AN ANCIENT History and exquisite Chronicle of the-Romanes wars, both Civil and Foren.  
Written in Greek by the noble Orator and Historiographer. Appian of Alexandria, one of the learned Counsel to the most mighty Emperors, Trajan and Adriane.  
In the which is declared:  

Their greedy desire to conquer others.  
Their mortal malice to destroy themselves.  
Their seeking of matters to make war abroad.  
Their picking of quarrels to fall out at home.  
All the degrees of Sedition, and all the effects of Ambition.  
A firm determination of Fate, thorough all the changes of Fortune.  
And finally, an evident demonstration, That people's rule must give place, and Prince's power prevail.   
With a continuation, because that part of Appian is not extant, from the death of Sextus Pompeius, second son to Pompey the Great, till the overthrow of Antony and Cleopatra, after the which time, Octavianus Caesar, had the Lordship of all, alone.  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
IMPRINTED AT LONDON by Henry Bynniman.  
Anno. 1578.   

 coat of arms or blazon   

¶ TO THE RIGHT Honourable, his singular good Master, Sir ●● Christopher Hatton, Knight, captain of the Queen's majesties Guard, Vicechamberlaine to her Highness, and one of her majesties most honourable privy Counsel.  
WHAT care the almighty King of Heaven hath, of the Princes and States of the earth, though sacred Scripture did not teach us, Profane doctrine might instruct us.  
Homer showeth, that God throweth his shield in the war, to defend the Prince from harm, and that he appointeth to every governor, a peculiar God for his protection.  
How God plagueth them that conspire against their Prince, this History declareth at the full. For of all them, that conjured against Caius Caesar, not one did escape violent death. The which this Author hath a pleasure to declare, because he would affray all men from disloyalty toward their Sovereign.  
The greatest service that men can do, is to save their Country from danger. The Romans gave him a crown that saved one Citizen. Then how many crowns deserveth he, that helpeth to save a number?  
They used to make a coin for his commendation, with this inscription: The Senate and people of Rome for Citizens saved.  
Cicero was called, Father of the Country, because he kept it from decay. All they that in their consultations, do seek the like benefit to their Country, do deserve the like reward and praise, and in the testimony of good men's hearts, they are sure to have it.  
Then seeing this authors only purpose is, to extol the princely rule, and to procure the safety of the people, I have presumed to make a present of him to your Honour, that you being in case to do the like good, may receive the same triumph of your desert.  
How worthy the Writer is to be red, I refer it to the witness of one worthy 
* The reverend father in God T. C. Bishop of Lincoln, in his book entitled Thesaurus linguae Latinae & Britannicae.  Prelate of this land, who (as he said of Plato) shall suffice for a multitude. Further, with the manner of the authors writing I do not mean to trouble you, himself shall tell your Honour, that such as be in your case, may bring to pass that he desireth, to the glory of God, the honour of the Prince, the benefit of the Country, and renown of yourself.  
Your honours servant most dutifully bound: H. BINNIMAN.   

The Preface of the Author.  
THe Roman people and the Senate, did many 
Four causes ●● of discord among the Romans. Holy H●● dedicated to ●upiter, three miles beyond Rome, over the river Aniene, now Tiberone. Creation of the Tribune of the people. Volscians people between Hosti● and Circei●.  times contend, for making of Laws, releasing of debts, division of lands, or election of officers, yet was there no tumult nor uproar, but only discord and debates in ●iuill manner, and that was done with great reverence one to another. The people, on a time having been at war, and falling into like contention, did not abuse their armour presently, but stepped aside unto an hill, which thereof was called Holy, where was no violence done, but a creation made of an officer of themselves, whom they called Tribune of the people, to be a restraint to the Consuls choose by the Senate, that they should not have the only rule▪ in the Common wealth. Of this great hatred and variance grew between these officers: the Senate and the people being divided for them, and stirred by ambition, sought the 
M. Coriolanus, the first that rose against his country, his name was. C. Martius, because the City of Coriolie, belonging to the Volscians, was won chief by his mean, he bore the name of the city The Romans had their proper names, as Caius, Quintus, or Marcus, the name of their house, as Martius Valerius, Tullius, and of some fact or figure, as Publicola, Coriolinus, Affricanus  one to overrule the other. Martius Coriolanus, in such a contention being unjustly banished, fled to the Volscians, and made war against his country. This only feat of force, should a man find among the old strifes, which nevertheless was the act of an outlaw. But in their common meeting, was never weapon drawn, nor ●iuill murder done, before Tiberius Gracchus Tribune of the people and a deviser of the Laws, did first perish in sedition, and many more with him taken in the 
* Capitol an H● where was the chief palace and temple, so called of a man's head that was found It was begun of Tarqvinius Pr●scus, & finished by Tarqvinius Superbus, but not dedicated. In the foundation Tarqvinius spent xl. M. l●. weight of silver. M Horatius the second consul in Brutus' place did dedicated it. It was burned in Sylla his time, and built again, and dedicated by Ca●ullus, Sylla being dead. Then was it burned in V●●ellius time and restored by V●spatian: and also after his death it was burned again and his son Do●nician● builded it, and dedicated it, and made it so suniptuous in guilding and trimming of it, is he spent above xii. M●talentes upon it, nor for no great holiness, but for his pleasure, for his Galieries and his banqueting houses passed this.  Capitol, were slain about the Temple. Notwithstanding, discord ceased not by this disgrace, every man being evidently bent against other, bringing many times their weapons, and now one officer, and then an other (by this division) was dispatched, in the temples, in assemblies and in Courts, the Tribunes, Praetors, or Consuls, either provoking to it, or working this occasion of it. Uncomely contumely of every trifle, and foul contempt of law and right, did ever play a part. This evil growing great, manifest insurrections were made against the state, mighty and fierce armies were raised against the country, banished men striving for restitution, or magistrates contending among themselves, for offices at home, or army abroad. Some there were, in power like princes, and as monarch, made leaders of seditious armies: some would not leave the army that was delivered them of the people: some without authority, would levy strange soldiers against their enemies, striving whether of them should first get the City, in word against the contrary faction, but in deed against the country: for they invaded it, as an enemy. Cruel murders were used in some, in others proscriptions to death, banishments, consiscations, & torments intolerable, so as no kind of cruelty was left undone, till Cornelius Sylla, one of the mighty Captains of rebellion, fifty years after Gracchus healing evil with evil, made himself a Monarch for a time: the which kind of officers, they called Dictator's, used in most dangerous times, and commonly given over after six months were ended. But Sylla, being in deed Dictator by force, 
Dictator, was he that ruled alone, yet at the battle he might not be on horseback.  perpetual, yet in speech pretending to be elected, when he had his fill of that rule alone, was the first man, (as I think) that dared freely give over a Tyrannical power, affirming he would answer for his doings, if any would accuse him: and in the sight of all sorts, as a private man, many times he went to the common place, and returned home again without hurt. Such a fear was there yet of his authority, in them that beheld him, or an astonishment, of the resigning of it, or a reverence, that he offered to answer for his doings, or some other courtesy and consideration, acknowledging his Tyranny to have been profitable to the country.  
Thus a while sedition ceased with Sylla, and there was a remedy of the evils that Sylla had done: but after him it began again, 
Caesar, conquered France, passed the flood ●e●●, and sailed into England.  till Caius Caesar, by election sent to govern France, & after a long time being commanded by the Senate to give over, he answered, that it was Pompey his enemy, leading an army in Italy, & repining at his authority in France, that sought to remove him, & not the Senate. Yet notwithstanding, he propounded conditions.  
That either both of them should retain their armies, to annoyed 
Caesar offereth conditions.  suspicion of peril:  
Or that Pompey also, should leave his power, and live a private life according to the laws.  
Obtaining neither of these, he marched out of France against Pompey and his country, the which he invated, and him, 
The place w● called ●harsalia, from the which Pompey fled into Egypt, where he was killed of the young King's Counsellors.  being fled, he pursued into Thessaly, and overcame him very victoriously in a valiant battle, whom fléeing from thence, he followed into Egypt, where he was slain of that country men. And when he had tarried and set a stay among the princes of Egypt, and overthrown his greatest enemy, who for his worthiness in the wars, was surnamed Great, no man now being 
Pompey, for his valiantness, had the name of Megnus, that is Great, given unto him.  bold to do anything against him, he returned to Rome, and was choose the second Dictator perpetual after Sylla. Then all sedition ceased out of hand, till Brutus and Cassius, either for envy of his greatness, or for zeal of their country, killed him in the 
Brutus, Cas●ius.  Senate house, being most accepted to the people, and most expert in government. The people, of all other, most lamented him, & required his strykers to be punished: they burned his body in the common place, where they erected a temple, and sacrificed unto 
These attendures the Romans called proscriptions, when a decree was written to condenme a man without answer, and ki● him without la. lepidus. Antonius. Octau●tes.  him as to a God. Then discord rued and increased so far, as slaughter, banishment, attendures, both of Senate men and Gentlemen followed confusedly, the seditious of both sides seeking to sequester his enemy, he cared not how, not sparing friends nor brethren. So much did deadly desire of debate, overwhelm all natural friendship and alliance. Yea they went so far, as three men, that is to say, Lepidus, Antony, and he that first was called Octavius, (who being of Caesar's blood, and his son by adoption, took of him the name of Caesar) did divide the Roman Empire, as a private possession, after the which division, falling soon out, as was none other like, Octavius, Caesar exceeding them both in wisdom and experience, first bereft Lepidus of Li●bia, which fallen unto him by lot, and then overthrew Antony at 
* Act●o a place in ●pir●. The Gulf of jonia is from Brun●usia to Mont Gargone, the rest is called the Gulf of Venice.  Actio, and took from him all the rule he had from syna to the Duke of Ioma● after these most mighty acts, wherewith all men were amazed, with his navy he wan Egypt, the greatest kingdom and of longest continuance, after Alexander's 
Egypt.  reign, and only left to make the Roman state as it is, by the which, being yet alive, he was of the people of Rome 
Augustus is a name, by the which the Romans did call their holy things 25. Augusta temple & Augurism, and whatsoever jupiter increaseth by his mighty power. The Senate did consult to call him Ro●●dus, but this name seemed more holy and reverent, that whiles he was alive, he might be consecrated as a god.  called Augustus, and the first that so had that title. He showed himself to be another Caesar, yea more mighty than Caesar was, as well touching the subication of his own country, as of all other nations, not néeding any election, or form of creation, to be a pretence to his doings. In continuance of time, being settled in his state, and in all things happy and beloved, he left behind him a succession; and a lineage to reign likewise after him. Thus the Common wealth of the Romans, after diverse debates, came to unity, and the rule of one. How these things were done, I have written, gathering the most notable matter, that they that list, may see the unsatiable ambition of men in greedy desire of kingdom, joined with intolerable pains, and innumerable kinds of calamities. The which I have the rather taken in hand, because dealing with the History of Egypt, and all these things going before and ending there, I was compelled to make rehearsal of them. For by this occasion was Egipte also conquered, when Cleopatra 
The order of the story, which is left out in the Italian translation. When Caesar Octavian had overcome Antony and Cleopatra, & made Egypt a province to the Empire of Rome, he made one Cornelius Gallus lieutenant there, and in token of the Conquering of that country first by him, he coined a money, in the which was the picture of a Crocodile, which is there only to be seen in the flood Nilus, chained to a palm tree, & trees of Palms laid over him, with an inscription. Col. Nem. that is, C●lligauit Nemo, signifying that he triumphed of Egypt, sprinkling it with dew instead of rain, of which there is none.  took part with Antony. Now because of the multitude of matters, I have divided them thus. The first shall show the things done from Sempronius Gracchus, to Cornelius Sylla. The second shall contain all the acts from that time unto the death of Caesar. The rest shall declare all the dissension that was between the three men, one against an other, and the Citizens of Rome and them, until the last and greatest feat of Civil force, in the which Augustus overcame Antony and Cleopatra at Actio, from the which time the Chronicle of Egypt shall take his beginning.   

¶ The History of Appianus Alexandrinus of the Civil dissensions of the Romans.  

The first book.  
WHen the Romans first conquered Italy, 
It was 500 years before the Romans could conquer Italy. This manner of inhabitants they called Colonies, which were taken by lot, as the Greek word expresseth, which is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  which they did by little & little, they took part of the land, and builded new Cities, or sent of their own people to inhabit the old, that by this mean, they might be sure of the country. The ground that was tilled, either they distributed, or sold it, or let it to farm to the inhabitants. The waist, which by reason of the war was very much, not having ever leisure to make division of it, they proclaimed in this sort, to them that would manure it.  
For the yearly increase of seed ground, they required the 
The Romans order for inhabiting the ground  tenth part.  
For the places planted with trees and wood, they would have a fifth part.  
For cattle either great or small, they appointed a tribute accordingly.  
This they did, for the maintenance of the Italian nation, 
The Romans make account of the Italian nation.  whom they accounted to be men of best service, that they might always, in the wars, have the use of that were their own: but it came soon otherwise to pass, for the rich men, having got the greater part of the undivided land, prosumed upon long prescription of time, that no man would molest them, and the poor men's small portions, lying nigh them, either they bought for a little by persuasion, or they encroached to them by very violence, and oppression, so as now, in stead of Manor places, they had as it were whole countries: & because they would not have their husbandemen called any time away to the wars, they bought their Hynes and Herds, to labour the grounds, and would not set their countrymen to any work at all: by reason whereof, their gain was incredible, as well for the yearly profit of their possessions, as for the multitude of increase of those slaves, which 
Increase of slaves. Decay of Italians.  were never called to the war. Thus the great men grew exceeding rich, and every place was full of ●crutle generation: but the Italians fell into decay and want of men, and were also oppressed with poverty, by occasion of their continual pressing to the war, and daily exactions put upon them. And if at any time they were eased of these, they felt a further inconvenience, for where they had no land of their own, the rich men being Lords of all, and they using the labour of bondmen in stead of free men, the Italians were utterly corrupted with rest & idleness. The people of Rome was much offended herewith, because they could not have such service of the Italians, as they had before, and whensoever they made any expedition abroad, they were not without danger, for the great multitude of bondmen at home: they could not tell how to remedy this matter, for it was not easy, nor altogether equal, to thrust them out of possession, that had had so long continuance in their lands and houses, which they had so well planted and provided. At length with much ado, the Tribunes took the matter 
This was called Lex Licini●.  in hand and ordained,  
That no man should keep above five hundred Acres of land. 
An Acre was so much ground as a pair of O●en could arie in a day, the measure whereof 240. foot in length & a 120. in breadth. The measure of a foot was 4. hands, and one hand was four fingers, and the measure of a singer, according to Geometry, three barely corns. This is added 〈◊〉 the Italian translation.   
That no man should feed above one hundred great cattle.  
That no man should feed above five hundred little cattle.  
And for the better observation hereof, they appointed a number of fréemen, to mark what was done, and to make declaration of the same from time to time.  
The law was allowed, the penalty assigned, and the commissioners were sworn, supposing that by this mean, some land would be left, that for a small price, might be awarded to the poor. But regard was there none, neither of Law nor of the oath, and if some did seem for manners sake, to obey the law, and make a counterfeit division to them neighbours, the most part did utterly contemn the law, till Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus a goodly noble man, honourable and eloquent, 
This Gracchus was sent Praetor to Numantia, where the Consul Mancinus was overthrown, and seeking for peace the Numantines would grant none, except Gracchus were sent to them, which being done, a peace was made, the which the Senate did not approve, though xx. M. Citizens were saved thereby, beside the slaves and rascals, in so much as the consul was sent thither again naked & bound, but Gracchus, the people praised that had saved so many Citizens upon which occasion he become an enemy to the Senate, and a friend to the people.  whereby he was more notable than all the other Tribunes, made a solemn oration, in the praise of the Italian people, lamenting that so warlike a nation, and of the Romans alliance, should shortly be dispeopled and brought to penury without all hope of remedy. He inu●yed against the ra●e of Slaves, as unfit for the war, and untrusty to their Lords: he called to remembrance, a fresh affliction in Cicelie, by slavish servants against their masters, the which had their increase also, by being used in country business, whom the Romans could not subdue, without long and sharp war, full of variable and dangerous success: and having spoken to this effect, he renewed the law.  
That no man should have more than five hundred Acres.  
That their children should have half so much: which he added to the old law.  
That three men choose and changeable every year, should make division to the poor.  
The rich men took this matter very grievously. For now they could not illude the Law, as they did before, because of them that were appointed for the division, nor purchase their Lands, that had their parts assigned, for Gracchus had provided for that, forbidding all manner of sale. They assembled together in several companies, finding fault with the Law. They were in a marvelous disdain and grief, that the poor should possess their ancient inheritance, their planting & buildings, and that they should forgot the purchase of the lands that they had paid for to some of their neighbours. Others repyned at the loss of their forefathers 
* A Syrian slave in Sicily after a mad sort raging with a desire to make rebellion, pretended a religion of doing honour to the goddess of Syria, and called bondmen to liberty and arms, and that he might seem to do that by the will of God, he held a nut in his mouth stuffed with Sulphur, and fire, the which when he spoke, did cast forth flames.  
* The old Romans did bury in their possessions and it was long after Christ, ere men were buried in sacred places.  Sepultures, contained within their grounds, and the p●rtitions of their portions, left of their parents.  
Some objected their wives marriage money, and consumed upon the same, or the land of inheritance to their children: and some declared what debt they were fallen into, by reason of interest, so as there was great disorder, quarreling, and indignation among them.  
The poor men on the contrary side, complain that they were 
The poor offended.  brought from good wealth, to extreme want, and thereby to decay of continuance, not being able to bring up their children. They showed how many times they had been a warfare to win this land, and might not bear to be be●est their public portion. They railed on the rich, that in the stead of free men, Citizens, and soldiers, they had choose bond servants, a generation ever unfaithful and stubborn, therefore not fit for the war. Thus the one reviling and upbraiding the other, the multitude, that either were of the Roman foundation, or of their own government, and all other, that any ways were partakers of the land, fearing the loss thereof, resorted together, and were divided with the one or the other, and so being enbolded by number, they waxed fierce, stirring rebellion, and abiding till the law should be discussed: the one by no mean to suffer it to prevail: the other, that it might take place to the uttermost. Both sides were ambitiously bend for the sequel of it, and against the appointed day prepared 
The Latin translation of P. Candidus and the Italian differeth from the Greek.  themselves. Gracchus' mind stood upon a resolution, not to further abundance of riches, but the increase of men, in procuring of the which commodity, he much magnified himself, as in a travel that to Italy could not be of more honour nor importance, the difficulty whereof he did not conceive. When the day of making Laws was come, he made a long plausible Preface, and asked of them, If it were right that public things should be divided in 
Gracchus' talk.  common: and if a citizen were to be preferred before a servant: and if a soldier were more profitable, than he that was unapt for the war, and a partaker of public profit more well willing? Not tarrying long in this comparison, as needless, he straight turned his tale to utter the hopes and fears of his country, that where they had by the war won so much land of their enemies, and had good hope to get the rest of the earth, they would now put aim hazard, whether to conquer all that remained, by increase of fit men, or to loose this through want of their own, and envy of their enemies. He set forth the glory and wealth of the one, and the danger and doubt of the other. He exhorted the rich to regard, if it were not more for their profit to gratify the people with land to bring up their children, in hope of the wealth to come, than to strive for trifling matters, and to neglect the greater things, they having sufficient recompense of their charges bestowed, by possession of five hundred acres of choice, free and certain land, and to every of their children (if they had any) half so much. After this sort Gracchus speaking much, kindling the poor, and other to, that stood upon reason, rather than desire of possession, he commanded the Clerk to pronounce the law. But Marcus Octavius the other Tribune, whom the possessioners 
M. Octavius re●isteth the law.  had made to resist, and with the Romans being ever more able to forbid, commanded the Clerk to silence. Then Gracchus greatly blaming him, deferred the Court till the next day, when, having prepared a sufficient force to compel Octavius, commanded the Clerk with threats to propound the law to the people: but Octavius forbade him again, and put him to silence. Then the Tribunes fallen to chafing one with an other, so as the law could take no place for the tumult, wherefore the great men required to commit their difference to the Senate. Gracchus took 
Gracchus to the Senate.  hold of that offer, thinking every reasonable man to be willing with the law, & ran into the Senate house, where being reproved of the rich, as among the few chief men in 
* The word signifieth the great men, or ● straight.  a strait, he ran again into the common place, and said he would defer the trial, till this next days assembly, both for the law, and for the authority of Octavius, and whether by order, a Tribune resisting the law, might retain his office: and so he did, at which time Octavius nothing abashed, made resistance again. Wherefore Gracchus put the matter first to the vayces, and when one company had given against Octavius, Gracchus turned to him, and prayed him to leave his purpose, but he cared not for it, and so they proceeded. There was five and thirty companies, whereof 
Five and thirty companies ●● Rome.  seventeen had given against him with great fury, and where the eighteenth should have determined the matter, Gracchus again in the sight of the people, lamentably desired him, that being in that danger, he would not hinder so profitable and honourable an act to all Italy: nor to withstand so great desire of the people 
Gracchus excuseth himself of the deprivation of his fellow.  which he aught to further, being a Tribune: nor to suffer the disgrace of losing his office. Thus he spoke, and called God to witness, that against his will his fellow was deposed. But when no persuasion would serve, he made the decree: Octavius being deprived, he secretly conveyed himself away, 
octavius deprived. Q. Mummius choose. Law of lands. Officers for the la. Appius Claudius▪  Quintus Mummius was choose Tribune in his place. The law of lands was pronounced, and the first officers appointed to see it executed, was Gracchus himself the lawmaker, and a brother of his name, and Appius Claudius his father in law. So much did the people fear, that all the labour of the law should be lost, unless Gracchus and all his family had the execution of it. Gracchus was marvelously magnified for this law, and accompanied of the people to his house as a preserver, not of one City or Country, but of all the nations of Italy. This being done, they that had the day, returned to the lands in the Country from whence they came for that purpose, but they that lost the day, remained discontented, and talked that Gracchus should not escape blame when he should be out of office, that dared violate a Magistrate of so great authority, and give occasion of so manifest sedition in Italy. Now was it Summer, and the time of choosing Tribunes at hand. It seemed that the rich would so labour, as the office should be given to some of Gracchus' greatest enemies. The trial being at hand, and he afraid that he should not be elected Tribune for the year to come, called people out of the Country, to give voice in the election, but they being occupied in Summer business, and the day drawing nigh, he was 
Gracchus labours the people.  compelled to make the people of the City his refuge, and went about to every one apart, to desire them to make him Tribune again, being in danger for their sakes. When the day was come, the two first companies chose Gracchus, but the rich men cried, that it was not lawful for one to be Tribune twice together. Rubrio a Tribune, to whose turn it came to be chief of the election, doubted of the matter. Mummius 
Doubt in them election.  successor to Octavius, prayed his fellow to commit the order of the election to him, which he did, but the other Tribunes affirmed, that this must be tried by lot, for where Rubrio had his turn, the appointment did appertain to them all.  
The contention being great, and Gracchus having the worse, he deferred the discussing till the next day, and being utterly discouraged, although yet in office, he remained the rest of the whole day in the common place, beseeching every man to be his help, as though he should straight have been destroyed of his enemies. The poor men were moved with compassion, and considering that they were not used indifferently as Citizens, but rather as slaves to the lust of the rich, and fearing for Gracchus' state, who suffered for their sake with lamentation, they all brought him to his house at night, and bade him be of good cheer against the next day. Gracchus being thus encouraged, assembled his part in the night, and gave them a watchword to fight it out if need required. Then he went to the Temple of the Capitol, where the election should be, and when the assembly was come together, and he in the midst of them, some of the Tribunes and the rich men would not suffer the election to proceed for him: wherefore he gave his watch word, they that were privy to it made a great shout, and began the fray, some stood about Gracchus 
Tumult b● Gracchus.  to guard his person, some tore the seats, some wrang the rods and maces out of the sergeants hands, some rent asunder every thing, and bet the rich men out of the place, with such a tumult and terror, as all the Tribunes ran away, and the Priests shut the Temple doors. The flying and running was confused, and the speech not well understanded. Some thought that Gracchus had deposed an other Tribune, for spying none of them there, it was like to be so. Some thought he had made himself Tribune again without any Election. In the mean time the Senate assembled in the Temple of Faith. Surely I marvel, that where the office of one ruler had 
Temple of Faith.  many times before preserved the state in like troubles, that now they did not choose a Dictator. In former times it was found 
Dictator.  most necessary, but now neither in memory, nor after cared for. When the Senate, as well as they could had resolved what was to be done, they went up to the Capitol, and Cornelius Scipio Nasica, by the name of chief Bishop led the way, and spoke with 
Chief Bishop. P. Scipio Nafica.  a loud voice that they should follow him that would have their Country safe. Then he pulled the skirt of his gown over his head, either to give a token by his garment, that the more might follow hint, or for a sign to them that saw it, that he would fight, or for that he would as it were hide from the Gods what 
Superstition.  he meant to do. Being come to the Temple, and thrusting in among Gracchus' rout, they gave place unto him, as to a most worthy man, whom they saw all the Senate follow: then did his company wring the weapons out of the others hands, and 
The fray.  gathered the pieces of the broken seats, with any other things that they could get in the place, and bet Gracchus part so violently, as they drove them to the brink of the hill, in the which tumult Gracchus was slain, and many with him at the Temple 
Gracchus' slain, who was a gentle courteous man, sober and eloquent, with modesty.  doors, before the Images of the Kings. Thus Gracchus, being some of that Gracchus that had been twice Consul, whose mother was Cornelia daughter to Scipio that conquered Africa, meaning well to his Country, but going about it undiscreetly, was slain in the Capitol, being yet Tribune. 
First Sedition. 〈…〉 was a base son to Lumenes, by a wench of Ephesus, that was a Minstrels daughter, A●●●●●s son to Lu●enes, made his Testament after this so●e, Populus Romanus honorum m●orum haeres esto. The Romans stayed the province of Pergamo. Aristonicus as heir to his father invaded it, and killed Licinius Gracchus that was sent against him. Then M. Perpenna overthrew him at Str●●onic●, and was killed in prison by the Senate's commandment.   
As this was the first mischief that was done in the place of election, so did it not cease till many more were done from time to time. The City was divided into woe and joy for Gracchus death; some lamented for themselves as well as for him, that the present state was no more a common wealth, but rather a Conquest and cruelty. Other rejoiced at that was done, whereby they had obtained their purpose. This was done, when. Aristonicus contended with the Romans for the Lordship of Asia. Gracchus being thus slain, and Appius Claudius dead, strait way Fuluius Flaccus, Paperius Carbo, and Gracchus the younger, took upon 
●. Flaccus P. Carbo.  them the defence of the law, and where the possessioners denied their lands to be surveyed, they made Proclamation, that the overseers 
Proclamation.  should accuse them, of the which grew a multitude of difficult matter, for all the land adjoining together, whither it was sold or divided to their companions in war, came to be examined how it was sold, and how it was divided. Every man had not his conveyance, nor the portions appointed them, and they that had, were found doubtful. And where land should be divided again according to the order, some of the owners must be put from their grounds and manors, to barren seed, and from fruitful and well planted places, to Fens and marish grounds. And where at the béginning of the lands conquered, there was no great certainty kept, & now that by decree all land divisible must be laboured, many had entered upon their neighbours bounds, whereby the form of the places were confounded, and time had so altered the rest, as it was hard to found the wrong that the rich had done, although it were great: so was there nothing but confusion, every one changing & chopping into others right. The Italians were very much grieved at this sharp dealing 
The Italians sueth to Scipio.  of the commissioners, and made suit to Cornelius Scipio that overcame Carthage, to be their defence against those injuries, who for that he had had there good service in the wars, was 
Scipio.  much grieved they should be misused, wherefore he came into the Senate house, where he did not directly speak against Gracchus' law, but showed the difficulty of the matter, and wished it should not be determined of them that had the dealing of it, because of suspicion, but of some other that might be thought indifferent, the which he quickly obtained as a thing reasonable. Tuditanus the Consul was appointed to be the judge, but he entering 
Tuditanus.  into the cause, and finding it so intricate, took in hand a voyage against the Illirians, seeking that occasion to be rid of 
The Illirians now Slavonians▪  this. They that were first appointed for the division, because no man required justice of them, did nothing in the same. Here of an hatred and grudge of the people did grow against Scipio, that he would have more care of the nations of Italy, than of the people of Rome, which for his sake had divers times got the displeasure of the great men, and twice made him Consul 
The people of Rome against Scipio.  before he might so be by the law. This being known, his enemies spoke manifestly against him, affirming that he went about utterly to break Gracchus' law by force and violence, which when the people heard, they were afraid, till Scipio in an evening, taking a pair of Tables to note what he would say the next day, was found dead without any wound, either by the practice of Cornelia mother to Gracchus, that his law should not be fordone, and by the help of Sempronia her 
Sempronia and Cornelia suspected of Scipio's death. This was Scipio junior Africanus, nephew to Scipio Affricanus that overthrew Hannibal. servants confession.  daughter, who was married unto Scipio, whom she loved not, nor he her, for that she was foul and barren, or rather (as some think) that he killed himself, because he could not fulfil his promise. Some say, that his servants being racked, confessed, that certain strange men unknown to them, were let in at the back door, and that they did choke their master, and because they saw the people angry with him, and to be glad of his death, they dared not bewray it. Thus died Scipio, and was not thought worthy a public funeral, although he had done so great service to his Country. So much could present 
Ingratitude.  displeasure prevail over benefits passed. This hap gave courage to Gracchus faction, although the division of lands was diversly deferred by the possessioners, whereof some thought good that all companions in war should be called to the freedom of the City, to make the benefit the more common, and 
Freedom of the City.  so leave the contention for land. The Italians accepted this very gladly, and preferred the freedom of the City, before the land in the Country. Fuluius Flaccus being Consul, and a divider of 
Fuluius Flaccus.  land, was a great doer in this matter, but the Senate did not allow, that they that were their inferiors, should now become their fellows: so this device took no place, and the people that was in hope of the division, was utterly discouraged, till Caius 
Caius Gracchus the second Tribune.  Gracchus, brother to him that made the law of lands, was thought the most meet man to be a Tribune, who since his brother's death had lived in rest: and though many of the Senate envy him, yet he stood for the office, and obtained it with great glory. He devised to deceive the Senate, by making 
Distribution.  a law that the people should have a distribution of a months Corn of the common store, which thing was never seen before, whereby straight he wan the people's hearts, and Fuluius being his friend, he was declared Tribune for the year to come: for now there was a law made, that if a Tribune had 
A la for the Tribunes benefit.  need of furtherance to perform his promise, the people afore all other should make choice of him, and so Caius Gracchus was choose Tribune the second time. Having thus alured the people by his largesse, he wan also the Gentlemen by an other device. They being in dignity next the Senators, in the midst 
Gentlemen, Equites, The next degree to the Senators after the order of the Athenians, when they were able to found an horse▪ judgements of corruption. Cornelius Cotta. Salinator made the toll of salt. Manius Acilius overcame Antiochus. Corruption. Translation of judgements.  between them and the people, he turned the judgements defamed by corruption from the Senatoures to the Gentlemen, objecting against them things lately committed, that Cornelius Cotta, Salinator, and Manius Acilius, who subdued Asia, being openly condemned of bribery, were released by the Judges, when the Ambassadors were present, going about, and crying out upon them with great slander, whereof the Senate being ashamed, gave place to the law, the people proclaimed it. Thus were these judgements translated from the Senatoures to the Gentlemen. When this law was made, Gracchus (as they report) said, he would dispatch the Senate quickly, which saying was found true by that followed thereof, for where the Gentlemen had the judgements of corruption, banishment and diffamation, which they used extremely over the Romans and the Italians, yea the Senators themselves, all the Gentlemen were like Princes extolled, and the Senatoures like slaves dejected, beside forth the Gentlemen joining with the Tribunes in elections, to gratify them again in every thing they would. The Senators were 
Cruelty of the Gentlemen.  fallen into so great a fear, as though the state should straight have been changed, they only having the name, and the Gentlemen the authority, who in process of time, did not only overrule the Senators, but did them open spite against all law. They dealt with matters of corruption, and felt so of continual gain, as they used their authority more rigorously and moderately. They brought in privy accusours against the rich, and by their faction and force overthrew the laws of corruption, so as the custom of trial of judgements was utterly overthrown, and a new disturbance concerning laws of Judges stirred up, as like so long to continue as the former. Now was Graccus making of long high ways in Itah, seeking thereby 
Gracchus maketh ●●w ways.  to help the multitudes of the labouring men, to have them ready in any enterprise at his commandment. He also placed divers new in habitances, and furthermore stirred the Latin nation to require the freedom of the Romans, as a thing to procure hate to the Senate, if they should deny it to that nation that was so nigh allied unto them. He also gave authority to other confederates of Rome, to give voices in elections, which might 
Gracchus giveth voice in elections.  not so do by ancient manner, that he might have the more help to procure laws at his pleasure, for the which the Senate was much troubled, and commanded the Consuls to make proclamation, that no man, unless he had a right in elections, should resort into the City, or approach within five miles of the same, during the time of assemble for the laws. They persuaded Livius Drusus the other Tribune, to resist Gracchus' laws, not making 
Livius Drusus.  the people acquainted with it, and it was granted, that who so 
The Senate's device to overthrow the laws.  would resist, should not need to show cause thereof. And to win the commons hearts, they decreed twelve new inhabitancies to be made, wherewith the people was so won, as they cared not for the laws. Gracchus being thus deceived of the people's favour, sailed into Africa with Fuluius Flaccus, who was Tribune 
Gracchus saileth into Africa.  with Gracchus after he had been Consul, where an inhabitant was appointed, because of the plenty of the soil, which 
Colony.  was done of purpose, that by the absence of the people, the Senate might have some rest from these stirs. This inhabitant was appointed where Carthage was, little regarding that 
An inhabitant where Carthage was.  Scipio the winner of it, did vow it for ever to be a place of pastime. Six thousand was assigned, which by law aught to have been less, that they might the rather please the people. They returned to Rome, and gathered the six thousand out of all Italy, but when it was written out of Africa, that the Wolves had destroyed the plat of the city, which Gracchus and Fuluius had laid, the Soothsayers affirmed, that the inhabitants should be unlucky, wherefore the Senate called a counsel, that the law of 
Inhabitant revoked.  inhabitant might be revoked. Gracchus and Fuluius being deceived of this hope also, like mad men, said the Senate did lie, touching the token of the Wolves. The vuruly sort of the commons favouring them, came with their weapons to the Capitol, where the assembly should be for this inhabitant. When the people was assembled, and Fuluius began to speak, Gracchus came up to the Capitol, guarded with them that were privy of his purpose, but being resisted of them that understood he would make new business, he left the way to the Capitol, and took a low Gallery, there waiting to deceive his adversaries. One Attilius, 
