissolveth the kings evil and kernels, and wens or hard cold swellings, and draweth forth shards and splinters.  
Pepper, but especially long Pepper, is good to be mingled with eye medicines or Collyries made to clear and strengthen the sight.    

Of Garlic. Chap. lxxi.  

¶ The kinds.  
THere be three sorts of Garlic, that is the common or garden Garlic, wild Garlic, and Ramsons.  

Allium sativum. Garden Garlic.   

Allium syluestre. Crow Garlic.   

Allium ursinum. Ramsons.    

❀ The Description.  
GArden Garlic hath leaves like grass, or Leeks, amongst which (the year after the sowing) come up round hollow stems, which bear flowers and seed like to to the Onion. The root is round swelling out like the Onion, heaped up with many cloves or kernels joined together, under which hangs a beard or tassel of many small hairy strings.  
The wild Garlic hath no leaves, but in steed thereof it hath long, round, small, hollow, pyped blades, amongst which springeth up a round hard stem of two or three foot long, upon which grow the flowers and seed. The root is also round Bulbus fashion, without cloves or kernels growing in it, yet sometimes it hath joined thereunto new heads or or roots, from which spring new plants.  
Of this sort is found another kind which is smaller, in all things else like the other, aswell in leaves, or blades, stems, and seed, as also in roots, the which do grow most commonly in meadows.  
Allium ursinum. Ramsons.  
The third kind of garlic (called Ramsons) hath most commonly two drode blades or large leaves, almost like the leaves of Liricumphancy, or May lilies: betwixt which cometh up a stem or twain, bearing many small white flowers. The root is like to a young Garlic head, of a very rank savour and taste.   

❀ The Place.  
Garden Garlic is planted in gardens.  
The wild Garlic groweth by itself in fields, and hedges, and meadows, especially the smaller sort, for the bigger keepeth the fields & pastures most commonly.  
Ramsons grow in moist dark places.   

❀ The Time.  
The wild Garlic flowreth and is in seed in june and july.  
Ramsons flowreth in April and May.   

❀ The Names.  
Garlic is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Allium: in high Dutch, Knobloch, or Knoblouch: in base Almaigne. Loock.  
The first kind is called Allium sativum: in English, Garden Garlic, and poor men's treacle: in French, Ail de iardin: in Dutch, Tam Loock, or Loock.  
The second kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Allium anguinum, & Allium syluestre: in French, Ail sauvage in high Dutch, Wilder Knobloch, or field Knobloch: in base Almaigne, Will't Loock: in English, Crow Garlic, and wild Garlic.  
The third kind is called of the later writers in Latin, Allium ursinum: in French, Ail d'ours: in high Douch, Waldt knoblauch: in base Almaigne, Das Loock: in English, Ramsons, Buckrammes, & bears Garlic. This should seem to be that Garlic, which Dioscorides calleth Scorodoprassum, or as some others think Ampeloprasum.   

❀ The Nature.  
Garlic is hot and dry almost in the fourth degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Garlic eaten raw, and fasting nourisheth not, but contrariwise it engendereth evil blood, because of his exceeding heat: Nevertheless being boiled until it hath lost his sharpness, it engendereth not so evil blood, and although it nourisheth but little, yet it nourisheth more than when it is eaten raw.  
It is good for such people as are full of gross, raw, and tough humours, for it wastes and consumeth cold humours.  
It dispatcheth windiness, openeth all stoppinges, killeth and driveth forth broad worms, and provoketh urine.  
It is good against all venom & poison, taken in meats or boiled in wine and drunken, for of his own nature it withstandeth all poison: in so much that it driveth away all venomous beasts, from the place where it is. Therefore Galen prince of Physicians, called it poor men's Treacle.  
It is laid with great profit to the bitings of mad Dogs, and upon the bitings & stingings of venomous beasts, as Spiders, Scorpions, Vipers, and such like: and for the same purpose it availeth much to drink the decoction or broth of Garlic sodde in wine.  
It is also good to keep such from danger of sickness, as are forced to drink of divers sorts of corrupt waters.  
The same eaten raw or boiled cleareth the voice, cureth the old cough, and is very good for them that have the Dropsy: for it drieth the stomach and consumeth the water: and doth not much altar nor distemper the body.  
The decoction thereof made with Orygan and wine, being drunken, killeth lice and nittes.  
It is very good against the tooth ache, for it slaketh the same, pound with vinegar, & laid to the teeth: or boiled in water with a little incense, & the mouth washed therewith, or put into the hollowness of the corrupt teeth. It is of the same virtue mixed with goose grease and powered into the ears.  
The same bruised betwixt the hands and laid to the temples, slaketh the old headache.  
The same burned into ashes & mingled with honey, heals the wild scab, and scurf of the head, and the falling of the hear, being laid thereupon.  
Laid to in the same manner, it heals black and blue scars, that remain after bruises and stripes.  
It is also good against the fowl white scurf, lepry, and running ulcers of the head and all other manginess pound with oil and salt, and laid there upon. Also it is good against the hot inflammation called wild fire, which is a spreading scab like a tetter.  
With Swine's grease in wafteth and dissolveth hard swellings, and laid to with Sulphur and Rosen, it draweth forth the evil quality or noughty humour from fistulas, as Pliny writeth.  
It moveth women's natural sickness, driveth forth the secundine, if women sit over the decoction thereof, or if it be cast upon the quick coals, and women receive the fume of it through a fonnel or hollow stole.  
They cure the pipe or roupe of Pultrie and Chickens with Garlic.   

❀ The Danger.  
Garlic is hurtful and naught for choleric people, and such as be of a hot complexion, it hurteth the eyes and sight, the head and kidneys. It is also naught for women with child and such as give suck to children.    

Of Sauwce alone or jacke by the hedge. Chap. lxxij.  

❀ The Description.  
THis herb at his first springing up, hath roundish leaves, almost like to March violettes, but much greater and larger, & of a paler colour. Amongst those leaves cometh up the stalk of two foot high, with longer and narrower leaves than the first were, and crevised or jagged about, not much unlike the Nettle leaves, but greater. The which being bruised between the fingers, have the savour and smell of Garlic. About the highest of the stalk grow many small white flowers, and after them long cods or husks wherein is black seed. The root is long & slender, and of woody substance.   

¶ The Place.  
This herb delighteth to grow in low untoiled places, as about the borders of meadows, and moist pasture grounds, and sometimes in hedges, and upon walls.   

❀ The Time.  
This herb flowreth most commonly in May and june, and afterward cometh the seed.  

Alliaria.    

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called of the later writers in the Latin tongue, Alliaria, of some also Scordotis: but this is not the true Scordotis, the which is also called Scordium, and is described in the first book of this history: Pandectarius calleth it Pes Asininus: it is named in French, Alliaire: in high Douch, Knoblochkraut, Leuchel, or Saszkraut: in base Almaigne, Loock sunder loock: in English, Sauce alone, and jacke by the hedge.   

❀ The Nature.  
This herb is hot and dry almost in (the third degree) fourth degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
This herb is not much used in medicine: but some do use it with meats in steed of garlic.  
The ignorant Apothecaries do use this herb for Scordium, not without error, as it is manifest to all such as are learned in the knowledge of Simples.    

Of Onions. Chap. lxxiij.  

¶ The Kinds.  
THere be divers sorts of Onions, some white, some read, some long, some round, some great, and some small: but all of one savour and property, saving that the one is a little stronger than the other. Yet they differ not in leaves, flowers, and seed.   

❀ The Description.  
THe Onion hath leaves or blades almost like garlic, hollow within. The stems be round, upon which grow round bawls or heads, covered with little fine or tender white skins, out of which break many white flowers like stars, which turn into small pellettes or buttons, in which are contained two or three black cornered seeds. The root is round or long, made of many folds, pylles, or coverings, growing one upon another, whereof the upmost pills or scales are thinnest. In the neither part of the root is a beard of hairy roots, or strings like a tassel.   

❀ The Place.  
They are sown in every garden of this Country, but they love a soft and gentle ground.   

❀ The Time.  
They are commonly sown in February and March, and are full grown in August, & are then plucked out of the ground to be kept. And if they be planted again in December, january, or February, than they will blow in june, and bring forth in july and August.   

❧ The Names.  
The Onion is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Cepa, and Cepe: in high Dutch, Zwibel: in base Almaigne, seed Ayevyn.   

❀ The Nature.  
The Onion is almost hot in the fourth degree, and rather of gross, then subtle parts.  

Crommion, Cepa. Onions.    

❀ The Virtues.  
The Onion engendereth windiness, and causeth appetite, and it doth scatter, and make thin gross and clammy humours, without nourishing: especially to be eaten raw. But being boiled twice or thrice it is nothing so sharp, and it nourisheth somewhat, but not much.  
Onions eaten in meat, open the belly gently, and provoke urine plentifully.  
They open the hemorrhoids, so called in Greek, laid to the fundament or siege with oil or vinegar, and so doth the juice or the whole Onion mingled with roasted apples, and laid upon the fundament with cotton.  
Onions sodden and laid to with Raysens and figs, do ripe and break wens and such like cold swellings.  
The juice of them dropped into the eyes, cleareth the dimness of the sight, and at the beginning removeth the spots, clouds, and haws of the eyes.  
The same juice dropped into the ears, is good against deafness, and the humming noise or ringing of the same, and is good to cleanse the ears from all filthiness, and corrupt matter of the same.  
The same powered or snift up into the nostrils, causeth one to sneeses, and purgeth the brain.  
Being put under in a pessary, it bringeth out the flowers and secundine.  
It is laid to the bitings of dogs, with honey Rue & salt, with good success.  
It cureth the noughty scab and itch, & the white spots of all the body, and also the scurf and scales of the head: and filleth again with hear the pilled places of the head, being laid thereto in the Son.  
The same laid to with Capon's grease, is good against the blisters of the feet, and against the chafing and galling of the shoe.   

❀ The Danger.  
The often use of Onions, causeth headache, and overmuch sleep, and is hurtful to the eyes.    

Of Leeks. Chap. lxxiiij.  

❀ The Description.  
THE Leek hath long broad blades, folden together with a keel or crest in the backside, in taste and savour not much unlike the Onion, betwixt which leaves in the second year groweth a round stem, which bringeth forth a round head or bawl, with his flowers like the Onion, and after the flowers it beareth seed, in fashion like to Onion seed, but that it is of a grayish colour. The root is white and lesser than a mean Onion, with a beard or tassel of hairy strings.   

¶ The Place.  
The Leek is planted almost in every garden of this Country, and is but seldom suffered to seed: but the blades are cut almost every day hard by the ground, to be daily used in pottages, and other meats, and therefore it can unethe or scarcely grow up.   

❀ The Time.  
The Leek flowreth in may and june, a year after the sowing, if it hath not been cut, for if it be continually cut, it beareth very seldom flowers or seed, and therefore some do writ that the Leek bringeth forth neither flowers nor seed, which is untrue, for the Leek which hath not been cut bringeth forth both flowers and seed.  

Porrum.    

¶ The Names.  
The Leek is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Porrum: in French, Poureau. in high Dutch, Lauch: in base Almaigne, Paraye: in English, a Leek, or Leeks.  
The uncut Leek is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Porrum capitatum: that to say in English, the headed or knopped Leek.  
The cut leek is called of Columella and of Palladius in Latin, Porrum sectiuum: in English, French Leek, unset Leek, Maiden leek.   

❀ The Nature.  
The Leek is hot and dry in the third degree, of Nature like the Onion, but not so strong.   

❧ The Virtues.  
Leeks engender gross and evil blood, breed wind, and 'cause heavy dreams, especially to be eaten raw: but boiled in water twice or thrice, it willbe the better and more convenient to be eaten.  
It stirreth one to make water, it maketh the humours fine and thin and softeneth the belly.  
The juice of Leeks drunken with honey, is good against the bitings and stingings of venomous beasts.  
The juice of Leeks taken in an electuary of Lohoc, doth mundify & cleanse the breast, causeth one to spit out, and is good against hoarseness and the old cough.  
A bath of Leeks made with salt sea water, provoketh women's flowers, openeth the stoppings of the Matrix, and doth mollify and soften all hardness of the same, if they sit over the fume thereof.  
The leaves, or as we say the the blades of Leeks will staunch bleeding, especially nosebleeding: the same virtue hath the juice mingled with vinegar, and fine powder of Frankincense to be put into the nostrils.  
The seed is good to be mingled and put into medicines, that serve to break the stone.  
It stoppeth and stauncheth all superfluous bleeding to be taken with the like quantity of Myrtill berries.   

❀ The Danger.  
Leeks engender evil humours, and windiness: they 'cause heavy and terrible dreams, they darken the eye sight, and are very hurtful for them that have any exulcerations or going of, of the skin, of the bladder, or reins.    

Of Cyves'/ or Rush Onions Leeks. Chap. lxxv.  

❀ The Description.  
CYues or Rush Onions, in the steed of leaves have little, small, hollow, & slender piped blades, like to small Rushes, growing thick together, in taste not much unlike the taste of Leeks. Amongst the Rushlyke leaves grow small round stems, with small bowls, or round knopped heads, like the bawl in the top of the seed Onion, but much smaller, and full of small purple flowers. The roots be like to small Onions, but a great deal smaller, growing close and thick together, full of long hairy threads or strings, like the beard of the Onions, or leeks,   

❀ The Place.  
It is set in gardens amongst pot herbs, or wurtes.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth in May and june a year after the sowing, new planting or setting.  

Schoenoprasum.    

❀ The Names.  
This kind of Leeks is called in English, chives, & of Turner in Latin, Cepa pallacana, & in greek Gethyun, which he Englisheth by all these names a Cyve, a Civet, a Chyve, or Sweth, and giveth to the same a very strange figure: but this kind is called in French, des Oignoncettes, or Porrettes: in high Dutch, Schnitlauch, Bryszlauch: in base Almaigne, Biesloock, that is to say, Rush Garlic, because in steed of leaves it bringeth forth small rushes like Crow Garlic. It hath neither Greek nor Latin name that I know. Therefore in following the Dutch, we do call it in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and in Latin, Scoenoprasum: which may be Englished, Rush Leeks: and if any man had called it in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, I without any presumption might have called it Rush Onions. Some take it to be Porrum sectiuum: but it appeareth well by that which Columella and Palladius have written, how shamefully they err, and by the same authority of Columella and Palladius we have sufficiently proved in the former Chapter, that the cut Leek, and the headed Leek, which is our common Leek are all one, and do come both of one seed, and do differ but only in this: that the one is suffered to grow and bear seed, and the other is oftentimes cut.   

❀ The Nature.  
chives are hot and dry in the third degree, and of complexion or temperament like unto Leeks.   

❀ The Virtues.  
chives are used in meats and Pottages even as Leeks, which they do resemble in operation and virtue.    

Of wild Bulbus/ or wild Onion. Chap. lxxvi.  

❀ The Description.  
THis herb hath long leaves or blades like Garlic, but very seldom bringing forth more than two blades, betwixt which springeth up a round hollow stem of a span long at the top thereof grow many yellow sterrelyke flowers, the which do change into a three square or triangled husk or husks: in which the seed is contained. The root is round as an Onion.   

❀ The Place.  
This Onion groweth in divers places of Almaigne, in sandy Countries in dales and valleys about brooks and little streams, and sometimes also under hedges.   

❀ The Time.  
This kind of Bulbus flowreth in March, and is in seed in April, & in short space after it vanisheth away, so that in May following a man shall found neither stalks neither leaves.   

❀ The Names.  
How this kind of Bulbus hath been called of the ancients or old writers, is not certainly known, some think it to be Bulbina: some others would have it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is to say, Bulbus esculentus, but as some learned men and I do think, this Bulbus is 
Bulbus syluestris.  neither the one nor the other. And therefore we call it Bulbus syluestris: the high Douchemen do call it feldswibel, Ackerzwibel: and there after it is called in base Almaigne, Velt Ayevyn: in French, Oignon sauvage: that is to say, Wild Onion. Turner calleth it Bulbyne, wild Leek, and Corn leek, li. 1. fo. 97. and in the first unpression. fol. 5.   

❀ The Nature.  
This wild Onion is hot and dry in the second degree, the which is to be perceived by his bitter taste and rough astriction, or binding quality.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Such as have put this Bulbus in proof, do affirm that it softeneth and driveth away hard swellings being laid thereunto.  
It is also (with great profit) applied and laid unto moist, corrupt, rot ten, festered, fretting and consuming sores, being first roasted under embers, and then pound with honey and laid to.    

Of the white field Onion. Chap. lxxvij.  

Ornithogalum minus. Bulbus Leucanthemus.   

Ornithogalum maius.   

❀ The Description.  
THis kind of Bulbus at the first springing up hath long small narrow grassy leaves or blades of a span long: from amongst which springeth up a round green stem, of a span long or thereabouts, bringing forth four or five small flowers, green without and white within, not much differing in proportion from the fashion of the Lylie flower, especially before they be fully spread abroad and opened, but they be much lesser. The root is round like an Onion or Bulbe, white both within and without, and very slimy like Comfrey, when it is bruised or broken in pieces: in taste somewhat sharp. This agreeth not with Ornithogalum of Dioscorides, for his Ornithogalum is described to have a certain aglet, or a thing called Cachryos, growing up in the middle of the flower: Neither is it like to be Matthiolus Ornithogalum: for that which he setteth betwixt Ornithogalum and Trasi, hath a root black without and white within.  
This Ornithogalum maius, is like the other, but much greater. The leaves of this be long and small, but bigger than the first. The stalk groweth a foot & a half high, and is very even. There grow upon the top of the stalk fair pleasant flowers, of colour white, like unto small Lilies, in the middle is a head like the seed that is named Cachrys. The root is a Bulbus▪ the which lightly multiplieth into many other.   

❀ The Place.  
This herb groweth in sandy places that lie open to the air, and be manured or toiled, and is found in many places of Brabant, especially about Malines or Mechelen almost in every field.   

❀ The Time.  
The leaves of this Bulbus do spring up first in March & April, & the flowers in May, & about june they do so vanish, that they be not any longer to be seen or found.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and in Latin, Ornithogalum: unknown in shops: in base Almaigne it is called, Wit velt Ayveyn, that is to say, the wild white field Onion: in some places of France, it is called Churls. It may likewise be very well called, Bulbus Leucanthemus.  
The other Bulbus, is likewise an Ornithogalum, and is called of some now in these days, Lilium Alexandrinum, that is to say, Lilies Alexandria, because it is thought that it is first brought into knowledge in this Country from Alexandria.   

❀ The Nature.  
This Bulbus is temperate in heat and dryness.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Dioscorides says, that it may be eaten either raw or roasted as you list.  
It is also very good to soldier and close up fresh or green wounds, being laid upon like Comfrey.    

Of the Sea Onion called Squilla. Chap. lxxviij.  

¶ The kinds.  
AT this day there be found two kinds of Squilla, or Sea Union: the one bearing strait or narrow blades, the which is the right Squilla: the other hath broad blades, and is commonly used for Squilla.   

❀ The Description.  
THE round bollens, or embossed heads of the first & right Squilla, are very great and thick, and whiter than the bollens or heads of the usual & common Squilla. The blades be long and narrow, and of a white green or grayish colour.  
The common Squilla hath also great thick heads or bollens, but they are most commonly redder, and the pills or scales are thicker than the scales or coverings of the other Squilla. The leaves be great and broad almost like to Lylie leaves. The flowers be small and yellow growing at the highest and alongst the stalks or stems, after them cometh the seed.   

❀ The Place.  
Squilla groweth not of his own accord in this Country, but is brought from Spain hither to serve for medicine, whereof some is planted in gardens.   

❀ The Names.  
The first kind of this strange Onion, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: & in Latin, Scylla: in Shops, Squilla: in French, Stiboule, Squille, Oignon de mer: in high douch Meerzwibel: in base Almaigne, Zee Ayevyn: of Serapio, Cepe muris, that is to say, Mowce Onion: in English, Squilla, and Sea Onion.  
The second kind is taken of the greater number of Apothecaries for Squilla, albeit it is not the right kind, but of that sort which the Greeks do call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: the Latins Pancratium, which is of nature like to Squilla, and therefore without any error it may be used in steed of Squilla. And this kind of the learned Peter Belon is counted to be Bulbus littoralis of Theophrastus, whereunto it is very much like: for Dioscorides Pancratium, and Theophrastus Bulbus littoralis do seem to be all one.   

❀ The Nature.  
Squilla is hot in the second degree, and dry in the third degree, and of very subtle parts, also of a cutting and scouring nature.  

Scylla c\ommunis Pancrati\un Squilla.    

❀ The Virtues.  
Squilla (being first covered round about with dough, or leapt in paste & baked in an oven, or roasted under coals until it be soft or tender) then a spoonful or two thereof taken, with the eight part of salt, causeth a man to go to the stool, and putteth forth plenty of tough and clammy humours.  
The same roasted or prepared after the same manner, is good to be put into medicines that provoke urine, and in such medicines as are used against the Dropsy, the jaundice, belching or working up of the stomach, and gripinges or frettings of the belly.  
Taken with honey and oil, it driveth forth of the belly, both the long and round worms.  
Prepared in manner aforesaid, it is put with great profit, into medicines that are made against an old inveterate cough, and shortness of breath, which medicines do cause to spit out the tough and clammy flemes, that are gathered together within the hollowness of the breast: for taken in the same manner it doth dissolve and lose gross humours, and bringeth them forth.  
The same ordered with honey loseth the belly very gently: and the like virtue hath the seed to be taken with figs or honey.  
A scale or twain of the root of Squilla being yet green and raw is good to be laid under the tongue, to quench the thirst of them that have the Dropsy, as Pliny writeth.  
Squilla sodden in vinegar until it be tender, and pouned small, is good to be laid as an emplaster, upon the bitings of Vipers and Adders, and such other like venomous beasts.  
The inner part of Squilla boiled in Oil, or Turpentine is applied with great profit to the chaps or rifts of the feet, and also to kibed or moldye heels, and hanging warts, especially when it is first roasted under the embers.  
In the same manner it heals the running sores of the head, and the scurffie scales or bran of the head being laid thereunto.  
The leaves of Squilla do dissolve and waste the kings evil and kernels under and about the throat, being laid thereupon by the space of four days.  
Pythagoras says, that if Squilla be hanged over the door or chief entry into the house, it keepeth the same from all mishap, witchcraft or sorcery.  
Bertius writeth that when the flowers of Squilla be of a brownish colour and do not soon fall, or vade away, that the year shallbe very fruitful, and there shallbe great ftore of Corne.  
Pancratium in virtue and working is much like to Squilla, saving that it is not so strong nor effectual. And it may be used for want of the right Squilla in all things as witnesseth Galen, and is to be prepared in the like order as they prepare Squilla, as says Dioscorides.   

❀ The Danger.  
Squilla is a very sharp medicine, both subtle & wasting, hurtful and forsing the nature of man, when it is taken or used raw: and therefore Galen says, it aught not to be used or taken into the body without it be first sodden or roasted.    

Of affodil. Chap. lxxix.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be three kinds of Affodill, that is to say, the male, and female, and a third sort with yellow flowers.  

Asphodelus mas. The male affodil.   

Asphodelus foemina. The female affodill.    

❀ The Description.  
THE first kind of affodil hath long narrow leaves, like Leek blades, amongst which springeth up a round stalk of a cubit, or cubit and a half long: upon which from the middle up to the top grow fair white flowers, or of a very pale carnation colour, which do begin to flower below, and do end their flowering above. The flowers past there come small husks, round and writhed or turned about, and are found divided and severed into parts when they wax ripe: within the said husks is a brown seed. The roots do grow by great numbers or companies, & like to the roots of the female Pionie, each one fashioned like to a long thick kernel or somewhat longer, and within somewhat open or spongy, in taste at the first somewhat astringent, and afterward bitter. Yet of no very strange taste, so that it is no marvel that men in times past did use to of eat this root as Hesiodus & certain other do report.  
Asphodelitertia species. Yellow affodil.  
The second kind of affodil hath narrow blades also like to the abovesaid, but smaller and shorter, amongst which springeth forth a plain strait stem of two foot high, from the middle of the top set with pale flowers, divided into six parts, not much unlike the flowers of the other affodill. They once passed there appear small triangled husks, within the which lieth the seed. The root of this kind is round as the head of an Onion, almost like the root of garden Bulbus, but somewhat bigger. To conclude, this affodil is not much unlike the first kind but only in the root, wherein is all the difference betwixt these two herbs: for they vary not much one from another in leaves, stalks, flowers, and seeds, saving that the leaves of this kind are shorter, the flowers stand further a sunder, and not so thick set, or throng together.  
Bysides these two kinds there is found another affodill, whose leaves be longer & narrower than the leaves of the first kind, the stalks be also round, & laden with pleasant yellow flowers, after which appeareth round husks or knops like little heads, wherein the seed is contained: it hath a number of roots growing thick together like the first affodill, but every root is longer and smaller. The leaves of this affodill remain green all the winter, & do not vade and perish as the leaves of the other. And the roots do put forth a certain increase of new springs and blades, whereby it encroacheth and winneth more ground, and doth so multiply: that of one plant within a few years you shall get a number of others.   

❀ The Place.  
Affodyl is not found growing of his own kind in this Country, but in the gardens of Herboristes', where as they do both sow and plaint it.   

❀ The Time.  
The first kind flowreth in May, and is in seed in june.  
The second doth also flower and seed in june.   

❧ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Albucus, and Hastula regia: in shops Affodilus: in French, Hache royal, or Asphodel: of the common Herboristes of Brabant, Affodilen. The flower with his stem is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Anthericos: and in Latin, as Pliny saith, Albucum: in English also Affodyl, and Daffodyll.  
The first kind is called Asphodelus mas, and Hastula regia mas, and is that same which Dioscorides describeth.  
The second is called Asphodelus foemina, and Hastula regia foemina, and is that which Galen describeth, in lib. de alimentorum facultatibus.   

¶ The Nature.  
Affodyl especially the root of the first kind is hot & dry in the second degree.  
The roots of the other kind, are hot and dry almost in the third degree.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The root of the first kind boiled & drunken, provoketh urine, & women's flowers.  
The weight of a dram thereof taken with wine, heals the pain in the side, the cough, the shrinking of sinews, cramps, and burstinges.  
It is very good against the bitings of venomous beasts, to drink the quantity of three drams thereof with wine, and to lay upon the wound and hurted place the leaves, flowers and roots beaten together.  
The seed & the flowers of the right affodill drunken in wine, are very good against the poison of scorpions, & other venomous beasts, also they purge the belly.  
The root boiled in the lies of wine is good to be laid upon corrupt festered sores, and upon old ulcers, and the impostumes of the breasts and stones or genitours. It is also good against new swellings and impostemes that do but begin, being laid upon in manner of an emplaster with parched barley meal.  
The juice of the root boiled with good old wine, a little Myrrh and Saffron, is a good medicine for the eyes, to clear and sharpen the sight.  
The same juice of itself, or mingled with Frankincense, honey, wine, and Myrrh, is good against the corrupt filth and mattering of the ears, when it is powered or dropped in.  
The same prepared & ordered as is aforesaid, suageth the toothache powered and dropped into the contrary ear to the pain and grief.  
The ashes of the burned root, and specially of the second kind do cure and heal scabs and noughty sores of the head, and do restore again unto the piled head, the hear fallen away, being laid thereunto.  
The oil the is sodden in the roots being made hollow, or the oil in which the roots have been boiled, doth heal the burnings with fire, mouldy or raw kibed heels, & doth suage the pain of the ears, & deafness, as Dioscorides writeth.  
The roots do cure the morphew or white spots in the flesh, if you rub them first with a linen clot in the Son, & then anoint the place with the juice of the root, or lay the root to the place.    

Of the Vine. Chap. lxxx.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere are divers sorts of vines, but above all the rest there are two most notable: that is to say, the garden or husbanded vine, and the wild vine, as writeth Dioscorides, and the Ancients. The manured or husbanded vine is also of divers sorts, both in fashion and colour, so that it is not easy to number or describe all the kinds: whereof it shallbe sufficient for us to divide the garden or husbanded vine into three kinds: whereof the first is very read, and yieldeth a dark read liquer, the which is called of some Tinctura. The second is blue, and yieldeth a clear white liquer, the which yet notwithstanding waxeth red, when it is suffered to settle in the vessel. The third vine is white and yieldeth a white wine or liquer, the which continueth white. And all these sorts of the manured or garden vines are like one another in leaves, branches, wood, and timber.   

❀ The Description.  
THE vine hath many weak and slender branches, of a woody substance, overcovered with a cloven bark, or chinking rind (from which branches) groweth forth new increase of knotty shutes or springs, bringing forth at every knot or joint, broad jagged leaves, divided into five cuts or parts, also it putteth forth at the aforesaid joints with the leaves certain tendrelles, or clasping caprioles, & tying tagglets, wherewith all it taketh hold upon trees, poles, and perches, and all things else that it may attain unto. The same new springs and branches, do also bring forth, for the most part, at the second, third, and fourth knot or joint, first of all little bushy tuftes, with white blossoms or flowers, and after them pleasant clusters of many berries or grapes, thick set and trussed together, with in which berries or grapes are found small grains or kernels, which be the seed of the vine.  

Vitis. The manured vine.    

❀ The Place.  
The vine delighteth to grow upon mountains, that stand open to the South, in hot Countries and Regions, as in Canary, and the Islands adjoining in Barbaria, Spain, Greece, Candie, Sicily, Italy, and divers other hot Regions. It groweth also in France, and Almaigne, by the river Rheyne, and in some places of Netherlands, as Brabant, Haynau, and Liege: but that which groweth in these lower Countries do bring forth very small or thin wines, for none other cause but only because the Son is not so vehement, and the nights be shorter. For (as Constantine Caesar writeth.) The Son must give to the wine strength and virtue, & the night his sweetness, and the Moon shine his ripenesss. And therefore are the vines of Cananarie, of Candie, and other the like hot Countries, both sweet and strong: for the Son shines vehemently in those Countries, and the nights be longer then in this Country. And for this consideration the wine of Rheyne, and of other the Septentrional or North Regions are weaker, and not so sweet & pleasant, because the nights in those Countries be shorter, & the Son hath not so much strength. And for the same cause also it groweth not in Norweigh, Swedlande, Denmark, Westphale, Prusse, and other cold Countries: for the nights be there in summer short, and the power of the Son is but small.   

❀ The Time.  
The vine flowreth in high and base Germany or Almaigne, about the beginning of june, and the grapes be through ripe in September. A month after, that is to say in Octoker, they press forth the wine, and put it into hoggesheades, and vessels, fit for that purpose, and therefore they call the month of October in Douche, Wijnmaent.   

❀ The Names.  
The manured vine is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Vitis vinifera: in high Dutch, Weinreb: in base Almaigne, Wijngaert: in English, the garden or manured Vine or Grape.   

❀ The Nature.  
The leaves, branches, and tendrelles of the vine, are cold, dry, and astringent, and so be the green berries or unripe grapes: but the ripe grapes are hot and moist in the first degree, and the Raysen or dried grape is hot and dry, as witnesseth Galen.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The juice of the green leaves, branches, and tendrils of the vine drunken, is good for them that vomit or spit blood, and is good against the bloody flux, and for women with child that are given to vomit. The same virtue have the branches and clasping tendrelles to be taken alone by themselves: and so have the kernels, that are found within the fruit, to be boiled in water and drunken.  
The same tagglettes or clasping tendrelles of the vine, pound with parched barley meal, are good to be applied to the headache coming of heat, and upon the hot ulcers of the stomach.  
The ashes of the dry boughs or cutings of the vine burned, and laid to with vinegar, do cure the excrescence & swellings of the fundament, the which must first be scarified or pared.  
The same dissolved in oil of roses and vinegar, is good to be laid to the bitings of Serpents, to dislocations or members out of joint, and to the inflammation, or heat of the spleen or milt.  
Green grapes engender windiness in the belly and stomach, and do lose the belly.  
The dried Raysens are very good against the cough, and all diseases of the lungs, the kidneys and the bladder.  
They be also very good (as Galen says) against the stoppings and weakness of the liver, for they both open the same, and strengthen it.  
The broth of Raysen kernels, is good against the bloody flux and the lask, if it be altogether powered into the body at one glister.  
It stoppeth also the superfluous course of women's flowers, if they bathe themselves in the same broth or decoction of the kernels.  
The same kernels pound very small and laid to with salt, do consume and waste hard swellings, and suageth the blastinges and swellings of women's breasts.    

Of the wild Vine or Grape. Chap. lxxxi.  

¶ The Kinds.  
THe wild vine is of two sorts, as Dioscorides saith, the one sort hath flowers, & grapes which never come to ripeness: and the other bringeth forth small grapes or berries which come to ripeness.   

❀ The Description.  
THE wild vine is much like to the garden vine, in branches, leaves, and clasping capreoles, whereof the first kind bringeth forth first his flowers, and afterward his fruit like to the garden vine: but the fruit cometh not to ripeness.  
The stcond kind bringeth forth small clusters, full of little berries or grapes, the which do become ripe, and they dry them like Raysens. And of these are made the small Raysens, which are commonly called Corantes, but more rightly Raysens of Corinthe.   

❀ The Names.  
The wild vine is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Vitis syluestris, and Labrusca: in English, the wild grape or vine.  
The decaying or fading fruit, of the first kind of wild vine, and also the flowers of the same, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and in Latin, Oenanthe.  
The juice which they press out of the grapes of this vine, and of all other sorts of green and unripe grapes, aswell of the garden as of the wild kind of vines, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: & in Latin, Omphacium: in shops, Agresta: in French, Verius, & of some Aigras: in base Almaigne, Veryus: in English, Verius.  
The fruit of the second kind is called in the Shops of this Country, Passulae de Corintho: in French, Raisins de Corinthe: in base Almaigne, Coruithen: in English, Currantes, and small Raysens of corinth,   

❀ The Nature.  
The leaves, branches, and clasping capreoles of the wild vine, have like power and virtue, as the leaves, branches, and clasping tendrelles of the manured or garden vine, & so hath the Verius of the same. The Raysens or Currantes are hot and moist of nature and complexion, not much unlike the common frail Raysens in operation.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves, branches, and tendrelles of the wild vine, are of like virtue & operation, as the leaves, branches, & claspers of the garden vine, and do serve as well to all purposes, as they of the garden vine.  
The flower with the unripe and withering fruit of the first kind of the wild grape stoppeth the lask, and all other flux of blood.  
Being laid outwardly upon the stomach, they are good against the debility and weakness of the stomach, and sour belchinges and loathsomeness of the same, and they be also of the same effect to be eaten.  
It suageth headache, being laid upon the same green, or mingled with oil of roses and vinegar, and is much profitable against the spreading and fretting sores of the genitours of privities.  
The Verius doth not much differ in operation and virtue, from the withered & unripe grape, especially when it is dried & made into powder: for being so prepared & occupied, it is an excellent medicine against the weakness and heat of the stomach, for it doth both strengthen and refresh or cool the same, howsoever it be used, whether in meats or otherwise.  
They make a syrup with this Verius, sugar, or honey, the which is very good against thirst in hot agues, and the wambling, vomiting, and turning up of the stomach, that cometh through heat of choleric humours.  
It is also good for women with child to stir up in them good appetite or meat lust and to take from them all inordinate lusts or vain longing, and also to stop the wambling in their stomachs and parbreaking.  
Currantes or Raysens of Corinthe, do not much differ in virtue, from tap●…     

¶ The sixth part of the History of plants/ containing the description of Trees/ Shrubs, Bushes, and other plants of woody substance, with their fruits, Rosins, Gums, and liquors: also of their Kinds, Fashions, Names, Natures, Virtues, and Operations.  By Rembertum Dodonaeum. 

Of the Rose. Chap. i  

¶ The kinds.  
THere be divers kinds of Roses, whereof some are of the garden, sweet smelling, and are set, planted, and favoured, the others are wild, growing of their own kind without setting about hedges, and the borders of fields.   

❀ The Description.  
THE first kind of garden Roses, is the white Rose, whose stalks, or branches are long, and of a woody nature or substance x. xij. or xx. foot high, and sometimes longer, if they be stayed up or suckered. In many places set full of sharp hooked prickles, or thorns. The leaves be long, and made of five or seven leaves, standing one against another, all upon a stem, whereof each leaf by itself is rough, and snipt about the edges like to a saw. The buds do grow amongst the leaves upon short stems, closed in with five small leaves, whereof two are bearded upon both sides, two have no beards, & the fifth is bearded but upon one side. When these buds do open and spread, the sweet and pleasant Roses do muster and show forth of colour white, with divers yellow hears or threddes in the middle. The flowers fallen there come up round knoppes, and read when they be ripe, within which is a hard seed wrapped in hear or wool. The root of the Rose bush is of a woody substance like the root of other low trees and plants.  
Rosa. The Rose.  
The second kind of garden Roses be read, & are like to the white in leaves, shutes, and branches, but they never grow so high nor so great, neither are the branches, so large. The flowers be of a pleasant savour, of colour red, and fashion 〈…〉 and springs be like them of the read Rose, saving that they grow up higher, and yet for all that they grow not so high as the white Rose, so that this Rose should seem to be a middle sort or mean kind betwixt the read and the white Roses, which thing the very colour of the flowers declare to be true, for they be neither red nor white, but of a mixed colour betwixt read and white, almost carnation colour, in all things else like to the others.  
The fourth kind are the brown Roses of Province, the which be almost like to the others in shutes springs and leaves. But their flowers be of a fair dark read colour, and of a very pleasant savour or sent, and these are best to be used in medicine.  
The fifth is a kind of single Roses, which is small and called Cassia or Canel Rose, or the Rose smelling like Cassia. The leaves whereof be smaller than the leaves of the other Roses, the shutes and twigs be also small and thick set with thorny prickles, of a brown russet colour, growing almost to the height of the Province rooses. The flowers be small and single, sweet smelling, and of a pale read coloor, and sometime Carnation.  
The sixth kind of Roses called Musk Roses, hath slender springs and shutes, the leaves and flowers be smaller than the other Roses, yet they grow up almost as high as the Damask or Province Rose. The flowers be small and single, and sometimes double, of a white colour and pleasant savour, in proportion not much unlike the wild Roses, or Canel Roses.  
The wild Rose leaves be rough and prickly. The springs, branches and shutes, are full of sharp hooks or crooked prickles, like the white double Rose of the garden, but much lesser, & the leaves be smaller, the flowers be also single, white, & drawing towards Carnation colour, & without savour. The which being fallen away, there rise round knoppes or buttons, like as in the garden Rose plant, within which red knoppes and buttons, the seed is couched & laid, in a hairy down or rough Cotton. Upon this plant or bush is sometimes found a spongeous ball, rough heard, and of a green colour turning towards red, and is to be found about the month of june.  
Among the kinds of wild Roses, there is found a sort, whose shutes, twigs and branches, are covered all over with thick small thorny prickles. The flowers be small single & white, & of a very good savour. The whole plant is base and low, and the lest of all both of the garden and wild kind of Roses.  
Bysides the Roses aforesaid, there is yet another kind of Rose plant, which beareth yellow Roses, in all things else like to the wild Rose plant, as in shutes, twigs, and leaves.  
The Eglantine or sweet brier, may be also counted of the kinds of Roses, for it is like to the wild Rose plant, in sharp and cruel shutes, springs, and rough branches. The leaves also be not much unlike, but greener and of a pleasanter smell. The flowers be single, smaller than the flowers of the wild Rose, most commonly white and sometimes red, after which there come also little knaps or long read berries as in the other Roses, in which the seed is couched.   

❀ The Place.  
The tame Roses, & the Eglantine are planted in gardens. The wild groweth in many places of Brabant and other Countries, alongst by hedges and ditches, and other wild places amongst briars and thorns. The other wild kind groweth in certain places upon rampers and banks cast up by man's hands, and upon the Sea coast of Flaunders.   

❀ The Time.  
The five first kinds of garden Roses do flower in May and june, and so do the wild Roses & the Eglantine: but the Musk Roses do flower in May, and again in September, or there abouts.   

❀ The Names.  
The Rose is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Rosa: in high Dutch, Rose: in Neatherdouchelande, Roose: The leaves and flowers be called in Latin, Folia Rosarum, that is to say, Rose leaves.  
The nails, that is to say, the white ends of the leaves whereby they are fastened to the knaps (the which are cut of when they make Conserve or syrup of Roses) is called in Latin, Vngues Rosarum, & in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
The yellow hear which groweth in the middle of the Rose, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Flos Rosae: in shops and of the Arabian Physicians Anthera, that is to say, the blowing of the Rose.  
The bud of the Rose before the opening is called Calix.  
The five little leaves which stand round about the bud, or the beginning of Roses, are called in Latin, Cortices Rosarum, that is to say, the shells or pills of Roses: some do also call them, the five brothers of the Roses, whereof, as is beforesaid, two have beards, and two have none, and the fifth hath but half a one.  
The round heads or little knoppes, upon which the flowers do grow, and are fastened, and in which lieth the seed, are called in Latin, Capita Rosarum: and in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
The first kind of garden Roses is called in Italy, Rosa Damascena, in this Country, Rosa alba: in French, Rose blanch: in high Dutch, Weisz Rosen: in base Almaigne, Witte Roosen: in English, White Roses. And this kind seemeth to be that, which Pliny calleth in Latin; Campana Rosa.  
The second kind of Roses is called Rosa purpurea, and Rosa rubra: in English Read Roses, and of the common people, Double Roses: in French, Rose rouge and Roses francois: in high Dutch, Roter Rosen: in base Almaigne, Rood Roosen. And under this kind are comprehended the Roses which Pliny calleth Trachinias, amongst which Rosae Milesiae are the deepest read.  
The third kind is called in French, Rosee de Provinces: in base Almaigne, Provinsche Roosen: in high Douch, Liebfarbige Rosen: the which peradventure are they which Pliny calleth Alabandicas Rosas: we call them in English, Roses of Province, and Damask Roses.  
The fourth kind is also called in French, Rose de Provins: in base Almaigne, Provinsch Roose, and Bruyn Provinsche Roose: as a name of difference from the other, and these should seem to be Rosae Milesiae of Pliny.  
The fifth kind is called of the Herboristes of Brabant, Caneel Rooskens, that is to say, the Roses smelling like Canell or Cassia, and possible this is Rosa Praenestina of Pliny: some call it in English, the civet Rose, or Bastard Musk Rose.  
The sixth is named of Pliny in Latin, Rosa coroncola, of the writers at this day Rosa sera, and Rosa autumnalis: in French, Rose Musquée, and Roses de Damas': in base Almaigne, Musket Rooskens: in English also, Musk Roses, because of their pleasant sent.  
The seventh kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Rosa canina, and Rosa syluestris: in French, Rose sauvage: in high Dutch, Wilder Roosen, and Heckrosen: in base Almaigne, Wild Rosen: in English, the Briar bush, the wild Rose, and Heptree. The spongeous bawl or that round rough excrescence which is found oftentimes growing both upon the wild Rose and Eglantine bushes, is called of some Apothecaries Bedegar: but wrongfully, for Bedegar, is not that thistle which is commonly called Carlina. Examine Bedegar, lib. 4. fol. 361.  
The eight is called of the neither Douchmen, Duyn Rooskens, of the place where as it is found growing, and it should seem to be that which the Grecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Canirubus, and Rubus canis, and of Pliny, Rosa spinosa.  
The Minth is called the yellow Rose: in French, Roses iaulnes.  
The last is called of Pliny in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Lychnis: in Latin, Rosa Gręca: in French, and base Almaigne, Eglantier: in English, Eglantine.   

❀ The cause of the Name and history thereof.  
The Rose is called in Greek Rhodon, because it is of an excellent smell and pleasant savour, as plutarch writeth.  
You shall also find this written of Roses, that at the first they were all white, and that they become read afterward with the blood of the Goddess Venus, which was done in this sort.  
Venus loved the younker Adonis better than the warrior Mars, (who loved Venus with all his force and might) but when Mars perceived that Venus loved Adonis better than him, he slew Adonis, thinking by this means, to cause Venus not only to forego, but also to forget her friend Adonis, and so to love Mars only: of the which thing when Venus had warning how and where it should be accomplished, she was suddenly moved & ran hastily to have rescued Adonis, but taking no care of the way at a sudden ere she was ware, she threw herself upon a bed or thicket of white Roses, where as with sharp and cruel thorns, her tender feet were so pricked and wounded, that the blood sprang out abundantly, wherewithal when the Roses were bedewed, & sprinkled, they become all read, the which colour they do yet keep (more or less) according to the quantity of blood that fell upon them) in remembrance of the clear & pleasant Venus. Some others writ that for very anger which she had conceived against Mars, for the kill of her friend the fair Adonis, she gave her tender body willingly to be spoiled and mangled: and in despite of Mars, she threw herself into a bed or herbour of prickly Roses.  
Some also say that Roses become read, with the casting down of that heavenly drink Nectar, which was shed by Cupid that wanton boy, who playing with the Gods sitting at the table at a Banquet, with his wings overthrew the pot wherein the Nectar was. And therefore as Philostratus saith, the Rose is the flower of Cupid, or Cupid's flower.   

❀ The Nature.  
Rose leaves, that is to say of the flowers, be hot of complexion, & somewhat moist, taking part of a binding quality. The flower that is to say, the little yellow hears that grow in the middle of the Rose, is manifestly dry and astringent: of the same nature are the buds, knoppes, and fruit, with the rough round hairy bawl or excrescence that is found growing upon the wild Rose.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The juice of Roses, especially of them that are reddist, or the infusion or decoction of them is of the kind of soft and gentle medicines, which lose and and open the belly, and may be taken without danger. It purgeth downward choleric humours, and openeth the stoppinges of the liver, strengthening and cleansing the same, also it is good against hot fevers, and against the jaundices.  
It is also good to be used against the shaking, beating, and trembling of the heart, for it driveth forth, and dispatcheth all corrupt and evil humours, in and about the veins of the heart.  
It is likewise good to be laid to the inflammation of the eyes, and all other hot infirmities, and specially against S. Antony's fire or wild fire.  
Roses pound and beaten small are good to belayed to the hot inflammation or swelling of the breasts or Paps, & against the outrageous heat of the Midriff & stomach, also against S. Antony's fire, Erysipelas or Serpigo.  
The wine wherein dried Roses have been boiled, is good against the pain of the head, the eyes, the ears, the jaws or gums, the bladder, the right gut, and of the Mother or women's secrets, either powered in or anointed with a feather.  
The yellow growing in the middle of the Rose (which of some is called the seed & flower of the Rose) stayeth the superfluous course of women's flowers, and specially the white flowers, and all other issues of blood.  
The fruit eaten stoppeth the lask, and all other issues of blood.  
The wild Rose powned with bears grease (as Pliny saith) is very excellent to anoint the head against Alopecies, which some call the red scall or falling away of the hear.  
The rough spongeous bawl or excrescence that groweth in the wild Rose bush, is of great efficacy and virtue against the stone and strangury: for it bringeth forth the gravel and the stone, and provoketh urine.    

Of jasmine. Chap. ij.  

❀ The Description.  
IAsmine groweth in manner of a hedge or quickeset, and must be led alongst and carried as the Rose or vine, it bringeth forth many small branches full of joints or knots, the shutes and twigs whereof are filled full of a spongy pith, like the pith of Elder. The leaves be of a dark green colour, parted into five or seven other little leaves, (growing upon a stem or foot stalk, like to the Ash leaf) whereof each little leaf by itself is smooth and somewhat long, nothing at all natched, or toothed about the edges. The flowers be white & long of a sweet and pleasant savour, and do grow four or five together at the top of the branches.   

¶ The Place.  
jasmyne groweth in some Countries of his own kind, as in Spain and some places of England, in this Country it is planted in gardens.  

jasminum.    

❀ The Time.  
jasmyne flowreth in july and August, but the fruit in this Country cometh not to perfection.   

❀ The Names.  
This plant is called of the Arabians Zambach & jesemin, and accordingly it is called amongst the Herboristes of England, France, and Germany jasminum, and jeseminum, and of some also josme, and josmenum. The later writers do call it also in Latin, Apiaria: because that Bees delight greatly to be about the flowers thereof: some call it also Leucanthemum.   

❀ The Nature.  
Serapio writeth, that jasmin is hot almost in the second degree, which a man may also very well perceive by his bitter taste.   

❀ The Virtues.  
jasmine cureth the fowl dry scurf, and read spots, it dissolveth cold swellings, and wens, or hard lompes, or gatheringes, when it is applied and laid thereto.  
The like virtue hath the oil of jasmine, the which put into the nostrils or often smelled to, causeth nose bleeding, in them that are of hot complexion, as Serapio and our Turner have written.  
jasmine drieth reumes or stilling down of humours from the head, and the moistness of the brain, and profiteth much against the cold infirmities of the same.    

Of Cistus. Chap. iij.  

¶ The Kinds.  
THere be two sorts of Cistus of Dioscorides, and the ancients.  
The one is a kind of plant whereof we do here give you the figure.  
The other plant is of woody substance, upon which is found that humour or fat liquor, which they call Laudanum.  
The first kind, which yieldeth no Laudanum, is also of two sorts, that is to say, the male and female.  
The male hath read flowers, and the female white, but in all things else one like the other.   

❀ The Description.  
THE first kind of Cistus which beareth no Laudanum, hath round rough or hearishe stalks, and stems with knobbed joints, and full of branches. The leaves be coundishe and covered with a cotton or soft hear, not much unlike the leaves of Sage, but shorter and rounder. The flowers grow at the top of the stalks, of the fashion of a single Rose, whereof the male kind is of colour read, and the female white, at the last they change into knoppes or husks in which the seed is contained.  
Whereas Cistus groweth naturally of his own kind, there is found a certain excrescence or outgrowing about the root of this plant, which is of colour sometimes yellow, sometimes white, and sometimes green: out of the which is a certain juice taken out by art, that which they use in shops, & is called Hypocistiss.  
The second kind of Cistus, which is also called Ledon, is a plant of a woody substance, growing like a little tree or shrub, with soft leaves, in figure not much unlike the others, but longer and browner.  
Cistus non ladanifera.  
Cistus cum Hypocistide.   

❀ The Place.  
The first kind of Cistus, whose figure we set forth here for your better understanding, groweth in sundry places of Italy, Sicily, Candie, Cyprus, Languedoc, & many other hot Countries, in rough, stony & untoiled places.  
The second kind is often found in Crete, Cyprus, and also in Languedoc.   

❀ The Time.  
The first kind of Cistus floweth in june, and sometimes sooner.  
The second Cistus flowreth and bringeth forth seed in the spring time, & immediately after the leaves fall of. about summer it recovereth new leaves again, upon the which leaves about midsummer and in the hottest days, is found a certain fatness, the which is diligently gathered and dried, to make that gum which they call Laudanum.   

❧ The Names.  
The first kind of these plants is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Cistus, and Cistus non Ladanifera: of Scribonius Largus, Rosa syluatica.  
That which groweth about the root of Cistus, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: of some Erythanon and Cytinus, out of this they draw forth a sap or liquor the which they call Hypocistis, and in shops Hypoquistidos.  
The second kind of Cistus is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Ledum, Ladum, and of the later writers, Cistus Ladanifera.  
The fat dew or liquor, which is gathered from the leaves, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Laudanum: and in Shops Lapadanum.   

❀ The Nature.  
The flowers and leaves of Cistus are dry in the second degree, and somewhat astringent.  
That which groweth about the roots is of like temperature, but more astringent.  
Laudanum is full hot in the first degree, and reacheth near unto the second, and is somewhat dry and astringent.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The flowers of Cistus boiled in wine and drunk, stoppeth the lask and all other issue of blood, and it drieth up all superfluous moisture, aswell of the stomach as other parts of the belly.  
The leaves of Cistus do cure & heal small wounds, being laid thereupon.  
Hypocistis stoppeth all lasks and fluxes of the belly, & is of a stronger operation than the flowers or leaves of Cistus: wherefore it cureth the bloody flux and all other fluxes, especially the superfluous flowing of women's flowers.  
Laudanum drunken with old wine, stoppeth the lask, and provoketh urine.  
It is very good against the hardness of the matrix or mother, laid to in manner of a pessary, and it draweth down the Second's or after birth, when it is laid upon quick coals, and the fumigation or perfume thereof be received up into the body of women.  
The same applied to the head with Myrrh and oil of Myrrh, cureth the scurf, called Alopecia, and keepeth the hear from falling of, but whereas it is already fallen away, it will not 'cause the hear to grow again.  
Laudanum dropped into the ears with honeyed water or oil of Roses, heals the pain of the same.  
If it be laid to with wine upon the scars or sores of wounds, it taketh them away.  
It is also very profitably mixed with all ointments and plasters; that serve to heat, soften, and assuage pains, and such as be made to lay to the breast against the cough.    

Of the Gramble or Glackebery bush. Chap. iiij.  

¶ The Kinds.  
The Bramble is of two sorts, as Ruelius writeth, the great and the small.   

❀ The Description.  
THE great Bramble hath many long slender branches or shutes, full of sharp prickly thorns, whereby it taketh hold, and teareth the garments of such as go near about them. The leaves are not smooth but crompled or frompled, and deeply cut round about the edges, of colour white underneath, and brown above. The flowers be white, not much unlike the flowers of Strawberries: after cometh the fruit of a swart read colour at the first, but afterward it is black, and it consists of divers berries clustering together not much unlike the Mulberry, but smaller, and full of of a red wynie sap or juice.  
The lesser Brambles are much like to the greater, but this creepeth most commonly upon the ground with his shutes and branches, and taketh root easily in divers places encroaching ground with the tops of his branches. The branches or shutes of this Bramble be also set with prickly thorns, but the thorns or prickles be not so sharp: the fruit is also like to a small Mulberry, but lesser than the fruit of the other. The roots of both kinds do put forth many slender shutes and branches, the which do creep and trail alongst the ground.   

❀ The Place.  
Brambles do grow much in the fields and pastures of this Country, and in the woods and Copses, and such other covert places.   

❀ The Time.  
The Bramble bush flowreth from May to july, and the fruit is ripe in August.   

❧ The Names.  
The Bramble, especially the greater sort, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Rubus, and Sentis: in high Dutch, Bremen: in base Almaigne, Breemen & Braemen: in English, the Bramble or black berry bush: in French, Rouc●.  
The fruit of the same is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Morum rubi, & Vacinia: in shops, Mora bati, and of some ignorant people, Mora bassi: in French, Meure de Rouce, or Meurons: in high Douch, Brombeer: in base Almaigne, Braembesien, and Haghebesien: in English, Bramble berries, and black berries.  
Rubus. The Bramble.  
The lesser berry is called of Theophrastus in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Chamębatus, that is to say in Latin, Humirubus: and the fruit is called in French, Catherine: in English, a hear Bremble, or heath Bramble, a Cocolas panter, and of some a briar. The fruit is called a Dewberie, or blackberie.   

¶ The Nature.  
The tender springs and new leaves of the Bramble, are cold and dry almost in the third degree, and astringent or binding, and so is the unripe fruit.  
The ripe fruit is somewhat warm and astringent, but not so much as the unripe fruit.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The new springs of the Bramble do cure the evil sores and hot ulcers of the mouth and throat, also the swellings of the gums, Almonds of the throat, and the vulva, if they be held in the mouth and often chewed upon.  
They do also fasten the teeth, when the mouth is washed with the juice or decoction thereof. The unripe fruit is good for the same purpose, to be used after the same manner.  
The juice or decoction thereof, is good to be drunken, to stop the lask, and women's flowers and all other issue of blood.  
The leaves be stamped, & with good effect are applied to the region or place of the stomach against the trembling of the heart, the pain & looseness or ache of the stomach.  
They cure the Hemeroydes, and stay back running, and consuming sores, being laid thereto.  
The unripe fruit stoppeth the belly, the bloody flux, and all other issues of blood.  
The juice of the same boiled with honey, is very good against all hot ulcers, and swellings of the mouth, the tongue, and throat.  
The root of the Bramble is good against the stone and provoketh urine.    

Of Framboys/ Raspis/ or Hyndberie. Chap. v.  

❀ The Description.  
THE Framboye is a kind of bremble, whose leaves and branches are not much unlike the other Bramble, but not so rough and prickley, nor set with so many sharp prickles, and sometimes without prickles, especially the new shutes and tender springs that be not above the age of a year. The fruit or berry is red, but otherwise it is like to the other. The root is long creeping in the ground, and putteth forth every year new shutes or springs, the which the next year do bring forth their flowers and fruit,   

¶ The Place.  
The Framboye is found in some places of Douchland in dark woods: and in this Country they plant it in gardens, and it loveth shadowy places, where as the Son shineht not often.   

❀ The Time.  
The Framboye flowreth in May and june, the fruit is ripe in july.  

Rubus Idaeus.    

❀ The Names.  
This Bramble is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Rubus Idaeus, of the mountain Ida, in Asia minor, or the lesser Asia, not far from Troy, where as groweth abundance of this Bramble, and there it was first found: it is called in French, Framboisier: in Douch, Hinnebraemen: in English, Framboys, Raspis, and Hindberrie. joh. Agricola calleth it in Latin, Crispina.  
The fruit of this Bramble is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Morum rubi Idaei: in French, Framboises: in high Douch, Hymbeeren, and Horbeeren: in base Almaigne, Hinnebesien, & Frambesien: in English, Raspis, and Framboys berries.   

❀ The Nature.  
The Framboye of complexion is somewhat like the black berry, but it is not of so astringent nor drying quality.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The leaves, tender springs, fruit and root of this Bramble, are not much unlike in virtue and working, to the leaves, shutes, fruit, and roots of the other Bramble, as Dioscorides writeth.  
The flowers of Raspis are good to be bruysed with honey, and laid to the inflammations and hot humours gathered together in the eyes, and Erysipelas or wild fire, for it quencheth such hot burnings.  
They be also good to be drunken with water of them that have weak stomachs.    

Of Browme. Chap. vi.  

¶ The kinds.  
THE common Broome is of two sorts, the one high and tawle, the other low and small, under which groweth Broome Rape or Orabanche.  

Genista. Broome.   

Rapum genistae. Broome Rape, or Orobanche.    

❀ The Description.  
THE great Broome putteth forth first from his root, hard, strong, and wooddish stems, with many small, long, square, and limmer Branches or twigs like rushes, the which are easy to ploy and twist any way without breaking. Upon the same grow small blackish leaves, amongst the which grow pleasant yellow flowers of a sweet smell, in fashion not unlike the flowers of Pease. When the flowers be fallen there come flat cods, in which is found seed, that is hard, flat, and brownish. The root is hard and woodish. This Broom groweth commonly to the length of a long or tawle man.  
The small Broome is much like to that aforesaid, in wooddish stalks, small branches, little leaves, cods, & flowers, saving that it is much smaller, & groweth not to length, but abideth always low, not exceeding the height of three foot.  
You shall often find at the root of this smaller broom a plant which the Brabanders do call Bremrape, that is to say Broome Rape, the which is tacked and fastened at the root with a long string or thread, sometimes two or three foot of, or somewhat more from the principal or master root. It is almost like to a little Turn or Pear, broad beneath, and narrow above, covered with little scales or brown shells, and it groweth sometimes alone, and sometimes there are joining unto it other small Rapes. From the same groweth up a hollow brownish stem of a foot and a half long or more, which beareth a great company of long white brown flowers, clustering thick together round about the stem, & are fashioned like to an open helmet in which there appear five or six small threddes, the which you shall perceive to come forth at the extremity or uttermost part of the flower. The flowers past there cometh in their steed long round small husks, in which is found a very small seed like unto sand, of a whitish colour, nevertheless it is both barren and unprofitable.  
There is also another plant, much like to this Broom Rape or naveau, whose stalks are also brownish, and they grow to the height of a foot, in flowers, form, and colour like to Broome Rape: saving that it hath not so great a root or Naveau in the ground, but for the most part it hath a small root or Naveau, and sometimes it hath no more but certain hairy threddes or laces wrapped together, especially that which groweth in dry and barren places.   

❀ The Place.  
The great and small Broome do grow in dry Countries and sandy places, alongst the ways and sometimes in woods.  
Broome Rape is also found in dry barren and hungry grounds, and in lean sandy places about the roots of the lesser Broom, which never cometh to perfection, and beareth seldom or never any flowers.  
The other kind like to the aforesaid naveau, is to be found in certain fields, amongst Oats, Pease, beans, lentils, and other grain, where as there groweth no Broom at all, & also upon dry banks, and burned heaps alongst the sea coast.   