Attilius.  a man of the common sort, seeing him in these turmoils, and making sacrifice in that gallery, came and took him by the hand, either to persuade him, or suspecting him, or otherwise to talk with him, prayed him he would spare his Country: he was the more troubled, as fearing to be apprehended, & looked angrily upon him, whereat one of his people, without any commandment or token given, but only by conjecture of Gracchus grim look, thought it now to be time to please his Captain, if he began the fray, drawn his sword, & ran Attilius through. A great 
Attilius killed.  shout being made, and the head body seen among them, every man fled out of the Temple with fear of like displeasure▪ Gracchus went to the common place, minding to say somewhat to the people touching this fact, but no man would hearken to 
Gracchus' act detested.  him, every man detesting it as a wicked fact. Gracchus and Flacchus were out of hope having lost this occasion, which they thought to have prevented, and ran home to their houses, accompanied with their companions. The rest of the people, as in time of danger, about midnight took the common place, and by break of day, Opimius the Consul had appointed men in armour to 
L. Opimius.  keep the Capitol and called the Senate together by public officers, himself in the mean time abiding in the Temple of jupiters' children, to provide for the necessity. This being thus ordained, the Senate sent for Gracchus and Fuluius to answer for themselves in the Counsel house, but they in armour went to the hill called Aventine, hoping by the strength of the place to 
Aventine was one of the seven h●ls of Rome.  bring the Senate to some composition, and offered liberty to bondmen that would repair unto them: but no man made any account of them, wherefore they took the Temple of Diana, and fortified it. Then they sent Quintus, son to Flaccus unto the Senate, 
Second sedition.  requesting a pause with a truce of concord. The Senate willed them to leave their armour, and come to say what they could for themselves, or else to send no more: nevertheless he came again, and Opimius the Consul not taking him for a messenger because of their disobedience, caused him to be detained, and sent soldiers against Gracchus, and he fled over the wooden bridge, unto the other side of the flood into a grove, with 
The wooden bridge was at that part of Tiber that goeth to the hill janiculo.  one man, to whom when he see he should be taken, he offered his throat to be cut. Flaccus fled into a shop of one of his acquaintance. They that followed him, threatened to burn the whole street, unless they delivered him. His friend being ashamed to betray him in his calamity, bade an other do it, and so was Flaccus taken and killed, and both their heads were brought 
Gracchus and Fuluius slain. This Gracchus was very eloquent, but so vehement, as he would move up and down, and cast his Gown of his shoulders. Purgation of the City. Temple of Concord. Law to cell land. Division by money. Sp. Borius.  to the Consul Opimius, who gave the weight of gold for reward, and the people spoiled their houses. The Consul took their companions, & committed them, till they were executed. To Quintus he granted to choose what manner of death he would: then he purged the City of bloodshed, & by the Senate's sentence, erected the Temple of concord in the common place. This was the end of Gracchus the second his sedition. Not long after a law was made that any man might sell the land that was in controversy, the which the former Gracchus had forhidden, whereby the rich men again did buy the poor men's parts, or thrust them out by violence, till Spurius Borius the Tribune did devise a law, that land should be no more divided, but remain with the owners, & a tribute to be raised of it for the people, the money whereof should be distributed, whereby the poor had some relief, but to the increase of men it was no help at al. Thus was Gracchus law abrogated by a sleight, which might have been very good and profitable, if it had been used accordingly. Not long after, by an other Tribune, the distribution also was taken away, so as the people was utterly destitute of all help, whereof followed want of Citizens and soldiers, revenue of land, of stipend, and of laws, the space of fifteen years after Gracchus law, with a more quietness. In this mean time 
A Theatre was a place of Plays to be seen of the people, and it was round saving in one place. An Amphitheatre was round every where. Sometime the Theatres served for the people to learn Orations. Q. Metellus Censor. This Nonius, of other is called Memmius and Mumius. Nonius killed. In this matter this Author seas meth to vary from other.  Scipio the Consul threw down a Theatre that Lucius Cassius had begun and almost ended, either as an occasion of new sedition, or for that he would not have the Roman people acquainted with the Greeks pastimes. Q. Metellus a master of manners, minded to have removed Glaucias that had been Consul, and Apuleius having been Tribune, from their dignity, for their evil life, but he could not do it, because his fellow was against it. A little while after to be revenged of Metellus, Apuleius laboured to be Tribune again, because Glaucias was Praetor, & should be chief in the election: but Nonius a noble man, using free speech against him, & reproving Glaucias, was choose Tribune. They fearing that he being in authority, would punish them, sent a band of busy fellows as he went from the election, and killed him, entering into a shop to save himself. This murder being committed, they of Glaucias faction, before the people could assemble again, ●hose Apuleius Tribune early in the morning, & by this mean was the death of Nonius not followed, men being afraid of the Tribune. Metellus was banished by the help of C. Marius now six 
Metellus. C. Marius was an enemy to the nobility, and a labourers son, void of learning, and rude in manners, yet so good a Soldier, as when Scipio under whom he served in Spain, was asked whom he thought meet to be general after him, he clapped Marius on the shoulder and said, peradventure this ●●●.  times Consul, who bearing secret hate against him, conspired with his enemies. Apuleius did make a law to divide certain lands of the French, won by the Cymbrianes, whom Marius had driven away, as now no longer of the French, but belonging to the Romans, and therefore might be divided. It was promised that if the people would allow the law, the Senate should confirm it the fifth day by an oath, and he that refused to swear to it, should be removed from the Senate, and be condemned to the people in twenty Talents. This was a device to be revenged of Metellus, who for his gravity would not swear unto it. The law being in this forwardness. Apuleius appointed that day, and in the mean time sent into the Country for such as had served Marius in the wars, to have their help, but because the Italian's should be more advanced by this law than the Romans, the people was not content with it. So discord arose in the time of the meeting. Apuleius did put back from the higher place all 
Objection against the la.  that were against the law. The people of the City cried that it thundered, which when it happened, it was not lawful for the Romans 
Thunder stoppeth any proceeding in elections and assemblies. The Citizens against the Countrymen. The law won by force. Marius dissembleth.  to conclude any thing in their consultations. Nevertheless Apuleius band used violence still, wherefore the Citizens girded their gowns, and took such weapons of wood as they could get, and resisted the Countrymen. They again being encouraged by Apuleius, stuck to it, and with their staves and bats beat the Citizens so, as the law was won. Marius the Consul forthwith propounded the oath, and because he known Metellus a constant and sound man in his purposes, he first showed his own opinion, affirming he would not swear, and all to deceive Metellus who said the same, wherefore both of them being commended of others, Marius broke up the house. The fifth day after, which was the time appointed for the oath, the Consul assembled the Senate on a sudden about ten of the clock, and said, he was afraid of the people that favoured the law so fervently, 
A device of Marius to illude the law. The words be▪ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 commentum & subtil●●●●.  yet he had devised a shift and a subtlety for it, and that was this, that a man might swear to the words of the law so far forth as it was lawful, and so for the time the Country people might be sent home, and after it might be well proved that it was no law, which by violence and by the thundering of jupiter was made contrary to the order of the Country. When he had said thus, every man was silent for fear of entrapping, and the suddaynesse of the time: wherefore he arose and went to the Temple of Saturn, where the common treasourers should swear. Himself swore first, & so did his friends: other Senators did the like for fear. Only Metellus would not swear, continuing 
Metellus refuseth the oath.  in his former sentence without dread. Apuleius the next day sent a Sergeant to pull him out of the Court, but the Tribunes defended him. Then Apuleius and Claudius ran to the Country multitude, affirming that they neither could have land, nor law take place, unless Metellus were banished: wherefore a decree of his banishment was made, and a Proclamation from the Consul, that no man should succour Metellus, neither with fire nor water: and one only day was given him for deliberation of the matter. The people of the City were offended, and 
The moderation of Metellus.  went about Metellus with their weapons: he thanked them for their good will, but said, his Country should not be brought into trouble for him. So Apuleius pronounced the decree of his exile, 
Metellus banished.  and Marius confirmed it. Thus was the most worthy man of the City banished, after the which Apuleius was Tribune the third time, and for his fellow, one Gracchus a runagate was appointed, 
Gracchus the runagate, who was advanced by Marius.  reporting that he was son to old Gracchus, the people favouring him for the names sake. The election of the Consuls being at hand, Marcus Antonius was choose for the one, without any sticking: for the other, Glaucias and Memmius contended. Memmius was of more estimation in the City. Glaucias and Apuleius feared themselves, and sent certain men with wasters into the assembly, which laid upon Memmius, and killed 
Memmius killed.  him. Thus was the solemn assembly disturbed, no regard being had now of law or justice, nor reverence of God or man. The people was grieved at it, and the next day gathered together to dispatch Apuleius, but he got the company of his new multitude of Countrymen, with Glaucias and C. Sapheius a treasurer, and took the Capitol. The Senate commanded they should be taken and dispatched, but Marius' unwilling to it, did for a show arm men very slowly. Some there were that did cut away the water that went into the Temple, wherefore Sapheius that could not abide the lack of water, persuaded them to set the Temple a fire, but Glaucias and Apuleius yielded themselves first, and after so did Sapheius. And where every man called upon their execution, Marius shut them in the Senate house, as to deal with them more according to law. But the people perceiving this to be a delay, pulled the staves of the roof of the Temple, and never left throwing upon them, till they had killed all three, 
Sapheius, Glauclas and Apuleius killed.  whereof one was a Quaestor, an other a Tribune, and the third a Praetor, and all at that time clad with the robes of their office. With them also was slain a great number of the people, entangled with their sedition, and in it the other Tribune, that was thought to be son to Gracchus, the first day of the entering into his Tribuneship, for now neither liberty nor dignity, neither law nor office was able to reéeve any man, when as the Tribunes office, created for the repressing of wrongs, and defence of the people, as a sanctuary and holy thing, was waxen a worker of injuries, and had injury done against itself. After Apuleius and the rest were killed, the Senate and the people decreed to call home Metellus, but P. Furius Tribune, not born of a free man 
Furius.  to his father, but made free of a bond man, boldly did resist them, and rejected his son Metellus, beseeching him with tears upon his knees in the sight of all the people, which young man for that pitiful act, was ever after called Metellus the dutiful. Caius Canuleius 
Metellus the dutiful.  Tribune the next year, did accuse Furius and the people that would not tarry to have him tried by judgement, did tear 
Furius torn in pieces.  him in pieces. Thus ever one mischief or other was committed in the common place. Metellus was called home, and (as they say) a day did not suffice for them that came to welcome him 
Metellus revoked.  home at the gates of the City. Thus the third sedition, after the two former, made of the two Gracc●●, begun by Apulesus, 
The third sedition.  and working much trouble to the Romans, was ended. In the mean time kindled a stir called the fellows war, which as it was sudden, so it shortly grew very great, and caused dissension to cease at home, for fear of trouble abroad, and when it was ended, it raised new turmoils and workers of discord, not for making of Cities, or creating of officers among the people, but with mighty armies seeking one another's destruction, the which I thought good to join with this History, because it proceeded of civil dissension, and increased to a far greater tumult, the beginning whereof was this. Fuluiu● Flaccus being Consul, was the first that openly encouraged 
Fellows wa●, and the cause of it.  the Italians to ask the freedom of Rome, that of subjects they might be coequal in authority. And because he was so earnest in the cause, the Senatoures sent him to a foreign war, where he laboured to be Tribune. When 
Flaccus se●● into ●●beria.  his office should end, and brought to pass that he was choose Tribune with Gracchus the younger, both the which going about to make laws in the favour of the Italians, were slain (as ye have heard,) whereby the Italians were the more sharplyesette, taking it grievously, that they were rather used like underlyng than fellows, and that Fuluius and Gracchus for their sakes were so destroyed, after whom, Livius Drusus a 
Livius Drusus.  noble man and Tribune, had promised the Italians to make a law in their favour, touching the freedom of the City, whereof they were very desirous, as the only mean, of Servants to be made Superioures. To gratify the people of Rome, the Tribune led new inhabitances, as well into Italy as Sicily, determined before, but till that time deferred. He also took in hand to make pacification between the Senatoures and the Gentlemen which were fallen out for authority of judicial matters, and when he saw he could not directly restore the Senate to their former jurisdiction, he used a policy with them both, for where the Senate by reason of sedition, were scarcely the number of three hundred, he devised that so many more should be choose of the Gentlemen, and of them all, Judges to be choose in time to 
Increase of Senators.  come, to hear matters of corruption, which was now no more regarded, for men were waxen so shameless, as it was thought no fault: but this policy had contrary success, for the Senate was grieved that so many Gentlemen should so suddenly be made their fellows, being unlike that they in like authority would agree with them. The Gentlemen were afraid that the whole order of judgements should be in the Senate, the which thing, now having tasted of great gain, with much authority they began, (not without cause) to suspect: besideforth an emulation grew among themselves, which of them should be thought worthier than other, to be choose to the three C. and he that was, was sure to be envied: but nothing did more trouble them, than that the trial of corruption should be called again to the ordinary court, the which was now out of use, and in this, the Senate and the Gentlemen, though they agreed not 
Drusus said there was nothing now left to be divided, but earth or airs  among themselves, yet they both conspired against Drusus. The people was pleased with their new habitations. But the Italians, for whose sakes the Tribune had begun all these things, could not away with the placing of new habitations, 
It should seem by some that he would have revoked certain inl●●b●tancies. Tus anes. Vmbrianes be now D●●ato d● Spoleto.  for if the division of common land should cease, the rich men, some by force and some by fraud would win it, and straight get it from them, and be evil neighbours to them that would withhold them. The Tuscans and the Vmbrians having the like affection, were brought of the Consul inpretence to dispatch Drusus, but in very déde to resist the law, against the which they openly cried and expected the day of determination. When the Tribune heard of this, he came not abroad, but gave audience at home in a dark gallery, and in an evening dismissing the people, it happened so that he cried, I am hurt, and with the word he fallen down dead, & it was found that he was strike with a Shoemakers knife in the flank. Thus Drusus the Tribune 
Drusus slain.  was slain. The Gentlemen of this determination took occasion to pick quarrels against their enemies, and induced Q. Valerius 
Q Valerius.  the Tribune to take upon him to accuse all them that either privily or apertly had furthered the Italians in the public matters, hoping thereby the great men should have been brought into slanders and diffamation, and they be their Judges, which being rid away, they should yet have greater power in the common wealth. And whereas other Tribunes did refuse to propound the law, the Gentlemen with swords in hand, did compass the place, and caused the law to be made, which as soon as they had obtained, they brought in accusers against the Senators, whereof one Bestius would not obey, but went into voluntary 
●. Bestius exiles himself. Cotta willingly exiled.  banishment, as he that would not give himself into the hands of his enemies. Cotta appeared in judgement, and when he had very boldly declared his service for the common wealth, and reprehended the Gentlemen, before he should be cast out by decree, he went away willingly. Mummius that evercame Greece, being promised of the Gentlemen to be released, was deceived, 
Mummius exiled who overs threw Cornelius and thereof was called. Ac●●icus, because it stood in Achaia.  and forced with shame to flee judgement, and to lead his life in the isle of Delos. The people began to be grieved at this disorder increasing daily against the best men, lamenting that so many and so good Citizens should be so suddenly taken from them. The Italians hearing of Drusus death, and the cause of so many men's exile, thinking no longer to be suffered, that such a sort of their chief patrons should be thus used, and not hoping any other way to obtain the freedom of the City, determined to leave the Romans, and to make war upon them. At the beginning of this confederacy, they secretly gave hostages for assurance of their faith, which thing was long hid to the Romans, because of their dissension and judicial causes, but when it was perceived, they sent divers abroad to understand the thing closely, one of the which, marking that a young man of the City of 
* Ascolo, This City is in that part that is called. Abruzzo, near to the territory of 〈◊〉, appertaining to the Pope. There is another of this name in Apulia, called Ascolidi Sairiano for a difference. Precedents. Hadriane the Emperor. Proconsulles. Servilius killed at Asculi. ●onteius killed. Marsians in Campania di Roma. Malinians in Campania felici. Vestinians in Abruzzo. Marusians' A● bruzzo. Picentines' Campanites di Lauoro. Ferentines in Catif. Hirsians Abruzzo. Pompeyans in terrad: Lavoro. Venusians' in Apulia. lapigianes otrant●▪ Samnites Abruzzo. All these nations be beyond Rome.  Asculi was delivered to an other city as pledge, he did utter it to Servilius the Precedent of that province: for at that time, it should seem, that the Romans had precedents in divers parts of Italy, which manner Hadriane when he was Emperor desired to renew, but it continued not long after his time. Servilius came in great anger to Asculi at a feast, and sharply rebuked them, whereupon they killed him, because they were discovered by him. They killed also Fonteius that was his legate. They had the name of Legates among the Romans, that were sent in commission to the Precedents of the Country. After these two were slain, there was as little courtesy showed to the rest of the Romans, for they were all killed, and their goods set to spoil. The conspiracy being now opened, all the neighbours about Asculi went to arms. The Marsians, the Malinians, the Vestinians, the Marucians', and beside them the Picentines, the Ferentines, the Husians, the Pompeyans, the Venusians, the lapigianes, and the Samnites, which people before had ever been enemies, and hurtful to the Ramaines. All other nations from the flood 
* The flood I●ri● Lario, now Clariano in Campania.  Lario, which floweth, as I take it at 
* Linterno was a City in Campania, where Scipio chose to end his life, after he had found the people of Rome unthankful.  Linterno, to the Gulf of jonia, did sand their Ambassadors to the Romans, complaining, that where the Senate had used their service and travel, always in getting their great Empire, they made no regard of it, nor for all their pains thought them worthy to be partaker of their City. To whom the Senate sharply answered, that if they repented their former doings, they should sand Ambassadors, if not they should send none. They as men desperate, prepared for the war, and made a common army of all the Cities, one of footmen, and an other of Horsemen, to the number of one hundred thousand. The Romans made power as great against them, partly of their 
The army of the Italians.  own, and partly of the Confederate Cities that yet remained in league. Sextus julius Caesar, and Publius Rutilius 
Sex. julius Caesar. P. Rutilius consuls.  Lupus, then consuls, were leaders both, as in a war at hand, and dangerous. The rest remained at home to defend the gates and the walls, and because men's minds were entangled this way and that way, by reason of the new law, they appointed assistants to the consuls, 
Assistants to the consuls.  whom they called Legates, men of the best ●orte. To Rutilius, was joined Cneus Pompeyus, father to Pompey that was surnamed Greate●, Quintus Capil, Ca●●s Perpenna, and Valerius Messala. To Sextus Caesar P. Lentulus, brother of the said Caesar, Titus Didius, Licinius Crassus, and Cornelius Sylla. And beside these, Marcus Marcellus. These many appointed to the Consuls, served as Lieutenants in several places, and the Consuls went over all, to whom and to the other the Romans sent ever new supplies, as in a trouble of great danger.  
The Italians had their Captains out of every City, beside the which, as in a general cause, these were the generals, T. Afranius, C. Pon●ilius, Marius Ignatius, 
Genera●es of the Italians.  Quintus Pompedius, C. Papius, M. Lampronius, C. judacilius, Hirius Asinius, and Vetius Cato. These dividing their armies together, went against the Roman Captains many times with the advantage, and many times with the loss, the chief of both the which briefly to declare, were these: Vetius Cato put to flight, Sextus julius kylied two thousand of his men, and drove him to As●rni●, a City 
Sextus julius overthrown.  of the Roman devotion, where standing to their defence, L. Scipio and L. Acilius in slaves apparel fled away, and the enemies with time and hunger consumed them. Marius Ignatius took Venafro by treason, and killed two companies 
Venafro lost. It is near the 〈◊〉 Vulture's. Perp●●●● overthrown and discharged.  of the Romans.  
P. Presenteius did overthrow Perpenna a leader of ten thousand, killed four thousand, and took the armour from the most part of the rest. Wherefore Ratilius the Consul discharged Perpenna of his leading, and committed the remnant of the Army to C. Marius. M. Lamponius slew eight hundred of them that were with Licinius Crassus, and chased the other 
Grument●. Lively Crassus lost 〈◊〉 wo●●e, ● City not ●ar●e from Naples.  to the City of Grument●. C. Papius g●t● Nola by treachery, and made Proclamation to two thousand Romans that were there, to come and serve, which they did, and he accepted them: but the Captains that refused to obey his Proclamation, he took, and famished them to death. He wa●●e also Castabuli, Minturnio, and Salerno, that were habitations of 
Castabuli in Campania, Mint●●● in Campania, when Mari●● hid himself. Salerno beyond Naples. Nuceria besieged, thirty miles from Naples. Acerre a City in Campania, which Hannibal burned, the people being escaped. Oxintha son to jugurth. Venusio in Apulia. Numidians.  Rome, and caused all the prisoners and captives to serve in his Campe. He burned all about the compass of Nuceria, which caused the next Cities to yield for fear. He requiring an army of them, they sent him ten thousand men, and one thousand Horse, with the which he besieged Acerre▪ Sextus Caesar with ten thousand French footmen, and many Numidian Horsemennes, approached to Acerre.  
Papius brought out of Venusio, Oxintha, son to jugurthe sometime King of Numidia, where he was kept of the Romans, and cladding him with Purple, showed him many times to the Numidianes that were with Caesar, of the which many fled thick unto him as to their king. Wherefore Caesar sent away the rest as suspected into their Country, after the which, Papius came upon him with contempt, and bet down part of his trench, He sent his Horsemennes about, which killed two thousand of Papius 
Papius lose●●●  Souldyoures, which done, Caesar removed the Camp from Acerre.  
To judacilius in japigia, the Canusians, Venusians, and many other Cities did yield, some that would not he ouerc●me, and as many noble men of the Romans as he found, he slew, the Commons and the slaves he used in his 〈◊〉.  
Rutilius the Consul, and C. Marius made bridges, not far asunder, to pass over the River of Liris. Vetius Cato camped nigh the bridge of Marius and laid an ambush over against the Consul's bridge. In the morning he suffered him to pass over, and set upon him with that sleight, and many of his people he killed on the land, many also he drowned in the flaud. The Consul in this conflict was hurt in the head, and died shortly 
The Consul killed. Marius.  after. Marius' being at the other bridge, and perceiving the chance by the bodies that were brought by the stream, passed the flood with great speed, and set upon Cato's Camp, kept off a few, and made him lodge the night where he had won the day, from whence for lack of victual he was compelled to departed. Futilius corpse, and many other Gentlemen, being sent to Rome to be burned, 
Heaviness at Rome for the death of the Consul.  it was an heavy sight to see the Consul and so many other destroyed, and cause of many days mourning: wherefore the Senate decreed, that they that died in the war should be buried there, lest the other by the sight should be made afraid to go to the field. No successor was made to Rutilius that year, because Sextus Caesar had no leisure to go to the election, but his host, the Senate appointed Caius Marius and Q. Caepio to rule. Q. Pompedius lying against Caepio, fled as a runagate, and brought 
Pompedius deceiveth Caepio.  two slaves as pledges, clad in purple as his sons: and to have the more credit, he brought certain wedges of lead, laid over with silver and gold. He exhorted him to set upon his men being without a Captain easy to be overthrown. Caepio was so light of belief, as he went with him. When Pompedius was nigh the place of embushment, he ran up to an hill as to ospie the enemy, to whom when he had given his token, they appeared, and overthrew Caepio, and many more with him. The 
Caepio flay●●.  Senate committed the rest of his army to Marius. Sextus Caesar 
Sextus Caesar fleeth.  marching with thirty thousand footmen, and five thousand horses, among hills and rocky streyghtes, Marius' Ignative fallen suddenly upon him, and compassed him in the same. He fled away in a litter (because he was sick) to a river, where was but one bridge to pass, there he lost the greater part of his army, the other threw away their armour, with whom he hardly escaped to Theano, them he armed again as well as he could, and 
Theano in the end of Apulia.  with an other multitude that came unto him hand over head, he approached to Acherre, which Papio had besieged. Their Camps lay hard together, yet for fear dared not provoke one the other. Cornelius Sylla, and C. Marius did follow valiantly the Marsians that lay against them, unto the hedges of the Uineyardes. The Marsians with much ado got through the hedges, in the which Marius and Sylla thought not good to pursue them, but Sylla waiting with his Camp on the other side of the Uineyards, encountered them as they would have escaped out, and killed many of them, so as the slaughter of that day was above six thousand, and the harness that the Romans took, was a great deal more. By this chance the Marsians like mad men were the more fierce, and armed themselves again, and went on to provoke the 
Marsi a valiant people in Latio, now Campania.  Romans, who dared not come to hand with them, nor begin the fight, for they be a nation most warlike, and through this chance this only triumph was made of them, where before (as the saying is) neither was there triumph of them, nor without them. 
Falerio in Camepania where the good wine is praised. Firmo a town in the march of Ancona.  About the mount of Ealerno, judacilius, Titus Afranius, and P. Ventidius together, did overthrow C. Pompeyus, and drove him to the City of Firmo. They went their way, and left Afranius to besiege Pompey, who armed his men speedily, but would not come to fight, yet by the coming of an other army, he sent Sulpitius about to be on the back of Afranius, and he came forth on the face. The fight being doubtful on both sides, Sulpitius set the enemies Camp on fire, which when they saw, they fled to Ascoli without order or obedience, where Afranius was killed continuing 
Afranius killed.  in the fight. Pompeyus proceeded to the winning of Ascoli. Indacilius was born at Ascoli, and fearing the loss thereof, he 
judacilius.  took eight compantes and went toward it, sending to the Asculians before, that as soon as they see him a far off, they should issue upon the enemies, that they might be assailed on both sides: but they would none of it. Notwithstanding judacilius entered through the Camp with as many as he could, and reproved his Countrymen for unfaithfulness, and cowardliness, but having 
Cruelty o● judacilius.  no hope to save the City, first he killed all his ancient enemies, than those that of late had caused the multitude to disobey him at this instant. That done, he prepared a fire in the Temple, and set a bed upon it, than he did banquet with his friends, and after he had made merry with them, he drank off his poison, and laid him down on the straw, 
judacilius death.  and bade them set it on fire. Thus judacilius desirous to dye honourably for his Country, made his end. Sextus Caesar, the time of his office being expired, was made Uiceconsull of the Senate. He set upon twenty thousand as they removed their Camp, and killed eight thousand of 
S. Caesar dieth.  them, and unarmed many more, lying long at the siege at Ascoli, he died of a disease, and appointed C. Bebius to serve in his place. These were the things done in Italy, about the Ionian sea.  
The Etrurians and Vmbrianes on the other side of Rome hearing of this, they and other Countries their neighbours were disposed to rebel. The Senate being afraid, lest the enemy being round about them, they should be undefended, sent garrisons of free mace men to all the coast between the City and Cuma. This was the 
Cuma in Campania felici. Freemade men sent to war.  first time that they were admitted to serve in War for want of free men. Those Italians that remained in good faith, they made free of the City, of the which all were desirous. This benefit they sent also to the Hetrurianes, who received that freedom very friendelye. The 
Etrurians now Tuscans.  Senate by this courtesy made their welwyllers the more willing, put them out of doubt that were in fear, and caused the enemy (for hope of the like) to be the more remiss. The Romans did not receive these new Citizens into the fuye and thirty companies (for so many 
The Italians made Citizens of Rome.  they were) lest that they being more than the old, should prevail in elections, but brought them into new companies, divided by tens, whereby they were last in the elections, and many times their voices were in vain, because the old fuye and thirty were first called, and more than half. Whether this was not known at the first, or that the Italians were content with it, afterwards it was cause of new contention. They about the jenian Sea, not hearing of the Hetrurianes repentance, sent fifteen thousand men in aid to Hetruria, with long and laborious journeys. C. Pompeius now Consul, met with them, and killed five thousand of them, the rest returning home by wayless places, sharp season of Winter, and by eating of Acorns, were the half destroyed.  
That same Winter, Cato, Pompeius' fellow, made war 
Cato slain.  upon the Marsianes, and was slain. Sylla lay in Camp at Mount Pompey. L. Ignatius with great despite, encamped within half a mile of him. Sylla could not abide this 
Sylla fleeth.  contumely, but set upon him, not tarrying for his forragiers, and was driven to flee, but when his forragiers were come, he set upon him again and put him to 
Sylla putteth to flight.  flight. He than Camped farther off, having a supply of Frenchmen. He again placed his Camp near to Sylla. The armies being thus nigh together, a Frenchman of mighty stature came forth alone, and challenged any of the Romans 
A Combat. A Numidian.  to fight with him: a little Marusian answered him, and killed him, with the which, the Frenehmennes were so discouraged, as they fled their way, whereby the Camp being troubled, no company of Cluentuis would tarry, but with confusion fled to Nola. Sylla pursued, and killed thirty thousand in the chase. And whereas the Nolanes received them but at one gate, for fear the enemy should also enter, he slew about the walls twenty thousand, among whom Cluentius mansullye fighting, was also 
Cluentius slain.  slain.  
Sylla went against the Hirpinianes, and besieged A Equilan●. 
Hirpini in the ●rutians. jucanes be they that now be of Pasibcata.  They looking for the Lucanes aid that day, desired respite to consider: he perceiving their craft, gave them one hour, and in the mean time set Ladders to the walls, which were made of wood, and at the 
Aquilano taken. City in Brut●●.  end of the hour set them on fire. They being afraid yielded, yet he spoiled it, because they yielded not of good will, but of necessity. Other that yielded he received, till he had subdued all the Hirpian nation. Then he went against the Samnites, not that way which Mut●lu● their Captain kept, but 
〈◊〉 overthrown.  an other unknown by a compass, and came upon them suddenly, and killed many of them, and the other ran hither and thither, and Mutilus was hurt, and with a few fled to Asernia. 
Asernia in 〈◊〉.  Sylla went against the Brianes, where the common counsel of the factions were kept. This City had three fortresses, and whiles 
Brianes now 〈◊〉 in Abruzzo.  the Brianes came wholly against Sylla, he sent about certain, whom he willed to take any of the fortresses that they could, and to signify it by a smoke, which being done, he gave a hot assault on the front three hours together, and got the Town. These things that Summer were happily done of Sylla, and toward winter he went to Rome to stand for the Consulship. C. Pompeius 
Salapia a City of Apulia, where 〈◊〉 was caught in love. Canue now Berletta. Canutui a city in Apulia, where is the best wool in Italy, now Ca●ossa. The flood Anfido. Trebatius is discomfited by Cossonius.  subdued the Marsians, Marusians, and the Venusians. C. Cossonius a Lieutenant did burn Salapia, and took Canue. By the coming of the Samnites, with whom he fought valiantly, till many died on both sides. He was fain to leave the siege of Canuti●, and go to Canue. Trebatius the Captain of the Samnites, sent unto Cossonius, that either he should come over the river that divided their armies, to fight, or go back, that he might come to him: he went back, and when Trebatius was coming over, Cossonius set upon him, and had the better in the fight, and as he would have fled over again, he killed fifteen thousand of Trebatius men, who with them that were left, fled to Canusio. Cossonius' having spoiled 
Larinates etc. people of Apulia. Pediculi in Calabria.  the lands of the Larineans, Venutians, and Asculans, invaded the Podiceans, whom he wan in two days. Cecilius Metellus become his successor to his army, who went against the japigians, and overthrew them by battle, in the which Pompedius one 
Pompedius killed.  of the generals of the revolted people was killed, the rest fled by heaps to Caecilius. This was the sharp contention in Italy, called the fellows war, till all the same were received into the civility of Rome. Except the Lucanes and Samnites, the which 
Italians received to the freedom of Rome.  (as it should seem) were after received also, and were appointed to their several companies as the former, lest being joined with the old, they should, being more in number, have the upper hand in elections.  
Now began the Usurers to contend one against an other 
Usury.  in the City, because some had bought debts with the interest, being forbidden to take usury upon usuries by an old law, and a pain appointed to him that so would use his usuries. It should seem that the old Romans detested usury as much as 
Romans, Grecians, and Persians', hate Usury.  the Greeks, as a matter intolerable to the poor, and cause of debate and evil will. The Persians' also by like reason did account it full of fraud and leasing, but usury being confirmed by custom and time, they required it accordingly. The other alleged cause of delay through war and sedition, and some threatened the usurers with the statute. Asellio a Judge, to whom that jurisdiction 
Asellio.  belonged, sought to agree them, but could not, wherefore he gave them leave to try the controversy by law, putting the Judges in remembrance, as well of the custom, as of the law, as a thing doubtful. When the Usurers heard Asellius make mention of the old law, they were grieved, and killed him after this manner: It was his turn to make oblation in the 
Sacrifice to jupiters' children.  common place to jupiters' children, the multitude standing about the sacrifice, one of the former threw a stone at him, and hit him, wherefore he flung down the vessel of sacrifice, and ran toward 
Vesta the Goddess of Virginity.  the Temple of Vesta, where being prevented and excluded, be fled into a shop, and there they slay him. Many that went after him thinking he had been fled among the Virgins, ran 
Disorder.  into places where it was not lawful for men to come. Thus Asellio a Judge, sacrificing and clad with an holy vesture of 
Aselius killed.  gold, as in such solemnities is wont, was killed the second hour among the Temples in the miost of the common place. The Senate made Proclamation, that who so ever would bewray the killer, if he were a freeman, he should have silver: if he were bond, he should have freedom: if he were privy to it, he should have pardon: but no man would do it, for the Usurers kept it secret. These murders and civil dissensions happened yet now and then, but afterward Captains of sedition with great armies contended together by law of war, their Country standing as a pray to them that could catch it, the beginning & proceeding whereof after the follows war was this.  
When Mithridates King of Pontus, and other nations had invaded Bithynia, Ph●●gia, and Asia, confining to the same 
Beginning of Civil wars.  (as I have showed in my Book of that matter,) it was by lot assigned to Sylla the Consul, being yet in Rome, to govern the army in Asia, in that war of Mithridates. But Marius, who thought this war would be easy to dispatch, 
Marius.  and very much worth, desirous also of the generals room, attempted P. Sulpitius' Tribune of the people, with many promises, to be his friend. And he put the new Citizens of Italy in good hope, that were inferior in elections, to be distributed through all the Companies, not showing that he went about any matter of his own, that he might use them as faithful ministers in all assays. Sulpitius straightway 
Sulpitius.  propounded a law for it, which if it had taken place, Marius and Sulpitius should have had their wills in all, because the new Citizens did so far exceed the old, which thing the ancients perceiving, did stoutly resist the new, and both sides used stones and staves in their defence. This evil growing still greater, and the Consuls fearing the passing of the law that was at hand, did proclaim a vacation for many days, as in festival times 
Vacation.  was wont to be done, that some intermission might be had of this law and inconvenience. Sulpitius could not abide this vacation, and therefore willed his faction to come to the common place with weapons hid, and do as should fall out, not sparing the very Consuls if need were. This done, he spoke against the vacation, as a thing contrary to the law, and bad the consuls, 
Sulpitius against the vacation.  Sylla, and Q. Pompey forthwith to revoke it, that he might proceed to the approbation of the law. A tumult began, and they being prepared, drew their daggers, and threatened to kill the consuls if they spoke against them: wherefore Pompey secretly fled, and Sylla went aside, as to take advice: But Pompey's son, being son in law to Sylla, was killed of Sulpitius' faction, because he spoke somewhat liberally against them. Then Sylla returned, and revoked the vacation, and went 
Vacation revoked.  to Capua, to the army which was to pass into Asia, for the war of Mithridates, not knowing any thing yet what was meant against him. The vacation being dissolved, and Sylla go 
Capua the chief City of Campania. The war of Mithridates appointed to Marius. Sylla to his Soldiers.  out of the City, Sulpitius propounded the law, and to C. Marius for whom he had done all this, he assigned the rule of the war against Mithridates in Sylla his place. Sylla hearing of 〈◊〉, and determining to try it by fight, called his Souldyoures together, which were desirous to go this journey for the gain thereof, and knew that Marius would use other Souldyoures in it, and declared unto them what spite Sulpitius and Marius had done him, not showing plainly his meaning, for he dared not yet make mention of any such war, but only exhorted them to be ready, as occasion should require. They understanding his intent, and afraid to be prevented of this warfare, opened Sulla's cogitation, and bad him boldly lead 
Sylla recureless to Rome in Arms.  them to Rome. He being glad thereof, marched with six Legions. All the officers of his Camp, but one treasurer, posted to Rome, and could not abide to go against their 
Officers of good conscience.  Country.  
Ambassadors came to him by the way, and asked him why with arms he did invade his Country: he answered, 
Answer of Sylla.  to deliver it from tyrants. He made this answer twice or thrice to several Ambassadors, and withal required, that the Senate with Marius and Sulpitius might meet him in the flelde of Mars, and there he would do, as by counsel should seem good.  
When he was come nigh, Pompeyus his fellow resorted to him, allowing and praising his doings, and joining with him in all things. Marius and Sulpitius not prepared for so short a distance, sent other Ambassadors, as directed from the Senate, willing him not to come nygher than five miles to the City, till they had consulted of the present state. Sylla and Pompey well understanding their meaning, promised so to do, yet followed as soon as they were go. Then Sylla took the gate called Celimontana, and the brickwall next it●, with one Legion, and Pompey 
Celimontana Gate. Collina Gate.  took Collina Gate with an other. The third he placed at the bridge of wood, the fourth he left as a ward under the walls, with the rest he entered the City with enunies mind and deed: wherefore the dwellers about did stop him, by casting 
〈…〉 entereth the City with arms.  upon him from above. He threatened to burn their houses, and then they ceased▪ Marius and Sulpitius came against him in the 
AFs●●●lie was the hill in Rome, upon the which T●llus Host●●●us kept his soldiers. First fight of the arms in Rome. The boldness of Syl●●.  plain of Esquily, with as many, as of the sudden they could bring armed. This was the first fight that ever was in Rome of such enemies, not now for any pretence of dissension, but by plain force, with Trumpet and ensigns, as in law of war. To such inconveniences were they now come by nourishing or dissentious. Sylla his souldyoures gave back, wherefore he took the standard, and stood to it with danger, so as the reuerenc● of their General, and the fear of dishonour that come to them that forsake their ensign, did stay them straight from fleeing. Sylla called fresh Soldiers from the Camp without, and sent others 
Saburra, in the old writing Succurra, a street in Rome, where Soldiers were placed, to relieve them of Esquilia.  to the street called Saburra, to compass the enemies on the backhalf. Marius' company made but faint resistance against these new men, and fearing to be compassed on every side, called to the Citizens that fought yet in their houses, and proclaimed liberty to servants if they would come to help: but none coming forth, and they in utter despair, fled out of the City, and so did every noble man that was of their faction▪ Sylla passed 
Marius fleeth.  to the way called Holy, and such as made any spoil, he punished 
Holy way in Rome so named of the peace that Romulus made with 〈…〉.  in the sight of all men. He also set garrisons in the City, and both he and Pompey watched, going about every where, that no hurt should be done, either of them that had lost, or of them that had won. Day being come, they called the people to a counsel, they lamented that the state was betrayed of certain troublesome men, and that they were constrained by necessity to do that they had done. Further thoy affirmed, that nothing of importance should be propounded to the people, but that were before debated of the Senate, renewing an ancient law, now of 
Sylla renueth old laws. Comicia Centuriata where the best men gave voices. King Tullus.  long time out of use, and that the elections should not be of the ordinary companies of wards, but of the general assembly by the rate of substance, according to the institution of King Tullus, supposing by these two things, that if no law were propounded to the people before the Senate, and that elections should not con●st in the poor and bold sort, in steed of the wise and substantial men, there should not be such occasion of sedition. Many other things they spoke of the Tribunes, in writing against that power as Tyrannical, whereby the Senate was grown into contempt by so unfit men: therefore they chose together▪ three hundred of the rest sort, and whatsoever had been done by Sulpitius after the vacation of the Consuls, they revoked it as unlawful. Thus sedition from strife and contention, did grow to murder, and from murders to very war, and this was the first army of Citizens that invaded the Country as enemies. Yet sedition ceased not by this trial of arms, for continual invasions were made against Rome, the walls were beaten down, and all other extremities of war done, no reverence either of law, common wealth, or Country, being able to refrain the violent minds. Then was banished Sulpitius the 
Marius etc. proclaimed Traitors.  Tribune, and with him Marius, six times Consul, and his son P. Cethegus, ●umus Brutus, C. & Q▪ Granius, P. Albinovanus, M. Lectorius, and other, to the number of twelve Senators, as stirrers of tumult, rebellious to the Consuls, provokers of slaves to revolt, by offering them liberty, for the which they were proclaimed enemies to the Roman state, and that it should be lawful to kill them without punishment, or bring th●● to the Consuls. Their goods were confiscate, and searchers ran about to catch them, who found Sulpitius, and slay him. Marius' alone without 
Sulpitius' slain.  servant or fellow fled to Minturna, the rulers of that City for fear of the Proclamation, keeping him in a close house, that 
Mynturna in Campania between Formiae and Sinness●. Marius fleeth to Minturna.  had been six times Consul, and done so many notable feats, would not be authors of his death, but sent a Frenchman that was there by chance, with a sword to kill him. The Frenchman (as they say) went in to him lying on the straw in the dark 
A Frenchman appointed to ●●● Marius', can not do it.  house, and was afraid, for he thought that his eyes did cast forth beams and flames of fire, and that he did rise from his couch, and cried with a loud voice, darest thou kill C●●●s Marius. The Frenchman fled as fast as he could out of the house like 
Marius escapeth.  a mad man, crying, I can not kill Marius, whereby the Rulers that doubtfully had determined this, were strike with a divine fear, and a fame spoken from his childhood, that the man should be seven times Consul, for they say, when he was a child, seven young Eagles fallen into his lap, which the Soothsayers 
Token of Marius' honour.  did show, that he should seven times have the greatest honour. The Magistrates of Minturna remembering this, and thinking the Frenchman was feared by God's operation, they conveyed Marius out of their City, to save himself as well as he could. He knowing that he was sought for of Sylla, and followed of the Horsemen, went toward the Sea by unbeaten ways, and chansing upon a Cottage, stayed there, and covered his body with leaves, he heard a noise, and lay still covered with his leaves, but hearing it more and more, he leapt into an old fisherman's boat, and took it away spite of his teeth: a tempest arose, 
Hard hap of Marius in escaping.  and he cut the Cable, and hoisted the sail, and committed himself to fortune, and so he came to an Island, where he found a Ship of his friends, with whom he sailed into Lybia, but being rejected from thence by Sextus the Presidente, as an enemy, he lived all that Winter in the Sea, under the Mountains of Numidia. Being thus again a seaborde and known, of his friends, there sailed to him C●●●egus, Granius, Alben●uanus, Lectorius, and others, and his son, all the which being valiant men, fled from Rome▪ to a Numidian Prince, and being afraid of Treason, departed from thence. These had good will to set upon Sylla, whom they thought violently to use their Country, but lacking army, they tarried till occasion might serve. Sylla being the first that ever entered the City with arms, and able to have made himself in Rome equal with a Monarch, after he was avenged of his enemy, he did willingly refrain from violence. He sent his army to Capua, and ruled again as a Consul. The faction of the banished, chief the rich men and women that were full of money, being delivered of fear of the army, were earnest for the return of their men, and omitted neither care nor cost, laying wait for the consuls bodies, because if they were well, their matter were dashed. Now when Sylla▪ should ●eaue his office, the army that was appointed him against Mithridates should be his defence. Pompey the other Consul, the people pitying his case, appointed him the government of Italy, with the army that was under C. Pompeius▪ When Cneus herded of this, he took it evil, yet he received Quintus into the Camp, 
Pompey the Consul killed.  who the next day doing his office, Cneus went aside as a private man, till a number pretending to hear the Consul, enclosed him and killed him, other fleeing away. Cneus returned as though he had been marvelous angry that the Consul should be so unlawfully slain, but angry as he was, he strait took the rule upon him again. When the news of the Consul's death was brought to the City, Sylla was afraid of himself, and straight carried his friends with him wheresoever he went, and in the night had them about him also, and so not tarrying long, he went to Capua to his army, and from thence sailed into Asia. The friends of the fled men had great confidence in Cinna that was Consul 
C●●●●.  after Sylla, and stirred the new Citizens to the devices of Marius, and thought it meet that they should be mixed with the old companies, lest being last of all, their rooms should be lost. This was the plat, for Marius and his friends return. The old Citizens stood stiffly against it. Cinna stood with the new Citizens, corrupted (as it is thought) with three hundred talents. Octavius the other Consul defended the old. Cinna his company, 
Octavius.  closely armed, took the common place, & cried to be mixed with the companies. The other inultitude better minded, resorted to Octavius with their weapons also, to whom tarrying at home to take advisement, w●●●e was brought, that the most part of the Tribunes did resist these doings, & that there was a tumult of the new Citizens, with weapons drawn in the way against the Tribunes of the contrary side, rushing into the common place. When Octanius herded of this, he went the way called Holy, with a great company, & 
Way Holy.  thronging through the midst of the contrary side, got the commonplace & stayed them. When he had thus afraid them, he went into the Temple of jupiters' children to avoid Cinna, but they that were with him, 
Tu●●●● in the which the nev● Citizens are killed.  without any commandment, ran upon the new Citizens, and killed many of them, and chased the other fleeing to the Gates. Cinna having his trust in the new Citizens, and thinking to have done all by force, and now contrary to his opinion, seeing the boldness of a few to have overcome, he went about the City, and called slaves to liberty, but when none came, he ran to the next Cities, which not long before were made free of Rome, that is, ●ibur, Preneste, and other as far as 
●●●ur now T●●●●● sixteen miles from Rome. Preneste now P●lastr●●● in Champagne of Rome. Nola nine miles from Naples. Cinna deposed.  Nola, and stirred them to sedition, and gathered money for the war. Cinna being thus occupied and devising, some Senators of his mind fled unto him, as C. Melonius, Quintus Sertorius, and the other C. Marius. The Senate did decree, that Cinna should no more be taken as Consul nor Citizen, because being Consul, he left the City in tumult, and called bondmen to liberty, and in his place they appointed Lucius Merula, jupiters' Priest. They say that this holy Priest only might ever wear the 
The thing was called. Apex, which was a wand wound about with wool in the height of his hat. jupiters' Priest. C●●●● to the Soldiers.  wand of his hat always, where as other might not do it, but in sacrifices only. Cinna went to Capua, where was an other army of the Romans. He did make suit to the Rulers of it, and to as many Senators as were there. He went in the midst as Consul. He threw away his maces, and like a private man wept and said. Of you (O Citizens) received I this dignity, the people gave it me, and the Senate have taken it from me without you, and as I suffer in mine own cause, so am I grieved for your sakes: why should we now desire favour at the companies in our elections? What need have we of you? how shall you be any longer Lords of elections, of assemblies, or of chief officers, if you can not maintain that you have given, and take away when you see cause? When he had spoken thus to stir them, and lamenting much his own cause, he rent his garment, and ran from the Chair, and fallen flat among them, and still lay down, till they for pity's sake took him up, and set him again in his Chair, and took him the bundelles of authority, 
Cinna restored to his dignity.  and bade him hope well, as become a Consul, and to use them as occasion should require. The officers of the Camp by this mean did relent, and swore to Cinna the oath of a Soldier, and so did all the rest. This done, he went boldly to the confederate▪ Cities, and stirred them, as for whose sakes he suffered this calamity. They relieved him with money, & many of the other great men of the City came unto him, which did not like the quiet state of the common wealth. Thus Cinna did. Octavius and Merula the Consuls, fortified the City with rampires, and preparation 
The Con●●●● prepare for defence.  of engines of war. They sent for Soldiers to the Cities that remained obedient, and into France their next neighbour. They also called home Cneus Pompeius the Proconsul, leading an army at the coast of the Ionian Sea, to come with all speed to serve his Country. He so did, and planted 
Collina a gate in Rome, now Salaria.  his host at the Gate called Collina. Cinna came also, and encamped by him.  
Caius Marius hearing of this, passed the Sea to Hetruria with 
Marius returns.  his fellows banished, and Servants, and there came to him about five hundred of his friends of Rome: he with vile apparel and long hear to move pity went to the Cities, showing his victories and honours against the Germans, and 
The Germans were cal'ed Cimbrianes, now thought to be D●●es.  his six times consulship, and (that which pleased them best) promised to do for them in the law of elections: and so he gathered two thousand Toscanes, and came with them to Cinna, who gladly received him into the society of his doings. 
Ostia spoiled, being at the mouth of Tiber, about twelve miles from Rome. Arimino is in that part that now is called Romania, next ●● ●omberdie, and was ●●● division of o●de Italy at the flood Rubicon. Cee●lius Metellus is too precise, and giveth occasion of advantage to his enemy. Marius entereth Rome. Appius Claudius ●eceyueth Marius into the City.   
Being met together, they ordered their army at the flood Tiber, and divided it into three parts, Cinna and Carbo over against the City, Sertorius above it, and Marius toward the Sea.  
They made Bridges over the River, that they might keep victuals from the City. Marius took Ostia and spoiled it. Cinna sent to take Arimeno, that no army should come out of nigh France. The Consuls were afraid, having need of an other army, and because they could not call home Sylla being entered into Asia, they commanded Cecilius Metellus that was about the remnant of the fellows war against the Samnites, that he should dispatch it as honestly as he could, and come to help his Country that was invaded. He stood too much upon terms with the Samnites, which when Marius heard, he granted them all their demands, and so the Samnites joined with Marius. Appius Claudius a Captain, and keeper of the hill janiculo, and the walls there, having received a good turn, and mindful of the benefit, opened the gate by break of day, and so Marius entered, and Cinna followed, but they were soon repulsed by Octavius and Pompey, that came against 
Marius' repulsed.  them.  
It chanced so, that there was great lyghtnings that 
Pompey destroyed by lightning.  fallen upon Pompey's army, whereby he and many noble men were destroyed. Marius kept all victuals from the City that came from the Sea, or above from the fresh water, and he road to the nigh Cities, where any Corn was laid for the 
Antium, now 〈◊〉. Aritia tenn● mile from Rome. Lanuuis●m now Indovina. Marius keepeth victuals from Rome. The way called Appia went from Porta Capena to Br●●●dase, paved with foursquare stone. Mount Albano nigh Rome, with a lake, of the which a propliecie went of the communes victory.  Roman store, and by sudden coming to Antio, Aritia, and Lanwio, he took them all, and some other Cities by Treason. And thus keeping away victuals by land also, he approached toward Rome boldly, by the way called Appia, before any victuals could be brought from any other place, and with Cinna, Carbo, and Sertorius, Camped twelve miles from Rome, Octavius, Crassus, and Metellus did lie against them at Mount Albano, and considering for the time to come, although they were superioure in strength and number, yet had they a compassion to put their Country in hazard by one battle.  
Cinna sent Trumpets about the City, proclaiming liberty to Servants, whereby a multitude of fugitives came unto him. The Senate was afraid thereby, and doubting of the people, because of the want of things in the City, changed their mind, and sent Ambassadors to Cinna for reconciliation. He asked them first, whether they came to him as a Consul, or as a private person. They doubted what to answer, and returned to Rome.  
Now many of the fréemen came unto him, some for faction, and some for fear of famine, and to see the sequeale of it: and 
Resort to 〈◊〉.  now proudly he approached the walls, and Camped within an arrow shot. They that were with Octavius were in fear and doubt, and slow to fight, because of the runnawayes, and oft sending between, the Senate was greatly amazed.  
They thought it unjust to depose Lucius Merula, jupiters' Priest, that was choose in Cinna's place, and had not offended, but being oppressed with the great miseries, they sent to Cinna as Consul, and as they looked for no great 
The Senate sendeth to Cinna as Consul. Doubriull answer.  good thereby, so they required Cinna to swear, that he would commit no murder. He refused to swear, but promised that willingly he would be no cause of manslaughter. He willed also, that Octavius that came in at the other gates, should get him away, lest some displeasure might be done him against his will. This he answered from an high Throne as Consul, to the Ambassadors of the City. Marius' 
Marius.  standing next the Senate, was silent, but by his cruel countenance, it was perceived that he was bent to murder.  
The Senate accepted this, and willed Cinna and Marius to enter, well knowing that Marius did all, and Cinna assented to it. Marius spoke in jesting wise, that it was not 
Marius scornest  lawful for a banished man to enter, wherefore the Tribunes did revoke the banishment, and dissolve the decree 
The banishment of Marius revoked. Marius and Cinna give their oath for Octavius. He is counseled to flee.  made against him by Sylla. Then they entered the City with the fear of all that received them. They made spoil of the contrary part, without stop. Cinna and Marius sent their oaths to Octavius, but the Soothsayers and Diviners bad him not trust them, and his friends counseled him to flee, but he protesting never to leave the City, whiles he 
The constancy of Octavius.  was Consul, went among them to janiculo, with the noble men, and part of the army, where he remained, and sat down in the seat, clad with his rob of rule, being waited upon with the rods and axes, as consuls were wont. Censorinus 
Censorinus commet● to kill Octavius contrary to the oath.  came against him with certain Horsemennes, his friends persuading him to flee with his army, and bringing him an Horse, he would not allow of it, nor once rise, but abode the death. Censorinus cut off his head, and 
octavius Consul headed.  brought it to Cinna, and was the first consuls head that was set up in the common place: but after him, the heads of the other that were slain were set up also, and this mischief beginning with Octavius, continued still in such murders of them that were counted enemies. Searchers ran straight about for to find their foes, and there was no regard of Senator or Gentleman, nor no difference made. All the heads of the Senators were put up in the common place. There was neither reverence of the Gods, nor respect of men, or any matter made of 
〈…〉.  murder, but all bent to cruel acts, and from acts to horrible fights, kill, cruelty, and cutting off the heads of them that were killed, to the fear & astonishment of the beholders, making thereof most miserable show. C. & Lucius, julius, brethren, Atilius, Eranius, P. Lentulus, G. Numitorius, and M. Bebius were 
Noble men killed. Crassus' killed.  slain, being met in the way. Crassus' fled with his son, and prevented them in kill him, than himself was killed of the pursuers. Marcus Antonius an orator fled into a Form 
M. Antonius Orator, bewrayed by a Vintner.  house, the keeper whereof received him gently, and hid him, and sending a Servant for Wine to a Tavern oftener than he was wont, the Taverner asked him why he bought Wine so oft, he told him secretly in his ear, than the Vintner sent one straight to Marius, and opened the matter, whereof he was so glad, as he minded to have go and 
Marius' glad to have Antonius killed.  killed him himself, but being stayed of his friends, a Captain of a band was appointed to it, who sent his Souldyoures into the house, whom Antonius, being so singular an Orator, did detain with sweet speeches, divers ways moving 
Eloquence.  them to pity. The Captain marvelling at the matter, went into the house, and found them attentively harkening to his tale, wherefore himself killed him, as he was yet eloquent in speaking, and sent his head to Marius. Cornutus' lying hid in a Cottage, his men carefully kept 
Cornutus' saved by his Servants.  him. They found a dead body, which they threw into a fire that they had made, and when the searchers came, they said it was their masters body, whom they had first strangled. Thus was he saved by his Servants.  
Q. Ancharius waited when Marius should make Sacrifice in the Capitol, trusting in the time of Sacrifice to find him the more merciful. When he had begun the Sacrifice, and saw Ancharius' coming unto him, he commanded him to be killed there, so his head, Antonius, and other 
Ancharius' killed in the Temple.  consuls and Senators were set up in the common place. None of their bodies thus slain, were thought worthy to be buried, but the carcases of so many noble men, were thrown down to be devoured of Dogs and Fowl. Many other horrible acts were done upon them, expulsion from their possessions, publication of their goods, deprivation of their dignities, & revocation of all things that Sylla had done, whose friends and kinsfolk were killed, his house pulled down, his goods conflscate, and he proclaimed enemy to his country, his wife and 
Sylla proclaimed rebel.  his daughter with great danger escayed: finally, there was all sorts of miseries and mischief that could be invented, and for a show of law and authority, after so many murders without law, accuse were brought in against Merula jupiters' priest, 
Accusers. Merula.  for anger of his office, which he took without any displeasure to Cinna, and against Catulus Luctatius who was fellow with Marius, 
Catulus Luctatius.  in the war against the Gimbrians, and once saved by Marius, but now thought unthankful, for that he was sore against him after he was banished. They were kept in close prison till the court day, and then called to judgement, & where they must be four times cited by certain distance of hours, Merula in the mean time cut his veins, and by a writing made by him, did testify, that he had laid of his priestly attire when he cut his 
Merula dieth.  veins, for it was not lawful for a Priest to die with that upon him. Catulus choked himself in a chamber new made and moisty 
Catulus dieth.  with a smoke, and thus they two died. The bondmen that came to Cinna by proclamation were all made free, and serving him as Soldiers they did not only run about and spoil every house, but also slay whom soever they met, not sparing their old masters. Cinna many times did monish them, but they were 
Cinna killeth the free made.  never the better, wherefore in the night when they were at rest, he sent the French bands, and killed them every one. Thus these slaves received worthy punishment, for their unfaithfulness against their masters. The year following. Cinna, the second time, and Marius the seven. time were choose Consuls, to whom after his banishment, and proclamation that any man might kill him, the token of seven Eagles appeared again unto him. He being bend to all extremity against Sylla, died the first ikoneth 
Marius dieth.  of his seventh Consulship. Cinna took Valerius Flaccus in his place, and sent him into Asia, who being dead also, he chose Carbo to 
〈◊〉 in Marius' place, dieth in Asia.  be his fellow in office.  
Sylla thinking long to return against his enemies, made short end with Mithridates, and, as we have said before, in 
Acts of Sylla in Asia.  three years, and them not complete, he destroyed one hundred and threescore thousand men. He restored to the Roman Empire, Graecia, Macedonia, Asia and jonia, with other nations that Mithridates had oppressed. He took from him his navy, & shut him within the compass of his Father's kingdom: he returned with an arinie mighty, obedient, expert, and courageous in their doings paste, he brought also a multitude of ships, money and furniture of all things fit, whereby he was feared of his enemies. Cinna and Carbo being perplexed, sent diverse over all Ital●● to provide money, men and victual, the rich menus with their substance they made sure, the Cities they stirred, especially the new made Citizens, as for whose sake they were now in danger. They prepared a navy with great speed, they called home the ships of Cicelie, they kept the coast sure, & omitted nothing that might be done, with speedy care and diligence. Sylla with haughty heart written to the Senate of himself, showing what he had done in Lybia, when he was treasurer, against jugurth king of Numidia, what against the Cimbrians, what in Cicelie, when he was Admiral, and what in the fellows war, when he was Consul: but the late affairs done against Mithridates, he chief extolled, rehearsing at large the infinite sort of nations that he had taken from him and made subject to the Romans, notwithstanding 
Sylla wrighteth to the Senate.  all the which, because he had received certain afflicted Gentlemen of Rome banished by Cinna, and comforted them in calamity, he was of his enemies proclaimed rebel to his country, his house was pulled down, his friends were slain, his wife and children could scarcely save themselves and flee unto him. But now he would come and be avenged of them and the whole City for their doings, as for the other Citizens, and them that were new made he would not blame any of them. These letters being red, every man was afraid, they sent Ambassadors, to treat of attenement with his adversaries, and if he required any assurance, that the Senate would fulfil it, and commanded Cinna's his officers to leave gathering of men, till Sulla's answer were herded. They promised so to do, but when the Ambassadors were go, they made themselves Consuls for the next year, because they would not return of the sudden, for the elections, and went about Italy, gathering men, which they sent into Lyburnia, as they were ready, there intending to set upon Sylla. The first that went 
Dalmatis is now part of Slavonia.  had prosperous journey, the next were beaten with tempest, so as when they came to land, they returned every man to their Country, as though they would not willingly serve against 
The Soldiers refused to go against their Countrymen.  the Citizens. The other hearing of this, refused to sail into Lyburnia. Cinna was displeased, and warned them to assemble, minding to compel them: they with anger went, thinking to be revenged. One of the sergeants making way for Cinna, and hitting one of the Soldiers over the legs, an other of the army struck the Sergeant again. Cinna commanding him to be taken, they all made a great shout, and fallen to throwing of stones. They that were next him drawn their sword, and killed him. Thus Cinna being Consul, was murdered. Carbo called from 
Cinna killed. Carbo afraid to go to Rome.  Lyburnia them that sailed thither, and being afraid of these doings, would not return to Rome, albeit the Tribunes did earnestly require him to come to the election of a new fellow in office, at length threatening him that they would make him private, he came & propounded the election of a new Consul. The day being unlucky, he appointed an other. That day also lightnings falling upon the Temple of the Moon, & Goddess of Corn, the masters of Ceremonies 
Lightnings upon the Temple of the Moon and Ceres.  did differre the election, till after the standing high of the summer Sun, & so Carbo was Consul alone. In the mean tune Sylla made this answer to them that came to him from the Senate, that 
The answer of Sylla.  he could not be friend to them, that had dealt so outrageously by him, but with the City, that desired his preservation, he had no quarrel: yet he said they should be most sure, that would trust to him, whom to defend, he had a welwilling army. By this wo●de it was chief understanded, that he would not dissolve his army, but intended to play the Tyrant. He required his dignity, his substance, his priesthood, and any other office he had, to be restored unto him without exception, and with the Ambassadors he sent certain of his, to require the same, ●he which hearing that Cinna was slain, and the City troubled, returned from Brunduse to Sylla, doing nothing: then Sylla with five Legiones of Italyans, six thousand Horse, and certain other of Pelop●neso and Macedonia, marched, having in the whole 
Pelop●neso now M●●●●. Pireo was the port of Athens now Porto ●●ne. Para in Achaia. Sylla giveth privileges to Brunduse.  forty thousand, from Pireo to Patra, and from Patra to Brunduse, with xuj. hundredth Ships. The Brundusianes received him willingly, wherefore he gave them privileges which they yet hold. From thence he removed his army and went forward. Mesellus surnamed the dutiful, that was left to finish the fellows war, and for Cinna and Marius came not into the city, but remained in Liguria to see what would hap, came unto him ●ncalled, as fellow in the war, and he accepted his society as yet 
Metellus the dutiful c●●uneth to Sylla.  Procon●ull, for they that be once choose, do continued till they return to Rome. After Metellus, C●. Pompeius, that not long after 
Pompeius com●ieth.  was called great, son to him that was killed with the lightning, as we said before, came unto him with a legion of the Picenes, who for the glory of his father, might do much with that people, and to avoid suspicion▪ not thought to be Sulla's friend, and shortly after brought two legions more, and was the most forward man in the a●auncement of Sylla, wherefore 
Pompey honoured of Sylla.  Sylla had him in great honour, and as they say, would only rise to him when he came, though he was but very young: and this war ceasing, he sent him into Lybia to break Carbo's friends there, and to restore hiempsal, whom the Numidians had expulsed, 
hiempsal restored by Pompey.  for the which Sylla granted him to triumph of the Numidians being yet young, and but a gentleman. By this mean, Pompey growing great, he was sent into Spain against Sertorius, and after into P●ntus against Methridates. Cethegus also came to Sylla, that was his most earnest enemy, with Cinna and Marius, and with them put out of the City. He humbled himself unto him, and promised to do what service he would have him. Thus having a very great army, and many noble friends, he used them as Lieutenants, but he and Metellus were yet Proconsul's, and had the highest place: for it was thought that Sylla being Proconsul in the war against Mithridates, was not yet discharged of it, though he were judged a Rebel of Marius. The ha●e he bore to his enemies, was grievous and close, who being in the City, and well conjecturing of his nature by his last invasion thereof, having the taking of the same yet in their eyes, and their decrees made against him still in memory, his house overthrown in their sight, his goods confiscated, his friends killed, and his family 
The preparation of Sulla's enemies.  hardly escaped, were in marvelous fear, and thinking no mean to be between victory and utter destruction, did with fear conspire with the Consuls against him. They sent about Italy, they gathered men and money, leaving of nothing in this extremity, either of fore●ight or diligence. Caius Norbanus, Lucius 
C. Norbanus. L. Scipio. Carbo.  Scipio, both Consuls, and with them Carbo, who the year before was in authority, having all like hate against Sylla with fear & conscience of that they had done, against him more than other, gathered in the City as great an army as they could, and an other out of Italy, and went severally against Sylla with two hundred 
The Consuss against Sylla. Twenty thousand men.  bands of fifty men at the first, but after with more than these, for the favour of most men inclined toward the Consuls: for the doings of Sylla coming against his country, had the show of an enemy, but that the Consuls and their friends did, had a pretence 
Sylla seemeth as an enemy to his Country. Consuls carry authority.  of the state. The common sort knowing their former offences, joined with them, as partakers of their dread, for they perceived certainly that Sylla did not mind the correction, afraying, or punishment of a few, but the destruction, slaughter, and utter undoing generally of all, which opinion was not vain, for this war consumed all in the which, ten thousand, & twenty thousand did many times fall in one fight, and about the City fifty thousand of both sides was slain, and to the rest Sylla left no kind of cruelty undone, neither too private men, nor to whole Cities, till he had made himself a Monarch of the Roman Empire, and brought all to his will and pleasure. All this was (as it were) by inspiration showed before unto them, for fearful things against reason did vex all men privately and publicly over all Italy, and the old prophestes most fearful 
Prophecies.  were called to memory, and meinie Monsters were daily seen. A M●le did bring forth. A Woman delivered a viper for a 
Monstrons' tokens.  child. God with earthquakes shaked the City, and overthrew many Temples: and that that most grieved the Romans, the Capitol 
Capitol turned.  that before from the Kings had continued four hundred years, was set a fire, and no man could tell the cause, all the which did foreshow the multitude of men to be killed, the overthrow of Italy, the Captivity of Rome and her Citizens, and the change of the common wealth. This war began when Sylla arrived at Brunduse the CLXXIIII. Olympiad. The length of it 
The sharpness of this war.  is not so great, as the sharpness of the extremities, every man his private means was followed, because the vehemency of their affections caused in short time the more and sharper effects to follow. Three years it continued in Italy, till Sylla goat the 
Three years lasted this war.  principality. In Spain it continued longer, but the battles, the skirmishes, the expugation of forts, the séeges, and all the forms of wars in Italy, both of the whole armies, and of part of them, by their several Captains were many, and all notable. The greatest and most worthy of the which to speak briefly were these. The first was at Canutium by the Proconsul's against 
The battle at Ca●●sio. This is the place called C●●●●, where A 〈…〉 l gave the Romans their great overthrow. Another of that name Ca●●ssa. Th●●●● in Ap●●●●.  Norbanum, where Norbanus lost uj. M. men, and Sylla lxx. but many more were wounded. Norbanus fled to Capua. Sylla and Metellus being at Theano, Lucius Scipio came with an other army very faintly, and desired peace might be made. They that were with Sylla sent to Scipio to agree upon articles, not so much hoping so to do any good, as because they thought his army would rather revolt, by reason of their discouragement: yet they met, & Scipio took hostages for the agréements, & went, & came into the field. Three of either side did confer, so as it was not known what they did. Scipio thought good to sand Sertorius to Norbanus his fellow, to signify what was spoken of, both armies remaining in quiet looking for answer. Sertorius in his journey took Swessa, that was a town 
S●●●ssa taken in the time of treaty by Sertorius, a City in Campania nigh Mon● Massico.  of Sulla's. Sylla sent a messenger to complain with Scipio. He either privy to the fact, or doubting of the answer, as a thing not fit for Sertorius, sent the hostages again to Sylla. His army being offended at this deed of Sertorius in a time of treaty, and at the sending again of the hostages, not being required, laid all the blame 
Scipio the Consul betrayed of his army.  upon the Consuls, & privily compacted to revolt to Sylla if he would draw near, which he doing, they all went unto him, leaving Scipio the Consul, & Lucius his son in the tent, & were taken of Sylla. Me think it is a strange thing, far unfit for a Captain, to be ignorant of such a practice of his whole army. When Sylla could not persuade Scipio, he did let him & his son go without hurt, & sent other men to Norbanus to treat of conditions, either because he was afraid of the force of Italy that conspired with the Consuls, or that he went about to deceive him as he had done Scipio, but no man coming with answer (because it seemeth Norbanus feared the like blame of his army) Sylla marched toward him, wasting all things as an enemy. Norbanus did the like, but took other ways. Carbo made haste to the City, & proclaimed Metellus, & other that were go to Sylla, Rebels. At this time the Capitol was on fire, & some 
jupiters' Temple in the Capitol on fire.  say it was Carboes work or the Consuls, some say Sylla sent to do it, but the certainty is unknown, & I could never learn which way it came. Sertorius being before choose Praetor of Iberia, after he 
Sertorius fleeth into Spayno.  had detained Swess●, he fled into his province, and the former Prefors not receiving him, it caused the Romans to have much to do. The army of the Consul's increased every day from the more part of Italy, & from the hither side of France, about Eridanus the River. 
River of Po●.  Sylla was not idle, but sent some of his into every place of Italy. He got many for love, some for fear, some for money, and some for hope, and thus was the rest of that Summer consumed. The year following, Paptrius, Carbo again, and Marius, nephew to the 
AEsis now Fiemesino between Spoleto and Ancons. The fight between Metellus and Carinna.  mighty Marius, being xxvij. years old, were choose Consuls, the Winter & the cold continuing long, did divide them asunder. At the beginning of the Spring, about the flood Aesis, from morning till midday, was a great battle fought, betwixt Metellus and Carinna, one of Carbo's Praetors, at the which Carinna losing many, fled away, all the Country yielded to Metellus, & forse●ke the Consuls. Carbo came upon Metellus & besieged him, till he herded that Marius' the other Consul had a great overthrow at Preneste. Then he removed his Camp toward Arimino, the rearward whereof was set on 
amoneste not far from Rome. 〈◊〉 now in Roman ●. Se●● not far from 〈◊〉. The battle between Sylla and young Marius.  of Pompeius, and greatly distressed. Sylla took Sett●, & Marius who was lodged nigh him, withdrew by little & little, till he was come to the place called Holy Port, there he set his men in order, and gave Sylla a battle, in the which he fought very fiercely, till his left wing began to give back, of the which five bands of footmen, & two of Horsemen, not looking for any other turn, threw down their ensigns, & fled to Sylla, & this was the cause of Marius' ruin, for after many were slain, the rest fled to Preneste, whom Sylla followed in chase. The Prenestines did receive them that came first, but when 
Part of young Marius' Soldiers revolt to Sylla. Sa●●●ites killed.  they see Sylla at hand, they shut the gates, & took in Marius with ropes. The other about the walls were all slain & taken, whereof many being Samnites, Sylla commanded to be killed, as ancient enemies to the Romans. At this time also, the residue of Carbes army was overcome of Metellus five bands, while they fought, revolting unto him. Pompeius overthrew Marcius at Sena, & sacked the 
Sena a City in Tuscan, an hundredth miles on this side Rome.  City. Sylla having Marius shut in Preneste, made a trench about the City, & a great brickwall a good way off, appointing Lucretius Offella to the charge, not otherwise meaning to deal with Marius, but with famine. Marius not looking for any help, would needs kill his private enemies, and sent to Brutus, the Praetor of the City to assemble them for another purpose, & to kill Pub. Antony's stius, & the other Papirius 
Cruelty of young Marius against some Citizens. P. Anti●●●●●, Pap. Carbo, I Domitius, and I Sccuol● slain.  Carbo, Lucius Domitius, & Lucius Scevola, the great Bishop of the Romans. These two were slain in counsel, as Marius commanded, Domitius fléeing, was strike at his going out, & Scevola was slain a little before the Senate house. Their bodies were cast into the River, for now it was out of use to bury them that were killed. Sylla sent his army severally by divers ways to Rome, & willed them to take the gates of the City, & if they were repulsed, to retire to Ostia. The Cities received them as they came, with great fear, and opened their Gates when they would come in, and when they came to the City itself, they opened the Gates, for being pined with hunger, and oppressed with desperation of present evils, they were in ure to suffer the mightier power, which Sylla when he known, came forward with his Camp, and planted it in the field 
Sylla entereth Rome.  of Mars before the gates, and entered. All the contrary faction fléeing out of the City, their goods he made common, or caused them to be sold by Trumpet. He called the people to a Counsel, and lamenting the present time, bad them be of a good cheer, 
Sylla to the people.  for he would set all in quiet, and bring the common wealth to better estate, and whatsoever he should ordain, all should be for 
Clusio is under the dominion of Sena, where Porsena the king of Tuscan held his Court. Spanish Horsemen. Clani●, Clanius not far from Naples, at the City of Acerra.  the best. Having thus disposed his matters, leaving certain of his friends to guard the City, he went to Clusio, where the remnant of the war was. In the mean time, certain Spanish Horsemen sent from the Captains of Iberia, came to the Consuls, with whom Sylla making a fight on Horseback, he killed fifty of them at the flood Clan●●, and two hundred and 70. fled unto him, the residue Carbo destroyed, either hating the sudden revolting of that nation, or fearing the like loss by them. At that time with the other part of his armies, Sylla overcame his enemies 
Saturnia in Campania. Vritanes not far from Otranto, but far from Ravenna. Naples. The battle between Carbo and Sylla. Fight at Clusio. Fight at Spoleto an ancient City, the which valiantly drove away Hannibal after his victory at the lake of Perugia, and stuck continually to the Ro●maines. Carinna fleeth. Martius goeth to rel●●u● Marius.  about Saturnia, and Metellus coming to Ravenna by ship, did win the region of the Vritanes, abundante with grass and Corne. Certain other of Sulla's people entering Naples by treason in the night, slew all that were there, saving a few that fled, and took away the Galleys of the City. Between Carbo & Sylla was a sore fight at Clusium, till the Sun went down, & when they had fought with like courage on both sides, night did end the fight. In the field of Spoleto, Pompeius and Crassas, both Lieutenants to Sylla, did kill three thousand of Carbo's Soldiers, and besieged Carinna that was Camped over against them. Carbo minded to relieve Carinna with his other host, which Sylla understanding, placed an embushment, and as they were passing, destroyed two thousand of them. Carinna in the dark night, full of rain and showers, although his enemies perceived, but cared not for it, for the foul tempest he fiedde away. Carbo understanding that Marius his fellow was distressed with hunger at Preneste, commanded Martius to go thither with eight Legions, against whom Pompeius lying in await in a straight, put them from their journey, and having killed many, held the other as besieged upon an hill, where upon Martius without any companion, the fires being still kept, fled away. The army laying the blame of the deceit upon him, fallen to division, and one whole legion under 
The ●my re●olte li from Martius.  their ensigns without any commandment, marched to Ariminum, the other went every man to his Country, so as there remained but seven bands with the Capsayne. Martius with this infelicity came to Carbo, Marcus Lamponius from Lucania, 
M. Lamponius, Pom. Telisius, Gutta Capu must come to relceve Marius.  Pontius Tilisius from the Samnites, and Capuanus Gutta leading scutcheon thousand men, came to deliver Marius from the siege. Sylla understanding of it, kept them back at a straight where they must needs pass. Marius' being utterly void of all help without, made a fort in the plain that was large between 
Marius issueth upon Lucretius.  both hosts, into the which he brought his army and ensigns to force Lucretius, with the which attempting many wars in vain, he retired again into Preneste. At this time, Carbo and Norbanus in Placentia came on the sudden in the evening to the 
Placentia is in Lombardy, where Auniball overthrew the Romans. A fight of Carbo and Norbanus against Metellus.  place where Metellus lay, and being within one hour of the night among the Uineyards, fond and furiously set upon him, thinking by their sudden assault to overthrow Metellus, but being overcome by the iniquity of the time and place, entangled among the vines, ten thousand were slain, uj. thousand yielded to the enemy, the rest ran away, and but one thousand departed in order to Arretio. Another Legion of Lucanes, led by Albinovanus, 
Airetio one of the twelve Cities of Tuseme, about thirty miles from Florence. Albinovanus.  hearing of this loss, fled to Metellus for aughte he could do. Albinovanus in great rage came to Norbanus, but shortly after making a secret compact with Sylla to be assured as he should do a notable service, he invited Norbanus and his chief Captains to a banquet, as Gaius Antipestris, Flavius Fimbria his brother that in 
Fimbria killed himself in Asia, not to be taken of Sylla. Albinovanus killeth his friends, and fleeth to Sylla.  Asia had killed himself, & all other his officers present of y● Camp. All the which being come (except Norbanus) who only was absent, he slay them in his tent, and fled to Sylla. Norbanus hearing of the loss at Arimi●●, and that divers of their armies were fled to Sylla, supposing now no more trust to be in friendship (as in adversity it happeneth) took a private little boat, and sailed 
The end of Norbinus at Ebodes.  to the Rhodes, in the which place, being required after of Sylla, and the Rhodianes doubting what to do, he killed himself in the midst of their common place. Carbo commawded Damasippo at Preneste to take two Legions, and to deliver Marius from the siege, but the could not do it, because the streyghtes were kept of Sylla. 
France on this side the Alps. jucullus. Placentia now Pazenca in Lombardy.  All the Frenchmen that from Rauenna ●welte to the Alps, did revolt to Metellus. Lucullus did overcome another part of Carbo his host at Placentia, which when Carbo herded, having yet thirty thousand Soldiers at Clusie, two Legions of Damasippus, and many other with Carinna, and Martio, and a great number of Samnites, who refused no pain in passing the straits, being 
Carbo quayleth.  out of all hope, cowardly sailed into Lybia with his friends, being yet in opinion to turn Lybia against Italy. They that remained at Clusie, came to a fight with Pompey before that City, and lost 
The battle at Clusio.  about twenty thousand of their men, which loss had, the rest returned to their own Countries.  
Carinna, Martius, and Damasippus, with the Samnites, met at the straits, to pass by very force, which when they could not do, they marched toward Rome, thinking (as void of men & strength, and for lack of victual) to take it. They encamped at Albano, ten m●les off. Sylla, fearing that their coming might molest the City, sent his Horsemennes with all diligence to encounter them by the way, and himself with his mighty army came at midday, and lay at port Collina, a little from Venus' Temple.  