❀ The Time.  
Broome flowreth in May and june. The cods & seed are ripe in july.  
Broome Rape is found in june and july. And so is the other plant that is like unto it.   

❀ The Names.  
This plant is called of the later writers in Latin, Genesta, Genista, and Genestra: in English, Broome: in French, Genest, and Dugenet, or Geneste in high Dutch, Ginst, and Pfrimmen: in base Almaigne, Brem, and without doubt it is a kind of Spartium.  
That excrescence coming from the root of Broome, is called of the Herboristes, and of some other in Dutch, Brem Rape: in Latin, Rapum Genistae, and Rapa Genestrae, that is to say, Broome Rape, and is without doubt a kind of Orobanche, and Limodorum.  
The other kind which is like to the aforesaid naveau, is called of Dioscorides in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Orobanche, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Limodorun, of some other as of Photion also, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is, Leguminun Leo. It hath no French nor Douche name that I know: Turner lib. 2. fol. 72. calleth it Orobanche, Choke fitch, Strangle tare, Strangleweede, Orobstrangler, & Choke weed.   

❀ The Nature.  
Broome is full hot in the second degree, and reacheth almost to the third degree, it is scouring and of subtle parts.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves, branches, and crops of Broome boiled in wine or water, are good for them that have the dropsy, and for all them that have any stopping of the liver, the spleen or melt, the kidneys or bladder: for partly it purgeth & driveth out of the belly, and partly it purgeth by urine, all watery, tough, and superfluous humours. The seed is of the same virtue to be taken the quaniitie of a dram, or a dram and a half.  
The same seed is very good to be mixed with all medicines which provoke urine and break the stone, for by his subtle nature it helpeth the operation of other medicines, serving to the same purpose.  
Broome flowers mingled with swine's grease, suageth the pains of the gout, being applied thereto.  
This Broom hath all the virtues of Spanish Broome, and it may be used against all such infirmities whereunto Spanish Broome is required.  
Broome Rape is counted of some Empiriques (or practisioners) in these days, for an excellent medicine against the stone, & to provoke urine, to be first boiled in wine and given to drink. for as they say, it openeth the stoppings of the kidneys, provoketh water, breaketh the stone, and driveth forth gravel.  
The fresh and green juice of Broome Rape, doth cure and heal all new wounds, and cleanseth those that are corrupt & rotten: it may be likewise used against other ulcers and corrupt sores. for it mundifieth and bringeth them to healing.  
And for the better preservation of the same juice, after it is pressed or taken out of the green roots, you must set it in the Son until it wax thick, or you must put to it a little honey, & set it in the Son, for than it willbe better, & more apt to mundify & cleanse wounds and rotten ulcers: it may be also taken out of the roots that be half dry, with oil, & will serve to all intentes, even as the juice.  
The same oil of Broome Rape doth scour and drive away all spots, lentils, freckles, pimples, weals, and bushes, as well from the face, as the rest of the body being often anointed therewithal.  
Dioscorides writeth, that Orabanche may be eaten, either raw or boiled as the springs of Asparagus.    

Of Spanish Groom. Chap. seven.  

❀ The Description.  
THe Spanish Broom also, hath wooddish stems, from which grow forth long slender pliant twigs, the which be bore & naked without leaves, or at lest having very few small leaves, set here and there far apart one from another. The flowers be yellow, not much unlike the flowers of the common Broome, after which it hath cods, wherein is the seed brown and flat, like the other Broom seed.  
There may be well placed with this Broom, a strange plant which beareth also long shutes or small twigs, of aswarte colour & strait: and upon them are small brown green leaves, always three joined together, like the leaves of trefoil, but smaller. The flowers be yellow, round, and cut into five or six parts, in fashion not much unlike the flowers of the common bugloss, afterward they do bring forth grains or berries, as big as a pease, & black when they be ripe, in which is found the seed, the which is flat as a Lentil seed. The root is long & small, creeping hither and thither under the earth, & putteth forth new springs in sundry places.   

❀ The Place.  
This Broom groweth in dry places of Spain, and Languedoc, and is not found in this Country, but in the gardens of Herboristes'.   

❀ The Time.  
This kind of Broome flowreth in this Country in june, and somewhat after, the seed is ripe in August.  

Genista Hispanica, sive Italica. Spanish, and Italian Broome.   

Genista peregrina Trifolia. Trifolium fruticans.    

❀ The Names.  
This Broom is likewise called in Latin, Genista: and sometime also Genistra, of the Herboristes of this Country, Genistra Hispanica: in base Almaigne, Spaensche Brem: in English, Spanish Broome: and it is not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Spartum, whereof Dioscorides and Plinius do writ.  
The strange plant hath no name that I know: for albeit some would have it to be Cytisus, this plant is nothing like thereto, and is likewise named Trifolium fruticans.   

❀ The Nature.  
Spanish Broome is hot and dry of complexion.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The flowers and seed of Spanish Broom, are good to be drunken with meed or honeyed water in the quantity of a dram, to 'cause one to vomit strongly, even as white Hellebor or Sneezing powder, but yet without jeopardy.  
The seed taken alone loseth the belly, & for the quantity bringeth forth great plenty of watery and tough humours.  
Out of the twigs or little branches steeped in water, is pressed forth a juice, the which taken in quantity of a Ciat or little glass full fasting, is good against the Sqinansie, that is, a kind of swelling with heat and pain in the throat, putting the sick body in danger of choking, also it is good against the Sciatica.    

Of base Groom/ or Woodwaxen. Chap. viij.  

❀ The Description.  
THis Broom is not much unlike the common Broom, saving that it is not so high nor so strait, but lieth along almost upon the ground, with many small branches, proceeding from a woody stem, and set with little long small leaves, and at the top with many fair yellow flowers not much unlike the flowers of the common Broome, but smaller: after them come narrow husks or cods, wherein is a flat seed. The root is hard and of wooddish substance like to the others.   

❀ The Place.  
This kind of Broome groweth in untoiled places that stand low, and sometimes also in moist Clay grounds. It is found about Anwarpe.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth in july and August, and sometimes after, & shortly after the seed is ripe.  

Genista humilis.    

❧ The Names.  
This plant is doubtless a kind of Broome, and therefore it may be well called in Latin, Genista humilis: in Italian Cerretta: that is, low and base Broome: in base Almaigne, Ackerbrem: the high germans do make of it Flos tinctorius, that is to say, the flower to stain, or dye withal, & do term it in their language, Ferbblumen, Geel Ferbblumen, and Heyden smucke, because the Dyers do use of it to die their clotheses yellow: in English, Woodwaxen, and base Broome.   

❀ The Nature.  
This plant is of complexion hot and dry.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Woodwaxen or base Broom in nature & operation is like to the common Broome, but not so strong.    

Of Furze or Thorn Broome. Chap. ix.  

❀ The Description.  
THE Furze or prickly Broome, hath many twigs or small branches, of a woodish substance, the which in the beginning being yet but young and tender, are full of little green leaves, amongst which grow small thorns, the which be soft and tender, and not very prickly: but when as the twigs or branches, are above one year old, then are they (for the most part) clean without leaves, and then do their thorns wax hard and sharp with cruel prickles. Among the little small leaves, are the flowers of a faint or pale yellow colour, and in shape and proportion like to Broome flowers, but much smaller, after the which come small cods full of round reddish seed. The root is long and pliant.  
The plant which the Brabanders do call Gaspeldoren, should seem to be a kind of thorny Broome, the which is rough and very full of prickles, and bringeth forth strait springs or shutes, of a wooddish substance, and without leaves, set thick and full of long sharp pings or prickles, very rough, boisterous, hard and pricking, amongst which grow small yellow flowers, and afterward cods, like to the Broom flowers or cods. The roots be long growing overthwartly in the ground, and almost as pliant and limmer as the root of Rest harrow or Cammocke.  
Genistilla. Thorn Broome.  
Genista spinosa. Furze.   

❀ The Place.  
Furze or thorn Broome groweth in untoiled places, by the way sides, and is found in in many places of Brabant, and England.  
The common or great Furze groweth also in the like places, and is found in certain places of Campany, Brabant, Italy, France, Buscaye, and England.   

❀ The Time.  
Thorn Broome flowreth in May and june.  
At the same time flowreth the common Furze.   

❀ The Names.  
The first plant is called of the later writers in Latin, Genistella, and Genestalla, that is to say, the small Broome: in high Dutch, Erdtfrymmen, of some, Klein Streichblumen, and Stechende Pfrymmen: in base Almaigne, Stekende Brem: in English, Thornebroome.  
And because the second kind in his flowers & cods is like Broome, it should therefore seem to be a prickly and wild kind of Broome, wherefore it may be called in Latin, Genista spinosa, and Genista fyluestris: they call it in French, Du ionc marin in base Almaigne, Gaspeldoren: in English, the common Whyn, or great Furze. This is not Tragacantha, that is to say, Hirci spina, or Paliurus, as some do think: nor yet Nepa or Scorpius.   

❀ The Nature.  
Furze (but especially the leaves) are of nature dry and astringent.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves of Furze boiled in wine or water, and drunken, do stop the excessive course of women's flowers, and the lask also.  
The seed drunken in wine is good against the bitings and stingings of venomous beasts.    

Of Cammocke/ rest Harrow/ or Petty Whyn. Chap. x.  

❀ The Description.  
CAmmocke or ground Furze hath many small, lythey, or weak branches, set full of swart green and roundish leaves, and sharp, stiff prickly thorns: amongst which are sweet smelling flowers like Pease flowers or blowings, most commonly of a purple or carnation colour, sometimes all white, and sometimes yellow like Broome flowers, but that it is very seldom seen or found: after the flowers come small cods or husks, full of broad flat seed. The root is long and very limmer, spreading his branches both large and long under the earth, and doth oftentimes let, hinder, & stay, both the plough and Oxen in toiling the ground, for they be so tough and limmer, that the share & colter of the plough cannot easily divide, and cut them asunder.   

❀ The Place.  
Cammocke or ground Furze is found in some places of Brabant and England, about the borders of fertile fields, and good pastures.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth most commonly in june.  

Anonis.    

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: & in Latin, Anonis, & Ononis: of the later writers Arrestabovis, Restabovis, & Remora aratri: of some also Acutella: of Cratenas Aegopyros: in French, Arreste beuf in high Douch, Hawhechel, Ochsenbrech, and Stalkraut: in base Almaigne, Prangwortel, & Stalcruyt: in English Rest Harrow, Cammocke, Whyn, Petty Whyn, or ground Furze.   

❀ The Nature.  
The root of Rest Harrow, is dry in the third degree, and somewhat hot.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The bark of the root taken with honey provoketh urine and breaketh the stone. The decoction or broth of the same sodde in wine and drunken, hath the same virtue.  
The same broth boiled in honey and vinegar, is good to be drunken against the falling evil, as Pliny writeth.  
The same boiled in water and vinegar and held in the mouth, whiles it is is warm cureth the tooth ache.  
The tender springs and crops before they bring forth leaves, preserved and kept in brine or salt, are good to be eaten in salads, for they provoke urine, and bring forth the stone and gravel being sometimes used to be eaten.    

Of Whortes and Whortelberies. Chap. xi.  

¶ The Kinds.  
There be two sorts of Whortes, and Whortel berries, whereof the common sort are black, and the other are read.  

Vacinia rubra. Read Whortes.   

Vacinia nigra. Black Whortes.    

❀ The Description.  
THE plant which bringeth forth black Whortes, is base and low of a wooddish substance, bringing forth many branches of the length of a foot or somewhat more: the leaves be round & of a dark green colour, like to the leaves of Box or myrtle, the which at the coming of winter do fall away as the leaves of other trees, and at the spring time there come forth again new leaves out of the same branches. The flowers be round and hollow, open before, and grow alongst the branches amongst the leaves. The fruit is round, green at the first, then read, and at the last when it is ripe, it is black and full of liquer, of a good and pleasant taste. The root is slender, long, and supple.  
Of this sort there are found some that bear white Berries when they be ripe, howbeit they are but seldom seen.  
The plant that bringeth forth read wortes, in his growing and branches is like to that, which beareth the black berries or whortes, saving that the leaves be greater and harder, almost like the leaves of a great box bush, & they abide the winter without falling away or perishing. The flowers be of a Carnation colour, long, and round, and do grow in clusters at the top of the branches. The fruit is read, but else not much unlike the other, in taste rough and astringent, or binding, and not altogether so full of liquer as the black Whorte. The root is of a woody substance and long.  
Among these Whortes or Whortel berries we may reckon those which the germans or Almains do call Veenbesien, that is to say, marish or Fenberries, of which the stalks be small, short, limmer & tender creeping and almost laid flat upon the ground, beset and decked with small narrow leaves, fashioned almost like to the leaves of the common Thime, but smaller, the berries grow upon very small stems at the end or top of the little branches, almost like the read Whortes, but longer and greater, of colour sometimes all read, and sometimes read speckled, in taste somewhat rough and astringent.  
Vacinia palustria. Marish Whortes.   

❀ The Place.  
Whortes grow in certain woods of Brabant and England. The black are very common and are found in many places: but the read are dainty, and found but in few places.  
marish or Fen Whortes grow in many places of Holland, in low, moist places.   

❀ The Time.  
Whortes do blow in May, and their berries be ripe in june. Fen or marish Whortes are ripe in july and August.   

❀ The Names.  
The two first fruits are called in some places of France, des Cusins, or des Morets. in high Dutch, Heydelbeeren, Drumperbeeren, and Bruchbeeren, in Brabant, Crakebesien, Postelbesien, & Haverbesien. It may very well be called in Latin Vacinia, because they be little berries, in Latin, Baccae: for as some learned men writ, the word Vacinium, cometh of Baccinium, and was derived of Bacca: and without doubt this name agreeth better with them, than the name of Myrtilli, the which some do call them by: yet these berries be not the right Vacinia, whereof Virgil writeth saying, Alba ligustra cadunt, Vacinia nigra leguntur. Their true English name is Whortes, & of some Whortel berries.  
The third kind is called of the Hollanders according to the place of their growing, Veenbesien, and Veencoren, that is to say, marish berries, or Fenberies: and we because of the likeness betwixt them and the other Whortell berries, do call them in Latin, Vacinia palustria, that is to say, Marish Whorts, and Fenberies: for there is none other name known unto us, except it be Samolus of Pliny, or Oxoycocron of Valerius Cordus.   

❀ The Nature.  
Whortes, but especially those that be black, do cool in the second degree, & somewhat they dry and are astringent. Of the like temperament are Marish whortes.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Whortes, and specially those that be black, eaten raw or stewed with sugar, are good for those that have hot and burning fevers, and against the heat of the stomach, the inflammation of the liver, and interior parts.  
They stop the belly, and put away the desire or will to vomit.  
With the juice of them (especially of the black kind) is made a certain medicine called of the Apothecaries Rob, the which is good to be held in the mough against great drieth and thirst in hot agues, and is good for all the purposes whereunto the berries do serve.  
Fen or marish Whortes do also quench thirst, and are good against hot fevers or agues, and against all evil inflammation or heat of blood, and the inward parts, like to the other whortes whereunto they are much alike in virtue and operation.  
To conclude the black and marish Whortes are much like in nature, virtue, and operation unto Rybes, or the read, and beyondsea gooseberries, and may be taken and used in steed of them.    

Of wild Rush/ or Sumac. Chap. xij.  

Rhus syluestris Plinij. Pliny's wild Sumat.   

Gratia Dei quibusdam. Hedge Hyssop.   

❀ The Description.  
THis is a low shrub or wooddish plant, with many brown hard branches, upon which grow leaves somewhat long, and not much unlike the leaves of the greater Box tree, but longer. Among the leaved branches, come up other little branches, upon which grow many spokie ears or tuftes, full of many small flowers, and after them store of square or cornered seeds clustering together. This seed is of a strong savour and bitter taste, and full of fat and Oily sap. The root is hard as the root of Whortes or Whortell plants.  
We may well join to this, that wild plant which Jerome Bocke calleth Hedge Hyssop, which bringeth forth from a wooddish root, slender stalks, spread abroad upon the ground, covered with little grayish leaves, something rough, in fashion like to garden Hyssop, but shorter, at the top of which plant come forth flowers fashioned like to the flowers of wild tansy, of colour sometimes a faint yellow, and sometimes white, after which come up small round knoppes or buttons, in which is found a yellow seed.   

❀ The Place.  
The first plant groweth in Brabant, and in many places of the same Country about Kempen.  
Hedge Hyssop is found in certain places of Germany and France, in wild untoiled places and mountains.   

❀ The Time.  
This Rhus flowreth in May and june, the seed is ripe in july & August.  
Hedge Hyssop flowreth in june and july.   

❀ The Names.  
The first plant is called of the Brabanders Gagel, & is of some Apothecaries called Myrtus, and the seed thereof Myrtilli: notwithstanding, it is not Myrtus. Wherefore it is called of some of the later writers, Pseudomyrsine, and Myrtus Brabantica, and in some places of Almaigne they call it Altsein, and Borst, some take it to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Oleagnus, of Theophrastus, whereunto it is not very much like, but it seemeth to be that kind of wild Rhus, which Pliny speaketh of in the xxiv. Chapter of the xj. book of his excellent work, called the History of Nature.  
Hedge Hyssop is called in high Dutch, Heyden Hyssop, Field Hyssop: in base Almaigne, Heyden Hyssop, because it groweth in Hedges, and wild places. Some do call it in Latin, Gratia Dei, howbeit it is nothing like, Gratia Dei, or Gratiola, which is a kind of the less centaury, set forth in the third part of this History Chap. xlij. It seemeth to be Selago Plinij, Valerius Cordus calleth it Helian themum.   

❀ The Nature.  
The wild Rhus, or Sumac, especially the seed is hot and dry almost in the third degree.   

❧ The Virtues.  
Wild Rhus or Sumac is not used in medicine, but serveth to be laid in wardrobes and presses to keep garments from moths.    

Of Kneeholme. Chap. xiij.  

❀ The Description.  
KNeeholme is a low woodish plant, like the wild Rhus or Sumacke, with round stalks full of branches, covered with a brownish thick bark or rind, set full of blackish leaves which are thick and prickley nothing differing from the leaves of a myrtle tree, or the smaller Box, saving that each leaf hath a sharp prickle in the top. The fruit groweth in the middle upon the leaves, the which is fair and read when it is ripe, with a hard seed or kernel within. The root is white and single.   

❀ The Place.  
Kneeholme, groweth in Italy, Languedoc, and Bourgoyn, & in some places of England, as in Essex, Kent, Berkshire, and Hamshire, in many places it is planted in gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
This plant keepeth his leaves both winter and summer, and in Italy and such like places where as it groweth of his own accord, it bringeth forth his fruit in August, but in this Country it beareth no fruit.   

❀ The Names.  
This herb is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Ruscum, Ruscus, & Myrtus syluestris, and Scopa Regia, as Marcellus an Ancient writer saith. In Shops it is called Ruscus: in English, Kneeholme, Kneehul, Butcher's broom, and Pedigree. also we may call it the wild Myrtel: it is called in French Myrte sauvage, of some Buys poignant, and Housson: in high Dutch, Meuszdorn, and Keerbesien: in base Almaigne, Stekende palm, that is to say, Prickley Box, because it is somewhat like Box, the which they do commonly call Palmboom: of some also Muysdorne.  

Ruscum.    

❀ The Nature.  
The roots and leaves are hot in the second degree and dry in the first.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The decoction of Kneeholme or Ruscus made in wine and drunken provoketh urine, breaketh the stone, and driveth forth gravel: and is good for them that can not with ease make their water.  
It is good to be taken in the like manner against the jaundice, the headache, and to provoke women's flowers.  
The leaves and fruit be of the same working or faculty as the roots be, but not so effectual or strong, wherefore they be not much occupied or used.    

Of Horse tongue/ Double tongue/ and Laurus of Alexandria. Chap. xiv.  

❀ The Description.  
DOuble tongue hath round stalks like Salomons seal, of a foot and a half long, upon which e grow upon each side thick brownish leaves, not much unlike to Bay leaves, upon the which there groweth in the middle of every leaf another small leaf fashioned like a tongue, and betwixt those small and great leaves, there grow round red berries as big as a pease or thereabouts. The root is tender, white, long and of a good savour.  
There is found another kind of Double tongue, as some learned men writ, the which also bringeth forth his fruit upon the leaves, and is like to the aforesaid, in stalks, leaves, fruit, and roots, saving that there grow none other small leaves by the fruit upon the great leaves.  
The learned Matthiolus setteth forth a third kind, the which is much like to the abovesaid in roots and leaves: but the fruit thereof groweth not upon the leaves as in the others, but every berry groweth upon a stem by itself coming forth betwixt the stem and the leaves: the said berries be red, and as big as Ciche Peasen.  
Hippoglossum. Horse tongue or double tongue,  
Laurus Alexandrina. Laurus of Alexandria.   

❀ The Place.  
Double tongue groweth in Hungary and ostrich, and in some dark woods of Italy. The Herboristes of this Country do plant it in their gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
It delivereth his seed in September.   

❀ The Names.  
The first of these herbs is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and as some writ, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin also Hippoglossum, and Hypoglossum, of the later writers vuularia, Bonifacia, Lingua pagana, and Bis●…ngua: in high Dutch, Zapfflinkraut, Hauckblat, Auffenblat, Beerblat, & Zungenblat: and according to the same in base Almaigne, Keelcruyt, Tongembladt, and Tapkenscruyt, that is to say, Tongue herb, or Tongue wort, also the pagan or uplandish tongue, Horse tongue, and double tongue, & tongue shoulder-blade.  
The second seemeth to be a kind of Hippoglossum, and therefore some call it Hippoglossum foemina, and the first they call Hippoglossum mas.  
The third is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Laurus Alexandrina, and Laurus Idaea, of some late writers Victoriola: in French, Laurier Alexandrin in base Almaigne, Laurus van Alexandrien: in English also, Laurus of Alexandria, or tongue Laurel.   

❀ The Nature.  
Tongueblade or double tongue his nature is to assuage pain, as Galen says.  
But the Laurel of Alexandria is hot and dry of complexion.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The leaves and roots of double tongue, are much commended against the swellings of the throat, the vulva, and the kernels under the tongue, and against the ulcers and sores of the same, taken in a gargarism.  
Marcellus says, that in Italy they use to hang this herb about the necks of young children that are sick in the vuula: a garland made thereof & worn, or set next upon the bore head, is good for the headache, as Dioscorides writeth. Baptista Sardus writeth, that this herb is excellent for the diseases of the mother, and that a spoonful of the powder of the leaves of double tongue causeth the strangled matrix or mother to descend down to his natural place.  
The root of Alexandria Laurel boiled in wine and drunken, helpeth the strangury, provoketh urine & women's natural sickness, easeth them that have hard travel, expelleth the secundine, and all other corruption of the matrix.    

Of Tamarisk. Chap. xv.  

¶ The kinds.  
Tamarisk is of two sorts, as Dioscorides says, great and small.   

❀ The Description.  
TAmarisk is a little tree or plant, as long as a man, with many branches, of colour sometimes pale green, and sometimes brownish, upon the which grow little grayish leaves, almost like the leaves of Heath or Hather, or like to savin. The flowers be of a brown purple colour, and like wool or Cotton, the which at their falling of, are carried away with the wind.  
The greater Tamarisk hath leaves like the other, but it groweth much higher that is to say, to the length of other great trees, and beareth a fruit like to the lesser Oak Apples or galls.   

❀ The Place.  
The small or low Tamarisk groweth by flow streams and standing waters: and is found in some places of Germany, by the course or stream of the river Rhine.  
The greater Tamarisk groweth in Syria and Egypt, the which is yet unknown to them of our time.  
Myrica humilis.   

❀ The Time.  
The little Tamarisk flowreth in the spring of the year, but especially in May.   

❀ The Names.  
This plant is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Myrica, and Tamarix: in the best Apothecaries Sshops, Tamariscus, and according to the same in English, Tamarisk: in French, Tamarix, of some Bruyere sauvage: in high Dutch, Tamariscen holtz, of some Birtzenbertz: in base Almaigne, Tamarischboom.   

❀ The Nature.  
The leaves and new springs of Tamarisk, are somewhat warm and abstersive, without any manifest drought or dryness. The fruit and the bark thereof are dry and astringent, and of the nature of galls.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Tamarisk is a medicine of excellent power and virtue against the hardness and stopping of the milt or Spleen, and for the same purpose it is so good and found true by experience, that Swine which have been daily fed out of a trough or vessel made of the Tamarisk tree or timber, have been seen to have no milt at al. And therefore it is good for them that are Splenitique to drink out of a cup or dish made of Tamarisk wood or timber.  
The decoction of the leaves & young springs of Tamarisk boiled in wine with a little vinegar and drunken, doth heal and unstop the hardness and stoppings of the milt or spleen. The same virtue hath the juice thereof drunken in wine, as Pliny saith.  
Against the tooth ache, it is also very good to hold in the mouth the hot decoction of the leaves and tender branches of Tamarisk boiled in wine.  
The decoction of the leaves made in water, doth stay the superfluous course of women's flowers, if they sit or bathe in the same while it is hot.  
The same decoction made with the young shutes and leaves killeth the louse and nittes, if the place whereas they be, be washed therewithal.  
The fruit of the great Tamarisk is good against the spitting of blood, the superfluous course of women's flowers: against the lask and bitings of venomous beasts.  
They use this fruit in steed of Galls in medicines, that are made for the disease of the mouth and eyes.  
The bark of Tamarisk is of the same virtue as the fruit, and is good to stop lasks and all issue of blood.    

Of Heath. Chap. xuj.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere is in this Country two kinds of Heath, one which beareth his flowers alongst the stems, and is called long Heath. The other bearing his flowers in tutteys or tuftes at the tops of the branches, the which is called small Heath.   

❀ The Description.  
HEath is a wooddish plant full of branches, not much unlike the lesser Tamarisk, but much smaller, tenderer, and lower, it hath very small jagged leaves, not much unlike the leaves of garden Cypress (which is our Lavender Cotton) but browner and harder. The flowers be like small knoppes or buttons parted in four, of a fair carnation colour, and sometimes (but very seldom) white, growing alongst the branches from the middle upward even to the top. The roots be long and woodish, and of a dark read colour.  
The second kind of Heath, is also a little base plant, with many little twigs, or small slender shutes coming from the root, of a reddish brown colour, 
Erica. Heath.  
Erica altera. Small Heath.  with very small leaves, in fashion not unlike the leaves of common Thyme, but much smaller and tenderer, the flowers grow at the top of the strigges, or twigs, five or six in a company together, hanging downwards, of colour Carnation and read, of making long and round, hollow within, and open at the end like a little tonnell, smaller than a cornel which is the fruit of a cornel tree. The root is tender, and creeping alongst, and putteth forth in divers places many new twigs or strigges.   

❀ The Place.  
Heath groweth upon mountains that be dry, hungry and & barren, and in plains woods and wilderness.   

❀ The Time.  
The first kind of Heath flowreth both at the beginning and the end of summer until September.  
The second kind flowreth about midsummer.   

❧ The Names.  
Heath, Hather, and Ling is called in high and base Almaigne, Heyden: and is thought of the later writers to be that plant which Dioscorides calleth in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Erice, and Erica.  
The smaller kind also without doubt is a Heath: and therefore it may truly be called in Latin, Erica altera: in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.   

❀ The Nature.  
Both kinds of Heath have a manifest and evident dryness.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The juice of the leaves of Heath dropped into the eyes, doth heal the pain of the same, taketh away the redness, and strengtheneth the sight.  
If Heath be the true Erica of Dioscorides, the flowers and leaves thereof are good to be laid upon the bitings and stingings of Serpents, and such like venomous beasts.  
The learned Matthiolus in his Commentaries upon Dioscorides lib. j doubteth not of this plant but that it is Erica of Dioscorides, whereunto he hath set two other figures of strange Heath, sent unto him by one Gabriel Falloppius a learned Physician. Moreover he commends much the decoction of our common Heath made with fair water, to be drunken warm both morning and evening, in the quantity of five ounces, three hours before meat, against the stone in the bladder, so that it be used by the space of thirty days: but at the last the patient must enter into a bath made of the decoction of Heath, & while he is in the said bath, he must sit upon some of the Heath that made the foresaid bath, the which bath must be oftentimes repeated and used. for by the use of the said bath and diet or decoction he hath known many to be helped, so that the stone hath come from them in very small pieces. Also Turner saith, that for the diseases of the milt, it were better to use the barks of Heath (in steed of Tamarisk) than the bark of Quickbeme. Tur. li. 1. fol. 210. li. 2. fol 59    

Of Cotton or Bombace. Chap. xvij.  

❀ The Description.  
THis plant is but a shrub or low tree that groweth not very high: the leaves be broad with deep cuts or slittes, smaller than vine leaves, but else somewhat like. The flowers be yellow, and somewhat purple in the mids, jagged about the edges. The fruit is almost like to Fylbeardes, broad and flat, and full of fair white cotton, or the down that we call Bombace, in which the seed lieth hidden.   

❀ The Place.  
Cotton tree groweth in Egypt and the India's, and is planted in Candie, Maltha, and other such Countries.   

❀ The Names.  
Cotton is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and also in Latin, Xylum, and Gossipium: in shops, Cotum, Bombax, and Bombasum: in high Dutch, Baumwol: in base Almaigne Boomwolle.   

❀ The Nature.  
The seed of Cotton, is hot and moist, as Serapio says.  

Xylon.    

❀ The Virtues.  
The seed of Cotton suageth the cough, and is good against all cold diseases of the breast, augmenteth natural strength, and increaseth the seed of generation.    

Of Capers. Chap. xviij.  

❀ The Description.  
THE Caper is a prickly plant or bush almost like the Bramble, with many shutes or branches spread abroad & stretched alongst the ground, upon which do grow hard sharp and crooked prickles with blackish round leaves, standing one against another, not much unlike the leaves of Asarabacca, or folefoote, or the leaves of a Quince tree, as Dioscorides says, but much rounder. Amongst the leaves spring up small knops or buds, the which do open into fair starrelyke flowers, of a pleasant smell or savour: afterwards cometh the fruit which is long & round, smaller than an olive, & hath in it small corns or kernels (like to them in the pomegranate, as Turner says.) The root is long and woodish, covered with a white thick bark or rind, whereof they use in Physic.  

Capparis.    

❀ The Place.  
Capers grow in rough untoiled places, in stony sandy ground, and in hedges: and it groweth plentifully in Spain, Italy, Arabia, and other such hot Countries: it groweth not in this Country, but the fruit and flowers are known unto us, because they be brought to us from Spain preserved in brine or salt.   

❧ The Names.  
Capers are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and in Latin, Capparis, of some also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Cynosbatos, that is to say in Latin, Rubus Canis, and Sentis Canis: in high Dutch, Capperen: in base Almaigne, Cappers.   

¶ The Nature.  
The Capers that grow in Africa, Arabia, Lybia, & other hot Countries, are very hot even almost in the third degree, causing weals, pustulles, and ulcers in the mouth, consuming and eating the flesh even to the bones, but they which grow in Italy and Spain, be not so strong (and, as Simeon Sethy writeth, they be hot and dry in the second degree) and therefore are fit to be eaten, because they be moderately hot, dry, & astringent, especial the bark of the root which is most desired in Physic: for the flowers & young leaves be not of so strong operation, and therefore do serve better to be eaten with meats.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The bark of the root of Capers is good against the hardness and stopping of the milt, to be taken with oxymel, or mingled with oils & ointments fit for that purpose, & applied or laid to outwardly upon the place of the milt.  
Also they use with great profit to give of this root in drink, to such as have the Sciatica, the Palsy, and to them that are bruised or squat, or have fallen from above.  
It stirreth up women's desired sickness, & doth so mightily provoke urine, that it waxeth bloody, if it be to much used and in to great a quantity.  
It cleanseth old ulcers and rotten sores that are hard to heal, and laid to with vinegar, it taketh away fowl white spots and morphew.  
The fruit and leaves of Capers have the like virtue as the roots, but not so strong, as Galen saith.  
The seed of Capers boiled in vinegar, and kept warm in the mouth, suageth tooth ache.  
The juice of the leaves, flowers and young fruit of Capers, killeth the worms of the ears when it is dropped in.  
The Capers preserved in salt or pickel, as they be brought into this Country, being washed, boiled, and eaten with vinegar, are meat and medicine: for it stirreth up appetite, openeth the stoppinges of the liver and milt, consumeth and wastes the cold flemes that is gathered about the stomach. Yet they nourish very little or nothing at all, as Galen says.    

Of Gooseberries. Chap. nineteeen.  

❀ The Description  
THE Gooseberie bush is a woodish prickly plant growing to the height of two three, or four foot, with many whitish branches, set full of sharp prickles, and smooth leaves of a light green colour, somewhat large and round, cut in, & snipt about almost like to vine leaves. Among the leaves grow small flowers, and after them round berries, the which are first green, but when they wax ripe, they are somewhat yellow or reddish and clear through shining, of a pleasant taste some what sweet. The root is slender, hard wooddishe, and full of hairy strings.   

❀ The Place.  
The Gooseberie is planted commonly almost in every garden of this Country alongst the hedges & borders of the same.   

❀ The Time.  
The Goosebery bush springeth betimes, and waxeth green in March, yea and sometimes in February, it flowreth in April, and bringeth forth his fruit in May the which is much used in meats. The fruit is ripe at the end of june.  

Vua Crispa.    

❀ The Names.  
The Gooseberie is called of the later writers in Latin, Grossularia. Gesnere thinketh it to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Spina Ceanothos of Theophrastus.  
The fruit is called in Latin, Vua crispa: of some Grossula: of Matthiolus, Vua spina, which may be Englished, Thorn grape: in French, des Groisselles▪ in high Dutch, Kreuszbeer, and Kruselbeer: in base Almaigne Stekelbesien, or Kroesbesien, and of some also Knoeselen.   

❀ The Nature.  
The fruit before it is ripe (for then it is most used) is cold and dry in the second degree, and binding, almost of the same nature that the unripe grapes of the vine are.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The unripe Gooseberie stoppeth the belly, and all issue of blood, especially the juice of them pressed forth and dried.  
The same green Gooseberries or their juice, is very good to be laid upon hot inflammations, Erysipelas, and wild fire. The leaves be likewise good for the same purpose, but not all thing so virtuous.  
The green Gooseberie eaten with meats provoketh appetite, & cooleth the vehement heat of the stomach and liver, and doth suage and mitigate the inward heat of the same, and is good against agues.  
The young leaves eaten raw, do provoke urine, and are good for such as are troubled with the gravel and stone.    

Of red Gooseberries. Chap. xx.  

¶ The kinds.  
OF these berries there be two sorts in this Country: the one beareth ared fruit of a pleasant taste, the other beareth a black fruit of an unpleasant taste.   

❀ The Description.  
THE read beyondsea Gooseberie, hath woddishe pliant branches, covered with a brownish bark, and broad blackish leaves, not much unlike vine leaves, but smaller. The flowers grow amongst the leaves, upon the young sprigs or sprays clustering together, and a great many hanging downward by small strings or stems: when those flowers be passed there grow upon every side of the said strings many small green berries at the first, the which afterward waxered, of a pleasant quick and sharp taste.  
The black Gooseberries are like to the aforesaid, in branches, leaves, flowers, and fruit, saving they be of a black colour and unpleasant taste, and therefore not used.   

❀ The Place.  
Beyondsea Gooseberries are planted in divers gardens, wherewithal they use to make twisted hedges alongst by the allies and borders of gardens.  
The black Goosederies grow of themselves in moist untoiled places, alongst by the ditches & water courses.  
Vua ursi Galeni. Ribs, vulgò.   

❀ The Time.  
Beyondsea Gooseberries are most commonly ripe in july.   

❀ The Names.  
This plant is called of the later writers in Latin, Grossularia rubra, Grossu laria transmarina, Ribs, and Ribesum: yet this is not right Ribs.  
The fruit is also called of the later writers Groslulę transmarinae, and it should seem to be the fruit the which Galen lib. 7. de medicamentis secundùm loca, calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Vuae ursi: in shops they call it Ribs: in French, Groiselles d'outre mer: in high Dutch, S. johans' treuble, or Treublin, and S. johans' beerlin: in base Almaigne, Besiekens over zoea, and Aelbesiekens.  
The first kind is called Grossulae rubrae, Ribs rubrum: in English, Red Gooseberries, Beyondsea Gooseberries, Bastard Corinth's, & common Ribs: in French, Groiselles rogues: in base Almaigne, Rood Aelbesien, and of this sort only they use in shops, and meats.  
The second kind is called Ribs nigrum: in English, Black Gooseberries, or black Ribs: in French, Groiselles noires: in base Almaigne, Swerte Aelbesien.   

❀ The Nature.  
The read Gooseberries are cold and dry in the second degree, and astringent or binding.   

❧ The Virtues.  
Read Gooseberries do refresh and cool the hot stomach and liver, and it is very good to be taken against all inflammation, & burning heat of the blood, and hot agues.  
The same held in the mouth & chewed, is good against all inflammation, and hot tumours in the mouth, and quencheth thirst in hot agues.  
It stoppeth the lask coming of a choleric humour, and the bloody flux, especially the Rob or dried juice thereof.  
The rob made with the juice of common Ribs and Sugar, is very good for all the diseases abovesaid, it stoppeth vomitings, and the upbreakinges of the stomach, and is very good in hot agues to be drunken with a little cold water, or to be held in the mouth against thirst.  
The black Gooseberries are not used in Physic.    

Of Berberis. Chap. xxi.  

❀ The Description.  
THE Barbary plant, is a shrub or bush of ten or twelve foot high or more, bringing forth many wooddish branches, set with sharp prickly thorns. The leaves be of a whitish green & snipt round about, the edges like a see set with fine prickles, of a sharp sour taste, & therefore is used in sauces in steed of sorrel. The flowers be small, of a pale yellowish colour, growing amongst the leaves upon short clustering stems, after the flowers there hung by the said stems little long round berries, read at the the first when they be ripe, but when they be dry, they are blackish, in taste sour & astringent, with a hard grey or blackish kernel in the middle which is the seed. The root is hard and long, divided into many branches, very yellow within as all the rest of the wood of this plant is, of taste somewhat rough or sour binding.   

❀ The Place.  
The Barbary bush is found in Brabant about the borders of woods and hedges. It is also much planted in gardens, especially in the gardens of Herboristes'.   

❀ The Time.  
The Barbary bush putteth forth new leaves in April, as the most part of other trees doth: it flowreth in may, and the fruit is ripe in September.   

❀ The Names.  
This plant is called in shops Berberis, especially the fruit thereof, the which to them is best known: the learned Matthiolus calleth this plant in Latin, Crespinus: in English, Barberies, & the Barbary bush or tree: in French, Espine vinette: in high Dutch, Paisselbeer, Saurich, Erbsel, Versich: in base Almaigne Sauseboom. This is a kind of Amyrberis, that is to say, Oxyacantha, in Avicen and Serapion, the which do set out two kinds of Amyrberis: The one having a red fruit, the which Dioscorides calleth Oxyacantha, & is described hereafter in the xxxi. Chap. the other with a long blackish fruit, and is counted for the best Amyrberis, and is that which the later writers do call Berberis, it is also very like to be the Oxyacantha, described by Galen, lib. 2. de Alimentor. facultat. amongst those kinds of shrubs or plants whose young shutes and springs are good to be eaten.   

¶ The Nature.  
The leaves and fruit of Barberies, are of complexion cold and dry in the second degree, & somewhat of subtle parts.  

Crespinus Matthioli.    

❧ The Virtues.  
With the green leaves of the Barbary bush they make sauce to eat with meats as they do with Sorrel, the which doth refresh and provoke appetite, and is good for hot people and them that are vexed with burning agues.  
The fruit stoppeth the lask, and all superfluous fluxes of women, and all unnatural flux of blood.  
The root thereof stieped in lie, maketh the hear yellow, if it be often washed therewithal.    

Of Acatia. Chap. xxij.  

❀ The kinds.  
There be two sorts of Acatia, the one growing in Egypt. The other in the Countries of Pontus.   

❀ The Description.  
THE first kind of Acacia is a little thorny tree or bush with many branches, set full of sharp prickles, amongst which do arise leaves parted into many other small leaves. The flowers are white. The seed is broad like lupines, enclosed in long cods, from out of which they draw a juice or black liquor, the which is called Acatia. Matthiolus first figure of Acatia hath leaves like Asarabacca and beareth timber of twelve cubits long, fit for buildings, especially of ships, some have called it a thorn, because all the tree is set full of prickles.  
The second kind is also a thorny plant, set with long sharp prickles, and the leaves be almost like to the leaves of common Rue. The fruit likewise is enclosed in cods, as the fruit of the first kind.  
Acatia Aegyptia. Acatia of Egypt.  
Acatia altera. Acatia of Pontus.   

¶ The Place.  
The first Acatia groweth in divers places of Egypt, in the wilderness or deserts.  
The second groweth in Pontus and Cappadocia, as Dioscorides writeth.   

¶ The Names.  
This thorny tree or plant is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Acatia, of Theophrastus' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin, Spina. The gum coming out of this tree is called in Shops Gummi Arabicum, & is well known, howbeit the liquor or juice of Acatia, which is also called Acatia, is unknown: for in steed of Acatia, they use in shops the juice of Sloos', or Snagges, which is the fruit of black thorns (called in base Almaigne, Sleen) and wrongly Acatia.  
The other, whereof we have given the figure as of the second Acatia, is taken of some learned men for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Aspalathus, and not for Acatia. Matthiolus setteth it forth for the second kind of Acatia, called Acatia Pontica, and Acatia altera.   

❀ The Nature.  
Acatia, especially the juice therefore (which the Ancients used) is dry in the third degree, and cold in the first, as Galen says.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The juice of Acatia stoppeth the lask, & the superfluous course of women's flowers: and bringeth back again, staying and keeping in his natural place, the matrix or mother that is loosed and fallen down, if the Acatia be drunken with read wine.  
It is good to be laid to Serpigo, which is a disease of the skin called wild fire, and upon inflammations and hot tumours: also it is good to be laid to the weals or hot blisters of the mouth.  
It is also a very excellent medicine for the eyes, to heal the inflammation, blastinges, and swelling out of the same, to be applied thereunto.  
Acatia maketh the hear black, if it be washed and often wet in the water wherein it hath been soaked.  
The leaves and tender crops of Acatia do settle and strengthen members out of joint, if they be hathed or soaked in the hot bath or stew made with the broth thereof.    

Of the myrtle tree. Chap. twenty-three.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere is now two sorts of myrtle, the one called the great or common myrtle, the other the fine or noble Myrtel.   

❀ The Description.  
THE great myrtle is a small tree growing in this Country to the height of a man, with many branches covered with blackish leaves, in fashion and quantity almost like the leaves of Perivincle: amongst which leaves (in a hot season) there is found in this Country, fair white and pleasant flowers, not much unlike the flowers or blossoms of the Cherry tree, but somewhat smaller.  
The small or noble Myrtel is a little low plant in proportion and making not much unlike the other, but much smaller. The leaves be small & narrow, smaller and straighter, or narrower than the leaves of Box, of colour not so blackish as the leaves of the greater myrtle. The flowers be also white, nothing differing from the others, saving that they be somewhat smaller, and sometimes in leaves more double.  
Also there is now found a kind of myrtle whose leaves be greatest, which be almost as large as the leaves of Perivincle, called in Latin Perivinca, in all things else like to the others.  
Myrtus. Myrtel tree.   

¶ The Place.  
The myrtle tree or bush, groweth plentifully in Spain and Italy about Naples. It groweth not in this Counitre, but in the gardens of certain Herboristes, the which do set it in paniers or baskets, & with great heed and diligence they preserve it from the cold of winter: for it cannot endure the cold of this Country. The small myrtle is more common in this Country, than the greater.   

❀ The Time.  
The myrtle tree flowreth but seldom in this Country, except sometimes in a very hot summer: than it flowreth in june, without bearing either fruit or seed.   

❀ The Names.  
The myrtle is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Myrtus: by the which name it is known in the shopppes of this Country.  
The fruit of the myrtle is called in shops Myrtilli.   

❀ The cause of the Name  
The myrtle is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because of a young Maiden of Athenes named Myrsine: who in beauty excelled all the Maidens of that City, and in strength & activity all the lusty lads, or brave young men of Athenes, wherefore she was tenderly beloved of the Goddess Pallas or Mincrua. Who willed her to be always present at tourney, and tilt, running, vaulting, and other such plays of activity or exercise: to the intent she should afterward as a judge give the garland or Crown of honour to such as won the price, and best deserved the same: but some of them who were vanquished, were so much displeased with her judgement, that they slew her. The which thing as soon as the Goddess Minerva perceived, she caused the sweet myrtle to spring up, and called it Myrsine, after the name of the damosel Myrsine, to the honour and perpetual memory of her, which tree or plant she loveth asmuch as ever she loved the young Damsel Myrsine.   

❀ The Nature.  
myrtle is dry in the third degree, and cold in the first.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Myrtel berries are good to be given them, which do spit, vomit or piss blood, for they stop all issue of blood, and the superfluous course of the menstrual flowers.  
The same be also good against the lask, & the sores or ulcers of the bladder.  
The dried juice of Myrtelles serveth well for all the aforesaid purposes, and also for the weak and moist stomach, & against the stingings of Scorpions and the field spider.  
The decoction of Myrtel berries maketh the hear black, & keepeth it from falling, it cureth the evil sores of the head, and cleanseth the same from room, or scurvy scales, if the head be often washed therewithal.  
It is good to wash outward ulcers and sores with the wine in which the seed of Myrtel hath been boiled. It is also profitable to be laid to the inflammations of the eyes, with a little fine flower: and against the filthy matter or running of the ears, being dropped therein.  
It keepeth from drunkenness, if it be taken before hand.  
The decoction of the seed and leaves of myrtle, stoppeth the superfluous course of the flowers, if you 'cause them to sit or bathe in it.  
It is good to wash such members as have been bursten or out of joint: for it doth strengthen and comfort them.  
The green leaves of myrtle, are good to be laid upon moist sores, and upon all parts in which there is any great falling down of humours.  
The same with oil of Roses, or any other of the same operation, is good against consuming sores, and rotten ulcers, wild fire, spreading tetters, & other such hot scabs or pustules.  
The dry leaves of Myrtel laid to with convenient ointments or salves, do heal the exulceration of the nails, aswell of the hands as of the feet, and do take away the sweat of all the body.    

Of the bay tree. Chap. xxiv.  

¶ The Kinds.  
There are two sorts of bay trees, the one with green boughs & branches, and hard thick leaves, the other hath reddish branches, especially when it is young, and softer leaves, and more gentle than the first.   

❀ The Description  
THE first kind of Bay groweth sometimes very high, with a hard or thick stem, body, or trunk, the which parteth itself into many boughs & branches covered with a green rind or bark, and beareth leaves that be broad, long, hard, thick & sweet smelling: amongst which there rise small white or yellowish knoppes, the which do open into flowers of an herbish colour, and do change afterward into a long fruit, covered without with a thick black brown pill or bark, in which the kernel lieth, of a whitish grey colour, fat & oily, in taste sharp & bitter.  
The second kind of Bay is not much unlike the first, saving that it groweth not so high, and it putteth forth oftentimes new shutes or branches from the root, the which do often grow as high as the principal branches, so that this Bay doth seldom grow to the fashion or shape of a tree. The shutes & branches of this Bay are reddish, and sometimes very read, and when they wax old, they are brown red. The leaves be like to the others, saving that they be more tender and soft, and as well smelling as the other.  
Laurus. Laurel or bay tree.   

❀ The Place.  
Bay groweth plentifully in Spain and the like hot Countries. in this low Country they plant it in gardens and defend it in the winter time from cold with great diligence, saving Zealande, and by the Sea side in saltish grounds: for there it groweth well of his own accord, and dieth not in the winter season, as it doth in sweet grounds.   

❀ The Time.  
The bay tree loseth not his leaves, but abideth green both winter and summer. And about March or April it putteth forth new leaves & springs, it bringeth forth no fruit in the lower Germany, but in England it beareth plenty.   

❀ The Names.  
The Bay is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Laurus: in high Dutch, Lorbeerbaum: in base Almaigne, Laurus boom: in English, Bay or Laurel tree.  
The fruit is called in Latin, Lauri baccę: in English, bay berries: in French, Bayes, or Grains de Laurier: in high Dutch, Lorbeeren: in base Almaigne, Bakeleers.   

❀ The cause of the Name.  
The bay tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, by the name of a young Nymph, called Daphne the daughter of Ladon, and the earth, whom the God Apollo loved, and was much enamoured of her, so that he followed her every where so long, that at the last he took hold of her and held her fast. But she not otherwise able to avoid the importunate sewte of Apollo, suddenly called for succour of her mother the earth, who presently opened, and swallowed in her daughter Daphne, and in steed of her brought forth a fair bay tree. When Apollo saw this change, he was much astonished, and named the tree Daphne, after the name of his beloved Daphne, and took a branch thereof, and twisted a garland or cap, and set it on his head. Whereby from that time hitherto, the Bay hath still continued as a token of prophesy, and is dedicated to Apollo, that is to say, the Son. Therefore the Heathen say, that the bay tree withstandeth all evil spirits and enchantmentes: so that in the house where as is but one branch of Bay, they affirm that neither enchantments, lightnings, nor the falling evil may hurt any body that is within. They say also, that the Bay or Laurel bringeth health. And for these causes (in times past) there was given a branch of Bay to the Roman Senators every New years day. And for these causes also the poets were crowned with Garlands of Bay, because that Poetry, or the works of poets, is a kind of prophesy or foothsaying, the which Apollo governeth and ruleth.   

❀ The Nature.  
The leaves and fruit of the bay tree, are hot and dry in the second degree, especially the fruit, the which is hotter than the leaves. The bark of the root is hot and dry in the third degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
bay berries taken with wine is good against the bitings and stinging of Scorpions, and against all venom and poison.  
The same pound very small, and mingled with honey or some Syrup, and often licked, and kept in the mouth, is good for them that wax dry, and are in consumption, and that have the pain to fetch breath, and have their breast charged with phlegm.  
The decoction thereof in wine, or the juice thereof dropped into the ears, cureth the singing or humming noise of the same, and is good against hardness of hearing and deafness.  
bay berries are put into medicines that are made to refresh them that be tired or wearied, against cramps and drawing together of sinews, moist and dry scurviness, being applied with oils or ointments serving to the same purpose.  
The oil of bay berries is of the same virtue: also it is good against bruises, and black and blue marks, that chance after stripes or beatinges.  
The bark of the root of Bay drunken in wine, provoketh urine, breaketh the stone, and driveth it forth, and gravel also.  
The same taken in like manner, openeth the stoppinges of the liver, the spleen or milt, and to conclude, all other stoppinges of the inner parts: wherefore it is good against the jaundice, that is inveterate or rooted, the hardness of the spleen or milt, the beginning of the Dropsy, and bringeth to women their desired sickness.    

Of Privet. Chap. twenty-five.  

❀ The Description.  
Privet is a base plant, very seldom growing upright, but is rather like to a bush or hedge then a tree, with many slender twigs and branches, and leaves somewhat long, of a dark green colour, like the leaves of Perivincle, but somewhat larger and longer. At the tops of the branches grow tuftes of white flowers, somewhat like the flowers of elder, after them come small berries, at the first green, but afterward black.   

❀ The Place.  
Privet groweth of his own kind in many places of Germany and England, and is also planted in many gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
Privet flowreth in May and june, and his fruit or berries are ripe in September.   

¶ The Names.  
This plant is called in Greek (of Dioscorides 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉) who joineth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 next to Cypros: in Latin of Pliny, Ligustrum: yet this is not that Ligustrum, whereof Virgil and Columella have written, whereof we have treated before, li. 3. Cap. 52. in English, Privet, or Primprint: in French, Troesne: in high Douch, Beinholtzlin, Mundholtz, Reinweiden: in base Almaigne, Reynwilghen, Mondthout, and Keelcruyt.   

¶ The Nature.  
The leaves of Privet are cold, dry, and astringent. The fruit hath a certain warmness, but else in nature like to the leaves.  

Phillyrea, Ligustrum.    

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves of Privet do cure the swellings, apostumations, and ulcers of the mouth, and the sores, and pustules, or blisters of the throat, if the mouth be well washed, and the throat gargled with the decoction or juice thereof.  
The same leaves made into powder, are good to be strewed upon hot ulcers, and noughty festering or consuming sores. And the fruit used in like manner, serveth to the same purposes.  
Whatsoever is burned or scalded with fire, may be healed with the broth of Privet leaves. The flowers laid to the forehead, suage the pain thereof. The oil heateth and softeneth the sinews, if it be mingled with things that are of a hot nature, as Turner writeth, lib 2. fol. 32.    

Of Agnus Castus. Chap. xxvi.  

❀ The Description.  
AGnus Castus groweth after the manner of a shrubby bush or tree, with many pliant twigs or branches, that will bend and ploy without breaking. The leaves are most commonly parted into five or seven parts, like to the leaves of Hemp, whereof each part is long, and narrow, not much unlike the Wythie leaf, but smaller. The flowers grow at the upmost of the branches like to spikie ears clustering together round about the branches, and are of colour sometimes purple, & sometimes of a light purple mixed with white. The fruit is round like Pepper corns.   

❀ The Place.  
Agnus Castus (as Dioscorides saith) groweth in rough untoiled places alongst by rivers, and water courses, in Italy and other hot Countries, but here it is not to be found, but in the gardens of some diligent Herboristes.   

❀ The Time.  
In this Country Agnus Castus flowreth in August.   

❀ The Names.  
This plant is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Agnos: & of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Vitex, Salix marina, or Salix amerina: and of some Piper agreste: in shops, Agnus castus: by the which name it is known of the Herboristes: in English, Agnus Castus, Hemp tree or chaste tree: in Germany it is called Schafmulle.   

❀ The Nature.  
Agnus Castus is hot and dry in the third degree: & of nature very astringent.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Agnus Castus is a singular remedy and medicine for such as would live chaste: for it withstandeth all uncleanness or the filthy desire to lechery, it consumeth & drieth up the seed of generation, in what sort soever it be taken, whether in powder, or in decoction, or the leaves alone laid on the bed to fleepe upon. And therefore it was named Castus, that is to say, Chaste, clean, and pure.  
Vitex.  
The seed of Agnus Castus drunken, driveth away and dissolveth all windiness and blastinges of the stomach, entrails, bowels, and mother: & from all other parts of the body, where as any windiness is gathered together.  
The same openeth & cureth all hardness & stoppings of the liver & milt, and is good in the beginning of dropsies, drunken with wine in the quantity of a dram.  
It moveth women's natural sickness, to be taken by itself, or with Penny Ryal, or put under in manner of a pessary or mother suppository.  
They minge it profitably amongst Oils and ointments that are made to heat, mollify, and heal the hard or stiff members, that are waxed dead, asleep, benumbed, or wearied: it cureth also the cliffs, or rifts of the fundament, and great gut, being laid to with water.  
Agnus Castus is good against all venomous beasts, it chaseth and driveth away all Serpents, and other venomous beasts from the place where as it is strewed or burned: it heals all bitings and stingings of the same, if it be laid upon the place grieved: the like virtue hath the seed thereof drunken.  
It helpeth the hardness, stoppinges, apostumations, and ulcers of the matrix, if women be caused to sit in the decoction, or broth thereof.  
The leaves thereof with butter, do dissolve and suage the swellings of the genitours or cods, being laid thereunto.  
Some writ that if such, as journey or travel, do carry a branch or rod of Agnus Castus in their hand, it will keep them both from chauffing & weariness.    

Of Coriers Sumach. Chap. xxvij.  

❀ The Description.  
SVmach groweth like a bushy shrub, about the height of a man, bringing forth divers branches, upon which grow long soft hairy or velvet leaves, with a read stem or sinew in the middle, the which upon every side hath six or seven little leaves, standing one against another, toothed and snipt about the edges, like the leaves of agrimony, whereunto these leaves are much like, the flowers grow amongst the leaves upon long stems or footestalkes, clustering together like the cats tails, or blowings of the Nut tree, of a white green colour. The seed is flat and read, growing in round berries clustering together like grapes.   

❀ The Place.  
It groweth abundantly in Spain and other hot Countries. It is not found in this Country, but amongst certain diligent Herboristes.   

❀ The Time.  
Sumach flowreth in this Country in july.  

Rhus Coriaria.    

❀ The Names.  
This plant is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and of Hippocrates, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Rhus, of some Rhos, of the Arabian Apothecaries and Physicians Sumach: in Brabant of the Corriers and Leather dressers, which for the most part do trim and dress Leather like Spanish skins, Smack: in English, Sumach, and Leather Sumach, or Coriers' Sumack.  
The seed of this Rhus is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Rhus obsoniorum: in English, Meat Sumach, and Sauce Sumach.  
The leaves are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Rhus Coriaria, and with the same leaves they dress and tan skins in Spain and Italy, as our Tanners do with the Bark of Oak.   

❀ The Nature.  
The leaves, juice, and berries of Sumach, are cold in the second degree, and dry in the third degree, and of a strong binding power.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The leaves of Sumach have the same power as Acatia hath: wherefore they stop the lask and the disordered course of women's flowers, with all other issue of blood, to be first boiled in water or wine, and drunken.  
The water wherein the same leaves have been boiled, stoppeth the lask and bloody flux, to be powered in as a glister, or to bathe in the same decoction: it drieth up also the running water & filth of the ears, when it is dropped into the same, and it maketh the hear black, that is washed in the same decoction or broth.  
The seed of Sumach eaten in sauces with meat doth also stop all flures of the belly, with the bloody flux and women's flowers, especially the white flowers.  
The same laid upon new bruises, and squattes, that are black and blue, green wounds and newehurtes, defendeth the same from inflammation or deadly burning, appostumation or evil swelling, also from exulceration.  
The same pound with Oaken coals, and laid to the Hemeroydes or flowing blood of the fundament heals & drieth up the same. The same virtue hath the decoction of the leaves or seed to wash or bathe the Hemeroydes therein.    

Of Lycores. Chap. xxviij.  

Glycyrrhiza Radix dulcis. Lycoryse.   

Glycyrrhiza communis. Radix Scythica. Common Lycorise.   

❀ The Description.  
LYcoryse hath strait twigs and branches, of three or four foot high, set with brownish leaves, made of many small leaves standing near together alongst the stems, one directly against another, like the leaves of the Mastic tree, & Tragium or bastard Dyctam, the flowers grow upon short stems, betwixt the leaves and the branches, clustering together like to small pellettes or balls, the which being passed, there followeth round rough prickly heads, made of divers rough husks clustered, or set thick together, in which is contained a flat seed. The root is long and strait, yellow within and brown without, not much unlike the fashion of the root of Gentian, but sweet in taste.  
There is another kind of Licoryse, whose stalks and leaves be like to the aforesaid: but the flowers and cods thereof grow not so thick clustering together in round heads or knoppes, but they grow together like the flowers of Spike upon small footestemmes, or like the flowers of Galega, or that kind of wild Fetch, which some judge to be Onobrychis, or Medica Ruellij, in French, Saint Foin. The roots of this Lycorise grow not strait, but traversing overthwart with many branches, of a brownish colour without, and yellow within, in taste sweet, yea sweeter than the aforesaid.   

❀ The Place.  
Lycoryse, as Dioscorides saith, groweth in Pontus and Cappadocia.  
The second sort is found in certain places of Italy and Germany. In this Country they grow not of themselves, but planted in the gardens of some Herboriftes: but the second sort is best known.   

❀ The Time.  
Lycoryse flowreth in july and in September the seed is ripe.   

❧ The Names.  
Lycoryse is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Dulcis radix, and Dulci radix: in Shops, Liquiritia: in high Dutch, Suszholtz, and Suszwurtsel: in base Almaigne, Suethout, Galissihout, and Calissihout: in French, Riglice, Rigoliste, and Erculisse.  
The first kind of Lycorise or Glycyrrhiza, whereof Dioscorides writeth, may very well be called Glycyrrhiza vera, or Dioscorides Glycyrrhiza: that is Dioscorides Lycorise, and the right liquorice.  
The second is Glycyrrhiza communis, or Glycyrrhyza Germanica, the which Lycoryse is common in the shops of this Country. This is that root which Theophrastus calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and of Pliny, Radix Scythica. Also this is the root called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Alimos, without aspiration.   