The enemies encamping also at the Gates of the City, a great fight began a little before the Sun set. In the right wing Sylla had the better, the left wing having the worse, fled 
A fight before Nome. Part of Sulla's army fleeth. The Portculice let down, cause of slaughter.  to the Gates. The old men that were there, seeing the enemy also coming among the other, let down the Portculice, and killed many, whereof some were Senatoures, and some Gentlemen. The other of force and necessity turned to their enemies, and fought all night with a great slaughter.  
In this battle was slain Telesinus and Albinus, both Praetors, and their Camps taken, Lamponius, Lucanus, Martius, Carinna, and other Captains of Carbo's faction fled. Great 
Fifty thousand slain before the gates of Rome.  was the slaughter at this fight, for it is said, there was slain about fifty thousand, and above eight thousand, taken prisoners, and because the greater part of them were Samnites, Sylla caused them all to be shot to death. The next day Martius and Carinna were brought captive unto him, whom he did not pardon after 
〈…〉 cr●eitie against the ●●●●ites. Martius and Ca●●●n: put to death.  the Roman manner, but put them to death, and sent their heads to Lucretio, to nail them on the brickwall at Preneste, which when the Prenestines see, and hearing that all Carbo's armies were destroyed, and Norbanus fled out of Italy, and that the rest of Italy with the City of Rome, were for Sylla, they did yield the City to Lucreti●. Marius' hid himself in a Cave, and shortly after killed himself. 
Marius killeth himself.  Lucretius cut off his head, and sent it to Sylla, who hanged it up in the common place, giving him this taunt for his young years to be a Consul, A man must first be a Mariner before he 
Sylla taunteth.  can be a Master. When Lucretius had received Preneste, he killed part of the Senatoures that were for Marius, and part he put in prison, all the which, Sylla at his coming put to death, and 
The taking of Preneste, and cruel handling of it.  commanding all the Prenestines to come without armour into his Camp, he chose of them such as he thought had done him service, which were but few. The other he divided into three parts, Romans, Samnites, and Prenestines. He pardoned the remains, 
Prenestines plagued.  although as he told them, they had deserved death. Both the other he commanded to be done to death with darts. The women and the children he suffered to go away free. The City he sacked, which was very rich, and thus was Preneste taken. Norba an other City did still stoutly resist him, till A Emilius 
Norba.  Lepidus goat into the City by policy in the night, which thing the Citizens perceiving, and being in desperation, part killed one an other, part killed themselves, part hung themselves, part 
The miserable end of the Citizens of Norba. There is another Citi● of this name in Spain called Norba Augusta, now Alcan ara.  shut their doors, and part set their houses a fire, which by the wind grew so great, as the City was burned, and no man had the spoil. Thus they manfully died.  
Italy being thus afflicted with fire, famine, and slaughter, the Captains of Sylla went to every place, setting garrisons where suspect was, and Pompeius went into Lybia and Sicilia against Norbanus and his partakers. Sylla called the Romans to a Counsel, speaking very magnifically of himself, and very horribly for 
Sylla to the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  them, making this conclusion, that he would reduce the Roman people to better state if they obeyed him, but he purposed not to 
Sylla to the 〈…〉.  spare one of his enemies, but extremely to punish them, were they Praetors, Questors, Tribunes, or any other that had conspired with his foes, since the day that Scipio broke promise' with him: which being said, he proscribed to death forty Senatoures, 
Proscoption is condemnation of death without judgement.  and a thousand six hundred Gentlemen of the Romans: he is the first that we find, did proscribe men to dye. He appointed rewards for the killers, and the bewrayers of the offendoures, and 
Horrible cruelty of Sylla.  penalties for them that did hide any of them. Shortly after he added more Senators to the first, which suddenly were killed where they were found: some in the streets: some in their houses, and some in the Temples: some were brought unto him on high, & thrown before his feet: some were dragged, & some were beaten, no man daring speak one word at the pitiful sight hereof, for fear of the smart: some were banished, and their goods given to other: some were sought for that were fled, who being scourged every where, were miserably done to death. Against the Itlians also were many murders, many banishments, & many publicaties of their goods, that had any way obeyed Carbo, Norbanus, or Marius, or any of their officers, for the which, sharp judgement was given over all Italy. Many and divers accusations also were made upon Captains and armies, and them that lente any money, or showed other service or counsel against Sylla. Hospitality also and courtesy done by the way in journeys, or any other like friendship, as lending or borrowing of money, or keeping company, 
Extremity.  was punished. The rich men were most sharply handled in all these things, & when accusations failed in particular men, Sylla turned to whole Cities, some he punished by pulling down their forts, some their walls he made equal with the ground, to some, he put a public pain, or else a yearly tax, some he gave in habitation to them that had served him, among whom also he de●ided the houses and lands of the Citizens, which thing made them sure to him all his life, and as men that were certain of nothing but by his weal and safety, they maintained his quarrel after he was dead. This was now the state of Italy. Pompey had intercepted Carbo, and such noble men as were with him, flying from Lybia to Sicilia, and from Sicilia to Cosyra, commanding all 
Cosyra an Hand in the coast of 〈…〉. Car●● put to death.  to be killed, before they come in his sight, except Carbo, who was brought bond unto him, and laid before his feet, having been thesce Consul. After a long rebuke, he condemned him to death, and sent his head to Sylla, who having all things as he would against his enemies, saving Sertorius, who was far off, and the only enemy remaining. He sent Metellus to overthrow him in Iberia. All civil matters he used as he listed, laws, creations by voices, elections by lots, was no more spoken of, every man fearing, either hiding themselves, or holding their peace, or confirming by decree, as sure and irrevocable, whatsoever he had done, either as Consul, or Proconsul. They set up his Image of gold on Horseback, in the common Palace with this Title,  
Cornelius Sylla the happy Captain.  
For so did Flatterers use to call him in his fortunate fights against his foes, which name beginning of flattery, remained firm and stable. I have seen in some writings, that he was called by decree Sylla the gracious, which thing is not incredible t● 
〈…〉. Faustus.  me, because he was after named the Fortunate, which be names very nigh to lucky and gracious. There is also an Oracle of 
Oracle.  continuance when he searched for things to come:  

Credit me (O Roman) Venus hath given great power, 
When he written to the grecians he named himself Epaphroditus, that is, acceptable to Venus.   
Unto Aeneas lasting line But thou, honour  
Each of the Gods yearly, and do them not forget.  
Thy gifts to Delphos sand, and one, the Mount so great,  
Of cloudy Taure, shall climb, where Venus ancient race  
At Cares City devil, and doth surname the place,  
And offering there thy axe, shalt take the royal mace.   
The Romans written the same upon his image, which as I think, they did to taunt him, or to mollify him: he sent a crown of gold, and an are with this inscription.  

To thee (Venus): these gifts the Monarch Sylla sends,  
According to his dream that all to battle tends,  
To Marinell, and martial sextes, his whole intent he bends.   
Being now a King or Tirante, not choose but by force and violence, wanting an appearance to seem to be choose, he invented this craft. In old time, kings for their virtue did rule Rome, & 
A 〈…〉 Dictator.  when any of them did die, one Senator after an other did rule five days, till the people had choose an other to be king, & him that ruled those five days, they called a king between, for in that mean time, he was a king. The elections of the Consuls was ever done by 
Interr●g●●●.  them that ended their office, but if by chase there was no Consul present, them was there also a king between made, till the Consuls were 
A King for the mean time.  elected. Sylla following this custom, no man being Consul after the death of Carbo in Sicilia, & Marius in Preneste, he went out of the City, 
Interea.  & commanded the Senate the a King between should be choose, & so by them Valerius Flaccus was choose, thinking he would have 
Valerius Flaccus  proceeded to the Consuls election: but Sylla severally by his letters, willed Flaccus that he should propound to the people, that Sylla thought it expedient that one should be created the ruler in she City, that was named Dictator, now not used four HUNDRED years since, & whomsoever 
Dictator.  they chose, they should persuade him not to give it over at a time, but to continued it, till he had appesed Rome, Italy, & other kingdoms, now afflicted with sedition. Every man in his mind thought this was meant of Sylla, & he did not much dissemble it, for in the end of his letters, he signified that he it was, if it should so seem to them, that should be so profitable to the common wealth. Thus he written. The Rumaines that now could do nothing in lawful elections, nor had now any authority, embracing a show of election, as an Image & pretence of a liberty, in want of all things did created Sylla a Tyrant to rule as he would. The office of Dictator having some similitude of a Tyrant, in old time, was soon ended, but now that first time, 
The office of a Dictator did end in two months. Kings. Cons●ls. Kings. Olimpias a kind of shows used in Greece every five yea●●● according to the which they made the●r accounts of yeared.  without any limitation, it was made very tyranny in deed. Only for the names sake of election, they chose him Dictator to make laws, & use the common wealth as he thought good. Thus the Remains having kings first, in the hundred Olimpias, & after being a populare state, with yearly Consuls, another hundred Greek Olimps being passed, they had kings again, after the Clxx. Olimp●. In Greece, there was now no more activity used in the Olimps, but renning of the race, for the Champions & other sights, Sylla had removed to Rome, as some recreation to the people after the war with Mithridates, & the troubles of Italy, for he pretended that he would refresh and comfort the people after their long labours, & to show a figure of a common wealth, he willed them to choose Consuls, so first were choose Marcus Silius, & Oratilius Dolabella, and he like 
Some 〈…〉  a King overlooked them. Being Dictator, four and twents ears were born before him, as was wont before she old kings. He had also a great guard about his body. Some laws he made, and some he revoked. He would have none to be Praetor before he were Questor, nor none Consul, before he were Praetor, and forbade any man to have that office twice, before ten years 
●●●●●tion of 〈…〉.  distance. The Tribune ship of the people he so defaced and diminished, that no man cared greatly for it, for he ordained that he 
〈…〉.  that was once Tribune, should have none other authority: wherefore all they that were renowned or noble, utterly refused that office, and I can not affirm whether Sylla did translate it to the Senate, as it now is, or no: and because the Senate was consumed by war and civil discord, he chose three hundred of the order of Gentlemen to be Senatoures, and have voice by companies 
●●cre●●e of Senatoures.  in elections. The Servants of them that were slain, being young and lusty, he made free, to the number of ten thousand, and declared them Citizens of Rome, and named them of himself, Cornelians: and by this mean he had of the commons ten thousand 
Servants made free, and named Cornelians.  to do his commandment. He provided the same throughout Italy, and to the xxiii. Legions that served under him, he gave much lands in divers Cities (as I have said) whereof part was 
Lands given.  never divided, and part was forfeit by penalty. He was to be feared in all things, and so ready to anger, as he slay in the midst of the Palace, Lucretius Offell●, by whom he besieged Marius in 
Lucretius killed.  Preneste, and won that City, and obtained his great victory, because he desired to be Consul before he had been Questor or Praetor, being of the gentlemen's order. And after he had denied him, he not leaving his suit, because he trusted in the great service he had done, but made request to the Citizens, he called the people to a Counsel, and thus said. Friends, know you, and give care to me, I have killed Lucretius, because he was disobedient unto me, so then he showed a reason, A certain Ploughman was 
〈…〉 to the 〈…〉.  bitten with Lice, and stayed his Plough twice to pick them out of his cote, but when they bitten him the third time, he threw his cote in the fire. So doc I advise all, as subdued, that they do not prove the fire at the third time. Thus he astonished all men, using his authority at his pleasure, & triumphed of the war against Mithridates. Some in a test, called his rule, a negative 
Denied Kingdom.  kingdom, because only the name of a King was denied: out other, turning it to the contrary in deeds, named it a plain Tyranny. To so great inconvenience had this war brought both the Romans, Italians, and all other nations, partly with Pirates, partly with Mithridates, and partly Sylla his invasions, partly with consuming their treasure in sedition, and oppression of extreme exactions: all the nations and Kingdoms, all confederates and Cities, as well tributaries as other, that by league and 
All nations plagued by Sylla.  oath had joined themselves to the Roman Empire, & for their society in war, and other service, lived with their own laws and were free: he caused all to pay and to obey him, and from some, ports & provinces granted by league, were taken away. Sylla received to his protection Alexander son of Alexander King of 
King of Egypt. Thus Alexander w●s left in Coo of his Grandmother Cl●o●atra with great riches.  Egypt, brought up in the isle of Coo, and of them delivered to Mithridates, and from him fled to Sylla, and by decree made him king of Alexandria, being now destitute of a man King, because the women that were of the royal blood, wanted a man of their kin, thinking to get great gain of this rich Country, but the Alexandrines when he had reigned nineteen days, sharply bearing himself of Silla, brought him from the Court into the common 
Alexandrianes kill their king.  school, and there killed him. So they for the greatness of their proper kingdom, and not feeling the smart that other had done, cared not for others power. The year following, Silla using still 
Sylla being Dictator, is choose Consul. Metellus Piu●. The Emperors were Consuls. Sylla refuseth the Consulship▪ Scruilius called Isauricus, for Isauria a country in little Asia.  the authority of Dictator, yet to show it a form of populare state, was choose Consul, and with him Metellus, surnamed dutiful, and by this example peradventure, they that be now kings of Rome, do admit Consuls, & they themselves be Consuls sometime also, thinking it no dishonour to have that office with a greater authority. The year following, the people desired Silla to be Consul again, but he refused it, & appointed Servilius Isauricus, & Claudius Pulcher to that office, and he without any compulsion, gave over the office of Dictatorship freely, being the highest dignity 
〈…〉eth 〈…〉 e.  of all other, and surely I marvel, that he, who was now chief of all other, and alone in authority, would give over so noble a dignity, not to his children, as Ptolomeus in Egypt, Ariob●rzanes 
〈…〉 us, 〈…〉 s, 〈…〉- 〈…〉 s  in Cappadocia, and Seleucus in Syria, but to them that had suffered by his tirannic. It seemeth beyond reason, that he, who by violence, passing so many perils, had made himself a Prince, 
The rare 〈◊〉 of Silla's 〈◊〉.  should so freely leave it, & beyond all men's opinions, have no fear of the alteration. After he had killed more than a hundred M. men in war, slain so many civil enemies, above nine HUNDRED Senators, xv. Consuls, and 2600. Gentlemen, and banished a great number more, some of the which he spoiled of their goods, some their lives, not suffering them to be buried, that he was neither afraid of them at home nor abroad, nor of the Cities, of some of the which, he had bet down their forts and walls, from some, taken away their goods and lands, and put tributes upon them, but would needs become a private man. So great a confidence and 
Confidence of Sylla.  fortune had this man, that in the midst of the common place he burst say, that therefore he gave over his authority, that he might tender an account of it if he were required. The rods and the axes he laid away. The guard of his person he removed, and went alone with his friends in the midst of the people, the multitude beholding and amazed at the thing. Only once as he went home, 
Sylla suffereth a young man to 〈◊〉 him.  a young man reviled him, and because no man did forbidden him, he took courage to give him evil language, till he came to his house, so as he that before was so furious against the greatest men and Cities, could now patiently suffer this young man: only thus he said, entering his house, either by natural reason, or by a divination of things to come: This young man will be the let that an other 
The answer of Sylla.  man having such authority, will not so give it over, which thing shortly after happened to that Romans, for Caius Caesar would not so leave his power. Surely Sylla appeareth to be in all things vehement, 
C●sar followeth not the example of Sylla. Cuma is a pleasant place, not far from 〈◊〉.  from a private man to make himself a Tyrant, and from that to be a private man again. This done, he gave himself to quietness of the Country, & went to Cuma, a City of Italy, to his own lands, leading a quiet life at the sea side, and sometime hunting in the field, not for any misliking of the private life in the city, nor for want of power to enterprise any thing that he would, for, for his age, he was in good strength, and of body very ●ound. About Italy he had an hundred and twenty thousand men, that lately warred under him, which had received great gifts, & much 
The power of Sylla.  land of him, and in the city there were ten thousand of Cornelians, and other multitudes of his factions, all friends faithful to him, and fearful to other, all the which had their whole trust in him, of that they had done, & in him reposed the surety of all they had. Notwithstanding all this (as I think) he was weary of war, weary of dominion, & weary of the City, & therefore sought a vacation as it were, and quietness in the Country. After this, the Romans being delivered of tyranny, fell again to sedition: for when they had created Caius Catulus one of Sulla's faction, and Lepidus Emilius, of the contrary, Consuls, enemies one to another, and ready 
New occasion of sedition by the Consuls, C▪ Catulus, and Lapid. 〈◊〉. Vision of Sylla.  to contend by and by, it was certain that a new inconvenience would take beginning of these▪ They say, that while Sylla lay in the Country, he had a vision that a God called him, the which in the morning he told to his friends, & with great speed made his testament, which being signed that day, in the evening a fit took him, and in the night he died, of the age of lx. years, 
Death of Sylla. Age of Sylla. Happy.  a man, in all things most happy to his end, & as he was surnamed, so was he fortunate in deed, if he be happy that can do what he li●t. And there was a contention in Rome about him, some would 
Contention for the burial of Sylla.  have his body brought with great pomp through Italy to Rome, & there in the common place to be honoured with public funeral. Lepidus and his friends were against it, but Catulus and other of Sulla's side prevailed. So his body was brought through Italy in a litter of gold in royal manner, numbers of musicans, horsemen, and 
Sulla's corpse in a ●●tter of gold.  other armed multitude followed. Albina his Captains & Lieutenants that had served under him, came to this po●p, from every place in armour, and as they came, so were they set in order. Other multitudes also repaired, as never had been seen at any business. The 
Funeral of Sylla.  ensigns and axes that he used in his dignity, were born before, and when he was brought into the City, great honour, and exceeding show did increase. Two thousand Crowns of Gold and more, were of purpose made, and presented. The gifts of Cities, of Legions that had served him, and of every private friend, were delivered, other ornaments were added to his funeral, the sumptuousness whereof, no man can express. His body being brought in with the army, the religious people, 
The receiving of his body.  both holy men, and sacred Virgins, did receive and bear by course: the Senate and Magistrates, with all their tokens of office, did the like: the troops of Horsemen, the bands of footmen, divided in order, did attend: several benevolence was showed, bringing banners of gold, wearing harness of silver, which yet be used in triumphs. There was a great number of Trumpets, 
Praises of Sylla.  which in order did sound an heavy noise. The Senate praised him first, than the Gentlemen, after the army, and all the people, whereof some desired his life, some that feared him and his army, did now no less marvel about his dead body: for remembering 
Affections of men.  in their minds the noble ●●ates he had done, and the manner of his death, they could not but be astonished, confessing him to be of all other, though their enemy, the most happy man, so as being dead, he was dreadful unto them. Being brought into the common place before the Tribunal, where Orations were wont to be made, the most eloquent man that then was alive, made the funeral Oration, because Faustus his son was yet under 
Funeral Oration. Faustus his son under age. In the field of Mars▪ none buried but kings.  age. The noblest of the Senate did take the litter, and bear it into the field of Mars, where none was wont to be buried but Kings. The Horsemen and the army marched about the fire while his body was consumed. This was the end of Silla.  
The Consuls going from the funeral, did contend with words and spiteful speech, intending between them to make division of the rule that belonged to the City.  
Lepidus to flatter the Italians, required they might be restored 
Contention.  to the lands that Silla had taken from them. The Senate fearing 
The Consuls bond by oath.  this falling out, did bind them both by oath, that they should not contend by arms. Lepidus being appointed by lot to the province of France beyond the Alps, did not return to the election, 
Lepidus refuseth to return to the election.  because he intended the next year to make war upon Silla's faction, without respect of his oath, for it seemed he had fulfilled his promise, in keeping of it during his office.  
This his purpose not being secret, the Senate sent for him: 
Lepidus maketh war.  He, not ignorant why he was called, came with all his army as though he would have entered Rome therewith, but being forbidden, he proclaimed war by a Trumpet.  
Catulus of the other side did the like: Not long after making a 
A Battle between the Consuls. Lepidus overcome and dieth in Sardinia in the sea of Libya, called Sanda liotis, because it is like the ●ole of a foot. Sertorius.  battle in the field of Mars, Lepidus was overcome, and without any great chase he fled into Sardinia, where being vexed with a consuming disease, he died. His army disturbed in sundry parts, was dissolved the greatest part of it, Perpenna led into Spain to Sertorius.  
The last work left to Sylla was this war of Sertorius, continuing eight years with difficulty, not as Romans against Spaniards, but as one with another against Sertorius, who ruled 
Sertorius occasion of new war.  in Iberia. He, when Carbo and Sylla were at war, took the City of Suessa by composition, as we have said, and fled from thence to his office, leading with him an army of Italians, and gathered more of the Celtiberians, with whom he expulsed the officers that were there for Sylla, who would not admit him, and fought very valiantly with Metellus, that was sent against him of Sylla, and being courageous to any feat, elected a Senate of three hundred of his present friends, which he called the Roman 
Sertorius maketh a Senate in Spain.  Senate, in despite whereof he named it, the Choice Counsel. Sylla being dead, and after him Lepidus. Sertorius having another army of Italians, which Perpenna brought unto him as a Praetor of 
Perpenna.  Lepidus, he had an opinion to be able to make war upon Italy: which the Senate fearing, sent another army and another Praetor, which was Pompey, to the army that was before in Iberia, 
Pompey into Spain.  who being but a young Gentleman, was renowned for the service he had done under Sylla in Libya and in Italy. He passed the Alps very boldly, not that way that Hannibal did so notably, 
Rodanus Rosne in France. Eridanus Poo in Italy.  but broke another way by the fountains of Rodanus and Eridanus, both the which floods, have their springs not far asunder from the high Alps. Rodanus runneth by the Frenchemen that he beyond the Alps, into the Tirr●ne sea: the other within the Alps flowing to jonia and in steed of Eridanus is called Padus. Being come into Iberia, Sertorius strait did overthrow one legion going a foraging with their baggage and slaves. The City 
justice. A w●●●●●t 〈…〉.  of Laurone in Pompeius' sight he spoilt and overthrew.  
At this siege a woman being missused of a soldier, with courage beyond nature of her kind, pulled out his eyes. Sertorius 
A whole band put to death.  having understanding of the chance, put to death the whole band, being counted corrupted in like things, though it were all of the Romans: then winter coming on, they rested. The Spring 
Pirenei mountains divide Spain from Irance▪ Lusitania, Portugal. Battle at Sura now Sucrone.  approaching, they came forth, Metellus and Pompey from the mount Pirinei, and Sertorius with Perpenna from Lusitania. They met at a City called Sura, where giving battle, though an horrible thunder, in the clear air, which is marvelous, & lightnings out of reason did flash upon them, yet they as expert soldiers without fear● kept the fight, & made great murder one of another, till Metellus had 
Metellus overthroweth Perpenna. Sertorius overcometh Pompey.  overthrown Perpenna, and scattered his men, & Sertorius overcome Pompey, who was hurt in the thigh with a dart, and escaped with much danger This was the end of the first battle. Sertorius had a white Harte tame, & to him very loving, the which being lost, 
A white Harte. Some think this battle was fought at Segobrida a town in that part of Spain also. Segunti● now called Muruidero  he took it for an evil token, & would not come forth for grief, thinking his heart had been taken of his enemies, who scorned him for it: but when the Hart was seen again, & came running to him, by & by, as by y● provoked, he set upon his enemies, & made divers light fights. Shortly after they fought a great battle about Saguntia, from noon till night, in the which he overcame Pompey in the battle of horsemen, & flew uj M. of his enemies, & lost half so many of his own. Metellus of that other side, killed u M. of Perpennas' camp.  
The next day Sertorius with an huge number of Barbarians, a little 
Pompey loseth, Metellus gaineth.  before night set upon Metellus, & had broken his camp, if Pompey had not approached, & made him leave his bold enterprise. These things being done in summer, they retired to their winter harborough. The year following, being y●. Clxuj. Olimp. 2. of the confedered 
●●thy●ia is the ●●●te Region ●o Troy, over▪ against Thracia. Two regions fallen to the Romans by Testament.  nations did fall to the Romans. Bythinia given by Nicomedes, & Cyrene by Tolomeus Lagus, called Appion, leaving it to them by Testament. On the other side, great enemies discovered against them, Sertorius in Spain, Mithridates in the East, rovers over all that sea, a stir in Creta, & a tumult of the Fence-players of Italy, very sudden and sharp. The Romans dividing their power for this purpose, set two 
Trouble.  legions into Iberia, which being come, Metellus & Pompey removed from their wintrings at the mount Pirenei into Iberia. Sertorius & Perpenna came from Lu●itania, at the which time, many fled from Sertorius to Metellus, with the which Sertorius being grieved, he handled many 
Sertorius removeth the Romans from the guard of his person. Sertorius cruel.  cruelly & barbarously, whereby he grew into hate of the army & the rather for that he removed the Romans from the custody of his body, & put the Celtiberians in their place. They could not abide to be reproved of unfaithfulness, though they served an enemy to Rome, but this thing chief grieved them, that they were counted 
Grief of the Romans.  rebels to their country, for his sake, & yet suspected of him, & that with him there was no difference between a fugitive & a faithful. The Celtiberians also used them despitefully, & taunted them as unfaithful: notwithstanding the Romans did not utterly forsake him, 
Arragon.  because of their commodities: for there was not a more valiant nor fortunate captain than he, in so much as the Celtiberians would call him Hannibal for his promptness, who was the most politic and forward captain that they could rehearse. 
Sertorius compared to Hannibal.  After this sort stood the army with Sertorius. Metellus people did daily molest the Cities, & compel many to yield unto them.  
Pompeius' besieged Palantia, and with timber had made way to scale the brickwall. Sertorius came to the relief, and removed the siege▪ Pompey burned his timber work, destroyed the walls, and retired to Metellus. Sertorius repaired the City, and speedily went toward Calagyrus, where, encountering with them that lay there, he killed. 3000. of them. And these were the doings in Iberia this year.  
The year following, the Roman captains with greater courage set upon the Cities that held with Sertorius, & took some of them, & other they sought to get by policy, as they did, not using their whole force at every attempt. But the year following came stronger to the field, & did their things with more confidence. Now Sertorius 
Sertorius decayeth.  began to decay, God being against him, and he omitting the laws & travails of a captain, gave himself to delicateness, and women, feasting & drinking: for these causes he was many times overcome, falling into furies & rages for every trifle, & suspected every man. Wherefore Perpenna, y● from the faction of Aemilius, 
Perpe●●a, Conspiracy.  came unto him with a great army, begun to doubt of him, & conspired against him with ten other, the which being discovered, some were hanged, and some escaped, but Perpenna not being named, as was his marvelous good hap, persevered the rather in his 
Death of Sertorius.  purpose, he desired Sertorius to a banquet, and although he never went without his Guard, yet at the seaste, little respect being had, and he and all they overladen with Wine, Perpenna cut off his head in the place where he feasted. The army with great ire and tumult rose against Perpenna, changing their hate into love of the captain, for though before they had us great liking of him, now that he was dead, remembrance of his virtue turned their minds to pity. And in this present 
Misery causeth pity.  case, they contemned Perpenna as a private man: and thinking their only weal did consist in Sertorius, they could not abide 
Portugals.  Perpenna, & not only they, but the Lusitanes and other Barbarians thought as much, whom Sertorius chief used in the war, and when the tables of his Testament were unsealed, and Perpenna found to be his heir, every man hated him the more, because he was not only a Traitor to his captain, but to his friend and benefactor, and then had they not held their hands, but that Perpenna hid himself, and pleased some with 
Perpenna found to be heir to Sertorius.  gifts, and some with promise, some he made afraid with fear, and some he sharply used with the terror of other. To the common sort he humbled himself, and such as were in prison by Sertorius he delivered, and to the Lusitanes restored their pledges, 
Perpenna cruel.  wherefore they were content to take him as their Captain. This honour had he after Sertorius, yet not without great difficulty, for being cruel, he soon fell to sharp punishing, and of the Romans that came with him, he killed three of the noblest sort, and his own Nephew. Now was Metellus go to the other side of Iberia, thinking Pompey to be sufficient to overthrow Perpenna, who a while spent the time in making skirmishes, not bringing for the 
Fight between Pompey and Perpenna.  their whole power. The tenth day, with all their battles they came into the field, thinking with that one work, to make an end, Pompey passed little of Perpennas' experience. Perpenna distrustful of his army's continuance in obedience, was the rather willing to try all at once. Pompey giving the onset the more fiercely, & Perpenna 
Overthrow of Perpenna.  not abiding as a Captain, and the army void of goodwill, was soon overcome, & every man flying, Perpenna hide him under a tuffte of bushes, fearing more his own, than his enemies, & being taken of certain horsemen, they dragged him to Pompey, & of his own people he was evil spoken of, for his offence against Sertorius: he made great ado to be brought alive to Pompey, to reveal unto him great matter of the Roman faction, either to tell the 
Death of Perpenna.  truth or to save himself, but Pompey sent to have him killed before he came in his sight, fearing least he might have uttered some strange matter, that might have been the beginning of a new stir 
Wisdom of Pompey.  in Rome, wherein Pompey seemed to do very well & wisely, & won a great opinion thereby. This was the end of the war in Iberia, and of Sertorius life, which if he had not been dead, would not have been finished, neither so soon, nor so easily.  
The war of Spartaco.  
In this time in Italy, a Swordplayer that kept in Capua for 
Spartacus.  shows, called Spartacus a Thracian born, had served in war with the Romans, & now was as a slave in custody for to show his cunning in plays: he persuaded lxx more of his fellows, to adventure for their liberty rather than to be slaves for shows, & with them forcing the keepers, he ran away, & arming such as hemet with staves 
Mount de Soma.  & sword he fled to the Mount Veswius, whither many slaves, & some fréemen, flying to him from the Countries, he received them, 
Aenomaus, Crissus, o●  & rob the plains adjoining, he appointed two officers, Aenomaus and Crissus other two Sword-players, & making equal division 
Varinius Glaber▪ P. Valerius were overcome of Spartacus.  of his prey among them, in short time great multitudes came unto him. Whom to overcome Varinius Glabrius was first sent, & after him Publius Valerius, not with an army of any regard, but such as for hast they could gather by the way. For the Romans' did not think it should need any other, nor looked for such effect at a 
first the battle between Spartacus and the Romans.  Sword-players hand. But when it came to the battle, the Romans were overcome: Spartacus killed Varinius horse, & it lacked but little, that the Roman Captain was not taken of a vile Sword player, after this fight, more & more resorted to Spartacus, and he had now an army of lxx M. for whom, he made armour & all other provision. The Romans sent the Consuls with two legions, against 
Mount Gargano in Appulia now called Mount S. Angelo.  whom Crissus came with xxx M. and was overcome at Mount Garinus, losing two parts of his army and his life also.  
Spartacus passed over mount Apennine to go into France beyond the Alps: but one of the Consuls lay in the way and 
Spartacus overcometh the Consuls.  stopped his passage, and the other followed him: he fought with them both and overcame them in several fights: so as the Consuls retired with tumuit. Spartacus did sacrifice three hundred Romans to his fellow Croesus, and with twenty thousand Remain 
Sacrifice of men  footmen, he went to Rome, burning all unprofitable birds, and killed all Captives and the beasts of carriage, to march the faster. Many fugitives coming unto him, he would admit none.  
The Consuls encountered him at Picene, where was a notable fight, and many of the Romans slain, and lost the day. Yet dared he not go directly to Rome, because he did not think himself equai with the Citizens in feats of war, nor had an army thoroughly instructed, for never a City took his part, but only slaves and fugitives, and a confused multitude following him: 
Th●r●s in Apulia which the Romans made a colony and called it Copia.  he turned to the mountains at Thurus, & besieged the town: he forhad any merchant to bring gold or silver into his camp, or to be used: but brass & iron he admitted, paying well for it, & did not hurt them that brought it. Whereby having matter abeundant, he made very fair armour, and used to seek pray in the country, and fought with the Romans again, and had the victory & went away with a great spoil. Now were three years past, 
Three years war.  and this war remained horrible to the Romans, which at the first they contemned, as a play of Fence. The election of the new Consuls being come, such a terror was of him, as no man desired the office▪ till Licinius Crassus, notable in Rome for his house and 
Zicin us Crassus.  riches, took it upon him, and with six other legions went against Spartacus: and being come nigh, he received the armies of 
Crassus doth execution.  the two Consuls, of the which he put to death every tenth man, as bapt by lot, because they had been so often overcome. Some think 
Crassus' ouercom●c●●  otherwise, that they all fought and were overcome, and then he so punished them by the tenth, & killed four thousand, having no doubt of the multitude. But whither so ever he did, it availed much to the overthrow of his enemies, for by and by he set upon them ten thousand of Spartacus men that camped by them, whereof he killed two parts, and then with like courage so fiercely encountering with Spartacus, he overcame him with a notable fight, 
The thu●●●ttel. Spartacus ● yet● toward 〈…〉.  and chased him to the sea, where he thought to escape by ship into Sicily, but he overtook him, and enclosed him in a trench, and when he had forced him to ●lee to the Samnites, Crasses killed six thousand of them at the sun rise, and as many at the sun 
The fourth battle. Samnites, now Abr●●zo.  set, three only of the Romans being killed, and seven hurt, so great an alteration was there of victory, after the execution of that punishment. Spartacus looking for horsemen to come unto him, did not now come forth with all his men, but by times 
Spartacus held in.  did much annoy the besiegers, suddenly issuing upon them & throwing firebrands into their camp, burned their brickwall, and put them to much difficulties and trouble. A Roman Captive he hung up in the midst of his camp, showing to his soldiers what they should suffer if they did not overcome. The Romans in the City seeing of this siege, and thinking it a dishonour to be so long held with a swordplayer, appointed Pompey, who was returned from Iberia with his army, (weighing the difficulty of the thing) to take the charge thereof. Crassus' seeing the glory of 
Pompey appointed to this wa●.  this war should be taken from him by Pompey, made haste to try it with Spartacus, and Spartacus thinking to prevent Pompey, would have made agreement with Crassus, but being rejected he thought to prove the uttermost, and with his horsemen that were come, he issued out of the camp, with all his bands, and fled as fast as he could to Brunduse, Crassus following him: but when he herded that Lucullus was come to Brunduse with his army from the war of Mithridates, then in desperation of all things he encountered with Crassus. The fight being long and difficult, as among so many soldiers driven by desperation, Spartacus was hurt 
The last battle wherein Spartacus was ●●aint.  in the thigh with a dart, by the which wound falling on his knee, he defended himself with his shield, & fought with them that came upon him, many of the which he overthrew, till he & the companies about him were discomfited, the other multitude without order fled, and were killed without number: of the Romans a thousand were slain.  
Spartacus being dead was never found, a great multitude from the battle went to the Mountains, against whom Crassus followed. They dividing themselves into forty parts, fought it out, till they were all slain, save six thousand, which being taken, were hanged in the way between Rome and Capua. 
〈…〉 the ch●e●● City of C●ip●●●●. Contention between Crassus and Pompey. Crassus seeketh to be Consul▪ after Sulla's appointment. Pompey, after the ancient manner. Both choose Counsels.   
This did Crassus in six months, contending with Pompey for glory, and would not leave his army, because Pompey would not leave his, and both of them sought to be Consul.  
Crassus' having been Praetor according to Sulla's law, Pompey neither having been Questor nor Praetor, being yet xxxiij. years of age, promised the Tribunes to reduce their office to the ancient authority: and being both choose Consuls, neither of them would leave their army. Pompey said he would stay for Metellus to make his triumph of Iberia.  
Crassus' affirmed that Pompey aught first to give over.  
The people peceyving that discord was ready to rise, and 
The people require reconciliation.  two armies at hand, requested the Consul's sitting in their places to come to reconciliation, which at the first they both denied: but the soothsayers declaring great and grievous calamities to follow, unless they were agreed, the people again with lamentation did desire them, recording the miserable time of Sylla and 
Crassus relenteth first.  Marius: with the which things, Crassus being moved, rose first from his seat, and came to take Pompey by the hand and to be reconciled. Pompey rose also in haste and came fast to him, and one embraced another, great thanks with shouts, was given unto them, and the people would not let them departed, till they had determined the dissolution of their armies.  
This contention, that by all men's opinions seemed, would have grown very great, was happily ended: the lx. year of the Civil war from the death of Tiberius Gracchus.  
The end of the first book of Civil dissensions.   

The second Book of Appian of Alexandria touching the civil discord of the Romans.  
AFter the Monarchy of Sylla, and all that Sertorius & Perpenna did in Spain, other like Civil business ●●l among he Romans, till Caius Caesar and Po●pe● he great, warred one upon another. Caesar slew Pompey, and certain in the ●enate killed Caesar▪ How this was ●one, and how both Pompey and Caesar were destroyed, this second Book of Civil cau●●s shall declare.  
Pompey had lately scoured the seas of Rovers which rob 
Pompey.  in every place beyond all reason: and after them subdued Methridates king of Pontus: and set order in his kingdom, and all the nations as far as the east. Caesar was yet a young man, forward in word and deed, bold to any thing, and hoping of every 
Praetor had the chai●● of the la. A●dd●s of houses and pro●●●ion.  thing, inclined to ambition sobeyond all measure, as being Praetor and Fdilis, he grew in great debt, to get the good will of the people, which is ever wont to embrace them that be beuntiful.  
Caius Catilina was also notable, for his great fame and noble 
Cat●ime. Cat●ime ●●ileth his son.  blood, a very rash man. thinking it once good to kill his own son for the love of Aurelia Orestilla, because she would not grant to marry with him, having a child alive. He was friend to Sylla, of his faction, and a very great follower of him: through his ambition he was in much want, & by the enticing of some great men and women, laboured to be Consul, that by that mean, he might make his way to Tyranny, and being in good hope to have the election, he was repulsed, and Cicero choose, a man most eloquent and sweet in speech. Catiline, did 
Catiline repulsed and Criers choose conful.  scorn him, and in despite of them that had choose him, for the baseness of his kin, called him a New man, (for so do they term them, that grow noble of themselves, and not of their 
New man.  ancestors) and for that he was a stranger in the City, he named him a Fermer, by the which word they call them that devil in other men's houses. And for this, he refused to deal in public matter, wherein was plenty of strife and contention, 
wives weary of their husbands.  and no great nor present further ance to a Monarchy. Yet he gathered much money of many wives which hoped to be rid of their husbands by this hu●ley burley. He confecred with some of 
Senators Gentlemen.  the Senators & them that be called Gentlemen, and some of the Commons, strangers and servants he also alured. But his chief counsellors were, Cornelius, Lentulus, & Cethegus, which were then officers in the city. He sent about Italy to the that had spent their gains got by the violence of Sylla, and were desirous of the like enterprises again. To Fesule in Tuscan, he sent Caius Manlius, & other into Ancona and Appulia, the which presently did gather men for him. All these practices did Fulvia, a 
〈◊〉 uttereth the consp●ac●e. Q Carius.  noble woman, bewray unto Cicero, whose lover Q. Spurius, a man for his lewd life removed from the Senate, and admitted to Catelines conventions, ambitious and very light did boast with his woman, that shortly he should be made a great man. Rumours were now raised of their doings in Italy, and Cicero set guards indivers places of the city, and sent some noble men 
〈◊〉 chief minister or Cate●●●●.  to have an eye to the suspected places. Catiline, although no man dared lay hands on him, yet, because the truth was not tried out, perceiving the time to be suspicious, and putting all his hope in spreading, sent his money afore to Fesule: and giving order with his confederates to kill Cicero▪ and in one night to set the city a 
〈◊〉  six in sundry places, he posted to C. Manlius, to make an other army of the sudden, to invade the city after the burning. He caused the axes & rods, to be born before him like a Proconsul very fond, & went to Manlius, taking up soldiers by the way. Now was it thought good to Lentulus & his companions, as 
The manner of the practice.  soon as they herded Catiline to be at Fesule, that Lentulus himself & Cethegus should beset Cicero's house early in the morning with weapons hide, & that they being let in, because of their dignities, should speak with him, & by talk draw him a good way off, and when they had him from other company, to kill him. Then should Lucius Sextius a Tribune, by & by call an assembly by the ordinary officers, 
Cicero to be listed, the c●●t● to be burned.  & accuse Cicero as a man fearful, troublesome, & a disturber of the city, when there was no such cause: and the night after this Oration of Sextius, to set the city a fire in other twelve places, to spoil it, & kill the best me. This was the opinion of Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, & Sextius, chief of the conspiracy, & waited for the time.  
There were ambassadors of Sau●●▪ to complain of their governors, which by Lentulus were admitted to ● conspiracy, that they should stir their country against the Romans. L●●u●us sent Vuiturtius of Cro●one with them to Catiline, carrying letters without any name. The Ambassadors being afraid, did communicate with Fabrus Sanga, who was their patron, as every other city had in 
Cities had padrones in Rome 〈◊〉.  Rome. Cicero understanding this by Sanga, appreheded both them & Vulturtius as they were going away a brought them to the Senate, to whom they confessed all they had learned of Lentulus, and with much ●●o bewrayed, that Cornelius Lentulus had often said, that by destroy. ●●. Cornelius should be monarchs of Rome, whereof 
Cornelius▪ a great surname in Rome.  ●. were past, Cinn. & Sylla. When these things were declared, the Senate put Lentulus out of his office. Cicero committed every of the to the houses of the praetors, & strait returned & called ter sentece. There was much ado about the counsel house, for the truth was not yet known▪ & the conspirators were afraid of themselves. The servants, & fréemade men of Lentulus & C●t●●gus, got many artificers with them, and went to the back sides of the praetors houses to have taken away their masters, which, when Cicero herded, he ran out of the counsel house, & having set guard 
Privilege of Consul elect. Syllanus.  in every place, came again, and hastened the judgement. Syllanus spoke first as he that was elected to be Consul next: for it was the Romans manner to have him speak first, that should follow in the Consuls office, because (as I think he should commonly crecute the decrees, & thereby, consider the more ripely & morely of every of 
disagreement, 〈◊〉 the conspiracy.  them. Syllmus was of opinion that these men should have extreme punishment: and many other consented to his judgement, till Nero must say his mind, who thought it good to keep them in prison till Catiline were overthrown, and the thing thoroughly 
〈◊〉 with whom Cicero du●●ste not contend.  known. C. Caeser, who was not without suspicion to be privy to this conspiracy, with whom Cicero dared not contend, because he was so accepted to the people, added more, that Cicero should place them in such Cities of Italy as he thought good, till Catiline were dispatched, and then to be brought to judgement, that no extremity should be used against so noble men, that might 
〈◊〉.  seem void of cight or reason. This sentence seeming indisterent, man● allowed of it, and rashly consented to it, till Cato plainly had discovered the suspicion against Caesar: and Cicero fearing that this night some trouble would follow, & that the multitude that were acquainted with the matter, and then remained doubtful in the common place, would do mischief: and for some inconvenience, as well of the one as of the other, determined to execute the without judgement, as apparent offenders: Cicero brought every one of them, (the Senate yet sitting) to the common prison, 
〈…〉.  and without knowledge of the people, put them to death. Then he went to them that were in the common place, and told them, they have lived: whereat they dispersed with fear, were glad to hide 
〈…〉.  themselves as well as they could: & so the city, that at that present was in great fear▪ received a little comfort. Catiline had now gathered xx. M. and armed the fourth part of them, & was going into 〈◊〉 for more preparation: but Antony the other Consul, encountered him in the Alps, and without great ado, overthrew him, as one that furiously had taken so horrible a thing in hand, which when it came to the trial, without order, erecuted the 
●●Spane●●yne.  s●●ne, although neither he nor none other of the nobles that were of that conspiracy, would agree to flee: but running among the enemies, were slain in the midst of them. Thus the rebellion of 
〈…〉 ey.  Catiline, which had almost brought the City to utter destruction, was dissolved: & Cicero that before was only notable for his eloquence, now also both for word and deed was extolled and plainly appeared the preserver of his perishing country: wherefore thanks were given him in the whole assembly, and diverse sholutes of praise made unto him: & whereas Cato thought him worthy the name of father of the country, the people confirmed it with a cry. This honourable name being given first to Cicero, is now attributed also to such Emperors as be worthy: For this title is not given to every king with the rest of his other style, but in time with great ado is decreed unto him, as a perfect 〈◊〉 money of his excellent virtue.  
Caesar was choose Lieutenant for Spain, and of his cred 〈…〉 
〈◊〉.  was staid in Rome: for so much did he own more than h● 〈◊〉 worth (as they report) he said he had need of two 〈◊〉 and five hundred millions, to have nothing: yet agreeing 〈◊〉 
〈…〉.  his creditors as well as he could, he went into Sp●●●e, where he did not deal with City matters, or by sessions take order for their causes, thinking that nothing served his purpose, b●● thered men, and in time subdued all the rest of Spa●●●, till he had brought it subject and tributary to the Romans. He sent much money to the common treasure of Rome, wherefore the Senate 
〈…〉.  granted him a triumph: he made preparation of a great show in the suburbs of Rome. The time of election of new Consuls 
〈◊〉.  was come, and he that stood for the office must be present, and if he were once entered, he could not return again to make triumphs. He being very desirous of the Consulship, and not yet ready for the triumph, sent to the Senate and desired he might ask the office by his friends in his absence, although it were against the Law: But Cato spoke against it, so as the las●e day of the election was spent in reasoning. Wherefore Caesar set aside 
〈…〉.  the triumph and came running to the election & desired the office.  
At this time Pompey was in great power and glory for his victory 
Pompey.  against Methridates: he required that many things which be had granted to Kings, Princes and other estates, might he confirmed by act of Parliament. The which request many envied, specially Lucullus, who made war against Methridates before, 
Lucuilus against Pompey.  and brought him so weak, that it was an easy matter to overcome him, so as indeed the seat against Methridates was 
Crassus' with Lucullus.  properly his, and Crassus took part with Lucullus. Whereat Pompey being grieved, he joined with Caesar and promised by oath 
Pompey with Caesar.  to make him Consul, and Caesar reconciled Crassus to Pompey.  
And these three having greatest power of all, did serve one another's turn, insomuch as one Va●ro a writer, in one of his books, did call this agreement, a triple salling headlong.  
The Senate having them in suspicion, did choose Lucius Bibu●●●●● the other Consul, to withstand Caesar, and they straight fallen to conte●●●●●, and made private preparation of armour one against another.  
Caesar was a deep dissembler, & in the Senate house used speeches 
〈…〉 yveth 〈…〉.  of reconciliation w●th 〈…〉, that by their dissension, the comnon non ●● a●th ●ught take no ●●athe. He giving creotie to this pretence being vn●●●●sed and unprepared, and ignorant of Cae●●●● meaning, son that he had made great promsion in secret, and de●●i●d laws for the poor against the Senate, dwindling lands unto them: the best that was about 〈…〉, he appointed as of the common treasure, to be bestowed upon them that had been fathers of three children, and by this mean he ●●● the hearts of the multitude. For twenty thousand were a counted only to take the benefit of three children.  
Many of the Senate were against this purpose. Wherefore 〈…〉 with a famed anger that they would not admit so ●●ste a thing, ●●n ou●e, and would not call the Senate together all the year after. But in the common place he would speak to the people, ●●● inquired of P●mp●y and Cras●●●, how they liked of the la●●●●, 〈…〉 their c●●seate, he willed the people to come to the ●●●●obation of them, with their weapons hide.  
The Senate (because it was not lawful to assemble, unless 
The 〈…〉.  truth Consuls were present) went to 〈…〉 house because they had not foresome to make resistance to C●s●●, & exhorted 〈…〉 to ●●●hst ●●de the laws, that it might not s●me he was ouer●ru●●● by negligence, but of necessity. 〈…〉 was persuaded, and 〈…〉 the Common place, w●iles C●s●r was yet speaking 
〈…〉 by 〈…〉.  to the people. Then was there much s●●ise and disorder, and some hurt, for they with h●●● weapons, broke the rods and ●●●●es of 〈…〉, and wounded the Tribunes that were about h●●m.  
〈…〉 not abashed, offered his throat, and with a loud voice, called Caes●rs row●e to the deed, saying: If I cannot persuade Caesar to Justice by my death, I throw upon him all this blame and mischief. notwithstanding, his friends, though against his will, conveyed him into the next Temple of Iu●●●er possessor.  
Cato was sent for, and like a young man, thrust in among them, and began to speak: but being overpreste with 〈…〉 s men, he was put out again: yet pri●●ly coming in another way, he ran up to the place of speech, and determining to speak nothing else, he sharply cried out against C●sar, 〈…〉 was pulled down.  
Then Caesar pronounced the laws, and caused the people so sweat unto them, as ever to continued in effect▪ He confounded the Senate to swear also. Whereof ●●nye, and Ca●● not agreeing, Caesar threatened death unless they swore, and the people confirmed it, so that for fear they swore, and so did the Tribunes 
The 〈…〉 co●●●●●ed by ●n ●●he.  also, because it avatled no more to resist, the law being pron●●ced by other.  
Vetius, a man of the common sort, came running among them with a naked sword, saying he was sent of Bib●lus, ●●●●o & Cato, to kill Caesar and Pompey, and that the sword was delivered him of 〈…〉 one of Bib●lus sergeant. And although every man suspected this devise, yet Caesar stirred the people, and appointed the next day to examine Vetiu●. He was con●●●ted to prison, and was dead that night.  
This chance also being diversly construed, Caesar did not omit to work it for his purpose, affirming, that they that were afraid, had done it. Where upon, the people did grant 
Vetiu● dead.  revenge to be had of his enemy's.  
Then Bib●lus letting all go out of his hands, as a private man, came not our of his house all the rest of 
Bib●lus giveth over.  the year of his office. Now Caesar made no more inquisition of Vetius, but having all the power of the common wealth alone, made more laws to allure the people, and to confirm all that Pompey had done, according to his promise.  
There were that had the name of Gentlemen in the city, and were in the mid place between the Senate and the people, These men might do much both for their own substance, & for the gathering of tributes & tol●cs, which the people did pay, whereof a number attended upon them most assu●edly. They made suit ●● the Senate to be discharged of part of the rent. The Senate made some sticking at it, but Caesar not regarding that, only using the people did revette the third part of the rent unto them.  
They having beyond their expectation obtained such bene●●●● by his goodness did extol him like a God, and so Caesar by 〈…〉 e, had another company stronger unto him than the people was. Then Caesar made shows and huntings unto them, 
〈…〉.  s●●ding upon ●u●r● thing more than he was able, exceeding all that had been before time in sumptuous preparation, & bountiful rewards. 
〈…〉.  Wherefore they made him ruler of France, both on this ●●●● and beyond the Alps for five years, and for his office he had some legions appointed.  
He considering that his absence should be long, and that envy would be greater than the greatest favour, bellowed his daughter 
〈…〉 to 〈…〉.  in marriage upon Pompey, although Scipio were yet alive, fearing that Popey (though he were his friend) might ●●●● the greatness of his felicione: he made the most seditious men officers for 
〈…〉.  the next year, & Aulus Gabi●●● he declared Consul, who was his chief strend, and married Calphu●●●● daughter to L●●●us Piss, that should be Consul with him.  
●●●● ●●●ing out, that rule was rated by making of wanton marriages: Tribunes he appointed Va●●●tu● and Cl●●●●● called the 
〈…〉.  Fair, who was s●●●l● diss●med for a suspicion with Iul●a, Ca●●● wise, in the sacrifice that belonged only to women.  
For the which, although C●●●r did put away his wise, yet he made nothing ad●e with him, because he was accepted to the people: yet other did accuse him for disparaging the holy 
〈…〉 ●●●●●.  sacrifice, and ●●c●r● did speak against him. Caesar was called to give witness, but he said nothing, and rather made him Tribune of the people to ●ntrap C●●●er●, who spoke against the alliance of the three men, as a thing tending to tyranny.  
Thus did grief give place to gain, and one 〈…〉 benefited, that another might be hindered: and it should seem that Clodius had gratified Caesar before in the getting of his office in France. These things did Caesar, being Consul, and when he had given over one office, he straight coveted another.  
Clodius accused Cicero, that he had contrary to law put 
〈…〉 by 〈…〉.  to death Lentulus and Cethegus before the Senate had given sentence: Cicero that in that matter had used most noble courage, now being called to answer, was very faint hearted. He put on a mourning vesture, and full of weeping and sorrow, he humbled himself to all that he met in the streets, not being ashamed to trouble them, whom he never known, so that his behaviour was so unseemly, that they which should have pitied him, laughed him to scorn: to so great fearfulness for one cause of his own was he fallen, that all his life had done most gloriously for others, even (as they say) Demosthenes of Athes, was not able to answer 
Demosthenes.  in his own cause, but before he was condemned, fled away. Clodius, with spite did mock his lowliness to men abroad, whereby being brought to desperation, he also took a voluntary banishment, many of his friends going forth with him, and the Senate recommending him to Cities, Kings, & Princes. Clodius pulled down his 
Clodius pulleth down● 〈…〉  houses both in the City and Country, & pleased himself so well with this act, as he would needs compare with Pompey, who had then the greatest authority in the City. Wherefore he called Milo that was fellow to Clodie, and a bolder man than he, putting him in hope of the Consulship, to be against his fellow, and to make a decree for Cicero's return, supposing that Cicero would now deal with matters and actions against Clodie, & no more busy himself in speaking against the present authority.  
Thus Cicero that by Pompey was cast out, by the same was called home the sixteenth month after his banishment, and his house & fermes were builded of the common cost. He was received 
〈…〉  with great glory, every man waiting for him at the gate, spending one whole day in embracements and welcome, even as happened to Demosthenes at his return from ●r●●●.  
In this mean time, Caesar had done great feats among the Frenchmen and Britain's, as I have showed in my book of the French matters, and being full of riches, he came to that part 
〈…〉 h 〈…〉.  of France that consineth with Italy at so sloude Eridanus, to recreate his army a while after their continual warfare. From whence, he sent to diverse men, great sums of money. The yearly officers by turn came to visit him, and so did the Precedents of Provinces, the Generals of armies, and other noble men, so as sometime there were a hundred and twenty Mace● 
〈…〉 Cae●●r.  about him, and more than two hundred Senators, some, to thank him for their offices, some, to seek money, and some for one thing, and some for another. For now he took upon him all things by the greatness of his army, the abundance of riches, and by friendship, that he had won of all sorts.  
Both Pompey and Crassus, sellowes of his power, came to him. They agreed that Pompey and Crassus should be Consuls again, and that Crassus should have the rule of the nations he had, for other sieve years, and so they departed.  
Donutius A●● barbus stood against Pompey for the Consulship, 
〈…〉.  and when the day was come, both came in he night into the field to the election. And such was the strife, as it came to st●●●es, till one with a sword struck him that bore Aenobarb●● t●r●h, and then every man fled from him. He had much ado to 
A 〈…〉 the 〈…〉  be conveyed home in sasety: Pompey's gown was found bloody and born home: So nigh peril were both parts. Thus Pompeyus and Crassus being choose consuls, they decreed to Caesar, other five years, as they had determined, the Provinces and armies they divided between them. Pompey took Spain and Barbary, to the 
Division of Provinces  which he sent his friends, and he remained in Rome. Crassus' choose Syria, and the nations next unto it, for desire he had to make war upon the Parthians, which he thought would be both easy and profitable, & to his renown. But as before he went out of the city, all tokens seemed unlucky, so the Tribunes did forbidden him to molest the Parthians, that had made no fault. And because he would not regard, they made public execration upon him, which he contemning, was in the same war, with his son of that name destroyed, and scarcely ten M of an. C. M. did escape 
The calamity of Crassus.  by flight into Syria. But this calamity of Crassus is declared in the book of the Parthian wars. The Romans being molesied with dearth, made Pompey General Provider of victuals and as they were wont in Pirates war, joined twenty Senators with him as assistants unto him. He sent them to every country, and made such speed, as Rome was by & by fulfilled with plenty of v●●●●all, whereby he grew into greater glory and authority, than he 
The death of Caesar's daughter.  was before. At this time Caesar's daughter that was married to Pompey, died, wherefore every man was afraid that this affinity being broken, they two would contend with great force. The state of the city was in trouble and disorder, for the rulers did 
Rome disordered.  all for gain and ambition, & with force & weapons moved sedition. They were not ashamed of bribery nor corruption so they might be made rich. The people would not give their voices, unless they were hired. There was seen eight C. talents put in pawn for the nomination to an office. The yearly Consuls were reject from armies and provinces, being taken away by the power of these three men. They that were of worst behaviour, 
first three men.  sought their gain by armies and public matters of the City, & by the elections of their private successors, by reason whereof the honest sort did utterly leave to rule, insomuch as in this disorder, 
Rome eig●te months w●●● out a Magistrate. Dictator.  the City was eight months without a Magistrate. Pompey of purpose did wink at all this gear, that the necessity of time might make him a ruler alone: and now it was spoken in every place, that the only remedy to these mischiefs, was the authority of one, whom it behoved to choose, being mighty of power, and gentle of nature, signifying that Pompey had a sufficient army, & counted a lover of the people, & for his honour, did lead the Senat, in life sober and sincere, and in conversation. affable, either in deed, or appearance. He in word seemed to be angry at this expectation, but in effect he wrought it secreatelye all that ever he could, and willingly looked awry at the disorder of the common wealth, and the lack of officers in the same confusion. And whereas ● Milo did serve his turn against Clodie, and was well beloved of the people, for the return of Cicero, looked for the Consulship, at due time required for that office, he did keep him 
M●●●●●●●yned by Pompey.  back, by delaying the election. Wherefore Milo taking it unkindly, that he should find Pompey unfaithful, went into the Country to Lau●●to, which City they say Aencas coming from ●●oy, did first build in Italy, being from Rome about eighteen 
The Author 〈…〉.  miles. Clodie came riding from his house, and met him at 〈…〉, and passed the one by the other, only in countenance showing their essentie. A servant of Milos ran to Clodie, (whither being commanded, or to dispatch his masters enemy,) and struck him with his sword on the hinder part of the head. Clodie being wounded and full of blood, his horsekéeper 
〈…〉  carried him to the next Inn. Milo stayed with his servants, and coming unto him between breathing and dying, dispatched 
〈…〉 of 〈…〉 the 〈…〉 of Clodie.  him, pretending that neither he desired, nor devised this murder, but being sure he should always be in danger, he purposed not to leave the thing unperfect.  
This chance being told at Rome, the people were displeased, 
〈…〉 body ●● brought to 〈…〉.  and watched all night in the common place. Some brought Clodies body the next day and laid it in the Palace: the which certain Tribunes, friends to Clodie, accompanied with the multitude, took away, and bore it to the Senate, either for honour, because he was of that order, or for reproach to them for suffering such unlawful facts.  
The rather sort of this rout broke down the seats & chairs 
〈…〉 for the Senate house on fire.  of the Senate house, and made a fire, with the which the Senate house and many other nigh, did burn at Clodies funeral. Milo was so lusty, that he was not so much afraid for the feat done, as he was angry that such honour of burial should be showed to Clody. He gathered a number of servants & cuntrymen, he sent money to the people, & corrupted Marcus Cecilius, one 
M. Cecilius.  of the Tribunes, and with a bold courage came to Rome. Cecilius strait received him at his coming, & brought him to the common place among them that had taken money, as to an assembly. He pretended to be sorry, that any delay should be had in judgement, trusting that if he might by these that were present, be acquit, he 
〈…〉 geth 〈…〉.  should avoid the sharper sentence. He showed he did not mind the matter, (for he would not have brought his wife and family to such a feat) he spent the rest of the r●●e against Clodie, as an impudent man, whose friends as impudent as he, had burned the Senate house for his sake. Whiles he was thus talking, that other Tribunes and the multitude slenderly armed, rushed into the common place. Cecilius and Milo, in servants clothing fled 
Mylo 〈…〉  away: much murder was committed upon the other, not ask who were Milos friends, but without respect killed both Citizen 
His friends killed. Great hurt done in Rome.  and stranger, and chief them that differed from the rest, either in gay garments, or gold Kings: for in such a disordered state, tumult growing by rage of this pretence, the most part being servants and armed, against the other not armed, they fell to spoil, they left nothing undone, they entered houses, they ran about to see in deed what they might easily catch, and in word to seek out Milos friends: and Milo was their pretence 
The name of Milo, pretence of mischief.  many days, to do all mischief with fire and force.  
The Senate for fear assembled, and were bend upon Pompey, whom some would have had Dictator by and by, because the present time appeared to have need of that remedy: but by Cato's 
By Cato's persuasion, Pompey Consul alone.  persuasion, they chose him Consul without a fellow, that he should have the authority of Dictator by ruling alone, and yet be answerable because he was but Consul. He was the first Consul that had two great provinces with army and money, and the Monarchy of the City, being Consul alone. Cato was appointed by decree to go into Cyprus, that he should not trouble Pompey at home, and to put Pto●●lomie out of his kingdom, by a former law made by Clodie: who being once taken with Pirates, Pto●●lomie for nigardise, sent him two talents for his ransom. Pto●●lomie when he herded of this decree, threw his money into the sea, and killed himself. Cato set the Country in order.  
Pompey did give punishments for many offences, and specially 
Pompey's laws against bribery.  for bribery & corruption: for he thought that all common infection of the City rose of this, and therefore had need of present medicine. He also decreed, that any man that would, might call men to accounted from his first Consulship to this time, and that was about twenty years, in the which Caesar was Consul. Caesar's friends suspecting this to be done in despite or calui●●tion of him that so long a time was comprehended, exhorte● him to deal with present matters, rather than to look backward, and trouble men that were honourable. And among other naming Caesar, he was offended, as one void of all suspicion, 
〈…〉 cont  and so appointed the time from his second Consulship: he said it was very necessary so to begin, to make a perfit redress of the common, almost wasted with evil men: which when he had said, he pronounced the law, whereof followed by and by a number of sundry actions: and that the judges should not be afraid, he with an army oversaw their doings. first, being absent, Milo was condemned for Clodi●● 
〈…〉tion of Milo, etc. 〈…〉, Memmius, Hipseus, 〈…〉▪ cond●●●ed.  death, and Gabinius, of disobedience and mischief, for going into Egypt with an army without decree, the books of Sibyl forbidding it. Memmius, Hipseus, Sextuis, & many other were condemned, either of bribery or corrupting the people. Scaurus was called by Pompey to make answer, notwithstanding that the people did entreat for him. And when the second time the people 
Scaurus banished.  did resist his accusers, a violence was made by Pompey's soldiers, whereby the people ceased, & Scaurus was also banished, & all their eriles recorded, & Gabinius was confiscate after his banishment. The Senate giving open praise to Pompey appointed two legions more unto him, & continuance in his provinces 
Pompey● father in la accused.  Memmius being condemned of bribery, and Pompeius' law giving release to them that accused an other, he called L. Scipio father 
Pompey putteth on mo●●ning w●●d●.  in law to Pompey, into the like judgement of corruption. Wherefore Pompey, putting on the garment of the condemned sort, many of the judges did the like: but Memmius in contempt 
Pompey taketh a selowe.  of the state, gave over the accusation. Then Pompey, having as it were, made that direction that belonged to his Monarchic, took Scipio for his selowe the rest of the year: and after him, though others were received into office, nevertheless he overloked & ruled all, and then was all in all in Rome. For the good 
Senate esteemeth Pompey.  will of the Senate was much inclined to him in despite of Caesar, who in his Consulship seeking his private pleasure, seemed to make none account of them: and for that Pompey had quickly recovered the sick common wealth, without molesting or hildring any man, further than his office. But the banished men 
Ban●●●●● 〈…〉 fly to Caesar.  fled still to Caesar, and bade him beware of Pompey, and that his law of corruption, was most made against him Caesar did comfort them, and yet said well of Pompey. He only laboured ●●o Tribunes to make a law, that it might be lawful for Caesar to ask the second Consulship in his absence: the which, Pompey being yet in office and not resisting, was granted, yet understanding that the Senate did work against him, & fearing that his enemies would make him a private man, he devised to keep his strength still, till he should be declared Consul, and requested of the Senate a little longer time for his office in France, or at the lest for part of it. But Marcellus 
Marcellus.  that was Consul after Pompey, was against it, the which when it was told Caesar, be laid his hand upon the hilt of his sword (as they say) and answered, Then thus shall give it 
Answer of Caesar.  me. Hes builded new Como night unto the Alps, with the privileges of Italy, which is, that so many as be officers a year, shall be Citizens of Rome, which was a great prerogative to Italy.  
One of new Como, that had thus born office, and thereby thought to be free at Rome, Marcellus in despite of Caesar did 
Despite of Marcellus.  beat with rods, which the Romans do not suffer formo cause: and in rage he bewraying his heart, bade him take this token of hospitality and go show it to Caesar. This spite used Marcellus, and persuaded to send successors to his provinces 
Marcellus.  before the time expired. But Pompey was against that, under a show of conveniency and benevolence: that it 
Pompey pretendeth regard to Caesar.  was not meet that so noble a man, so many ways profitable to his Country, should be thus maligned for so short a time, and decreed, that with time, Caesar should give over his rule: After this, Caesar's chief enemies were choose Consuls Aemilius Paulus and Calidius Marcellus cousin 
Paulus and C●no wined by money  to the former Marcellus. Curio an other great enemy of Caesar was elected Tribune, well beloved of the people & a great speaker.  
Caesar could not win Claudius for no money, but Paulus he made his friend with an hundred and fifty talentes, that he should neither do with him nor against him: it cost him more to win Curio because he was so much in debt. With this money, Paulus builded a public place, called Paulus Palace, one of the fair works of Rome. Curio, that he should not be 
〈…〉  discovered by change of the sudden, required the office of making and paving of many and long high ways, and to be overseer of the same five years together, knowing he should obtain none of these, and trusting that Pompey's friends would speak against him, & so have some pretence against Pompey, which things coming to pass indeed as he thought, he had an occasion of offence, Claudius propounded to sand successors to Caesar's provinces, for the time was now at hand. Paulus said nothing. Curio seeming to 
Calidius 〈…〉 Question for Caesar propounded  descent from both, praised Claudius' opinion, & as agreeing to it, said it was meet that Pompey should give over both province and army as well as Caesar, for so should the state of the City be clear and out of fear on both sides. Many being against this, as not right, because Pompey's time was not yet expired, Curio then showed himself plainly and sharply, that it was not reason to send successors to Caesar, unless Pompey did give over: for being suspicious the one of the other, the City should never have sure peace unless all men were private. Thus he spoke; because he knew that Pompey would not leave his power, and because he see them offended with him for his judgements of corruption.  
This opinion being honest, the people praised Curio, as the 
The people praiseth Curio.  only man that for the common weal, cared for neither of their displeasure: and they brought him home, casting flowers, as upon a champion of a great and difficult cause. For at that time nothing seemed more dangerous, than to descent from Pompey, 
〈…〉 to the Senate.  who passing about Italy somewhat sickly, subtitlye sent unto the Senate, praising Caesar's acts, and rehearsing his own from the beginning: and that the third consulship being given him, and provinces with an army accordingly, he did not seek it, but was called to it, being thought meet for the redress of the common wealth, and that I (quoth he) received unwillingly, I do willingly give over to them that will have it, before my time prefixed. The manner of this writing wrought a good liking to Pompey, and a misliking to Caesar, that would not give over when his time was ended. When Pompey was come to the City, he spoke as much in effect, and then promised to give it over, and as a friend and well-willer to Caesar, took in hand that he also would leave with glad mind. For now being in years, and having taken great pains in the armies against most fierce nations, and won great honour to his Country, he would seek rest, with the offices and sacrifices of the City. Thus he spoke, that successors might be strait sent to Caesar, and he standing upon his promise only. But Curio correcting his subtlety, said, it 
Curio against Pompey.  was not enough to promise', but to give over in deed, nor that Caesar should be put from his army, before he were in private state, neither should it be commodious for him to maintain private enmity, neither for the Romans, that such a power should be with one, rather than with the other, that if either of them would hurt the City, the other should have to resist: and now holding in no longer, he openly reproved Pompey, as a séeker of tyranny, and if it were not now, that he gave over his army for fear of Caesar, he would not give it over at all, therefore he thought good, that if they disobeyed, they should both be declared enemies, and an army gathered against them: & by this talk be covered, that he was corrupted by Caesar. Pompey being grieved, 
Pompey departeth angry.  and threatening, went angrily away into the suburbs. The Senate now had them both suspected, but thought Pompey the more tractable. Caesar they misliked, because of their suspicion in his 
Senate better liketh of Pompey.  Consulship, and therefore did not think it safe to dissolve Pompey's power, unless Caesar did resign, being abroad, and of a more aspiring mind: but Curio was against it, and that it was expedient, that after Pompey, Caesar also should give over all, which, when he could not obtain, he broke up the counsel, leaving all 
The authority of a Tribune.  unperfit, for so might a Tribune do. Wherefore Pompey repented him that he had restored the Tribuneship to the ancient power, which Sylla had made very slender. Only this was decreed at their departure, that Caesar and Pompey should be sent into Syria to ●●●●e the Country, because of Cross●● misfortune. And Pompey v●●●● policy, required his legion again, that he had lente Caesar, 
〈…〉.  ●●●●r the lo●se of 〈…〉 and C●tta his Captains.  
〈…〉 gave every man two hundred drams, and sent them to 〈…〉 and with them sent another of his own, but being understanded that there was no danger in Syria, they went to winter at Capua. They that were sent of Pompey for them to Caesar, told many hard tales against Caesar, and made Pompey believe, that Caesar's army being wasted with wéer●nesse, and long pain, was desirous to come home, and when they were come on this side the Alps, they would revolt to Pompey. Thus they talked either of ignorance, or being corrupted, but every man was sure 
The Soldiers of Caesar 〈…〉 oh him.  to Caesar in promptness and painfulness, both for the continuance of service for the gains that grew by victories in the war, and for the great liberality of Caesar himself, for he gave them freely to serve as he would have them, which they all knowing, did likewise abide it.  
Pompey giving credit to these tales, neither gathered army, nor provided for so great a business. The Senate did require every man's opinion. Claudius' crastely propounded, and did ask disjointly, whether they would send successors to Caesar, and whether they would Pompey's power should be taken from him. 
〈…〉 tation to Caesar and Pompey.  To this many made denial, but to Caesar they decreed successors. Curio ask again if they would have both leave their powers, x●i●. denied it, but CCClxx. leaving contention for commodity, inclined to Curios sentence: then did Claudius dismiss the counsel, crying, Win you, that will have Caesar your Lord  
A rumour being raised, that Caesar suddenly was past the Al●●●, and coming to the City, there was great sear and tomtate of all sides. Claudius' commanded the army at Copu● 
〈…〉  to he se●te against Caesar, as an enemy, and when as Curio reproved it as a lie, Claudius said, If I may not follow that is s●●ce by common decree of myself as Consul, I will do it. And when he had said thus, he ran out of the Senate house 
〈…〉  ●●to the suburbs with his fellow, and offered a Sword to Pompey Even I (quoth he) and this man, commanded thee to go against Caesar for thy Country, and we give thee, either the army that is now at Capua, or any other that is in Italy, and that thou mayest gather together what thou wil●●. He obeyed, as commanded of the Consuls, only adding, unless somewhat m●●e be better, dissembling, or even then pretending a show of honanie. 
〈…〉.  Curio now had no more authority over the City, for it was not lawful for the Tribunes to go out of the walls, yet he complained to the people of these doings, and required the Consuls to proclaim, that no man should obey Pompey in gathering of men: but not prevailing, and the time of his Tribune ship drawing to an end, being afraid of himself, and doubting to be no more able to help Caesar, with diligence went unto him, who had now sailed the ocean Sea from Britiayne, and passed 
Caesar out of 〈…〉 divided France and Germany. The old division of Italy was ●● 〈◊〉, and the 〈◊〉 R●b●con, and thereabout.  from the French, that be near the flood Rhine, to the Mountains of the Alps, with five thousand footmen, and three hundred Horsemen. He came down to Ravenna, which was confine to Italy, and the end of his province, receiving Curio with great courtesy, and thanking him for his travails, he consulted with him of the present state. Curio thought good to send for all his army, and to march to Rome. Caesar thought it better yet to treat of reconciliation, and willed his friends to compound for him, that giving over 
Request of Caesar.  all other provinces and armies, he might only retain two legions, and Ill●ria with France within the Alps, till he were declared Consul. Pompey thought it sufficient, but because the Consuls did resist it, he written to the Senate, and Curio running in three days three thousand and three hundred furlongs, he gave 
After this account, it should be three hundred miles. Caesar's letters to the Senate.  the letter to the new Consuls, entering the Senate house the first day of the new year. It did contain a solemn rehearsal of all Caesar's doings from the beginning, and a protestation to leave his army, if Pompey did the like, and being yet in authority, if Pompey would not give up, no more would he, but forthwith come to revenge his Country, and with speed to seek for himself, at the which, everse man cried out, and that Lucius Domitius should be his successor, 
L. Domitius.  as in a war proclaimed. Domitius went on with four M. lately gathered. Antonius and Cassius being Tribunes after Curio, 
Determination against Caesar. Antonitus, Cas●●s, Tribunes.  and liking well of his determination, the Senate the more earnestly did affirm the army of Pompey to be their safety, and Caesar's, their destruction. And Marcellus and Lentulus the Consuls, commanded Antony and Cassius, to go from the assembly, lest by using the office of Tribunes, they might happily have some displeasure. Then Antony cried aloud, and ran from his seat in a rage, and lamented that they should deface the office sacred, and 
Antenie lamenteth.  a Sanctuary, and reject them with a despite, that had given their counsel for the common weal, not having committed any offence or crime against any man. This being said, he leapt out as a man by inspiration, forespeaking wars, murders, attendures, 
Antony prophesieth.  banishments, spoils, and all other mischief to come upon them, protesting great execrations to them that were the cause of it. Curio and Cassius went out with him, for now part of Pompey's army was seen to come, and beset the Senate house. They by and by, secretly in the night, putting on servants apparel, went to Caesar in an hired waggon. Caesar showed them as soon 
Caesar showeth the Tribun●s to his army.  as they were come unto the army, in that apparel, and to stir them the more, said these men for doing well, are made enemies, and being people of such degree, speaking somewhat for them, were thus villainously banished. Now was the war open on both sides, and proclaimed evidently. The Senate thinking that Caesar would not suddenly come with his army from the French, and that he would not enterprise so great a feat with so few, appointed to Pompey to gather a great number of Thessalians, old 
Preparation for Pompey against Caesar. Thessalia was a Country of Gre●●●.  practised Soldiers in the war, and to take up new, of the nigh nations that were fit to serve. All the common treasure they decreed to him for this war, offering also their private substance if need were, to be ready for this service: and they sent to the Cities for more, with great haste and vehemency, leaving nothing undone, that might be with speedy consideration. Caesar sending 
Speedlinesse of Caesar.  for his own army, putting more confidence in amazing his enemies with sudden approach and terror of boldness, than in mighty preparation. With five thousand began he this great 
Caesar manner 〈…〉 ●.  war, which he sent to take the commodious places of Italy. And certain of his Captains, accompanied with the boldest sort, in peaceable manner, he willed to go to Arimeno, and of the sudden, to surprise the City, which is the first of Italy out of France. He in the evening, as though he had not been well, went 
Then France extended to ●●●mino, which i● now in that part of Italy that is called Rom●g●a, one of the 18. Colonies, that aided the Romans against Annihall. Rubicon divideth Italy, over the which he that passed in arms, was a Rebel. Caesar stayed at the River of Rubicon. The saying of Caesar. Caesar entereth Italy. Caesar taketh Arimeno. Fear of Caesar.  from the Table, leaving his friends sitting still, and taking a Coach, he ran to Arimeno, his Horsemen following a certain distance off. And posting thus as far as the flood Rubicon, which divideth Italy, he stayed his course, and beheld the River. He deeply weighing in his mind all the mischief that might follow, if he passed the water in arms, turned to his friends, and said, The refraining from this passage, shall be the beginning of troubles to myself, but the going on with it, shall vex all the world. When he had thus said, as a man rapt with a fury, he flung over, speaking the common word, The Die is cast. Then he hasted to Arimeno, and took it early in the morning, and so went forward, leaving garrison in convenient places, and the other by the way he wan, either by violence, or by gentleness. There was ●●éeing and renning away from every place with much fear, and removing without reason, and lament, not yet knowing what the truth was, supposing that Caesar was come to invade with all his might and power. Which when the Consuls 
The Consuls suffer not Pompey to take the right course of war.  herded, not suffering Pompey to take the stayed way of war according to his skilfulness in the same, forced him to go● about Italy, and make men, as the City should by and by have been taken. The other Senatoures hearing of Caesar's sudden approach beyond all opinion, were afraid, because they were not yet prepared, and with grief repented they had not accepted Caesar's offers, which then they thought reasonable. Many Monsters, and tokens from heaven did afray them. God sent down 
Tokens.  rain of blood, Images did sweat, lightnings fallen upon many Temples, a Bule brought forth, many other fearful tokens did foreshow the overthrow and mutation of the common state. Supplications were commanded, as in common calamities. The people remembering the times of Si●la and Marius, cr●ed cut, that Caesar and Pompey should give over their powers, as the only way to cease war. Cice●● sent to Caesar for reconciliation, but the Consuls were against every thing, and Favonius jested at 
〈…〉  Pompey for a word he once spoke, that at his call he would strike the earth with his foot, and fetch forth an army. You shall have it (quoth he) if you will follow ●●●, and think it no grief to leave Rome, and after Rome, Italy to, if need be: for places and 
〈…〉 to the 〈…〉.  houses be not strength and liberty, but men (wheresoever they be) bear these with them, and when you have revenged yourselves, you shall have houses enough. This spoke Pompey, as it were threatening them that would tarry and stick to leave their 
〈…〉 forsaketh 〈…〉.  lands for the leave of their Country. And straight he went out of the Senate house and City too, and took his journey to Capua to the army there, and the Consuls followed him. Other tarried with great doubt, and kept that night together in the Senate house, but when day was come, the most part went out, and followed Pompey. 