❀ The Nature.  
Lycorise is temperate in heat and moisture.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The root of Lycorise is good against the rough harshness of the throat and breast, it openeth and dischargeth the lungs that be stuff or laden, ripeth the cough, and bringeth forth phlegm being chewed and kept a certain space in the mouth. The juice of the root hath the same virtue to be taken for the same intent or purpose.  
For the same cause they use to make a kind of small cakes or bread in some Abbeys of holland against the cough, with the juice of Lycorise, mixed with Ginger and other spices, but the same serveth but against old coughs & cold, and the like infirmities chancing to the lungs and breast.  
The root of Lycorise quencheth thirst, & doth cool and comfort the hot and dry stomach, & is good against the hot diseases of the liver, to be chewed in the mouth, or drunken in a decoction.  
The same is good against the ulcers of the kidneys, and scabs or sores of the bladder, it cureth the sharpness and smarting of urine, and also the filthy corruption or mattering of the urine, being boiled in water and often drunken.  
The same is good to be laid to with honey upon the sores or ulcers of the outward parts: for it cureth the same, as Pliny writeth.  
To conclude, Lycorise and the juice thereof is a very good and wholesome medicine, fit to assuage pain, to soften, and make whole, very proper and agreeable to the breast, the lungs, the reins, the kidneys, and bladder.    

Of Rhamnus. Chap. xxix.  

¶ The kinds.  
AFter the opinion of Dioscorides, there be three sorts of Rhamnus, one with long, fat and soft leaves: the other hath white leaves: and the third hath roundish leaves and somewhat brown.  

Rhamni secunda species. The second kind of Rhamnus.   

Rhamni tertia species. The third kind of Rhamnus.    

❀ The Description.  
ALL the kinds of Rhamnus are plants of a woodish substance, the which (as Dioscorides writeth) have many strait twigs and branches, set with sharp thorns and prickles, like the branches of white Thorn.  
The first kind of Rhamnus hath many long, narrow, tender, flat leaves: amongst the which rise long, hard, and sharp thorns.  
The second kind hath long narrow white leaves, in proportion not much unlike olive leaves, but much smaller, amongst which there grow short thorns with stiff prickles.  
The third kind hath leaves somewhat broad and almost round, of a brownish colour drawing towards red. The thorny prickles of this kind, be neither so great, nor yet so strong, as the prickles of the first kind. The flowers be yellowish, the which past, there cometh up the fruit which is large, and almost fashioned like to a wherrowe or buckler, in the which lieth the seed.   

❀ The Place.  
Rhamnus (as Dioscorides writeth) groweth in hedges and bushes.  
The first kind is not known in this Country, but in Languedoc there groweth plenty.  
The second kind groweth in some parts of Germany upon banks or ditches by the Sea side, especially in Flaunders, where as in certain places it groweth plentifully.  
The third kind is to be found in Brabant in the gardens of some Herboristes, and there is store of it found in the Country of Languedoc.   

❧ The Names.  
This kind of bush is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Rhamnus: unknown in shops.  
The third kind of Rhamnus, is called in Italy, Christ's thorn.   

❀ The Nature.  
The leaves of Rhamnus are dry in the second degree, and cold almost in the first degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves of Rhamnus do cure Erysipelas, that is hot, and choleric inflammations, and consuming sores & fretting ulcers, when it is small pound and laid thereto.  
The Physicians of Piedmont have found by experience, that the seed of the third kind of Rhamnus, is very excellent against the gravel and the stone, to be taken in the decoction or otherwise.  
Some hold, that the branches or bows of Rhamnus sticked at men's doors and windows, do drive away Sorcery and enchantments that Witches and Sorcerers do use against men.    

Of Buck thorn/ or Rhine berries. Chap. thirty.  

❀ The Description.  
THIS plant groweth in manner of a shrub or small tree, whereof the stem is oftentimes as big as one's thigh, the wood or timber whereof is yellow within, and the bark is of the colour of a Chestnut almost like the bark of the Cherry tree. The branches be set with sharp thorns both hard & prickley, and roundish leaves, somewhat like the leaves of a gribble, grabbe tree, or wilding, but smaller. The flowers are white, after which there come little round berries, at the first green, but afterward black.   

❀ The Place.  
This plant groweth in this Country, in fields, woods, and hedges.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth in may, and the fruit is ripe in September.  

Rhamnus solutiws recentiorum.    

❀ The Names.  
This thorn is called in Brabant, Rhim besien dorens: in French, Nerprun, or Bourg espine: in high Dutch, Weghedorn, that is to say, Way thorn: because it groweth alongst the high ways and paths: in Latin of Matthiolus, Spina infectoria, and of some others, Rhamnus solutiws, the which name I do subscribe unto, because I know none other Latin name, albeit it is nothing like to Rhamnus of Dioscorides, or of Theophrastus, & therefore not the right Rhamnus. The Italians do call it Spino Merlo, some call it Spino ceruino, Spin guerzo, and of Valerius Cordus, Cerui spina: we may well call it in English, Buck thorn.  
The fruit of the same thorn is called in Brabant, Rhijnbesien, that is to say in Latin, Baccae Rhenanae: in English, Rhine berries, because there is much of them found alongst the river Rhine: in high Dutch, Weghedornbeer, and Cruetzbeer.   

❀ The Nature.  
It is hot and dry in the second degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The berries of Buck thorn do purge downward mightily, driving forth tough phlegm and choleric humours, and that with great force, and violence, and excess, so that they do very much trouble the body that receiveth the same, and oftentimes do cause vomit. Wherefore they be not meet to be ministered, but to young strong and lusty people of the Country, which do set more store of their money then their lives. But for weak fine and tender people, these berries be very dangerous and hurtful, because of their strong operation. And also because hitherto there is nothing found, wherewithal to correct the violence thereof, or to make it less hurtful.  
Of the same berries before they be ripe, soaked, or delayed in Allom water, they make a fair yellow colour, and when they be ripe, they make a green colour, the which is called in France, Verd de vessie: in high Douch, Safftgrun: in base Almaigne, Sapgruen: in English, sap green.    

Of the White Thorn/ or Hawthorne tree. Chap. xxxi.  

❀ The Description.  
THE white Thorn most commonly groweth low and crooked, wrapped and tangled as a hedge, sometimes it groweth upright after the manner and fashion of a tree: and then it waxeth high as a Perrie, or wild Pear tree, with a trunk or stem of a convenient bigness, wrapped or covered in a bark of grey or ash colour. The branches do sometimes grow very long and upright, especially when it groweth in hedges, and are set full of long sharp thorny prickles. The leaves be broad and deep, cut in about the borders. The flowers be white & sweet smelling, in proportion like to the flowers of Cherry trees, and Plomtrees: after the flowers cometh the fruit which is round and read. The root is divided into many ways, and groweth deep in the ground.   

¶ The Place.  
White thorn groweth in hedges and the borders of fields, gardens, and woods, and is very common in this Country.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth in May, and the fruit is ripe in September.   

❧ The Names.  
This thorn is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Spina acuta, of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Pyrina, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Pytianthe: it is Oxyacantha of Dioscorides, and the first kind of Auicens Amyrberis: in English, White Thorn, & Hawthorne: in French it is called Aube espine: in high Dutch, Hagdorn: in base Almaigne, Haghedoren, and wit Haghedoren.  
It seemeth also to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is to say, Rubus canis, & Canina sentis, whereof Theophrastus, writeth lib. 3 Cap. 18.   

¶ The Nature.  
The fruit of White Thorn is dry and astringent.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The fruit of this Thorn stoppeth the lask, and the flowers of women.  
And as some of the later writers affirm, it is good against the gravel and the stone.  
Oxyacantha Dioscoridis.    

Of Box tree. Chap. xxxij.  

¶ The Kinds.  
THere are two kinds of Box, that is to say, the great & the small, and both are meetly common in this Country.   

❀ The Description.  
THe great Box, is a fair great tree, with a big body or stem, that is hard, and meet for to make divers and sundry kinds of works and instruments: for the timber thereof is firm, hard, and thick, very good to be wrought, and cut all manner ways: and lasteth a long space without rotting or corruption. It hath many bows and hard branches, as big as the arms and branches of some other trees, covered with many small dark green leaves, the which do not fall away in the winter, but do remain green both winter and Summer. The flowers grow amongst the leaves upon the little small branches, after which cometh the seed which is black, enclosed in round cups or husks somewhat bigger than Coriander berries, of colour green, with three feet or legs, like the fashion of a kitchen pot wherein meat is prepared and boiled, the which is very lively pictured in Matthiolus last edition.  
The smaller Box is a little bush, not lightly exceeding the height of two foot, but spreadeth his branches abroad, the which most commonly do grow very thick from the root, and sometimes they grow out of a small trunk or stubbed stem. The leaves of this kind are of a clearer green or lighter colour, and they be also rounder, and somewhat smaller than the leaves of the greater Box, in all other parts like to the aforesaid.   

¶ The Place.  
Box delighteth to grow upon high cold mountains, as upon the hills and deserts of Switserland, and Savoy and other like places, where as it groweth plentifully. In this Country they plant both kinds in some gardens.   

❀ The Time.  
Box is planted at the beginning of November, it flowreth in February & March, and in some Countries the seed is ripe in September.   

❀ The Names.  
Box is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Buxus: in French, Grand Buys: in high Douch, Buxbaum: in base Almaigne, Buxboom, and of the common people Palmboom, that is to say, the Box tree, and Palm tree, because upon Palm Sunday they carry it in their Churches, and stick it round about in their houses.  
The small Box is called of some in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Humi Buxus: that is to say, Ground Box, or Dwarf Box: in French, Petit Buys.   

❀ The Nature.  
The leaves of Box are hot, dry, and astringent, as the taste doth plainly declare.  

Box.    

❀ The Virtues.  
Box is not used in medicine, and amongst the Ancient writers, a man shall found nothing to any purpose, written of the faculties thereof. Notwithstanding there be some ignorant women (which do advance themselves, & take in hand to cure diseases that they know not) who do minister the crops of the Box tree, to people sick of the Apoplexy, which is contrary to all reason. For Box taken into the body, doth not only hurt the brain, but is very hurtful for the brain when it is but smelled to.  
Some learned writers at this time do affirm, that the lie in which Boxen leaves have been stieped, maketh the hear yellow, if the head be often washed therewithal.    

Of the prickly Goxe. Chap. xxxiij.  

❀ The Description.  
PRickley Box is a tree not much unlike to the other Box, with many great arms or branches of five or six foot long or more, the leaves be thick and somewhat round, like Boxen leaves, and amongst them grow sharp pricking Thorns, the flowers also grow amongst the leaves, and after them there cometh a black round seed, as big as a Pepper corn. The roots are woddishe, and spread much abroad.  
Of the small branches and roots of this tree, soaked in water and boiled, or of the pressing forth of the juice of the seed, they make Lycium, the which in times past was much used of Physicians.   

❀ The Place.  
This prickly Box groweth in Cappadocia and Lycia, and in some parts of Italy and Slavonia, it is yet unknown in this Country.   

❀ The Names.  
This thorn is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin also, Pyxacantha and Lycium, of Theophrastus, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is to say, Buxus asinina: in French, Buys espineux, or Buys d'asne in base Almaigne, Buxdoren, after the Greek: we may call it in English, Box thorn, Asses Box tree, and prickley Box, also Lycium: Thorn Box.   

❀ The Nature.  
Lycium dried, is of subtle parts, and astringent, as Galen says.   

❧ The Virtues.  
Lycium which is made of the branches, roots, or seed of Box thorn, or prickley Box, helpeth them that have the lask, and bloody flux, as also those that spit blood, and have the cough.  
It stoppeth the inordinate course of the flowers, taken either inwardly, or applied outwardly.  
It is good against corrupt ulcers, and running scabs, and sanious running ears, the inflammation of the gums and kernels, called the Almonds under the tongue, and against the chops of the lips, and fundament, to be laid thereto.  
Pyxacantha, Lycium.  
It cleareth the sight, and cureth the scurffie festered sores of the eye lids, and corners of the eyes.    

Of Holme/ Holly/ or Huluer. Chap. xxxiiij.  

❀ The Description.  
HOlme groweth sometimes after the manner of a hedge plant, amongst other thorns and bushes, and sometimes also it groweth upright and strait, and becometh a tall high and great tree, with a big stem or body, and limbs and branches according to the same. The timber of this tree is hard and heavy, and sinketh to the bottom of the water like Guaiacum, or Lignum sanctum, whereunto our Holly in figure is not much unlike. The leaves of Holly are thick and hard, of the quantity of a bay leaf, but full of sharp points or prickley corners. The which leaves remain green both winter and summer, as the leaves of Box and Bay, and do not lightly vade or whither. The berries or fruit of Holme is round, of the quantity of a Pease, of colour read, and of an evil unpleasant taste.   

❀ The Place.  
Holme groweth much in this Country in rough, stony, barren & untoiled places, alongst the ways and in woods.   

❀ The Time.  
The same fruit or berries of Holme, are ripe in September, and hung fast upon the tree a long time after without falling of.   

❀ The Names.  
Holme is called of some late writers in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Ruscus syluestris: in high Douch, Walddistel oder Stehpalmen: in base Almaigne, Hulst: in Italian, Agrifolium, as Matthiolus writeth. And in sight it appeareth to be much like Pliny's Aquifolium, which is called of Theophrastus in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, as witnesseth Pliny lib. 27. Cap. 7. Neither can it be Paliurus, as some do esteem it: but it seemeth to be somewhat like 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Oxycanthus of Theophrastus, the which is always green: in English it is called Holme, Holly, and Husuer.   

❀ The Nature.  
The berries of Holme or Holly, are hot.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Some boasting of their experience upon Holme, do affirm that five berries thereof taken inwardly, are good against the cholique, and provoke to go to the stool.  
Agrifolium.  
With the barks of Holme they make Birdlime: the order of making thereof is very well known, but if any be yet desirous to learn the same, let him seek the third book of Master Turner's herbal Chap. lxxxj.  
They use the small branches and leaves of Holme to cleanse and sweep chimneys, as they use to do in Burgundy and other places, with Kneeholme or Butcher's broom. Other than this we dare not affirm of Holme, because it serveth not in Physic.    

Of the Apple tree. Chap. xxxv.  

❀ The kinds.  
THere be divers sorts of Apples, not only differing in figure and proportion of making, but also in taste, quantity, and colour, so that it is not possible, neither yet necessary, to recite or number all the kinds, considering that all Apple trees are almost like one another: and all sorts of Apples may be comprehended in a few kinds, for the plainer declaration of their natures, faculties, or powers: as into sweet, sour, rough, astringent, waterish apples, and apples of a mixed temperature, as betwixt sweet and sour, etc.   

❀ The Description.  
THE Apple trees in continuance of time, do for the most part become high and great trees, with many arms & branches spread abroad. The leaves be green and roundish, more round than the Peartree leaves, and do fall of a little before winter, and do spring and renew again in May. The flowers for the most part are white, and upon some apple trees changeable, betwixt white and red. The fruit is round and of many fashions, in colour & taste as is abovesaid. In the middle of the apples are enclosed black kernels covered over with hard pills or skins.   

❀ The Place.  
Apple trees are planted in gardens and Orchards, and they delight in good fertile ground.   

❀ The Time.  
Apple trees do most commonly blow, at the end of April and beginning of May. The fruit is ripe, of some in july, of some in August, and of the last sort in September.   

¶ The Names.  
The Apple tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Malus, & Pomus: in high Dutch, Apffelbaum: in base Almaigne, Appelboom: in French, Pommier. The fruit is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Pomum, and Malum: in English, an Apple: in French, Pomme: in high Douch, Apffel: in base Almaigne, Appel.  

Malus.    

❀ The Nature.  
All sorts of Apples be cold and moist, yet some more than the rest: those that be sour or sharp, do dry more than the rest, especially if they be astringent or binding. Sweet Apples are not so cold, but rather of a mean temperature. The waterish apples are moystiest, especially those that are neither sour nor sweet but taking part of both tastes.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Apples do cool and comfort the hot stomach, especially those that be sourish and astringent of taste, and they may be used in hot agues, and other inflammations or heats of the stomach, and against thirst: but otherwise they are hurtful to the stomach, causing windiness and blastinges in the belly.  
Sour Apples boiled & eaten cold before meat, do loose the belly gently.  
Apples eaten before meat do nourish very little, and do yield a moist and naughty juice or nourishment: for they are soon corrupted in the stomach, and turn to noughty humours, especially the waterish Apples.  
The leaves of the Apple tree are good to be laid upon the beginnings of phlegmons (that is hot simple tumours or swellings) and are good to be laid upon wounds to keep them from evil heat and a postumation.    

Of Oranges/ Citrons/ and Lemons. Chap. xxxvi.  

¶ The Kinds.  
There be at this present, three sorts of Apples or rather fruits, which of the ancients in times past were comprehended under the name of Citrium, whereof the first is called an Orange, the second a Citron, the third a Limon.   

❀ The Description.  
THe trees that bring forth Oranges, Citrons, and Lemons, grow as high as other trees do, with many green branches, in some places set with stiff prickles, or sharp thorns. The leaves be always green and thick, not much unlike the Bay leaves. The fruit hath a very thick pill or rind, within the rind is a clear through shining pulp or moist substance, full of juice & liquor, amongst the which is the seed or kernels.  
The Orange is round as an apple, with a thick pill, at the first green without, but after when they be ripe, of a fair read or pleasant tawny colour, or brown yellow like Saffron, but the said pill is white within & spongeous or somewhat open. The pulp or inner pith is through shining clear and full of juice, the which in some is sour, & in others sweet. The seed or kernels are most commonly as big as wheat corns, & bitter in taste.  
The Citron is long almost like a Cucumber, or somewhat longer and rugged, or wrinkled, the rind or pil is thick, yellow without, & white within. The inner part or substance is also clear & through shining, like the pulp of the Orange, wherein is also the seed or kernels not much unlike Orange kernels.  
The Limon in fashion is longer than the Orange, but otherways not much unlike, saving that the outside of the Limon pill is paler and smoother, and the kernels smaller.  
Aurantia Mala. Medica Mala. Limonia Mala. Orange. Citrons. Lemons.   

¶ The Place.  
These fruits do now grow in Italy, Spain, and some places of France. In this Country the Herboristes do set and plant the Orange trees in their gardens, but they bear no fruit without they be well kept and defended from cold, and yet for all that they bear very seldom.   

❧ The Names.  
The tree that beareth these fruits, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Malus medica, and Malus citria. And albeit the Citron and each of the other are several trees one from another, as it is plainly to be seen in Matthiolus Commentaries upon Diosc. li. j where also it is to be noted in the Citron tree, that his leaf is finely snipt about the edges or toothed like a saw, but the Limon and Orange trees, whose leaves be ever green like the bay tree, are not indented, but smooth about the edges, so that at the first sight Citron, Orange and Limon trees, do show like bay trees, but the pleasant savour and smell of the leaves, be far unlike the smell of the Bay leaves: these three trees, I say, be of the ancients, all contained under the Citron tree.  
The fruits also be all called of the ancients by one Greek name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Mala citria.  
The first kind is also called of the ancients in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Aureun malum, & Malum Hespericum, of some also Nerantzium, of the later writers Anarantium, and Arantium: in English, an Orange: in French, Pomme d'Orenge▪ in high Dutch, Pomerantsen: in base Almaigne, Arangie appelen: in Spanish, Naranzas, the which name seemeth to be taken from the word, Narantzium, by the which the Apples were once called, as witnesseth, Nicander.  
The second kind is called Cedromelon, and in this Country Citrones, & Mala citria: in French, Citrons: in English, Citrons: in high Dutch, Citrinaten: in base Almaigne, Citroenen. This kind is called of the Italians, as Musa writeth, Limones.  
The third kind is called in the Shops of this Country Limones, and Malum Limonium: in English, Lemons, in Dutch, Limoenen: in French, Lemons: Antony Musa writeth, that the Italians do call this fruit Citrium malum.   

❀ The Nature.  
The pill, especially the outward part thereof is hot and dry.  
The pulp with the juice is cold and dry in the third degree.  
The seed is hot and dry in the second degree, and the leaves be almost of the same nature.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The juice of these fruits, and the inner substance wherein the juice is contained, especially of the Oranges, is very good against contagiousness and corruption of the air, against the plague & other hot fevers, and it doth not only preserve and defend the people from such dangerous sickness, but also it cureth the same.  
It comforteth the heart, & above all other the mouth of the stomach: wherefore it is good against the weakness of the same, the trembling of the heart and pensive heaviness, wamblinge, vomitings, and loathsomeness, that happen in hot agues and such other diseases that trouble the stomach.  
The same fruit with his juice quencheth thirst, and reviveth the appetite.  
The syrup that is made of the juice of this fruit, is almost of the same nature and operation that the juice is: but more fit and pleasant to be taken at the mouth.  
The pylles or barks of these fruits condited or preserved with honey or sugar and eaten, do warm the stomach and help digestion, wasting and driving away all superfluities of the stomach, and amending the stinking breath.  
The seed withstandeth all venom and poison, and the bitings and stingings of all venomous beasts: it killeth and driveth forth worms, wherefore it is good to be given to children against the worms.    

Of Musa or Mose tree. Chap. xxxviij.  

❀ The Description.  
THE Mose tree leaves be so great and large, that one may easily wrap a child of twelve months old in them, so that as I think in seeking over the whole world a man shall not again find a tree having so large a leaf. The fruit is like a Cucumber most savoury & pleasant in taste above all other fruits of the Country of Levant.   

¶ The Place.  
This tree was found by a certain Friar named Andro Thenet, in the Country of Syria, by the great town Aleph, so called of the first letter of the Hebrew Alphabet, where as is great resort and traffic of merchants, aswell of Indians, Persians, & Venetians, as of divers other strange nations.   

❀ The Names.  
This tree with his fruit is called of Avicen Chap. 495. Musa, & at this present in Syria Mose: And the Greeks and Christians of the Country, as also the Jews, do say that this was the fruit whereof Adam did eat. This may be the tree which Pliny describeth lib. 12. Cap. 6. called Pala, whose fruit is called Ariene.   

❀ The Nature.  
The fruit of Mose tree is hot and moist.  

Musa.    

❀ The Virtues.  
This fruit eaten nourisheth much, and very quickly, as Avicen says, but eaten in to great a quantity, it stoppeth the liver, and engendereth phlegm and choler.  
It is also good for the breast, the stomach, and the kidneys, it mollifieth the roughness and sharpness of the throat, provoketh urine, and increaseth natural seed.    

Of the Pome Granate. Chap. xxxviij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be two sorts of Pomegranates, the tame and the wild: the fruit of the tame is three manner of ways, the one having a sour juice or liquor, the other is sweet, and the third hath the taste of wine.   

❀ The Description.  
THE tame Pomegranate is not very great, it hath many pliant bows or branches, set with cruel thorns. The leaves be very green and strait or narrow, like unto willow leaves, but shorter and thicker, with small little read veins going through them, & hanging by a little read foot stalk. The flowers be hollow like a wine cup or goblet, cut about the brims after the fashion of a star, of the colour Scarlet or Vermilion, after them cometh the fruit which is round, and within it is full of grains of a Crimson read colour, the which grains have corners or edges, like the stones called Granati, and within them lieth small stones. The which grains and berries (by the wondered & marvelous work of nature) are with certain thin and yellowish fine velmes and skins, going betwixt, set and couched in very good order: from those grains cometh the juice, the which is sour or sweet, or having the taste of wine. The shell or pill of the Pomegranate is thin and tender before it is dry, but being dried, it waxeth hard, and of a woodish substance, yellow within, but without coloured like a Chestnut.  
The wild Pomegranate tree is likewise like unto the aforesaid: but it bringeth forth no fruit, and his flowers be very double, the which is the cause that it bringeth forth no fruit.   

❀ The Place.  
The Pomegranates grow in hot Countries, as Italy, Spain, & divers other places.  

Malus punica. The Pomegranate.    

❀ The Names.  
The Pomegranate is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Malum punicum, & Malum Granatum: in Shops, Pomum Granatum: in English, a Pomegranate: in high Dutch, Granat apffel: in base Almaigne, Granate apple: in French, Pommes Granades.  
The flowers of the tame Pomegranate tree, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and in Latin, Cytini.  
The flowers of the wild after Dioscorides, are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: & accordingly in Latin, Balaustium: in French, Des Balustres. And these flowers are very double, and there followeth no fruit after. The flowers that bring forth fruit are single, and therefore they are named the tame.  
The rind or pill of the Pomegranate, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Malicorium, and Sidium.   

❀ The Nature.  
Pomegranates be cold and somewhat astringent, but not all of a like sort. The sour are more drying and astringent. The sweet are not so much astringent, but more moist than the others. Those that be in taste like wine, are indifferent.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The juice of the Pomegrate is very good for the stomach comforting the same when it is weak and feeble, and cooling when it is to hot or burning: it is good also against the weakness and wambling of the stomach, like as the juice of Oranges and Citrons, and it is very good against all hot agues, and the inflammation of the liver and blood, especially the juice of the sour Pomegranates, and next to them such as be of winish taste: for the sweet Pomegranates (because they engender a little heat and breed wind) are not very meet to be used in agues.  
The blossoms both of the tame and wild Pomegranate trees, as also the rind or shell of the Pomegranate, made into powder and eaten, or boiled in read wine and drunken, are good against the bloody flux, and the inordinate course of the mother, not only taken as is aforesaid, but also to sit or bathe in the decoction of the same.  
The same bark or blossoms do stop the blood of green wounds, if it be applied in what sort so ever it be.  
The same bark killeth worms, and is a good remedy against the corruption in the stomach and bowels.  
With the same bark or with the flowers of the Pomegranate, the moist and weak gums are healed, and it fasteneth lose teeth, if they be washed with the broth or decoction of the same.  
The bark (and as Turner says the flowers) are good to be put into the plasters that are made against burstinges, that come by the falling down of the guts.  
The seed of Pomegranates dried in the Son, have the like virtue as the flowers: it stoppeth the lask, & all issue of blood to be taken in the same manner.  
The same mingled with honey is good against the sores and ulcers of the mouth, the privities and fundament.  
Some say, as Dioscorides writeth, that whosoever eateth three flowers of the tame Pomegranate, shallbe for one whole year after preserved from dropping or bleared eyes.    

Of the Quince tree. Chap. xxxix.  

¶ The kinds.  
THere be two sorts of Quinces: the one is round & called the Apple Quince: the other is greater, and fashioned like a Pear, and is called the Pear Quince.   

❀ The Description.  
THE Quince tree never groweth very high, but it bringeth forth many branches as other trees do. The leaves be roundish, green upon the upper side, and white and soft under, the rest of the proportion, is like to the leaves of the common Apple tree. The flower changes upon purple mixed with white: after the flowers cometh the fruit of a pleasant smell, in proportion sometimes round as an Apple thrust together, and sometimes long like a Pear, with certain embowed or swelling divisions, somewhat resembing the fashion of a garlic head, and when the hairy cotton or down is rubbed of, they appear as yellow as gold. In the midst of the fruit is the seed or kernels like to other Apples.  

Malus Cotonea.    

❀ The Place.  
Quince trees are planted in gardens, and they love shadowy moist places.   

❀ The Time.  
The Quince is ripe in September and October.   

❀ The Names.  
The Quince tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Malus cotonea: in high Dutch Quittenbaum, oder Kuttenbaum: in base Almaigne, Queappelboom: in French, Coingnaciere.  
The fruit is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Malum Cotoneum: in Shops, Cytonium: in French, Coing: in high Douch, Quitten opffel, and Kutten opffel: in base Almaigne, Queappel: in English, a Quince, & an Apple, or Pear Quince.  
Some call the round fruit, Poma Citonia: in English, Apples Quinces: in French, Pomme de Coing or Coing in base Almaigne, Queappelen.  
The other fruit which hath the likeness of a Pear, Galen calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Struthia: and it is called in English, the Pear Quince: in French, Pomme de Coing, Coignasse: in base Almaigne, Quepeeren, of some Pyra Cytonia.   

❀ The Nature.  
The Quince is cold in the first degree, and dry in the second, and astringent or binding.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The Quince stoppeth the lask or common flux of the belly, the dysentery, & all fluxes of blood, and is good against the spitting of blood, especially when it is raw: for when it is either boiled or roasted, it stoppeth not so much, but it is than fit to be eaten, and more pleasant to the taste.  
The woman with child that eateth of Quinces oftentimes, either in meat or otherways, shall bring forth wise children of good understanding, as Simeon Sethy writeth.  
The Codignac, or Marmelade made with honey (as it was wont to be made in times past) or with sugar, as they use to make it now a days, is very good and profitable for the stomach to strengthen the same, and to retain and keep the meats in the same, until they be perfectly digested.  
Being taken before meat, it stoppeth the lask: and after meat it loseth the belly, and closeth the mouth of the stomach so fast, that no vapours can come forth, nor ascend up to the brain: also it cureth the headache springing of such vapours.  
The decoction or broth of Quinces, hath the like virtue, and stoppeth the belly and all flux of blood, with the violent running forth of women's sickness.  
With the same they use to bathe the lose fundament, and falling down of the mother, to make them return into their natural places.  
They do very profitably mix them with emplaysters, that be made to stop the lask and vomiting. They be also laid upon the inflammations, and hot swellings of the breasts and other parts.  
The down or hear Cotton that is found upon the Quinces, sodden in wine, and laid thereunto heals Carbuncles, as Pliny writeth.  
The oil of Quinces stayeth vomitings, gripings in the belly or stomach with the casting up of blood, if the stomach be anointed therewith.  
The flowers of the Quince tree do stop the flux of the belly, the spitting of blood, and the menstrual flowers. To conclude, it hath the same virtue as the Quinces themselves.    

Of the peach and Abrecok trees. Chap. xl.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be two kinds of Peaches, whereof the one kind is late ripe, and most commonly white, and sometimes yellow, also there be some that are read. The other kinds are sooner ripe, wherefore they be called Abrecox, or Aprecox.  

Malus Persica. The peach tree.   

Malus Armeniaca. The Aprecok tree.    

❀ The Description.  
THE peach tree is more tender than other trees, and of long contitinuance, but doth perish and die much sooner, than any other fruitful trees. The leaves of peach tree be long and lightly jagged about the edges, nothing differing from willow leaves, saving that they be somewhat shorter and bitterer. The flowers are of a reddish sky colour, after which cometh the fruit which is round like an Apple, with a deep and strait cleft or sorrow upon one side, and covered over with a soft down or hoar cotton, of colour sometimes white, sometimes green, sometimes reddish, and sometimes yellow, and of a winishe taste, soft in feeling, and of a fleshy pulp or substance, in the midst whereof is a rough hard stone, full of creastes and gutters, within which is a kernel like an Almond.  
The Abrecok in timber flowers and manner of growing is not much unlike the other peach tree, saving that his leaves be shorter & brother, and nothing like to the peach leaves. The fruit is like to a peach, but smaller, & sooner ripe.   

❀ The Place.  
They plant the peach tree in gardens and vineyards, and they love a soft and gentle ground standing well in the Son.   

❀ The Time.  
The Peaches flower in April, and the Abrecox are ripe in june, but the Peaches in September.   

❀ The Names.  
The peach tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Malus Persica: in high Dutch, Pfersich baum: in base Almaigne, Perseboom: in French, Vng Pescher: in English, a peach tree.  
The fruit is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Malum Persicum: in shops, Persicum: in French, Pesches: in high Douch, Pfersing: in base Almaigne, Persen: in English, Peaches. That kind which will not easily be separated from the stone, are called Duracina, in French, Des Presses.  
The Abrecok tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Malus Armeniaca: in Dutch, Vroeghe Perseboom.  
The fruit is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Mala Armeniaca, Praecoqua, and Praecocia: in English, Abrecok, Aprecok, and Aprecox: in French, Abricoz: in high Douch, Mollelin, and Molleten: in base Almaigne, Vroege Persekens, & avant Perses: also of the high Douch men, S. johans Pfersich, which may be Englished, S. john's Peaches, Hasty Peaches, and Midsummer Peaches.  
The tree Persia with his fruit, is not to be reckoned amongst these kinds (as some think) for Persia is a great tree, like a Pear tree, always green and laden with fruit, as Theophrastus in his fourth book the second Chapter writeth.   

❀ The Nature.  
The peach is cold and moist in the second degree. The leaves of the tree and the kernels of the fruit are hot and dry, almost in the third degree, and of a scouring power by means of their bitterness.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Peaches before they be ripe, do stop the lask, as Dioscorides says.  
But being ripe, they lose the belly, & engender noughty humours: for they are soon corrupted in the stomach, wherefore they aught not to be eaten after meats, but before, as Galen says.  
The leaves of the peach tree, do open the stoppinges of the liver, and do gently lose the belly, and are good with other convenient herbs, against tertian fevers.  
The same laid upon the navel, do kyl and drive out worms, especially in young children.  
The same dried and strawed upon new wounds, do cure and heal them.  
The peach kernel openeth all stoppinges of the liver and lungs, and in virtue is much like to bitter Almonds.  
It is good to recover again the speech of such as be taken with the Apoplexy, if it be stieped in the water of Penny Ryall.  
peach kernels pound or beaten very small, and boiled in vinegar until they dissolve or melt, and become like pap, is good to be used against the Alopetiam: for it doth wonderfully restore the hear if the place be anointed therewithal, as Matthiolus says. There be other virtues attributed to the same kernels, as you may read in Matthiolus and Myzalde.    

Of the Almond tree. Chap. xli.  

¶ The Kinds.  
There be two sorts of Almonds, that is to say, the sweet and bitter Almonds.   

❀ The Description.  
THE Almond tree, in growth, and leaves, is like to the peach tree, but it waxeth bigger, and stronger, & is of a longer continuance or lasting. The fruit is a hard nut like the peach stone, but smooth without, and covered with an utter husk or shalt like the Walnut: within the inner shalt is the Almond, in taste bitter or sweet, as is abovesaid.   

❀ The Time.  
The Almond tree flowreth betimes, with the peach tree. The fruit is ripe in june & july.   

❀ The Names.  
The Almond tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Amygdalus: in high Dutch, Mandelbaum, in base Almaigne, Amandelboom: in French, Amandier.  
The fruit is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Amygdala, and Amygdalum: in English, Almonds, or Almond: in French, Amand: in high Douch, Mandel: in base Almaigne, Amandele.  
Amygdalus. Almonds.   

❀ The Nature.  
Almonds are somewhat hot, especially the bitter Almonds, the which be not only hot, but also dry, and of cleansing, and cutting power.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Almonds taken before meat, do stop the belly and nourish but little, especially being blanched or made clean from their skins or huddes.  
Bitter Almonds do open the stopping of the lungs or lights, the liver, the melt, or spleen, the kidneys, & of all other inward parts: therefore they be good against the cough, the shortness of wound, the inflammation & exulceration of lungs, to be mingled with Turpentine & licked in, as Dioscorides writeth.  
Almonds are good for them that spit blood, to be taken in with the fine flower called Amylum.  
The bitter Almonds taken with a little sweet wine, as Muscadel or Bastard, provoke urine, and do cure the hardness of the same, and painfulness in making water, & are good for them that are troubled with the gravel & stone.  
They use to take five or six bitter Almonds fasting, to be preserved from drunkenness all the same day.  
They take away headache to be applied to the forehead with oil of Roses, and vinegar.  
They are with great profit laid to with honey, upon corrupt and naughty spreading sores, and the bitings of mad Dogs.  
They cleanse the skin and face from all spots, pimples and lentils.    

Of the Pear tree. Chap. xlij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be divers sorts of Pears, aswell as there be kinds of Apples, whereof some be rathe ripe, some have a later riping, and some be winter Pears, some perish quickly, some last a longer time and may be well kept: some be sweet and full of sap or juice, some fat and gross, and some hard and dry, etc. so that it is not possible to recite all the kinds of Pears: wherefore we do advise the Readers to consider the taste more than the proportion, or the time of the riping of Pears: for the taste doth best declare and give notice of the qualitities and temperature of Pears.   

❀ The Description.  
THE Pearetree is as great or greater than the Apple tree, and higher, with a great body or stem, and many great branches, the which for the most part do shoot or mount upright, & not one over another, as the branches of the Apple tree. The leaves be roundish, smooth, and very green above: but underneath most commonly they be whitish. The fruit for the most part is long, broad beneath, and narrow, and sharp upward towards the stem, very divers or contrary, in colour, quantity, proportion, and taste, as is abovesaid. In the middle of the fruit there is a core with kernels or peppins, like as in the midst of the Apples.   

❀ The Place.  
The Pear tree is planted in gardens and Orchards: also it groweth sometimes in woods & wild untoiled places, but they be none otherwise esteemed, but as wildings or wild hedge Pears.  

Pirus. The Pear tree.    

❀ The Time.  
The Pearetree flowreth in April or May, and the fruit is ripe in summer and Autumn.   

❧ The Names.  
The Pearetree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Pirus: in French, Vng Poirier: in high Douch, Byrbaum: in base Almaigne, Peerboom.  
The fruit is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Pira, or as some do writ Pyra: in French, Poyres▪ in high Douch, Byren: in base Almaigne, Peeren, in English, Pears.   

¶ The Nature.  
All kinds of Pears are of a cold temperature, and the most part of them be dry and binding, but not all alike: for the wild Pears, and others that be rough, binding, and chokely, do dry & stop a great deal more than the others. The sweet & grouse Pears, are moystier and very little astringent or nothing at all. The middle sort of Pears which are betwixt sweet and sour, are of complexion or temperature nearest to them unto whom their taste draweth nearest.  
The Pearetree leaves are cold of complexion, dry and astringent, as Galen says.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Pears taken before meat, do nourish but little, yet they nourish more than Apples, especially those that be grouse and sweet.  
The sour, rough, and chokely Pears, and others that are not watery, to be eaten raw or backte before meal, do stop the common lask or flowing of the belly, and do fortify and strengthen the mouth of the stomach.  
They be also good to be laid to the beginnings of hot tumours or phlegmons, and green wounds.  
The leaves are good for the same purpose, for they close together and heal new wounds.    

Of the Medler tree. Chap. xliij.  

❀ The kinds.  
DIoscorides setteth forth two kinds of Medlars. The first kind growing upon thorns. The second kind is our common Medlars, the which also be of two sorts: for some be small and some great, but in fashion both like, and therefore some take them but for one kind.   

❀ The Description.  
THE first kind is a thorny tree, with prickles and leaves, not much unlike the hawthorn. The fruit of this plant is small and round, and, as Dioscorides says, it hath three kernels or stones in it: and they grow in clusters, fine or six, or more together.  
The common Medler is a tree in some places not altogether without prickles, growing almost like to the other trees. The leaves be somewhat long and narrow, lesser than the leaves of the Apple tree, nothing at all dented or snipt about the edges. The flowers be white, and parted into five leaves. After the flowers groweth the fruit, which is of a brown russet colour, of a round proportion and somewhat broad or flat, of this kind one is small, the other great, yet they be always lesser than Apples, with a great broad navel or Crown at the top, or end, in the middle of the same fruit are five flat stones, the which be the seed thereof.   

❀ The Place.  
The first kind of Medler called Aronia, hath been seen growing at Naples by the learned and famous Matthiolus: and is yet unknown to us.  
The common Medler is planted in gardens and Orchards, & delighteth to grow in rough untoiled places, about hedges and bushes.   

❀ The Time.  
Our common Meddlers do flower in April and May, and are ripe at the end of September.   

❀ The Names.  
The Medler is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Mespilus: in high Douch, Nespelbaum: in base Almaigne, Mispelboom: in French, Nefflier.  
Mespilus Aronia The Neapolitan Medler.  
Mespilus altera. The common Meddlers.  
The fruit is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Mespilum: in English, a Meddle, or an open arse: in French, Neffle: in Douch, Nespel: in neither Douchlande, Mispele.  
The first kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Aronia, and Trigrania: at Naples Azaerolo: we may call it also Azarola, the three grain Medler, or the Neapolitan Medler.  
The second kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Epimelis, and of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: Sitanium, or as some writ Setanium.  
The biggest of this late recited kind is called in English, a great Medler: or the garden Medler: in French, Neffle cultiuée: in Brabant, Pote Mispelen.   

❀ The Nature.  
Meddlers be cold, dry, and astringent. The leaves of the Medler tree, be of the same nature.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Meddlers do stop the belly, especially being yet green and hard, for after they have been a while kept, so that they become soft and tender, they do not stop so much: but then they are more convenient to be eaten, yet they nourish but little, or nothing at all.  
The Medler stones made into powder and drunken, do break the stone and expulse gravel, as Antony Musa writeth.  
Matthiolus & Mizalde, do entreat more largely of the virtues of this fruit.    

Of the Mulberry tree. Chap. xliiij.  

❀ The Description.  
THE Mulberry tree is great and large, spreading his branches into breadth and length, his leaves be green & large, snipt about the edges, after the manner of a saw. The flower is small with a fine hoar or soft cotton. The fruit consists of many berries growing together like the fruit of the Bramble, but it is larger and longer, of colour white at the beginning, after red, and at the last black, of a winishe taste. The roots be yellowish, especially the barks of them which be also bitter in taste.   

❀ The Place.  
The Mulberry tree rejoiceth in the garden soil, and other hot and fat manured places.   

❀ The Time.  
The Mulberry tree bringeth forth his new leaves in May, a long time after other trees. And therefore it is called in the feigning of poets, the wisest of all other trees: for this tree only amongst all others bringeth forth his leaves after the cold frosts be past, so that by means thereof it is not hurt or hindered, as other trees be.  

Morus. Mulberries.    

❧ The Names.  
The Mulberry tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Morus: in some Shops, Morus Celsi: in high Dutch, Maulbeerbaum: in base Almaigne, Moerbesieboom.  
The fruit is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Morum: in Shops, Morum Celsi: in English, a Mulberry, or Mulberries: in high Dutch, Maulbeerent in base Almaigne, Moerbesien: in French, Meures.   

❀ The Nature.  
The unripe Mulberries are cold and dry in the second degree, & astringent.  
The ripe berries are of a temperate complexion.  
The bark of the Mulberry especially of the root, is hot and dry in the second degree, and of a cutting, cleansing, and abstersive property.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The green and unripe Mulberries dried, do stop the belly, the bloody flux, and vomiting, to be drunken in red wine.  
The ripe berries do lose and moisten the belly, causing to go to the stool, especially to be taken fasting, or before meat.  
The same taken after meat are soon corrupted in the stomach, causing windiness and blastinges in the same.  
Of the juice of ripe Mulberries is made a confection in manner of a syrup, very good for the ulcers, and hot swellings of the tongue, the mouth, and the Almonds or kernels in the throat.  
The leaves of the Mulberry tree laid to with oil, heals burnings.  
The bark of the root of the Mulberry tree boiled & drunken, doth open the stoppings of the liver, the milt, and it loseth the belly, and by the means thereof, both long and flat worms are expelled.  
The decoction of the leaves and roots of the Mulberry tree, is good to hold in the mouth against the tooth ache.  
The root being cut, nicked or scotched about the later end of Harvest, putteth forth a gum or juice, which is exceeding good for the tooth ache, and it scattereth and driveth away swelling lumps, and will purge the belly: but when you will have this juice, you must first make a little furrow about the root you mean to scarify, and the next day after that you have scarified the root, you shall find the liquor clumpered or congealed together in the furrow.    

Of the Sycomore tree. Chap. xlv.  

❀ The Description.  
THe Sycomore is a great tree like the Mulberry tree, with a great stem or trunk, & many great limbs & branches. The leaves be much like to the leaves of the Mulberry. The fruit is like to a wild fig, but it is without any small sedes in it, and it groweth not upon the young branches as the fruit of other trees groweth, but upon the stock or stem, & the greatest arms of the tree: also it never waxeth ripe unless it be scraped with an iron tool.  
Also there is a certain gum or liquor gathered from out of the barks of the young Sycomore trees, the which is got by piercing the rind or barks of the young trees, before they have born any fruit.   

¶ The Place.  
The Sycomore tree, as Dioscorides writeth, groweth in Caria, and Rhodes, & in other places where as wheat groweth not. There is abundance of it planted in Egypt about the great Cairo or Alkayre, where as Peter Belon hath seen it.  

Sycomorus.    

❀ The Time.  
The trees be always green, and bring forth fruit three or four times a year.   

❀ The Names.  
This tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. and of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Sycomorus: in English, a Sycomore tree.   

❀ The Nature.  
The fruit of the Sycomore tree is somewhat temperate, the gum thereof hath power to make warm and to soften.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The Sycomore fruit is good to eat, but it yieldeth small nourishment, it loseth the belly gently, and is not good for the stomach.  
The gum is good for the hardness of the milt or Spleen, the pain of the stomach, and bitings of Serpents, to be either taken inwardly, or laid to ourwardly upon the wound.  
It closeth wounds together, and scattereth abroad old gatheringes together or collections.    

Of the Fig tree. Chap. xlvi.  

❀ The Description.  
THE garden fig tree, whereof we shall now speak, hath many branches full of pith within, like the shutes or stalks of elder, over covered with a smooth plain rind or bark. The leaves be great and large, blackish, and for the most part divided in five. At the top of the branches groweth the fruit, the which is round and long, fashioned like Pears, sweet, and full of small kernels or grains. Before the fruit be ripe, if it be hurt or scarified, there cometh forth a sap or juice like milk, but being through ripe, the juice is like to honey.   

¶ The Place.  
The fig trees are plentiful in Spain and Italy, and are found also sometimes in this Country, but very rare and seldom, they must be planted in warm places, that stand well in the Son, and are defended from the North and north-east winds.   

❀ The Time.  
The Fig trees in this Country are very long & late in waxing green, for they begin to put forth their leaves but at the end of May. Their fruit is ripe about the end of summer.  

Ficus.    

❀ The Names.  
The garden fig tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Ficus sativa: in high Dutch, Feighenbaum, in base Almaigne, Vijghenboom: in French, Vng Figuier: in English, a Fig tree, or a garden Fig tree.  
The fruit is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Ficus: by the which name it is known in Shops: in English, a Fig: in French, Figue: in high Douch, Ein Feigen: in base Almaigne, E'en Vijghe: this fruit before it is ripe, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Grossus: and when it is dry, they call it in Latin Carica: in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek Carice, is a kind of fig which groweth only in Syria.  
The wild fig tree is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Ficus syluestris, and Caprificus.  
The fruit of this fig tree, which never cometh to ripeness, is named in Greek as the unripe fruit of the garden fig tree, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Grossus: and of some also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Erineus.   

❀ The Nature.  
The green figs new gathered are a little warm and somewhat moist.  
The dry figs are hot almost in the second degree, and something moist, and of subtle parts.  
The mylkie juice of figs is hot and dry almost in the third degree, and also sharp and biting.  
The leaves have also some sharpness with an opening power, but not so strong, as the juice.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The new gathered figs, nourish more than the other fruits: but they engender windiness and blasting, and they loose the belly gently.  
They abate heat and quench thirst, but taken into great a quantity, they do hurt the stomach making it weak and without meat lust.  
The dry figs do nourish better than the green or new figs, yet they engender no very good blood, for those that feed much upon figs become lousy and full of vermin.  
Figs eaten before meat, do lose the belly, and are good for the kidneys, for they drive forth gravel with urine.  
They provoke sweat, and by the same means they send forth corrupt and stinking humours: wherefore they be very well given to young children that are sick of small Pocks, and weals, or Mesels, for they bring them quickly forth and without jeopardy.  
They be also good for the throat and lungs, they mitigate the cough, and are good for them that are short winded, they ripe phlegm causing the same to be easily spit out, in what sort so ever they be taken, whither raw, or roasted, or sodden with Hyssop and drunken.  
The decoction of figs in water, is good to be drunken of, those that have fallen from high, and have taken squattes or bruises, for they disperse and scatter the congealed or clotted blood, and assuage or slake the pain.  
Figs pound with Salt, Rue, and Nuts, withstandeth all poison and corruption of the air. And this was a secret preservative with Mithridates' king of Pontus, used against all venom and poison.  
The decoction of figs gargarised or held in the mouth is good against the sharpness and hoarseness of the throat: also against all swellings and impostumations of the mouth, the throat, the Almonds of the throat & jaws, and swelling of the tongue.  
Figs are good to be kept in the mouth, against the Ache and pain of the teeth and jaws.  
Being laid to with wheaten meal, they do soften and ripe impostumes, phlegmons (that is hot and angry swellings) and tumours behind the ears, especially if you put to it linseed and Fenugreck, and if you put to it the roots of lilies, it will ripe and break impostumes and botches.  
Figs mixed with barley meal do scatter and consume swellings, as Galen writeth.  
The same sodden in wormwood wine with barley meal, are good to be laid to, as an Emplaster upon the bellies of such as have the dropsy.  
Figs and Mustard seed pound very small together, do help the ringing noise and sound of the ears, also they amend the hearing being laid to outwardly.  
In sew words, the dried figs have power to soften, consume, and make subtle, and may be very well used both outwardly and inwardly, whither to ripe or soften impostumes, or else to scatter and dissolve them.  
The leaves of the fig tree do waist and consume away the kings evil or swelling kernels in the throat, and do mollify and waste all other tumours, being small pound and laid thereto.  
The milky juice of figs is good against all roughness of the skin, Lepries, spreading sores, tetters, small pocks, meselles, bushes, freckles, lentils, and other such like spots, and scurviness, both of the body and face, laid to with barley meal parched: also it taketh away warts, if it be laid to with fat or grease.  
It cureth the tooth ache, if you dip a little Cotton or Bombasie in the said milk, and lay it to your tooth, or make a little pellet thereof, and put it into the hollowness of the corrupt or aching tooth.  
It openeth the veins of the Hemeroides, & loseth the belly being laid to the fundament. The leaves have the same virtue, if they be wrong in behind at the fundament.  
It is very good to belayed to with the meal of Fenugreke and vinegar, upon the hot gout, especially the gout of the feet.  
It is good to power of the same juice into the wound made with the sting of the Scorpions, or the bitings of mad Dogs.  
The juice of Figs turneth milk and causeth it to crud, and again it scattereth, or dissolveth, or melteth the clustered crud, or milk that is come to a crud, as vinegar doth.  
The ashes of the Fig tree mixed with oil of Roses and Wax, cureth burnings, and the lie that is made with the ashes of the Fig heals scurviness, and festered or fowl fretting sores, if they be washed therewithal.    

Of Plum trees/ Bullies/ Slose/ & Snagges. Chap. xlvij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
FIrst to speak generally of Plums there be two kinds, whereof some appertain to the garden, and some are of a wild kind. The garden or tame sort of Plums are of divers kinds, some white some yellow, some black, some of the colour of a Chesnet, and some of a light or clear red: and some great, and some small: some sweet and dry, some fresh and sharp, whereof each kind hath a particular name. The wild Plums are the lest of all, and are called Slose, Bullies, and Snagges.   

❀ The Description.  
THE Plum tree groweth upright like other trees, especially if it be well guided, and governed, and putteth forth many branches, over covered with a smooth brownish bark, from out of the which being scarified or otherwise hurt, In summer it putteth forth gum. The leaves are somewhat long, yet for all that almost round, and finely snipt or hacked about the edges like a saw. The flowers be white like the blossoms of the Cherry tree, and are also parted into five or six small leaves. The fruit is most commonly somewhat long, whereof some are great, some small: of colour some be white, some yellowish, some black, and some read. In the middle whereof is enclosed a little long hard stone, having in it a nut or kernel of a bitter taste. The root of this tree spreadeth much abroad in the ground, and putteth forth in many places new springs and scions, the which will also grow up to the height, if they be not cut of in season.  
Prunus. The Plum tree.  
Prunus syluestris. The Sloo or wild Plum tree.  
The wild plum-tree groweth not up to the stature of a tree, but remains low by the ground, like to a hedge bush, whereof it is a certain kind: it putteth up many branches from one root, set here and there with pricking thorns, & leaves like to them of the garden Plums or Damsons, saving that they be smaller. The flowers be also white. The fruit is small, a great deal less than any other Plums, in taste sour and binding, the root also spreadeth far abroad in the ground or earth, very pliant, and of a woddishe substance.   

❀ The Place.  
The Damsons and other of the garden kinds, are found almost every where in Orchards.  
The wild Plums do grow in fields and ways, and other untoiled places and in hedges.   

❀ The Time.  
The Plumtrees do flower in April or summer, especially the wild Plum-tree, the which flowreth rather than the other.  
The kinds of garden Plums are ripe in August, the wild most commonly in September.   

❀ The Names.  
The Plumtree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Prunus: in high Dutch, Pflaumenbaum: in base Almaigne, Pruymboom: in French, Vng Prunier.  
The fruit is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Prunum: in English, a Plum or Prune: in French, une Prune: in high Dutch, Ein Pflaume oder Praume: in base Almaigne, E'en Pruyme.  
The great sweet bluish Plums, are called of Theocritus, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Brabyla: of the Latinistes, Pruma Damascena: in English, Damask Prunes: in French, Prunes de Damas': in high Dutch, Quetschen, and Blauw Spilling: in base Almaigne, Pruymen van Damasch.  
The common brown blue, and Crimson Damsons, are called Hispanica.  
The yellowish Plums are called in Latin, Cerea, and Cereola Pruna: in English, the Wheaten, or white Plum: in French, Prunes blanches.  
The great round red Plums, are called of some in Latin, Pruna asinina: in English, Horse Plums: in French, Prunes de Cheval▪ in high Douch, Roszp flaumen: in base Almaigne, Rospruymen.  
The lest of all which be small and round, are called in French, Davoines: in high Dutch, Herbstp flaumen, and in base Almaigne, Palloken.  
The wild Plum tree, Black thorn, and Sloo tree, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Prunus syluestris: in high Dutch, Schlehedorn: in base Almaigne, Slehedoren: in French, Prunier sauluage.  
The fruit is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in English, Slose, whereof that kind which is found growing upon the black thorn, is called Cat Slose, and Snagges: in French, Prunelles, or Fourdeines: in Latin, Prunum syluestre, Pruneolum, and Prunulum: in high Dutch, Schlehen: in base Almaigne, Slehen.  
The juice of Snagges or Cat Slose, is commonly called in Shops, Acatia, and is used in steed of Acacia.   

¶ The Nature.  
The garden Plums do cool and moisten the stomach and belly.  
The Snagges and Cat Slose, are cold, dry, and astringent.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Plums do nourish but little, and engender noughty blood: but they do gently lose and open the belly, especially when they be fresh and new gathered, after they be ripe.  
Plummetree leaves are good against the swelling of the vulva, the throat, gums, and kernels under the jaws, for they stop the Rheum, & flowing down of humours, if a man will gargoyle with the decoction thereof made in wine, as Dioscorides writeth.  
The gum of the Plummetree drunken in wine, breaketh the stone and expelleth gravel, as some do writ.  
The wild Plums do stay and bind the belly: and so do the unripe Plums, and all others that be sour and astringent.  
The juice of wild Plums or Snagges, do stop the lask, women's flowers, and all issue of blood, and it may be very well used in steed of Acatia.    

Of Sebestens. Chap. xlviij.  

❀ The Description.  
Among the kinds of Plums (those which are called in Shops Sebestens) may be accounted, the which do also grow upon trees, whereof the body or stem is covered with a white bark, and the branches with a green pil or rind. The leaves be roundish. The fruit is not much unlike the lest kind of Damsons or Plums, but smaller, of a bluish colour and sweet taste, white within, and of a viscus or clammy substance, in the middle whereof are small stones with kernels in them, like to Plum stones.   

❀ The Place.  
This fruit groweth in Italy, and other hot regions, from whence it is brought already dried unto us.   

❀ The Names.  
This fruit because of his clammishnesse and slime, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Myxa, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Myxaria: in Shops, Sebesten, & of some Sebastae: of Matthiolus, Prunus Sebestena.   

¶ The Nature.  
The complexion of Sebestens draw towards cold and moist, and therefore they be of nature much like to garden Plums.   

❧ The Virtues.  
Sebestens be good in hot agues, especially when the belly is stopped or bound.  
They be also very good against the cough, and flowing down of hot and salted Catarrhs and Reumes upon the breast and lungs.  
They be also good against the inflammation of the bladder and kidneys, and against the strangury and hot piss, or the burnings of urine.    

Of juiubes. Chap. xlix.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be two forts of juiubes, as Columella writeth, that is to say, red and white.   

❀ The Description.  
IViubes is the fruit of a tree, as the Sebestens be, they be round and long, not much unlike an Olive, but smaller, of colour either white or read, in taste sweet, the which being long kept, wax dry and full of wrinkles: each Plumine or fruit hath a hard long stone in it, like in fashion to an olive stone, but much lesser.   

¶ The Place.  
juiubes do grow in hot regions, as in Italy and other like places.   

❧ The Names.  
This tree is called of Columella in Latin, Ziziphus: in English, the juiub tree: in French, juiubier, and Guindoulier.  
The fruit is called Ziziphas: in shops, juiubae: in English, juiubes: in French, juiubes, and Guindoules: in high Dutch, Brustbeerlin: some think that Galen called this fruit in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Serica.   

❀ The Nature.  
juiubes are temperate in heat and moisture.   

❀ The Virtues.  
juiubes' eaten are hard of digestion, and nourish very little, but taken in Electuaries, syrups, and other medicines, they appease & mollify the roughness of the throat, the breast and lungs, and are very good against the cough.  
In the self same manner they are very good for the reins of the back, the kidneys, and the bladder, whether they be exulcerated or inflamed, or vexed with any sharp and salted humour.    

Of Cherries. Chap. l.  

¶ The Kinds.  
THere be two sorts of Cherries, great and small: the small Cherries do grow upon high trees, and the greater Cherries upon mean trees. And of every kind there be two forts, some read, some black. Bysides these kinds there are Cherries that grow, three, four, and five upon a stem, and also that hung in clusters like grapes, whereof of the learned Matthiolus hath given us the figures.   

❀ The Description.  
THat tree which beareth the common small Cherries, or Mazars, is most commonly great, high, and thick, like to other trees. The bark of this tree is plain & smooth of colour like the bark of the Chestnut tree, three or four fold double, the which will suffer to be scaled, rinded, stripte, and pylde, like to the bark of the birch tree. The leaves be great and somewhat long, hacked about the edges with teeth like a saw. The flowers be white and parted into five or six small leaves. The fruit hath a sweet smak or taste, of colour sometimes red, sometimes brown, in proportion like the greater Cherries, but smaller, yea sometimes very small. In the same there is found a small stone, with a kernel therein closed.  
The tree that beareth the great Cherries, is not very high, but most commonly of a mean stature, in all things else like the other, both in leaves and flowers. The fruit is a little long and round, and of a pleasant sweet taste, of colour sometimes of a faint read, and almost half white and half read, sometimes brown, & well neareall black, whereof the juice staineth purple, or a fair Crimson like to brasil.  
Cerasia. Sweet Cherries. Cerasa Racemosa. Cluster Cherries. Cerasa austera. Sour Cherries.  
The sour Cherries are to be be accounted amongst the rest. This tree is most commonly weak and tender, neither high nor great: and therefore of no long continuance. The leaves be also smaller, but other ways like the leaves of the sweet Cherries, the flowers be white, the fruit is round and sour, sometimes read, and sometimes black, like the Mazzard or Hurtel Cherries, this Cherry hath also a stone in the middle of the fruit, but smaller and rounder than the Guyan or sweet Cherries.  
Out of all these Cherry trees, there issueth gum like that of the Plum trees, or Peache trees, especially when the rind or bark is any ways hurt or bruised.   

❀ The Place.  
The tree that beareth the sweet Guyan Cherries, or the great French Cherries is planted in gardens and Orchards. But that which beareth the Mazars, or the small Cherries groweth in some places very plentifully in fields and woods.  
Matthiolus writeth that about Trent a City in Italy, about the City of prague in the Country of Bohem, & about Vienna in the Country of ostrich, there grow naturally wild Cherries upon low bushes or shrubs, of little more than half a fa foot high, and their fruit is in all respects answerable to the other small Cherries.   

❀ The Time.  
The great French Cherries, & the common Cherries do commonly flower in April. The red Cherries are ripe in june, and continued until july: but the black wax ripe in july, and they may be kept fresh & whole unto the end of August.   