●●r●●●io is now 〈…〉.   
Caesar followed Domitius at Corfinio, who was sent to be his su●●essoure, having not above four thousand, and besieged him. And they of the City, perceiving that Domitius would flee away, kept the gates, and took him, and brought him to Caesas. He courteously received the army, yielding unto him, that other might be encouraged to the same, and suffered Domitius untouched, 
Caesar taketh 〈…〉, and ●●●eth h●m ●●●ie to go where he ●●●t.  with all his money and substance, to go where he would, thinking for that gentleness he would have tarried with him, and was not against him to go to Pompey.  
These things being thus done of the sudden, Pompey went from Capua to Brunduse, to pass the Ionian Seas to Epirus, 
Now Al●●●ia.  to make his provision for war there: he written to all nations, Lieutenants, Princes, Kings, and Cities, every one with all the speed they could, to contribute to this war. These were dispatched with speed.  
Pompey's own army was in Spain, being ready for the march when occasion should call them.  
Of the Legions that Pompey had himself, he delivered to the Consuls, to lead from Brunduse to Epirus, and they straight sailed 
〈…〉 not in ●he Ita●●●●.  safe to Dirrachium, which Town some men, of this ignorance, thinketh to be Epid●●nus. A Barbarian King called Epidamnus builded a City at this Sea, and of hi●selfe called it Epidamnus: his nephew by his daughter, supposed to be Nept●●es son, builded a port to that City, and called ●●. Dirr●● chium. The brethren of Dirrach●s made war upon h●m, and 
〈…〉 ●o●● 〈…〉  Hercules coming from the isle Erithea, joined with him for part of the land, whereupon the Durachians, as coper●●one● of their Country, account him the founder of it, not denying Dirrachos, but more desirous of Hercules, because he was a God.  
They say further, that in this fight, jonius, son to Dirrachos, was slain of Hercules by chance, and that Hercules buried his body, and threw it into the Sea, that it might bear the 
Ioni●● S●a. Phrg●● o● Asia the ●●●●e.  name of him. In process of time, certain Phrygians got the City and Country, and after them, a people of Illiria, called Ta●lantines, after whom, another people of Illiria, called Liburnians, 
T●●lantines. 〈…〉 Na●●●.  with their swift ships, did spoil their nearest neighbours, and of this it is thought the Romans did call their swift Ships Liburnius, wherewith they give their first onset in fight by Sea.  
They that were driven from Dirrachio by the Liburnians, 
Cor●yri●●● be of the ●●e Co●●●●.  goat help of the Co●cireanes, valiant men by sea, and expulsed the Liburnians, and so the Corcirianes making a mixed inhabitant, it is taken to be a Greek port, and they changing the name as unlucky, called it Epid●mus, by the name of the old City. Thucydides doth name it so, yet this name hath prevailed, and it 
T●●●●dides.  is called Dirrachium. The Consuls and their company came to this City. Pompey abode at Brunduse, and gathered together the 
Consuls ●●i●ed at D●rizzo.  rest of the army. He tarried for the Ships that carried the Consuls. He made the Town strong, to keep Caesar from the walls, and in the evening tide, sailed with his company, leaving the bo●●est Soldiers to defend the Town, the which 
〈…〉.  also in the night sailed over with g●●● wind. Thus Pompey with all his army left Italy, and sailed into spiro. Caesar stood in doubt which way to turn him, & where to begin the war, seeing well that all the force on every side flowed to Pompey. He feared the army that Pompey had in Spain very great and expert, lest while he followed his fléeing enemy, they should beset him on the backhalf, therefore he thought it best to try the field first with these in Iberia. He divided his power in five parts, some he left at Brunduse, some at Hidrunto, and some at Tarento, 
●run lose. Hydrunto now O●●r●●to. Tarentum. Sardinia. ●●●in ●● Pollio. Cato guieth place to Asinius Pollio.  as garrisons for Italy. Other he sent with Quintus Valerius to get Sardinia, an isle plentiful of Corn, and he got it. Asinius Pollio he sent into Cicelie, where Cato was Lieutenant, who asked him whether he had authority from the Senate, or the people, to enter violently into another man's province: he answered, that he that was Lord of Italy had sent him. Cato answered again, that because he would spare the inhabitant, he would defer the revenge till another time, and so sailed into Corcyra to Pompey.  
Caesar came to Rome, and comforted the people with hope and 
Caesar to Rome.  promises, being strike with the fear and memory of Sylla and Marius evil times. He said further, that he would use courtesy to his enemies. As when he had taken Lucius Domitius, he let him go with all his money unhurt. He broke the locks of the common treasure, and threatened death to Metellus the Tribune that would 
Caesar taketh the treasure.  have resisted him, and took away the money that no man dur●● touch, being laid up there, against the invasions of France, with public execration to them that did stir or remove it, unless for the war of Celtica: Caesar said, I have overcome those French Cells, and have delivered the City of that execration. He made Emilius Lepidus governor of the City, and Marcus Antonius, 
●●. Antonius.  the Tribune of Italy, and the confederate army in it. Abroad he sent into Sicily, Curio to succeed Cato, Quintus to Sardinia, & Cneus Antonius to Illiria, and to France within the Alps, he appointed Licinius Crassus. He commanded two legions of young soldiers to be ready with speed, and to lie at the coasts, both of the Tuscan, and Venetian seas, to whom, for Captains by the sea, he sent Hortensius, and Dolabella. 
Hortensius. Dolabella. Caesar into Spain, Afranius, and Petreius. Herda a City in Arragon, at the flood ●ycor●.   
Caesar having thus made Italy too strong for Pompey to enter, he went into Spain, and at his first encountering with Afranius and Petreius, Lieutenants to Pompey, he seemed too weak. Then they joined together more at hand about the City ●●erda. Caesar lay in barren rockey places, and was fain to fetch his 
Caesar in distress.  victuals by the passage of the river Sypris: a sudden flood came and bore away the bridge, whereby a great number jest in the straits, were slain of Petreyus, and Caesar himself with his other army, was much molested, with the hard place, with hunger, sharp season, and with his enemies, so as he was little better than besieged there till the summer came. Afranius & Petreyus went into the further part of Spain to gather another army. Caesar prevented them, stopping their passage, and compelled them to retire from whence they came. In doing of this, he compassed a part of their army that came to take up ground for their 
A token of yielding.  camp. They held their shields to their heads, which is a token of yielding. Caesar neither took them, nor hurt them, but suffered 
Caesar's gentleness  them untouched to go to Afranius, and by such mean, he wan his enemies hearts in all places.  
Hereof was many conventicles among the soldiers, and talk of reconciliation by the whole multitude. Whereupon it seemed good to Afranius and some other, to leave Spain to Caesar, and to departed safe to Pompey: but Petreius was against it, and ran among the soldiers, and killed them that made those 
Petreius furious.  meeting for Caesar, and were come from him, and killed one of his own Captains also that would have stayed his fury. Wherefore they were the more in their minds inclined to Caesar so gentle, and offended with Petreius that was so passionate. After that Caesar kept water from them: and Petreius being in necessity, came with Afranius to a parley with Caesar, both armies beholding them. They agreed to leave Spain to Caesar, and that he should convey them safe to the flood Varus, and from thence to suffer them to go to Pompey. When Caesar was come to that flood, he called all the Roman and Italian soldiers, & thus spoke unto them.  
Enemies (for using that name to you, I shall the better declare my mind) neither did I dispatch you, when you were sent to get ground for your Camp, and yielded yourselves to me, neither did I hurt an other part of your army, whom I held from water, although Petreius did distray mine, whom he took at the flood Sic●rie: If I have any thanks of you for the same, show it then to all them, that serve in Pompey's camp. When he had thus said, he sent them freely away, and appointed 
Caesar hath Spain.  Quintus Cassius to the government of Iberia. Thus Caesar began.  
In Lybia Actius Varus was Lieutenant for Pompey, and juba 
Actius Varus. juba taketh Pompey's part.  king of Mauritania did assist him. Curio sailed against them out of Sicily with two whole Legions, twelve Galleys, and many ships of burden, landing at Utica. He skyrmished with certain Numidian horsemen, and put them to flight. He would needs be called general Captain, his army being yet but 
Imperator was the term in Latin for such a general.  entering into arms. This honour is given to Captains, and the name cometh from the Soldiers, as witnesies to them to be worthy to be such generals: and this honour, the Captains in old time obtained after all and many great aftayres. Now as I hear, the limitation to this title, is to overthrow ten thousand men. While Curio was coming by ship from Sicily, they that were in Lybia, thinking that he, for the glory of the name, would encamp at a place called Scipio's tents, as 
Scipio's tent●es. Water poisoned.  one that had emulation of his renown, they poisoned the water, and were not deceived of their hope, for Curio lodged there, and by and by the army was sick. They that drunk, had their fight dazzled as in a cloud, and heaviness of sleep in the head, many 
Curios army infected.  vomits of their meat, and a shrincking over all their body. Wherefore Curio removed to Utica itself, leading his army feeble for sickness by a great and strong marish ground: but when they herded of Caesar's victory in Spain, they took courage again, and placed themselves nigh the sea in a steyght way, they fought fiercely there. Curio losing but one man, and Var● six hundred. and many more wounded. King juba coming forth, 
〈◊〉.  a false rumour was raised, that at the flood Bagrada not far off, he returned back because his Kingdom was invaded of his neighbours, leaving his Licuetenaunt Saburra with a few at the flood. Curio giving credit to this tal● in the seruente heat, at the third hour of the day, led the rest part of his army against Saburras, through sandy and desert dry places. For if there were any winter brook, it was dried 
The distress of Curio.  up by the heat of the sun, and the flood was kept of Saburra, and the king himself yet still present there. Curio ran up to the hill tops, choked with thirst, & heat. When the enemies saw him so evil bestadde, they passed the river boldly with a readiness to fight. Curio, very unwisely and unskilfully with his weak army being compassed with the Numidian horsemen, came down, and for a time giving place, brought his men within a little compass: but being overcharged, he fled again to the hill tops. Asinius Pollio at the beginning of this business, with a few, fled to the camp at Utica, lest Varrus should attempt any thing by the noise of this evil fortune. Curio made a desperate fight, and was killed 
Curio killed  with all that were with him, so as there was not one left to go to Pollio to Utica. This was the end of the fight at the blood Bagrada. Curios head was cut off, and brought to juba. When this mischance was known to the army at Utica, Flamma the Admiral fled, with his navy, before he received 
Flamma ●lieth.  any man from the land. Asinius took a boat and went to the merchants that were at the port, and prayed them to receive his army, and convey them away. Some of them in the night came for ward for this purpose, and the Soldiers went on with such number, as some boats were drowned, and they that were upon the Sea and had money, the merchants threw them into the same for covetousness 
Covetise of Merchants.  thereof. This was their hap upon the Sea, which was little better by land to them that were left all that night, who in the morning yielded to Var●. But juba came and set them all at the brickwall, and shot them to death, as the remnant 
Roman Soldiers shot to death.  of his victory, nothing regarding though Varo prayed him to the contrary. Thus the Romans lost two legions, that sailed with Curio into Libya, and all the horse, ministers, and ventures of the Campe. juba returned home, making boast he had done so great a feat for his friend Pompey.  
At this time Antonius in Illyria was overcome of Octavius Dalabella Pompeyus Lieutenant: and another army of Caesars at Placentia, did revolt against their Captains, crying that they were held in long war, and not paid the five pounds which Caesar promised them at Brunduse. Caesar hearing of it, came post from Massilia, and thus spoke to the soldiers that yet were in a mutiny: What speed I use in every thing, you can witness with me: this war is held long, not by us, but by our enymies that flieth us: you that in France, by mine authority have gained well, and have bound yourselves to me, for all this 
〈◊〉 to the seditious Soldiers.  war, not for a part, now in the midst of the matter, you forsake me, you do do disobey your Captains, and go about to command them, of whom you aught to receive commandment: wherefore being a sufficient witness to myself of my former affection unto you, I will now use Petreius Law, and of the ninth Legion, from whence tumult chiefly arose, I will put to death the tenth man.  
Great lamentation was made throughout the whole Legion: wherefore these Captains on their knees prayed him of pardon. He hardly and at length granted, and came to this only, that any 120. that were most busy, should be taken by lot, and twelve of their Captains of bands, be put to death: for one of the twelve, which was not present, nor a meddler in this Mutenye, he caused his accuser to suffer for him.  
After this sort was the sedition at Placentia appeased. Caesar went to Rome, and the people for fear chose him Dictator, neither the Senate allowing it, nor none officer pronouncing it: but he, refusing that dignity, either as odious, or superfluous, ruling only eleven days (as some say) appointed Consuls for the rest of the time, himself, and Servilius Isauricus.  
The precedents of provinces either he appointed or altered at his pleasure. Marcus Lepidus into Spain, Aulus Albinus into Sicily, into Sardania Sextus Peduceus, into new France Decimus Brutus, to the people oppressed with famine, he gave victuals, and at their request, pardoned all fugitives, except Milo. The people desiring also a cutting off of debt, because things bore no price, by reason of the wars and seditions, he denied it them, but he appointed purveyors of victuals, which in steed of the debt, should take order between the creditors and the debtor. When he had done this, he sent all his army to Brunduse in the 
Caesar maketh winter war.  dead of the winter, and himself went forth in December, not tarrying for the election of new officers, till the new year that was at hand. The people followed him, and prayed him to be at one with Pompey, for now it was very evident, that he that overcame would be a ruler alone, but he went on, and left nothing that was to be done with power and speed.  
Pompey all this time made Ships, and still gathered greater armies, and more money. He took forty of Caesar's ships, in the Ionian sea, and waited for his coming. He exercised his people, riding and running among them, and doing every labour beyond his old years, whereby he got much love, and every man came to see Pompey's exercises, as to a spectacle.  
Caesar had ten legions of footmen, and ten thousand French 
Caesar's army.  horsemen. Pompey had five legions, with which he ●alled out 
Pompey's army.  of Italy, and as many horsemen, as with them were appointed: two out of Parthia, the remnant of them that served with Crassus, & another part that with Gabinius invaded Egypt. So had he of Italians in all eleven legions and seven thousand horsemen. His confederates were of jonia, of Macedonia, of Poloponeso, and Boeotia, with archers of Creta, slingers of Thracia, and all other that use artillery about Pontus. Some horsemen of the west French, some of the east, of the Syrians sent by Antiochus, Cilicians and Capadocians, and some of Armenia the less, Pamphilia and Pisida, not all for the sight, but for garrisons, munitions, and other services of the Italian army. Thus he thought good to use them that none of the Italians should be drawn from the day of battle. This was his army by land.  
By Sea he had two hundred Galleys furnished at the full, whereof one hundred were of Romans conduct, which he appointed to lead the other, and many hulks and other ships of burden, with divers Admirals, whereof Marcus Bibulus was chief.  
When all these things were prepared, he assembled as many Senators and Roman Gentlemen, as were present, and all 
Pompey● Ora●i●.  the army, into a place where he might be hard, & thus said unto them. The Athenienses also (O friends) did leave their City 
The Athenians. s ●●●●e their City ●y the pe●●●●siō of 〈…〉.  to fight for their liberty, against them that spoiled it, they thinking, not houses, but men to be their City. In doing of the which, they recovered it again, and shortly made it mor● glorious. Our progenitors likewise, when the French Cel●●● invaded, forsook the City, which Cami●●us coming from Ardea 
Ardea i● 〈…〉.  did restore again. All wise men think their Country to be, where their liberty is: which we considering, have sailed hither, not leaving our Country, but preparing for it, and mn●lye to defend it, against him that doth violently invade it, and by corruption, and taketh Italy desolated, whom you have declared an enemy, he now sends precedents into your Provinces, appointeth some Governors in the City, and som● in the Country. By this insolency he hath taken from the people their authority, and if he doth this, being yet in contrition, and with fear, and as one, that with God's help, shall be punished for it, what cruelty and violence think you, will he leave undone that thus useth his country, if he get the victory▪ Some there be that take his part for money, which he gathered in France that belongeth to you, who chose rather to be slaue● to him, than to live free with us. I do not refuse the fight with you and for you, but do offer myself a soldier or a Captain, as you will use me, & if I have any experience in the war, or any felicity unspotted hitherto, I pray the Gods to grant me all at this present, & to be such a defender unto my country in danger, as I have been in advancing the same. We ought to put our trust in God, and in our cause, which hath an honest & just desire of war for the common wealth of our Country, & in the abundance of our provision, both by sea and land, which we already have, & more, in that we shall have when we take the thing in hand: For all the nations (as a man may say, from y● East to y● Ruxine sea) all y● Grecians & Barbarians be with us, all kings y● be friends to ● Romans & to me, have sent armies, weapons, victuals, & all other necessaries. Therefore go to it cheerfully, as to a thing worthy your country, yourselves, & me, & being mindful of G●sar: dispitefulnesse, with speed fulfil that shall be appointed you. This he said. All the army, and as many Senators & Gentlemen as were there, which was a great and a goodly c●●an●, with one voice did praise him, & prayed him to lead them as he thought good. Then he set some ships to keep the sea, and sent his army to winter at Macedonia, thinking Caesar would deser 
●●● p●● is dece●●●d in C●●●●● 〈…〉.  sailing over till after winter, the time being hard, and the seas rough, and have remained at Rome, because he was Consul, and settle his rule there: so far amiss did he conjecture of that that was to come. For Caesar, as I said before, in the midst of winter did go to Brunduse, supposing he should most amaze his enemies, by coming on the sudden. Therefore neither having victual, nor provision, nor all his army there, he called them that were present to an assembly, and thus said unto them: 
〈…〉 to his soldiers.   
Neither the hardness of the time, (O friends) that join with me in this most noble enterprise, neither the delay of others, nor the want of convenient preparation, do withdraw 
Expedition.  me from my purpose: for surely I think that expedition is the best way for me, and we that be first here, to go first on with the matter. As for servants, carriage and baggage, I think it best to leave behind us, that the ships that be now here, may receive us only as passengers, and we deceive our enemies, and set good fortune against evil time, bold courage, against our small number, and our enemy's plenty, against our penury, all the which shall be in our power, if we think nothing to be our own, but that we shall win by force. Let us go therefore against their slaves, their provision and victuals, while they be in houses for fear of winter weather. Let us go while Pompey trusts that I spend the winter in shows and sacrifices of a Consul. You know that I take the chief 
Attempts ●●● day●●.  point in wars, to be attempts of the sudden. It is honourable to prevent the first opinion ●f things to come, and to foresee ●●re receipt there, for them y● follow us next. I have thought this time meeter to haste, than to stay: that Pompey, who thinks I am yet at Rome, about my Consulship, may see me at his cam●● and though that I am well assured of your good wills, yet is tarry for your answer.  
All the army cried with great vehemency, that he should▪ lead them forth. Then he came from his seat, and had them to the sea, being five legions of footmen, and six hundred horse men choose, lying at anchor, because of the rough seas.  
The winter Sun was at the lowest▪ and the wind kept 
〈…〉 ●● s●●ved by weather.  him back against his will and evil content, who tarried ●● Brunduse till the first day of the new year. Then came there ●● him two legions more, whom he conveyed over that winter ●● hulks, for he had but few Galleys, and they were left for the custody of Sicily and Sardinia. He was by tempest driven to the mount Cer●uno, from whence he sent his navy back to fe●●● the rest of his army. He in the night went to the City of Ori●● 
Ori●●.  and for the hard, straight, and rocky way, was compelled to divide his army into many parts, as the sharpness of the country might serve, so as if his coming had been known, he might easily have been kept back. About the break of the day▪ with much ad●, he gathered his army together.  
The people of the City said unto the Governor, that it was 
●●s●● hath 〈…〉▪ a City of 〈…〉 in the marches of 〈…〉.  not lawful to keep out the Roman Consul when he came, therefore the Governor delivered the keys to Caesar, and continued with him in place of honour.  
Lucretius and Minu●ius on the other side of Orico, with eighteen Gal●●is to guard the victual that came by ship to Pompey, drowned their ships, that Caesar should not take them, and fled 
〈…〉 it is 〈…〉 ●s in the Greeks'  to Durazzo. From Orier Caesar went to Appolonia, where he was received of the Citizens, and Stamerius the Governor left the City.  
There Caesar calling his soldiers together, put them in ●● remembrance, what they had done by good fortune in the hard 
Durazzo hath ●●● long in the Turks ●● 〈…〉, but lately ●t was got by the 〈…〉.  winter: they were Lords of the sea without ships, they had won Orico and Valona, without fight: they had got their enemies things, Pompey being yet ignorant. Now (sayeth he) if we can catch Durazzo, which is the Baron of Pompey's provision, al● is in our hands, that they have been labouring for an whole Summer. When he had said thus, he led them with speed to Durazzo a long way, resting neither day ne● night▪ Pompey hearing this, came with great haste from Macedonia, cutting 
〈…〉 h●th 〈…〉.  down the trees as he went, to stop the way to Caesar He pulled down bridges, and burned all provision by the way, thinking it (as it was in deed) to be a good device, for to have only that preparation that might serve himself. If any dust, fire, or smoke were seen to either of them a far off, thinking it had been of the contrary part, they strove who should run fastest, sparing no time, neither from meat nor sleep. Hast there was 
〈…〉.  and speed, with crying out upon them that led them with torchelightes, whereof grew disorder and fear, as the en●mies had b●n at their heels: some for weariness threw down their burdens, or withdrew themselves aside into some corners, thinking it better to be left behind with present rest, than to go on to it, without fear of the enemy. Both sides taking these pains, Pompey came first to Durazzo, and encamped at the walls. By 
Pompey 〈…〉 ●● to Durazzo before Caesar▪ and getteth again Ori●o. Alore flood.  his Navy he goat Orico again and gave, better guard for the Sea. Caesar lay over against Pompey, the flood Alore slowing between them. There were divers skirmishes by them that passed the flood▪ but they never brought forth their whole power, for Pompey did train his young Soldiers, and Caesar looked for the rest from Brunduse. He thought, that if they came forth in the Spring in great Ships, they could not escape the Galleys of Pompey, that scoured the Seas, and waited for them: but if they did come forth in Winter, when the enemy must many times take the islands for their harbour, they might escape them, or by the wind or their weight, might pass through them, where upon he sent for them with great haste, and because they came not when he looked, he purposed himself to go to them, for that they would not so soon come with an other, and kept his determination secret. He sent three of his servants to the flood▪ twelve furlongs off, to hire a swift vessel of good proof, as for one that should be dispatched from Caesar. He rose from the table as not well at c●st, and ●ad his friends sit still. He put on a ●●tuate gar●el, & in a Co●ch came to the Ship, as he that was f●●● of Ca●● in the rest he ●●eth his servants to call on, he being 
Caes 〈…〉 to 〈…〉  wrapped, and for the night altogether unknown. The wound was very rough, & the servants exhorted the master to make haste, that they might escape their enemies which were at hand. The master passed the ●●u● ve●y speedily, with the strength of oars, but when he came to the mouth of the flood, the waves of the sea beating against it with boisterous billows, and he, as though the enemy had followed, labouring to the utter most, & nothing prevailed, gave, it quite over. Then Caesar bewrayed himself, & said aloud, Be bold,, 
〈…〉 himself.  stand against the storm, thou caryest Caesar, and Caesar, fortune. The Mariners amazed at the voice, received courage again, and by very force got the Ship out of the floods mouth, but by the rage of the sea, and the billows that were big, the Ship was driven to the shore. Day drawing near, the mariners were afraid to be spied of the enemies, but Caesar cursed his envious fortune, & bade the shipmaster turn home again, which was quickly done, the wound serving through the flood. Some blamed Caesar for his bolddesse, some accused him, as taking a thing in hand scarcely fit for 
razor is blamed. Caesar sendeth for his men.  a soldier, much less for a general. Now he perceiving he could be no more unknown, sent Posthumus to sail in his place, and bid Gabinius bring the army by Sea, and if they refused him, to come with Antonio, or with Caleno, and if all these failed, he 
Antonio.  had letters to the rest, that they should follow Posthumus, and take land where they could g●t it, and not care for the ships, for he had need of men, & not of ships. Thus did Caesar trust in fortune, contrary to reason. Pompey intending to take the advantage, brought 
One of Caesar's, killeth two of Pompey's.  forth his people to fight, and two of his soldiers passing the flood where it was lowest, one of Caesars came against them, & killed them both, wherefore Pompey retired, not liking that luck, feigning 
Pompey retireth.  to all other to loose a very good opportunity. Posthumus sailed safe to Brunduse, but Gabinius, not obeying the commandment, would needs 
Gabinius loseth men in Slavonia.  lead as many as followed him through Slavonia, without any rest, all the which were almost slain by the ●●rians, which Caesar suffered, for the necessity of time. Antonius by ship brought the other toward Valona, with good and full wind, but about midday 
Caesar● ships 〈…〉. N 〈…〉nesse.  the wind waxing c●●●●, twenty of Pompey's Ships that scoured the seas espied him, & came upon them, who in that calm were in great fear, lest the stearnes of the Gadyes should boar the or drown them, and using the best way, made ready their darts & sings to keep the off, when suddenly, a greater wound than the first arose, which they took, and with their mame sail passed through beyond their hope. The other being tossed with the storm & the w●●d, 〈…〉 g raging seas, were scattered and driven to the rocky 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 o● Caesar's were taken falling upon the flats. 〈◊〉 b●ought the rest to a place called Nymphey. Now had Caesar all his 〈◊〉, 〈…〉 Pompey. They encamped the one against the other upon 〈…〉 ppes, m●i●ing fort● and mounts, about the which there was ●●●y assaults and skirmishes, the one seeking to 〈◊〉 the other, and at one of these skirmishes, where Caesar's 〈◊〉 the worse 〈◊〉 a 
* ● h●s Soldier as Caesar w●●●nteth of him, received 1 2 ●. 〈◊〉 on this S●●●●d, and 2, ●. pricks, and 7. wounds on n●● body at this time, and o● another ●● ●●●ce, when his headpiece was broken, and ●e h●rt in the rac●, and in the thigh, his shield strike down, his sword broken, he leapt into the Sea, armed as he was, and ca●e safe to Caesar, crying parce Imperator, because it was a fault to be unarmed. Plutarch telleth of such another, when Caesar was in England, and he nameth one icilius', but nothing is said of M●nuti●●. The ●●alian tr●● 〈◊〉 addeth o●e, 〈…〉 Te 〈…〉 should 〈…〉 of 〈…〉 Caesar 〈…〉 The 〈…〉 ca 〈…〉.  Captain, very notable for his valianttie●se, was stru●●n in the eye with a dar●, which done, he leapt before the rank●, making token of 〈◊〉, as though he would have said somewhat. Then he called to a Captain of Pompey's, who was esteemed noble, and said unto him, 〈◊〉 one like thee, save thy friend, sand some that may lead me away by hand, because I am hurt, two men came running to him as a fugitive, of whom the one he killed right out, the other he cut off his shoulder. This he did, being in doubt both of himself, and of the fort. The other being ashamed of their fault, came again lustily, and recovered their fort. The great valiantness also of M●nuti●● a trench keeper did help much, for in his Target they say was found Cxx. darts, & he wounded in uj places beside the loss of one eye also, ●●th the which, Caesar did honour with great gifts, appertaining ●n soldiers. He thought to have had 〈◊〉 by treason, & 〈◊〉 in the night to the gates with a few at the Temple of Diana. This Winter, Pompey's father in law did bring another army from Syria with whom Caius Cal●itius did encounter, and was 〈◊〉 me, losing a legion of eight hundred. Now Caesar had nothing by sea, all being kept by Pompey's Naves, wherefore h●s army was in great want, and eat bread made of grass and weeds which certain fugitives showed to Pompey as a good token, but he 
〈…〉 w 〈…〉 of 〈…〉.  joyed nothing at it, but said, with what beasts do ●●e sigh●●? Caesar being driven by necessity, brought forth all his ar●●●, to force Pompey to fight, but he, though many of his 〈◊〉 Ca〈…〉, 
〈…〉 refuseth ●●●●ight.  were thereby abandoned, yet would not stir, when 〈…〉 being marvelously grieved, took in hand an enterprise, both difficult and strange, and that was, to environ Pompey's Ca●●● from Sea to Sea, which as it was a great thing to do, so if it ●●●ke not 
The enterprise of Caesar.  place, yet should it carry a fame of glory for the noble enterprise, for it was a thousand and two hundred furlongs, and yet he 
●ight furlongs waketh a mile.  took it in hand. Pompey made Contreworkes and walls. And thus both busied themselves to defeat the other, and at the last there was a great fight between them, in the which Pompey his 
A fight.  very valiantly everthrow Caesar's soldiers, and followed them fleeing to their Campe. He took many of their ensigns, and the Eagle, which is the chief Standard to the Romans with much ado was saved by the bearers regard, and thrown into them 
Caesar repulsed.  Trench. This fleeing being so notorious, Caesar came on with another company, which was no less afraid, for though Pompey were a good way off, yet could they not abide his sight, nor stay, 
Fear of Caesar's m●n.  though they were hard at their Camp, neither go in order, nor obey Caesar's commandments, but every one fled whether he could, never looking back, without shame, without commandment, or reason. Caesar ran about, and with rebuke did show them, that Pompey was far off, and beheld them how they threw down their ensigns, and fled. Some with much ado stood still as men amazed, looking on the ground for shame, such a confusion fall upon them. There was one that turned his ensign, and thrust the point against the General, who was killed of Caesar's guard. They that went into the Camp, did not return to their places, but left all forsaken, and the Trench unkept. It was then thought, if Pompey had come forth with his power, he had made an end of all the war, with the one feat: but Lavinius (God so working it) persuaded him rather to pursue them that fled, 
Pompey's victory ●●● followed.  and he somewhat slow of himself, or peradventure distrusting that some trains had been laid in the Camp for him, or because he condemned to do it, as though the war were now ended. He set upon them that were yet abroad, whereof he killed many, and that day in two sights he took eight and twenty Banners, leaning the other occasion, that might have made an end of a●●, which Caesar could not deny, but that that day had ended the war, ●● his enemies could have used the victory.  
Pompey 〈◊〉 of this victory, sent letters of it to Kings and Cities, 〈…〉 ughte that Caesar's soldiers would have revolted unto ●●●, ●●●●essed with famine, and overthrow in fight, and 〈…〉 captains for fear of their offence, but they (God 〈…〉 entan●e in them) lamented their fault, and wh 〈…〉 d them gently, and gave them pardon, they were 〈…〉 with themselves, and with a mutation beyond 〈…〉, after their Country manner, to take 
Repentance of Caesar's Soldiers.  〈…〉 and to kill every tenth man. But when Caesar w 〈…〉 hat, they were the more grieved, and con 〈…〉 insured by them, and cried, that the 〈…〉 be punished, as though they should not have 〈◊〉, if the it ●●ders had not turned. Caesar would not grant to this 〈…〉, but punished a few for a fashion, whereby so 
Caesar's mildness in punishment.  great a 〈…〉ge through this moderation entered into them, as they de●●red him he would forthwith set upon his enemies, and very earnestly they exhorted and encouraged him to it, promising to amend their fault with a notable victory, and they resorted together in heaps, and swore in Caesar's sight never to return from the field, unless they get the fight. His friends wished him to use this repentance and promptness of the army, but he said unto the multitude, that he would at a better opportunity lead them against their enemies, and bad them then remember this forwardness. But to his friends he said, that before he did that, he must take out of their hearts the fear that was in them for the late loss, and to tarry, till the fierceness of the enemy were abated: then did he confess, that he had erred, in placing his Camp at Dirrachio, where all Pompey's preparation was, and that it behoved him to seek other 
Caesar removeth.  places, and draw Pompey where he might have the like want, which when he had said, he went straight to Ve●ona, and from thence to Th●ss●●y secretly by night. G●m●●●●e a little ●●●e that 
G●●phie given in spoil, the first City ●● Th●ssily, going from spiro.  would not receive him, he took in his rage, and g●ue it to his soldiers to spoil. The Soldiers that had been long ●●●●, filled themselves of all things excessively, and were ●r●●●●e ●●● of 
Germans in Caesar's time, a drunken people.  measure, especiallyth. Germans were ●●●ted atfor their dr●●●●●nesse. And now again it was thought, that Pompey ●●g●●e have come on, and done some notable fear, but he by negligence, ●iterly om●●te● to stir, till Caesar had marched seven ●●ay●s, ●●d camped at Pharsalia. In Gomphie they say was seen a notable 
Caesar encampeth at Pharsalia, before Pompey arriveth from D●razzo. The willing death o● divers at Gomphie.  chance, dead bodies of noble old men, did ●e openly in a ●hrs●t●ans shop, with cups in their hands, without wound●●▪ ●●▪ he number of twenty, as though they had been mu●●ed to ●●●●● king, lying all upon the ground and one ●●●●g in a chair as a Physician, that gave them the po●●on of execration.  
Pompey made a counsel concerning Caesar▪ ●●●●●ing. A●●●nius 
A●●●nius.  was in opinion, that the Na●y which was great, should be sent against Caesar, they being Lords of the Sea, he ●●●ghte ●● off things from him, being in want, and in a wandering journey, and that Pompey himself should lead the army ●● the land ●●to Italy, which was yet inclined unto him, and voy●e of enemies, and so being Lord of it, France and Spain, he might deal with Caesar at home from the principal part. But he neglecting ●●●s 
Diversity of ●●●●ion.  that had been best to have been done, followed them that said, that Caesar's army by and by would forsake him for famine, or not long like to hold out, for the victory won at ●urazzo, whereas contrariwise, it should be a great shame to leave Caesar fleeing, and that he that had overcome, should seem to flee, as hough he were overcome. He giving place to these reasons, and for the regard that he had of the nations of the East, that depended upon him, and fearing lest Luci●● Scipio should receive any harm in M●cedoni●, and before all, having a mind to use his army, that was so courageous to fight, he removed, and set his Camp against Caesar 
Both Caesar and Pompey encamp at Pharsalo.  at Pharsalo, about four miles asunder.  
To Pompey victual was brought from every place, for the wars, the ports, and storehouses, were so open unto him, that by land he lacked nothing, and by sea, whatsoever wind blewe, it served 
Abundance with Pompey.  his turn.  
Caesar ●adde only such food as he ●●ulde get by daily force, 
Want with Caesar. Courage of Caesar's Soldiers.  and yet n 〈…〉 di● forsake him, but by a divine instinct, required they ●●g●te give ●a●tell thinking themselves to be far better than the ●th●● young Souldyoures, because they had serue● in the w●●●es t●u●e years together. But now to spend the time in making of mounts and treaches, and carriage of victual, 
The request of Caesar's soldiers.  they were the weaker, because of their age, therefore it was better to try all at once with labour, then by idleness to punish with famine. When Pompey understood this, he thought it dangerous to deal● with such experse men, that cared not for themselves, and to adventure all at one work against Caesars ●ob●e fortune. He thought two sur●r, and less dangerous, to consume them with want, having no power to be relieved by land, nor no use of the Sea, nor not a Ship to convey themselves 
Pompey's consideration good, but not followed.  away at a need. Thus he determined by very good reason to delay the war, and to draw them from famine to famine: but the greater number of Senatoures, and of them calle● Gentlemen that were most honoured, the Kings and Princes that were with him▪ some for lack of experience, some for foolish hardiness for their victory at Durazzo, some, because they were greater in number, and some, because they would r●ther have a short conclusion, than an honourable end, and some, because they were weary of the war, all exhorted him to the fight, showing that Caesar did always provoke him, and invite him to it: but he did use that reason against themselves, for to Caesar it was necessary so to do, but to them, delay, till occasion, was much better, for need drove Caesar to do as he did. But being still incensed by all the army, that was waxed proud for the victory at Durazzo, and by the best sort that objected ambition unto him, and therefore of purpose was so slow, that he might bear rule over so many as good as 
Pompey called Agamemnon▪  himself, and thereupon called him King, and Agamemnon▪ because he commanded Kings in the war: he left his own consideration, and gave place to theirs, (God striking him now) and all the rest of that war. He grew 
Pompey's alteration.  sickly and slow, contrary to his nature in all things, unwillingly he prepared for the fight, to his own destruction, and them that gave him counsel. Caesar that night, had sent three legions to get victuals, thanking Pompey for his delay, and thinking he would not have changed his mind. He had also sent about for more food, but when he heard that Pompey prepared for the battle, he knew he did it of necessity, and that he was driven to it by force of his army, he called his army forth with, and did prepare likewise. He at midnight made Sacrifice to Mars and to Venus his auncessors, for from julius, A●●●as 
Pedigree of Caesar from Venus.  son, it should seem by the name, that the house of Iuli●● came. He vowed to dedicated a Temple unto her in Rome, if she favoured him, and brought him victory.  
A lightning came from Heaven, and went from Caesar's Cam● 
A lightning.  to Pompey's, and there was extinct. Pompey's side thought some notable thing should come from their enemies to them, but Caesar did expound it, that he should quench Pompey's glory. That same night when Pompey did Sacrifice, the host fled away, and could no more be found. And a swarm of Bees lighted 
Tokens.  upon the Altar, which is a little and a stinging fly. An● before day, there came a strange fear in the Camp, th● which Pompey came to search, and after fallen into a deep sléept, and being awaked of his friends, he told them he dream● he had dedicated a Temple at Rome to Venus the Victorice, no● 
Pompey's dream  knowing that Caesar had vowed the same.  
His friends and all the host put trust in these things, and were glad of them, and as they used all things with too much contempt and fierceness, so went they to this battle, as though all had been their own. Many did deck their Tents with Bays, as token of victory, and their servants prepared good cheer for them, and some did contend for Caesar's office 
The security of Pompey's army.  of high Priest, all the which, Pompey, as a man expert in war, did mislike, and though he were troubled, yet did he dissemble it, and held his peace with doubt and fear, as he that now did no more rule, but was commanded of other, because of force, and against his will, he did all things. So great a discouragement to so noble a man, that till that day, had always had prosperous hap, seemed on the sudden to fall upon him, either for that he was not followed when he gave good counsel, but was 
Pompeys ●l●●●●tion.  driven to put the lives of so many in hazard, and his own glory, which he had kept till that day unspotted, or for that he had some divination of the evil, with fear that was at hand, that that day he should fall from so great a Lordship, only to his friends thus he said: That whosoever had the victory that day, should be cause of great calamity to y● Romans for ever. He set order for the battle, and by his words that he spoke in that fear, many did gather that if he had won that day, he would not have given over the rule.  
Of the number that they had, whereof many speak uncertainly, 
Caesar's number.  I will follow the Roman Authors that writ most 
Pompey's number.  reasonably of the Italians, in whom was the chief trust, not regarding or speaking much of the confederates, in whom they had little affiance.  
Caesar had two and twenty thousand, and in them about a thousand horse. Pompey had double as many, and seven thousand horse: so they that speak likely, say there was at this battle lxx M. Italians: they that writ less, threescore thousand: they that make most, four hundred thousand, whereof some say, that Pompey had three parts, and some, that of three parts he had two.  
Thus doubtfully have they left the matter: but how many soever they had, their chief trust was in the Italians.  
Of Strangers Caesar had French horsemen and also French men beyond the Alps, of Grecians, Dolopians, Acarnians, & Aetolians. These helps had Caesar.  
Pompey had all the nations of the east, in heaps both of horse 
Confederates of Pompey.  and footmen, of Grecians, he had the Lacedomonians distributed under their own Kings, the rest were Peloponesians, and with them the Boetians. The Athenienses also came to 
●an●a●●●▪ ●●●●●.  this war, although both sides proclaimed they should no● be hurt, as the sacred men of the law makers, drawn thither by the glory of this battle, wherein they should fight for the Empire of the Romans.  
After the Greeks, there were but few of all the sea toward the East, but the inhabitors came to Pompey, Thracians, Hellespontians, Bithinians, Phrygians, Jonians, Lydians, Pamphilians, Pysidianes, Paphlagonians, Cilicians, Syrians, Pheniteans, and a nation of Hebrews, Arabians also mgh unto these, Cyprians, Rhodians, stingers of Creta and other Islanders. Kings and Princes also came to aid him. De●ota●us the tetrarch 
〈…〉. Ariarathes. 〈…〉.  of the east Galatians, Ariarathes King of Capadocia, the Armenians within Euphrates. Taxiles did lead the Armenians beyond Euphrates, Magabates lieutenant to Artapa the 
〈…〉.  King. Other inferior Lords resorted to this travail, beside threescore ships of Egypt, sent of the Princes of the same, Cleopatra and her brother, being yet a child. But these were not 
Cleopatra.  used in the wars, nor any of the other ships, but all lay ydely at Corcyra, wherein it seemeth that Pompey did evil, to neglect 
〈…〉.  so great a navy, wherewith he might have ●●feated his enemies of all things: but he trusted upon his army by land, and would try it with them that for their continuance with long experience were full of courage, and as savage people greedy of the fight. But to beware of them, the mishap, by God's working, at Durazzo seemeth to be the impediment, which to Caesar was the fitteste opportunity of all other. For by that Pompey's army waxed insolent, and made little account of their captain, and took in hand this matter very unskilfully. But God had so appointed it, that it should come to such a state, as it is now over all. Then either of them assembling their armies, exhorted them, and first Pompey said thus:  
You (my fellow soldiers) do now command as Captains, 
〈…〉 〈…〉.  and not obey as Soldiers: For whereas I would have consumed Caesar, you will needs call upon the fight: therefore as appoynters of the battle, use it, as the more, may do the less, and as vanquishers contemn them that be vanquished, and as the young despise the old, and as the lusty may the feeble. You have of your side power, preparation, and conscience of the cause, for you travail for liberty & your country, with law and good opinion, with such men as be Senators and Gentlemen, against one man that would usurp a government. Go to therefore as becometh, with good hope, and have in your sight the fléeing away they made at Durazzo, and how many of their ensigns we took that day. This said Pompey, but Caesar to his men spoke thus.  
The hardest (my friends) we have overcome, for in stead of 
Caesar's Oratic●.  hunger and want, we fight with men. This day determineth all, remember your promise at Durazzo, and what you swore one to another in my presence, that you would not return, but victors. These be they (my soldiers) whom we have followed from the pillars of Hercules. These be they that fled from us Italy. These be they that after our ten years service, after so many enemies and victories as hard to be told won of us, after Spain, France, and Britain, brought by us to our Country, and well nigh forty Realms, doth oppress us without reward, triumph, or recempence. These be they whom I could not persuade, desiring but right, to be well thought of for my well doing. You know whom I delivered unhurt, hoping that we might have had some justice at their hands. Of all these, be all you together with me revengers this day, even as you know my carefulness, my faithfulness, and my free liberality, it is no hard matter for young soldiers unexpert to be overcome of them that pains have past, and well been tried by proof. See the youthful contempt and dys●ayne of the army against the captain, so the distrust of himself, whom I certainly know to go to this feat with unwilling mind, and full of fear, falling from his conditions, is given to case and slothfulness, and now not a ruler, but overruled of other. And thus much think, that I have spoken unto you of his Italians, for as for his confederates, care not for them, nor make any accempte of them, nor offer any earnest fight to them. that be slaves of Syria, Phrygia, and Lydia, are ever ready to run away, and be kept under, whom I certayn●ye know, and you shall evidently see, that Pompey will not use in ordered place osbatta●le. O●●ye have ●i● of the Italians, and if the confederates ru●●e upon you like r●d●d●ggs: down with them, and spare the other as your ●●●●men, and use your confederates, for to afray them. But before all things, remember I may▪ see you persourme that you have promised▪ and that you may choose either victory or ●eathe, pull down your Camp, and all the trenches, that we may have nothing, unless we win it, let our enemies see that we be without Camp, and that of necessity, we must encamp in theirs.  
When he had thus said, he sent out two thousand very old Soldiers, that had the charge of the Camp, who wit forth and digged down the trench with a deep silence, and filled the ditches.  
When Pompey saw that, and some thought they made way to flee, he perceived the bold determination, and with a sigh 
Pompey sigheth.  said unto himself, that this fight should be with wild beasts oppressed with famine, a fit medicine for them. But now there was no more dallying, the thing being come to the sword point, therefore he set about four thousand to keep the camp, and pla●ed the rest between the town of Pharsalo and the flood 
Pharsalo the town where the battle ●●●●▪ 〈…〉 of Thesisaiy and ●● 〈…〉. Italians the ●h●c●c strength of both sides.  Enipeo. Caesar also arrayed himself over against him, either of them placed the Italians divided into three parts, distant a little a sunder, they set the horsemen on the sides of them by portions, Archers and Slingers were intermeddled with them all.  
Thus were the Italians ordered, in whom each of them had their chief confidence, as for their confederates, they vs●● them rather for a show.  
Pompey had a great number of diverse language: of them he placed the Macedonians, the Peloponesians, the Boetians, and the Athenienses, next the Italians battle, because of their good order and silence.  
The other, even as Caesar conjectured, he commanded every 
●rder of 〈…〉 〈…〉 〈…〉.  nation by itself, as warders out of the ray of battle, to compass the enemy when the fight began, and to pursue them with as much hurt as they could, and to put Caesar's camp to spoil which was void of defence. Scip●o Pompe●s father in law, 
Scipi●. 〈…〉▪ Aphranius▪ Pompey.  did lead the main battle in the midst, Dom●●●● the left wing, & Lentulus the right, Aphranius and Pompey kept the camp.  
The leaders of Caesar's h●ste, were Sylla, Antonius, and Decimus. Caesar, as he was wont, led the tenth legion, which the 
Caesar's order▪ Sylla. Antonius. Decimu●▪ Caesar.  enemies seeing, brought against them the best horsemen, that being more in number, they should, if they might, encompass them. When Caesar perceived that, he laid three thousand of the boldest footmen in abushment, whom he willed, that when they saw the enemy going about to enclose, they should leap forth, and with their pikes drive as hard as they could, at the faces of them, for he known that they being young and unexpert, would not abide the peril of the face. Thus did they device on both sides, and went about in every place, and when they had given the order, and exhorted them to good heart, than gave their words of knowledge.  

Caesar. Venus' the Conqueress.  
Pompey. Hercules' unconquered.   
When all was ready, they stood a good while in a great silence, stirred not, but looked one upon an other, as amazed men which should begin the fight. The multitude that hitherto had no compassion at all, now pitied that so great an army of Italians should at once be hazarded, and that their virtue should be tried only upon themselves, and the chief hurt be of Italians 
The astonishment of both armies.  against Italians, and now at the very pinch of the mischief at hand, the desire of glory that had in●●sed and blinded them, was quenched, and converted into fear: for when reason did thoroughly way the affection of fame, and measured also the danger present, they saw the cause consisted in the contention of two men, for whose superiority all their lives was ventured, so as whither were overcome, could not be safe in the furthest place, nor a great multitude of noble men for their sakes: they remembered their ancient friendship and affinity, how many things they had done to their own honour and advancement, which now did wear their weapons against themselves, & brought all that did serve them, to the like mischief, being of one nation, Citizens, kin●cmen and allies, yea and some brethren. For so it happened in this war, as among so many thousands as were together of one nation, diverse and strange effects 
The strange abashment of both sides.  must hap, which, either of them now considering, were stricken presently with a great repentance, as though in that day, they should be either first or last upon the earth, and were loath to begin so doubtful a deed, and fallen a weeping on both sides. Standing thus and beholding one another, the day passed: the Italians standing in due order with silence continued: but Pompey perceiving his strangers to be troubled with this stay, and doubting lest confusion might follow thereof, at the beginning, first gave the token of battle, and Caesar did the like. Then the trumpets struck the sound of battle as was required in such a number: beside, in sundry parts, the Herald's and the Captains, were at hand to give encouragement: they marched stately with astonishment and silence, as men that had been in many like pastimes: Being at hand, the first charge was 
The ●nset given.  given with Archers, and Artillery, and sudden onsets of horsemen to enclose the footmen. There was too and fro, till Pompey's horsemen having the better, did environ the tenth legion. Then Caesar, giving his token to them that lay in a wait, they stepped forth against the horsemen, and with their pikes put up, did lay them on the faces: they could not abide that boldness, nor the blows made at their mouths and eyes, but confusedly fled away, & then did Caesar's horsemen enclose the other footmen, being naked, which feared to have been enclosed themselves. When Pompey percepued this, he commanded the footmen not to move or stir from the battle, nor to throw light weapons, but to stand distant in the forefront, and with their pikes at han●e to resist the enemy coming on them. Some 
〈…〉 of 〈…〉 〈…〉 not 〈…〉.  praise this policy, as the best, against compassing: but Caesar in his Epistles doth dispraise it, because the strokes that are given with a moving vehemence, are mightier, and men by forcing forward, be the bolder, and they the remain still, aware fearful, and easy to be bit, as standing marks that are shot at, as than it proved in deed. The tenth legion with him, fiercely following, did beaten the bodies of Pompey's left battle, void of horsemen, and standing still till they put them out of order▪ and by very force made them to turn, which was the beginning of the victory in the other multitude. Although there was diverse and sundry ways of slaughter and hurting, yet was there not a voice heard in such a main battle, but sighs only and groans of them that fallen valiantly in their places appointed. The confederates, as though they had come to see them fight a prise, did marvel at their goedly order, but had no heart (for wondering at them) neither to enter Caesar's camp which was kept of a few, and they very old men, nor to do any other thing, but stand and gaze. But when the left wing of Pompey's host did retire by little & little, yet fight still, 
Pompey's confederates flec.  the confederates foully fled away, and cried, we be overcome. They ran upon their own tents and camps, as though they had been the others, which when they had spoiled, they went their ways as fast as they could. The other Italian army perceiving they had the worse, gave back first in order, defending themselves as they might, but the enemy still coming upon them, as now having the victory, they also turned & fle●. Caesar then used great policy, that they should not gather together 
Caesar's politte.  again, that this labour might not only make an end of one fight, but of all the war. He sent trumpets about the battles, commanding them to refrain from kill of their countrymen, and continued only against the strangers, & that they should go among them that 
A word● to stay. Stay without fear.  were overcome, & bid them stay without fear. This declaration of the crier was learned from one man to another, & was ● warning word for Pompey's host to stay without fear: so passing by that other ●s Italians of one language & order, they beaten down the strangers not able to resist, & there was great slaughter made. After Pompey see this 
Pompey ama●ed and speechless. A●ax Telamonius fallen into astonishment for the judgement given against 〈…〉.  alteration, he was astonied & went softly into his camp, & being come to his tent, he sat down speechless, as they say Ajax Telamonius did for the grief he suffered in the loss among his enemies at the battle of Troy: of the other, very few came into the camp, for Caesar's Heralds had made them stay without fear, & being overpassed of their enemies, they might disperse themselves here & there. The day was almost at an end, and Caesar road about with marvelous pain, praying them that they would take yet a 
〈…〉 exhorting 〈…〉 make ●●●nd.  little more labour, till they had got Pompey's camp, showing them that if the emmies returned, they should be winners but o● one day, but if they got his camp too, the war should be ended for ever. He held up his hands to them, and was the first that ran toward it. This did stir the minds of them that had weary bodies to see their general go before them: the victory of things past; and the hope to get the camp, with all that was in it, did stic, to that again, and when men be in hope and felicity, they feel the less of labour and extremity. They went on with great courage, and beat away the warders of the same, which when Pompey saw, he only broke into this 
Pompey fleeth.  speech after his long silence, What, ours tents too, when he had thus spoken, he changed his garment, and leapt on horse with feure friends, and never left running till by break of day he came to Larissa▪ Caesar (as he threatened) at the giving of 
●ar●ss● in 〈…〉, and in other places.  the onset, did lodge in Pompey's pavilion, and supped with his provision, and the rest of his army did the like.  
There were slain in this battle of both parts of Italians (for the strangers because of their multitude and contempt be not numbered) of Caesar's array thirty captains of bands, 
The loss of 〈…〉.  & CC. soldiers, or as some say, two thousand and ij. hundred. Of Pompey's ten Senators, of the which was Lucius Domitius 
Pompey's lo●●e. ●▪ 〈…〉 〈…〉 P●m● 〈…〉 ●x●. M. ●y death, and twenty-five. M. by taking, ●●e r●ite 〈…〉. 〈…〉.  once appointed Caesar's successor in France, and of them that be called Gentlemen▪ about forty of the best: of the rest of the army, they that make most, say xxv M. But Asinius Pol●●o that was at that fight with Caesar, writeth that only fire thousand of Pompey's was slain at that battle. This was the end of that great fight at ●ha●sa●●o.  
Every man ●cusessed that Caesar had deserved the first and second honours, and with him the ●enth Legion. Crastinius a 
〈…〉 of 〈…〉.  leader of a band, was thought worthy the thiede, who going to the fight, being asked of Caesar what he thought, an●vered courageously, 
〈…〉 of 〈…〉.  we shall win D Caesar, and then shalt find me here ●yther alive ●r ●ea●. The a●●y did 〈…〉, that he going from band to band like a man in a fury, did as much as a man might do. When he was sought for, and found among the dead, 
Pompey taketh the ●ea. Mi●ilena, in ●esb● now Metelin.  Caesar did bury him with the ornaments due unto him, & erected him a tomb nigh the common Sepulchre. Pompey from Larissa with like speed went to the sea side, where he took a little boat, & by chance met a ship a float, and sailed to Mitilena, where he received his wife Cornelia, and passed with four Galleys, 
Pompey● determination of recovery.  which the Rodians and Tirians had brought to him. He refused to sail to Corcyra and Libya, where he had an other great army, & a mighty navy by sea. He made his course to Parthia, thinking to recover all again, keeping his purpose close from his friends, till he came with much ado to Ciluia. There they prayed him 
Cornelia Pompey's wife Crassus' daughter  to beware of the Parthians, which had lately overcome Crassus, whereby they were the more insolent, and that it was not fit to bring Cornelia, so fair a woman, among so untemperate people, especially being Crassus' daughter. Then he devised whither he should go, into Egypt, or to juba king of Barbary. They thought no good to be had with juba, therefore they counseled him to go to Egypt, a nation nigh, of great dominion, fertyl and abundant of grain, money, and navy, whose kings though they were children, yet friends to him for his father's sake: and so for this cause he sailed into Egypt.  
At this time Cleopatra being ejected out of the kingdom by her brother, with whom she should jointly have reigned, prepared an army in Syria against him. Ptolomeus Cleopatra's brother 
Crassus' an hill ●● the end of Nilus. Ptolomeus against Cleopatra.  was at a place in Egypt called Cassium, and did lie in camp to resist his sister's forces, and as fortune would, Pompey was driven thither. When he perceived an army aland, he stayed his ship, and thought, (as it was in deed) that the king was there: he sent unto him, to show of the amity between his father and him. The king was thirteen year old: one Achillas did govern his army, and Photinus and Cnuch was his Treasurer. They began to consult what was best to be done with 
Achille● Photinus▪ Theodo●us.  Pompey: There was●also Theodotus of Samos, an Drator and Schoolmaster to the king, who did persuade the wicked act to deceive and ky● Pompey, to gratify Caesar. This counsel prevailed, they sent a simple boat as though the roughness of the Sea would not suffer a greater. Some of the king's servants went into the beat, and with them Semprovius a Roman, 
〈…〉.  who had served under Pompey, and was now with the king. He offered his hand in the king's name to Pompey, and willed him to come as to his son and friend. As this was done, the army was set in order, and drew near the sea as to honour Pompey, and the king was set in the midst in a purple vesture to be seen of all  
Pompey suspected all, both the ordering of the army, and the means of the vessel: chief because the king came not toward him, nor sent any of his noble men, he spoke a verse of Soph●cles:  

Who to a tyrant goes, 
A verse of ●ophocles▪   
His slave he is, though free he rose.   
And then he entered that boat. Every man being silent in the passage, he rather suspected, and chief Sempronius, either because he known him to be a Roman, and having served under him, or because he did conjecture it, seeing him only standing, according to soldiers discipline, who do not set, when the chief is by. Then he turned to him and said, surely I should know thee, O Soldier. He nodded at him again, and as he turned, was the first that struck him, than the other. His wife and friends seeing this a far off, cried, and held up their hands to the gods 
Sempronius ● Roman first striketh Pompey  revengers of friendship broken, and sailed away straight as from enemies land. They that were about Photino cut of Pompey's head, and kept it for Caesar as a great gratification: but he 
Pompey cruelly killed.  worthily revenged this wicked deed upon them. The rest of his body was buried at the sea bank, and a silly Sepulchre was made, to the which one written this Epitaph:  

Lo here he lieth in simple grave. 
Epitaph of Pompey   
A Temple that deserved to have.   
In process of time the grave was covered with sand: and certain Images of Brass which the inhabitants did afterward set up to Pompey under the Hil Cassius, were taken away and laid up in a secret place of a Temple. In my time Adrianus the Roman Emperor in his journey that way, 
Adrianus the Emperor restoreth the grave of Pompey.  did 'cause it to be sought and found out, and made the grave to be amended, so as every man might see it, and erected the Images that were dedicated to Pompey.  
This was the end of Pompey, by whom so many great battles had been fought, and the Roman Empire so increased, 
Pompey the great.  as he had the surname of Great, never being overcome before, but from his youth still invincible and happy: and from three and twenty to eight and fifty years, he ruled like a king, but in opinion supposed to govern like a populare man, for the emulation of Caesar.  
Lucius Scipio, Pompey's father in Law, and all the other noble men that did escape the battle, fled to Cato to Corcyra, who 
Corcyra an Island in the Io●●ian sea. The care of Pompey's friends.  was general of another army, and three hundred Galleys, being left there as a prudent Counsellor. The noblest of Pompey's friends divided the navy. Cassius' sailed to Pontus to Pharnaces, to stir him against Caesar. Scipio and Cato went into Libya trusting upon Varus and his army, and juba king of Numidia his confederate. Pompey, Pompey's elder son, and Labienus 
Pompey's son Labienus Scapula.  with him and Scapula, having a part, went into Spain to make it against Caesar, and they got him another army of Iberians and Celtiberians and slaves to have the preparation greater: so mighty a power of Pompey's army was yet left, which he, by his infelicity did abandon when he fled away▪ They that were 
Cato choose general in Lybia, refuseth.  in Lybia did choose Cato for the general Captain, who for the presence of such men as had been Consuls, and others that had been lieutenants, and he only a Praetor in Rome, refused the same. So L. Scipio was made general and a great army was gathered and trained, and these were the chiefest preparations in Libya and Iberia gathered against Caesar.  
After the victory, Caesar abode two days in Pharsalo, sacrificing 
Thessalians made free of Caesar who had served him.  and recreating his weary army, and there made the Thessalians free that had served him, and pardoned the Athenians at their suit, using these words: How often hath the glory of your ancestors saved you, when you have deserved destruction?  
The third day he removed toward the East, following the fame of Pompey's flight, and for want of Galleys sailed over Hellespont in little boats. 
〈…〉 now 〈…〉 of 〈…〉. These 〈…〉 Europe and 〈…〉 a coward.   
Cassius with his number of Galleys met him as he was going to Pharnaces, and although he might with his Galleys have had the advantage of those little boats, yet for fear of Caesar's felicity and valiantness, he was amazed, and suspecting that Caesar had come of purpose to find him, he held up his hands and came from his Galleys into the boats to ask him pardon, and deliver him all his Galleys. So much force had the glory of Caesar's felicity, for I see none other reason, nor can judge any other mean in so great difficulty of time, to have such fortune that he should so afray Cassius a valiant man, coming upon him with scauent●e Galleys utterly unprovided, that he durst not meddle with him. For as cowardly as he did now yield unto him upon the Sea, so after did he as cruelly kill him when he was 
〈…〉.  Lord of all at Rome. Wherefore it is evident that he was then overborne with the fear of his felicity. Caesar thus being saved against all hope, and past Hellespont, he pardoned the jonians, 
●ores.  Aetolians, and other nations that inhabit great Cherroneso, which by one name is called Asia the lower. He forgave them 
Caesar saileth into Egypt.  that sent ambassadors to crave it. Understanding that Pompey was go to Egypt he went to the Rhodes, where he would not tarry for the rest of his army that was coming to him by parts, but with the Galleys of Cassius and the Rhodes, and such men as he presently had, he took ship at night, and sailed forth, not showing whether, only commanding the captains in the night to follow the light of his ship, and in the day, the flag of the same: to the master whereof he commanded, after he had sailed a good way, to set his course toward Alexandria: and so being three days upon the sea, he came thither. In this place he was well received of the king's officers, the king being yet at mount Gassius.  
Caesar at his coming pretended to have nothing ado, because of his few men, but went about the City, to behold the beauty thereof, & stood and herded the Philosopher's disputations, whereby 
〈…〉.  he wan much love and good favour of the Alexand●●●●s being among them as one having nothing to do. But when his army was come, he laid hands upon Photinus and 〈…〉, and put them to death, for the wickedness done to Pompey, Therdotus 
〈…〉  fled into Asia, whom Cassius found there, and caused to be hanged.  
The Alexandrians were offended herewith, and set upon him with the king's army that was there, and made many fights with him about the king's Palace, and at the sea bank, where 
〈…〉 〈…〉 by 〈…〉.  Caesar was driven to take the sea, and to swim a good way.  
The Alexandrians took his cloak and bore it up as a token of victory. His last battle was with the King himself at the flood Nilus, where he overcame him, and restored the kingdom 
Caesar overcometh the King of Egypt. 〈…〉 〈…〉. This book is not extant. Caesar we ●● when he did see Pompey's head.  to Cleopatra, after he had been nine months there. Then he sailed upon Nilus with four hundred ships, in company of Cleopatra, for whose pleasure he did many things, all the which be particularly told in my book of Egyptian matters.  
He could not abide to behold Pompey's head that was brought unto him, but commanded it to be buried: he also builded a little Temple before the City, which was called the Temple of Revengement, 
Temple of Revengement▪ trajan.  the which in my time when Trajan the Emperor did make war against the Jews, was pulled down of them, to serve some turn in the war.  
When Caesar had done these things in Alexandria, he went with his army thorough Syrta against Pharnace, who had been 
Caesar against Pharnace. Domitius over▪ thrown in ●yr●a. Amysso a City in the confines of Paphlagoma & Capadocia.  very busy and taken diverse of the Roman Provinces, and got one victory of Domitius lieutenant to Caesar, by the which growing stout he took Amyso a City of Pontus allied to the Romans, all the people whereof he sold as slaves and made their children Enuches, but when Caesar came, he fled as far as he could, and sent to Caesar for peace by his Ambassadors, who brought him a crown of gold, and offered foolishly the kings daughter in marriage to him.  
He perceiving their presents and messages, went on with his army, entertaining the King's Ambassadors with ordinary talk, till they came nigh where he was encamped, and then he said: shall not this murderer of his father be yet killed? & then he leapt on horse. And at the first charge Pharnace fled away, and Caesar overthrew the most part, with a thousand horsemen, that with the first, did keep in chase with him. At this Caesar said with a loud voice. O happy Pompey, that hadst to do with such men of war as Mithridates, & this man's father was, thereby both to be thought and called Great. Of this fight he 
●●●i, vid●, vici. ●●sp●or●s part of the kingdom of P●●t●s.  sent thus to Rome, I came, I saw, I conquered. Pharnace was content to go to the kingdom of Bosphorus, which Caesar appointed him.  
Caesar spent no time in trifles, so many battles yet remaining behind, he went into Asia, and by the way gathered money of the Cities that were troubled with them that took payments of the Tributes, as we have showed in our book of Asia. Now word was brought him that there was sedition raised in Rome, 
●edition in Rome.  and that Antony his lieutenant did keep the common place with an army. Therefore setting all things aside, he made haste to Rome. Wither, when he was come, all civil discord ceased, 
Sedition in Caesar's army.  but another began among his soldiers, because they had not yet, neither received the promise made for their service at Pharsalo, nor that it was reason that they should be still kept in war, & therefore they cried every man to go home. He had promised them rewards at Pharsalo, and other rewards when the war of Libya 
Drachma is a p●●●e of coin, weighing as much as a sterling groat, after eight groats to an ounce. Salustius in danger.  should be ended. Therefore he sent them a thousand drams apéece, with a promise of more. They bade him promise' no more, but pay all out of hand. And it lacked but little that they had not killed Crispus Salustius, had he not shifted away.  
When Caesar heard this, he commanded the legion that Antony had for the guard of the City, to keep about his house, & the entry of the City, fearing spoil, and he, very boldly (all men fearing and dissuading him from the rage of the soldiers) went among them as they were in mutiny in the field of Mars, 
Caesar among his seditious soldiers.  and not being perceived, was set in the high seat. They confusedly, and with tumult came running unarmed, & as the manner is to salute the General when he cometh first among them, he commanded them, that if they had any thing to say there, touching the gifts, they should speak it before his face, while he was present: they durst not speak a word for fear, but taking 
Caesar ws●do● a●●n● his ●●● o● ting Soldiers.  a mean way, cried to be released of the war, hoping because ●e had need of men to finish the rest of his wars, he would have said somewhat of the gifts. But he contrary to all opinion, without any stay answered: I discharge you. They being ast●med hereat, and standing in a great silence, he said again: And I will give you all that I have promised you, when I shall triumph ●● the rest. This word unlooked for, & appearing so courteous, did strike in them such a consideration with an emulation, that they thought it a shame to forsake their captain in the mids of his enemies, and that others should triumph in their places. They 
soldiers repent them.  remembered what loss they should have by leaving the war in Libya, and be thought enemies aswell to Caesar as to his adversaries: for this doubt they remained silent in fear, hoping yet that Caesar would have given them reward, and forgiven them the fault for his present need, but he sat as silent as they. Therefore his friends wished him to say somewhat unto them, & not to leave them, that so often had served him, with so short & severe a speech. He began to speak & call them Citizens in stead of soldiers, which was a token they were discharged of the war, & become in their former private case. This they could not suffer, but cried that they did repent, and prayed they might be taken to the war, Caesar refused it, and came from the seat. Then they made greater instance, beseeching him that if they had done amiss to punish them: he stayed a while, neither going forward nor backward, seeming to doubt what to do, yet he returned and said he would punish none of them, but that it grieved him that the tenth legion, which he had always loved and honoured, should give cause of such tumult, and only this said.  
I do release them of their service, and yet will give them all I have promised them, when I come from Libya, and I will give land to all, when the wars shall be ended, not as Sylla did, spoiling it from other that had it, and causing both the taker and the loser, to live together, to maintain perpetual enmity, but I will divide both the common and mine own, and the lack I will buy with my money.  
Shout and rejoice was made of all, saving of the tenth legion, against the which Caesar seemed to be inexorable. Therefore 
The tenth legion desireth to be punished.  they desired him they might be punished by death, as the lot should fall out. But he having no need of further fury of them, and perceiving they were throughly penitent, forgave 
Reggio, is the f●rthe● town in Italy towards 〈…〉 fore●ande of 〈…〉. Caesar saileth into 〈…〉. 〈…〉 City in 〈…〉, 〈…〉 my●es from Carthage. A Senate in Lybia of three candred Romans. Adrumeto a City in Africa, fairy from Carthage. Labienus. Petreius putteth Caesar back. Petreius followeth not the unstorye.  them all, and straight went to the war in Barbary, passing from the narrow Sea at Reggio, he went to Messina and to L●lybee, where he understood that Cato kept part of the army both by sea and land at V●●ca, with three hundred which like chief counsellors were greatest doers of the war, and called the Senate, and that the General Lucius Scipio, and the best lay in Adrumeto, therefore he sailed against Scipio who was go to ●uba, & gave order for the fight with his camp, taking the opportunity against his enemies that were without the General. Labienus and Petreius chief under Scipio, did not refuse the fight, & had far the better of Caesar, putting him to flight, & fiercely with contempt following him, till Labienus horse was thrust through the belly and killed, and he saved by the guard of his person. Petreius, as he that had taken sufficient trial of his army, & might win when he would, left the thing unfinished, saying to them that were by him: Left we should take the victory from Scipio our General. 
Caesar's fortune.  This was also another token of Caesar's fortune, that his enemies in appearance having the victory, would so suddenly break the fight, when they had the day. They say that Caesar at this fight, was fa●ne to stand against his men, and to take the Eagle from him that bore it, being the chief standard, and to go to the foremost 
The d●●●ger of Caesar.  to stay them from flying, till Petreius retired, and Caesar had time to departed with leisure. This end had the first fight that he made in 
〈…〉 〈…〉.  Barbary. Not long after, Scipio came forth with .8. legions, xx. M. horsemen whereof the most part were Affricanes, many target men, ● rrr Elephants, which ●uba the King, who had other footmen, about. rrr. M. and Numidian horsemen almost twenty M. many darters, and threescore other Elephants.  
Caesar's army was dismayed, and troubled among themselves as well for their former loss, as for the fame of their adversaries, both in number and virtue, specially the Numidian Horsemen, beside the terror that they had to make a strange fight 
●occhus King of the Moors, that delivered ●ugurtha to Sylla. Ci●tha a City of Numidia, now Constana, where jugurth killed Adher●all. The fifth Legion giveth the Elephant in a● enpugne. Caesar's Victory.  with the Elephants. But Bocchus, another king of the Moors, having taken Cirta, the chief City of juba, he upon the news of his own loss, returned home with his army, leaving only thirty Elephants with Scipio. Caesar's army by this, took such courage, as the fifth Legion desired the fight against the Elephants, of whom, having a noble victory, they give an Elephante in their ensign at this day. The battle being long and difficult on every side, and full of uncertainty, about the evening Caesar hardly got the victory, and overthrew Scipio's Camp, not leaving the victory in the night, till all was brought to pass, the enemies by final parts as they could, fled: and Scipio with Afranio, leaving all, fled to the Sea with twelve Ships unarmed. Thus an army of fourscore thousante Soldiers, well trained in the war, and encamped by the former victory, was in this second fight utterly vanquished. Caesar's glory, through his felicity, was counted of all men unconquerable, and they that were overcome, would attribute nothing to his manhood, but excuse all their 
Caesar's felicity.  faults by his felicity. It seemeth that this war had this unfortunate end, by the unskilfulness of the Captains, that they did not endure, till Caesar might have been put to his shifts, nor 
Unskilfulness.  bring the first victory to perfection, but would needs leave it, when they were in the midst of it. This being told at V●ica the 
The noblemen of Rome flee.  third day, and Caesar coming forward, every man began to flee, of whom Cat● stayed none, but gave Ships to the noble men that desired them, yet himself tarried like a constant man, and where they of V●ica promised, that they would make intercession to Caesar for him, before themselves, Cato smiled and answered, 
Cato to the V●icenses.  there needed no reconciliation between Caesar and him, and that Caesar known well enough. Then he sealed up all the treasure, and the assurances and writings of every man, and delivered them to the Magistrates of V●ica, and in the evening using his bath and his supper, sitting at his meat as he was wont to do, since the death of Pompey, nothing changing from his wont in inner, neither ●ahing more nor less. He talked familiarly with them that were present, of them that were sailed, and if the wound were good for them, and how far they might pass before the morning that Caesar came. And when he went to bed, he change● nothing of his usage, but only embraced his son more straightly than he was wont: but because he found not his sword in the place at his bed where it was wont to stand, he cried, he was betrayed to his enemies of his own folk. What should I 
〈…〉  use (quoth he) if they set upon me in the night? They desired him he would be content, and to work nothing against himself, but to rest without his sword. Might I not (quoth he) if I would, cheek myself with my cloak, or crush my head against the wall, or fall & break my neck, or stop my breath and kill myself? When they herded him speak after this sort, they brought him his sword. Then he called for Plat●s book of the Immortality of 
〈…〉 of the Soul. Cato strike ●● 〈…〉.  the Soul, which when he had red, and thinking them that kept the doors to be at rest, he struck himself with the sword under the breast, where at his bowels fallen out, at the which noise, they without came in & the Physicians put in his bowels again unperished. When he came again to himself, he was sorry he had given no deeper wound, thanking them that they had saved his life, & made them believe he would rest: then they took away the sword, and shut the door, that he might sleep: he seeming to be asleep, tare asunder with his hands (like a wild beast) the sowing up of his 
The death of Cato.  wound, rent his belly asunder, and flung the entrails into the store, and so died at fifty years of his age. By doing this, he confirmed the opinion that he held of all men, most singular by nature, judging virtue, honesty, & goodness, not by men's manners, 
The singularity of Cato.  but by high cogitations of the mind: Martia, Philip's daughter he married a maid, and loved her full dearly, and after he had children by her, he gave her to his friend Hortensio, that was desirous 
〈…〉.  of children, and could not get a fruitful wife, and when she was with child by him, he received her home again, as with interest. This was Cato's behaviour. The Vticenses buried him very honourably. Caesar said, that Cato envy his glorious proceedings: Cicero made a book in the praise of him, and called it Cato. Caesar made another in the dispraise of him, and called it Anticato, juba 
Anticato.  and Petreius hearing what was done, and thinking no safety nor escape to be left for them, with their sword killed one another 
juba and Petreius killed themselves one another. Crispus Salustius. Lieutenant. Young Pompey. Caesar putteth to death. Scipio drowned  in their house. Caesar made jubas' Kingdom tributary to Rome, and appointed Crispus Salustius to be Lieutenant of it. He pardoned the Vticenses: and Cato's son, and a daughter of Pompey, with two little children whom he took at Utica, he sent safe to Pompey. Of the three hundred, as many as he found he put to death. Lucius Scipio the General, keeping the seas all Winter, till he fallen among the enemies, behaved himself very valiantly, till he was overcome, and then struck himself, and leapt into the Sea. This was the end of Caesar's war in Libya. Then he went to Rome, and made 
Triumph of Caesar  four triumphs of the French, of the which he had overthrown many and great nations, and the other revolting, he brought to order, of Pharnace at Pontus, of Libya, and the confederates of Scipio, 
juba.  where juba, the son of juba, the wrighter of Histories, being yet an infant, was brought. He showed also a certain triumph of Egypt, with a fight by water at Nilus, which was done between the French, and the Pharnatian triumph: but he refrained 
Lamentable shows. Affections of the people. A talon of the lest varne, was one hundred pounds, which is colled the less talon of 〈…〉. The greater talon o● 〈…〉, was about 23●. pound. There were other talentes, whereof soul were 400. pound. A 〈…〉 me of 〈…〉 contained six 〈…〉, w 〈…〉 was much ●●ke our halfpenny, and one hundred drams made an 〈…〉 pound.  from triumphing of the Romans, as civil matter not fit for him, & loathsome and unlucky to the Romans', to be showed in triumph: yet all the chances, and y● men in pictures, & divers images, (Pompey except) he brought in: him only he forbade to be showed, because he was so well beloved of all sorts. The people (though they were afraid) sighed at this sight, especially when they see Lucius Scipis the general strike himself to the heart, & fall into the Sea, & Petreius in his tent so to kill himself, and Cato tearing his bowels like a brute beast, but at the death of Achillas and Photinus, they rejoiced, and at the flight of Pharnaces they laughed. The money that was brought in the triumphs, is said to be 70. Talents and an half, and two thousand eight hundred two and twenty Crowns of gold, the weight whereof did exceed twenty thousand four hundred fourteen pound weight, by the which after the triumphs were ended, he performed all that he had promised to his army, & more to. To every soldier he gave five M. drams of Athens, to a leader of a band twice so much, to a Captain of a thousand, and a Lieutenant of Horsemen twice so much more, and to every one of the people, one pound of Athens. He exhibited many shows of horse and music, and fight on foot, one thousand against an other, and of horsemen two thousand against so many, and other of footmen and Horsemen mingled 
Shows by Caesar.  together, and of Elephants, twenty against twenty, and a fight by Sea of four hundred Galleys, and a thousand of either side. He erected a Temple to Venus his ancestor, as he 
Venus' Temple:  vowed at Pharsalo, and about the temple a goodly court, which he would should be called the Romans court, not for buying and selling, 
The Romans Court like to our Exchange. Place of conference. Image of Cleopatra.  but for conference, as among the Persians', there is for them that will have any doubt discussed touching justice. The Image of Cleopatra was set up by the Goddess very fair, which is yet seen there. A view of the people was made, and they found scarcely half so many men alive, as were before the beginning of the 
Decay of people.  war, so much had contention wasted the City.  