¶ The Names.  
The Cherry tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Cerasus: in high Douch, Kirschenbaum: in base Almaigne, Kerseboon: in French, Cerisier: & Guisnier.  
The fruit likewise is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Cerasa: in English, Cherries, in French, Guinnes in high Dutch, Kirschen: in base Almaigne, Kersen.  
And for the better declaration both of the names and kinds of Cherries, I have thought good to give you to understand, what I have conceived of this matter. I read in Matthiolus, that the common people of Italy do call the waterish Cherries Acquaivola. The famous learned man Robertus Stephanus in his French Dictionary, doth turn this French word Guisnes into Latin, as followeth (Aquitanica cerasa) which soundeth in English, Guyan Cherries, now whether the people of Italy do call Guyan Aquitan, I refer that to them that be expert in that language. But the French word seemeth to have his first original of the Country Guyan, for they expound Cerasia, Guisnes doulces, Sweet Cherries.  
Grosses guisnes, Duracina cerasa, Hard Cherries.  
Guisnes noires, Cerasia Actiana, Small Cherries like elder berries.  
Guisnes fort rondes, Cerasia Caeciliana, Round Cherries.  
Guisnes fort rogues, Cerasia Aproniana, Grape or cluster Cherries: so that Guisnes is their proper word for all sorts of Cherries, except sour Cherries, which they call Griotes: in Latin, Cerasia acida.  
The first kind, especially that which beareth the smallest fruit, is the Cherry tree described by Theophrastus.  
The other is called of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Chamaecerasus: yet it is not that Chamaecerasus whereof Asclepiades Myrleanus writeth, the fruit whereof maketh men drunken like wine. The Brabanders name this tree Spaensche Kerselaer, and the fruit Spaensche Kersen, that is to say, Spanish Cherries, or Cherry tree: in French, Guinnier, and Guinnes: in English, French Cherries, and Spanish Cherries: they be also called in French, Cueurs: and they that be half white Bigarreans.  
The common sour Cherries is of the later writers taken to be a kind of Cerasus, and therefore the fruit is likewise called Cerasa, of some Merendae, or Marenae: Platina writeth of one Moretum ex Merendis, Cordus writeth of one compound named Diamarenatum, and both these are made of Cherries.   

❀ The Nature.  
All Cherries and Mazars, are cold and moist of temperature, but above all the rest the sour Cherries do cool most, and specially those that be black, which are also astringent, especially being dried.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Cherries eaten first before other meats, do soften and lose the belly very gently, but they nourish but little, and are hurtful unto moist, unhealthy stomachs: for they be soon putrefied and corrupted within the same, especially the Mazer's or small Cherries, the which do oftentimes engender agues and other maladies.  
The read sour Cherries, do likewise lose the belly, and are more wholesome and convenient for the stomach: for they do partly comfort, and partly slake or suage thirst.  
The black sour Cherries do strengthen the stomach more than the rest, and being dried they stop the lask.  
The Gum of the Mazzard or wild Cherry tree, of the Spanish Cherry, and of our common sour Cherry tree, is good to be drunken in wine of those that are troubled with the gravel and the stone.  
It is also good against the excoriation and roughness of the throat, lungs, and breast, and against of cough and hoarseness.  
The water distilled of fresh and new gathered Cherries, is good to be powered into the mouths of such as have the falling evil, as often as the course or fit troubleth them, for it is good against the rigour and violence of the same.    

Of the cornel tree. Chap. li.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be two sorts of the cornel tree (as Theophrastus writeth) that is to say, the tame and wild.  

Cornus mass. The male or tame cornel tree.   

Cornus foemina. Dog berry, or Gatten tree.    

❀ The Description.  
THE tame cornel tree, sometimes groweth up handsomely, and waxeth meetly great like other mean trees: sometimes also it is but low, and groweth like to a shrub or hedge bush: as divers other small trees do. The wood or timber of this tree is very hard. The flower is of a faint yellowish colour. The fruit is very red, and somewhat long almost like an olive, but smaller, with a long little stone or kernel, therein closed like to the stone of an olive berry.  
The wild cornel tree groweth not up like a tree, but remaineth low as a hedge plant, the timber of this tree both of the young twigs and old branches is likewise very hard and pliant: the shutes and scorges, are full of knots or ioyutes and within they be full of pith, like the shutes of Elder. The leaves are very like to them of the tame or male cornel tree. The flowers be white and do grow in tuftes, after them rise small round berries, which are green at the first, but afterward black when they be ripe.   

❀ The Place.  
The tame Cornel tree is found growing wild in many places of Almaigne like to other bushes: but in this Country it is not to be found but in gardens and Orchards.  
The wild cornel tree is found growing in hedges and alongst the fields.   

❀ The Time.  
The tame cornel tree flowreth bytime in March or sometime rather: and afterward it bringeth forth his leaves. The fruit is ripe in August.  
The wild cornel tree flowreth in April and May: his berries be ripe in September.   

❀ The Names.  
The tame cornel tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Cornus: in English, the cornel tree, of some long Cherry, or long Cherry tree: in high Dutch, Cornelbaum, Thierlinbaum, and Kucbeerbaum: in base Almaigne, Cornoelieboom.  
The wild cornel tree, is called of Theophrastus in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: that is to say in Latin, Cornus foemina: in English, the female Cornel tree: Hounds tree, and Hound berry, or Dog berry tree, and the Prick timber tree, because Butchers use to make pricks of it: in high Dutch, Hartriegel: it is called in Brabant of some Wilden Vlier, that is to say, Wild Elder, because the pith of the young shutes is somewhat like Elder. Matthiolus calleth it Virga sanguinea.   

❀ The Nature.  
The garden or tame cornel tree or fruit is cold dry and astringent.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The cornel fruit (of the garden) taken in meat or otherwise, is good against the lask and bloody flux, also they do strengthen the weak and hot stomach.  
The leaves and tender crops, will heal green wounds, and stop the bleeding of the same, as Galen says.  
The wild cornel Berries are not used in medicine.    

Of the Sorbe tree. Chap. lij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be three sorts of Sorbus, whereof one kind is round like. Apples, the second is long after the fashion of Eggs, and the third sort is broad in the bottom, and not much unlike the Pears.   

❀ The Description.  
THE Sorbe apple tree groweth high, with a strait body or stem of a brownish colour, and many branches, covered with long displayed leaves, which leaves are made of many slender leaves, standing right over one against another, all upon one stem, whereof each of the little leaves by themselves are long, and iagde about like to a saw. The flowers be white, after them cometh the fruit, in figure sometimes round, sometimes long, and sometimes like to a Pear, and read upon the side next the Son.   

¶ The Place.  
The Sorbus tree delighteth in cold and moist places, upon mountains, but chiefly in stony places. It is found in some places of Douchelande.   

❀ The Time.  
The Sorbus tree flowreth in March, and his fruit is ripe in September.  

Sorbus, Sorbe Apple tree.    

❀ The Names.  
The tree whereupon this fruit groweth is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Sorbus: in English, Sorbe Apple tree: and for the rest of the kinds of this tree, I refer you to the second part of Master Turner's herbal, fol. 143. This tree is called in high Dutch, Sperwerbaum: and in base Almaigne, Sorbenboom.  
The fruit is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Sorbum: in English, Sorbe Apple: in French, Corme, or Sorbe: in high Dutch, Spiereling vnd Sporapfel: in base Almaigne, Sorben.   

❀ The Nature.  
The Sorbus fruit is cold, dry, and astringent, almost like to the Meddlers.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The Sorbe Apples gathered before they be ripe, & dried in the Son or otherwise, do stop the lask, when they be eaten, or the decoction of them drunken.  
To conclude, the Sorbe Apples or Service berries, are much like to Meddlers, in virtue and operation, saving that they be not althing so strong.  
The bark of one kind of Sorbus (which is our Quickbeme) is in some places wrongfully usurped in steed of the bark of Tamariske, for the diseases of the milt. Some also have used to make dishes and drinking Cups of the timber of Quickbeme to drink out of as a remedy against the Spleen, but they are deceived, for they should make them of Tamariske timber.    

Of the Arbute or Strawherie tree. Chap. liij.  

❀ The Description.  
THE Arbute is a small tree not much bigger than a Quince tree, the stem or body whereof is covered with a radish bark which is rough and scaly. The young branches are smooth and red, set full of long broad and thick leaves, hacked round about like a saw. The flowers be white, small, & hollow, and do grow in clusters, after which cometh the fruit which is round, and of the fashion of a Strawherie, green at the first, but afterward yellowish, and at lastred when it is ripe.   

¶ The Place.  
The Arbute tree groweth in many places of Italy and other Country's wild: but it is unknoin this Country.   

❀ The Time.  
The Arbute tree flowreth in july and August: the fruit is ripe in September at the coming in of winter, after that it hath remained hanging upon the tree by the space of a whole year.  

Arbutus.    

❧ The Names.  
This tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Arbutus, of some Vnedo, howbeit that name agreeth best with the fruit: in French, Arbousier: in English, the Arbute tree, and of some Strawberry tree.  
The fruiteis called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or as some writ, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Vnedo, and Memaecylon: in French, Arboses, or Arbousies.   

❀ The Nature.  
The fruit of the Arbute tree is of a cold temperature.   

❀ The Danger.  
The fruit of the Arbute tree, hurteth the stomach and causeth headache.    

Of Lotus or Nettle tree. Chap. liiij.  

❀ The Description.  
LOtus is a great high tree, spreading abroad his branches, which be long and large. The leaves be also large and rough, cut round about the edges after the manner of a saw. The fruit is round and bigger than Pepper, as Dioscorides writeth, hanging upon long stems, at the first green, then yellow, and black when it is ripe and dry, and of a pleasant taste and savour.   

❀ The Place.  
Lotus groweth plentifully in Africa, and is found also in many places of Italy, and Languedoc.   

❀ The Time.  
The fruit of Lotus is ripe in September, than it leeseth his leaves, and recovereth again new together with his flowers in the spring time.   

❀ The Names.  
This tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Lotus, & Celtis: in some places of Italy, Bagolaro, & of some Perlaro: in Languedoc, Micocoulier, and the fruit Micocoules: Gesner says that Celtis is called in French, Algsiez, or Ledomier: Peter Bellon calleth it also in French, Fregolier: Matthiolus says that the Arabians call this tree Sadar, Sedar, or Alsadar: the Italians, Loto Albero: the Spaniards, Almez: Turner calleth it in English, Lote tree, or Nettle tree, because it hath a leaf like a nettle.  
Cooper in his Dictionary saith, that the fruit of Celtis, or Lotos, is called in Latin, Faba Graeca.   

❀ The Nature.  
The dry Lotus, is restrictive, and of subtle parts.  

Lotus.    

❀ The Virtues.  
The shavings, or scrapinges of the shivers, or wood of Lotus, boiled in water or wine stoppeth the lask, the bloody flux, and women's flowers or the flux of the mother, to be either drunken, or taken in infuson.  
The fruit doth also stop the belly, and is good to be eaten without hurt to the stomach.    

Of the Chestnut tree. Chap. lv.  

❀ The Description.  
THE Chestnut tree, is a very great, high & thick tree, not much unlike the Walnut tree. The leaves be great & large, rough, and crompled, & snipt or jagged about like a see, amongst the leaves at the top of the branches grow the Chesnuttes which are brown without, somewhat flat almost after the fashion of a heart, and plain and smooth polished: they be also enclosed in shells and very rough and prickley husks like to a Hedgehog or Urchin, the which husks do open of their own accord when the Chesnuttes be ripe so that they fall out of their said husks of their own kind.   

❀ The Place.  
The Chestnut delighteth in shadowy places and mountains whose situation is towards the North. There is plenty growing about the river Rhine, in Swiserlande, and Daulphinie, also they grow plentifully in Kent, abroad in the fields and in many gardens of England.   

❀ The Time.  
The Chesnuttes be ripe about the end of September, and do last all the winter.   

❀ The Names.  
The Chestnut tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Castanea, and Nux Castanea: in high Dutch, Kestenbaum, & Castanibaum: in base Almaigne, Castanieboom: in French, Castaignier.  
The fruit is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Nux Castanea, iovis glans, & Sardiana glans: in English, A Chestnut: in French, Castaigne: in high Dutch, Kesten: in base Almaigne Castanie.   

❀ The Nature.  
The Chesnuttes are dry and astringent, almost like the Acorns, or fruit of the Oak, & hot in the first degree.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Among all kinds of wild fruits, the Chestnut is best, and meetest for to be eaten, for they nourish reasonably well, yet they be hard of digestion, and do stop the belly.  
Castanea chestnut.  
They make an Electuary with the meal of Chesnuttes & honey, very good against the cough & spitting of blood.  
The same made into powder & laid to as an emplaster with Barley meal and vinegar, do cure the unnatural blastinges, and swellings of women's breasts.  
The polished read bark of the Chestnut boiled and drunken, stoppeth the lask, the bloody flux, and all other issue of blood.    

Of the Walnur tree. Chap. lvi.  

❀ The Description.  
THe Walnut tree is high and great, parted into many arms and branches, the which do spread abroad in length and breadth: In the beginning of the spring time it bringeth forth long tents or yellow ragged things compact of certain scales, hanging upon the tree, like small cats tails, almost like to that which hangs upon Wythie, but it is much longer than the Chattons of Whythie, the which do vade and whither, and soon after they fall away. After these tents or Catkens, the leaves begin to show, which be long and large, and of a good smell made of many leaves growing one against another alongst a rib or sinew, whereof each leaf is of like breadth and quantity. The fruit groweth amongst the leaves, two, three, or four in a cluster, covered with a green husk or shalt, under which also there is another hard shalt of a woddish substance, wherein is the brain, nut or kernel leapt in a soft and tender pill or skin.   

❀ The Place.  
The Walnut tree loveth dry places & Mountains. They are planted in divers places of this Country, and Almaigne, in Orchards alongst the fields.   

❀ The Time.  
The ragged Catkens of the Nut tree, begin to spring out in March, or at the farthest in in April. The Nuts be ripe about the end of August.   

❧ The Names.  
The Nut tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Nux: in French, Noyer: in high Dutch, Nuszbaum: in base Almaigne, Noteboom: in English, the Walnut, and Walshe nut tree.  
The ragged Catkens, which come forth before the leaves, are called in Latin, juli nucum: in Dutch, Catkens: in English, Blossoms, Tents, and cats tails.  
The fruit is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Nux regia, Nux iuglans, & Nux Persica: in shops, Nux: in French, Noix: in high Dutch, Welschnusz, and Baumnusz: in Brabant Okernoten: in English, Walnuttes, Walshe Nuts, and of some French Nuts.   

❀ The Nature.  
The Walnut being green and new gathered from the tree, is cold and moist.  
Nux. Walnuttes.  
The dry nuts be hot, and of a drying power, and subtle parts.  
The green husk or shalt of the Walnut, drieth much and is of a binding power. The leaves be almost of the same temperature.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The new green Nuts are much better to be eaten then the dry Nuts, nevertheless they be hard of digestion, and do nourish very little.  
The dry Nuts nourish less, and are yet of a harder digestion, they 'cause headache, and are hurtful to the stomach, and to them that are troubled with the cough, and the shortness of breath.  
A dried Nut or twain taken fasting with a fig, and a little Rue, withstandeth all poison: also they are mingled with a little Rue and a fig, to cure the ulcers of the paps, and other cold impostumes.  
Dry Nuts are good to be laid to the bitings of mad Dogs with salt, honey, and Onions.  
Old Oily Nuts do heal the scurf and scales, also they take away the blue marks that come of stripes or bruises, being pound very small and laid thereupon. The same virtue hath the Oil that is pressed out of them.  
They make a medicine with the green bark or shalt of the Walnut, the which is good against all tumours and ulcers, which do but begin to arise in the mouth, the throat, and Almonds, or kernels under the tongue, to be gargeled.  
The decoction of the said green husk (with honey) is good to gargoyle withal for the aforesaid purpose. And the leaves be almost of the same virtue.    

Of the Nutmeg and Maris. Chap. lvij.  

❀ The Description.  
THE Nutmeg is the fruit of a certain tree, which in growing and leaves is not much unlike our common peach tree. When this fruit is upon the tree, it is much like to a Walnut, saving that it is somewhat bigger. First it hath in the outside a green thick husk or shalt, like to the utter shalt of our Walnut, wherewithal it is covered all over, under the same there is found certain thin skins, like to cawls or nets, of a red or yellowish colour, all jagged or pounsed of a very pleasant savour (the which is the right Macis) and it lieth fast couched upon a hard wooddish shell, like to a filbert shell: within that shell is enclosed the most Aromatical and sweet smelling Nut, which is hard, thick, and full of Oil.   

❀ The Place.  
This Nut is found principally in the isle of Bandan, the which is in the Indian Sea: they grow there wild in every wood very plentifully, as Lewse the Roman writeth.   

❀ The Names.  
These Nuts be called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Nux myristica: in Shops, Nux moschata: in English, a Nutmeg: in French, Noix muscade, and Noix musquette: in high Dutch, Moscaten: in base Almaigne, Note muscaten.  
The little thin scale or pill (which is found under the utter shalt, lying close unto the hard woodish shell) is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Macer, yet for all that this is not Macer of the ancients: it is called in English, and and in Shops Macis in French, Macis: in high Douch, Moscaten blumen: in base Almaigne, Foelie, and Moscaetbloemen.   

❀ The Nature.  
The Nutmegs be hot and dry in the second degree: and of the same nature and complexion is Macis: moreover they be somewhat astringent.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The Nutmeg doth heat and strengthen the stomach which is cold and weak, especially the Orifice or mouth of the stomach, it maketh a sweet breath, it withstandeth vomiting, and taketh away the Hicket or Yeox, in what sort soever it be taken.  
It is also good against the pain and windiness of the belly, and against all the stoppinges of the liver and milt.  
The same parched or dried at the fire stoppeth the lask, especially if it be taken with read wine.  
It is good for the mother, the kidneys, the bladder, it remedieth the disease or grief that letteth the due course of urine, and causeth that one cannot piss, saving by drops, especially when the said disease springeth of a cold cause, it is good also for other hidden and secret grieves both in men and women: it breaketh and driveth forth gravel, especially being first soaked and stieped in the Oil of sweet Almonds.  
The Macis be almost in virtue like to the Nutmegs, and they do not only stop the lask, but also the bloody flux, and women's flowers.  
At is good also against the beating, trembling or shaking of the heart, and is much better for all the cold grieves of the stomach, than the Nutmeg itself.  
The oil that is drawn out of Macis laid upon the stomach, cureth the infirmities of the same, taking away the desire to vomit and the wambling of the stomach, it causeth good appetite, and helpeth digestion.    

Of the Hazel or Fylberde tree. Chap. lviij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
There be two sorts of hazel, or wood Nut trees: the one kind is set and planted in gardens, the other groweth wild.  

Corylus hortensis. The Fylberde.   

Corylus syluestris. The Hazel Nut.    

❀ The Description.  
THe Hazel and Fiberde trees, are but small growing like to a hedge plant, and put forth from the root (which is much displayed and spread abroad) many strait rods, shutes or springs, of which oftentimes some wax thick and long and full of branches, and some wax long and flender, and are very fit to make rods or poles to fish with, because they be firm and pliant, and will not lightlybreake. The leaves be broad and wrinkled somewhat hact or snipt round about, the which leaves spring forth after the Catkins, agglettes, or blowings, which hung upon the Hasell tree be fallen of: betwixt the leaves cometh the fruit, growing three or four together in a cluster, somewhat, but not altogether covered with a husk or pil. Their shells be hard and woodish, in which the round kernel or Nut is enclosed, and is overcovered with a smooth tender husk or skin, like to other Nuts, the which is read in the Filberdes, and white or pale in hazel Nuts.   

❀ The Place.  
The Fylberdes are planted in gardens.  
But the wild groweth in woods and moist places that be dark and shadowy.   

❀ The Time.  
The Aglets or Catkens of hazel, break forth in winter, and in the spring time they open into small rags or scales, shortly after the leaves appear. The Nuts be ripe in August.   

¶ The Names.  
This tree or shrub is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Nux avellana, & of Virgil, Corylus: in French, Couldre, & Noisetier: in high Douch, Haselstrauch, & Haselnuszbaum: in base Almaigne, Haselaer: in English, hazel or filbert tree.  
The Nut is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Nux Pontica, Nuxavellana, Nux praenestina, & Heracleotica: in French the great & round kind is called Auelines, and the small and long kind, is called Noisilles, & Noisettes: in English, the great and long kind is called Filberdes, and the round kind with the hard thick shalt, is called the Wood nut, or hazel nut.  
The read Filberdes are called in French, Auelines rogues: in high Douch, Rhurnusz, and Rotnusz: in base Almaigne, Rood Haselnoten. They be the right Nuces Ponticae described of the ancients.   

¶ The Nature.  
The Hasell nuts and Fylberdes are in complexion not much unlike the Walnuttes, but drier although they be yet new and green: but when the be old and dry, they be colder than Walnuttes.   

❀ The Virtues.  
hazel Nuts and Fylberdes nourish very little, and are hard of digestion, they engender windiness in the stomach, and cause headache, if they be eaten in to great a quantity.  
The same drunken in Mead or watered honey, do heal the old cough: and being roasted and taken with a little pepper, they ripe the Catarrh or Rheum.  
The same burned and laid to with hogs grease or bears grease, do heal the noughty scurf & scales of the head, & do fill again with hear the bald or pilled places in the head.  
They use of the shales or husks of Filberdes against the Squinance even as they use the husks of the Walnuts.    

Of Fistick Nuts. Chap. lix.  

❀ The Description.  
THE tree that bringeth forth Fistick Nuts, hath long great leaves spread abroad, & made of five, seven, or more leaves, growing one against another all alongst a radish rib or sinew, whereof the last which is alone at the top of the leaf is the greatest or largest, the fruit of this tree is much like to small hazel Nuts, & like the kernels of the Pine Apple, in which lieth the kernel or nut.   

❀ The Place.  
This tree is a stranger in this Country, and is not found but only in the gardens of diligent Herboristes, but it cometh of plants in Syria, & other hot Regions.  

Arbour Pistaciorum.    

❀ The Names.  
These Nuts are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Pistacia: in Shops, Fistici: in Brabant, Fisticen: in French, Pistaces: in English, Fistick Nuts.   

¶ The Nature.  
Fistick Nuts are of a mean or temperate heat, & somewhat astringent.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Fistickes are good against the stoppings of the liver, and also to strengthen the same: they be also good for the stomach: but to be taken as meat they nourish but little.  
They unstop the lung pipes, & the breast, & are also good against the shortness of wind & pain to fetch breath, to be eaten either alone or with sugar.  
They be also used to be given with wine, as a preservative or medicine against all the bitings & stingings of venomous beasts, as Dioscorides writeth.    

Of the Bladder Nut. Chap. lx.  

❀ The Description.  
THis kind of Nut is a wild fruit, whereof men make none account, growing upon trees, which grow most commonly like shrubs, or hedge bushes, as many other wild sorts of trees do. This tree his leaves are made of five blades or more, not much unlike the Elder leaf, but smaller and grener. The flowers be white round and double, growing five or six together, after them come the round hollow bladders, divided into two or three parts, in which be found most commonly two little Nuts, whereof the kernel is meetly sweet.   

❀ The Place.  
This plant is no where found, but growing wild, there is plenty of it found wild in Almaigne, and sometimes also in the hedges of this Country.   

❀ The Time.  
The small flowers do blow in May: and the Nuts are ripe in September.  

Staphilodendron Plinij. Nux vesicaria.    

❧ The Names.  
This wild tree is called of Pliny in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and in Latin, Staphilodendron: of them that writ now Nux Vesicaria, and of some Pistacium Germanicum, although it is very little like the Fistick Nuts.  
The fruit is called of the high Douchemen, Pimpernusz: of the base Almains, S. Antuenis Nootkens: that is to say in English, S. Antony's Nuts.   

❀ The Nature and Virtues.  
As touching the natural virtues and operations of this kind of Nuts, we can say nothing, because they serve to no purpose at al.    

Of Cytisus/ or tree Trifoly. Chap. lxi.  

❀ The Description.  
CYtisus is a shrub or bush with leaves, not much unlike Fenugreke, or Sene, the flowers be fair and yellow, almost like to Broome flowers: that which past there come hollow husks, puffed up & blown like bladders, clear and shining, the which do sound & rattle when they be shaken. In them is contained the seed, which is flat, and swart, not much unlike lentils.   

❀ The Place.  
This plant is not found growing in this Country, but in certain gardens, & they plant it for Sene: but wrongfully.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth in May, & the seed is ripe in August.   

❀ The Names.  
This bushy shrub is named of Theophrastus in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: of Theodor Gaza, Coloutea or Colutea: in English of some Cytisus bush, & tree Trifoly, but of the ignorant sort, it is falsely called Seen: in French, Baguenaudier, & des Bagenaudes: in high Douch, Welsch Linsen: in base Almaigne, Lombaertsche Linsen, and of the ignorant people unproperly Seneboom.  

Colutea Theophrasti. Cytisus Latinorum.    

❀ The Nature.  
The leaves and seed of the Cytish bush are temperate of heat and moisture.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The fruit, that is to say the seed, & also the leaves of Colutea, or Cytisus, as Theophrastus writeth, doth fat Sheep very quickly, and causeth them yield abundance of milk.    

Of the Date tree. Chap. lxij.  

❀ The Description.  
THE Date trees be great, with a strait thick stem or trunk, covered with a scaly bark. At the top thereof grow many long branches, with great plenty & store of long strait narrow leaves, or twigs like Reeds, so that the said branches seem to be none other thing, but a bundle or sort of Reed leaves, growing thick together upon one branch: amongst those branches groweth 
Palma.  the fruit clustering together at the first, and lapped in a certain long and broad forrell or covering like to a pillow, the which afterward doth cleave abroad and open itself, showing forth his fruit, standing alongst by certain Sions or small springs, growing all out of a flat and yellow branch like to the timber or wood of a Harp: the same fruit is round and long, with a certain long & very hard stone in the same. And it is to be noted that the male Palm tree bringeth forth nothing else but the flower or blossom which vanisheth away, but the female beareth the fruit, which afterward cometh to ripeness.   

❀ The Place.  
The Date tree groweth in Africa, Arabia, India, and Syria, judea, and other Countries of the East or Orient.   

❀ The Time.  
The Palm or Date tree is always green, & flowreth in the spring time: but the fruit in hot Countries is ripe in Autumn.   

❀ The Names.  
The Date or Palm tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Palma: in Almaigne, Dadelboom: and that is the right Palm.  
The fruit is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Phoenix, and of Galen, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Phoenicobalanos: in Latin, Palmula: in Shops, Dactylus: in French, Dates: in high Douch, Dactelen: in base Almaigne, Dadelen, and Daden: in English, Dates, and the fruit of the Palm tree.   

¶ The Nature.  
The branches and leaves of the Date tree are cold and astringent.  
The fruit is hot and dry almost in the second degree, & also astringent, especially when it is not yet thoroughly ripe.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Dates be hard of digestion, they stop the liver, and the milt: they engender windiness in the belly, and headache, also they engender gross blood, especially to be eaten green and fresh, for when they be through ripe, they are not so hurtful: and being well digested in a good stomach, they nourish indifferently.  
Dry Dates do stop the belly and stay vomiting, and wambling of the stomach (especially of women with child) if they be laid as an emplaster to the belly or stomach, or if they be mingled with other medicines and eaten.  
Also they do restore and strengthen the feebleness of the liver and milt, to be mingled with medicines convenient, either to be applied outwardly, or to be ministered and taken inwardly.  
The leaves and branches of the Date tree, do heal green wounds, and solder or close up ulcers, and do refresh and cool hot inflammations: and therefore when as the ancients in old time would make any emplaster for the purposes aforesaid, they did always use to stir about their said plasters with some branch of the Palm tree, to the intent their said plasters and salves should be of the more virtue and greater efficacy, as a man may see in the composition of the emplaster, named Diacalcitheos', in Galens first book, De medicamentis secundum genera.    

Of the Olive tree. Chap. lxiij.  

¶ The Kinds.  
THere be two sorts of Olive trees, one called the garden or set Olive tree, the other is the wild Olive tree.   

❀ The Description.  
THE garden Olive tree groweth high & great, with many branches full of long narrow leaves, not much unlike to Withy leaves, but narrower & smaller. The flowers be small and white, and grow in clusters. The fruit is somewhat long and round, almost of the making of a Damson, or Plum, at the first green without, but after they begin to wax ripe, they are blackish, in the middle whereof is a little stone, which is hard and firm. Out of this fruit, that oil is pressed, which we call oil Olive.  
The wild Olive tree is like to the garden or tame Olive tree, saving that the leaves thereof be somewhat smaller, amongst which grow many prickly thorns. The berries or fruit also are smaller, & do seldom come to ripeness, insomuch as: that oil which is pressed forth of them abideth ever green and unripe.   

❀ The Place.  
The Olive tree delighteth to grow in dry valleys, and upon small hillocks or barrows, & it groweth plentifully throughout Spain and Italy, and ocher like regions.  

Olea sativa. The garden Olive tree. Olea syluestris. The wild Olive tree.    

❀ The Time.  
The Olive tree flowreth in April, and about the beginning of May: but the Olives are ripe in October.   

❀ The Names.  
The Olive tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Olea: in high Dutch, Oelbaum, and Olivenbaum: in base Almaigne, Olijfboom.  
The wild Olive tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Oleaster, Oleasyluestris, and Olea Aethiopica.  
The fruit also is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Oliva: and according to the same it is called in English, French, and Douche, Olive.  
The Olives condited in salt or brine, are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Colymbadae   

❀ The Nature.  
The leaves & tender shutes of the Olive tree, are cold, dry, & astringent. The green unripe olives are also cold & astringent, but being ripe they be hot & moist.  
The Oil that is made of unripe Olives, is cold and astringent: but that which is pressed out of the ripe Olives, is hot moist and of subtle parts.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves of the Olive tree laid to are good against Serpigo, or the disease which is called wild fire, because it creepeth hither and thither, fretting sores and consuming pox, and other such hot tumours or choleric swellings.  
The same laid to with honey, do mundify and cleanse ulcers, and do also suage and slake all other swellings and tumours.  
They are good to be laid to against the ulcers, inflammations, and impostemes of the mouth, and gums, especially of children, if their mouths be washed with the decoction thereof.  
The juice of them stoppeth women's flowers, and all other flux of blood, with the lask and bloody flux, to be taken inwardly or applied outwardly.  
It is also good against the redness, inflammation, and ulcers of the eyes to be put into Collyres and medicines made for the same, and to cleanse the ears from filthy corruption.  
The green and unripe olives, do strengthen the stomach, and 'cause good appetite, especially being condited in brine, nevertheless they be hard of digestion, and nourish very little.  
The ripe olives do overturn the stomach, and cause wambling in the same, they also engender headache, and are hurtful to the Eyes.  
The Oil of unripe Olives which is called Omphacinum, doth stay, & drive away the beginnings of tumours and inflammations, & doth cool the heat of burning ulcers, and exulcerations.  
It is also good against the rotten sores, and the excessive & filthy moisture of the gums, it fasteneth lose teeth, to be laid upon the gums, with cotton or a little fine wool.  
The oil of ripe Olives doth mollify, it suageth pain, and dissolveth tumours or swellings, it is good against the stiffness of members & cramps, especially when it is mixed or compound with good herbs.  
Oil Olive is very apt & profitable, to make all sorts of Oils, whether they be of herbs or flowers: for it doth easily, & readily draw unto it the qualities and virtue of those herbs & flowers, with the which it is set to be sonned, or otherwise sodde and prepared.    

Of the Carob tree. Chap. lxiiij.  

❀ The Description.  
THis fruit groweth upon great trees, whose branches are small & covered with a round red bark or rind. The leaves be long and spread abroad like whinges, or after the manner of Asshen leaves, and made of six or seven or eight small leaves, growing alongst by a rib or stem, and set one overright against another, whereof each shoulder-blade or leaf is round, and of a sad or dark green above, and of a light green underneath. The fruit is certain flat crooked cods or husks, sometimes of a foot & a half long, & as broad as one's thumb, sweet, in which the seed is contained, the which is great, plain, and broad and of a Chestnut colour.  

Ceratonia Siliqua.    

¶ The Place.  
These husks or sweet cods, do grow in Spain, Italy, & other hot Regions or Countries. They grow not in this Country. Yet for all that they be sometimes found in the gardens of some diligent Herboristes, but they be so small shrubs, that they can neither bring forth flowers nor fruit.   

❀ The Names.  
This tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin also Ceratonia. The fruit is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Siliqua, and of some Siliqua dulcis: of the common Herboristes' Carobe: in shops, Xylocaracta: in French, Caronges, or Carobes: in high Dutch, S. john's brot: in base Almaigne, S. jans' broot: in English, a Carob tree, a Bean tree, the fruit also may be called Carobbes, and Carob bean cods, or S. john's bread.   

❀ The Nature.  
This fruit is somewhat hot, dry, and astringent, especially when it is fresh and green.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Fresh and green Carobes eaten do lose the belly very gently: but they be hurtful to the stomach, hard of digestion, and nourish but little.  
The same dried do stop the belly, provoke urine, and are not much hurtful to the stomach, & are fit to eat than the green or fresh gathered Carobes.    

Of Cassia Fistula. Chap. lxv.  

❀ The Description.  
THE tree which beareth Cassia Fistula, hath leaves not much unlike Ashen leaves: they be great, long, & spread abroad, made of many small leaves growing one against another, alongst by one stem, whereof each little leaf is long and narrow. The fruit is long, round, black, hard, and with woodish husks, or cods most commonly two foot long, and as thick as one's thumb or finger, parted in the inside, or severed into divers small Cells or Chambers wherein the flat, and brownish seed is couched and laid together with the pulp or substance, which is black, soft, and sweet, & is called the flower, marrow or cream of Cassia: it is very expedient, and necessary for Physic or medicine.   

¶ The Place.  
Cassia groweth in Syria, Arabia, and such like Regions.   

❧ The Names.  
Cassia is called of Actuarius, and of the later Greek Physicians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek, that is to say, Cassia nigra in Latin: in shops and of the Arabian Physicians, Cassia Fistula.  

Cassia Fistula.    

❀ The Nature.  
The black Pulp or moist substance of Cassia is hot and moist in the first degree.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The inner pulp of Cassia is a very sweet and pleasant medicine, the which may be given without any danger to all weak people, as to women with child. It loseth the belly and purgeth choleric humours chiefly. And sometime slimy phlegm gathered about the guts, to be taken the weight of an ounce.  
Cassia is very good for such as be vexed with hot agues, the pleurisy, jaundice, or any other inflammation of the liver, especially when it is mixed with waters, drinks, or herbs that be of a cooling nature.  
It is good for the reins and kidneys, it driveth forth gravel, and the stone, and is a preservative against the stone, to be mingled with the decoction of liqueris or the roots of Parsely, or Ciches, or a decoction made of all together, and drunken.  
It is good to gargoyle with Cassia for to suage and mitigate the swellings of the throat, and to dissolve, ripe, and break Apostemes and tumours.  
Cassia laid to the member grieved with the gout, suageth the pain, as Avicen writeth.    

Of Anagyris, Laburnum, and Arbour juda. Chap. lxvi.  

Anagyris.   

Laburnum.   

❀ The Description.  
ANagyris is a little low bush or shrub, with small branches, upon which grow small leaves, always three together, other ways almost like to the leaves of Agnus castus. The flowers be yellow almost like to Broome flowers, which being passed, there come up long husks or cods, in which is a flat fruit or seed that is hard & firm, almost like the kidney beans, but somewhat smaller. The whole plant is of a strong ill-favoured stinking savour, as it were the smell of Gla. din or Spurgewort.  
Arbour juda.  
There is also another little bush or shrub found like to Anagyris in leaves & growing. The flowers do grow very thick together hanging by a fine slender stem, like to a spykie ear, but yellow and-somewhat resembling Broome flowers. The cods or cases are rounder & smaller than the husks of Anagyris, with a smaller fruit also. This plant is of no rank smell, but his leaves be greater and larger then the leaves of Anagyris  
Besides the aforesaid there is found another small shrub or plant which bringeth forth cods or husks also, the which being well ordered in the growing up, waxeth a tall tree. His branches are set with broad round leaves almost like to the leaves of Aristolochia clematitis, or Asarum, but stronger. The flowers be purple and red, like to the flowers of garden or branch Peason, and the said flowers do not grow upon the small branches, and betwixt the leaves like the blossoms, and flowers of other trees, but they grow about the lowest part of the great branches, the which afterward do change into long flat cods of colour somewhat blue or wan, having a certain flat seed within, which is hard and like to a lentil.   

❀ The Place.  
These plants do grow wild in divers places of Italy and Province, in woods and upon the mountains.   

❀ The Time.  
Anagyris flowreth in April and May: the other in May, and june: but Arbour juda in March. The fruit is ripe in September.   

❀ The Names.  
The first of these plants is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Anagyris: in Italian, Eghelo: we may call it bean trifoly, because the leaves grow three together, & the seed is much like to a bean: the French name may be Bois puant.  
The second is thought to be Laburnum Plinij: This is not Anagyris, neither yet Lotus, as some do wrongfully judge it.  
The third is called of the Latin Herboristes, in Latin, Arbour juda, & Arbour judae: this should seem to be a kind of Laburnun, or as some men think 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Colytea of Theophrastus, This is not that Cercis of Theophrastus, for Cercis is a kind of Popular, the which Pliny calleth Populus Lybica.   

❧ The Nature.  
The leaves and seed of Anagyris are hot and dry of complexion.   

❀ The Virtues.  
They give the weight of a dram, of the leaves of Anagyris boiled in wine, to move women's flowers, and to drive forth the secundine.  
The young and tender leaves of this bush, broken and laid to as an emplaster, doth dissolve, and keep down cold swellings.  
The seed eaten causeth one to vomit sore and vehemently.    

Of Withy or Willow. Chap. lxvij.  

¶ The Kinds.  
THere be two sorts of Withy very divers. The one rises up very high & groweth to the bigness and thickness of other trees: the other remains always low, beareth Ozier rods and twigs. The bark of the first sort is sometimes radish, sometimes white and sometimes yellow.   

❀ The Description.  
WITHY hath a great trunk, stock, or stem, out of which pring high branches or yeardes, which be long, strait, and full of boughs or twigs which be weak and pliant, and covered with a bark or rind of a brown read colour, or white, or yellow, alongst the which branches and twigs grow the leaves which be long and narrow, green above, and white or ash colour underneath.  
The second kind of Withy called the Frank Ozier hath no great stem, but only a great wride or head near the ground, out of which spring many Zion'S, and slender twigs, or yeardes covered with a brown rind or pill: the which yeardes, twigs, or rods, are very pliant, and easy to turn and twist every way. With this kind of twigs or rods they make Basketes, Chairs, Panniers, and such like stuff.   

❀ The Place.  
All kinds of Withy delight to grow in moist places, along by ditches and waters, but especially the Oziers'.  

Salix.    

❀ The Time  
Withy flowreth at the beginning of the spring time: his flower or blossom is like a fine throm or thick set velvet heaped up together about a little stem, the which when it openeth is soft in handling, and like down or Cotton, and therefore the whole flower is called a Chatton, Kitekin or Catteken.   

❀ The Names.  
Withy is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Salix: in French, Saulx: in high Dutch, Weydenbaum: in base Almaigne, Wilghe boom: Theophrastus doth surname it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Olesicarpos, that is to say in Latin, Frugiperda, because his Cattekins or blossoms do fall away before that his seed be scarce ripe.  
That Withy or Willow which groweth to a tree is called in Latin, Salix perticalis.  
Of this sort, that which hath the radish bark, is called Salix nigra, Salix purpurea, and Salix Gallica: in English, Read Withy, and the better sort thereof is called Read sperte: in French, L'ozier: in high Dutch, Rotweiden: in base Almaigne, Rood wilghen, of some also, Salix viminalis: because the twigs be tough and pliant, and willbe wrought and writhed more easily than any of the other kinds of Withy, insomuch that this kind of black or rather read Withy, is without doubt, of the self same kind as the Frank Ozier is of: for if you plant it in low waterish places, and cut it hard by the ground, it will turn to Ozier Withy.  
The second sort hath a white or grey bark, and is called Salix candida, and of some Salix Graeca: in English, Dunne Withy, and Goore Withy.  
The third kind hath a yellow bark, and is called Salix vitellina: and after the mind of some, Salix amerina: these two kinds are called in high Dutch, Weisz weiden: in base Almaigne, Witte wilghen, that is to say, White Withy: it is called about Paris, Du Bursauli: in English, Cane Withy.  
The small low Withy is called in Latin, Salix pumila, and Salix viminalis: of Columella, Sabina salix, and Amerina salix: in French, Franc Ozier: in high Douch, Klein weiden: in base Almaigne, Wijmen: in English, the small Withy, the Osyar Withy, the Sperte or twig Withy.   

❀ The Nature.  
The leaves, flowers, seed, and barks of Withy, are cold and dry in the second degree, and astringent.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves and bark of Withy, do stay the spitting of blood, the vomiting of blood, and all other flux of blood, with the inordinate course of women's flowers, to be boiled in wine and drunken.  
The leaves and rinds of Withy boiled in wine, do appease the pain of the sinews, and do restore again their strength, if they be nourished with the fomentation or natural heat thereof.  
The green leaves pound very small, and laid about the privy members, do take away the desire to lechery or Venus.  
The ashes of the bark of willow mingled with vinegar, causeth warts to fall of, taketh away the hard skin or brawn that is in the hands or feet which is got by labour, and the corns in a man's toes or fingers, if it be laid thereupon.    

Of the Oak tree. Chap. lxviij.  

❀ The Description.  
THe Oak is a great, broad, and thick tree, most commonly spreading his great branches abroad, and also growing up into height and length. The bark is grey and smooth while it is young, but thick rough uneven chapped and cracte when it is old. The leaves be deeply cut and natched round about, upon the which there is sometime found growing in this Country little small Apples, called Oak Apples, like as in other Countries galls be found growing upon the Oaken leaves, whereof these little Apples be one kind. The fruit of the Oaks are certain Mast or kernels hanging forth of rough husks, which be round and hollow like unto cups or dishes. His root spreadeth abroad very long and large.  
Besides these kinds of galls and Apples that are upon the Oaken leaves, there grow upon the Oak divers other things, as Theophrastus writeth, more at large, in his History of plants the iij. book, and viij. Chapter.   

❀ The Place.  
The Oak loveth sandy grounds, lean, and dry, as upon palynes and heaths.   

❀ The Time.  
The Oak renueth his leaves in May. The Acornels or mast is ripe in August: the Oak apples do grow in summer, and do begin to fall in September.   

¶ The Names.  
The Oak is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Quercus: in high Dutch, Eichbaum: in base Almaigne, Eyckenboom.  
The fruit is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Glans: in English, an Akernel, or mast: in French, Gland: in high Douch, Eichel: in base Almaigne, Eeckel.  
The round berry or apple which groweth upon the leaves, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Galla: in French, Noix gall: in high Douch, Eichopffel, and Galopffel: in base Almaigne, Eycken apple, and Galnoten.  
The shells or cups in which one part of the kernel is enclosed or couched, is called in Latin, Calices glandium: in shops, Cupulę glandium.  
Quercus.   

❀ The Nature.  
The leaves and bark of the Oak, as also the cups or shells of the Acorns, are dry in the third degree, and astringent. The Acorns be almost of the same temperature, saving that they be warmer, and not so much astringent.  
The Gale is cold and dry in the third degree, and very astringent.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves and bark of the Oak with the cups of the Acorns, do stop and cure the spitting of blood, the pissing of blood, and all other flux of blood: the bloody flux and lask, being boiled in read wine and drunken.  
The Oak leaves pound very small, do heal and close up green wounds, and do stop the blood being laid thereupon.  
The bark of the Oak made into powder, is good to be given to young children, against the worms and the inordinate lask.  
The Cups of the Acorns with the bark of the tree, are good to be put into medicines, ointments, oils, and emplaysters that serve to stay and keep back the flux of blood, or of other humours.  
The Acorns are almost of the same virtue as the leaves and bark are, but they stop not so much, they provoke urine, and are good against all venom and poison: and boiled in milk they be excellent to be eaten against the bitings and stingings of venomous beasts.  
The same pound very small, are very good to be laid to the beginnings of phlegmons & inflammations: and pound with salt, and Swine's grease they cure, hard ulcers, and consuming sores.  
The Gall is also very binding and stiptique. They be good against all flux of blood, and lasks to be taken in whatsoever manner, whether they be ministered within the body, or mixed with oils, ointments and emplasters to be laid outwardly.  
They are also good against the excessive moisture, & swelling of the jaws or gums, and against the swellings of the almonds or kernels of the throat, and also against the blistering sores of the mouth.  
They stay the flux menstrual, and 'cause the mother that is fallen down to return again to his natural place, if women sit in the decoction of the same.  
The same stieped or tempered in vinegar or water, maketh the hear black: and doth eat and consume away superfluous and proud flesh being laid thereupon.  
The same burned upon coals & afterward quenched with wine or vinegar, or as Turner says, with brine made with vinegar and salt, stoppeth all issue or flux of blood.  
The Oak Apples or greater Galls, being broken in sunder, about the time of withering do foreshow the sequel of the year, as the expert husbandmen of Kent have observed by the living things that are found within them: as if they find an Ant, they judge plenty of grain: if a white worm like a Gentle, morreyne of beast: if a Spider, they presage pestilence, or some other like sickness to follow amongst men. Which thing also the learned have noted. For Matthiolus upon Dioscorides says, that before they be holed or pierced they contain either a Fly, a Spider, or a Worm: if a Fly be found, it is a prognostication of war to follow: if a creeping worm, the scarcity of victual: if a running Spider the Pestilent sickness.    

Of Missel or mistletoe. Chap. lxix.  

❀ The Description.  
THIS plant hath many flender branches, the which are spread overthwart, and are wrapped or interlaced one with another, covered with a bark of a light green or Popingay colour. The leaves be thick and of a dark or brown green colour, greater and longer than the leaves of Box, but otherwise not much unlike. The flowers be small and yellow, the which being passed there appear small round and white berries, full of clammy moisture of which each berry hath a black kernel, which is the seed.   

❀ The Place.  
mistletoe groweth not upon the ground, but upon trees: and is oftentimes found growing upon Apple trees, Pear trees, Mythies, and sometimes also upon the Linden, birch, and other trees; but the best and of greatest estimation, is that which groweth upon the Oak.  

Viscum.    

❀ The Time.  
mistletoe flowreth at the end of May, and the fruit is ripe at the end of September, the which remaineth all the winter.   

¶ The Names.  
This plant is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Viscum: in shops, Viscus quercinus: in English, mistle and mistletoe: in French, Guy: in high Douch Missel, and Eichen Missel: in base Almaigne, Marentacken.   

❀ The Nature.  
The leaves and fruit of mistletoe are hot and dry, and of merely subtle parts.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The leaves and fruit of mistletoe, being laid to with Tar, and Wax, do soften, ripe, and consume away by the pores, hard swellings and botches about the secret parts, & other such rebellious impostemes & cold swellings.  
The same leaves and fruit, with Frankincense, do cure old ulcers and sores, and great corrupt and evil impostemes.  
They also cure the felons or noughty sores, which rise about the tops of toes, and fingers ends to be laid to with Arsenik.  
The seed of mistle pound with wine lies, doth cure and waste the hardness of the Milt or spleen to be applied to the side.  
They say also that the wood of mistletoe, that groweth upon the Oaks, and not upon any other tree, is very good against the falling evil and Apoplexy, to be hang about the neck of the Patient.    

Of the Ash tree. Chap. lxx.  

❀ The Kinds.  
AFter the mind of Theophrastus, there be two kinds of Ash: the one called the Ash tree, without any other addition. The other is called the wild Ash, or white Ash.  

Fraxinus. The Ash tree.   

Fraxinus bubula, Ornus. Wild ash.    

❀ The Description.  
THE Ash is a great high tree with many branches, whereof the young and new sprung branches are full of white pith, or a certain soft substance, and they have sundry joints, but when they wax great and old, those joints are lost, and the pith is converted into timber. The bark of this tree (especially whereas it delighteth best to grow) is grey and smooth, but in other places it waxeth rough. The leaves be great long & large spread abroad after the fashion of wings made of many small leaves, growing one against another, all alongst one stem or rib, whereof each little leaf is long & somewhat snipt round about the edges. The fruit of the Ash hangs togitherr in clusters, and is nothing else but little narrow husks, wherein lieth the seed which is bitter.  
The wild Ash also sometimes groweth to a great tree, but nothing like to the Ash, for it is much smaller and flow in growing up: which is the cause that it is found so small. The rind or bark thereof is brown, almost like to the Aller rind. The leaves be great & long, many growing alongst by one stem, rough and somewhat hairy, much like to the leaves of Sorbe Apple tree. The flowers be white and grow in tuffets, the which do turn into round berries, green at the first, but afterward read, and of an unpleasant taste.   

❀ The Place.  
The Ash delighteth in moist places, as about the brinks and borders of rivers, and running streams.  
The wild Ash groweth upon high mountains, and also in shadowy woods.   

❀ The Time.  
The Ash seed is ripe at the end of September.  
The wild Ash flowreth in May, the fruit thereof is ripe in September.   

❀ The Names.  
The first tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Fraxinus: in English, ash: in French, Fresne: in high Dutch, Eschernbaum, Eschernholtz, and Steyneschern: in base Almaigne, Esschen, and Esschenboom.  
The husks or fruit thereof are called in shops Lingua avis, and Lingua passerina: in English, Kytekayes.  
The second kind is called of Theophrastus in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: Gaza calleth it in Latin: Fraximus bubula: Pliny, and Columella calleth it Ornus, and Fraxinus syluestris: some of the later writers, calleth it Fraxinea arbour: and some call it Sorbus aucuparia: aswell because it hath leaves like unto the Sorbe tree, as also because the Birders, and Fowlers do use the fruit thereof, as bait to take Birds withal: in English, Quickebeame, field ash, wild ash, and white Ash: in French, Fresne Champestre, or sauvage: in high Dutch, Malbaum, and grosser Malbaum, in base Almaigne, Haveresschen, and Qualster.   

❀ The Nature.  
The leaves and rind of the Ash, are of a temperate heat, & subtle parts or substance.  
The seed is hot and dry in the second degree.  
The wild Ash leaves be also hot and dry, and of subtle parts.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves and barks of the Ash tree boiled in wine, and drunken, do open and comfort the liver, & spleen being stopped, and do heal the disease of the sides. They have the same virtue, to be boiled in oil and laid to the side.  
The leaves and bark with the tender crops of the Ash tree, are good to be taken in the same manner against the dropsy, for they purge the water.  
For such as are to gross or far, they use to give daily three or four ashen leaves to drink in wine, to the intent to make them lean.  
The juice of the leaves, bark, and tender crops of the Ash drunken in wine preserveth from all venom, especially against the bitings and stingings of Serpents and Vipers.  
They say that the Ash is of so great force against poison, that in the circutie or shadow of the same there hath not been known any manner of venomous beast to abide.  
The lie that is made with the ashes of the barks of the Ash tree, cureth the white scurf, and such other like roughness of the skin.  
The seed of the Ash tree provoketh urine, increaseth natural seed, and stirreth up Venus, especially being taken with a Nutmeg, as Isaac, Rhasis, Damascenus, and many other Arabian Physicians do writ.  
The leaves of the wild Ash tree boiled in wine, are good against the pain of the side, and the stopping of the liver. And to be taken in the same manner, they slake the bellies of such as have the dropsy.    

Of the kinds of Poplar and Asp. Chap. lxxi.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THe Poplar is of three sorts, as winesseth Pliny: the one is called white, the other black, and the third is called Asp: the which three kinds are very common in this Country.  

Populus alba. White Poplar.   

Populus nigra. Black Poplar. Populus Lybica. Asp.    

❀ The Description.  
THE white Poplar tree waxeth high, great & thick. The timber whereof is white, and not very hard to be wrought. The bark is smooth and whitish, especially on the branches. The leaves be round with pointed corners, white, soft, and woolly upon one side, and plain, smooth, & green upon the other side. Before it putteth forth leaves, it beareth long woollishe tagglettes or Cattekens, of colour almost incarnate.  
The black Poplar also groweth high, great and thick. The bark whereof is smooth, but browner, The leaves be somewhat long, and broad beneath towards the stem, and sharp at the top, a little snipt about the edges, but they be neither white, smooth, nor wollish. The Cattekens, or tagglets of these, do turn into clusters with many round berries. The buds which break forth before the leaves are of a sweet savour, by reason of a certain yellowish clammy oil or grease which is contained within them, of which is made the ointment called Populeum.  
The Rattling or trembling Asp, is somewhat like to the black Poplar: it waxeth as great as any of the other twain. The rags or Catkens of these are longer and browner, than the others, almost grey or Ash colour brown. The leaves be somewhat roundish, broad and short, browner and harder than the leaves of the black Poplar, deeply indented round about the edges, the said leaves do hung by a long, but a very small slender stem, which is the cause of their continual shaking, and noisome clatter.   

❀ The Place.  
These trees do grow in low moist places, as in meadows, and near unto ditches, standing waters, and rivers.   

❀ The Time.  
The tagglettes or Catkens of the Poplar do come forth about the end of March and April, and then you must gather the buds to make unguentum Populeon.   

❀ The Names.  
The white Poplar, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Populusalba, and of some Farfarus: in English, White Poplar, or Pepler: in French, Aubeau: in high Dutch, Pappelbaum, Weiszalberbaum, & Weisz Popelweyden: in base Almaigne, Abeelboomen, & of some ignorant people in Latin, Abies, & that very erroneously, for Abies is that Pineappie tree, whereof we shall declare hereafter.  
The second Poplar is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Populus nigra: in English, Black Poplar: in French, Peuplier: in high Dutch, Aspen, and Popelweiden: in base Almaigne, Populier, and Popelaere.  
The third Poplar is called of Pliny Populus Lybica: in French, Tremble: in base Almaigne, Rateleer: in English, Asp.   

❀ The Nature.  
The leaves and bark of Poplar are temperate in heat and cold, nevertheless they be somewhat dry and abstersive or cleansing.  
The buds of the black Poplar, are hot and dry in the first degree, and of subtle parts.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The bark of the white Poplar boiled in wine, provoketh urine, helpeth the strangury, and them that have the Sciatica, and pain in the hip.  
The juice of the leaves suageth the pain of the ears, & heals the ulcers of the same, to be dropped in.  
The leaves and young buds of black Poplar, do suage the pain of the gout in the hands and feet, being small pound and laid thereupon.  
The ointment that is made of the buds, is good against all inflammations, and against all bruises, squattes, and falls, and against swellings, to be laid thereupon.    

Of the Elm. Chap. lxxij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be two sorts of Elm, as Theophrastus and Columella have written: the one groweth in fields; and the other on mountains.   

❀ The Description.  
THE first kind of Elm, is a great high tree with many branches spread abroad at large. The timber thereof is hard, brownish, sinewy, & uneasy, to cleave. The leaves be broad and wrinkled, somewhat snipt or cut about the edges, upon the which there grow oftentimes certain bladders or blisters, wherein is found a certain slimy and clammy liquor, in which most commonly there be small worms: but when the said liquor doth remain, about the end of summer you shall found it hardened by the force of the Son, even like gum. The seed of the Elm is broad, round, flat, smooth, & soft, not much unlike Arache seed, but greater. The root spreadeth far and broad, this kind is very common in this Country.  
Vlmus.  
The second kind of Elm, is not much unlike the aforesaid in leaves & timber, but it groweth much higher without spreading his branches so far abroad, and it bringeth forth seed very seldom. The leaves of this kind be more desyzed and better liked of cattle to feed upon, than the leaves of the first kind.  
Bysides these two sorts of Elm, there are found other trees drawing somewhat towards the Elm, the which also do wax great and high, their timber is very tough & hard, and therefore it is much used to make wheels & mylles, poullies, and such other instruments & engines for the carriage of great weights and burdens. The leaves be likewise wrincled and somewhat snypt and toothed round about, much longer and narrower than the leaves of the other, of a faint green colour upon the contrary side, even polished, & shining, and of a good smell when they are dry: upon these leaves there never grow and blisters or bladders, neither will the cattle so willingly eat of them, as they will do of the Elm leaves. The seed of these is almost like the seed of the Elms.   

❀ The Place.  
The first kind groweth in low champion, and plain fields, and delighteth the good fertile ground, & is found planted in divers places of England and Brabant, by the high ways, and fields.  
The second kind loveth the hills and mountains: yet you shall see some of it, in West flaunder gardens which is compassed round with this kind of Elm planted in ranges, in very good order.  
The third kind groweth plentifully in woods, as in the wood Soignie, and in other places alongst the fields.   

❀ The Time.  
The seed of the Elm groweth, and afterward falls about the end of April, when the leaves begin to spring.   

❀ The Names.  
The Elm is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Vlmus: in English, an Elm tree: in high Dutch, Rustholtz, Rustbaum, Vlmenbaum, Lindbast, & Yffenholtz: in base Almaigne, Olmboom: in French, Ormee.  
The first kind is called of Theophrastus' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is to say, Vlmus: of Pliny, Vlmus palustris: of Columella, Vlmus vernacula, and Vlmus nostras, that is to say, the Elm of Italy, and our common Elm.  
The second is called of Theophrastus in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Montiulmus: of Columella, Atinia, and Vlmus Gallica: in Picardy, & Artois, Ypreau:  
The seed of the Elm is called in Latin, Samera.  
The worms that engender in the bladders or blisters of the Elm leaves, with the liquor that is contained in the same, are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Cnipes: in Latin, Culices, and Muliones.  
The liquor is called of the later writers, Gummi ulmi, that is to say, The gum of the Elm.  
The third tree is called in of Theophrastus in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Colytea: this should seem to be Vlmus syluestris, whereof Pliny maketh mention: in French, Hestre, it may be called also in French, Orme sauvage: it is called in high Dutch, Hanbuchen, and Bucheschern: in base Almaigne, Herseleer, and in some places Herenteer: I think this not to be the right Opulus: but the very tree, which we call Witch, and Witch Hassel: in French, Opier: & is the best kind of Elm to join vines unto, because his branches be fair and large of a goodly length but not so thick. Read more of Opier in the lxxx. Chapter of this book.   

❀ The Nature.  
The leaves and bark of Elm, are somewhat hot, and astringent.  
The liquor that is found in the bladders that grow upon the leaves is dry, and of a cleansing and scouring nature.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Elm leaves do cure and heal green wounds, being well bruised & laid thereupon, the inner bark hath the like virtue, if it be bound to the wounds as a swaddling band.  
The broth of Elm leaves (or of the bark or root, as Dioscorides says) is good to bathe and soak the arms and legs that be broken and bruised, for it speedily heals broken bones.  
The leaves pound with vinegar & laid to, is good for the lepry & scuruines.  
The weight of an ounce of the utter bark taken with wine or water, putteth forth cold phlegm and loseth the belly.  
The liquor that is found in the leaves, doth beautify the skin & the face, and scoureth away all spots, freckles, pimples, and spreading tetters, if it be laid thereto.  
Also it heals green and fresh wounds, if it be powered in, as the writers in these days have found by experience.  
The leaves of Elm are good fodder for rother cattle, as Theophrastus and Columella writ.    

Of the Linden tree. Chap. lxxiij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THeophrastus describeth two sorts of Linden tree, that is the male and female. They are both to be found in this Country, but the female is most common and better known.   

❀ The Description.  
THE common Linden tree, which is the female Tilia waxeth great and thick, spreading forth his branches long and large, and yielding a great shadow when the Son shines, the bark is brownish without, smooth, and plain, but next to the timber it is white moist and tough, and will easily be wrested, turned, and twisted every way: wherefore it is the very stuff whereof they make these cords or halters of Barks. The timber is whitish, plain, and without knots, and very soft and gentle to handle: and therefore the coals that be made of this wood, are good to make gompowder. The leaves be very green and large, somewhat toothed or a little snipt round about the edges, otherways not much unlike to ivy leaves. The small flowers be whitish and of a good savour many hanging together from out of the middle of a little narrow white leaf. The fruit is none other but little round berries or pellettes growing together in little clusters like to ivy berries, in which is contained a small round seed, which is blackish, and falls out, when the small pellettes or buttons do open and are ripe.  
Tilia foemina. The female Linden tree.  
The second kind of Lynden tree, which is the male (called Tilia mas) groweth also great and thick, and spreadeth abroad like the other Linden, the bark whereof is also tough and pliant and serveth to make cords & halters: but it is rougher, thicker, and britteler, grayish about the small branches, but whiter than the barks of the common Linden tree, yet not so white as the branches of Elm. The timber of this Linden is much harder, more knotty, & yellower than the timber of the other, much like the timber or wood of Elm, the leaves be broad, not plain, nor even, but rough and a little cut about the edges, very like to Elmen leaves, saving that upon them there never grow any small bladders. This tree bringeth forth fruit very seldom, and therefore some judge it as barren, it bringeth forth for his fruit, many things like to round flat husks clustering together, having a certain cleft or chink at the end, much like in proportion and quantity to the husks of the right Thlaspie described in the fifth book and lxij. Chapter, whereof each hangs alone upon a stem by itself.   

❀ The Place.  
The Linden tree loveth a good convenient soil, and it groweth lightly where as it is planted. One kind of Linden groweth by Colchester in Essex, in the park of one master bogs.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth in May, and the fruit is ripe at the end of August.   

❀ The Names.  
This tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Tilia: in English, Linden: in French, Tillen, or Tillet in high Dutch, Linden, and Lindenbaum: in base Almaigne, Lined, and Lindeboom.  
The first is called in Latin, Tilia foemina, that is to say, the female Lynden.  
The second is called, Tilia mas, that is the male Lynden: some call it in French, Hestre: and in base Almaigne, Ypelijne.   

❀ The Nature.  
The bark and leaves of Linden are of temperate heat, and somewhat drying and astringent, almost in complexion like to the Elm.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The broth of the leaves of Lynden sodde in water, cureth the noughty ulcers and blisters of the mouths of young children if they be washed therewithal.  
The leaves pound or bruised with water are good to be laid to the swelling of the feet.  
The bark of Lynden pound with vinegar, cureth the noughty white scurf, and such like evil-favoured spreading scabs, as Pliny writeth.    

Of the Plane tree. Chap. lxxiiij.  

Platanus. The Plane tree.   

Aceris species, folio maiori. A kind of Maple with the greater leaf.   

❀ The Description.  
THE Plane is a strange tree, the which in time past hath been of great estimation in Italy and Rome. In so much that you may find it written, how they have bedewed or watered it with wine. It groweth great and high, and spreadeth his branches and boughs very broad & wide, the leaves be large, much like in figure to the leaves of the vine, hanging by long radish stems. The flowers be small and grow in little tuffetes. The fruit is round, rough, and somewhat woolly, of the quantity of a Filberde.  
There is found in the Alpes in Almaigne, and some places of Brabant, a certain tree, much like to the Plane tree. It hath broad leaves like the vine, hanging by long small and read stems, but the flowers and fruit of this tree are nothing like the flowers and fruit of the Plane tree, but like the flowers and fruit of Maple (whereof this is a kind) which shallbe described in the lxxxj. Chapter of this book.   

❀ The Place.  
The Plane tree groweth in many places of Greece: it is also to be found planted in certain places of Italy: it is unknown in this Country.  
The tree which beareth leaves like the Plane, is found upon high mountains in some places of Douchland and Brabant, and alongst the fields, but very seldom, and there is here and there a tree of it planted in England.   

❀ The Time.  
The Plane tree flowreth about the end of March, & so doth the other also.   

❀ The Names.  
The Plane tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin also, Platanus: in French, Platane.  
The tree that is like unto it is called in English, the Plane tree, in French, Plane: in high Dutch, Ahorne, and Waldeschern. But it is not Platanus, but a kind of Maple, and it should seem to be that kind whith is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Carpinus. Yet the figure which Matthiolus hath given us for Carpinus, is more like to a kind of Witch Hassel. Carpinus ab Acere distat, quod Aceri candida atque neruata materia, Carpino autem flava crispaque Theo. ca 11. li. 3.   

❀ The Nature.  
The Plane tree leaves are partakers of some cold and moisture.  
The bark and fruit are more drying.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The fruit of the Plane tree drunken with wine, helpeth them that are bitten of Serpents.  
The same broken and mingled with grease, and laid to, heals the burnings with fire.  
The Bark sodden in vinegar, is good for to wash the teeth against the tooth ache.  
The young and tender leaves well pound are good to be laid upon swellings and inflammations: and do stop the running & watering of the eyes.    

Of the Aller. Chap. lxxv.  

❀ The Description.  
THE Aller is a high great tree, with many branches, the which will break quickly, and will not lightly ploy nor bend. The rind of this tree is brown. The timber is meetly hard, and will last a long season under water, yea longer than any other kind of timber: And therefore they make piles and posts for to lay foundations in fens, & soft marish grounds, also they are very good to make pipes, condites, and troughs for the leading along, and carriage of water under ground: but above ground water will soon rot and consume it. This timber waxeth read, assoon as it is spoiled of his rind, and likewise when it is old and dry. The leaves be somewhat clammy to handle, as though they were wet with honey, of fashion roundish, and somewhat wrinkled, not much unlike the leaves of the Hasell nuts. The blowings of Alder are long tagglets, almost like to the blowings of birch. The fruit is round like to small Olive beris, and compact or made of divers scales, set close together: the which being ripe and dry do open, so as the seed which is within them falls out and is lost.  

Alnus.    

❀ The Place.  
The Aller delighteth to grow in low moist woods, and waterish places.   

❀ The Time.  
The Aller beginneth to bud, and to bring forth new leaves in April as other trees do. The fruit is ripe in September.   

❧ The Names.  
The Aller, or Alder is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and in Latin, Alnus: in high Dutch, Erlenbaum, and Ellernbaum: in base Almaigne, Elsenboom: in French, Aulne.   

❀ The Nature.  
The bark and leaves of Alder, are cold, dry, and astringent.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The bark or rind of Alder, because of his astringent power, may be good against the impostumes, and swellings of the throat, and kernels, or Almonds under the tongue, even as well as the shells or green pills of Walnuttes. But as yet it hath not been used by any, saving only for the dying of certain course clot and caps into a black colour, for the which purpose it is very fit.  
The leaves be much used against hot swellings, ulcers, and all inward inflammations.    

Of the Beech tree. Chap. lxxvi.  

❀ The Description.  
THe Beech is a great, high, thick tree, whose leaves be soft, thin, plain, smooth, and meetly large, almost like the leaves of Poplar, but smaller. The blossoms thereof are naught else, but small yellowish Catkens, smaller than the Catkens of birch, but otherwise like. The fruit is triangled or three cornered Nuts, in which are sweet kernels. These Nuts be covered over with prickly husks or shells, from out of which they fall down when they be ripe.   

¶ The Place.  
The Beech loveth a plain open Country, and moisture.   

❀ The Time.  
The Beech bloweth and breaketh forth into new leaves, at the end of April or may. The Nuts be ripe in September even with the Chesnuttes.   

❧ The Names.  
The Beech tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Fagus: in French, Fouteau: in high Dutch, Buchbaum, or Buche: in base Almaigne, Bueckenboen. The fruit is now called in Latin, Nuces Fagi: in French, feign: in base Almaigne, Buecken nootkens: in English, Beech mast.   

❀ The Nature.  
The leaves of Beech do cool. The kernel of the fruit is somewhat moist and warm.  

Fagus.    

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves of Beech are very profitably laid to the beginning of hot swellings, blisters, and ulcers.  
The water that is found in the hollowness of Beech's, doth cure the noughty scurf, and wild tetters or scabs of men, and horses, kine, and sheep, if they be washed therewithal.  
Men do not yet gather these Nuts for man's use, yet they be sweet and good for to eat, and they do almost serve to all those purposes, whereunto the Nuts of the Pine apple kernels do serve.    

Of birch tree. Chap. lxxvij.  

❀ The Description.  
THe birch doth often grow to a great high tree, with many branches, which have many small rods or twigs very limber and pliant, and most commonly hanging downward, and will abide to be bowed easily any way that one list. The bark of the young twigs and branches is plain and smooth, and full of sap, and of the colour of a Chestnut: but the bark of the body and greatest branches of the tree is hard without, white, rough, uneven, and broken or cloven; upon the branches that be of a mean size or quantity, the bark or rind is somewhat speckled: under the same bark, next joining to the wood or timber, there is found another bark that is plain and smooth as paper, so that in times past it was used to writ upon, before that Paper or Parchment were known or invented. The leaves are meetly broad, and somewhat snipt about, smaller than Beechen leaves, but otherwise not much unlike. The birch tree hath tagglettes or Chattons for his blossom, like as the Hasell, but much smaller, in which the seed cometh.   

¶ The Place.  
birch groweth in woods, and heaths, and dry commons, and also alongst the borders of Corn fields.   

❀ The Time.  
birch putteth forth his new leaves in April: in September his small Catkens and seed is ripe.   

❧ The Names.  
birch is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Betula: in French, Bouleau. in high Douch, Birkembaum: in base Almaigne, Berckenboom.   

❀ The Nature and Virtues.  
birch is not used in medicine, wherefore his nature and virtues are not known: in old time they used the inner thin bark of birch, in steed of Paper, & the young twigs and branches thereof to make rods, and besoms, as they do at this day.  

Betula. birch.     

Of black Aller. Chap. lxxviij.  

❀ The Description.  
THE black Aller groweth not like a tree, neither waxeth it very great, but it bringeth forth many long strait rods, which do divide themselves again in other small twigs covered with a thin black rind, under the which there is found another yellowish rind. The timber or wood of these twigs is whitish, with a brown read pith in the middle. The leaves be broad like the leaves of Aller, almost like to Cherry tree leaves, but rounder and browner. The little flowers be whitish after which come up round berries, which are green at the first, but afterwards read, and black when they are dried, of a strange unpleasant taste.   

¶ The Place.  
This kind of wood groweth in low woods and moist places.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth in April, and the berries be ripe in August.   

❀ The Names.  
This plant is called of the Brabanders, Sporckenhout, and of the children of this Country, Pijlhout, that is to say, bolt timber, or arrow wood, because they make Arrows with it, to shoot withal: in high Douch, Faulbaum, and Leuszbaum: of some of the later writers, in Latin, Alnus nigra, that is to say in English, Black Aller.   

❀ The Nature.  
The inner bark of this wood is yellow, and of a dry complexion.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The yellow bark of Aller stieped in wine or bier, and drunken, causeth to vomit vehemently, and expelleth flemes, & corrupt humours contained in the stomach.  
The same boiled in vinegar and held in the mouth, suageth the tooth ache, & cureth the scurf and fretting sores being laid thereupon.  
The leaves be good fodder, or feeding for kine, and 'cause them to yield store of milk.  
Alnus nigra quibusdam.    

Of Spindel tree/ or Prick timber. Chap. lxxix.  

❀ The Description.  
THis plant groweth neither high nor great like a tree, but remaineth small and low, putting forth many branches. The stems of the old branches are covered with a whitish bark, and the younger branches are covered with a green rind or bark, having as it were four strait lines running alongst the young shutes or branches, the which do make a quadrature, or a division of the said young branches into four square parts or cliffs. The timber is hard of a whitish yellow. The leaves be long, & somewhat large, soft, & tender. The small flowers be whitish, & hanging five or six together, after them come small round husks four joining together, the which do open when the fruit is ripe: In every of the aforesaid husks, is found a seed or kernel covered with a fair yellow skin, which being soaked in water or any other liquor will stain & die yellow.   

❀ The Place.  
Spindeltree groweth in this Country alongst the fields in hedges & woods.  

Euonymos Theophrasti.    

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth in April, and the fruit is ripe in September.   

❀ The Names.  
This plant seemeth to be that same, which Theophrastus calleth in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Euonymos: some call it in Latin, Fusaria, and Fusanum: in English, Spindeltree, and Prick timber: because the timber of this tree serveth very well to the making both of Pricks and Spindelles: in French, Fusain, Covillon de Prestre, and Bois a fair Lardoires: in high Douch, Spindelbaum, & Hanhoedlin: in Brabant, Papenhout. This is not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Zygia, or jugalis, or a kind of Acer, as some do think.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Spindeltree, as Theophrastus writeth, is very hurtful to all cattle, especially unto Goats, for it killeth them, if they do not purge both upward and downward.    

Of Marris Elder/ Ople/ or Dwarf Plane tree. Chap. lxxx.  

❀ The Description.  
THis plant is somewhat like Elder or Bourtree. The timber, but specially the young branches are full of pith like Elder. The leaves be large, and five cornered, almost of the fashion of vine leaves, but smaller. The flowers be white, and grow in broad round shadowy tuffetes, whereof those in the middle are small, and they that stand all without about the border of the round spokie tuffettes, are great. The fruit is round berries, like the berries of Elder, but greater, and of a shining read colour.  
There is yet another sort, which bringeth forth flowers in round (but not flat) tuffets, in all things else like to the abovesaid.   

❀ The Place.  
This plant groweth by water courses, & in low waterish places.   

❀ The Time.  
It flowreth in may, and the fruit is ripe in September.  

Sambucus palustris recentioribus.    

❧ The Names.  
This plant is called of the later writers in Latin, Sambucus palustris, and Sambucus aquatica, that is to say, marish Elder, or Water Elder, because of the flowers and fruit, also the timber is full of pith, like Elder. Cordus calleth it Lycostaphylos: some make it Chamaeplatanus: it is called in French, Obiere, or Opiere: in high Dutch, Schwelder, and Bacholder: in Brabant, Swelken, & Swelkenhout. This is not Opulus, as some do think: it may be well called in English, Dwarf Plane tree: I take this to be a shrub that is called in English, Whittentree, whereof are two kinds, one in all points agreeable with Sambucus palustris, the other altereth in leaf: for his leaves be like to Elm or Witch Hassel, and this kind is very tough and flexible.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Some will say, that the berries of Whittentree, taken into the body, will 'cause vomit and open the belly: but it hath not hitherto been found true, of any learned and expert Doctors.  
Of Frangula Matthioli.  
Matthiolus hath joined to his Eldrens', a certain plant, growing in Bohem, called Frangula, ye. which I have thought good also to place in this book for the great profit, which my Country men may have by the knowledge of the same.   

❀ The Description.  
FRangula is a tree of a mean stature, the leaves are almost like to the Cornel, and Houndestree leaves, the bark is like to the bark or rind of Aller, speckled on the outside with white spots: but the inner rind is so yellow, that if it be chewed it will colour, and stain yellow like saffron and Rhubarb. It putteth forth white flowers, and small fruit or berries, of the bigness of a pease so divided in the middle, that it seemeth to be two berries by nature's skill joined together. At the first the fruit is green, then read, and at last black, having within two small stones, almost like lupines, but little bigger than lentils, in which the kernels be. The substance of the timber is very brittle and frail, whereof it took his name in Latin, Frangula. There is no small virtue in the bark or rind, both to lose and bind. for it loseth the belly and strengtheneth the principal parts, even like Rhubarb. It purgeth choler and phlegm, and dispatcheth the water from such as have the dropsy. The said bark is boiled with common eupatory, Pontic wormwood, agrimony, Epithim, Hops, cinnamon, fennel, Parsley, and both kinds of Endive with their roots, against the dropsy, and evil disposition of the body, & the jaundices: it is given to them that be sick of the aforesaid diseases, in the quantity or weight of five ounces with singular profit. But it shallbe very requisite, that first the superfluity of humours, which lie in the stomach, and the first veins of the liver be pourged. It loseth the belly without any danger, & doth very well purge and strengthen the liver, so that such as have been grieved with the hardness of the milt and liver, have been cured only with this medicine: for it openeth all the stoppinges of the bowels and entrails, and cleanseth all the instrumental parts from gross excrements. The uttermost bark is astringent: and the inner bark loseth. Both aught to be stripped from the tree, in the very beginning of the spring time, and then to be dried in the shadow for if it be occupied green, it will 'cause vomiting. The decoction that is made with it, aught to stand or rest two or three days before it be ministered, until the yellow colour be changed into black, else it may peradventure 'cause vomiting. The same drunken before the unloosing of the belly provoketh appetite. And. Matthioli Comm. in lib. 4. Dioscoridi.    

Of Maple. Chap. lxxxi.  

❀ The Description.  
MAple groweth sometimes like a tree, both high and thick, with many great branches: sometimes it groweth low, like a shrub. The bark is thick and somewhat white. The timber is hard, and garnished with long streaming waves, or water veins. The leaves be broad, with five peakes or corners, like the leaves of Ople bush, or Dwarf Plane tree, but smaller and greener very like the leaves of Sanicle. The fruit is long, flat, and thin, almost like to a feather of a small bird, or like the whing of a grasshopper.   

❀ The Place.  
Maple groweth in woods, where as it cometh to a great tree, and alongst by ditches and running streams, where as it is but small.   

❀ The Time.  
It bloweth in may, and the seed is ripe in September.   

❀ The Names.  
This tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Acer, and it should be that kind which is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is to say, Campestris, and of some, as Theophrastus writeth, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, of Pliny, Gallica: in English, Maple: in French, Erable. in high Douch, Maszholder: in Brabant Booghout, and Vlierhout.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The roots of Maple pound in wine and drunken, are good against the pains in the side, as Serenus Sammonicu: hath written.  

Aceris species, Folio minori.     

Of the juniper tree. Chap. lxxxij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be two forts of juniper, as Dioscorides writeth, whereof the one kind groweth great and high. The other kind remaineth small and low, and is well known in this Country.   

❀ The Description.  
THE small and common juniper sometimes groweth up, and waxeth to the stature of some other trees, but most commonly it remaineth low, and groweth like a shrub or hedge plant. The branches of this juniper are covered with a thin bark, the which will soon rive, or cleave asunder: (especially in hot Countries) after which chopping or chinking of the bark there cometh forth a gum or liquor, like Frankincense. The leaves be little, small, and hard, growing alongst the stalks and branches, & are always green without falling of in winter. The fruit is round little berries, which be green at the first and afterward black of a good savour and sweet in taste, which at length wax bitter.  
The great juniper is a great high tree, and beareth berries as great as Filberdes, and sometimes as great as Walnuttes, as Dioscorides writeth.   

❀ The Place.  
juniper is found upon high mountains, in shadowy woods, & low hollow ways, it loveth a cold stony ground.   

❀ The Time.  
In the month of may there ariseth out of juniper a certain yellow powder or dust, which is taken for the blowing or flower of juniper, after that you shall perceive the small berries to begin to grow up, the which do wax ripe in September, a year after that they begin first to grow up. Therefore you shall find upon the juniper tree, berries both ripe and unripe, great and small all together.   

❧ The Names.  
juniper is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, juniperus: in French, jenéure, or Genéure: in high Douch, Weckholder, and Weckholterbaum: in Brabant, Genever.  
The berries be called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Baccae juniperi: in shops, Grana juniperi: in English, juniper berries: in French, Grains de Genéure: in high Douch, Weckholterbeeren, and Kromerbeeren.  
The gum which sweateth out of this tree and his bark, is called in shops, Vernix: and in some places not without great and dangerous error, Sandaraca: for the right Sandaraca is a gnawing, and venomous substance, which is found in the mines of metals whereunto this gum is nothing like.  
juniperus.   

❀ The Nature.  
The juniper tree with all his parts, as leaves, bark, timber, fruit, and gum is of complexion hot and dry.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The fruit or berries of juniper, is good for the stomach, lungs, liver, and kidneys: it cureth the old cough, the gripinges and windiness of the belly, and provoketh urine, to be boiled in wine or honeyed water and drunken.  
Also it is good for people that be bruised or squat by falling, to be taken in the aforesaid manner.  
The juice of the leaves doth withstand all venom, especially of Vipers and Serpents: it is good to drink the same, and to lay it outwardly upon the wounds. The fruit is good for the same purpose, to be taken in what sort so ever you list.  
juniper or the berries thereof burned, driveth away all venomous beasts, and all infection and corruption of the air: wherefore it is good to be burned in a plague time, in such places where as the air is infected.  
The rind or bark of juniper burned, heals the noughty scurf, and fretting scabs, to be mingled with water and laid thereto.  
The gum of juniper is good for them whose stomachs and bowels are cumbered with cold flegmes: it expelleth all sorts of worms, and stayeth the inordinate course of women's flowers.  
The perfume of Vernix, is good for the brain, drieth up the superfluous humours of the head, and stoppeth the falling down of rheum or humours from the same.  
This gum tempered with Oil of Roses, helpeth the rifts, cones, or chappinges of the hands and feet.    

Of Cedar tree. Chap. lxxxiij.  

¶ The Kinds.  
THere be two sorts of Cedar, great & small. The small fruit also is of two sorts: the one with sharp prickly leaves like juniper: the other are not prickley at all.   

❀ The Description.  
THE great Cedar waxeth very stout & tall, high, great & thick, yea greater, & higher than the fig tree. The bark even from the foot of the stem unto the first branches is rough, and from thence forth even up to the top, is very smooth & plain, of a dark blue colour, out of which there droppeth white Rosen of his own kind, which is moist and odoriferant or sweet smelling, the which by the heat of son becometh dry and hard. His limbs and branches be long, and stretched out into length & breadth and parted into many other small branches, standing directly or right one against another, like as in the Fir tree. The said branches be clad and garnished with many small little leaves, thick, short, and sweet smelling like the leaves of Larix, or larch tree. The fruit is like that of the Fir tree, saving that it is greater, thicker, & harder, & the tree groweth strait upright like the Fir tree, as the painful & diligent Peter Belon hath written. From the trunk or stem of the Cedar tree, there cometh forth a certain clear liquor, which the old writers called Cedria.  
Oxycedrus.  
The first kind of the smaller Cedar, is much like to juniper: but most commonly it is somewhat smaller. The stem is crooked or writhed, & covered with a rough bark. The fruit is round berries, like juniper berries, but somewhat greater, in colour at the first green, then yellow, & at last reddish, of an indifferent good taste.  
The second kind of small Cedar groweth not high, but remaineth always small and low like the other. The leaves of this kind are not prickly, but somewhat round & mossy at the ends, almost like to the leaves of Tamariske and Savin. The fruit of this kind also is round berries green at the first, afterward yellow, and at last reddish, in taste bitter.   

❀ The Place.  
The great Cedar groweth in Africa and Syria, and as vitrvuius reporteth also in Candie, upon the high mountains, and places that be cold and moist, which are commonly covered with snow, as upon the mountains Libanus, Amanus, and Taurus, as Belon writeth.  
The second groweth in Phoenicia, and certain places of Italy, especially in Calabria, upon the mount Garganus, and also in Languedoc.  
The third groweth in Lycia, and is found in certain places of France, as in Province and Languedoc.   

❀ The Time.  
The great Cedar tree bringeth forth fruit of two years growth, and it is never without fruit, which is ripe at the beginning of winter.  
The small Cedar trees be always green and laden with fruit, having at all times upon them of fruit both ripe and unripe like to juniper.   

❀ The Names.  
Cedar is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Cedrus: in English, cedar, and Cedar: in French, cedar: in Dutch, Cederboom.  
The great Cedar is called of Pliny in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Cedrus maior, and Cedrus Conifera: in French, Grand cedar.  
The liquer that floweth out of this tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin also Cedria, and liquor Cedrinus: of Avicen, Serbin: of Serapio, Kitran: with this liquor in old time they did use to enbaulme the bodies of dead men, the which at this time is taken out of the graves or Sepulchres, and Sold in Shops in steed of Mumia, not without great and manifest error. For that which the Arabians do call Mumia, is called in Greek Pissasphaltos.  
The first small Cedar is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Acuta Cedrus, Cedrus Phoenicia, Oxycedrus, and Cedrula: in French, Petit cedar.  
The second small Cedar is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: Cedrus Lycia: and in Province, as Peter Belon writeth, Moruenic.   

❀ The Nature.  
The Cedar is hot and dry in the third degree. The liquor Cedria, which runneth forth of the great Cedar tree, is almost whoate in the fourth degree, and of subtle parts.  
The fruit of the small Cedar, is also hot and dry, but not so greatly.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Cedria that is the liquor of Cedar, suageth the tooth ache, being put into the hollowness of the same.  
Also it cleareth the sight, and taketh away the spots and scars in the eyes, being laid thereupon.  
The same dropped into the ears with vinegar, killeth the worms of the same, and with the wine of the decoction of Hyssop, it cureth the noise and ringing in the ears, and causeth the hearing to be good.  
The Egyptians in times past, kept their dead bodies with Cedria: for it keepeth the same whole, and preserveth them from corruption: but it consumeth and corrupteth living flesh.  
It killeth Lice and all such vermin, wherefore whatsoever is anointed with the same, Moths, Worms, and such other vermin, shall not hurt it at all.  
The fruit of the same Cedar, is good to be eaten against the strangury, it provoketh urine, and bringeth down women's natural sickness.    

Of savin. Chap. lxxxiiij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be two sorts of savin, one with leaves much like Tamariske, the other like to the leaves of Cypress.   

❀ The Description.  
THE Savin tree that is known in this Country, groweth in manner of a small low shrub or tree, the stem is sometimes as big as one's arm, the which divideth itself into many branches, lightly spreading itself into length and breadth: those branches are divided again into other small branches: the which be yet again parted into small green twigs or slender brushes, set full of small leaves almost like to Tamariske, but thicker and more prickly, remaining ever green both winter and summer, and of a rank smell. The fruit is small black berries, not much unlike to juniper berries.  
The other kind of savin which is like to Cypress groweth to a competent height and quantity, with a stem greater than Cypress. It hath many branches spread abroad. The leaves be like Cypress. The fruit is round berries, green at the first, and afterward black.  
Sabina. Savin.   

❀ The Place.  
The first kind of Savin is found planted in some gardens of this Country.  
The second kind groweth in lesser Asia, & in the Greece, it is seldom found in this Country.   

❀ The Time.  
The fruit of the Savin tree is ripe at the beginning of winter.   

❧ The Names.  
The first tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Sabina: in Shops, Savina, of some Savimera: in English, Savin: in French, Savinier: in high Douch, Sevenbaum: in base Almaigne, Savelboom.  
The second is also called of Dioscorides 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉▪ and Sabina, and of Pliny, Cupressus cretica: it should seem to be the tree which Theophrastus calleth in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Thuia, vel Thuium, and Pliny Bruthes, or Bruta, as Peter Belon, hath very well left in writing.   

❀ The Nature.  
The leaves of Savin which are most used in medicine, are hot and dry in the third degree, and of subtle parts.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves of Savin boiled in wine and drunken, provoke urine, and drive it forth so mightily that the blood doth follow, it moveth the flowers, driveth forth the secundine and the dead birth, it hath the like virtue to be received under in a perfume,  
The leaves pound & laid to with honey, cureth ulcers, & stayeth spreading and eating sores: they do scour and take away all spots and speckles from the face or body of man.  
They do also 'cause warts to fall of, which grow about the yard and other secret places of man.  
The wood or timber of Savin is profitably mixed with hot Oils and ointments, and it may be mixed in steed of cinnamon, taking double the weight, as witnesseth Galen and Pliny.    

Of the Cypress tree. Chap. lxxxv.  

❀ The Description.  
THE Cypress tree hath a thick, strait, long stem, upon which grow many slender branches, the which do not spread abroad, but grow up in length towards the top, so that the Cypress tree is not broad, but narrow, growing to a great height. The bark of the Cypress tree is brown, the timber yellowish, hard, thick, and close, and when it is dry, of a pleasant smell, especially being set near the fire. The Cypress tree hath no particular leaves, but the branches in steed of leaves bring forth short twigs green and small, divided again into other small twigs, the which be cut and snipt in many places, as if they were set about with many small leaves. The fruit is round almost as big, as a prune or plum, the which being ripe doth open in divers places, and hath in it a flat grayish seed, the which is much desired of Emotes, Ants, or Pismiers.   

❀ The Place.  
The Cypress tree delighteth high mountains, and dry places. It will not lightly grow in low moist places.   

❀ The Time.  
The leaves of Cypress be always green. The fruit is ripe in September even at the beginning of winter.  

Cupressus.    

❀ The Names.  
This tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Cupressus: in Shops, Cypressus: in English, Cypress, and Cypress tree: in French, Cypress: in high Dutch, Cypressenbaum: in base Almaigne, Cypressenboom.  
The fruit is called in Latin, Nuces Cupressi, Pilulae Cupressi, and of some Galbuli: in Shops, Nuces Cupressi: in English, Cypress Nuts: in French, Noiz de Cypress.   

❀ The Nature.  
The fruit and leaves of Cypress are dry in the third degree, without any manifest heat, and astringent.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The fruit of Cypress taken into the body, stoppeth the lask & bloody flux, and is good against the spitting of blood, and all other issue of blood. The decoction of the same made with water hath the same virtue.  
The Oil in which the fruit or leaves of Cypress have boiled, doth strengthen the stomach, stayeth vomiting, stoppeth the belly, and all other fluxes of the same, and cureth the excoriation or going of, of the skin from the secret parts or members.  
Cypress Nuts cure them that are bursten and have their guts fallen into their cods, to be laid to outwardly. The leaves have the same virtue  
With the fruit of Cypress they cure and take away the corrupt flesh (called Polypus) growing in the Nose.  
The same bruised with fat dry figs, doth cure the blastinges of the genitors: and if you put leaven thereto, it dissolveth and wastes botches and boils being laid thereupon.  
The leaves of Cypress boiled in sweet wine, or Meade, do help the strangury, and issue of the bladder.  
The same pound very small, close up green or new wounds, and stop the blood of them being laid thereunto.  
They be also with great profit, laid with parched barley meal, to wild fire, Carboncles, and other hot ulcers, and fretting sores.  
The leaves and fruit of Cypress, laid to with vinegar, make the hear black.    

Of the Yew tree. Chap. lxxxvi.  

❀ The Description.  
THE Ewe is a great high tree, remaining always green, it hath a great stem, covered with a grey bark, that is cloven and scabbed or scaly. The leaves be of a dark green, long, & narrow like a feather, set full of small leaves, growing all alongst a stem, opposite or standing right over one against another, whereof each leaf is narrow, and longer than the leaves of Rosemary, otherwise not much unlike. His fruit is fair round red berries, somewhat bigger than whortes, but else not much unlike.   

¶ The Place.  
Ewe groweth in Arcadia, Italy, Spain, France, and Almaigne: also in the forest of Ardein. In time past it was planted in gardens for Tamariske.   

❀ The Time.  
The fruit of Ewe is ripe in September.   

❀ The Names.  
This tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, of Theophrastus' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and after Galen 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Cactos▪ in Latin, Taxus: of the ignorant Apothecaries of this Country Tamariscus: in English, Ewe, or Yew: in French, If. in high Dutch, Ibenbaum: and accordingly in base Almaigne, Ibenboom.  

Taxus.    

❀ The Nature.  
Ewe is altogether venomous, and against man's nature.   

❀ The Danger.  
Ewe is not profitable for man's body, for it is so hurtful and venomous, that such as do but only sleep under the shadow thereof become sick, and sometimes they die, especially when it bloweth. In Gascoigne it is most dangerous.  
If any eat the fruit, it will 'cause the lask, the Birds that eat the berries, do either dye, or cast their feathers.  
The ignorant Apothecaries of this Country, do use the bark of this tree, in stead of the bark of Tamarisk, by this we may well perceive, what wickedness the ignorant Apothecaries do daily commit by ministering of naughty hurtful medicines in steed of good to the great peril & danger of the poor diseased people.    

Of the Pine tree. Chap. lxxxvij.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be two sorts of Pine trees, as the noble Ancient Theophraste writeth, that is to say, the garden, and wild Pine trees; there be also divers sorts of the wild Pine tree.   

❀ The Description.  
THE Pine tree is high & great with many branches at the top, parted into other round branches, set round about with little hard leaves & almost sharp pointed or prickly, very strait or narrow, and of a green whitish colour. The timber is read and heavy, & within about the heart, full of sap and liquor. His fruit is great Boulleans or Bawls of a brown chestnut colour (and are called Pine Apples) in which grow small nuts, wherein is a sweet white kernel, which is sometimes used in medicine.  
The first kind of the wild Pine trees, is high, great, and thick, and yet not so high as the tame or garden Pine. The branches be spread abroad, with long sharp pointed leaves, the fruit is short and not hard, opening easily, and falling quickly.  
The second kind groweth not so high, neither is the stem growing strait up, but bringeth forth many branches suddenly from the root creeping by the ground, long, slender, & easily to be ployed or bent, insomuch that hereof they make Circles and hoops for wine hogsheads & tons, as the noble learned Matthiolus writeth. The fruit of this kind is greater than the fruit of any of the other wild Pine trees.  
Pinus.  
The third kind groweth strait upright, & waxeth great & high, yet not so high as the other wild kinds. The branches of this do grow like the Pitch tree. The fruit is long & big, almost like the fruit of the Pitch tree, in the same is contained triangled small nuts, like to the nuts of the Pineapple, but smaller & britler, with a kernel of good taste, like the kernel of the tame Pine.  
The fourth kind hath a long hard fruit, the which will not open easily nor fall lightly from the tree.  
The fifth kind hath small round nuts, not much greater than Cypress nuts, the which will open and fall quickly.  
From out of these trees cometh that liquor called Rosen, especially from the wild trees: and it runneth most commonly out of the bark, or from the timber, but sometimes also it is found in the fruit or apples.  
From these trees also cometh pitch both liquid & hard, that which is drawn forth by burning of the wood, as Theophrastus teacheth. The which manner of drawing or melting of Pitch, is yet used in Candie, as Peter Belon writeth.  
The tame or garden Pine groweth in many places of Italy, Spain, Grece, France, and England, in fields and gardens, whereas it hath been planted.  
The wild Pines grow upon mountains, & some of them upon the highest mountains, where as none other trees nor herbs do grow, especially the first wild kind, the which is also found in Douchlande, Liefland, Poland, and other cold regions.   

❀ The Time.  
The fruit or Pine apples, are ripe in September.   

❀ The Names.  
The Pine is called in Latin, Pinus: in Greeke not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, as divers of our later writers do suppose, but 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, as it is evident by Virgil's verse in his seven. book of Aeneidos. Ipsa inter medias flagrantem feruida Pinum Sustinet. Where as is to be understanded by Flagrantem Pinum, teda pinea, as Servius writeth.  ovidius in epistolis Heroidum. 
Vt vidi, ut perij, nec notis ignibus ignibus arsi:  
Ardet ut ad magnos pinea teda deos.  
Item fastorum quarto.  
Illic accendit geminas pro lampade Pinus.  
Hinc Cereris sacris nunc quoque teda datur.  
Prudentius in hymno cerei pascalis.  
Seu pinus piceam fertalimoniam.  
By which verses one may know, that Teda cometh of the tree called in Latin Pinus, into the which, as Theophrastus writeth, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Peuce is translated so that by this one may know that Pinus, and Peuce, is but one tree.  
The tame or garden kind is called in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Pinus sativa: in English, the garden Pine: in French, Pin: in high Douch, Hartzbaum, and Kinholtz: in base Almaigne, Pijnboom.  
The wild kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Pinus syluestris, & Pinaster: in English, the wild Pine: in French, Pin sauvage: in base Almaigne, Wild Pijnboom: of the kinds of wild Pine are those trees which be called in high Dutch; Kijfferholtz, Forenholtz, or Fuerenholtz, Fichtenbaum, etc.  
The first wild kind is called in French, Aleve, and Ell (as Peter Belon writeth) and it seemeth to be Pinus Tarentina, whereof Pliny writeth.  
The second is called in Italian, Mughi: and it may be called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Humilis Pinus, or Pinus terrestris.  
The third is called in some places, in the mountains betwixt Italy and Germany, Cembri, & Cirmoli. This seemeth to be that (as Peter Belon writeth) which the French men call Suiffe. This is not Sapinus, for Sapinus is the neither part of the stem or trunk of the Fir tree, as we shall writ hereafter.  
The fourth is much like to that, which Theophrastus calleth in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Pinus Idea.  
The fifth is called of Theophrastus' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is to say, in Latin, Pinus marina: in French, Pin marin.  
The fruit of the Pine is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Conus, and Nux Pinea: in English, a Cone, or Pine Apple: in French, Pomme de pine: in high Dutch, Zijrbel: in base Almaigne, Pijnappelen.  
The Nuts which are found in the Pine apples, are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. and of Hypocrates 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Nuces pineae: in English, Pine apple kernels or Nuts: in French, Pignons.  
The heart or the middle of the timber which is full of liquor, and being kindled or burned like a tortche is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Teda: And when the whole tree, or inner substance thereof, is become so fat and full of liquor, than Theophrastus says, that it is changed into Teda: and then it dieth because it is so full of fat or Oil, even like to a man or beast that is stuffed or rather stifled in grease and fat: and then are the said trees best, for the yielding or drawing forth of the Pitch. Wherefore they be much deceived, that take Teda to be a kind of tree by itself, and do not rather know it to be a kind of corruption or malady, incident to the Pine tree.   

❀ The Nature.  
The bark of the Pine tree is dry and astringent, especially the scales of the Cones or apples, and the leaves be almost of the same complexion.  
The kernel of the Nuts is hot and moist, and somewhat astringent.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The scales of the Pine apple with the bark of the Pine tree, do stop the lask, the bloody flux, and provoke urine, and the broth of the same drunken, hath the like property.  
The same is also good against all scorchinges and burnings with fire, to be pound with the lytarge of silver and frankincense: and if there be some Copperas mixed therewith, it will cleanse and heal consuming or fretting sores.  
The leaves of the Pine tree heals green wounds, & boiled in vinegar, they suage the tooth ache.  
The kernels of the Nuts which are found in the Pine apples, are good for the lungs, they cleanse the breast, and 'cause the phlegm to be spit out: also they nourish well & engender good blood, & for this cause they be good for such as have the cough, and begin to consume and dry away, in what sort soever they be taken.  
This fruit also doth unstop the liver and the milt, mitigateth the sharpness of urine, and therefore is good for them that are troubled with the gravel & the stoné.  
The virtues of the Rosen and Pitch, shallbe declared hereafter.    

Of the Pitch tree. Chap. lxxxviij.  

❀ The Description.  
THe Pitch tree is also of an indifferent bigness and tall stature, but not so great as the Pine tree, and is always green like the Pine and Fir trees, his timber or wood is nothing so read as the Fir tree. It is also fat and Roseny, yielding Rosen of divers sorts. The branches be hard and parted into other sprays, most commonly cross wise, upon which grow small green leaves, not round about the branches, but by every side, one right over against another like to little feathers. The fruit is smaller than the fruit of the Pine tree.  
Picea.  
In burning of this wood there floweth out Pitch, even like as out of the Pine tree, as witnesseth Dioscorides.   

❀ The Place.  
This tree groweth in many places of Grece, Italy, France, and Germany.   

❀ The Time.  
The fruit of this tree is also ripe in September.   

❀ The Names.  
This tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Picea: in high Dutch, Rot thannen, and Rot dannebaum, that is to say, the read Fir tree: and accordingly in neither Douchlande, it is called Rood Denneboom.  
That pities and Picea, are but one kind of tree, Scribonius Largus doth sufficiently declare who in the C Cj. Composition writeth after this manner. Resinae pituinae, id est, ex picea arbore.   

❀ The Nature and Virtues.  
The leaves, bark, fruit, kernels or nuts of this tree, are almost of the same nature, virtues, and operations, as the leaves, barks, fruit, & kernels of the Pine tree.    

Of Rosen that cometh out of the Pine and Pitch trees. Chap. lxxxix.  

❀ The Kinds.  
The Rosen that runneth out of the Pine & Pitch trees is of three sorts, bysides the Pitch, which we will describe by itself in the next Chapter. The one floweth out by force of the heat of the Son in the summer time, from the wood or timber when it is broken or cut, but especially when it is cut.  
The other is found both upon and betwixt the bark of the Pine & Pitch trees, and most commonly where as it is cloven or hurt.  
The third kind groweth betwixt the scales of the fruit.   

¶ The Names.  
All the kinds of Rosen are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Resina: in English, Rosen: in French: Resine: in Dutch, Herst.  
The first kind is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Resina liquida: in shops of this Country, Resina Pini: in base Almaigne, Rijnschen, or moruwen Herst, that is to say, liquid Rosen.  
Of this kind is that Rosen called of the Ancients in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: Resina Colophonia, which was so called, because in time passed they brought it from Colophon (a City of jonia in Greece, where was the temple of Apollo, called Clarius, and Homer the famous Poet was born.) But now the ignorant Apothecaries, in the steed thereof do use a kind of dry Pitch to the great hurt of them that are grieved.  
Of this sort is also the Rosen which the Brabanders do call Spieghelherst, the which is melted with the Son in summer, and remaineth dry, and may be made into powder: some call it Resina arida, that is to say, dry Rosen, yet this is not Resina arida of the Ancients.  
The second Rosen is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Resina arida: but that which sweateth out of the Pine tree, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: Resina pinea: and that which cometh out of the Pitch tree, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Resina picea, and Resina piceę of some Spagas, as witnesseth Pliny.  
These two kinds of Rosen, and also the dry Rosen that sweateth out of the Fir tree, are now a days without discretion, sold in shops for great incense, and is called of the ignorant Apothecaries Thus, of some Garipot, and they call the right incense Olibanum, not knowing how that Olibanum, which is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and Thus, be but one thing.  
The third Rosen is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Resina strobilina, this kind until this time hath been unknown in shops.   

❀ The Nature.  
All the kinds of Rosen are hot and dry, of a cleansing & scouring nature.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Rosen doth cleanse and heal new wounds, therefore the same is for the most part mingled with all ointments and emplaysters, that serve for new wounds.  
It softeneth hard swellings, and is comfortable to bruised parts or members, being applied or laid to with oils and ointments agreeable.    

Of Pitch and Tar. Chap. xc.  

❀ The Kinds.  
THere be two sorts of Pitch: the one moist, and is called liquid Pitch: the other is hard, & dry, they do both run out of the Pine and Pitch trees, and of certain other trees, as the Cedar, Turpentine, and larch trees by burning of the wood and timber of the same trees as apparteyneth, and as it hath been before expressed.   

❧ The Names.  
Pitch is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Pix: in French, Poix: in Dutch, Perk.  
The liquid Pitch is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Pix liquida: in Brabant, Teer: in French, Poix de Bourgongne: in English, Tar.  
The dry Pitch is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Pix arida: in shops, Pix navalis: in English, ship Pitch, or stone Pitch: in French, Poix seek: in base Almaigne, Steenpeck.   

❀ The Nature.  
Pitch is hot and dry in the second degree, and of meetly subtle parts, but the stone Pitch is dryest, the liquid Pitch or Tar is the hotter and of more subtle parts.   

❀ The Virtues.  
Liquid Pitch (as witnesseth Dioscorides and Galen) taken with honey, doth cleanse the breast and is good to be licked in of those that have the shortness of breath, whose breast is stuffed with corrupt matter.  
It mollifieth and ripeth all hard swellings, and is good to anoint the neck against the Squinansie or swelling of the throat. To be short, it is good to be put into softening plasters, and dines which take away pain & grief, and maturatives or riping medicines.  
Laid to with Barley meal, it suppleth and softeneth the hardness of the matrix and fundament.  
Liquid Pitch mingled with Sulphur (or quick Brimstone) represseth fretting ulcers and the noughty scab, & foul scurf, & if that salt be put thereto, it is good to be laid upon the bitings & stingings of Serpents and Vipers.  
It cureth the rifts and cloven chaps, that happen to the hands, feet, and fundament, to be laid thereunto.  
If it be powned very small with the fine powder of Frankincense it heals hollow ulcers or fistulas, filling them up with flesh.  
The stone or dry Pitch, hath the same virtue as the liquid Pitch, but not so strong: but it is better, and apt to glue together wounds, as Galen says.    

Of the Fir tree. Chap. xci.  

❀ The Description.  
THE Fir tree is great, high, & long, ever green, growing much higher than the Pine and Pitch trees. The stem is very even or strait, plain beneath, & without joints, but with joints and knoppes above, upon which joints grow the branches bearing leaves almost like Ewe, but smaller. The fruit is like to the Pine apple, but smaller and narrower, not hanging down as the Pine apple, but growing right upward. With the timber of this tree they make Masts for ships, posts, and rails for divers other purposes.  
From out of the bark of the young Fir tree is gathered a fair liquid Rosen, clear & through shining as the learned Matthiolus, and Peter Belon have written, which is bitter and aromatical, in taste almost like to Citron pills, or the barks of Lemons condited.  
Also there is found upon this tree a Rosen or dry white gum, like as there is found upon the Pine and Pitch trees, the which is sold for Thus, that is to say Francense, and so is esteemed of the common sort.  
Abies' Fir.   

❀ The Place.  
The Fir tree groweth upon mountains: & is not only found in Grece, Italy, Spain, and France, but in Pruse, Pomeran, Lieflande, and divers other places of Germany.   

❀ The Names.  
This tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Abies: in English, Fir: in French, Sapin▪ in high Dutch, Wesz Thannen, and Weisz Dannenbaum: in base Almaigne, Witte Denneboom, and Mastboom.  
The lower part of the stem of this tree which is without knots or joints, is called in Latin, Sapinus, and the upper part which is full of joints and knots, is called Fusterna, as witnesseth not only Pliny, but also vitrvuius in his second book of Architecture, or buildings.  
The liquid and clear Rosen, running out of the bark of the young trees is called of the later writers 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: Lachryma abietis, Lachryma abiegna, and of some Abiegna resina liquida, and Abiegnum oleum: In Italian, Lagrimo in Shops of this Country, Terebinthina veneta, and is sold for the right Turpentine: in English, Turpentine of Venice: in French, Terebinthine de Venise: in base Almaigne, Veneetsche Terebenthijn, there be some that think this Rosen to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Oleaosa resina of Dioscorides.  
The dry white Rosen, is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Resina abiegna, and is also sold in Shops for Thus, and Garipot, like the dry Rosen of the Pine tree.   

¶ The Nature.  
The bark, as also the dry gum or Rosen of this tree, are in nature and virtues, like to the bark and dry Rosen of the Pine tree, saving that they be somewhat more aygre, and cleansing.  
The liquid or clear Rosen, is hot and dry in the second degree, and because of his aygre or sharp quality, it hath a digestive and cleansing nature.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The clear liquid Rosen of the Fir tree, taken about the weight of half an ounce, loseth the belly & driveth forth hot choleric humours: it doth cleanse and mundify the hurt kidneys, provoketh urine, and driveth forth the stone and gravel, and is good to be received oftentimes of such as are troubled with the gout.  
The same taken with Nutmeg and Sugar in quantity of a nut, cureth the strangury, and is very good against the excoriations, and going of, of the skin, or flux of the secret parts.  
It is also excellent for all green or fresh wounds, especially the wounds of the head, for it heals and cleanseth very much.    

Of the larch or Larix tree. Chap. xcij  

❀ The Description.  
THe Larix tree is great and thick, spreading abroad his slender boughs or branches, which are very pliant or limmer. The timber is radish, thick, weighty, and very hard, insomuch as fire cannot do it much harm, except it be burned in the Furnis with other wood like chalk or white stone. The bark of this tree is smother, then the bark of the Fir tree. The leaves be green, and small jagged, growing thick together in tuftes like tasselles, and do fall of at the coming of winter. The fruit is like to Pine apples, saving that it is much smaller, and not much greater than Cypress Nuts.  
From this tree cometh forth a liquor, Rosen, or gum, which is soft, moist, whitish, and dark, in substance like honey of Athens, as Vitrwins writeth.  
There groweth in this kind of trees a kind of Mushroom or Tadstoole, that is to say, a fungeuse excrescence, called Agaricus, or Agarick, the which is a precious medicine and of great virtue. The best Agarick is that, which is whitest, very light, brittle, and open or spongeous. That which is otherwise, that is to say, black, thick, close, clammy, and weighty, is not meet for medicine, but unwholesome and venomous.  
Larix.   

❀ The Place.  
This tree groweth in Lombardie, alongst by the river Padus, and in Silesia plentifully.   

❀ The Time.  
This tree hath new leaves at the beginning of the spring time. The fruit is ripe in September.   

❀ The Names.  
This tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Larix: in some Shops, Larga: in high Dutch, Lerchenbaum: in base Almaigne, Lorkenboom.  
The Rosen of this tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Resina laricea, and Resina larigna: in Shops, Terebinthina, not without error, also in Dutch it is called, Termenthijn, or Terbenthijn, that is to say, Terebinthin, or Turpentyn, & this is the common Turpentyn that we have, which should rather be called larch Rosen, or larch turpentine.  
The spongy excressence which is found in the larch tree, is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Agaricum: in Shops, Agaricus: of some, Medicina familiae: in English, Agarik: in French, Agaric.   

❀ The Nature.  
The larch tree, his leaves, fruit, bark, and kernel, are of temperature almost like to the Pine and Fir trees, but not althing so virtuous, neither yet so strong.  
The Rosen of this tree is hot and dry like the other Rosens, but it doth mundify and cleanse better than the rest.  
Agarick is hot in the first degree, and dry in the second.   

❧ The Virtues.  
The Rosen of the larch, or Larix trees, is as good as any of the other Rosens, to be put into ointments and implaisters, to glue together, cleanse and heal wounds.  
To be licked in with honey it cleanseth the breast, and loseth the belly, provoketh urine, and driveth out the stone and gravel, to be taken inwardly: to be short, it is of faculty very like to the right Turpentine, and may be used for the same, as Galen writeth, lib. de medicamentis secundum genera.  
Agarick taken about the weight of a dram, purgeth the belly from cold slimy phlegm, and other gross and raw humours, which charge and stop the brain, the sinews, the lungs, the breast, the stomach, the liver, the spleen, the kidneys, the matrix, or any other the inward parts.  
Agarick is good against the pain and swimming of the head, the falling evil, and the impostumes of the brain, to be taken with Syrup Acetosus.  
It is good against the shortness of breath called Asthma, the hard continual cough or inveterate cough, it is good also for such as have taken falls ', & are bruised or squatte or hurt, or bursten inwardly, to be drunken in honeyed wine when one hath no fever, and with honeyed water in a fever.  
It is also given with great profit, sodden in sweet wine to such as have the Tysicke and consumption, and to them that spit and cast forth blood, when they lose their bellies, or go to the stool.  
It openeth the stoppinges of the liver, and kidneys, and prevaileth much against the jaundice, and such as are evil coloured, for it putteth away the noughty colour, and restoreth the fair natural colour.  
If it be taken with vinegar, it openeth and cureth the stopping and hardness of the melt or spleen.  
The same taken dry without any liquor, doth strengthen and comfort the weak and feeble stomach, it cureth the wamblinge of the stomach, and the sour belching out of the same, causing good digestion.  
Agarick is a good medicine against old fevers, for to purge the body, and against worms: it is also very profitably put into medicines, that are given against poison or venom.   

❀ The Danger.  
Agarick is of slow operation, and taken into great a quantity, it feebleth the inwards parts.   

❀ The Remedy.  
Agarick is corrected, to be given either with Ginger, Sal gem, but chief with oxymel.    

Of turpentine tree. Chap. xciij.  

❀ The Description.  
THE Turpentine tree in some places is but short and base: and in some places it waxeth great and high, as Theophrastus writeth. It hath long leaves consisting of many other leaves like to Bay leaves, growing one against an other alongst by one stem. The flowers be small & radish growing together like grapes, afterward there come small round berries at the first green, but afterward radish, and when they be ripe, they be black, clammy, or fat, and of a pleasant savour. The roots be long and grow deep in the ground, the timber is fair, black and thick.  
Out of this tree issueth the right Turpentine, the which is fair and clear, thicker, than the liquid Rosen, which is gathered from the bark, of the Fir tree.   

¶ The Place.  
The Turpentine groweth plentifully in Syria, especially about Damascus, where as it waxeth very great: it is also found in Greece, and in some places of Italy and Languedocke.  

Terebinthus.    

❀ The Time.  
The Turpentine tree flowreth in the spring time, and is ripe about the end of summer, even with the grapes.   

❀ The Names.  
This tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin Terebinthus: in English, Turpentine tree: in French, Terebinthe: in base Almaigne, Terebinthijn boom: and of the Arabian Physicians, Albotin.  
The fruit is called of Avicen, Granum viride.  
The gum of Rosen is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Resina Terebinthina: of Avicen Gluten albotin: unknown in the shops of this country.   

❀ The Nature.  
The leaves & bark of the Turpentine tree are hot and dry in the second degree (especially being well dried) they be also astringent.  
The fruit is hot and dry in the third degree.  
The Rosen or this Turpentine, is hot in the second degree, but not overmuch drying: also it is cleansing.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves and bark of the Turpentine tree, do stop the spitting forth of blood, the bloody flux, and women's flowers. To conclude they be of power like to Acatia, and the leaves and bark of Lentiscus or the Mastic tree, if they be taken in like manner.  
The fruit of this tree provoketh urine, stirreth up fleshly lust, and is good against the bitings of the field Spider, to be drunken in wine.  
The Rosen of this tree which is the right Turpentine, loseth the belly, openeth the stoppinges of the liver and melt or spleen: it cleanseth the kidneys, provoketh urine, and driveth out gravel taken in the quantity of a Walnut, as Avicen writeth.  
Turpentine in a lectuary with honey, cleanseth the breast and the lungs, ripeth flemes, and causeth the same to be spit out.  
Turpentine is also good against the wild scurf, and evil-favoured manginess & chaps or cliffs of the face: And it is much occupied in all emplasters that serve to make smooth and soften.  
Turpentine mingled with oil and honey, is good to be dropped into the ears, against the matter running out of the same.    

Of Lentiske/ or Mastic tree. Chap. xciiij.  

❀ The Description.  
THE Lentisk tree in some places is of a reasonable bigness and stature, like to a tree of a mean size: & in some places it putteth forth divers springs or shutes from the root like as the Hazel: the leaves which remain always green, are like to the leaves of the Turpentine & Ash tree, many growing together alongst one stem, but smaller than Turpentine leaves, of a dark green colour and thick. The bark is tough and pliant. The fruit is round, & groweth in clusters like the fruit of Turpentine.  
Out of the Lentisk tree cometh forth the noble and excellent gum or Rosen called Mastic; the which is not liquid, neither growing together as the 
Lentiscus.  other Rosens: but remaineth asunder in divers small grains or parts, of the quantity of wheat corns, whereof the best Mastic is brought from the isle Chio, it is fair, clear, white, brittle, and of a sweet savour.   

❀ The Place.  
The Lentisk tree groweth abundantly in the isle of Chios, whereas it is very well husbanded and trimmed, for the Mastic which cometh from it: it is found also in Italy, and certain other Regions, but it yieldeth very little or no Mastic at all.   

❀ The Names.  
This tree is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Lentiscus: in English, the Lentisk, or Mastic tree: in French, Lentisque, and Mastix: in Dutch, Mastixboom.  
The gum or Rosen is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: in Latin, Resina Lentiscina, and Mastiche: in shops, Mastix.   

❀ The Nature.  
The leaves & bark of the Lentisk tree are of a mean or temperate heat, and are dry in the second degree, and somewhat astringent: and of the same temperature is the Mastic or gum.   

❀ The Virtues.  
The leaves and bark of the Lentisk or Mastic tree stop the common lask, the bloody flux, the spitting of blood, the pissing of blood, the flux of the mother, and all other flux of blood: they be also good against the falling down of the mother and fundament.  
The Mastic is also good against the spitting of blood, the common lask, the bloody flux, the inordinate flux of the Matrix, and all other issue of blood proceading from any part of the body whatsoever.  
Mastic is very good for the stomach, for it strengtheneth the same, and stayeth vomiting, swaging all the pain and grief of the same, and reviveth the appetite which was dulled.  
The same held in the mouth and chewed upon, doth dry and comfort the brain, stayeth the falling down of humours, and maketh a sweet breath.  
They use to rub the teeth with Mastic, to whiten the same, and to fasten them that be lose, and to comfort the jaws or gums which be lose and weak.  
The end of the sixth and last part of the History of plants.     

Index Latinorum nominum, quibus Veteres & Viri docti in stirpium herbarumque appellationibus, utuntur.  

ABiegna resina liquida 774  
Abeegnum cleum ibid.  
Abies 750.774  
Abiga 28  
Abrotonum 2  
Abrotonum foemina ibid.  
Abrotonum mas ibid.  
Abrotonum siculum ibid.  
Absynthium latifolium 5  
Absynthium marinum ibid.  
Absynthium Ponticum ibid.  
Absynthium Graeciae ibid.  
Absynthium seriphium ibid.  
Absynthium rusticum ibid.  
Absynthium santonicum ibid.  
Acatia 685.721  
Acatia altera ibid.  
Acatia pontica ibid.  
Acantha 527  
Acanthis 530  
Acanthium 526  
Acanthus 527  
Acanthus Germanica 528  
Acanthus syluestris 526  
Acatalis 763  
Acer 760.762  
Acer campestris 762  
Accipitrina 567  
Acetabulum 38  
Acetabulum alterum ibid.  
Achillea 18.144  
Achillea sideritis 144  
Achimilla 140  
Acydonium 158  
Acinos 240  
Aconitum lycoctonum 429  
Aconitum pardaltanches 420  
Acorum 198  
Acorus 514  
Acron syluaticum 144  
Aculeosa 521  
Acorna 531  
Acula 615  
Adianthum 409  
Aegilops 470  
Aglaophotis 338  
Aethiopicum seseli 283  
Aethiopis 124  
Agnos 690  
Agaricum 776  
Ageratum 89.250  
Agrioselinum 609  
Agriocinara 525  
Agriocastanum 579  
Aiuga 28  
Albinum 90  
Alabandica rosa 655  
Albucum 649  
Albucus 649  
Alcea 584  
Alcea Veneta 585  
Alchimilla 140  
Alcibiacum 10  
Alectorolophos 516  
Alga 414  
Alisma 334  
Alltaria 639  
Allium 637  
Allium anguinum ibid.  
Allium satinum ibid.  
Allium syluestre ibid.  
Allium ursmum 638  
Alnus 756  
Alnus nigra 759.  
Aloë 353  
Aloë Gallica 332  
Alopecuros 542  
Alsine 52  
Alsine marina ibid.  
Althaea 583  
Alyssum 107.538  
Alimos 694  
Amaracus 19.234  
Amara dulcis 398  
Amaranthus 168  
Amaranthus luteus 89  
Amaranthus purpureus 168  
Ambrosia 243  
Ambubeia 563  
Ambuxum 386  
Ammi 273  
Ammoniacum 308  
Ampeloprasum 638  
Amygdala 711  
Amygdalum ibid.  
Amygdalus ibid.  
Amyrberis 684.698  
Amyrum 532  
Anagallis aquatica 578  
Anagallis syluestris 180  
Anagallis utraque 55  
Anagyris 742  
Anadendron 583  
Anarantium malum 704  
Anchusae genera 9  
Anchusa alcibiadium 9  
Anchusa onochiles ibid.  
Androsaemum 65. & 66  
Anemone 423  
Anetum 270  
Anisum 271  
Anonis 669  
Anonium 131  
Anthema 581  
Anthemon 160  
Anthemon foliosum ibid.  
Anthropomorphos 438  
Anthycellon 13  
Anthyllion ibid.  
Anthyllis 13.500  
Anthyllis altera 13  
Anthyllis prior 116  
Anthyllon 13  
Anthirrinum 180  
Antimalum 438  
Anydron 448  
Anydros 211  
Aononium 131  
Anthericos 649  
Aparine 539  
Aphace 485  
Aphedron 532  
Apiaria 658  
Apiastrum 259.420  
Apios 491.579  
Apium 605  
Apium hortense ibid.  
Apium montanum 607  
Apium palustre. 420.606  
Apium rusticum 420.606  
Apium risus ibid.  
Apium saxatile 608  
Apium syluestre 420.610.617  
Apolinum 369  
Apollinaris minor 447  
Apollinaris 450  
Aquifolia 701  
Arabis 629  
Arachus 485.484  
Aracus 478.485  
Arbour juda 742  
Arbutus 728  
Arcium 15  
Argemone 434  
Ariene 705  
Aris 325  
Arisaris ibid.  
Arisarum ibid.  
Aristalthea 583  
Aristolochiae genera 313.314  
Aronia 714  
Arthemisiae genera 16.18  
Arum 323  
Arum maculatum 322  
Arum palustre ibid.  
Arundinis genera 514  
Asarum 319  
Asclepias 317  
Ascyrum 65  
Asia 459  
Aspalathum 346.685  
Asparagus 618  
Asparagus syluestris ibid.  
Aspidion 532  
Asphodelus 203.647.649  
Asphodelus foemina 647  
Asplenium 408  
Asplenium magnum 407  
Asplenium syluestre ibid.  
Asplenum 408  
Aster Atticus 36  
Athanatos 158  
Atractilis 532  
Atractilis birsutior 533  
Astralagus 491  
Atriplex 546  
Atriplex hortensis ibid.  
Atriplex sativa ibid.  
Atriplex syluestris ibid.  
Auena 467  
Auena sterilis ibid.  
Auena herba 505  
Aurelia 89  
Aureum malum 704  
Aureum olus 546.561  
Auricula leporis 63.506  
Auricula muris 54.341  
BAccae juniperi 763  
Baccae renanae 697  
Baccae 671  
Baccinum ibid.  
Balaustium 706  
Ballote 257  
Balaris 59  
Balsamita maior 250  
Balsamita minor ibid.  
Barba capri 41  
Barba hirci 167  
Barbula hirci ibid.  
Basilica 332  
Basilicum 240  
Bati 578  
Batrachij genera 419.421.422. & inde.  
Batrachium Apulei 421  
Bellis 170  
Bellius ibid.  
Bene olens 183  
Beta 550  
Beta candida ibid.  
Beta nigra ibid.  
Beta nigra Romana ibid.  
Betonica 26.291  
Betonica Pauli 26  
Betula 758  
Bipenula 138  
Bisacutum 615  
Bistoriae 22  
Blattaria 122  
Blephara 181  
Blitum 168.547  
Bolbocastanon 579  
Bonus genius 298  
Botrys 243  
Brabyla 721  
Brassicae genera 554 & inde  
Brassica marina 395.555  
Brassica rustica 555  
Brassica syluestris ibid.  
Britannica 118  
Briza 459  
Bromus 505  
Bromus herba ibid.  
Bruta 766  
Bruthes ibid.  
Bryonia alba 382  
Bryonia nigra ibid.  
Bryonia syluestris 384  
Bucinum 165  
Buglossum 12  
Buglossum magnum 568  
Bulbina 579  
Bulbosa iris 198  
Bulbus 643  
Bulbus agrestis 367  
Bulbus esculentus 643  
Bulbus littoralis 646  
Bulbus syluestris 644  
Bulbus vomitorius 211  
Bunium 287  
Buphthalmum 186.189.190  
Bupleurum 506  
Buprestis 544  
Butomon 515  
Buxus 699  
Buxus asinina 700  
Bytron 628  
CAcalia 137  
Cachrys 280  
Cactos 768  
Calathiana viola 173  
Calamagrostis 515  
Calami genera 514  
Calamintha 248  
Calamus odoratus 514  
Calcifraga 116  
Calices glandium 745  
Calendula 163  
Calicularis 450  
Calix rosarum 655  
Callion 445  
Callitrichum 409  
Caltha 163.189  
Calthula 163  
Cammaron 426  
Caempana Rosa 655  
Campsanema 280  
Canchrys ibid.  
Cania 129  
Canina sentis 698  
Canina brassica 77  
Canirubus 656  
Cannabis utraque 72  
Cantabrica 156  
Capillaris 409  
Capillus Veneris ibid.  
Capita rosarum 655  
Capnium 24  
Capnos phragmites 23.316  
Capnos Plinij 24  
Capparis 680  
Capraria 115  
Caprificus 717  
Capsella 628  
Capsici genera 633.634  
Cardamantice 630  
Cardamum hybernum 626  
Cardum 522  
Cardut syluestres 535  
Carduus irinus 517  
Carduus lacteus ibid.  
Carduus niger ibid.  
Carduus ramptarius 525  
Carduus satiuus 523  
Carduus syluaticus 517  
Carduus varinus' ibid.  
Carduus Veneris 522  
Careum 274  
Carica 317.717  
Carpinus 755  
Carum 274  
Carytes 361  
Casia 295  
Cassia nigra 740  
Cassytha 398  
Castanea 730  
Castor 216  
Catanance 508  
Caucalis 612  
Caudamurina 96  
Cauda muris ibid.  
Cauda vulpina 542  
Caulias 304  
Cedrelate 765  
Cedria ibid.  
Cedromelon 704  
Cedrula 765  
Cedrus ibid.  
Cedrus conifera ibid.  
Cedrus maior 765  
Cedrus Lycia ibid.  
Cedrus Phoenica ibid.  
Cedrinus liquor 765  
Cedrus acuta ibid.  
Celtis 729  
Centauris 376  
Centaurium maius 327  
Centaurium minus 327.375  
Centumcapita 519  
Centuncularis 89.90  
Centunculum ibid.  
Cepa 640  
Cepaea 578  
Cerasa 724  
Cerasus ibid.  
Ceratonia 740  
Cerui spina 697  
Cestrum 369  
Chaerephyllum 614  
Chaerophyllum ibid.  
Chamebalanus 317.491  
Chamaebatus 661  
Chamaecerasus 724  
Chamaecissus 389.393  
Chamaecyparissus 29  
Chamaedaphne 33  
Chamaedries 25  
Chamaeiris 195  
Chamelaea 369.370.371  
Chamelaea Germanica ibid.  
Chamelaea tricoccoes 369.371  
Chamelaeo uterque 369.371  
Chamaemeligenera 186  
Chamaemelum 173  
Chamaemelun album 183.186.517  
Chamaemelum luteum 183.187  
Chameleo niger 517  
Chamaemelum purpureum ibid.  
Chamaepytis' 28  
Chamaemelum syluestre 186  
Chamaepelon 630  
Chelidonium utrunque 31  
Chiliodynamis 334.345  
Chiliophyllon 144  
Chironia 327  
Chironia vitis 382  
Cheronion 332  
Chrysanthemum 183.187.190 420  
Chrysisceptrum 517  
Chrysitis 144  
Chrysomelon 704  
Christophorina 382  
Chrysolachanon 546.561  
Cicer 479 Cicera 478  
Cicercula ibid.  
Cicer columbinum 479  
Cicer sativum ibid.  
Cicer syluestre ibid.  
Cicer venereum ibid.  
Cichorium 563.569  
Cichorium sativum 563  
Cicuta 451.616  
Cinara 522.523  
Cinara acuta 524  
Cinara rustica 522  
Cincinalis 127.409  
Cinosbatos 680  
Circaea 438  
Cirsium 568  
Cissanthemon 386  
Cissophilon ibid.  
Cistus 659  
Cistus non ladanifera ibid.  
Cistus ladanifera 660  
Cissaruin 659  
Citocation 369  
Citharon 659  
Citrago 259  
Citrium malum 704  
Clavicula 3●8  
Clauus Veneris 181  
Clematis Aegyptia 33  
Clematis altera 386  
Clematis daphnoides 33  
Cleoma 425  
Clethra 756  
Clynopodium 235  
Cnecus 33  
Cnecus syluestris 532  
Cneoron 369  
Cnicus 33  
Cnidios coccos 517  
Cnipes 752  
Coccos gnidius 370  
Coccos 561.517  
Coccus cnidius ibid.  
Colchicum 367  
Colocasion 323  
Colochyntis 375  
Colubra 321  
Columbaris 127  
Columbina utraque ibid.  
Colophonium 396  
Colus rustica 532  
Coloutea 736  
Colutea ibid.  
Colymbadae 738  
Colymbades ibid.  
Colytea 742.752  
Coma 167  
Condrilla 95.569  
Condrillis ibid.  
Condrillon ibid.  
Coniugulum 393  
Coniugulum nigrum ibid.  
Consiligo 189  
Consiligo Plinij 351  
Conuoluolus 394  
Conus 770  
Conyzae 35.575  
Conyza mas 35  
Conyza foemina ibid.  
Coriandrum 276  
Cornu ceruinum 95  
Cornus 726  
Cornus foemina ibid.  
Corona terrae 389  
Coronopodium 351  
Coronopus Ruellij 95  
Coronopi species ibid.  
Corchorus 55  
Corruda 618  
Corylus 734  
Cortices rosarum 655  
Costus niger 382  
Cotyledon 38  
Cotyledon aquatica ibid.  
Cotonea 768  
Crapula 527  
Cra●●ula maior 39  
Crataeogonum 334.506  
Crataeonum 506  
Crataeus ibid.  
Cram 554  
Crespinus 684  
Crmita 409  
Crista 516  
Crista gallinacea 127  
Crithmum 578  
Crocodilion 522 Crocus 216  
Cruciata 334.541  
Cuculus Indus 370  
Cucurbita 592  
Cucurbita anguina ibid.  
Cucurbita barbarica ibid.  
Cucurbita camerariae ibid.  
Cucurbita magna & maior ib.  
Cucurbita marina ibid.  
Cucurbita miner ibid.  
Cucurbita oblo●●a ibid.  
Cucurbita perticales ibid.  
Cucurbitae sa●…ae ibid.  
Cucurbita syluestris 375  
Cucumis agresius 373  
Cucumis auguinus 373.586  
Cucumis citrulus 589  
Cucumis erratious 373  
Cucumis Galeni 590  
Cucumis satiuus 586  
cucumber satiuus ibid.  
Cucumis syluestris 373  
Culices 752  
Cuminum Aethiopicum 273  
Cuminum Alexandrinum ibid.  
Cuminum latum 295  
Cuminum regium 273  
Cuminum rusticum 275  
Cuminum satinum ibid.  
Cuminum syluestre ibid.  
Cunil● 228.230.237  
Cunilagines 35  
Cupressus 767  
Cupressus Cretica 766  
Cyanus slos 161  
Cyanus maior ibid.  
Cyclaminus 330  
Cyclaminus altera 330.331. 384.386  
Cymbalium 38  
Cyminalis 332  
Cynanthemis 186  
Cynara 523  
Cynobotane 186  
Cynocrambe 77  
Cynoglossa ibid.  
Cynoglosson Plinij 11  
Cynomorphos 216  
Cynosorchis 222  
Cyonos Phryce 283  
Cynomazon 517  
Cynoxilon ibid.  
Cynozolon ibid.  
Cyperus 346  
Cytini 706  
Cytinus 659  
Cytisus 666  
Cytonium 708  
DActylitis 314  
Damasonium 334  
Daphnoides 368  
Dardana 15  
Dasmophon 628  
Daucium 285  
Daucum ibid.  
Daucum Creticum ibid.  
Daucus 287.602  
Daucus pastinaca 602  
Daucus syluestris 612  
Delphinium 165  
Delphinium altecum ibid.  
Demetria 127  
Denticulus canis 203  
Dens caninus ibid.  
Dictamnum 268  
Dictamnum Creticum ibid.  
Dictamnum non Creticum ibid.  
Diadema 581  
Diodela 144  
Dionysia 388  
Diosciamus 450  
Dipsacum utrunque 522  
Dirtion 4.47 Dolichus 474  
Donax 514 Donacitis 525  
Draba 629 Draco 623  
Dracunculus maior 321  
Dracunculus Matthioli 322  
Dracunculus minor ibid.  
Dracunculus palustris ibid.  
Dracunculus Plinij 22  
Dryophonum 629  
Dryopteris 405  
Dryopteris nigra ibid.  
Dulcichunum 346  
Dulcamera 398  
Dulciradix 694  
Dulcisidae 338  
Dulcis radix 694  
Duracina Persica 710  
EBulus 380  
Ebulum ibid.  
Echion 10.242  
Elaphoboscum 604  
Elaterium 373  
Elatine 389  
Elcophyllon 78  
Eliochrysum 89.250  
Elichryson 89  
Empetrum 116  
Enoron 448  
Epabsynthion 399  
Eperingium ibid.  
Epthaton ibid.  
Epthryon ibid.  
Epichamaedries ibid.  
Epigenistron ibid.  
Epigetis 386  
Epilinum 399  
Epimelis 714  
Epipactis 349  
Epithymbrum 399  
Epithymum 398  
Epitithymalos 399  
Equapium 609  
Equinalis 101  
Equiseta ibid.  
Equisetum maius ibid.  
Equisetum minus ibid.  
Equitium ibid.  
Erechtites 571  
Erica 678  
Erica altera ibid.  
Erice ibid.  
Erigerum 571  
Erineus 718  
Erithranon 659  
Eriphion 261  
Eriphia Plinij 316  
Erithales 114  
Eruangina 664  
Eruca 622  
Eruca hortensis ibid.  
Eruca sativa ibid.  
Eruca syluestris ibid.  
Eruiliae 476  
Eruilia syluestris ibid.  
Eruum 482  
Erynge 519  
Tryngium ibid.  
Eryngium marinum ibid.  
Eryphiae 316  
Fry●…um Diose. 630  
Ery●…um Theoph. 494  
Erysisceptrum 127, 346.525  
Erythanon 659  
Euonymus 760  
Eupatorium 57  
Eupatorium adulterinum 59  
Eupatorium aquaticum ibid.  
Eupatorium Auicennae ibid.  
Euphorbium 309.544  
Euphrasia 40  
Euphrosyne ibid.  
Exupera 127  
FAba 473  
Faba lupina 450  
Faba suilla ibid.  
Fabulonia ibid.  
Fabulum 450  
Fagotriticum 468  
Fagus 757  
Farclusinum 461  
Far 455.456  
Far venniculum album 455  
Far venniculum rutilum 459  
Farrago ibid.  
Faselus' syluestris 473  
Fascius uterque ibid.  
Faseolus' 474  
Feria 127  
Fegopyrum 468  
Ferraria 127  
Ferulago 301.365  
Ferula syluestris ibid.  
Ferrum equinum 490  
Festuca 471  
Festuca altera ibid.  
Ficus 717  
Ficus Indica 544  
Ficus sativa 717  
Ficus syluestris ibid.  
Fidicula 410  
Filago 89  
Filix foemina 401  
Filix mas ibid.  
Filix querna 405  
Fincula 403  
Fistularia 516  
Flamma 149  
Flammula 386.425  
Flos amellus 36  
Flos amoris 168  
Flos Aphricanus 176  
Flos Indianus 177  
Flos rosae 655  
Flos inictorius 68  
Foeniculum 269  
Foeniculum erraticum ibid.  
Foenum Graecum 490.492  
Folia rosarum 655  
Fontalis 106  
Fontinalis ibid.  
Fragra 85  
Eragaria ibid.  
Fragula ibid.  
Fracinea arbour 748  
Fraxinus ibid.  
Fraxinus bubula ibid.  
Fraxinus syluestris ibid.  
Frugiperda 743  
Fucus 414  
Fumaria 24  
Fusterna 774  
Fusus agrestis 532  
GAlation 539  
Galbanum 307  
Galbuls 767  
Galax 49  
Galega 485.490  
Galega altera 485  
Galerion 539  
Galeopsis 44  
Galla 762 Gallica 745  
Gallitricum 253  
Gallium 539  
Gariophyllata 134  
Garosmos 549  
Geminalis 255  
Genista 664.666  
Gentiana 332.334  
Geraniorum genera 47. & 48  
Gingidium 615  
Gladiolus 197  
Gladiolus segetalis ibid.  
Glans 745  
Glandes' terrestres 491  
Glans sardiana 730  
Glastum 67  
Glaux 49.490.500  
Glycyrrhiza 694  
Glycyrrhiza communis ibid.  
Glycyrrhiza Diose. ibid.  
Gnaphalium 90  
Glossypium 679  
Gorgonion 290 Gramen 504  
Gramen arundinaceum 515  
Gramen marinum 509  
Gramen Parnasium 510  
Granum cuidium 370  
Gratia dei 375  
Gratiola 375.673  
Grossus 717  
Gruina 47.48  
Gruinalis ibid.  
Gummi Armeniacum 308  
Gummi ulmi 752  
Gymnocrithon 461  
HAlicacabon 447  
Halicastrum 456  
Halmades 738  
Halimus 576  
Harundinis genera 514  
Hastula regia 649  
Hebiscus 583  
Hederae folium 317  
Hederae genera 388  
Hedera mollis 394  
Hedera terrestris 389.393  
Hederuncula 317.388  
Hedypnois 563  
Hedysarum 489  
Helenium 336  
Helianthemum 673  
Heliotropium utrunque 61  
Helix 388  
Helleborastrum 189  
Helleborine tenui folia ibid.  
Helleborine 224.349  
Helleborus niger 189.351  
Helxine cissampelos 394  
Hemionitis 406  
Hemerocallis 203.204  
Hepatorium 57  
Heraclea 131  
Heracleon 144  
Heranthemum 184.188  
Herba S. Barbarae 626  
Herba casta 338  
Herba coxendicum 38  
Herba iniqua 89  
Herba judaica 260  
Herba lutea 68  
Herba pedicularis 372  
Herba pulicaris 103  
Herba Roberti 47  
Herba sanguinalis 127  
Herba Sardoa 420  
Herba Saracenica 314  
Herba scanaria 615  
Herba scelerata 419  
Herba stella 95  
Herba ●lucana 447  
Herbulum 571  
Hermodactylus 367  
Herculis sanguis 216 327.347  
Herpacantha 527  
Hibiscus 583  
Hibiscus Thophrast. ibid.  
Hiera botane 127  
Hieracium 567  
Hieracium magnum ibid.  
Hieracium parvum ibid.  
Hieracopodium 159  
Hippoglossum 675  
Hippolapatum 559  
Hipposelinum 613  
Hipposelinon agreste ibid.  
Hirci spina 543.669  
Hirundinaria 31  
Hispanica pruna 721  
Holoconitis 346  
Holoschoenus 511  
Holosteum 96 Hordeum 461  
Hordeum cantherinum ibid.  
Hordeum galatinum ibid.  
Hordeum nudum ibid.  
Hordeum mundum ibid.  
Horminum 253.255  
Horminum sativum 255  
Horminum syluestre ibid.  
Humibuxus 699  
Humirubus 661  
Hyacinthus 206  
Hyacinthus autumnalis ibid. & 209  
Hyacinthus Ouidij 202  
Hydropiper 632  
Hydroselimon agrion 606  
Hyoscyamus 450  
Hyoscyamus albus ibid.  
Hyoscyamus luteus ibid.  
Hyoscyamus niger ibid.  
Hypericum 64  
Hypocistis 659  
Hypoglossum 675  
IBeris 625  
Ibiga 28  
Ibiscus 583  
Idaeus Dactylus 338  
Illecebra 115  
Inguinalis 36  
Intuba 562  
Intubum sativum latifolium ibi.  
Intybum agreste 563.567  
Intybum sativum ibid.  
Intybum syluestre ibid.  
Inula 336  
Inula campana ibid.  
iovis faba 450  
iovis flamma 724  
iovis glans 730  
Iringus 519  
Iris 193  
Iris caerulea 194  
Iris Germanica 193  
Iris lutea 192  
Iris syluestris 193.196.199  
Irio 630 Isophyllon 506  
Isopyrum 542  
Isatis utraque 67  
Isatis syluestris 11  
Ischias 530  
jugalis 760  
junci 511  
juncifolius 212  
junci flos 511  
juncus acutus ibid.  
juncus angulosus 346  
Inncus 511  
juncus odoratus ibid.  
juncus quadratus 346  
juncus triangularis ibid.  
jumperus 763  
junonis rosa 200  
juli nucum 731  
Ixia 517  
LAbrusca 384.652  
Labrum Veneris 522  
Laburnum 742  
Lachryma abiegna 774  
Lachryma abietis ibid.  
Lachryma tragacantha 543  
Lachryma job 463  
Lactariae 360  
Lactaria foemina 361  
Lactaria mascula ibid.  
Lactuaria solsequia ibid.  
Lacturia latifolia ibid.  
Lactucae sativae genera fol. 573  
Lactuca leporina 565  
Lactuca minor 567  
Lactuca syluatica ibid.  
Lactuca syluestris 574  
Ladum 660  
Laudanum ibid.  
Lagopus' 5●2  
Lamium 131  
Lampada 159  
Lampsana 560  
Lampuca 567  
Lanaria 119  
Lapathum 558  
Lapathum magnum 559  
Lapathum sativum ibid.  
Lapathum syluestre ibid.  
Larix 775 Laser 303  
Laser Cyrenaicum ibid.  
Laserpitium ibid.  
Laser Syriacum ibid.  
Latum cuminum 283  
Lathyris 362  
Lathyrus 478  
Lavandula 265  
Lavandula foemina ibid.  
Lavandula mas ibid.  
Laver 611  
Laver Cratevae ibid.  
Lauri baccae 688  
Laurus ibid.  
Laurus Alexandrina 676  
Laurus idea ibid.  
Laurus rosea 430  
Ledum 660  
Leguminum lo 664  
Lectipes 235 Lemnitis 327  
Lens 487  
Lens lacustris 106  
Lens palustris ibid.  
Lenticula 487  
Lentiscus 779  
Lepidium 615.630  
Leptophyllos 361  
Lethe 432 Lethusa ibid.  
Laucanthemum 658  
Leucoion 151.216  
Leucoia lutea 151  
Lemsticum 295  
Libanium 12  
Libanotis 280  
Libanotides 264  
Libanotis Theoph. ibid. & 281  
Libanotis 280  
Libanus 773  
Lichen 411  
Licinia 127  
Ligusticum 595  
Ligustrum 393.690  
Ligustrum album ibid.  
Ligustrum nigrum ibid.  
Lilium 200  
Lilium marimum 204  
Lilium rubrum 202  
Lilium rufum ibid.  
Lilium syluestre 203  
Lliium Theophrasti 178  
Limnesion 375  
Limnites 327  
Limodorum 664  
Limones 704  
Limonium 535  
Lingua 135  
Lingua bovis 12  
Lingua bubula ibid.  
Lingua canis 11  
Linguace 135  
Lingua ceruina 197  
Lingulace 135 Linum 70  
Linum triticeum 494  
Lithospermum 290  
Lobi 474 Lolium 469  
Lonchitis aspera 407  
Lotus syluestris minor 497  
Lotus 729  
Lotus sativa 495  
Lotus syluestris 497  
Lotus urbana 495  
Luparia 351.429  
Lupinus 481  
Lupinus satiuus ibid.  
Lupinus' syluestris ibid.  
Lupus salictarius 400  
Lupulus salictarius i●id.  
Lustrago 127  
Luteum herba 67  
Lychnis 656  
Lychnis coronaria 158  
Lychnis sativa ibid.  
Lychnis syluestris 159  
Lychnitis 119.161.175  
Lycium 700  
Lycoctonon 429  
Lycoctonon Ponticum ibid.  
Lycopersium 177  
Lycopodion 414 Lycopsis 8  
Lycopsis syluestris 9  
Lysimachia 74  
Lysimachium ibid.  
Lysimachium caeruleum 75  
Lysimachium purpureum ibid.  
MAcer 732  
Maiorana 234  
Mala Armeniaca 710  
Mala citria 703  
Malacocissos 394  
Mala insania 439  
Malicorium 706  
Maluae genera 581  
Malua Theoph. 583.585  
Malum 702  
Malum anarantium 704  
Malum arantium ibid.  
Malum aureum ibid.  
Malum cotoneum 708  
Malum granatum 706  
Malum hespericum 704  
Malum limonium ibid.  
Malum punicum 706  
Malum terrae 314.330  
Malus 702  
Malus Armeniaca 710  
Malus citria 703  
Malus cotonea 708  
Malum Persicum 710  
Malus medica 703  
Malus Persica 710  
Marmoraria 527  
Mamiras 346  
Mandragoras 438  
Mandragoras foeminae ibid.  
Mandragoras mas ibid.  
Mandragoras Theoph. 446  
Mandragoras Morion Dioscoridis ibid.  
Mania 450  
Mariscus 511  
Maronium 327  
Marrubiastrum 257  
Marrubium ibid.  
Marrubium nigrum ibid.  
Marrubium palustre 131.257  
Marum 234.235  
Mastiche 779  
Mecon 361  
Medica 497.500  
Meleta 522  
Melamphyllum 527  
Melampodium 351  
Melampyrum 164.469.494  
Melanorhizon 351  
Melanthium 278  
Melanthium Damascenum ibi.  
Melanthium sativum ibid.  
Melanthium syluestre ibid.  
Melica 466  
Melilotus 497  
Melilotus germanica 497.498  
Melilotus Italica ibid.  
Melilotus syluestris ibid.  
Melissophyllum 259  
Melutaena 259 Melo 590  
Melocarpon 314  
Melopepo 590  
Melopepo Galeni 586  
Memaecylon 728  
Menta aquatica 244  
Menta Romana 245  
Menta Saracenica ibid.  
Menta sativa ibid.  
Mentastrum 245.248  
Mercurialis 77  
Mercurialis foemina ibid.  
Mercurialis mas ibid.  
Mercurialis syluestris ibid.  
Mespilum 714  
Mespilus 713  
Meum 337.579  
Milax 393  
Mollis hedera 394  
Melesia rosa 655  
Militaris 127.143.144  
Militaris millefolia 13  
Milium 463.465  
Milium Indicum 466  
Milium saburrum ibid.  
Millefolium 106.144  
Mimmulus 516  
Mithridatium 111  
Moly 263.509  
Moly Plinij ibid.  
Montiulmus 752  
Moraria 522  
Morum 715  
Morum rubi 661  
Morum rubi idaei 662  
Morus 715  
Mose 705  
Mula herba 406  
Muliones 752  
Muralis 50  
Muralium ibid.  
Musa 705  
Muscus 414  
Muscus marinus ibid.  
Myagrum 494  
Myitis 628  
Myoctonon 426  
Myopteron 628  
Myrica humili● 677  
Myrimorphos 144  
Myriophyllon ibid.  
Myrrah 616  
Myrrhis ibid.  
Myrtaria 361  
Myrtus 673.687  
Myrtus syluestris 674  
Myxa 722  
Myxaria ibid.  
NApus 595  
Napus satiuus ibid.  
Napus syluestris ibid.  
Narce 332  
Narcissus 211.345  
Narcissus luteus 214  
Nardus rustica 134.340  
Nardus syluestris 340  
Nasturtium 623  
Nasturtium hibernum 626  
Nasturtium rusticum 628  
Nasturtium syluestre ibid.  
Nastus 514  
Nepa 116  
Nepita 248  
Nerantzium 704  
Nerium 430  
Neris ibid.  
Nession ●27  
Nigellae 278  
Nigella Damascena 278  
Nigella domestica ibid.  
Nigella syluestris ibid.  
Norion 438  
Nuces cupressi 767  
Nuces fagi 757  
Nux 731  
Nux avellana 734  
Nux castanea 730  
Nux Heracleotica 734  
Nux iuglans 731  
Nux myristica 732  
Nux Persica 731  
Nuces pineae 770  
Nux pinea ibid.  
Nux Pontica 734  
Nux Pranestina ibid.  
Nux Regia 731  
Nymphaea utraque 181  
OCimastrum 242  
Ocularis 40  
Ocymum 240.468  
Ocymum maius 240  
Ocymum minus ibid.  
Ocymum gariophyllatum ibid.  
Ocymoides 517  
Oenanthe 652  
Olea 73●  
Olea Aethiopica ibid.  
Oleago 369  
Olaeagnus 673  
Oleastellus 369  
Oleaster 738  
Olea syluestra ibid.  
Oleosaresina 775  
Olesicarpos 743  
Olibanum 774  
Oliva 73●  
Olusatrum 609  
Olyra 461  
Omphacium 652  
Onogra 74  
Onitron 432  
Onobrychis 172.485  
Onocardion 522  
Ononis 669  
Ophris 224  
Ophthalmica 40  
Opium 432  
Opopanax 302  
Opsago 447  
Opulus 760  
Opuntia 544  
Orbicularis 330  
Orobus 482  
Origana 234.235.237  
Origanum Heracleoticum 237  
Origanum onitis 234.237  
Origanum Hispanicum 237  
Origanum syluestre ibid.  
Orchios' genera folio 221  
Ornithogalum 645  
Ornithopodium 487  
Ornus 748  
Orobanche 664  
Orobiaum 479  
Orontium 180  
Oriza Germanica 461  
Osmundi 483  
Osiris 80  
Othonna 177  
Oxalis parva 559  
Oxalis Romana ibid.  
Oxalis ibid.  
Oxyacantha 684  
Oxycedrus 765  
Oxschoenos 511  
Oxytriphillon 500  
Oxys 503  
Oxytonon 432  
PAeonia 338  
Pala 705  
Palalia 330  
Paludapium 606  
Palma 737  
Palmula ibid.  
Pampinula 138  
Paliurus 669.701  
Panaces 293.295.334  
Panaces Asclepij ibid.  
Panaces Centaurion 336  
Panaces Chironium ibid.  
Panaces Herculeum 293  
Panax ibid. Pancarpon 517  
Pancratium 646  
Panicum 466  
Panicum peregrinum ibid.  
Panis procinus 330  
Papaver 432  
Papaver album ibid.  
Papaver common 436  
Papaver corniculatum ibid.  
Papaver cornutum 432  
Papaver erraticum 432.434  
Papaver fluidum 434  
Papaver nigrum 278.432  
Papaver palustre 181  
Papaver rhoeas 432.434  
Papaver sativum 432  
Papaver spumeum 436  
Papaver syluestre ibid.  
Papaver rubrum ibid.  
Papyrus 511  
Paralios 361  
Parietaria 50  
Paribenis 16  
Parthenium 19  
Pastinaca 602.604  
Pastinacae genera 602  
Pedicularis 516  
Pelecinon 489  
Pelthronia 327  
Pentadryon 448  
Paederota 527  
Pentaphylli genera 83  
Peplion 363  
Peplis ibid.  
Peplus ibid.  
Pepones 588  
Pepones cucumerales ibid.  
Pepones lati ibid.  
Pepones magni ibid.  
Perdicalis 50  
Perdicium ibid.  
Periclymenum 391  
Perpensa 319  
Persion 448  
Personata 15  
Personatia ibid.  
Pes cornicis 95.351  
Pes gallinaceus 24  
Petasites 21  
Petrapium 608  
Petroselinum 608.613  
Petroselinum Alexander. 609  
Petroselinum Macedonicum 287 608  
Peuce 770  
Peucedanum 298  
Phalaris 465  
Phaselus satiuus 473  
Phaselus syluestris ibid.  
Phasioli 474  
Phasiolon 542  
Philyra 753  
Pherusa 535  
Philiterium 242  
Phoenix 504.737  
Phoenicobalanos 737  
Pherubrum 574  
Phillyrea 609  
Phu 304  
Phu Graecum ibid.  
Phu parvum ibid.  
Phu syluestre ibid.  
Phyllitis 406  
Phyllon 78.530  
Picea 772  
Pinatoxaris 347  
Pilulae cupressi 767  
Pimpinella 138  
Pinaster 770  
Pinus ibid.  
Pinus humilis ibid.  
Pinus Idea ibid.  
Pinus sativa ibid.  
Pinus syluestris ibid.  
Pinus Tarentina ibid.  
Pinus terestris ibid.  
Pinus marina ibid.  
Picridae 562  
Picris 567  
Piper agreste 691  
Piper Indianum 634  
Piper montanum 371  
Piper album 635  
Piper longum ibid.  
Leuconpiper ibid.  
Leucopiper ibid.  
Macronpiper ibid.  
Melanopiper ibid.  
Melanpiper ibid.  
Piperitis 631.634  
Piper 635  
Pira 712  
Pirus ibid.  
Pissaphaltos 765  
Pistacia 735  
Pistacium Germanicum ibid.  
Pistolochia 314  
Pisum 476  
Pithitis 432  
Pituitaria 372  
pities 772  
Pityusa 361  
Pix 773  
Pix arida ibid.  
Pix liquida ibid.  
Plantaginis genera 92  
Plantago aquatica 97  
Planta veris 316  
Platanus 755  
Polemonia 345  
Polemonium ibid.  
Policaria 35  
Polypodium 403  
Polium 233  
Polium montanum ibid.  
Polyacanthus 521  
Polyanthemum aquaticum 107 421  
Polyanthemum palustre ibid.  
Polygala 49.487.490.500  
Polygonatum 103.530  
Polygoni genera 99  
Polyhidion 327  
Polyrhizon 314.351  
Polytrichon 409  
Polytrichon Apulei 414  
Pomum 702  
Pomum cytonium 708  
Pomum Granatum 706  
Pomus 702  
Populus alba 750  
Populus Libyca ibid.  
Populus nigra ibid.  
Porrum 415.641  
Porrum capitotum 641.643  
Porrum sectiuum ibid.  
Portulaca 576  
Portulaca marina ibid.  
Portulaca syluestris 363.576  
Praecocia 710  
Praecoqua ibid.  
Praesepium 532  
Prassium 257  
Proetium 351  
Proserpinaca 98  
Prosopon 432  
Prunum 720  
Pruna asinina 721  
Pruna cerea ibid.  
Pruna cereola ibid.  
Pruna Damascena ibid.  
Pruneolum ibid.  
Prunulum ibid.  
Prunum syluestre ibid.  
Prunus 720  
Prunus syluestris 721  
Pseudachanthus 528  
Pseudoacorus 199  
Pseudobunium 626  
Pseudocoronopus 95  
Pseudodictamum 368.344  
Pseudohelleborus niger 351  
Pseudohepatorium 59  
Pseudolinum 80  
Pseudomoly 509  
Pseudomyrsine 673  
Pseudonarcissus 214  
Pseudonardus 265  
Pseunophu 341  
Psyllum 103  
Pulegium 231.232  
Pulegium montanum 231  
Pulegium syluestre 248.268  
Pulmonalis 125  
Pulicaria 35  
Pyonitis 119  
Pyra 712  
Pyra cytonia 708  
Pyrethrum ●43  
Pyracantha 535  
Pyrina 698  
Pytyanthe ibid.  
Pyxacantha 700   

Q  
QVercus 745  
Quinquefolium 83   

R  
RAdicula 598  
Radicula palustris ibid.  
Radicula syluestris ibid.  
Radicula sativa ibid.  
Radix cava 316  
Radix Rhodia 341  
Radix rosata ibid.  
Radix Scytica 664  
Radix syluestris ibid.  
Ranunculi genus 107  
Ranunculi genera 416.419  
Ranunculi auricomus 420  
Rapa 594  
Rapa syluestris 597  
Rapontium ibid.  
Rapontium parvum ibid.  
Raphanus 598.600  
Raphanus magnus 600  
Raphanus montanus ibi.  
Raphanus parvus ibid.  
Ropum syluestre 174  
Rapum porcinum 330  
Rapum t●…ae ibid.  
Regium 240  
Remenia 450  
Resina 772  
Resina abiegna 775  
Resina arida 772  
Resina colophonia ibid.  
Resina laricaea 776  
Resina larigna ibid.  
Resina lentiscina 779  
Resina liquida 772  
Resina picea ibid.  
Resina pinea ibid.  
Resina strobilina 775  
Resina terebinthina 777  
Rha 329  
Rhabarbarum ibid.  
Rhacoma ibid.  
Rhamnus 696  
Ramnus solutiws 697  
Rha ponticum 329  
Rhecoma ibid.  
Rheum ibid.  
Rheum Indicum ibid.  
Rheum ponticum ibid.  
Rhizias 304  
Rhos 692  
Rhous ibid.  
Rhus ibid.  
Rhus coriariorum ibid.  
Rhus obsoniorum ibid.  
Rhus syluestris Plinij 673  
Ribs 683  
Ricinus 354  
Robus 453  
Rosa 655  
Rosa canina ibid.  
Rosa junonis 200  
Rosa mariana 158  
Rosa Graeca 159.656  
Rosa Coroneala 655  
Rosa autumnalis ibid.  
Rosa alba ibid.  
Rosa Damascena ibid.  
Rosa Milesia ibid.  
Rosa praenestina ibid.  
Rosa purpura ibid.  
Rosa rubra ibid.  
Rosa sera ibid.  
Rosa syluestris ibid.  
Rosa spinosa 656  
Rosea arbour 430  
Rosmarinum 280  
Rosin coronarium 264.265  
Ros 692 Rubia sativa 538  
Rubia syluestris ibid.  
Rubus 661  
Rub●canis 656.680.698  
Rubus Idaeus 662  
Rumicis genera 559. & inde.  
Ruscum 674  
Ruscus syluestris 701  
Ruta 261  
Ruta hortensis ibid.  
Ruta muraria 409  
Ruta syluestris 261.363  
SAbina 766  
Sabina salix 744  
Sacopenium 306  
Sacra herba 127  
Sagapeni succus 306  
Sagapenium ibid.  
Sagapenum ibid.  
Salicastrum 384  
Salicum genera 744  
Salivaris 342  
Salix amerina 691.744  
Salix equina 161  
Salix marina 691  
Saluia maior 252  
Saluia minor 251  
Saluia nobilis ibid.  
Saluia usualis ibid.  
Saluia ibid. Sambucus 378  
Sambucus humilis 380  
Sambucus syluestris 378  
Samera 752  
Samolus Plinij 671  
Sampsycum 234  
Sanguinalis 98  
Sanicula 139  
Sanguinaria ibid.  
Santalum 461  
Sapinus 770.774  
Sarcocolla 311  
Sardiana glans 730  
Satureia vulgaris 228  
Satyrium 225  
Satyrium basilicum 226  
Satyri erythronium 225  
Satyrium regium 226  
Satyrium trifolium 225  
Saxifraga rubea 40  
Scammonium 396  
Scandix 615  
Scandulaceum 628  
Scoenophrasum 643  
Scoenuanthos 511  
Sciara 522  
Scylla 646  
Scimbron 245  
Scolymus 535  
Scopa regiae 626.674  
Scordium 111  
Scordotis 639  
Scordothlaspi 628  
Scordoprassum 638  
Scorpioides 63  
Scorpius 669  
Scythica radix 694  
Secale 459  
Securidaca 489  
Sedigenera 114  
Selago Plinij 673  
Semen 455  
Seminalis 98  
Semperuivi genera 114  
Sena 377  
Senecio 571  
Senecio maior ibid.  
Senecio minor ibid.  
Sentis 661  
Sentis canis 680  
Septifolium 84.300  
Serica 722  
Seris 569  
Seriphium 5  
Serpentaria 10.22.321  
Serpyllum vulgar 231  
Sertula campana 498  
Seseleos genera 283.284  
Setanium 453.714  
Sisamoides parvum 95  
Sicula 550  
Sicyonia 375  
Sicyopepones 588  
Sideritis 47.131  
Sideritis altera 138  
Sideritis Heraclea ibid.  
Sideritis latifolia 626  
Sideritis prima 131.257  
Sideritis tertia 47  
Sidium 706  
Siligo 453.461  
Siliqua 492.740  
Siliqua dulcis ibid.  
Siliquae 474  
Siliquastrum 634  
Sinapi 619  
Sinapi common ibid.  
Sinapi hortense ibid.  
Sinapi Persicum 154  
Sinapi rusticum 628  
Sinapi syluestre 619.620  
Sirica 722  
Sisarum 604.605  
Siser 605 Sison 287  
Sisgurichium 198  
Sisymbrium 245  
Sisymbrium cardamine 625  
Sitanium 714  
Sitheleas 567  
Sium 611.625  
Sium Cratevae 611  
Smilax aspera 396  
Smilax hortensis 474  
Smilax lenis 393  
Smyrnium 609.613  
Solanum 443  
Solanum hortense ibid.  
Solanum lethal 446  
Solanum lignosum 398  
Solanum manicum 446.448.585  
Solanum somniferum 447  
Solidago 133.145  
Solidago Sarracenica 133.141  
Somphos 592  
Sonchi 565  
Sonchus aspera ibid.  
Sonchus laevis ibid.  
Sonchus non aspera ibid.  
Sonchus tenerior ibid.  
Sonchus syluestris ibid.  
Sorbum 727 Sorbus ibid.  
Sorghi 466  
Spagas 773  
Sparganium 200  
Spartum 666  
Sphacelus 253  
Sphaerocephalus 526  
Spina 685  
Spina acuta 697  
Spina alba 325.530  
Spina Arabica ibid.  
Spina mollis 568  
Spina peregrina 526  
Spinae regia 525  
Spina Ceanothos 681  
Spina hirci 543  
Spin guerzo 697  
Spino merlo ibid.  
Spino ceruino ibid.  
Splenium 406  
Spondyli 524  
Spondylium 524.528  
Stachys 257  
Stichas 266  
Stoechas ibid.  
Stellaria 95  
Staphis agria 372  
Staphylinus luteus 602  
Staphylinus 604  
Staphylinus niger 602  
Staphylinus satiuus ibid.  
Staphylinus syluestris ibid.  
Staphylodendron Plinij 735  
Stataria 298  
Stellaria 521  
Sternutamentaria 343  
Stratiotes 143  
Stoechos ibid.  
Stratoticon 144  
Struthia mala 708  
Strution 335  
Succisa 110  
Succus Cyreniacus 304  
Succus Medicus ibid.  
Suchaha 530  
Supercilium terra 409  
Supercilium Veneris 144  
Sycomorus 716  
Syluae matter 391  
Symphitum magnum 145  
Symphoniaca 450  
TAmarix 677  
Tamus 384  
Taxus 768  
Teda 771  
Telephium 118  
Teliphonon 426  
Terebinthus 777  
Terrae capillus 409  
Terzola 59  
Thesium 316  
Testiculus 222  
Testiculus canis ibid.  
Testiculus hirci ibid.  
Testiculus leporis ibid.  
Testiculus odoratus ibid.  
Testiculus serapias ibid.  
Testiculus vulpis ibid.  
Teucrium 112  
Teuthrium 233  
Teuxinon 314  
Thalictrum 117  
Thalietrum 43.117  
Thapsia 365  
Thlaspi 154.600.628  
Thlaspi Cratevae 154  
Thlaspi alterum 628  
Thlaspi angustifolium ibid.  
Thlaspi minus ibid.  
Thridacias 438  
Thridax agria 567  
Thryallis 161.175  
Thryon 448  
Thus 773.775  
Thuia 766  
Thuium ibid.  
Thylacitis 432  
Thymbra 230  
Thymum 229  
Thymum capita ibid.  
Thymum Creticum ibid.  
Thymum durius 229  
Thymelaea 369  
Tilia 753  
Tilia foemina 754  
Tilia mas ibid.  
Tithymali omnes 362  
Tithymalus 361.362  
Tomentitia 89.90  
Topiaria 527  
Tordylium 284  
Tormentilla 84  
Trachelium utrunque 172  
Tragacantha 543.669  
Tragacanthae lachryma 543  
Tragium 343.549  
Tragium Germanicum ibid.  
Tragonatum 159  
Tragorchis 222  
Tragoriganum 239  
Tragopyron 468  
Tragus 116  
Trasus 346  
Trachinia 655  
Tribulus aquaticus 536  
Tribulus ibid.  
Tribulus terrestris ibid.  
Trichomanes 410.414  
Trifolium 495.501  
Trifolium palustre 542  
Trifolium bituminosum 501  
Trifolium foetidum ibid.  
Trifolium fruticans 666  
Trifolium odoratum 495.501  
Trifolium pratense 495  
Trigrania 714  
Triorchis 222  
Tripolium 364  
Triticum 453  
Triticum Romanum 457  
Triticum Tiphinium ibid.  
Triticum boumum 164  
Triticum trimestre 453  
Triticum vaccinum 164  
Trixago 25.127  
Trixago palustris 111  
Tuber terrae 330  
Tulipa, Tulpia, Tulpian, 213  
Tussilago 20  
Typha 457.512  
Typha aquatica 513  
Typha cerealis 457.513  
Typha palustris ibid.  
VAcinia 661.671  
Vaccinium 148.206  
Vaccinia palustria 671  
Valeriana 340  
Valerianae genera ibid.  
Vatrachion Apulei 419  
Veneris lavacrum 522  
Veratrum adulterinum nigrum 351  
Veratrum album 347  
Veratrum nigrum 351  
Verbasci genera 119.122  
Verbascula 123  
Verbasculum minus ibid.  
Verbena 127  
Verbenaca ibid.  
Verbena recta ibid.  
Verbenaca supina ibid.  
Vernix 763 Veronicae 26  
Veruilago 517  
Vesicaria 445  
Vesicaria nigra ibid.  
Vesicaria peregrina ibid.  
Vesicula ibid.  
Vetonica 156.291  
Vetonica altilis 156  
Vetonica coronaria ibid.  
Vetonica coronaria minor ib.  
Vetonica syluestris 157  
Vicia 394  
Viola alba 152.153.154  
Viola alba Theoph. 216  
Viola autumnalis 173  
Viola flammea 149  
Viola hyemalis 153  
Viola latifolia ibid.  
Viola lutea 151  
Viola Mariana 174  
Viola matronalis 153  
Viola nigra 148  
Viola peregrina 153  
Viola tricolor 149  
Viola purpurea 148  
Viperalis 261 Viperina 10  
Viscum 747 Vitalis 114  
Vitealis ibid. Vitex 691  
Vitia 483  
Vitis alba 382  
Vitis nigra ibid.  
Vitis syluestris 384.652  
Vitis vinifera 651  
Vlophonon 517 Vlmus 752  
Vlmus campestris ibid.  
Vlmus Italica ibid.  
Vlmus Gallica ibid.  
Vlmus nostras ibid.  
Vlmus syluestris ibid.  
Vmbilicus terrae 330  
Vmbilicus Veneris 38  
Vmbilicus Veneris alter ibid.  
Vnedo 728  
Vnefera 327  
Vngues rosarum 655  
Volucrum maius 391  
Vrceolaris 50  
Vrina muris 581  
Vrticae genera 129  
Vrtica iners 131  
Vrtica labeo 44  
Vrtica mortua 131  
ustilago 471.517  
Vua taminea 384  
Vua ursi 683  
Vua spina 68●  
Vulgago 319  
XAnthium 15  
Xylum 679  
Xyris 196  
Zoea 280.455.456.457  
Zeopyron 458  
Zea Monococcoes ibid.  
Zea simplex 459  
Zizipha 722  
Ziziphus ibid.  
Zygia 760   
Finis huius Indicis.   

Index appellationum & nomenclaturarum omnium Stirpium, hoc opere contentarum, quibus passim Officinae Pharmacopolarum, Arabes, & nostri temporis Herbarij utuntur.  

ABsynthium 5  
Absynthium gręciae ibi.  
Absynthium ponticum ibi.  
Absynthium Romanum ibi.  
Abrotonum 2  
Abutilon 583  
Acatia 721  
Acetosa 559  
Acetosa Romana ibid.  
Acetosella ibid.  
Achimilla 140  
Acorus 199  
Acus moschata 47  
Acus pastoris ibid. & 615  
Acutella 666  
Acylonium 158  
Adiantum. 405.409  
Affodillus 203.649  
Agaricus 776  
Agnus castus 691  
Agresta 652  
Agrifolium 701  
Agrimonia 57  
Agrimonia syluestris 86  
Albotin 777  
Alcea veneta 585  
Alchimilla 140  
Alcoc●lum 523  
Alkakengi 445  
Alkali 116  
hallelujah 503  
Alliaria 639  
Allium ursinum 637  
Aloes 353  
Alectorolophos 253  
Alphesera 382  
Alscebran 361  
Altercangenum 450  
Altercum ibid.  
Alumen catinum 116  
Amaranthus luteus 89  
Amarella 19  
Ambrosiana 253  
Ameos 272  
Amyberis 684  
Amomum 608  
Anogallus aquatica 578  
Anaphalis. 90  
Anaxiton ibid.  
Anetum 270  
Angelica 297  
Angina lini 398  
Anguria 586.589  
Anisum 271  
Anserina 86  
Anthera 655 Anthos 264  
Apium 606  
Apium risus 420  
Apolinum 369  
Aprella 101  
Aquilegia 166  
Aquileia ibid.  
Aquilina ibid.  
Arantium 704  
Arbor vitis 735  
Argentina 86  
Aristologia 314  
Aristologia longa ibid.  
Armoniacum 308  
Arresta bovis 669  
Arocum 523  
Arthanita 330  
Artemisia 16  
Artemisia unicaulis 18  
Artemisia Tragantes & tragetes ibid.  
Arthetica 123  
Articoca 523  
Articocalus ibid.  
Asa 304  
Asa odorata. ibid.  
Asarum 319 Asia 459  
Asperula 540  
Asprella 101  
Assa foetida 304  
Asterancium 300  
Astochodos 266  
Athanasia 18  
Athanatos 158  
Auellanada 346  
Ayungia vitri 116  
Azarolo 714  
BAbyron 602  
Bagolaro 729  
Balsamina 442  
Balsaminum ibid.  
Balsamita 250  
Balsamita maior ibid.  
Balsamita minor ibid.  
Baptisecula 161  
Barba Aron 323  
Barba capri 41  
Barba iovis 114  
Babaraea 626  
Barbarica 156  
Bardana maior 15  
Baucia 604  
Becabunga 578  
Bedegar 525.655  
Been album 345  
Behen ibid.  
Behen rubrum ibid.  
bell videre 175  
Benedicta 134  
Berberis 684  
Besasa 263  
Beta 550  
Betonica 291  
Bibinella 286  
Bifolium 224  
Bipennula 138.287  
Bisacutum 615  
Bislingua 675  
Bismalua 583  
Bistorta utraque 22  
Blaptisecula 161  
Bolbonac 154  
Bombax 679  
Bombasum ibid.  
Bonifacia 675  
Borago 12  
Borda 14  
Branca leonina 604  
Branca 527.528  
Brunella 133  
Bruscus 674  
Bryonia 382  
Bucheiden 226  
Buzeiden ibid.  
Bulbi species 209  
Buglossa 8  
Buglossa domestica maior ibid.  
Buglossa longifolia ibid.  
Buglossa syluestris 9  
Bugula 133  
Bursa pastoris 80  
CAchla 189  
Calcatrippa 165  
Calabrum 407  
Calamentum 248  
Calamentum montanun ibi.  
Calendula 163  
Caltha 163.189  
Calthula 163  
Camomilla 183.186  
Camomilla fatua 186  
Camomilla foetida ibid.  
Camomilla inodora ibid.  
Campana lazara 393  
Campanula 173.394  
Campanula cerulea 175  
Campanula syluestris ibi.  
Cannabis 72  
Candela regis 119  
Candelaria ibid.  
Canicularis 450  
Caniculata ibid.  
Capillus Veneris 409  
Cappa monachi 429  
Caprifolium 391  
Cardiaca 131  
Cardobenedictus 533  
Cardopatium 530  
Carduusasininus 535  
Carduus benedictus 533  
Carduus fullonum 522  
Crrduus Mariae 525  
Carduus stellatus 521  
Carlina 530.531.656  
Carlina syluestris 531  
Carobe 740  
Carolina 530 Carota 602  
Carthamus 33  
Carthamus syluestris 532  
carvi 274  
Cassia fistula 740  
Cassilago 450  
Castrangula 44  
Cataputia maior 354  
Cataputia minor 362  
Cauda equina 101  
Cauda murina 96  
Cauda muris ibid.  
Cauta 186.189  
Cawls marinae 555  
Cauliflores 554  
Caulis ibid.  
Caulis nigra ibid.  
Cembri 770  
Centauria minor 327  
Centrum galli 253  
Centum capita 519  
Centumnodia 98  
Centummorbia 78  
Cepe 640  
Cepe muris 646  
Cerefolium 614  
Cerui ocellus 604  
Ceruicaria 172  
Cestum morionis 513  
Ceterach 408  
Chamaedryos 25.127  
Chamedries 127  
Chamedries foemina 25  
Chamaepiteos 28  
Chamaepitys 25  
Charantia 442  
Chelidonia maior 31  
Chelidonia minor ibid.  
Chelidonia palustre cordi 31  
Cherua 354  
Cheruilla 605  
Chocortis 581  
Citrullus 590  
Cicer 479  
Cicerbitae 565  
Cicorea domestica 563  
Cicorea syluestris ibid.  
Cicutaria 616  
Cirmoli 770  
Citocacium 369  
Citrons 704  
Citrullum 589  
Cochlearia 118  
Coloquintida 375.590  
Colubrina 22  
Columbina recta 127  
Concordia 57  
Condrilla 95. ●69  
Consolida 133  
Consolida maior 133.145  
Consolida media 133  
Consolida minor 170  
Consolida regalis 165  
Consolida regia ibid.  
Consolida Sarracenica 141  
Corallina 414  
Cordialis 540  
Coriandrum 276  
Corona regia 441  
Corona terrae 389  
Cornu ceruinum 95  
Corota 602  
Corrigiola 98  
Corsaluium 251  
Cotula alba 186  
Cotula foetida ibid.  
Cotula non foetida ibid.  
Cotula lutea ibid.  
Cotum 679  
Crassula maior 39  
Crassula minor 114  
Cressio 623  
Creta marina 578  
Crista galli 516  
Crista gallinacea 127.516  
Crocus hortensis 53  
Crocus Sarracenicus ibid.  
Cruciata 354  
Cucullus monachi 429  
cucumber 586  
cucumber anguinus ibid.  
cucumber asininus 373.590  
cucumber marinus 588  
cucumber Turcicus ibid.  
Cucumus citrulli 589  
Cucurbita 592  
Cupulae glandium 745  
Cuscuta 398 Cyamus 473  
Cyclamen 330  
Cyminum 275  
Cynoglossa 11  
Cynoglossum ibid.  
Cyperus 346  
Cypressus 767  
Cytonium 788  
DActilus 737  
Daucus 285.602  
Daucus Creticus 285  
Dens caballinus' 450  
Dens leonis 569  
Denticulus canis Ruellij 96  
Diagredium 396  
Diagridium ibid.  
Diapensia 139  
Dictamum 268  
Digitalis 175  
Digiti citrini 226  
Diodela 144  
Draco 623  
Dracunculus hortensis ibi.  
Dyptamum 268.344  
ELacterium 373  
Elaeophyllon 78  
Eghelo 742  
Endivia 562.574  
Enula campana 336  
Eruca 619 Eschara 414  
Esula 361 Euforbium 309  
Eufrasia 40  
Eupatorium 59  
Eupatorium aquaticum ib.  
Eupatorium Mesue 250  
Ezula 361  
Ezula rotunda 363  
FAba 473  
Faba crassa 39  
Fabaria ibid.  
Faciens viduas 369  
Fagotriticum 468  
Farfara 20 Farfarus 750  
Febrifugia 327  
Fel terrae ibid.  
feared cavallo 490  
Feria 127 Fertaria 44.127  
Ferraria minor 57  
Ficaria 31.44. Filago 89  
Filicastrum 402  
Filipendula 40  
Filius ante patrem 74  
Filix aquatica 402  
Fior de Cristallo 116  
Fistici 735  
Flammula 386.425  
Flos Adonis 188.423  
Flos Amellus 31.36  
Flos amoris 168  
Flos Chrystalli 116  
Flos cuculi 625  
Flos Constantiopolitanus 157  
Flos Cyanus 161  
Flos equestris 165  
Flos Indianus 177  
Flos S. jacobi 69  
Flos regius 165  
Flos tinctorius 68.667.  
Foenum Gręcum 490.492  
Foeniculus 269  
Foeniculus porcinus 280.298  
Fraxinella 343  
Frumentum Asiaticum 464  
Frumentum Turcicum ibi.  
Fuga daemonum 64  
Fumus terrae 24  
Funis arborum 393  
GAlbanum 307  
Galega 490  
Gallitricum 253  
Gariophyllata 134  
Garipot 773 Gelaso 90  
Genesta 664  
Genestella 668  
Genestra 664  
Genestra Hispanica 666  
Genicularis 340  
Genista 664  
Genista humilis 667  
Genista spinosa 669  
Genista syluestris ibid.  
Genistella 668  
Gentiana 332  
Geranium supinum 47  
Githago 160  
Glaudes terrestres 491  
Glandiola 13  
Gladiolus syluestris 197  
Gluten albotin 777  
Grana luniperi 763  
Granatum pomum 706  
Granum viride 777  
Grassula 78  
Gratia Dei 48.375.673  
Grossularia 683  
Grossularia rubra 682  
Grossularia transmarina ib.  
Grossulae 683  
Grossulae rubrae ibid.  
Grossule transmarinae ibid.  
Gruinalis 47 Guadun 67  
Gummi Arabicum 685  
Gummi Armoniacum 308  
Gummi benzui ibid.  
Gummi dragaganthi 543  
Gummi ulmi 752  
HArmala 263  
Halmiridia 555  
Harmel 261.263.452  
Hedera 388  
Helleborus albus 347  
Helleborus niger 351  
Hepataria 540  
Hepatica 59.107.411  
Hepatica alba 510  
Hepatica aquatica 107  
Hepatica palustris ibid.  
Herba Serracenica 314  
Herba Benedicti 340  
Herba S. Barbarae 626  
Herba cancri 61  
Herba clavellata 149  
Herba fortis 141  
Herba Gerardi 300  
Herba Hungarica 584  
Herba giulia 2●0  
Herba S. lacobi 69  
Herba impra 89  
Herba Margarita 170  
Herba D. Mariae 250  
Herba paralysis 123  
Herba Paris 425  
Herba S. Petri 123  
Herba pinula 405  
Herba Roberti 47  
Herba Simeonis 584  
Herba stellae 95  
Herba stellaris 540  
Herba Trinitatis 59 149  
Herba tunica 157.345  
Herba venti 423  
Hermodactilus 367  
Hepatorium Mesue 250  
Hippia utraque 52  
Hires 90 Hirculus 265  
Hirundinaria 317  
Hispanach 556  
Hispanicum olus ibid.  
Hyacinthi genera 208  
Hypericum 64  
Hypoquistidos 659  
Hyssopus 227  
IAcea 149  
jacea nigra 109  
jacobea 69 jaron 323  
jasminum 658  
jesemin ibid.  
jecoraria 540  
jeseminum 658  
josmenum ibid.  
josme ibid.  
Ireos' 193 Iringus 519  
Iria Florentina 193  
Iris ibi. Iris Illyrica 195  
jua artetica 28  
jua muscata 25.28.540  
juiube 722  
KAli 116  
Karobe 740  
Keyri 151 Kitran 765  
LActerones 565  
Lactuca 573  
Lactucellae 565  
Lagrimo 774  
Lancea Christi 135  
Lanceola 92  
Lanceolata ibid.  
Lapatium 558  
Lapatium acutum 559  
Lapadanum 660  
Lappa inversa 15  
Lappa maior ibid.  
Lappa minor ibid.  
Larga 776 Lassulata 250  
Lavandula utraque 265  
Laureola 368  
Lenticula aquae 106  
Lenticula 487  
Leontopodion 140  
Leporis cuminum 502  
Leucanthemum 186  
Leucopiper 635  
Levisticum 295  
Lilium 200  
Lilium convallium 178  
Lilium inter spinas 391  
Limones 704  
Linaria 80 Linum 70  
Lingua avis 748  
Lingua bovis 208  
Lingua canis 11  
Lingua ceruina 406  
Lingua pagana 675  
Lingua passerina 748  
Lingua serpentis 135  
Liquiritia 694  
Lolium rubrum 504  
Longina 407 Lubia 474  
Lucciola 135 Luf 322  
Lupha 323 Lunaria 78.136  
Lunaria 119  
Lunaria maior 107.402  
Lunaria minor 136  
Lupinus 481 Lupulus 400  
Luteum herba 67  
MAcis 732  
Macropiper 635  
Maiorana 234  
Mala insana 439  
Malua 581  
Mala Theophrasti 583  
Maluaviscum ibid.  
Mandragora 438  
Marinella 340  
Marmorella 57  
Marum 234.235  
Materfilon 109  
Mater herbarum 16  
Mater sylua 391  
Mater violarum 148  
Mastix 779  
Matricaria 19  
Matri saluia 253  
Medicina familię 776  
Melampyrum 164.494  
Melanopiper 635  
Melica 466.497  
Melega 466 Malegua ib.  
Melilotus 497.498  
Melissa 259  
Millefolium 144  
Melo 590  
Melospinus 441  
Memirem 346  
Memitha 436  
Menta 244  
Menta aquatica ibid.  
Menta Graeca 250  
Menta Romana 245  
Menta Sarracenica ibid.  
Mercurialis 77  
Meum 610 Meu 337.610  
Mezereon 369  
Milium 463.465  
Milium soler 290  
Milius solis ibid.  
Millefolium 144  
Millemorbia 44  
Momordica 442  
Mora bassi 662  
Mora bati ibid.  
Mora celsi 715  
Morella 443  
Morsus diaboli 110.569  
Morsus gallinae 52  
Morsus ranae 106  
Morus celsi 716  
Mughi 770  
Multiradix 327  
Mumia 765  
Myrtilli 671.673.687  
Myrtus 673  
Myrtus Brabantica ibid.  
NApellus 429  
Napium 560  
Napus 429  
Nardus rustica 134.319  
Naranzas 704  
Nasturtium aquaticum 625  
Nasturtium 623  
Negre cawls 554  
Nepita 248  
Nenuphat 181  
Nenuphar citrinum ibid.  
Nigella 278  
Nigellastrum 160  
Nola syluestris 175  
Noli me tangere 78  
Nuces cypressi 767  
Nuces pineae 770  
Nummularia 78  
Nux 731  
Nux moschata 732  
Nux vesicaria 735  
OCellus 156  
Ocellus cerui 604  
Ocimun gariophillatum 240  
Oculus bovis 186.189  
Oleander 430 Opium 432  
Opoponacum 302  
Opulus 760 Organum 237  
Origanum Hispanicum ibid.  
Osmunda 402.405  
Osmundi 483  
Osteritium 300  
Ostritium ibid.  
Ostrutium ibid.  
PAlalia 330  
Palma Christi 226.354  
Pampinula 138  
Panis cuculi 503  
Panis porcinus 330  
Papaver album 432  
Papaver common ibid.  
Papaver magnum ibid.  
Papaver nigrum 278  
Papaver rubrum 432.434  
Paracoculi 441  
Paritaria 50  
Passulae corintho 652  
Pastinaca 604  
Pastoria bursa 80  
Pentadactylon 354  
Pera pastoris 80  
Perfoliata 137  
Perfoliatum ib. perforata 64  
Perlaro 729 Perpensa 319  
Pentaphyllum genera 83  
Persicaria 633 Persicus 710  
Peruinca 33  
Pes anserinus 548  
Pes asininus 639  
Pes columbae 47  
Pes cornicis 95.420  
Pes corui 420  
Pes leonis 140  
Pes leopardi 420  
Pes leporis 502  
Pes lupi 414 Pes vituli 323  
Petrafindula 286  
Petroselinum 605.613  
Petroselinum Macedonicum 609  
Peucedanum 298  
Philipendula 40  
Phyteuma 334  
Pigamum 43  
Pilosella maior 87  
Pilosella minor ibid.  
Pimpinella 138  
Pinastellum 298  
Pionia 338  
Piper aquaticum 632  
Piper Calecuthium 634  
Piper Hispanum ibid.  
Piperitis 631  
Pisareli 476  
Pix navalis 773  
Plantago 92  
Planta leonis 140.351  
Pneumonanthe 173  
Podagra lini 398  
Polipodium 403  
Polytrichon 410  
Poma amoris 440  
Pomum amoris ibid.  
Pomum aureum ibid.  
Pomum granatum 706  
Pomum Hierosolymitanum 442  
Pomum mirabile ibid.  
Pomum spinosum 441  
Potrum 641  
Portulaca 576  
Potentilla 86  
Prassium 239.257  
Prassium foetidum 257  
Premula veris 123.170  
Premula veris minor ibid.  
Prunella 133 Psyllium 103  
Pseudomelanthium 160  
Pulegium 231.232  
Pulmonalis 125  
Pulmonaria 125.414  
Pulsatilla 351.420  
Pylocaracta 740  
Pyra citonia 708  
Pyrethrum 342  
Pyrola 135  
QVercula minor 25  
Quinquefolium 83  
Quinqueneruia 92  
RApa genestrę 664  
Rapa rubra 550  
Rapecaulis 554  
Raphanus minor 598  
Raphanus syluestris 631  
Rapiens vitam 369  
Rapistrum 620  
Rapontium 597  
Rapum genistae 664  
Rapunculum 597  
Rapunculum maius ibid.  
Rapunculum parvum ibid.  
Raved 329  
Ravedsceni ibid.  
Raved Turcicum ibid.  
Ravet ibid.  
Ravetsceni ibid.  
Regina prati 41  
Remora aratri 669  
Resina arida 772  
Resina pini ibid.  
Resta bovis 669  
Rhabarbarum monachorum 559.  
Rhapontica 327  
Rheu 329  
Rheubarbarum ibid.  
Ribs 683  
Ribs nigrum ibid.  
Ribs rubrum ibid.  
Ribesum ibid.  
Robertiana 47  
Rosa Graeca 159  
Rosa mariana 158  
Rosa ultramarina 581  
Rosmarinus 264  
Ros solis 414  
Rostrum ciconiae 47  
Rostrum porcinum 569  
Rorella 414  
Ruberta 47  
Rubia tinctorum 538  
Ruta capraria 490  
Ruta 261  
Ruscus 674  
SAggina 466  
Salicaria 74  
Salicornia 116  
Sal alkali ibid.  
Salsirota 414  
Saluia agrestis 253  
Saluia maior 251  
Saluia minor ibid.  
Saluia nobilis ibid.  
Saluia Romana 250  
Saluia usualis 251  
Salusandria 278  
Sambucus 378  
Sambucus aquatica 760  
Sambucus ceruinus 378  
Sambucus humilis 380  
Sambucus palustris 760  
Sambucus syluestris 378  
Sanamunda 134  
Sancti jacobiflos 69  
Sandaraca 763  
Sanguis draconis 559  
Sanguisorba 138  
Sanicula 139 Santolina 69  
Saponaria 159. 334  
Sarcocolla 311  
Sarratula 25  
Saturegia 228  
Satyriones 222. & inde.  
Savimera 766  
Savina ib. Saxifraga 288  
Saxifraga alba ibid.  
Savifraga aurea ibid.  
Saxifragae albae semen 286  
Saxifraga lutea 286. 498  
Saxifraga rubea 40  
Saxifraga maior 286  
Saxifraga minor ibid.  
Scabiosae genera 109  
Scammonea 396  
Scariola 563 Scarlea 253  
Scatum coeli 38  
Scatum cellus ibid.  
Scevola 101 Scirpus' 197  
Scolopendria 406  
Scordium 111  
Scrophularia 44  
Scorodonia 253  
Scrophularia maior ibid. & 31  
Scrophularia minor 31  
Sebastae 722  
Sebesten ibid.  
Segala 459 Sena 377  
Serapinun 306 Serbin 765  
Serpentaria 10. 78. 321  
Serpentaria maior 321  
Serpillum 231  
Septisolium 300  
Serratula 25 Seruilla 605  
Seruillum ibid.  
Seutlomalache 556  
Sicla 550 Sicelica ibid.  
Sicha 602  
Sigillum beatae Mariae 384  
Sigillum Salomonis 103  
Siler montanum 293. 295  
Sinapis 619  
Sinapium ibid.  
Sinapi Persicum 154  
Solanum letale 446  
Solatrum 443  
Solatrum mortale 446  
Solbastrella 138  
Soldanella 395. 414  
Solidago 133  
Solidago Sarracenica 141  
Sophia 117 Sorgi 466  
Sorgho ibid.  
Spanachea 556  
Sparta parilla 396  
Spartula foetida 196  
Spelta 455 Asparagus 618  
Spergula 56. 540  
Spergula odorata 540  
Spica Celtica 414  
Spicata 106 Spica 265  
Spicanardi ibid.  
Spinachea 556  
Spinacheum olus ibid.  
Spina mollis 568  
Squilla 646  
Squinantum 511  
Staphisagria 372  
Stataria 298  
Stramonia 441  
Stellaria 95. 140  
stechados Arabicum 266  
Sticados citrinum 89  
Sticas Arabica 266  
Sticas citrina 89  
Stoecas citrina ibid.  
Stoecados citrinum ibid.  
Struchion 157  
Succisa 110 Suchaha 530  
Sumach 692  
Superba 156  
Symphytum syluestre 125  
TAmariscus 677. 768  
Tanacetum 28  
Tanacetum maius ibid.  
Tanacetum minus ibid.  
Tanacetum syluestre 219  
Tapsus barbatus 119  
Taraxacon 565  
Terebinthina 777  
Terebina Veneta 774  
Testiculus hirci 222  
Testiculus leporis ibid.  
Testiculus vulpis ibid.  
Tetrahil 260  
Tetrahit ibid.  
Thus 773. 774  
Thymus 229. 239  
Tinearia 89  
Tota bona 561  
Tomentitia 89. 90  
Tormentilla 84  
Tragopyrum 468  
Trasi 346  
Trasci ibid.  
Trifolium acetosum 503  
Trifolium bituminosun 501  
Trifolium humile 502  
Trifolium odoratum 495  
Trixago palustris 111  
Turbith Mesue 365  
Turbith Serap. ibid.  
Typha aquatica 513  
VAleriana 340  
Valeriana domestica ibidem  
Valeriana hortensis ibid.  
Verbena 127  
Vermicularis 114  
Veronica foemina 26  
Vernix 763  
Victoriola 676  
Vinca pervinca 33  
Viola 148  
Viola palustris 106  
Violaria 148  
Viperina 10  
Virga aurea 141  
Virga pastoris 522  
Viscus quercinus 747  
Visnaga 615  
Vitalba 386  
Vitealis 394  
Viticella 382  
Vlmaria 41  
Vmbilicus Veneris 38  
Vngula caballina 20  
Vnifolium 178  
Volubilis 393  
Volubilis maior ibid.  
Volubilis minor ibid.  
Volubilis acuta 396  
Volubilis media 394  
Volubilis pungens 396  
Vrinalis 80  
Vsnea 414  
ustilago 471. 517  
Vua crispa 681  
Vua lupina 425. 443  
Vua versa 425  
Vua vulpis 443  
Vulgago 319  
Vuluaria 549  
Vuularia 172. 675   

X  
Xylocaracta 740   

Y  
Ysopus 227  
Yreos 193   

Z  
ZAhafaran 216  
Zambach 658  
Zarsa parella 396  
Zinziber caninum 634  
Zizania 469  
Zuccomarin 588   
FINIS.   

The English Table containing the names and syrnames of all the Herbs, Trees, and plants, of this present Book, or Herbal.  

A  
ALatia 685  
Ache 611  
Aconit 426  
Adders grass 222  
Adders tongue 135  
Adder-wurt 23  
Aethiopis 124  
affodill 649  
agrimony 57  
Noole agrimony 59  
Wild agrimony 86  
Agnus castus 691  
Aishweede 300  
Algood 561  
Alkakengie 445  
Alkanet 9  
Black Aller 759  
Aller tree or Alder 756  
Almonds or Almond 711  
Amoros 253  
Amelcorne 456  
Ammoniacum 308  
Amorous Apples 439  
Amros or Ammi 272  
Anemone 4●3  
Angelica 297  
Anthyllis 13  
Anise 271  
Apple tree 701  
Apples of love 439. 440  
Apples of Perowe 441  
Female balsam Apple 442  
Prickle Apples 441  
Thorny Apples ibid.  
Male balsam Apple 442  
Black Archangel 257  
Arbute tree 728  
Ar●or juoa 742  
Argentine 526  
Aristologia/ etc. 314  
Arisaron 324 Aron 322  
Arse smart 633  
Artechock 524  
Wild Artechock 535  
Asara ●acca 319  
Asclepias 317  
Ash tree/ etc. 748  
Asp 750  
Asses bore tree 700  
Ass● foetida 304  
A●ens 134  
Autumn Belflowers 173  
Areworte 489  
Arsich 489  
Sea Aygreene 353   

B  
Bachelors Buttons 422  
Bay or Laurel tree 688  
Ballock grass 222  
Foo●es Ballore 222  
Hares Ballore 222  
Balsamynte 250  
Yellow wolves Bane etc. 429  
Banewort 425  
The Baroerie bush or tree 684  
Baroeries ibid.  
Barley & of all his kind 461  
Barons Mercury or Pi●yllon 78  
Base Broom 667  
low basil 242  
basil royal/ etc. 240  
Lcispe Balm 245  
Balm 259  
Beans 473  
Bockes beans 541  
bean tree 740  
Garden bean 473  
Great Beans 473  
Kidney beans 474  
Roman Beans ibid.  
Wild & black Beans 473  
Our Lady's Bedstraw 539  
Beech mast 757  
Beech tree ibid.  
Beets 550  
Behen or Been album 345  
Belflowers 172  
Blue bells 174  
Belroin or Benroin 304  
bay berries 688  
Black berries 661  
Bramble berries ibid.  
March Betil or Pestle 513  
Betony or betake 291  
Paul's Betony 26  
Water Betony 44  
White Beete 550  
bindweed 393  
Rough bindweed 396  
birch tree 758  
Birds foot or fowl foot 487  
Black berry bush 661  
Bladder nut 735  
Blewblaw 161  
Blewbottel ibid.  
Blighted 471  
Blites and Blittes 547  
Bloodwort 380  
May Blossoms 178  
Blood strange 96  
Bockwheate 468  
Bolbanack or strange Violets 153  
Bombace 679  
Small Bombase 90  
Borage 12  
Box thorn 700  
Boar tree 699  
Boys Mercury or Phillon 78 Brake 401  
Bramble 661  
Brookelyme 579  
Broom 664  
briar bush 655  
White & black Briony 382  
Buckhorne 95  
Buckrammes 636  
Bugle 133  
bugloss 8  
bugloss the lesser 10  
Vipers bugloss ibid.  
White Bulbus violet 216  
Bulbyne 644  
Bull foot 20  
Bupleuros 506  
Buprestis 544  
Burned 471  
Burnet 138  
Butchers ●roome 674  
Great Burr 15  
Great clote Burr ibid.  
Diche Burte ibid.  
Louse Burr ibid.  
Butter Burr 21  
Butter flowers 422  
Byrthwort 314   

C  
LOfed Cabbage 553  
Great round Cabbage coal ibid.  
calves foot 323  
Calves snout 180  
Calamynte 248  
Rough calamint ibid.  
Calathian violets 173  
Caltrop 521  
Caltha 190  
Cameline 494  
Camels straw 511  
Cammocke 669  
Camomile 183  
Stinching Camomile 186  
Common Camomile ibid.  
Purple Camomile 184. 188  
Yellow & white Camomile 183  
wild Campion 159  
Spanish Canes 514  
Large & broad Comyn 283  
Sugar Cane 514  
Canterbury bells 171  
Capers 680  
Caprifoyle 391  
Carob tree 740  
wild Caroline 531  
Wild Carthamus 532  
Carrottes and of all his kind 602  
Wild Catrot 285. 528  
Cataphilago 90  
Caruway 274  
Casseweede 81  
Cassia fistula 740  
Cassidonie 266  
Casshes or Caxes 616  
Catanance 508  
Cats tail 513  
Cedar and cedar tree 765  
Celandyne 31  
century great & small 327  
Ceterach 408  
Chafeweed 90  
Thistel Chameleon 517  
Charlock 620  
Cheese running 539  
Cherries and of all his kind and fruit 714  
Winter Cherries 445  
Long Cherie tree 726  
chervil and chervil 614  
Wild chervil 615  
Toothpick chervil ibid.  
chestnut tree 730  
Middle chickweed 53  
Choke fitch 664  
Chokeweed 664  
Chine/ or Sweth 643  
Cicheling 478  
Wild Ciches 479  
Cidetage 633  
cinquefoil or Sinkefoyle 83 Cistus 659  
Citrons 704 Citrulles 589  
Wild clary 255  
Smelling clover 105  
clover gentle ibid.  
Rough clover 502  
Garden or saller clover 496  
Treacle clover 501  
Clarye/ or Cleare-cye 253  
Clematis altera 385  
Cliver 539  
Coccow flowers 625  
Cockle 160  
Cockwes meat 503  
Cocolas panter 661  
White Colewurtes 553  
Wild Colewurtes 555  
Cypress Colewurtes 554  
Country Colewurtes 555  
Wrickleo or ruffed Cole 554  
Coliander 276  
Coloquintida 375  
Colts foot 20  
Columbine 166  
Comfcey & comfery 145  
cumin or Comyn 275  
Cone or Pine apple 770  
Consounde 165  
Great Conyza 35  
Bastard Corinth's 683  
Cornerose 434  
Corneflowre wild and great 161  
cornel tree 716  
Coriander 276  
Coronations or Cornations 156  
Golden Cotula 187  
White Cotula without savoury 186 Cotton 679  
Couch & Couch grass 504  
Cowslippes 123  
Cowslip 125  
Yellow Ctaw 421  
Cream or flower or Crystal 116  
Cranes bill 48 Cresses 623  
Sciatica Cress 630  
Water Cress 625  
Winter Cresses 626  
Yellow water Cresses 611  
Crest-marine 578  
Crompsed lettuce 577  
Croswort 541  
Yellow Crow bells 214  
Crow soap 159  
Crowfoote 419  
Water or marish Crowfoote 420  
Heath Crowfoote 429  
White Crowfoote 107. 420  
Crowtoes 206  
Wild Cucumber 373  
Cucumpers 586  
Leaping Cucumber 373  
Cudweed 90 Curagie 632  
Currantes 652  
Cuscuta/ etc. 390  
Cyves' Civet 642  
Cytisus bu●h 736  
Cypress tree 767  
Cypress nuts ibid.  
Field Cypress 28  
Garden Cypress 29   

D  
Daffodil 649  
White Daffodil 211  
Dandelyon 569  
darnel 469.504  
Danewort 380  
Date or Palm tree 737  
Daucus of Landy 285  
Daisies 170  
Blue flower Deluce 193  
The smallest flower Deluce 195  
White flower Deluce 93  
Yellow flower Deluce 199  
Devils bitten 110  
Dewberie or black berry 661  
Dictam/ or Dictamnum of Landie 268  
Dill 270  
Bastard or false Dictan 344  
Dittany 631  
Devils bitten 567 Docks 558  
Doder 398  
Dog berry tree 726  
Dogs Lall 77  
Dogs Lamomill 186  
Dogs Leeks 209  
Dogs Tooth 203  
Dove foot 47  
Double tongue 675  
Dragon biting 622  
Water or Marsche Dragon 322  
Dragons and Dragon wurt/ etc. 322  
Dravick 471  
Double leaf 224  
Ducks meat 107  
Dunche down 513  
Dwale 446  
Dwarf Plame tree 760   

E  
EArthnuttes 491  
Earth Chestnut 579  
Eglantine 656  
Water Elder 760  
Elder or Bourtree 378  
Elecampane 336  
marsh Elder 760  
Wild white Ellebor 349  
Elm tree 752  
Green Endive 574  
Wild Endive 563  
White Endive with the broad leaves 563  
Erysimon 630  
Esula and Ezula 361  
Euphorbium 309  
Ewe or yew tree 768  
Eyebright 40   

F  
FAt or flower of glass 116  
Fenveries 671  
Felworte 332  
Fenell 269  
Wild/ & great Fenell. 269  
Dog Fenell 186  
Fenell Giant 269  
Fenegreck 492  
Ferne male & female 401  
Stone fern 408  
Oak fern 403.405  
Petty fern 405  
Ferula 301  
Fever few 19  
Ficus Indica 544  
Fig tree 717  
Finger fern 408  
Figworte 31  
Fistick Nuts 375  
Water Flags 199  
Wild Flags ibid.  
Flare or Lyn 70  
Lorne Flag 197  
Toad and wild Flax 80  
Fleabane 104  
Fleawurte ibid.  
Flebane 35  
Bloody Flieworte 89  
Flixewort 117  
Florantor 168  
Our ladies Flower 209  
Flower Gentle 168  
Flower Lonstantinople 157  
Floury dole 554  
Folefoote 20.319  
Forget me not 28  
Fox glove 175  
Foxtail 542  
Framboys 662  
Francke 56  
Fumeterre 24  
Hedge Fumeterre ibid.  
Great Furze 669  
Ground Furze ibid.  
Fiveleaved grass 83   

G  
GAlangal 346  
Galbanum 307  
Gallowgrasse 72  
Garden woad 67  
Garden flags 193  
Garlic 637  
Crow & wild Garlic ibi.  
Garden Garlic 637  
Bears Garlic 638  
Rusche Garlic 643  
Garliketh laspi 628  
Gentian 332  
Bassinet Geranium 48  
Small or dwarf Gentian 334  
Croefoote Geranium 481  
Germander 25  
Water Germander 111  
Wild Germander 112  
Water Gillofer 106  
Yellow Gillofers 151  
Casteel Gilloffer 152  
Stock Gillofers ibid.  
Rogue's Gillofers 153  
Cloave Gillofers 156  
Garden Gillofers ibid.  
Feathereo Gillofers 156  
Llove Gillofers ibid.  
Masche Gillofers 157  
Lockow Gillofers ibid.  
Mock Gillofer 335  
Gingidium 615  
Stinking Glading 196  
Corn Gladin 197  
Right Gladin ibid.  
Rank stinking Goat 549  
Goats beard 41.167  
Goats Cullions 222  
Goldcuppes 422  
Golden Appels 440  
Gold flower 89.190  
Golden Flower of Perrowe 192  
Golden flower 420  
Goldkn oppes 422  
Goose foot 548  
Golden Rod 141  
Goldknappe 421  
Goosenest 224  
Goosegrasse 539  
Gooseshare ibid.  
Good Henry 561  
Go to bed at noon 167  
Gourd 592  
Long Gourds ibid.  
Goosoeries 681  
Black Gooseberries 683  
Beyondsea Gooseberries 683  
Red Gooseberries ibid.  
Grace of God 48  
Sea Grape 116  
Wild Grape or Vine 652  
Gratia Dei 375  
grass comforting the eyes 506  
Three leaved Grass 406  
The grass of Parnasus 510  
S. Ihons' Grass 64  
Square S. john's grass. 65 Gremill 290  
Gromel ibid.  
Ground pine 28  
groundswell 371  
Gum tragacanth 543   

H  
Hare's foot 502  
Harmall 263  
Hearts ease 249.151  
Hartwurt 314  
Haskewurt 172  
hazel or filbert tree 734  
Haselwort 319  
Haver 505  
hawkweed 567  
Hawth●●ne 698  
Hear bremble 661  
Hearons bill 47  
Heathmouse ear 87  
Heath 678  
Heath bramble 661  
Black Hellebor 351  
White Hellebor 347  
Hemp 71  
Hemp tree or chaste tree 691  
Yellow and white Henbane 450  
Hemlock 451  
Hens foot 24  
Herb Aloen 353  
Herb Bennet 134  
Carpenters Herb 133  
S. Christopher's Herb 402  
Herb grace— 261  
Herb Ive 28.95  
judaical Herb 260  
Herb Paris 425  
Herb Robert 47  
Herb twopences 78  
Vipers Herb 10  
Hermodactil 367  
Heptree 655  
Hindberie 662  
Hirse 463  
Huluer 519  
Hurt Sickle 161  
Husuer 701  
Hyacinth 206  
Autumn Hyacinthe 209  
Bush or tuft Hyacinthe ib.  
Hygtaper 120  
Hyssop 227  
Pepper Hyssop 230  
Hockes 581  
Small wild Hocke 581  
Hook heal 133  
Holewurte 316  
Holly 701  
Holyhockes 581  
Common Hockes ibid.  
Sea Holly 519  
Holme 701  
Sea Holme 519  
hollow root 316  
Small honesties 156  
Honeysuckle 391  
Hoppe— 400  
Horehound and of all his kind 257  
Horestrange 298  
marsh or water Horehound 257  
Horseflowre 164  
Horseheele 336  
Horse hove 20  
Horse tail & savegrasse 101  
Horse tongue 675  
Hounds tree 716  
Hound berry tree ibid.  
Housseeke 114   

I  
IAcke by the hedge 639  
jasmine 658  
S. james wort 70  
S. john's wort 64  
Iberies 630  
Wall jerne 403.404  
joseph's flower 167  
Narrow bladed Ireos' 194  
Dwarf Ireos' 195  
Wild Ireos 196  
Bulbus Ireos 198  
Iris 193  
Yellow wild Iris 199  
Italian fetch 490  
juiub tree 722  
jung fraw hare 414  
juniper berries 763  
juniper tree ibid.  
juraye 469  
juybindweede 394  
ivy black and swall. 388  
Gronude ivy 389   

KING  
WAter Kars 625  
Prickled Kali 116  
Knecholme 674  
knapweed 109  
Kneehul 674  
Knights milfoyle 143  
Kind 251  
Knights water Sengreene 143  
Knights wort ibid.   

L  
LAdies mantel 140  
Langdebeef 568  
Lam●sana 560  
Larckes ●●aw 165  
Larckes sputre ibid.  
Laser 303  
Laserpitium ibid.  
Lavender cotton 29  
Lavender gentle 266  
French Lavender ibid.  
Lauers/ or Levers 199  
Lauriel/ or Lowrye 368  
Laurus of Alexandria 676  
French leek/ unset leek 641  
Leek or Leeks 641  
The headed or knopped Leek 641  
Maiden Leek ibid.  
Rusche Leeks 643  
Wild & Lorne leek 644  
lentils 487  
Leopards foot 410  
Lettuce 573  
Water Lentils 107  
Lofed/ or Cabbage Lettuce 573 Lettus ibid.  
Wild lettuce 574  
Liblong 39  
White Lily 200  
Wild Lily 203  
Lillie non Bulbus 204  
Lily of Alexandria 205  
White water Lellie 181  
Lemons 704  
Linden tree 753  
Lillynarcissus 213  
Lingwort 347  
Live long 39  
Liverwort 411  
Stone Livewort ibid.  
Lote tree 729  
Lovein idleness 149  
Lousepowder 371  
Lovage 295  
Lungwort 414  
Lunary 136 lupines 481  
Lungwurt 125  
Lycoryse 694  
lily Conuall 178  
May lilies ibid.  
Lyry confancy ibid.  
Lysimachia 74  
Blue or azured Lymachus 75  
Three leaf Liverwurt 59   

M  
REede Mace 513  
Madder 538  
Male knot grass 99  
Mallows etc. 581  
Dwarf Mallow ibid.  
Common cleyn and tawle wild Mallow ibid.  
Marish Mallow 583  
White Mallow ibid.  
Cut Mallow 585  
Symons Mallow ibid.  
Verueyn Mallow ibid.  
The slimy or Mucculage Mallow of Vennis 585  
Male Mandrake 438  
Female Mandrake ibid.  
White Mandrake 438  
Black Mandrake ibid.  
Maple 762 March 453  
Marierom/ and of his kind 234.236  
Bastard Marierom 237  
Coast Marie 250  
Marsche Marigolde 31  
Marygoldes & Ruddes 163  
Wild marygold 190  
marish berries 671  
Mastic 235  
Imperatoria● Maysterwort 298 Materfilon 109  
Mathers 186  
Foolish Mathes ibid.  
Red Mathes 188  
Mawdelein 250  
Maiden Mecury 78  
maidenhair 410  
Medesweete 41  
Medewurte ibid.  
Medick & Yellow fitch 485  
Meadow shavegrass 99  
Medler tree 713  
Germans Melilot 497  
The common and best known Melilot 498  
Melons 588.590  
Musk Melons 590  
Turkey Melons 589  
Mercury 77  
Mew or Meon 337  
Mezereon 369.370  
Middle Consounde 133  
Middle Comfery ibid.  
millfoil 18.144  
Milkewurte 49  
Mill 463 Millet ibid.  
mistle and mistletoe 747  
Miltwast 406 Moly 509  
Bastard Moly ibid.  
Momordica 441  
Money wort 79  
Moonewort 136  
morel 443  
Petty Morel ibid.  
Moschata 47  
Moss of the Sea 414  
Motheworde 89  
Motherwort 131  
Stinking Motherwort 549  
Mothe Mulleyn 122  
Mouse ear 54.87  
Mouse tail 96  
Mugwort. 16  
Pety Muguet 530  
Golden Muguet 541  
Mulleyne 120  
Mulberry tree 715  
Musa or Mose tree 705  
Mustard 619  
White Mustard ibid.  
Myagrum 494  
Milt waste 408  
Mints etc. 244  
Horse mint and of all his kind 245  
Corn mint 248  
Wild myrtle 674  
myrtle tree 687   

N  
Narcissus' 211  
Rush Narcissus 212  
Bastard Narcissus 214  
Yellow Narcissus ibid.  
Narcissus' violet 216  
Navet 595  
The moist or water Navet 595 Navew gentle ib.  
Paris navews ibid.  
Neckewee 72  
Needel chervil 615  
shepherds Neel ibid.  
White and Yellow Nenuphar 181  
Neppe & Cat mint 248  
Nesewurte 347  
Small Netel 129  
Great common nettle ibid.  
Roman or Greek Nettel 129 Dead nettle 131  
Blind nettle and Archangel ib. Nettle tree 729  
Field Nigella 160  
Garden Nigella 278  
Wild Nigella ibid.  
woody Nightshade 398  
Nightshade 443.445.446  
Noose bleed 144  
Nutmeg & maces 732  
Water Nuts 536   

O  
OCuli Christi 255  
Oak tree 745  
Oak of Jerusalem and Oak of Paradise 343  
Oleander 430 Olive tree 837  
One shoulder-blade 178  
One leaf ibid.  
One berry 425 Onion 640  
Rush Onions 643  
Wild Onion 644  
White field Onion 645  
Sea Onion 646  
Opopanax 302  
Orache 546 Orchis 222  
Bastard Orchis 224  
Orange 704  
Organy 232 Origan 237  
Wild Origan ibid.  
Goats Origan 239  
Orobstrangler 664  
Orpyne 39 Orschanet 9  
Osmunde the Waterman 402  
Osmunde Baldepate 405  
Small Osmunde ibid.  
pilled Osmunde ibid.  
Oats 467 Piled Oats ib.  
Pour Oats 471  
Wild Oats ibid.  
Ote grass 505  
Ox eye 189 Oxelips 123  
Oxetongue 8.12  
Oxytriphyllon 501   

P  
PAdelion 140  
pagan or uplandish tongue 679  
Palma Christi 226.354  
Palm tree 699  
Panax 293 Pansies 149  
Panic 466  
Petty Panic 465  
Parsely 605  
Garden Parsely ibid.  
Hill Parsely 607  
Mountain Parsely ibid.  
March smallage and marish Parsely 607  
Stone Parsely 608  
Great Parsely or Alexander 609 Wild Parsely 610  
Salad Parsely 611  
Water Parsely ibid.  
Bastard Parsely 612  
Parsenep— 604  
Wild Parseney ibid.  
Meadow Parsenep 528  
Cow Parsenep ibid.  
Parietary 49 Partisan 75  
Pass flower 188.420  
Pastel 67  
Red Patience 559  
peach tree 710  
Pearl plant 290  
Pear tree 711  
Common Peason 476  
Garden Peason ibid.  
Wild Peason ibid.  
Branch Peason ibid.  
Great Peason ibid.  
Brode or flat Pease 478  
Ciche Peason 479  
sheeps ciche Pease ibid.  
Pellitory of the brickwall 49  
Pellitory of Spain 300  
Bastard Pellitory or Bertram 342  
Wild Pellitory 343  
Pellamountayne 231  
Penny Royal 232  
Wild Penny Royal 248  
Sheep killing penny grass 38  
Great Pennywurt ibid.  
Mountain Pennywort ib.  
Peonie male & female 338  
Pepons 588 Pepper 635  
Pepperwurt 631  
Water Pepper 632  
Water Pepperwurt ibid.  
Indian Pepper 634  
Calecute Pepper ibid.  
Periploca 318  
periwinkle 33  
Biting or bush Perevincle 385 S. Peter's wort 65  
Pedigree 674  
Petty cotton 90  
Pilcorne 467  
Great Pilosella 87  
pimpernel 55  
pimpernel 138  
Pinkeneedell 47  
Pine tree and of all his kind 770 Cockowpintel 323  
Pitch 771 Plane tree 755  
plantain 92  
Sea plantain ibid.  
Coronop plantain 95  
Water plantain 97  
Plum tree 720  
Prickley box 700  
Prickmadam 114  
Prick timber tree 716  
Priest pintell 222.323  
Primroses 123  
Primrose peerless 211  
Primprint 690  
Privet ibid. Prunel 133  
Pylewort 31  
Pynckens 136  
Pole rush 511  
Polemonium 345  
Poley/ etc. 233  
Polypody 403  
Goldylockes Polytrichon 414  
Pomegranate 706  
Turkey Pompons 589  
Pondeweede 106  
Poor men's treacle 637  
Poplar or Pepler 750  
Poppy 432  
Black & wild Poppy ib.  
Red Poppy 434  
Horned Poppy 436  
Pudding grass 232  
Puliall mountain 231  
Pulioll Royal 232  
porcelain 576  
Wild porcelain ibid.  
Garden and tame porcelain 576  
Purple 111  
Purple velvet flower 168  
Read purple lily 202   

Q  
QVince tree 708  
Quick beam 748  
Our lady's quishion 509   

R  
RAdish 598  
Wild or water Radish ib.  
Bell Rags 611  
Ragwort 222  
Raifort or mountain Radish 599 Rampions 597  
Ramsons 638 Rapes 594  
Coventrie Rapes 174  
Rape Crowfoote 421  
Long Rape 595  
Wild Rapes 497  
Small Rasens of Corinthe 652 Raspis 662  
Raspis and Framboys berries ib. Read rattle 516  
Ray 469 Red-Ray 504  
Pole Reed 514  
Cane Reed ibid.  
Indian Reed ibid.  
Sugar Reed ibid.  
Reed grass 515  
Rest harrow 669  
rhubarb or Rhabarba 328  
Bastard rhubarb 43  
Rhamnus 696  
Black Ribs 683  
Common Ribs ibid.  
Right Scolopendria 408  
Rise 461 Rhine berries 697  
Garden or tame and gentle Rockat 622 Rockat ibid.  
Water Rose 181  
Rose tree 430 Rose 655  
civet Rose ibid.  
Wild Rose ibid.  
White Roses ibid.  
Musk Roses ibid.  
Damask Roses ibid.  
Rose of Province ibid.  
Rose Campion 158  
Wild Rose Campion 159  
Rosemary 264  
Libanotis Rosemary 279  
Rose Bay tree 430  
Rosen that cometh out of the Pine and Pitch of trees 772 Rosewurt 341  
Rue of the garden 261  
Wild Rue 263  
Goats Rue 490  
Rue of the brickwall 409  
Rushes 511  
bulrush or panier rush ib.  
Rush candle ibid.  
Mat or frail Rush ibid.  
Wild Rush 672 Rye 459   

S  
SAffron 217  
Bastard Saffron 33  
Mede & wild Saffron 367  
Wild bastaerd Saffron 532  
Sagapenum 306  
Sage & of his common sage 151  
Sage of jerusalem 125  
Wood and wild Sage 253  
Saligot 536  
Salomons seal 103  
Salt wort 116 Sampire 578  
Sanamunda 134  
Sanicle or Sanikell 139  
Great Sanicle 140  
Sarapias stones 222  
sarcocol 311  
Sarrasines Comfery 141  
Sarrasines confound ibid.  
Satyrion 225  
Bastard Satyrion 225.226  
Read & Syrian Satyrion 225  
Three leaved Satyrion 225  
Satyrion royal or noble 226  
Sauce Sumach 692  
Savin tree 766  
Common garden Savoury 228  
Summer Savoury ibid.  
Winter Savoury 230  
Sauce alone 639  
Saxifrage 286  
Golden and white Saxifrage 288 Scabious 109  
Scabwort 336  
Scaleferne 408  
Scammony 396 Scordion 111  
Scorpion wort 63  
Scorpion ibid.  
Scorpioides ibid.  
Sea cawl 594  
Our Ladies Seal or Signet 384 Sebestens 722  
Self heal 133 Senuie 619  
White Senuie ibid.  
Seen 376 Sengreene 114  
Setfoyle 84  
Serpents tongue 135  
Seseli 281  
Seseli of Candie 284  
Setwal/ or Sydwal 340  
Sharewurt 36  
Sheapherds purse 81  
Single leaf 178  
Skirwit roots 605  
Skirwurt ibid.  
Sleeping Nightshade 447  
Sloo tree 721  
Garden Smilax 474  
Smyrnium 613  
Cat Slose & Snagges 721  
snakeweed 23  
Snapdragon 180  
Soldanella 395  
Showbread 330  
Son dew 414  
Sophia 117 Soopewort 335  
Sorbe apple tree 727  
Sorrel 559  
Great Sorrel ibid.  
sheeps Sorrel ibid.  
Small Sorrel ibid.  
Water sorrel ibid.  
Horse Sorrel ibid.  
soldiers yerrow 143  
Southrenwood ●2  
Female Southrenwood ib.  
Great Southrenwood ib.  
Small Southrenwood ib.  
Sowfenill 298  
Sowthistel 565  
Spanish broom 666  
Spanish or canary sede 465  
Spearwurt 340  
Single Spelt 458  
Spelt or Seia 455  
Sperage 474.618  
Sperhawke herb 567  
Sperwort 425 Spier 514  
Spike and Lavender 265  
Spinach 556  
broad or large Splenewort 406  
Wild or rough Splenewort 407 Spoonewort 11●  
Spourgewort 196  
Spourge and of all his kind 361 Spurrie 56  
Squilla 646 Squinant 511  
Stachis 257  
Standelwort 222  
Eunuch Standergrasse 224  
Standergrass 222.225  
Stannewort 80  
Star of Jerusalem 167  
Golden Stechados 89  
Starrewurt 36  
Stichwurt 505  
Stonebreake 288  
Great stone crop 114  
Stone whore 115  
Storks bill 47  
Strangleweede 664  
Strangle tare ibid.  
Strawberry tree 728  
Strawberry or Strawberry plant 85 Louse strife 74  
Stubwurt 503  
Garden Succory 563  
Gum Succory 569  
Yellow Succory 563  
Sulpherwurt 298  
Sumac 673  
Sumach 692  
Coriers Sumack ibid.  
Leather Sumach ibid.  
Meat Sumach ibid.  
Indian Sun 192  
Swallowurt 13.317  
Swinescressis 95  
Sycomore tree 716   

T  
TAnsie 18  
Wild tansy 86  
Tamarisk 677 tars 486  
Tarragon 623  
Fuller's teasel 522  
Tetterwurt 31  
Hundred headed Thistel 519  
Star Thistel 521  
Card Thi●…ll 522  
Our Ladies Thistel 525  
Globe Thistel 526  
Cotton Thistel ibid.  
Ote Thistel ibid.  
White cotton Thistel ibid.  
Wild white Thistel ibid.  
Silver Thistel ibid.  
Carline Thistel 530  
Blessed Thistel 533  
wild Thistles 535  
Cow thistle ibid.  
Rough milk Thistel 565  
The tender or soft milk Thistel ib. Thlaspi 628  
Candy Thlaspi 629  
Buck thorn 697  
Thorn broom 668  
White Thorn 698  
Thorn grape 681  
Thorn box 700  
Black Thorn 721  
Thorough wax 137  
Thorough leaf ibid.  
Throtewurt 172  
Spurge time 363  
Dogs Tongue 11  
Hounds Tongue ibid.  
sheeps Tongue 9  
Stone hearts Tongue 406  
Tongue herb 675  
Tongue wort ibid.  
Tongue shoulder-blade ibid.  
Tongue Laurel 676  
Torches 120  
Water Torch 513  
Tromentil 84 Tornesol 61  
Town Cresses 623  
Town kars ibid.  
Base trefoil 502  
Sea Tryfoly 49  
Common trefoil 495  
Meadow trefoil ibid.  
Sweet trefoil 496  
Wild yellow trefoil 497  
Horned trefoil or clover 500  
Spanish trefoil ibid.  
Stinking trefoil 501  
Pitch trefoil ibid.  
The right trefoil ibid.  
Tree Tryfoly 736  
Tree tithymal 361  
Tulpia/ or Tulipa 213  
Mesues Turbith tapsia 365  
●erapions Turbith 364  
Turkish corn 464  
Turkey Gillofers 176  
Turnips 594  
Tutsan or park leaves 66  
Twayblade 224  
Time etc. 229  
Running Time 231  
Wild Time ib. Tymbra 230   

FIVE  
GReat wild Valerian 340  
Wall Barley 504  
Wall flowers 151  
Walnut/ and Walshe nut tree 731 Walwort 380  
The lesser watercress 625  
Waterferne 402  
Water spike 106  
Wartwurt 361.363  
Way Bennet 504  
Bitter Vetche or Ers 482  
Base or flat vervain 127  
Wild Vetche 484  
weed win 394  
Dyers weed 68  
May weed 186  
Windweede 394  
Wetche or wetches 483  
Wheat and of all his kind 453.455.457.  
Cow Wheat 164  
Ox Wheat ibid.  
Typhe Wheat 457  
Bearded Wheat 456  
Spelt Wheat 458  
Indian Wheat 464  
White root 103  
Whitewurt 19  
Whittentree 761 Whorts 671  
Whortel berries ibid.  
Whyn 669 Petty Whyn ib.  
The common Whyn ib.  
Wild yellow lotus 497  
Sweet William's 156  
Wild Williams 157  
Willow herb 74  
Withywinde 393  
Withy or Willow 743  
Woodbine 391  
Woodrowe/ or Woodrowel 540 Woodsorel 503  
Woodwaxen 667  
wolves claw 414  
worm grass 114  
Wormwood 5  
Sea wormwood ibid.  
Lavender wormwood 6  
Narrow leaved Wormwood ibid. Wulleyn 120  
Broune wort 44  
S. Peter's wort ibid.  
Wydowayle 369  
Vaencruyt 351  
Venus' bath or Basin 522  
Venus hear 409 Verius 652  
vervain or Varueyn 127  
Violets 14●  
March Violet ibid.  
Garnesee Violets 152  
Damask Violets 153  
Marianes Violets 174  
Theophrastus white Violet 216 Wild Vine 384  
Vincetoxicum 317 Viorne 386  
The garden or manured Vine or grape 651  
Small wild Vetchlings 485  
Vnsavetie Camomile 186  
Branke Vrsine 527  
Dutch branck Vrsine 528   

Y  
Yerrow 144   
FINIS.   

A Table wherein is contained the Nature, Virtue, and Dangers, of all the Herbs, Trees, and plants, of the which are spoken in this present book, or Herbal.  

A  
TO draw away the Afterbirth/ vide secundine.  
To draw down the Afterbirth/ vide dead Child.  
For the Ague/ 3. h/ 18. c/ 59 d/ 115. g/ 133. b/ 148. b/ 157. a/ 170. a/ 187. d/ 302. a/ 329. a.  
For hot Agues or Fevers/ 104. a/ 135. b/ 146. a/ 149. h/ 182. d/ 319. d/ 396. a/ 564. c/ 576. d/ 656. a/ 672. a. d/ 683. a/ 684. a/ 702. a/ 704. a/ 706. a/ 722. a/ 741. b.  
For the tertian Ague/ 12. c/ 59 a/ 61. c/ 64. b/ 83. a/ 93. e/ 99 c/ 128. l/ 233. oh/ 411. a/ 501. d.  
For long cold Agues/ or Fevers/ 287. d/ 301. b.  
Against old Agues/ 399. b/ 777. k.  
To engender or 'cause Agues or Fevers/ 397. e/ 724. a.  
To quench the thirst of hot Agues/ 683. b.  
To drive away shakinges & shiverings of Agues/ 302. a/ 305. oh/ 306. c/ 315. c/ 391. c/ 619. f/ 636. c.  
For S. Antony's fire/ or wild fire/ 19 e/ 20. a/ 38. a/ 50. a 99 g/ 104. e/ 115. e. 127. e/ 144. c/ 201. g/ 217. d/ 276. f/ 319. f/ 355. e/ 411. c/ 433. d/ 444. a/ 446. a/ 488. i/ 535. b/ 546. d/ 564. e/ 573. d/ 576. h/ 593. g/ 638. n/ 656. c/ 663. b/ 682. b/ 686. b/ 737. a/ 768. h/ 778. e.  
To rescore and cause good Appetite/ 301. c/ 481. g/ 503. a/ 573. b/ 577. m/ 597. a/ 600. b/ 605. a/ 606. a/ 614. a/ 619. a/ 636. a/ 640. a/ 681. h/ 682. c/ 684. a/ 704. c/ 732. g/ 739. f.  
For the Apoplexy/ 178. a/ 287. d/ 306. a/ 375. b/ 382. c.  
To bring their speech again to them that are taken with the Apoplexy/ 287. f/ 310. d/ 710. g/ 747. e  
For the falling down of the Atsegutte/ 37. c/ 151. b.  
Against evil infected Airs/ 261. b/ 287. e/ 297. a/ 299. a/ 335. b/ 704. a/ 718. h/ 763. d.   

B  
Beard do grow speedily/ 2. e.  
To keep B●es together/ and 'cause other Bees to come in company/ 260. c.  
To kill Bees and Wasps/ 279. d.  
To loose or purge the Belly very gently/ 331. e/ 352. b/ 400. c/ 437. b/ 473. a/ 472. a/ 474. b/ 482. b/ 487. a/ 493. i/ 554. i/ 559. a/ 587. b/ 593. c/ 640. b/ 646. e/ 649. d/ 651. e/ 702. b/ 710. c/ 717. a/ 718. a. d/ 721. a/ 724. a. b/ 739. a. 775. a  
To open the Belly mightily/ and purge gross fleames/ 375. a/ 382. d/ 438. a/ 550. a/ 697. a.  
To open and loose the Belly/ 34. b/ 43. a/ 78. a/ 149. h/ 170. b/ 238. b/ 239. a/ 291. g/ 298. a/ 308. a. 353. a/ 355. a/ 361. a/ 377. a/ 378. a/ 383. oh/ 394. a. 546. a/ 547. a/ 551. a/ 554. a/ 573. c/ 582. a/ 592. a/ 613. a/ 656. a/ 7●●. d/ 710. b/ 715. b/ 716. f/ 741. a/ 752. d. 761. a/ 776. b/ 778. c.  
To 'cause blastinges and pain in the Belly/ 594. a.  
To stop the flux of the Belly/ 83. b/ 84. b/ 93. b/ 99 d. 101. a 115. a/ 199. a/ 206. a/ 223. d/ 236. c/ 239. a/ 272. b/ 305. n/ 332. b/ 347. f/ 406. a/ 409. c/ 433. c/ 467. e/ 473. b/ 486. a/ 492. a. b 502. a/ 504. a/ 576. e/ 583. a/ 584. h. 585. a/ 593. h/ 613. a/ 660. c/ 662. f/ 682. ●. 692. c/ 798. a/ 711. a/ 714. a/ 715. a/ 721. d. e/ 729. b/ 730. a/ 740. b. 767. b/ 779. a.  
For the windiness & blastinges of the Belly/ 6. d/ 72. a/ 301. c. 363. b/ 636. b. 737. a.  
For the gripping pains of the Belly/ 35. b/ 71. f/ 127. b/ 230. b/ 235. a 246. d. m/ 250. a/ 262. h. s/ 271. b/ 273. a/ 275. a/ 281. a/ 283. a/ 285. b/ 287. c/ 296. d/ 298. a/ 302. a/ 317. a/ 327. a 329. a/ 338. a/ 380. a/ 403. a/ 466. a/ 504. a/ 520. b/ 533. b/ 577. n/ 599. h/ 605. c/ 608. b/ 639. b/ 646. b/ 707. i/ 732. b/ 763. a.  
To kill and spoil wild and tame Beasts/ as Kyen/ Swine/ wolves/ and dogs/ etc. 420. d/ 421. a/ 425. a/ 427. a/ 430. a/ 431. a.  
To drive away all venomous Beasts/ 2. c/ 6. f.  
Against grievous Beatinge/ vide Falls.  
To preserve Bier from souring/ 14. c  
The inward scurviness or hurt of the Bladder/ 302. a.  
The exulceration or rawness of the Bladder/ 587. b/ 722. c/ 768. b.  
Hurtful to the Bladder/ 258. i  
The inward scabs of the Bladder/ 579. a/ 687. a/ 694. c  
For the pain or stoppings of the Bladder/ 15. a/ 18. d/ 41. a/ 80. b/ 93. d/ 101. b/ 111. a/ 141. b/ 182. b. c/ 184. e/ 266. a/ 287. a 299. b/ 337. a/ 344. a/ 599. a/ 444. b/ 446. b/ ●14. d/ 544. a/ 582. b/ 613. b/ 616. b/ 625. a/ 651. f/ 657. e/ 〈◊〉.  
To cool hot Blood/ 576. a/ 672. d/ 683. a.  
To stop all issues of Blood/ 42. a/ 93. b/ 99 a/ 115. a/ 138. a 220. a/ 276. c/ 329. e/ 450. c/ 505. b/ 517. a/ 530. f/ 540. b/ 576. c 584. h/ 642. h/ 652. b/ 657. f/ 660. a. c/ 661. c/ 662. f/ 6●7. h/ 682. a/ 687. a/ 692. a/ 707. g/ 708. a/ 721. e/ 730. d/ 744. a/ 745. a/ 746. l. 767. a/ 779. a.b.  
To staunch the Blood of green wounds/ 48. c/ 68 a/ 75. c/ 83. b/ 132. a/ 138. c/ 144. d/ 145. c.  
To stop the Blood of all wounds/ 252. d/ 354. d/ 411. b/ 415. d/ 492. d/ 504. b/ 510. c/ 539. c/ 540. b/ 707. c/ 726. b/ 745. b/ 768. g.  
To purge Blood from all corrupt humours/ 400. a.c.  
For the inflammation of Blood/ 411. a/ 672. d/ 706. a.  
To engender gross Blood and humours/ 482. g.  
To engender gross & melancholic Blood/ 555. r/ 641. a.  
To engender evil Blood/ 638. a/ 718. c/ 721. a/ 737. a.  
Against the Bloody flux/ 23. a/ 33. a/ 57 c/ 75. a/ 81. a/ 83. a/ 84. b/ 86. a/ 90. a/ 93. b/ 99 a. d/ 101. a/ 104. b/ 107. b/ 111. c/ 115. a/ 117. a/ 120. a/ 138. a/ 145. a/ 182. a/ 199. a/ 206. a/ 250. a/ 252. e 329. a. f/ 345. a/ 466. a/ 487. b/ 559. c/ 651. a. h/ 683. c/ 692. b. c 700. a/ 707. b. 715. a/ 726. a/ 729. a/ 730. d/ 732. e/ 739. d/ 746. g/ 771. a/ 776. f/ 778. a/ 779. a.b.  
Against the spitting of Blood or corrupt matter/ 16. e/ 33. a/ 81. a/ 84. b/ 99 a/ 121. f/ 138. a/ 139. b/ 145. a/ 230. d. 246. c/ 252. d/ 258. a. b/ 291. f/ 327. a/ 354. c. 409. c/ 415. c/ 454. f/ 455. a/ 525. a/ 570. c/ 580. b/ 651. a/ 677. f/ 687. a/ 700. a/ 708. a/ 711. ● 730. b/ 744. a/ 745. a/ 767. a/ 776. f/ 778. a/ 779. a.b.  
To stop the pissing of Blood/ 57 b/ 81. a/ 84. b/ 93. b/ 96. a/ 99 a/ 138. a/ 144. a/ 415. c/ 537. f/ 687. a/ 744. a/ 745. a/ 779. a  
Cause to piss Blood/ 538. b.  
Bodily lust/ vide Fleshly desire.  
To strengthen the Body/ 222. a/ 225. a.  
Obstructions and stoppinges of the Body/ 25. a.  
To dissolve clottie or congealed blood in the Body/ 28. f 86. b/ 111. b/ 133. a/ 134. a/ 229. a/ 235. c/ 248. c/ 253. a/ 262. r/ 273. d/ 301. d/ 304. c/ 333. c/ 366. c. 382. e/ 384. b/ 398. b/ 538. c/ 632. a/ 718. g.  
Against windiness or ventosity of the Body/ 278. a/ 691. b/ 702. a.  
Hurtful to the Body/ 384. i/ 397. e.  
Botches/ vide impostemes.  
To strengthen the Bowels/ 86. d/ 248. c/ 510. a/ 761. a.  
Inflammation and heat exulcetations of the Bowels or entrails/ 104. a/ 134. b/ 495. a/ 576. g.  
To dissolve windiness and blastinges of the Bowels/ 691. b/ 763. a.  
Good to purge & mundify the Brains/ 23. g/ 232. h/ 235. f/ 238. f/ 287. f/ 302. b/ 306. a/ 308. a/ 311. a/ 331. h/ 368. b/ 373. b/ 382. a/ 388. d/ 550. b/ 554. e/ 636. d/ 640. g.  
To comfort the Brains/ 241. a/ 264. b/ 265. b/ 266. d/ 279. f 372. d/ 6●8. c/ 779. d.  
To dry the Brains/ 779. d.  
To warm & dry the Brains/ 250. b/ 342. a/ 460. a/ 658. ●.  
Slimy sleame from the Brains/ 343. a/ 348. e.  
Troubleth the Brains/ 1●4. a.  
Impostemes of the Brain/ 775. d.  
To cleanse the the Breast/ 71. g/ 110. a/ 111. d/ 124. a/ 12●. a/ 1●4. b/ 146. c/ 194. d/ 229. a/ 232. b/ 258. a/ 272. f/ 241. a/ 303. c/ ●04. f/ 306. c/ 308. b/ 335. a/ 336. b/ 382. a/ 482. a/ 492. b/ 533. c/ 599. g/ 604. a/ 616. c/ 624. d/ 630. a/ 642. d/ 694. f/ 705. b/ 735. b/ 771. d/ 773. a/ 776. b/ 773. d.  
Obstruction or stopping of the Breast/ 2. a/ 34. a/ 121. f/ 127. a/ 243. a/ 266. b/ 275. b/ 308. a/ 311. a/ 365. a/ 492. b/ 619. b 694. b/ 722. a/ 773. a.  
The exulcerations or swellings of women's Breasts/ or paps/ 454. i/ 455. c/ 483. c/ 532. k/ 651. k/ 657. d.  
To dry up women's Breasts/ 319. f.  
For impostumes of the Breast/ 20. b/ 110. a/ 317. b/ 443. e/ 630. c/ 649. e/ 651. b/ 707. g/ 722. a.  
For old diseases of the Breast/ 281. b/ 410. i  
Against great pains upon the Breast/ 450. c.  
To cure unnatural swellings of women's Breasts/ 730. c  
To keep maidens Breasts small/ 452. b.  
To heal the hardness of women's Breasts/ 28. d/ 246. g.  
Hurtful for them that are short upon the Breast/ 731. b.  
For the shortness of Breath/ 2. a/ 20. b/ 25. d/ 129. a/ 1●2. a/ ●94. d/ 227. a/ 229. a/ 239. c/ 241. a/ 248. c/ 262. h/ 278. a/ 283. a 298. a/ 303. c/ 306. c/ 307. a/ 308. a/ 313. b/ 319. a/ 3●2. a/ 327. a/ 365. a/ 373. a/ 382. d/ 402. a/ 533. d/ 613. a/ 619. ●/630. a/ 646. d. 711. b/ 718. f/ 735. b/ 775. a/ 776. e.  
Against pain in fetching of Breath/ 34. a/ 689. a/ 77●▪ 〈◊〉  
Cause to have a good sweet Breath/ 304. a/ 732. a/ 779. d  
To amend the stinking Breath/ 704. e.  
For such as are Broken/ 528. a.  
Against scalding or Burning with fire or water/ 9 a/ 16. g/ 64. d/ 65. b/ 121. k/ 135. b/ 201. g/ 211. b/ 388. b/ g/ 513. a/ 528. b/ 540. a/ 551. f/ 573. d/ 584. g/ 593. g/ 649. k/ 690. c/ 725. e 719. z/ 755. b/ 771. b.  
For them that are Bursten or bruised inwardly/ 329. e/ 403. a/ ●38. c.  
For all Burstinges/ 87. a/ 101. b/ 111. b/ 135. a/ 146. e/ 224. d/ 236. a/ 315. d/ 327. a/ 443. h/ 514. e/ 530. b/ 541. a/ 604. b/ 649. b/ 768. c.  
For Burstinges of young children/ 104. d/ 107. d/ 137. b/ 139. c./ 299. i   

T  
TO heal Cankers/ 44. b/ 93. f/ 130. g/ 322. f/ 479. c/ 630. c.  
To provoke Carnal Copulation/ and hinder the enticements against it/ 3. i  
Carnal Copulation/ vide fleshly desire.  
To dry up Catharres or Rheum/ 7●4. b.  
For falling down Catarrhs or humours/ 93. a/ 433. b/ 450. c/ 530. f/ 721. b/ 722. b.  
For pestilent Carboncles'/ sores/ or botches/ 111. c/ 148. f/ 707. h/ 768. h.  
Hurtful to all cattle/ 760. a.  
For such as are sick with eating of Champions/ or Todestooles/ 6. e/ 261. c/ 509. i  
For to deliver the dead Child/ 28. f/ 35. a/ 163. b./ 184. a/ 229. a/ 232. a/ 236. b/ 258. d/ h/ 262. f/ 265. a/ 268. a/ 283. b/ 285. a/ 287. b/ 294. b/ 299. b/ 303. f/ 304. b/ 306. f/ 307. c/ 308. a 314. b/ 327. b/ 331. c/ 348. d/ 352. c/ 373. c/ 382. f/ 396. d/ 438. b/ 481. a/ 613. c/ 616. a/ 624. b/ 660. e/ 766. a.  
To engender male Children/ 78. d/ 223. c/ 506. a.  
To engender female Children/ 78. d/ 223. c.  
For Children troubled with the cramp/ or drawing of any member/ 525. e.  
To dye or colour Clotheses yellow/ 697. b.  
To dye or colour Clotheses green/ 68 a/ 697. b.  
To dye or colour Clotheses black/ 756. a.  
For the choleric humours/ 6. b/ 24. b/ 84. c/ 104. a/ 377. a/ 738. a/ 741. a/ 775. a.  
For choleric inflammations/ 19 e/ 50. a/ 217. d/ 246. b.  
For the Colic/ 34. a/ 134. c/ 184. b/ 187. b/ 246. d/ 285. b/ 287. c/ 355. b/ 365. a/ 375. b/ 403. a/ 443. b/ 520. b/ 701. a.  
To take away the good Colour/ and bring paleness/ 273. e/ 25●. f.  
To take away evil Colour/ 479. a/ 482. b.  
For such as fall into Consumption/ 222. a/ 689. b/ 771. d/ 776. f.  
For the Cough/ 25. a/ 34. a/ 93. a/ 148. b/ 152. a/ 239. a/ 252. ●/262. h/ 175. b/ 291. a/ 299. c/ 305. f/ 307. a/ 336. b/ 346. b/ 39●. b/ 409. a/ 433. b/ 450. c/ 455. b/ 554. h/ 583. b/ 60●. b/ 649. b/ 651. f/ 660. i/ 711. b/ 71●. f/ 722. b/ 725. e.  
Against the old Cough/ 27. c/ 50. e/ 71. g/ 79. a/ 110. a/ 111. d 120. b/ 1●4. d/ 227. a/ 129. a/ 258 a/ c/ 272. e/ 283. a/ 285. b/ 303. c/ 311. a/ 322. a/ 382. e/ 59●. g/ 613. a/ 630. a/ 642. d/ 646. d/ 694. b/ 730. b/ 771. d/ 777. e.  
For the Corns which be on the toes and feet/ 202. e/ 305. t/ 744. d.  
For the Cramp/ or drawing together of sinews/ 232. k ●●6. a/ 287. d/ 291. b/ 299. f/ 302. b/ 305. l/ 30●. b/ 307. a/ 310. a/ 359. a/ 312. a/ 329. a/ 443. d/ 510. f/ 528. a/ 530. b/ 577. n/ 583. a/ 649. b/ 689. d.   

D  
Against the Deafness/ 390. a/ 583. a/ 554. f/ 620. h/ 649. k/ 689. c/ 718. oh/ 764. c.  
To bring and 'cause Deafness/ 514. e/ 640. f.  
For the Disenteria/ or dangerous flux also called/ 389. h.  
To 〈◊〉 good Digstion of meat/ 274. a/ 176. a/ 287. c/ 〈…〉/296. c/ 301. c/ 333. b/ 336. d/ 569. c/ 606. a/ 619. a/ 622. b/ ●34. a/ 636. a/ ●04. e/ 732. g.  
Against the bitings of mad Dogs/ 15. c/ 93. f/ 130. g/ 246. h/ 258. g/ 261. d. 270. f/ 297. d/ 301. e/ 305. p/ 317. a/ 409. d 454. a/ 482. c/ 5●4. g/ 587. c/ 638. e/ 711. g/ 719. x/ 731. d.  
To keep a man from Dreaming/ & starting/ 272. i/ 576. c.  
Good for melancholic Dreams/ 510. d.  
To 'cause heavy Dreams/ 4●4. b/ 641. a/ 642. i  
To keep a man from drunkenness that day/ 6. c/ 117. a 687. f/ 711. e/  
To cure drunkenness/ 555. m.  
To 'cause drunkenness/ 164. a/ 253. a.  
Against Droppisse/ vide Stranguria.  
To help the Dropsy/ 6. h/ ●5. a/ 34. a/ 3●. b/ 78. a/ 97. a/ 241. b/ 194. a/ 234. a/ 26●. i/ p/ 269. b/ 291. e/ 303. c/ 305. k/ 319. c/ 346. a/ 347. a/ 352. g/ 355. c/ 361. a/ 364. a/ 368. a/ 373. a/ 379. c 380. b/ 384. a/ 395. a/ 448. a/ 514. d/ 517. b/ 602. e/ 613. f/ 620. b. 638. g. 646. b/ 665. a/ 689. g/ 71●. n/ 748. b/ 761. a.  
To slake the belly of such as have the Dropsy/ 749. h.  
To make wives or maidens Dugs hard/ 40. b.  
For them that are heavy and Dull/ 377. c/ 614. c.   

E  
FOr pain into the Ears/ 50. d/ 53. c./ 72. c/ ●7. c/ 92. h/ 99 e/ 104. c/ 217. d/ 236. g/ 246. i/ 26●. l/ 299. h/ 322. e/ 352. e/ 374. i/ 400. d/ 433. f/ 444. e/ 450. a/ 499. d/ 539. b/ 550. c/ 560. b/ 593. f/ 640. k/ ●57. e/ 660. g/ 718. l/ 750. b.  
Impostumes behind the Ears/ 130. g/ 444. c/ 484. f/ 560. i/ 584. d. 630. c.  
Impostumes in the Ears/ 70. a/ 93. k/ 272. l/ 307. k/ 381. g 444. g. b/ 565. c. 649. g.  
Good for tunning Ears/ 104. e/ 388. g/ 687. e/ 692. b/ 700. c/ 739. e/ 778. f.  
For worms in the Ears/ 104. e/ 270. i/ 681. g/ 765. c.  
To cleanse stopping into the Ears/ 258. e/ 640. f.  
For singing or humming of the Ears/ 390. a/ 400. d/ 550. c/ 554.620. h/ 640. f/ 689. c/ 718. oh/ 7●5. c.  
Inflammations or redness of the Eyes/ 3. f/ 36. b/ 53. a/ 56. d/ 88 d/ 93. h/ 115. c/ 148. f/ 163. c/ 170. c/ 178. c/ 236. f/ 319. f/ 333. e/ 355. e/ 444. b/ d/ 450. a/ 533. g/ 564. d/ 576. h/ 589. b/ 593. e/ 606. e/ 656. c/ 678. a/ 686. c/ 678. e/ 739. e.  
Dimness of the Eyes/ 6. g/ 84. c. 151. e/ 141. c/ 255. a/ 2●3. b/ 281. d/ 287. i/ 306. i/ 311. oh/ 328. k/ 354. g/ 510. d/ 537. e/ 573. d.  
For bloodshot or black spots Eyes/ 6. g/ 32. a/ 151. d/ 279. e/ 281. i/ 306. i/ 311. c/ 322. d.  
For the painful bleared Eyes/ 6. g/ 229. d/ 450. a/ 5●●. ● 657. e/ 70●. a.  
To drive away haw or pearl from the Eyes/ 25. d/ 262. b/ 305. cue/ 331. g. 424. b/ 496. b/ 499. f/ 640. e/ 765. b.  
Against fistulas and ulcers in the corners of the Eyes/ ●4. a/ 114. g/ 354. g/ 471. a/ 488. i/ 491. a/ 663. b/ 700. c/ 779. e  
To preserve Eyes from flowing down of humours/ 217. c/ 24●. c/ 444. d/ 450. a/ c/ 454. n. 510. b/ 721. i  
To take away roughness of the Eye brows/ ●20. i  
Hurtful for Eyes and sight/ 639. a/ 641. a. 641. l/ 739. g.  
For the pain of the Eyes. 657. e/ ●78. a.  
To stop the running and watering of the Eyes/ 755. d.  
To sharp and quicken the Eye sight/ 24. a/ d/ 32. a/ 40. a 71. d/ 88 d/ 255. a/ 2●8. a/ 262. k/ ●. 263. b/ 281. d/ 296. g/ 303. k 305. cue/ 306. i/ 308. g/ 331. g/ 348. f/ 510. d/ 567. b/ 574. d/ 597. c 620. i/ 636. g/ ●40. e/ 649. f/ 700. d/ 765. b.  
For Enchantments or witching/ 108. c/ 121. l/ 509. b/ 696. c  
For Epilepsy/ vide Falling sickness.   

F  
FOr the redness of the Face/ 4●. c/ 84. c.  
To take away spots and lentils/ and cleanse the Face/ skin/ or the body/ 70. c/ 86. d/ 103. b/ 116. b/ 282. f/ 194. i/ 211. c/ 262. oh/ 279. h/ 287. g/ 296. g/ 308. g/ 310. e/ 329. c/ 331. i/ 333. e/ 365. d/ 384. b/ 391. d/ 454. d/ 467. b/ 481. d 561. b/ 584. i/ 589. c/ 599. n/ 620. b/ 622. d/ 626. b/ 634. b/ 665. h/ 711. h/ 752. e/ 767. b.  
To beautify the Face and skin/ 589. c/ ●94. g/ 597. b/ 752. e.  
To 'cause divers spots/ freckles/ pimpels/ to arise in the Face/ 546. e.  
For the Falling evil/ 670. b/ 725. f/ 747. e/ 776. d.  
For such as are Fallen aloft/ and are bruised or beaten/ 253. a/ 301. d/ 302. a/ 333. c/ 398. b/ 538. c/ 680. b/ 718. g/ 750. d/ 763. b/ 776. e.  
Against grievous Falls/ 329. e/ 403. a.  
For such as are faint and Fallen in a sound/ 241. e.  
For the Fever/ vide Agues.  
quartain Fever/ 12. c/ vide Ague/ 61. c/ 64. b/ 83. e/ 93. c/ 305. oh/ 403. a/ 408. a/ 501. d/ 522. b/ 533. c.  
Corns on the Feet and hands/ 201. e/ 305. f.  
Chaps or rifts of the Feet/ 646. h/ 778. e.  
To kill Fish/ 361. e.  
To the Fistulas/ 83. g/ 93. f/ 144. d/ 223. e/ 325. a/ 328. m/ 348. c/ 361. d/ 471. a/ 773. f.  
For them that are Phlegmatic/ 311. a.  
To drive away Fleas/ 6. i/ 36. g/ 104. f/ 233. n.  
To take away old nature Fleshly desire/ or Carnal copulation of Venus/ 182. c/ 222. b/ 576. c/ 691. a/ 744. c.  
To provoke Fleshly desire/ or Venus'/ 197. c/ 217. a/ 222. a/ 225. a/ 253. 〈◊〉/ 255. a/ 271. 〈◊〉/ 272. e/ 524. b/ e/ 544. g/ 602. b/ 622. b/ 749. g/ 778. b.  
To take away superfluous proud Flesh/ 746. k.  
To drive away Flies/ 6. i 75. d/ 279. d/ 348. g.  
For to provoke and bring down the natural Flowers of women/ 2. a/ 28. b/ 35. a/ 64. a/ 101. a/ 111. a/ 127. e/ 130. k/ 151. a/ d/ 152. b/ 163. a/ 184. a/ 194. c/ 201. b/ 229. a/ 230. a/ 231. a/ 234. a/ 235. b/ 236. a/ 243. b/ 248. d/ 253. a/ 258. d/ 261. a/ 263. a 265. a/ 268. a/ 278. a/ 281. a/ 283. b/ 284. a/ 285. a/ 287. b/ 291. b 294. a/ 196. b/ e/ 299. b/ 303. g/ 305. l/ 306. f/ 307. c/ 314. a/ 319. d/ 327. b/ i/ 331. d/ 336. a/ 338. a/ 341. a/ 344. a/ 346. a/ 348. d/ 352. c/ 373. c/ 382. f/ 396. d/ 481. c/ 501. a/ 520. c/ 533. b/ 53●. g/ 554. g/ i/ 556. e/ 578. a/ 580. c/ 599. k/ 602. d/ 607. a/ 609. a/ 613. c/ 619. f/ 624. b/ 628. a/ 638. p/ 640. h/ 642. e/ 649. a/ 674. b/ 676. d/ 681. c/ 691. d/ 729. a/ 765. f/ 766. a.  
To stop the inordinate or over much flowing of women's Flowers or terms/ 23. b/ 33. a/ 75. b/ 84. b/ 85. a/ 86. a/ 93. b/ 99 d/ e/ 101. c/ 115. d/ 138. a/ 145. b/ 182. h/ 241. e/ 276. d/ 275. d/ 333. d/ 347. f/ 415. a/ c/ 433. c/ 444. e/ 430. c/ 487. b/ 492. c/ 505. a/ 511. a/ 517. a/ 530. f/ 560. k/ 651. i/ 657. f. 660. c/ 661. c/ 669. a/ 677. d/ f/ 684. b/ 685. a/ 687. a. g/ 692. a/ c/ 698. a/ 700. b/ 708. e/ 732. e/ 739. d/ 744. a/ 746. i/ 763. g/ 778. a.  
Good for the white Flood or Flowers of women/ 86. a/ 182 h/ 495. b/ 657. f/ 692. c.  
To purge Melancholy Fleumes/ 19 a/ 377. a/ 403. a/ ●71 b.  
To r●pe Fleumes/ 229. f/ 287. f/ 336. b/ 382. a/ 409. a/ 424. a 499. 〈◊〉/ 599. g/ 630. a/ 694. a/ 718. f/ 771. d/ 778. d.  
To purge cold Fleumes of the stomach/ 533.681. h/ 752. d. 755. a/ 763. f.  
To engender Fleumes and choler/ 705. a.  
Cause a nan to fall into Frenzy/ 276. g.  
Against Frenzy/ 396. a.  
Dead Fruit/ vide dead Child.  
To take away all outgrowynges in the Fundament/ 306. r. 354. e.  
To settel the Fundament fallen out of his place/ 331. f/ 707. f/ 779. a.  
For the swelling of the Fundament/ 37. d/ 271. e/ 354. d.  
To heal chaps/ rifts/ and fistulas of the Fundament/ 522. a/ 691. e/ 700. c/ 775. e.   

G  
TO open the stoppinges of the Gall/ 399. a.  
For the blastings and swellings of the Genitors/ 262. n/ 593. i/ 768. e.  
Against spreading and fretting sores of the Genitors/ or privy members/ 652. d.  
To drive away gnats/ 36. g/ 72. d.  
For the swelling of the Gout/ 374. f.  
To assuage the pain of the Gout/ 450. d/ 454. b/ 488. 〈◊〉/ 554. c/ 593. e/ 594. b/ 665. c/ 741.750. c.  
For the Gout in the hand & feet/ 50. c/ 61. e/ 63. g/ 115. e/ 178. a/ 229. e/ 232. k/ 281. g/ 301. f/ 303. f/ 304. d/ 308. a/ 315. b/ 331. m/ 347. a/ 365. a/ 379. d/ 415. h/ 433. g/ 454. b/ 528. b/ 546. d/ 564. d/ 719. u.  
To bring forth and drive out Gravel and stone/ 14. 〈◊〉 19 b/ 50. e/ 96. a/ 184. e/ 217. f/ 231. a/ 504. a/ 533. b/ 537. f/ 582. c/ 602. c/ e/ 608. a/ 615. b/ 618. b/ 626. c/ 657. i/ 665. e/ 670. d 674. a/ 687. f/ 696. b/ 698.711. d/ 714. b/ 718. d/ 721. c/ 725. d 732. d/ 741. c/ 771. e/ 775. r/ 776. b.  
To strengthen the Gums/ 232. i/ 657. e/ 707. e.  
For swellings of the Gums/ 657. e/ 661. a/ 700. c/ 721. b/ 739. c/ 779. e.  
For the filthy moisture of the Gums/ 739. i/ 746. h.  
For them that have their Guts fallen into their cods/ 768. c.  
Corruption or scraping of the Guts/ 375. a/ 576. g.   

H  
FOr the heaviness of the Heart/ 9 d/ 138. d/ 540. b.  
To brive away all venom from the Heart/ 8●. a.  
Stitches or gripping torments about the Heart/ 238. b.  
Hurtful to the Heart/ 375. e/ 389. l.  
To comfort the Heart/ 157. a/ 178. a/ 241. a/ 252. a/ 260. a.  
For the trembling or shaking of the Heart/ 164. d/ 2●●. 〈◊〉 564. d/ 656. b. 661. d/ 732. f.  
For the scurvy heat or itch of the Hands/ 53. d.  
To help rifts or chappings of the Hands and feet/ 764. h/ 773. e.  
To cure the falling of/ of the Hear/ 331. i/ 354. i/ 624. e/ 638. l/ 657. h/ 687. d.  
To restore the Hear fallen from the head/ 2. d/ 409: d/ 599. m/ 649. i/ 710. h/ 734. c.  
To make yellow Hear/ 121. h/ 684. c/ 699. b.  
To make black Hear/ 380. e/ 686. d/ 687. d/ 692. b/ 746. k 768. i  
To restore Hear being burned or scalded/ 201. f.  
Cause Hear to fall/ 361. b/ 405. a/ 620. l.  
Good for the Headache/ 104. c/ 115. d/ 127. d/ 148. e/ 182. d/ 194. k/ 230. e/ 140. m/ 252. a/ 262. m/ 266. b/ 272. k/ 279. e/ 291. g/ 299. e/ 306. a/ 308. a/ 310. a/ 319. f/ 341. a/ 354. h/ 373. a/ 377. c/ 410. g/ 433. e/ 444. k/ 499. d/ 533. a/ 550. b/ 564. f/ 576. f/ h/ 624. f/ 651. b/ 652. d/ 672. b/ 676. b/ 708. d/ 711. f.  
For turning or giddiness and swimming in the Head/ 19 a/ 133. h/ 232. g/ 265. b/ 342. a/ 375. b/ 382. c/ 383. n/ 533. a/ 776. d.  
For the naughty scurf of the Head/ 182. f/ 201. c/ 410. f/ 514. c/ vide Scurf.  
To purge naughty phlegm or humours of the Head/ 32. f/ 56. b/ 554. e/ 763. g.  
Impostumes and tumours of the Head/ 291. c/ 559. b.  
Good for the dryness of Head/ 148. e.  
Cause the Head to be dull and heavy/ 471. b.  
Caused Headache/ 264. a/ 253. a/ 347. f/ 482/ g. 493. b/ k/ 511. a/ 639. a/ 641. a/ 728. a/ 731. b/ 734. a/ 737. a/ 739. g.  
Old pain or grieves of the Head/ 347. a/ 389. f/ 397. c/ 460. a/ 638. k.  
To dry humours of the Head/ 658. c/ 763. g.  
To heal wounds of the Head/ 775. c.  
For kibed Heels/ 38. a/ 306. y/ 331. m/ 482. d/ 551. g/ 594. c/ 646. h/ 649. k.  
To heal the inward and outward Hemerrhoides/ 11. d/ 32. e/ 44. d/ 115. k/ 131. d/ 218. c/ 301. g/ 304. e/ 316. c/ 354. e 443. g/ 576. e/ 640. c/ 651. c/ 662. e/ 693. e/ 719. e.  
For the Hermes/ vide Burstynge/ and Ruptures/ 87. a.  
For the Hicket/ 108. a/ 146. a/ m/ 246. b/ 271. d/ 315. c/ 329. a/ 408. b/ 605. c/ 732. a.  
For hydropsy/ 234. a/ 238. c/ 241. a.  
To waste waterish Humours/ 373. e/ 308. c/ 384. a/ 395. a/ 574. a/ 665. a/ 666. b/ 761. o.  
Dissolve and waste all cold Humours/ 3. g/ 263. a/ 266. a/ 307. f/ 620. k/ 608. b.   

I  
IAunders/ 84. c/ 93. d/ 127. h/ 187. h/ 189. b/ 190. a/ b/ 234. a/ 238. h/ 241. a/ 264. a/ 265. b/ 281. b/ 305. k/ 310. a/ 329. d/ 354. c/ 355. c/ 398. a/ 399. b/ 408. b/ 446. b/ 449. b/ 538. a/ 564. c/ 565. a/ 602. c/ 630. b/ 646. b/ 656. a/ 689. g/ 761. a/ 776. g.  
For the evil colour remaining after the jaundice/ 373. b. 776. g.  
For the jaundice/ or yellow sought/ 6. b/ 28. a/ 32. c/ 34. c/ 35. b/ 40. c/ 72. b/ 80. a/ 133. b/ 141. b/ 248. c/ 327. g/ 331. c. 352. m/ 396. a/ 546. b/ 559. e/ 674. b/ 741. b.  
For corruptions or swellynges of the jaws/ vide Gums/ 537.718. i/ 721. b/ 779. e.  
To break inward Impostemes/ 628. a.  
For all Impostemes about privy members/ or Genitors or vulua/ 36. a/ 201. d/ 271. e/ 275. c/ 315. e/ 347. d/ 354. d/ 380. b/ 473. c/ 473. c/ 498. a/ 564. d/ 565. c/ 571. b/ 630. c/ 649. e/ 691. f/ 707. b/ 721. b/ 74●. a/ 755. d.  
For all Impostemes/ 68 b/ 70. b/ 93. b/ 187. c/ 374. g/ 415. h/ 480. f/ 481. e/ 564. g/ 750. d. 775. b.  
To soften hot Impostemes about the fundament/ 148. f/ 194. h/ 258. g/ 271. e/ 281. c/ 488. i/ 498. a/ 775. b.  
To ripe and break hard Impostemes/ or swelling ulcers/ 211. c/ 383. k/ 461. a/ 469. c/ 483. c/ 493. c/ 718. l/ 719. p/ 745. f/ 775. b.  
For all inward Inflammations/ 149. b/ 253. b.  
To cure hot Inflammations or impostemes/ 11. b/ 10. a 38. a/ 99 g/ 115. e/ 128. i/ 135. c/ 138. b/ 144. c/ 146. d/ 148. f/ 276. e 438. d/ e/ 444. a/ 446. a/ 495. c/ 514. b/ 533. i/ 540. c/ 551. f/ 555. n/ 564. d/ 593. d/ 681. b/ 683. b/ 686. b/ 696. a/ 737. d.  
Beginning of impostemes or Inflammations/ 739. h/ 745. f/ 756. a/ 757. a.  
For ache or pain in the joints/ wits have been before broken/ 16. e/ 104. c/ 112. f/ 131. a.  
For the parts being out of joint/ 331. m/ 514. a.  
To help and cure the Itch of scurviness/ 227. f/ 355. r/ 372. b/ 377. c/ 383. l/ 559. f/ 560. b.  
To the Itch of privy members/ 225. g.   

KING  
Kill the body/ 276. g.  
To heal broken or hollow Kybes/ 513. b.  
The kings evil or hard swelling about the throat/ 262. oh/ 276. e/ 287. a/ 304. c/ 307. b/ 537. d/ 539. c/ 560. l/ 571. e 634. b/ 636. f/ 647. k. 719. p.  
Vlcerations and hurts of the Kidneys/ 139. b/ 144. a/ 284. b/ 582. b. ●97. d/ 775. a.  
Hurtful to the Kidneys/ 258. i/ 639. a.  
To mundify and cleanse the Kidneys/ 289. a/ 304. g.  
Stopping and pain of the Kindneyes/ 27. a/ 55. a/ 80. b/ 93. d/ 101. b/ 111. a/ 270. e/ 291. e/ 299. h/ 329. a/ 337. a/ 338. b/ 399. a/ 400. a/ 446. b/ 479. c/ 4●9. f/ 520. d/ 538. a/ 544. a/ 576. b/ 578/580. a/ 602. c/ 604. a/ 606. b/ 608. b/ 613. b/ 616. b/ 618. b/ 625. a/ 631. f/ 695. a/ 705. b/ 711. b/ 718. d/ 722. c/ b/ 731. d/ 741. c/ 763. a/ 776. g/ 778. c.  
To drive away Knattes/ or gnats/ 36. g/ 75. d.   

L.  
Lameness/ 310. b.  
To stop the lask/ 23. a/ 33. a/ 57 c/ 64. a/ 81. a/ 84. a 85. a/ 80. a/ 96. b/ 101. a/ 104. b/ 107. b/ 117. a/ 120. a/ 144. a/ 168. a/ 182. a/ 206. b/ 223. d/ 230. a/ 241. e/ 261. a/ 271. a/ b/ 276. b/ 285. e/ 329. a/ 406. a/ 415. c/ 433. e/ 466. a/ 487. b/ 492. a/ 502. a/ 511. a/ 559. c/ 564. b/ 569. a/ 577. l/ 584. h/ 605. b/ 651. f/ 652. b/ 657. f/ 660. a/ 663. c/ 699. a/ 677. f/ 684. b/ 685. a/ 692. a/ b/ 698. a/ 700. a/ 707. g/ 708. a/ d/ g/ 710. a/ 713. b/ 721. c/ 725. c/ 726. a/ 727. a/ 729. a/ 732. c/ e/ 745. a/ c/ 746. g/ 767. a/ 771. a.  
To stop lask coming of choleric humours/ 683. c.  
For them that are Lean/ and unlusty/ 616. c.  
To make them Lean that are gross and fat/ 749. c.  
To heal Legs or arms that be broken/ 752. b.  
For sores that run in the Legs/ 107. a.  
The Lethargy/ or the sleeping and forgetful sickness/ 262. cue/ 299. d/ 310. d/ 620. k.  
Cause the Lethargy/ 433. k/ 488. l.  
Good for Laser and Leper/ 248. e/ 348. b/ 361. d/ 383. l/ 386. b/ 469. b/ 620. m/ 638. n/ 719. r/ 752. c.  
'Cause Leper/ 488. l.  
Chaps of the Lips/ 706. c.  
For Lice and nittes/ 89. b/ 389. k/ 551. g/ 626. c/ 638. h.  
To drive away Lice from the head/ apparel/ and body/ 372. b/ e/ 677. c/ 765. e.  
Inflammation of the Liver/ 7. p/ 59 a/ d/ 111. a/ 148. a/ 149. h/ 170. a/ 411. a/ 444. b/ 672. a/ 682. c/ 694. c/ 706. a.  
To strengthen the Liver/ 57 a/ 83. d/ 258. a/ 520. e/ 540. b/ 546. b/ 656. a/ 735. a/ 761. a.  
Hurtful to the Liver/ 375.  
Stop the Liver/ 705. a/ 737. a.  
For stopping of the Liver/ 28. b/ 32. c/ 34. c/ 55. a/ 57 a/ 72. b. 80. a/ 84. c/ 93. d/ 133. b/ 134. e/ 141. b/ 252. e/ 258. a/ 166. a/ 270. e/ 272. b/ 291. e/ 327. g/ 329. a/ 331. c/ 338. b/ 349. a/ 377. c 398. a/ 400. a/ 408. a/ 409. b/ 411. a/ 437. a/ 446. b/ 479. c/ 481. b/ 538. a/ 546. b/ 551. i/ 564. c/ 578. b/ 602. c/ 606. b/ 616. b/ 618. b/ 651. h/ 656. a/ c/ d/ 665. a/ 681. h/ 687. g/ 691. c/ 710. c/ 711. b/ 716. f/ 732. b/ 735. a/ 747. a/ 749. h/ 763. a/ 771. e/ 776. g/ 778. c.  
The pain of the loins/ 10. b.  
To increase Love/ 602. b.  
Inflammation of the Lungs/ 124. a/ 14●. b/ 415. b/ 711. b.  
To cleanse the Lungs/ 149. b/ 194. d/ 232. b/ 238. d/ 243. a/ 311. a/ 482. a/ 694. a.  
Roughness of the Lungs/ 718. f/ 722. a/ 725. e.  
For the dryness and harms of the Lungs/ 27. c/ 79. a/ 83. d/ 84. c/ 110. a/ 121. f/ 124. b/ 139. d/ 146. b/ 262. h/ 266. b/ 604. a/ 651. f/ 694. f/ 710. f/ 711. b/ 718. f/ 722. a/ 735. a/ 771. d. 778. d.  
Bodily Lust/ vide Fleshly desire.  
To take away all inordinate Lusts or vaynè longings of women with child/ 652. d.   

M  
Against Madness/ 291. g/ 347. a/ 352. a.  
Make Madness/ 488. l.  
Poison hurtful to Man/ and killeth the body/ 〈◊〉/ 421. a/ 425. a/ 430. a/ 431. k/ 433. k/ 438. h/ 447. a/ 448. e/ 451. a/ 452. c/ 768. a.  
Black Marks coming out of stri●… or beating/ 227. e/ 235. c/ 238. i/ 249. g/ 162. r/ 270. g/ 〈…〉 ●04. c/ 354. f/ 365. c/ 383. k/ 384. b/ 398. b/ 555. n/ 559. n/ 620. 〈◊〉/ ●22. d/ 632.638. m/ 689. e/ 731. e.  
Take away Marks with hot irons/ 411. c.  
Take away Marks of the small pocks and Mesels/ 331. i  
Mundify the Matrir/ 304. b/ 314. b/ 338. a/ 676. d.  
To close up the Matrix/ 252. b/ 779. a/ d.  
Windiness in the Matrix/ 175. a/ 601. b.  
Blastinges and windiness of the Matrix or Mother/ 48. a/ 233. m/ 3●●. g/ 363. b.  
Good for the pain of the Matrix or mother/ 14. b/ 19 d 33. b/ 36. d/ 71. f/ 12●. d/ 12●. c/ 191. b/ 329. a/ 382. g/ 443. e/ 450. a/ 657. e/ 732. d.  
Settell the Matrice in his natural place that is risen out/ 28. b/ 294. a/ 676. c/ 685. a/ 70●. f/ 746. i/ 779. a  
Suffocation of the strangling of the Mother or Matrix/ 21. a/ 187. f/ 270. d/ 271. c/ 294. a/ 299. d/ 306. z/ 306. g/ 307. e/ 3●8. e/ 383. n. 602. d/ 619. g.  
For stopping or hardness of the Mother or Matrix/ 19 c/ 1●1. b/ i/ ●58. d/ 315. b/ 327. g/ 331. i/ 345. c/ 346. c/ 380. d/ 388. c/ 493. d/ e/ 501. a/ 509. a/ 558. a/ e/ 64●. e/ 660. e/ 691. g.  
Against Melancholy/ 12. a/ 19 a/ 84. c/ 148. e/ 229. c/ 241. a/ 26●. a.  
Members that are waxed dead/ 691. e.  
Mollify hard and stiff Members/ 691. e/ 739. k.  
Shrinking of any Member/ 327. a/ 691. f.  
To warm all cold parts of Members/ 262. f.  
Swollen Members/ 93. g/ vide joint.  
Dislocation or displacing Members out of joint/ 61. e/ 194. f/ 201. c/ 281. b/ 238. i/ 296. b/ 526. b/ 651. d/ 686. e.  
To mortify and take away a Member/ 451. b.  
To strengthen and comfort the Memory/ 40. b/ 178. b/ 264. b/ 266. d/ 533. a.  
To 'cause a man to be glad and Merry/ 12. a/ 12●. k/ 246. k.  
Against Mesels/ 27. b/ 217. c/ 718. e.  
To 'cause plenty of Milk in women's breasts/ 10. c/ 49. a/ 111. a/ 269. d/ 271. a/ 272. c/ 278. a/ 479. a/ 565. b/ 573. c/ 577. n/ 582. g/ 599. k.  
To 'cause kyen to yield store of Milk/ 56. a.  
To dry Milk in women's breasts/ 72. a/ 262. g.  
For clottered or clustered Milk in women's breasts/ 488. k.  
Open the Milt and spleen/ 258. a.  
Wast the swelling or inflammation of the Milt/ 298. a/ 444. b/ 538. e/ 651. d.  
For the pain and stopping of the Milt or spleen/ 194. f 26●. f/ 291. e/ 407. a/ 479. c/ 481. b/ 551. i/ 578. b/ 580. c/ 665. a/ 677. b/ 680. a/ 681. h/ 689. g.  
Diminish the Milt/ 624. b.  
Hardness of the milt or spleen/ 25. c/ 59 a/ 68 d/ 80. a/ 111. a/ 112. a/ 130, h/ 152. f/ 182. b/ 156. a/ 23●. l/ 234. c/ 234. a/ 206. a/ 303. d/ 306. d/ 307. g/ 308. d/ 324. b/ 363. b/ 371. c/ 382. d/ 389. c/ 399. a/ 402. b/ 403. a/ 406. a/ 407. a/ 408. a/ 409. b/ 493. c/ 538. a/ 560. k/ 599. l/ 602. c/ k/ 624. e/ 677. a/ 63●. c/ 716. f/ 717. b/ 732. b/ 747. a/ 748. a/ 761. a/ 771. e/ 776. h/ 778. c.  
Against hot and hard impostemes of the Mother/ 151. a/ 3●7. b/ 443. f/ 498. a/ 576. g/ 582. e/ 584. e/ 691/ f/ 773. c.  
For the rising up of the Mother/ 549. a.  
To keep clot and garment from Mother 16. i/ 89. c/ 196. d/ 243. d/ 673. a/ 765. e.  
Against the old ulcers and grievances of the Mouth/ 11. b/ 22. d/ 48. e/ 83. a/ 84. c/ 85. b/ 86. c/ 93. i/ 110. d/ 117. a/ h/ 133. c/ h/ 139. d/ 29●. c/ 172. a/ 184. f/ 223. f/ 227. c/ 236. e/ 379. g/ 341. a/ 354. k/ 503. b/ 537. d/ 607. b/ 661. 〈◊〉/ 686. b/ 690. a/ 707. h/ 715. d/ 718. i/ 731. f/ 739. c/ 746. h.  
amend stinking of the Mouth/ 48. e/ 85. b/ 116. a/ 141. c/ 1372. d/ 503. b/ 505. b.  
Against ulcers of young children's Mouths/ 7 54. a.  
For the Murrain of Hogs or Swine's/ 335. d.   

N  
TO dry up Nature and seed of generation/ 72. a/ 182. c 2 2. g/ 39● 〈◊〉/ 373. e/ 547. e.  
To increase the seed of generation/ or Nature/ 705. b 749. g.  
For the going out of the Navel/ 104. d/ 137. c/ 299. i  
For the Navel of young children/ 491. b.  
Agnayles growing about the root of the Nails/ 383. k  
For corrupt evil Nails of hands & feet/ 32. e/ 70. c/ 83. c/ 194. h/ 258. f/ 420. a/ 687. k.  
For the hard impostemes of the Neck/ or king's evil/ 70. a/ 172. a/ 258. f/ 462. b/ 507. b.  
Cause the Niesing/ 241. d.  
Cause the Nose bleed/ 130. i/ 658. b.  
Take away stench or smell of the Nose/ 505. a.  
Stanche's Nose bleeding/ 33. d/ 75. e/ 99 c/ 101. c/ 130. i/ 262. t/ 271. e/ 415. a/ 540. b/ 641. f.  
To open the conducts of the Nose/ 56. b.  
To heal the superfluous flesh growing in the Nostrils called Polypus/ 404. c/ 768. d.   

O  
Good fodder to fat Oxen/ 482. f/ 752. g/ 759. c.   

P  
Against members taken with the Paulfie/ 266. b/ d.  
Against the Paulfie/ 299. f/ 302. b/ 306. b/ 310. a/ b/ 392. d/ 680. b.  
Bring or 'cause the Paulfie/ 433. k.  
To take away Parbrake/ or stay vomiting/ 23. c/ 84. c/ 93. a/ 232. d/ 270. d/ 291. h/ 481. g. 510. a/ 672. b/ 683. d/ 707. g 732. a/ f/ 737. b/ 767. b/ 779. c.  
Good for Parbrake and wambling of the stomach of women with child/ 652.  
To suage all Pains/ 443. a/ 450. d/ e.  
Inward Pains/ 433. c. 443. a.  
To dissolve Pestilent Carboncles'/ 300. a/ 303. h/ 305. t/ 481. f/ 533. i/  
To lay upon Phlegmons'/ 148. f.  
For such as have the Phtisick/ or consumption/ 291. a.  
Cause to Piss well/ 287. a/ 711. d.  
Against the hot Piss/ 14. a/ 35. b/ 273. a/ 283. b/ 408. b/ 722. c.  
For them that can not Piss/ but by drops/ 18. d/ 80. b 217. f/ 235. a/ 241. n/ 674. a/ 732. a.  
To preserve from the Pla●●e/ or infection of the Pestilence/ 297. c/ 617. d/ 704. a/ 763. d.  
Against the Plague and Pestilent Fevers/ 21. a/ 84. a/ 110. a/ 157. a/ 164. d/ 178. d/ 261. b/ 287. e/ 297. a/ 300. a/ 335. b. 341. a/ 491. d/ 530. c/ 553. f/ 704. a.  
Against Pleurefie/ 124. a/ 129. a/ 148. b/ 238. d/ 305. i/ 396. a/  
For great or French Pocks/ 21. b/ 24. b/ 44. b/ 93. f/ 310. a/ 411. c/ 737. a.  
Against weakness or debility coming from the French Pocks/ 310. g.  
For small Pocks/ 27. b/ 217. c/ 718. e/ r.  
For the Poda●●a/ vide Gout in the feet.  
Against Poison of Serpents and Vipers/ 9 b/ 83. d/ 84. a/ 291. d/ 294. a.  
Against all Poison/ vide Venom/ 115. g/ 178. d/ 230. c/ 234. b/ 235. g/ 261. b/ 268. a/ 285. e/ 287. d/ 291. d/ 297. a. 304. a 314. a/ 319. b. 331. b/ 333. a/ 335. b/ 341. a/ 349. a/ 396. a/ 426. a. 491. a/ 501. c/ 518. c/ 533. g/ 582. d/ 594. e/ 595. b/ 604. c/ 606. b 630. b/ 636. b. 638. d/ 649. d/ 689. a/ 704. f/ 718. h/ 751. c/ 745. c  
For all ulcers/ inflammations of the Pulme/ or lungs 27. a.  
Purge clammy phlegm and thick humours/ 365. a/ 375. a/ 741. a.  
Purge by urine/ 391. a/ 399. a/ 535. a.  
Purge women after their deliverance/ 262. f.  
Purge raw and gross phlegm/ 311. a/ 331. a.  
Purge hot choleric humours/ 160. b/ 239. a/ 296. a/ 310. a/ 327. f/ 329. d/ 361. a/ 363. a/ 373. a/ 378. a/ 386. a/ 396. a/ 399. a/ 656. a/ 697. a/ 761. a.  
Purge hot melancholy humours/ 232. c. 236. b/ 352. i/ 377 a/ 378. c.  
Purge choler both upward and downward/ 628. a.  
Purge by siege downward/ 34. a/ 61. a/ 178. c/ 148. a/ 194. a/ 201. a/ 214. a/ 227. b/ 229. b/ 296. a/ 302. b/ 306. a/ 310. a 311. a/ 352. a/ i/ 367. a/ 386. c/ 560. b/ 646. a.   

R  
Rage's or madness caused by the biting of a mad dog 108. b.  
To kill Rats and Mice/ 348. g.  
Make to Rave/ and mad/ 448. e/ 451. a  
Against Raving/ or frenzy/ 230. e/ 310. d.  
For Raw and without skin places/ 493. h.  
For the pain of Raynes/ vide Kidneys/ 10. b/ 14. a/ 284. b/ 289. a/ 437. a/ 476. b/ 514. d/ 580. c/ 694. f/ 722. b/ 741. c.  
Refresh a man/ 684. a.  
Against subtle Reumes and catharres/ 433. b/ 530. f.  
For all Ruptures/ 87. a/ vide Burstinges.   

S  
Against running and spreading Scabs and sores 50. a/ 347. d/ 382. h/ 411. c/ 420. b/ 455. c/ 469. b/ 479. b/ 518. e/ 551. e/ 559. g/ 607. b/ 624. e/ 647. h/ 662. e/ 687. k/ 700. c/ 711. g/ 719. r/ 754. c/ 763. e/ 766. b/ 771. b/ 775. d.  
Against Scabs or scurviness/ 27. b/ 110. b/ 238. h/ 262. oh/ 310. c/ 322. c. 352. h/ 374. h/ 386. b/ 396. b/ 400. a.  
Against Schalding with fire/ vide Burning.  
Against Sciatica/ 2. a/ 15. d/ 28. a/ 64. c/ 65. a/ 83. b/ 124. a/ 229. a/ 232. k/ 262. h/ 299. f/ 303. f/ 304. d/ 308. a/ f/ 319. c/ 336. e 341. a/ 352. a/ 355. b/ 367.469. e/ 481. f/ 530. a/ 613. d/ 618. c/ 620. k/ 614. f/ 618. b/ 630. b/ 631. a/ b/ 666. c/ 680. b/ 750. a.  
Against stinging of Scorpions/ 29. a/ 61. b/ 63. a/ 148. g/ 158. a/ 160. a/ 165. a/ 194. e/ 235. d/ 238. a/ 261. d/ 270. c/ 305. oh/ 345. e/ 346. b/ 427.455. a/ 532. a/ 559. d/ 565. e/ 573. f/ 622. c/ 689. a.  
Against white noughty scurviness/ 110. d/ 201. c.  
noughty white scurviness of the head/ 305. b/ 331. m/ 361. d/ 365. b/ 469. b/ 479. b/ 492. f/ 550. d/ 620. l/ 638. l/ 640. f/ 647. i/ 649. i/ 660. f/ 687. d/ 734. c/ 749. f/ 754. c/ 759. b.  
noughty Scurf/ or Tetters of Kyen/ Sheep/ and Horse's/ 767. b.  
Against the foul Scurf/ tetter/ gaul/ and scabs/ 420. b/ 454. m/ 518. e/ 535. b/ 620. m/ 687. k/ 719. r/ 731. e/ 752. c/ f/ 757. d.  
Against the dry Scurf and manginess/ 281. h/ 305. v/ 310. c/ 329. c/ 3●1. d/ 374. h/ 377. c/ 383. l/ 454. m/ 518. e/ f/ 530. e/ 551. e/ 559. f/ 599. m/ 638. n/ 647. i/ 458. a/ 763. e/ 778. e.  
Seed of generation/ vide Nature.  
To drive away Serpents/ 75. d/ 299. g/ 307. d/ 380. f/ 624. c/ 691. f.  
Against the biting or Serpents/ 10. a/ 15. b/ 128. e/ 29. a/ 111. a/ 184. d/ 201. g/ ●36. a/ 242. a/ 258. d/ 261. a/ 281. a/ 291. d/ 294. f/ 296. a/ 301. e/ 380. c/ 406. a/ 525. c/ 554. b/ 569. b/ 620. m/ 651. d/ 679. b/ 691. f/ 749. b/ 755. a/ 793. c.  
To drive away the Secundine/ or afterbirth/ 163. b/ 229. a. 232. a/ 236. b/ 253. a/ 258. d/ h/ 262. f/ 265. a/ 268. a/ 285. a/ 287. b/ 299. b/ 303. g/ 304. b/ 314. b/ 319. d/ 382. f/ 538. g/ 580. c/ 613. c/ 616. a/ 6●4. b/ 638. p/ 640. h/ 660. e/ 643. a/ 766. a.  
For the falling Sickness/ 14. d/ 35. c/ 37. d/ 83. e/ 148. d/ 206. b/ 230. i/ 232. e/ 281. b/ 283. c/ 291. g/ 305. m/ 306. a/ 307. e/ 308. a/ 315. c/ 335. a/ 338. c/ 342. a/ 347. a/ 375. b/ 377. c/ 382. b/ 501. a/ 520. f.  
Against the falling Sickness of young children/ 272. g  
For the excoriation or going of the Skin of the secret parts/ 767. a/ 775. b.  
To make blisters and holes in the Skin/ 415. e/ 420. a  
To take away hard Skin of hands or feet got by labour/ 744. d.  
Roughness of the Skin/ 348. b/ 352. h/ 361. d/ 396. b/ 506. b/ 719. r/ 749. f.  
Make a man overmuch Sleep/ 641. a.  
To provoke a quiet Sleep/ 148. e/ 182. d/ 272. i/ 433. a/ b/ c/ d/ e/ h/ i/ 435. a/ 438. c/ f/ 450. f/ 573. c.  
For them that are very Sleepy/ 310. d.  
To restore the Smelling being lost/ 279. f.  
To provoke Sniesing/ 402. c/ 619. g/ 640. g.  
Old Sores/ 9 a/ 11. b/ 16. g/ 24. b/ 71. d/ 101. b/ 115. b/ 258. f/ 354. d/ 561. b/ 687. e.  
For filthy fretting rotten Sores/ 21. k/ 27. b/ 32. b/ 44. b e/ 50. b/ 56. c/ 68 c/ 83. c/ g/ 86. c/ 197. a/ 115. e/ 128. i/ 223. e/ 294. e/ 515. e/ 322. f/ 333. d/ 361. d/ 437. c/ 469. b/ 554. d/ 555. a/ 599. m/ 602. h/ 649. e/ 690. b/ 737. a/ 745. f.  
To dry up Sores and apostumations/ 613. b.  
Splinters vide thorns.  
Cause to Spit blood/ 348. i  
Hardness of the Spleen/ vide milt.  
For dullness or heaviness of Spirit/ 148. e/ 614. c/ vide Dull.  
To cure the Squinance/ 305. s/ 316. a/ 373. d/ 599. cue/ 636. e/ 666. c/ vide Swelling in the Throat.  
Against Stone/ vide Gravel/ 14. h/ 19 b/ 48. a/ 50. e/ 64. a/ 86. d/ 96. a/ 187. b/ 188. a/ 217. f/ 329. c/ 230. a/ 241. n/ 269. b/ 285. a/ 408. b/ 446. b/ 507. d/ 520. d/ 521. a/ 536. a/ 559. e/ 582. c/ 662. h/ 665. e/ 682. c/ 696. b/ 698. b/ 725. d.  
To break and drive forth the Stone/ 38. b/ 41. a/ 142. b 194. b/ 232. a/ 252. a/ 287. a/ 189. a/ 240. a/ 241. i/ 305. h/ 344. a 409. b/ 449. f/ 510. b/ 520. d/ 559. e/ 565. a/ 594. d/ 599. f/ 606. a/ 608. a/ 609. b/ 625. a/ 626. c/ 642. g/ 665. b/ 669. a/ d/ 674. a/ 679. c/ 689. f/ 714. b/ 721. c/ 741. c/ 775. a.  
Hurtful to the Stomach/ 3. i/ 348. i/ 375. e/ 379. e/ 395. b/ 546. e/ 592. a/ 594. a/ 599. c/ 616. a/ 624. a/ 715. c/ 718. b/ 724. a/ 728. a/ 731. b/ 740. a.  
To strengthen and comfort the Stomach/ 134. b/ 217. a 246. a/ 276. a/ 283. a/ 287. i/ 291. h/ 301. c/ 314. b/ 336. d/ 354. a/ b/ 510. a/ 524. d/ 569. c/ 576. c/ 577. m/ 580. a/ 652. e/ 702. a/ 704. a/ 706. a/ 708. b/ 732. a/ f/ 735. a/ 739. f/ 767. u 776. i/ 779. c.  
Good for pain of the Stomach/ 6. a/ 111. c/ 232. d/ 238. b/ 246. a/ 329. a/ 341. a/ 354. a/ b/ 455. c/ 499. c/ 565. a/ 571. a/ 608. b/ 661. d/ 763. a/ 779. c.  
For the boiling and wambling of the Stomach/ 6. d/ 270. d/ 329. a/ 525. a/ 559. c/ 573. b/ 652. f/ 661. d/ 704. b/ 706. a. i/ 737. b/ 779. k.  
For the inflammation of the Stomach/ 7. p/ 36. a/ 84. c/ 182. e/ 444. b/ 564. d/ 565. d/ 573. b/ 576. a/ 657. d/ 672. a/ 682. c/ 702. a/ 706. a/ 726. a.  
To warm the Stomach/ 196. d/ 354. b/ 503. a/ 600. a/ 619. a/ 704. e/ 732. a/ f.  
To refresh the hot Stomach/ 38. a/ 274. a/ 383. m/ 563. a/ 587. a/ 589. a/ 694. c/ 702. a/ 706. a.  
Against cold windiness & blastinges of the Stomach/ 41. b/ 127. b/ 271. a/ 275. a 296. a/ 298. a/ 336. c/ 337. a/ 608. b/ 613. e/ 636. c/ 691. b/ 763. f.  
To strengthen the weakness & overcasting of the Stomach/ 488. d/ 563. a/ 646. b/ 652. c/ e/ 663. c/ 704. b/ 725. c/ 726. a/ 732. a/ f/ 739. f.  
Overturn the Stomach/ 739. g.  
Engender windiness in the Stomach/ 488. l/ 715. c/ 734. a/ 739. f.  
Comfort the mouth of the Stomach/ 608. b/ 706. a/ 708. b/ 713. b/ 732. a.  
To purge the Stomach from phlegm/ 354. b.  
Cleanse the Stomach/ 550. a.  
Against Stinging of Bees and Wasps/ 246. oh/ 261. d/ 582. h. 584. g.  
Against Strangury/ or droppisse/ 14. ●/25. a/ 35. b/ 41. a/ 99 h/ 111. a/ 283. b/ ●84. oh/ 285. a/ 287. a/ 289. a/ 319. a/ 337. a/ 344. a/ 345. b/ 408. b/ 501. a/ 514. d/ 518. b/ 521. a/ 565. a/ 602. e 609. a/ 614. b/ 618. a/ 625. a/ 626. c/ 657. i/ 676. d/ 722. c/ 750. a/ 765. f/ 768. f/ 775. b.  
Provoke and cause Sweeting/ 28. g/ 84. a/ 152. b/ 248. b/ 281. f/ 299. n/ 301. b/ 342. d/ 533. b/ 613. f/ 718. e.  
Against all hardness and swellings/ 44. a/ 70. a/ 394. c b/ 499. c/ 651. k/ 658. a/ 739. k/ 745. f/ 755. d/ 775. d.  
Against all hot swellings/ 104. e/ 107. c. 241. b/ 379. d/ 415. k/ 433. d/ 435. a/ 438. d/ 498. a/ 525. c/ 5●7. c/ 555. b/ 582. i/ 638. oh/ 738. a/ 775. b.  
To dissolve and break all cold and hard swellings/ 189. a/ 196. c/ 197. b/ 217. e/ 235. e/ 247. f/ 255. b/ 279. h/ 281. c/ 303. e/ 304. c/ 306. h/ 307. f/ 308. e/ 374. h/ 454. k/ l/ 460. v/ 461. a/ 473. c/ 493. c/ 496. a/ 613. b/ 632. a/ 636. f/ 719. p/ 775. u.  
Against cold Swellings/ 3. g/ 83. c. 121. g/ 229. g. 239. d/ 285. d 396. b/ 528. a/ 582. i/ 584. d/ 624. e/ 638. oh/ 640. d/ 731. c/ 743. b 747. a.  
For all swellings about the siege or scurviness/ 82. c/ vide Fundament.  
To take away Sweeting/ 687. l.  
For hardness and shrincking of Sinews/ 2. a/ 72. d/ 187. c/ 194. f/ ●01. i/ 23●. b/ 2●2. c/ 306. b/ 307. a/ 311. a/ 319. a/ 3●9. f/ 4●4. b 443. d/ 454. c/ 527. a/ 649. b.  
Good for drawing/ shakinges/ and ache of Sinews/ 14. b/ 100 f/ ●05. l/ 308/●05. a/ 375. b/ 528. a/ 571. c/ 744. b.  
pain or swellings of Sinews/ 18. b/ 21●. b/ 310. a/ 327. h  
To soften Sinews/ 690. c.  
To join Sinews together that are cut/ 201. c/ 571. c.  
Cause to draw and shrink the Sinews into the body/ 348. i/ 351. p/ 488. b.  
To appease the pain of the side/ 121. f/ 167. a/ 229. c/ 252. e/ 262. h/ 302. a/ 3●7. g/ 313. c/ 341. a/ 365. a/ 501. a/ 530. a/ 555. cue/ 604. a/ 608. b/ 609. b/ 649. b/ 747. d/ 748. a/ 749. h.  
To dry the moist Stomach/ 488. d/ 638. g/ 687. c.   

T  
TO beautify and cleanse the Teeth/ 31●. f/ 615. c.  
Make fast lose Teeth/ 2●. d/ 86. d/ 127. b/ 264. c/ 315. e 576. i/ 661. b/ 70●. e/ 739. i/ 779. e.  
women's Terms/ vide Flowers.  
Spreading Tettere/ 17. b.  
Swelling in the Throat/ or Squinancy/ 148. d/ 227. c/ 373. d/ 537. d/ 676. a/ 718. i/ 756. a/ 775. b.  
Strumes or swellings of the Throat/ 410. e/ 607. b/ 661. a/ 602. g/ 690. a/ 715. d/ 718. i/ 7●1. b/ 731. f/ 747. d/ 748. h.  
Against roughness of the Throat/ 454. f/ oh/ 455. b/ 718. f i/ 7●●. a.  
Against the roughness and hoarseness of the Throat/ 12. b. 124. a/ 148. c/ 694. a.  
Sores and inflammations of the Throat/ 12. b/ 70. b/ 93. k/ 110. d/ 141. c/ 236. e/ 271. h/ 316. a/ 341. b/ 354. k/ 607. a/ 619. d.  
For the Tooth ache/ 32. d/ 33. c/ 56. b/ 83. a/ 86. d/ 93. i/ 120. c/ 12●. b/ 227. c/ 287. f/ 299. h/ 303. i/ 305. h/ r/ 307. i/ 341. c/ 345. d/ 348. f/ ●61. c/ 371. c/ 374. f/ 389. i/ 443. c/ 448. c/ 450. g/ 518. g/ 525. d/ 530. d/ 560. h/ 584. c/ 610. a/ 619. c/ ●38. i/ 649. h/ 670. c/ 677. c/ 681. f/ 716. g/ h/ 718. k/ 719. s/ 755. c/ 759. b/ 765. a/ 771. c.  
To draw forth Thorns/ or splinters that stick into the flesh/ 56. c/ 70. b/ 194. h/ 196. b/ 197. a/ 211. c/ 255. b/ 268. f 299. l/ 307. f/ 315. d/ 344. b/ 383. a/ 454. k/ 460. b/ 469. c/ 514. a. 582. h/ 622. f/ 636. f.  
Take away the asperity & toughness of the Tongue/ 246. i/ ●43. a/ 725. e.  
To cure kernels under the Tongue/ ●54. k/ 700. c.  
Almonds or ulcers about the root of the Tongue/ 619. d/ 662. g/ 676. a/ 715. d/ 718. i/ 731. f/ 756. a.  
Slake the Thirst/ 573. b/ 592. b/ 672. c/ 683. d/ 689. b/ 694. c. 702. a/ 704. c/ 718. b/ 724. b.  
For them that are sick of eating of Todestooles/ 599. i vide Champions.  
Tumours/ vide swellings and Impostumations.   

V  
Against Venomous shot of darts and arrows/ 105. p/ 307. b/ 315. d.  
To drive away Venomous beasts/ 75. d/ 230. f/ 234. b/ 248. a/ 258. c/ 279. d/ 307. d/ 380. f/ 620. n/ 638. d/ 691. f/ 763. d.  
Against Venom drunken or eaten/ 2. b/ 6. f/ 127. f/ 307. b/ 520. e/ 599. i/ 60●. f/ 638. d/ 649. a/ 749. d/ 763. c.  
Against all Venom of wild beasts/ 9 b/ 17. d/ 33. c/ 36. s 99 b/ 117. e/ 180. a/ 268. e/ 285. e/ 319. b/ 526. b/ 691. f.  
Against biting of vipers/ snakes/ & Venomous beasts/ 15. b/ 16. h/ 28. e/ 36. e/ 55. a/ 57 a/ 89. a/ 111. b/ 112. b/ 167. a/ 184. d/ 194. e/ 206. a/ 230. c/ 234. b/ 238. a/ 241. a/ 248. a/ 252. d/ 258. d/ 260. a/ 268. d/ 279. c/ 281. a/ 285. c/ 297. d/ 301. e/ 305. p/ 306. f/ 314. a/ 331. b/ 333. a/ 344. a/ 409. c/ 438. e/ 454. e/ 501. b/ 507. c/ 520. g/ 525. e/ 533. i/ 539. a/ 602. f/ 604. c/ 613. a/ 616. b/ 618. d/ 622. c/ 6●6. b/ 638. e/ 642. c/ 646. g/ 649. c/ 669. b/ 677. f/ 704. f/ 735. c/ 745. e.  
drive away Ventosities and windiness/ 141. a/ 187. c/ 296. a.  
Engender winds and Ventosities/ 473. a/ 474. a/ 480. f 594. a/ 649. a/ 641. a/ 642. i/ 651. e/ 718. a.  
To keep clot and garments from Vermine/ 6. i/ 243. d  
To cleanse and mundify old rotten Ulcers/ 223. e/ 287. h/ 29●. l/ 311. b/ 315. e/ 322. a/ 352. d/ 3●1. d/ 454 g/ 448. g/ 626. b/ 665. f/ 687. e/ k. 738. b/ 739. i/ 750. b/ 766. b/ 768. h/ 773. f.  
For new Ulcers/ 44. d/ 383. k/ 756. a/ 757. a.  
To loose and cure corrupt filthy Ulcers/ vide Sores/ 28. c/ 44. b/ e/ 48. b/ e/ 56. c/ 64. d/ 68 a/ 70. b/ 116. a/ 127. e 184. g/ 194. h/ 2●1. g/ h/ 235. h/ 258. f/ 281. e/ 294. c/ 325. a/ 328. l 331. n/ 335. c/ 388. a/ 444. a/ 448. d/ 454. n/ 589. e/ 638. n/ 649. e/ 681. d/ 690. b/ 696. a/ 700. a/ 737. d/ 773. d.  
Hot Ulcers in privy places or parts/ 48. d/ 53. b/ ●6. c 69. f/ 133. e/ 146. d/ 661. a/ vide Impostumes.  
For the desire of Vomit/ vide Parbrake.  
Desire of Vomit upon the sea/ 239. a.  
To cause Vomit/ and cast out easily slimy flegmes/ and choleric humours/ 115. g/ 129. c/ 211. a/ 212. a/ 226. a 231. a/ 292. i/ 319. e/ 335. a/ 361. a/ 372. a/ 599. oh/ 697. a/ 759. a.  
Vomit with great force/ 347. a/ 666. a/ 743. c/ 759. a.  
To clear the Voice/ 638. g.  
To take away roughness of the Voice. 543. a.  
Sharpness of water or Urine/ 694. d.  
Filthy corruption and matter of Urine. 694. d.  
To stop the involuntary running of Urine/ 405. a.  
To provoke Urine or water/ 15. a/ 38. b/ 41. a/ 48. a/ 64. a/ 99 h/ 129. d/ 152. b/ 184. a/ e/ 187. b/ 194. b/ 196. a/ 206. a/ 217. f 229. a/ 234. a/ 236. a/ 241. a/ 243. b/ 252. a/ 261. a/ 262. s. 265. a/ 269. b/ 271. a/ 281. a/ 284. a/ 285. a/ 289. a/ 291. a/ 296. b/ e/ 299. b/ 305. cue/ 319. a/ 336. a/ 337. a/ 341. a/ 344. a/ 382. a/ 409. b 437. a/ 448. a/ 479. a/ 499. f/ 501. a/ 509. a/ 510. b/ 521. a/ 525. b 528. a/ 533. b/ 565. a/ 577. m/ 578. a/ 594. d/ 597. a/ 599. f/ 604. b/ 605. a/ 606. a/ 607. a/ 608. a/ 615. b/ 616. b/ 618. a/ 619. f/ 622. b/ 625. a/ 626. c/ 638. c/ 640. b/ 642. b/ 646. b/ 649. a/ 660. d/ 662. h/ 665. b/ e/ 669. a/ d/ 674. a/ 676. d/ 689. f/ 711. d/ 740. b/ 749. g/ 750. a/ 703. a/ 765. f/ 766. a/ 771. a/ 775. a/ b/ 778. b/ c.  
Difficulty or stopping of Urine/ 2. a/ 28. b/ 50. e.   

W  
Warts growing about the jarde and secret places 767. d.  
warts taken away/ 61. d/ g/ 229. g/ 236. d/ 304. e/ 361. d/ 420. a 719. r/ 744. d.  
The painful making of Water/ 285. a/ 446. b. 613. a.  
Against drinking of corrupt sti●king noughty Water/ 232. f/ 638. f.  
For Weals coming of choler and blood/ 551. f/ 665. f/ 719. r.  
To refresh Weary members/ 540. c/ 689. d.  
That travelers shall not be Weary/ 11. b/ 691. i  
For the Wild fire/ 11. a/ 19 e/ 137. c/ vide S. Antony's fire.  
Biting of wild beasts/ 482. d.  
For the shortness of Wind/ vide Breath/ 2. a/ 18. a/ 20. b/ 217. b/ 243. a/ 389. c/ 391. a.  
To dissolve blasting and windiness of the belly/ 285. b/ 520. b/ 606. c/ 608. b/ 609. a.  
For Witching/ vide enchantments.  
For Women with child given to vomit/ 651. a.  
'Cause Women to have easy deliverance of child/ 299. b 441. e/ 676. d.  
To purge and cleanse Women after their deliverance of child/ 616. a.  
Dangerous for Women with child/ 331. p/ 383. p/ 389. l/ 391. e/ 401. e/ 628.  
Kill or destroy Worms/ 710. d/ 745. c/ 763. f/ 777. k.  
To 'cause Women to be fertile and get children/ 152. c.  
To bring down women's natural sickness/ 2●. b  
To ease Women which are to much graved with hard and perilous travel in child bearing/ 146. l/ 158. d/ 307. d/ 331. oh/ 391. b.  
To confirm the natural place of conception of Women/ and make them apt to receive children/ 524.  
To keep Wounds from inflammation/ 138. b/ 144. b/ 145. c/ 170. d/ 178. e/ 182. g/ 407. b/ 411. b/ 576. k/ 633. a/ 693. d.  
To cure inward Wounds/ 134. a/ 139. a/ 141. a/ 144. a/ 145. a 253. a/ 291. f/ 398. b/ 443. b/ 541. a/ 585. a/ 702. d/ 756. b.  
To take away the pain and heat of all Wounds inflamed/ 140. a/ 739. g/ k.  
To close green Wounds/ 86. d/ 99 g/ 101. c/ 111. e/ 117. e/ 133. d. f/ 146. b. 201. h/ 234. d/ 260. d/ 322. g/ 327. b/ l/ 354. d/ 443. d./ 496. c/ 504. b/ 510. c/ 555. b/ 561. b/ 584. d/ 633. a/ 645. b 665. f/ 713. c/ d/ 726. b/ 737. d/ 745. b/ 752. a/ f/ 768. g/ 771. c 773. a/ 775. c.  
For all kind of Wounds made with the Glayve/ 268. d 388. a.  
To heal and close Wounds/ 9 a/ 11. a./ 14. c./ 27. b/ 28. c/ 36. e/ 48. b/ 59 b/ 68 a/ 70. b/ 75. c/ 79. a/ 84. c/ 87. a/ 103. a/ 132. a/ 133. a/ 134. a/ 137. a/ 141. a/ 142. a/ 196. b/ 365. c/ 540. a/ 541. a/ 554. k/ 571. c/ 613. b/ 717. c/ 776. a.  
Old Wounds and corrupt/ 57 d/ 65. c/ 70. b/ 93. f/ 101. b/ 112. e/ 492. d/ 540. a/ 626. b.  
To keep new Wounds from deadly burning apostumation and evil swelling/ 693. d.  
To destroy Worms/ 2. c/ 6. i/ 18. a/ 21. a/ 44. d/ 227. b/ 276. b/ 279. b/ 327. h/ 344. c/ 415. i/ 481. a/ 491. a/ 555. p/ 561. b/ 573. d/ 577. l/ 599. oh/ 624. b/ 704. f/ 707. c.  
To kill the round Worms/ 246. c/ 402. c/ 594. f.  
To kill long and flat Worms in the body/ 6. m/ 9 c/ 61. f 248. f/ 646. t/ 716. f/ 763. f.  
To kill broad Worms/ 402. a/ c/ 517. a/ 638. c.   
Here endeth this Table concerning the Nature, Virtue, and Dangers, of all the Herbs, Trees, and plants, contained in this Book, of Herbal.   

 
❧ Imrinted at Antwerp/ by me Henry Loë Bookeprinter, and are to be sold at London in Powells Churchyard, by Gerard Dews.