Now was he made Consul the fourth time, and went into Iberia 
Caesar made Consul.  against young Pompey, as to the leavings of the civil war, not to be neglected, for all the best men that fled out of Libya resorted to him, and all the remnant of the armies at Pharsalo, and other places, repaired thither. Of the Iberianes and Celtiberianes, very 
Power in Spain.  valiant nations, used to the wars, and of slaves a multitude, did serve Pompey, and having been exercised four years, were ready to fight with desperate mind. Pompey putting great trust in this, refused not to fight, but would needs try it out with 
Young Pompey refuseth ancient counsel.  Caesar as soon as he came. But the ancient and wise men in experience that were come from Pharsalo and Lybia, did rather advise him to consume Caesar in time, and to distress him with want, as in those strange places he might. Caesar came from Rome in seven 
Caesar into spain. Fear of his Souldyoures. Rashness of young Pompey. Corduba, a City in Spain, the country of both Seneca and Insane the Poet, now Cord●●●.  and twenty days, passing a long way with a great army, and such a fear fallen among them that he brought, as never did before, because of the multitude, experience, and desperation of the enemies: wherefore Caesar came the flowlyer forth, and because he used some foresight, Pompey came lustily upon him, and upbraided him of fearfulness, which rebuke Caesar could not suffer, but made order for the battle at Corduba: his word was, Venus and Pompey's Piety. When they should go to it, a fear 
Fear in Caesar's army. Some wright, that this fight was given at Monda, which is now Mundesara: the places not being far asunder, some name the one, and some the other.  and dreadful slothfulness took Caesar's army, wherefore he besought all the Gods, and held up his hands to Heaven, that he might not loose all his noble acts by this one Battle, and therefore went about the army, and exhorted them to be bold. He pulled his headpiece from his head, that they might see his face, and so receive good heart: but they for all that could not put away their fear, till Caesar took a Target from one of them, and to the Captains about him thus said: Shall this be the end to me of life, and to you of service? and ran from the army so far, as 
Danger of Caesar.  he was but ten foot from his enemies, who threw two hundred darts at him, of the which he shunned part, and part he received on the Target. Then his Captains ran about him, every man, and the whole army set forward with great violence, and fought all day, sometime with advantage, and sometime with disadvantage, sometime winning, and sometime losing, till at night he got the victory with much ado, so as he said, at other times, he had fought for victory, but now, he fought for life. There was great slaughter of Pompey's part, which fled to Corduba. 
Caesar's saying of this fight.  And Caesar, that they should not gather again to a news fight, commanded his army to compass the City. They being weary of the former pain, took the bodies, and the armure of 
A trench made of dead bodies.  them that were slain, and bore them between them, and making them fast to the earth with their spears, used them for a 
Corduba taken.  Trench. The next morning the City was taken of Pompey's captains. Scapula made a fire, and threw himself into the flame. 
Scapula, Varus, and Labienus, kille●. Pompey fleeth. Carteia is a City in Granado, now Tarifa.  The heads of Varus, Labienus, and other noble men, were brought to Caesar. Pompey at the beginning of the loss, fled with a hundred and fifty horse into the Carteia, where he had a Navy of Ships, he came secretly to the Ships carried in a litter, and when he perceived them there to be in fear of themselves, he was in dread to be betrayed, & therefore took a boat again, and by the way, his foot hung in one of the ropes, which one minding to cut, miss the rope, and hurt him in the foot, but he 
Pompey hu●●.  went on to the next village, and was cured, where being sought for, he fled among the bushes and desert paths, in the which the 〈…〉 d●● pr●●ke his wound so, as for very weariness he s●●● him down under a tree, whether the searchers pursued him, and he valiantly defending himself was slain, his head being 
Pompey the elder ●onne, slain.  carried to Caesar, and by his commandment buried: so this war at one brunt, contrary to all opinion, was ended. A younger brother of this Pompey, called Sextus, did gather the remnant 
Pompey the younger brother.  of the leavings of this war, and in close manner, conveyed himself hither and thither, robbing for their living. Now Caesar having finished all civil dissension, went to Rome, with such fear and opinion, as never man before. All honours that above man's 
Caesar honoured 〈…〉.  reach could be devised, were done unto him: Sacrifices, Plays, and gifts, as well in Temples and public places by the companies of the City, as by all nations and Kings confederate to the people of Rome. Many divers forms were set upon his images, 
The great 〈…〉 of the ● 〈…〉 ●ut 〈…〉 g●●e Crowns or garlands to them that had ●on● worthy 〈…〉. ●●●her of the ●●●●trey. ●●tator per●●●●●. honours given ●● Caesar. Holy days.  of the which some had crowns of oak, as to the saviour of the country, with the which in old time they were honoured that saved their Country. He was named father of the Country, and choose Dictator perpetual, and Consul for term years, and touching his body, accounted sacred and inviolable, to give audience in a chair of gol●e and ivory, and continually make Sacrifices, elad with triumphant garments. They ordained the City to be holy those days that he won any victories. They appointed Sacrifices and Priests for five years, and public vows for his preservation, and orders were made, by the which all his acts were confirmed by oath. And in the honour of his house, the month Quintilis, was called julius. Many 
Quintilis, julius. Temples ●ed●ca●ed to Caesar.  Temples were dedicated to him alone, as to a God, and one jointly to him and clementy holding hand in hand. Thus did they fear him as a Lord, and honour him as a merciful Minister. There were that laboured to have called him King, till he herded of it, and forbade it with threats, that no man should once 
Caesar refuset● the name of ●yng.  name it, as detestable, and unlawful from his ancestors. He discharged the bands of his guard, by whom he had been defended from his enemies, and went abroad with the officers of the City only. He being in the common place, and giving audience, the Senate with the Consul going before in goodly order, brought him a decree of all▪ these honours, which ●e received 
Caesar's stateliness.  gently, not rising to them, neither coming nor going▪ which gave occasion of matter to them that meant to accuse him of aspiring 
Occasion of hate.  to a Kingdom. He accepted all the dignities, saving the Consulship for ten years, therefore willed himself to be declared Consul, and Antonius with him, that was Captain of 
〈…〉 Caesar and Antonius C●nsul●.  his Horsemen, which office he appointed to Lepidus, to exercise the rule of Horsemen▪ by deputies, because he was governor in Iberia. He revoked all banishments, except such as were fled for wicked offences. He pardoned his enemies, and to such as had fought against him, he gave yearly offices, and sent them 
The clemen●●● of Caesar.  to charges of provinces and armies, which ma●● the people to think, that he would have left them in a common wealth, as Sy●la did when he had the like authority: but they were deceived. 
Caes●r deceiveth the people's opinion.  One of them that would have had the name of a King set forward, did put upon his image a Crown of Laurel, with a 
A Crown upon Cas●s Image, by one that was apprehended of the Tribunes Marullus, and Siti●s.  wreath of a white ribbon. Marullus and Sesetius being Tribunes, apprehended him, and threw him in p●●son, thinking so to have pleased Caesar, a●one that abhorred the name of King. This he suffered patiently, and where others called him King as he went out at the gates, and the people sighed at it, he answered covertly▪ I am not King, but Caesar, as though they had been deceived 
Caesar accepteth not the name of a King.  in the name. Marullus caused him to be apprehended, that first of them began this matter, and w●lled him to be brought to answer in his Court. Then Caesar could no longer suffer, but accused Marullus and his fellows before the Senate, as one that craftily wrought against him 
Caesar angry with the Tribunes, causeth ●●sp●●●on of Kingdom.  by a calumniation of Tyranny, and whereas they deserved ●eathe, yet he thought it sufficient for them to loose their office, and be put out of the Senate. This did most of all confirm, that he coveted this little, and that he bent all his pra●ise to that end, and was utterly become a Tyrant, for as there was good authority to punish them that named any man king, so was the Tribunes office holy, inviolate by law, and ancient oath, and it made the anger the sharper, that he would not tarry the time of the office which when he understood, he did re●ent him, and first perceived, that it was an hard thing to deal rigorously▪ in peace, without authority of war. His friends gave him counsel to beware, and that he had given great 
Caesar warred.  occasion to his adversaries to get matter against him: therefore when they moved him that he would be content to have a guard of Spanish bande●▪ he said, there was nothing more unhappy, than 
Answer of Caesar touching a guard of his person. 〈…〉 were shows of naked Priests in the honour of ●a●●●. Antony setteth a Crown on 〈…〉 head.  a continual guard, for it is of one that is ever afraid. Yet the practices to be a King, ceased not, for sitting one day in the common place in a chair of gold to see the plays of Pan, Antony his fellow in office, naked and anointed, as the manner was for the Ministers of that solemnity, ran upto Caesar's seat, and set a crown on his head, at the which sight few rejoicing, and more lamenting, Caesar threw it off. Antony set it on again, but Caesar rejected it. The people stood silent, looking what end this would have, and when they see Caesar utterly refuse it, they rejoiced, and highly commended him therefore. Now either because he despaired, or in vain attempted, or would avoid the practice of so od●ous a thing, or for that he would leave the City because of some enemies, or that he had regard to his health, being troubled with a falling sickness, which in rest many times came vp●on 
Caesar hath the falling sickness.  him, he determined a great voyage against the Getes and Parthianes▪ against the Getes, because they were insolent people, and quarreling, ●uer troubling the Roman state. Against the 
●ete, S●ithi●●s in Europa. ● Voyage into Parthie.  Parthianes, because he would revenge Crassus' death whom they had slain, contrary to oath and promise, and so having an army of sixteen Legions, and ten thousand Horse, he sent them afore to pass the Ionian Sea. There was out of Sibyl's books an old saying, that the Parthians should not be overcome, till a King 
Prophecy.  went against them: wherefore some there were so bold to say, that as it was expedient for the Romans to call him Dictator, or Imperator, or any other name in stead of a King; so that all nations subject to the Roman Empire, should call him King. He refused this also, and made haste to his journey, because he saw he was envy in the City: but whereas be tarried till the appointed time, his enemies killed him four days before in ●●● Senate house, either for envy, which commonly accompanieth 
Envy.  such felicity & authority, or as they said, for the love of their countries liberty. For now they known well that though he did not overcome those nations, without doubt he would be a King. And for this cause (I think) they took the enterprise against him, under the pretence of that name: for though he was but Dictator in degree, it was as much as a King in deed. There 
Conspirators M. Brutus. Ca Cassius. D. Brutus.  were two chief in that conspiracy, Marcus Brutus Cepio, son to Brutus that was killed of Sylla, which fled to Caesar after the calamity of Pharsalo field, and Caius Cassius that delivered his galleys into Caesar's hand at Hellespont. These two were afore of Pompey's part, and now much honoured of Caesar. Decimus, Brutus, Albinus, always thought worthy of Caesar to be used in honour and credit, and had great affairs committed to them, and in the wars in Lybia, trusted them with armies, and made them Governors of Provinces. Decimus of France beyond the Alps, & Brutus of the same, on this side the Alps.  
Brutus and Cassius being Praetors, contended for the superiority 
Cloaked contention.  of the place, either indeed who should be higher, or else for a pretence, that they should seem to be no friends. Caesar setting order betwixt them, said to his friends: Cassius desireth right, but Brutus must be pleased, With so great love and honour did Caesar use him, that of some he was counted his son, because he loved very well Seruilia, Cato's sister, and Brutus mother.  
Therefore when he got the victory at Pharsalo, he gave great 
Caesar's care of Brutus.  charge to his captains, that in any wise they should save Brutus. But Brutus either as an ingrate man, or ignorant of his mother's fault, or distrustful, or ashamed, or very desirous of his countries' liberty, preferring it before all other things, or that he was descended of the ancient Brutus, that drove out the Kings: or that he was incensed and rebuked of the people, for many things were written upon the Images of old Brutus, and in 
Brutus.  the Court hall of this Brutus secretly set up: Brutus thou takest rewards, Brutus thou art dead, O Brutus I would thou were alive now, Brutus, what unworthy posterity hast thou? Brutus thou art not come of him.  
These and many other like, did inflame the young man's mind to take the work in hand as from his progenitor: The same of making him King did still increase, and that there would be a Counsel for it, a little before the which, Cassius took Brutus by the hand and said:  
Brutus what shall we do in that counsel? shall we, as Caesar's 
〈…〉.  slatterers agree to make him King? Brutus' answered, I would not be at that Counsel Cassius being cheered with those words, 
〈…〉.  said: what if they call us as Officers, what shall we do (good Brutus?) I will (quoth he) defend my Country even to the death. Then Cassius embraced him, saying: Whom wil●e thou take of the best being of this opinion? dost thou think that artificers and light people do set those writings upon thy Judgement place, rather than the best Citizens of Rome, which of other Praetors do look for shows, and pastunes of horse and wild beasts, but of thee they require liberty, as a work worthy thy ancestors.  
After they had thus first opened what they had long kept in their minds before, they then dealt plamely, and each of them 
Moore Cōspira●o●●es.  proved his own friends, and some of Caesar's, whom they knew to be meet for a bold enterprise, and they got of their friends two brethren, Cecilius and Buc●l●●●us, them R●brius Riga, Q. L●ga●iw, Marcus Spurius, Servilius Galba, Sextius Naso, and ●o●●●us Aquila, all these of their trusty friends, and of Caesar's familiars. Decimus, of whom we spoke, Caius Casca, Trebonius Tu●●us Cymbrus, Minutius, and basilus. These being thought sufficient, and not judging it fit to have any more, they agreed together without oath or sacrifice, and yet was there not one that changed or disclosed, but only sought time and place.  
The time was short, because Caesar must go away the fourth day to his armies, and then should straight have a guard of soldiers about him: The place, they appointed the Senate house: thinking though the Senatoures were not privy, yet when they saw the ●éede, they would help to it, as they say happened to Romulus, who of a King become a Tyrant. 
Romulus was thought to be corn a pieces of the Se●●te.   
And that this act even as that, being done in the place of Counsel, should not be thought a treason, but a deed of the City, void of dread of Caesar's army, because it was a common consent, and that honour should remain to them also, as not ignorant of the whole intent. Concluding upon this, they thought the Senate house the fittest place. Of the manner, they differed: some thought good to kill Antony also, being Consul with Caesar, and his greatest friend▪ and most accepted to the army. 
Consultation of Caesar's death.  But Brutus ●●yde▪ if we dispatch Caesar alone, we shall be named killers of a Tyrant, because we deliver us of a king, and thereof must have our praise: but if we kill any of his friends, we shall be though●● 〈…〉 against Pompey's enemies. Being all persuaded by this▪ they looked for the next meeting of the Senate.  
The day before that Caesar should go to the Senate, he had 
Caesar at a banquct.  been at a banquet with Lepidus captain of the horsemen, whither he carried Decimus Brutus Albinus, and talking merrily what death was best for a man, some saying one, and some another, he of all, praised the sudden death. 
Sudden death best.   
Thus he prophesied of himself, and spoke in self of that which should come to pass in earnest the next day. After the 
Caesar's wife a fearful dream.  banquet, in the night, his body was sickly, and his wife Calphurnia dreamt she saw him all to be gored with blood, and therefore stopped his going forth. In making sacrifices, many 
Sacrifices unprosperous.  fearful tokens appeared, wherefore he determined to have sent Antony, to dissolve the Senate.  
Decimus being present, persuaded him not to take that calumniation of the suspicion, but himself to go and dissolve it, 
Impediments to the conspiracy.  and so he was carried thither in a Litter.  
That day certain plays were exhibited in Pompey's Theatre, 
Theatre of Pompey.  therefore the Senate should be kept in the place next to it: using also to see the fights.  
Brutus and Cassius early in the morning, did sit as Praetors, giving audience to suitors very quietly in a court nigh the theatre of Pompey, and hearing of Caesar's sacrifices, and the differing of the Senate, were in great doubt: and one that was there, took Casca by the hand, and said unto him: would you keep it from me that am your friend? Brutus told me Casca 
Disclosing.  was in a sudden passion, that he knew it: then he saite more 
〈…〉 ●●d the ●uer ●●●ht of ho●se●●●●ple●, a●● 〈…〉 Prayer.  to him simling, where will you have money for your office of Edilis? and Casca told him. Brutus and Cassius being together, and in talk, one of the Senators Publius Laenas, said, he wished well to that they had in their minds, and exhorted them to dispatch it. They being much amazed, held their peace for anguish.  
As Caesar came forth, one of his familiars understanding of 
●●●●ition of dis●●●ing.  the conspiracy, and using to tell what he heart, went to Calphurnia, and said only this, because the matter touched Caesar much, he would tarry till he came from the Senate, for he known not all that was wrought against him.  
And one Artemidorus that was his host in Guido, ran unto the Counsel house and found him new slain. Of another 
A book of the Conspiracy.  a book of the Conspiracy was delivered, as he made haste into the Senate, which was found again in his hand when he was dead. And came out of his Litter Laen●, that had wished well before to Cassius, came unto him, and talked very earnestly with him, the sight whereof did trouble them, and the length of the 
Fear to the conspiratoures.  talk made them wink one at another, to dispatch themselves, before they should be taken.  
But perceiving by the manner, that Laena was liker to speak for himself and make supplication, than to bewray them, they stayed, and in the end, when they see him give humble thanks, they were encouraged again.  
It was the custom that Rulers of the City should sacrifice, 
Sacrifices.  when they went to the Senate: And again in Caesar's first sacrifice, there was no heart, or as some say, no head of the entrails, and when the Divinor said it was a sign of death, 
Caesar contemneth the sacrifices of ●●il luck.  he smiled and said, so it was in Spain, when I overthrew Pompey: and the Divinor answering that than he was in peril indeed, and now the token was more manifest: Caesar bade him sacrifice again, & nothing appearing better than it was, & being ashamed that he made the Senate tarry for him & being hastened of his enemies, as though they had been friends, in despite of his enemies, he went in, For it must needs come that was determined.  
They left Trebonius to entertain Antony without the doors, and when Caesar was s●●● his seat, they stood about him as his friends, with weapons hide, and first Attilius Cymber stood 
T●●●●us.  before him, & made suit for his brother's return that was banished: Caesar being against it, & utterly denying it, he took him by the purple rob, as he would have made more suit, he rufded 
The 〈…〉  the garment, and pulled it over his neck, crying: Why stay you (O friends?) Casca came over his head, & first thrust his dagger at his throat, which missing, hit him on the breast. Caesar twitching his gown from Cimbro, & catching Casca by the hand, fling from his seat, & with great violence laid hold upon Casca. While he was doing this, wrestling with him, another stroke him on 
Caesar giue●● over whe● Brutus had ●●●ken ●●m, and some write that he said, what thou a●●● son.  the side that lay open, and Cassius hurt him in the face, and Brutus on the thigh, and Bucolinus between the shoulders: yet Caesar with rage and rear like a wild beast, stepped to every of them: but after Brutus had hurt him, as though then he had despaired, he wrappeth himself in his gown, and fallen comely before the picture of Pompey: and they, (when he was down) used such despite, as they gave him three and twenty wounds, and many were so hasty, that they hurt one another.  
When this act was done by these murderers in a sacred place, upon a sacred and inviolate man, by and by there was fléeing from the Senate house, and about all the City: and in 
Confusion.  the tumult, some Senators were hurt, and other men were killed: and there was much slaughter done both of Citizens and straugers, not of purpose, but as happeneth in such a Civil stir, when one cometh upon another ignorantly. The sword players that had been in armour from the morning, for the show of certain plays, ran from the game place, to the bars of the Senate house: the people that came to the plays driven into a fear, fled away: shops were spoiled: all doors were shut, and preparation made for defence from the house 
Antony.  tops. Antony went to his own house, intending to take advice for this case of Caesar's.  
Lepidus the Captain of horsemen, being in the common place 
Lepidu●.  and hearing what was done, ran to the isle within the City, where he had a legion, and brought them abroad to be ready at Antony's commandment. For he did cleave to Antony 
〈…〉  as Caesar's friend, and chief as Consul. Being met together, they had great desire to revenge Caesar's death that thus was handled. They feared the Senate would take the killers part, therefore they would stay to consider of it. There were no soldiers about Caesar, for he delighted not in a guard, but only 
〈…〉 in the 〈…〉.  used the Sergeants of his authority, and when he went from his house to the Senate, he was waited on with many of the magistrates, and great number of people, as well Citizens as strangers, and of servants and free men in great multitude: all the which fléeing away by heaps, only three servants tarried, which laid his body in the litter. Thus three men not suitable, did carry him home, that a little before was Lord of sea and land. The murderers would have said 
Three men only ca●e with Caesar.  somewhat in the Senate house, but no man would tarry to hear. They wrapped their gowns about their left arms as Targets, and having their daggers bloody, cried they had killed a king and a Tyrant, and one bore an hat upon a spear, in token of Liberty. Then they exhorted them to the common 
Liberty.  wealth of their country: and remembered, old Brutus and the oath made against the old Kings. Some went among them, showing their daggers, who though they were not at the fact, yet would they have part of the praise, as Lentulus, Spintor, Favorinus, Aquinus, Dolabella, Murcus, and Peticus, who were not 
They that sought praise found pain.  then partakers of the glory, but afterward tasted of the punishment with the offenders.  
The common people came not to them, which made them the more doubtful and in fear. As for the Senate, although for ignorance and tumult, they were fled, yet they had good trust in them, as in their kinsfolks and friends, and such as could as evil bear Tyranny as they: but the people they suspected, and 
The ●●●●e of 〈…〉  as many as had served Caesar in war, whereof there were not a few then present in the City, some discharged of the warfare were appointed to habitations, and some that had been at their dwelling places, were now come again to go the journey with Caesar. They were afraid also of Lepidus and his army in the City, and of Antony the Consul, least he would use the people only, leaving the Senate, and work them some displeasure, being thus bestead, they went to the Capitol with the swordeplayers, where consulting what was best to be done, it seemed good to give a largesse to the people, hoping that if some began to praise their act, the other would follow, for love of liberty, and the desire of common wealth: for they thought the people of Rome to be as sincere now, as they had herded it was when old Brutus expelled the Kings, not understanding that 
〈…〉  they looked for two things contrary in themselves, that they that love liberty and would be corrupted, should be profitable to them at this present, whereof the one was more easy to be had, as in a state for the most part corrupted: for now the people was 
Causes of corruption as Rome.  mirt with strangers, & a libertyne was equal with a Citizen, & the fashion of a servant, like to the masters: for the Senate ercept, the rest was indifferent to the servants. Further, the distribution of corn, which was used only in Rome to be given to the 
Distribution of Corne.  poor, had brought that idle & needy vacabonds of Italy to Rome. Again, a number of old worn soldiers out of wages, were not divided into their countries as they were wont severally, because some had served in unjust wars, but would go into common habitations, 
Maisterle ●●men.  & take other men's land & houses, remaining together in temples & common places, under one banner, & one chief, that might appoint them a province, & selling away their own, to be the more ready to go, they were soon bought for reward. Therefore it was not hard for Cassius to gather a number of such men, & bring them into the common place: & albeit they were hired, yet dared they not praise that was done, for fear of Caesar's glory & others devotion, but for the common wealth sake, they cried for peace, & earnestly exhorted the rulers unto it, for this was the devise of the kyllers, to work their own safety. And there could be no peace unless there were a forgetting, standing in these terms.  
Cynna a Praetor and a kinsemanne by marriage to Caesar, 
Cynna accuseth Caesar●  beyond all opinion, came among them, having on his vesture of office, which he threw of, as given him of a Tiran, and called Caesar the tyrant, and them that killed him, killers of a tyrant, and praised the fact, as most like to their progenitors, and that those men were to be called from the Capitol, and to be honoured with due rewards. This Cinna said: but they, seeing the uncorrupted people was not mixed with them, did not call them from the Capitol, nor did any thing else, but only exhorted to peace. Then Dolabella a young 
Dolabella  man and a noble, appointed to be Consul, after Caesar had been go, for the rest of the year, having on the garment of a Consul, and the Maces of his office, was the second that spoke evil, and pretended he was privy to the devise, and only sort that his hand was not at the doing of it: and as some say, he decreed that that day should be honoured as the birth day of the City. Then the hired men took heart, when they see both a Praetor and a Consul to forgive them, & they called Cassius and the rest out of the Temple, who were glad of Dolabella a young noble man & a Consul being most meet to match 
●●●●●● and Cassius to the people.  with Antony: only there came down Cassius and Marcus Brutus with his bloody hand, for they had striven who should give Caes●r most wounds, and when they were amidst the people, they spoke nothing humbly, but as in noble and evident things one praised another, calling the City now blessed, attributing much to Decimus, that in so fit a time bade served them with swordplayers. Then they stirred the people, that they would do things worthy their ancestors, which had expelled kings, not reigning by violence as Caesar did, but being choose lawfully: they also propounded that Sextus Pompey, son to Pompey the great, that had made war against Caesar for the common wealth, might be called home, being yet in arms in Spain against Caesar's Captains, and likewise C●setius and Marul●●s that were deprived and banished by Caesar, being Tribunes of the people. When they had thus said, they went up again to the Capitol, for they did not trust very much in that multitude. Then their friends and kinsfolk might repair unto them into the Temple, of whom, they chose the most ancient to sand to Lepidus and Antony for reconciliation, 
〈…〉.  and regard of liberty, and to save the Country from the evils that might grow, unless they be foreseen. This much did the messengers require, not praising the thing that was done, (for they dared not to Caesar's friends) but desired to have it born with, for the worthiness of the doers, not for hate to him, but for the love of their country, and pity of the City, now consumed with continual sedition, of which one more would utterly destroy all good men of the same, and that it was not right that for any hate amongst a few, they should work the public destruction, but rather that for public commodities, private enmities might be wiped away. Antonius and Lepidus (as I said) minded to revenge Caesar's death, either for friendship's sake, or 
The device of Antony and Lepidus.  for a practice between them, or for desire of rule, and thinking all things would be the easier to them, if such notable men might be rid out of the way, yet they feared their friends and their kinsfolks, and the Senate that inclined to them, and most of all Decimus, whom Caesar had appointed to govern France their neighbour, whereby he had a mighty army. Therefore they thought it best to tarry for a better occasion, and devise to get Decimus army that was so valiant and expert, with labours never left. Having this fetch, Antony thus answered the messengers. For private displeasure we will work nothing, but for 
Antony's answer.  offence and matter, wherein we are all sworn to Caesar to be keepers of his body, and defend it against violence, it is requisite by our oath to follow the fact that is done, and the rather to live with a few pure, than all to be in danger of those execrations, yet for their honour that be of that opinion, we will debate with you in the Senate house, and take the way for the City, that by common consent shall seem good. Thus Antony answered, safely. They gave thanks and departed with sure hope that all should have go well, and that the Senate would have favoured their cause thoroughly▪ Antony in the mean time caused the officers to make watch for the City all night, and by turn to keep their seats as was want in the day, and to have fires over all the City, by mean whereof, the friends of the offendoures went to every Senatoures house, and requested them for themselves, and for the countries common wealth. There ran abroad also the Captains of such as should have habitations, threatening mischief, unless some did perform the lands & places that was given and promised. The sincere sort of the City took good heart, perceiving the small number of these doers. They inclined to the memory of Caesar, and were of divers opinions. Caesar's money, and the books of his doings, were carried to Antony, 
Caesar's money and writings sent to Antony.  either because Calphurnie for the danger of her house did sand them to Antony, as more surer, or that Antony did so command it. This done, a decree was made by Antony that night, to call the Senate before day at the Temple of the Goddess of the earth, not far from his own house, for neither dared he go to 
The Senate in the Temple of the Gods of the earth.  the Senate house in the Capitol, because of the sword players gathered there, nor bring the army into the Town for troubling of it: notwithstanding Lepidus brought them in. Day drawing nigh, other Senatoures came to the Temple of the Goddess of the earth, and Cinna the Praetor having on again his garment, which the day before he had thrown off, as given him of a Tyrant, made haste thither, whom, when part of the uncorrupted people, and part of Caesar's soldiers saw, being in a rage, because the day before, he was the first that openly spoke evil of Caesar, being his kinsman, they threw stones at him, and 
A Tault against 〈◊〉.  drove him into an house, and got wood to have burned it, had not Lepidus come with the army and forbidden them. This was the first token whereby Caesar's friends had confidence, that the conspiratoures and the hired fellows were afraid.  
In the Senate house there were few that were pure from violence and contention. The most part with divers device favoured the manquellers, and thought them most worthy of trust to be there for common consultation, and of offenders to make them Judges, the which Antony did not let, because he knew they would not come, as they did not indeed. Then 
〈◊〉 of 〈…〉ing the 〈◊〉.  in trial of the Senate, some very earnestly and plainly praised the fact, naming them Tyrant-kyllers, and willed they should be rewarded. Other denied the reward, themselves not desiring it, nor having done it for that intent, but thought it just they should only be commended as welldoers. Some would not allow that commendation, but only thought it enough if they were forgiven. Thus did they devise and forecast at the first, to what the Senate would incline, that after by little and little, they might the easier obtain the rest. The uncorrupted company did abhor the act as wicked, yet for the reverence of their great houses, were not against, but that they should be saved: yet that they should be honoured as well doers, they could not abide. Other spoke against this, that it was not convenient so to have them, as the rest, that belonged to their safety, should be envy. And when one said, that their honour should be Caesar's dishonour, they answered, that it was not fit a dead man should be preferred to the quick. Another vehemently saying, that of two things one must be choose, either to declar● Caesar a Tyrant, or to forgive these by mercy, they took hold of this only, and required that voices might be tried of Caesar by oath, and that the decrees made of necessity, should not prejudice them, for whiles he ruled, they did nothing freely, but all for fear of themselves Pompey being slain, and with him many a thousand more. Antony marking all things deceytefully, perceiving that ample and evident matter of speeches was offered, determined to turn their cogitation with 
Antony▪ ●●tte●●●●.  a private care and fear of themselves, and understanding that a great part of these Senatoures, were appointed to offices and Priestehoodes in the City, and to governments of armies and provinces by Caesar, for the time to come, (for he should be long forth with his army, the space of five years) commanding silence as Consul, thus said.  
They that would have boyces tried upon Caesar, must know 
Antony●s ●●●t●on.  afore, that if he ruled as an officer lawfully choose, than all his acts and decrees must stand in force, but if by violence we think he played the Tyrant, then must his body be cast out of y● City unburied, and all his acts be revoked: wherefore (as I see) we must meddle with all y● world both by sea & land, & many be such, as though we would, will not obey us, as I shall declare hereafter. Now what appertaineth to us alone (for this matter, toucheth only us) I will put all things before you, that as in an eas●e plat you may see a show of harder things. All we in manner have born office under Caesar, and yet do bear, choose, and made by him, and some are, to have offices in time to come, as the lot falls out, for you know he appointed for five years the yearly offices of the City to you, and the regiments of Countries and armies. If you will willingly forego them (for that is in your power to do) this would I have you first determine, and then proceed to other. Thus Antony did kindle a fire, not for Caesar, but for themselves, and held his peace. Then they by and by in throngs with shouts, start up, and denied that any other trial should be made by the voices of the people, but that the things appointed, should be assuredly held. There were some under age, and other that might find resistance in election, whom he chief stirred, of whom Dolabella the Consul was one, to whom it was not lawful to be consul by election, because he was not five and twenty years of age, wherefore he showed a sudden mutation of that he pretended the day before, rebuking 
Dolabella changed.  as many of them, as thought the conspirators worthy of honour, that they that were in office, should be dishonoured, by making their security to have the better show. Other put Dolabella and the ●est in hope, that they should rece●ue thanks of the people, and strait resume their dignities, without any alteration of the officers, but to show a lawfuller way by common election, and that it should be an ornament to them to be advanced, as well by the authority of the people, as by the appointment of one ruler: and this was no sooner spoken, but some of the officers, to deceive the other, put off their robes, as to rece●●e the same again more lawfully. Some perceived the craft, and did not think to get by election, that they already had. The matter standing thus, Antony and Lepidus went out of the Senate house, for certain that came running from the multitude did call them, and as they were seen from above, and silence hardly put to them that made much noise, one cried unto them, whether of his own mind, or that he was suborned, and bade them take heed, lest they suffered the like. Then Antony losing 
A new st●rr● by Antony.  his gown, showed his curet, incensing the lookers on, as though now no man could be safe, unless he ware armour, not not the Consul. There was some cried that the fact might be punished, and more made request for peace, to whom he thus said: Of that we will consider, as shall be fit to be, and what it is, that it may avail, but the surety of it is hard to be found, since neither oath nor execration could profit Caesar, and to them that called for revenge, he turned and commended them, as more careful of their oaths and honesty. I would be (quoth he) your Captain, and cry as you do, but that I am a Consul, to whom belongeth rather to speak for profit, than for justice, for so do they within persuade us, and so Caesar himself, for the profit of the City, sparing them that he had taken in war, was of the same destroyed. Thus wrought Antony artificially, & they that thought the fact to be punished, required Lepidus that he would punish it. Lepidus intending to speak, they that stood far off, prayed him to go into the common place, that all might hear him indifferently. He went strait forth, with opinion that the people's minds were new turned, and when he was come to the place of speech, he lamented weeping, and thus said. Hear I was yesterday 
Lepidus to the people.  with Caesar, and now am I here to inquire of Caesar's death, what will you have done many cried that they should revenge Caesar. The hired men cried for peace in the City, to whom he said, we will so, but what peace speak you of? with what oaths can it be sure? for all our Country oaths we ha●e sworn to Caesar, and we that are counted the lest of them that did swear, have trodden all under the foot. Then he turned to them that cried for revenge▪ Caesar said he, is go from us, an holy and honoured man in deed, and we be afraid to hurt the City, and them that be left. This do the Senate treat of, and many thinks it good: then they cried, that he alone should take it in hand, I will (said he) for it is a just oath to me alone, but it is not enough that I and you alone do will it, or that we alone can fulfil it. ●andling the matter thus craftily, the hired men, knowing that he was ambitiove, praised him, and exhorted him to take the office of Caesar's priesthood, of the which he being very glad, said: You shall remember me of this hereafter, if I shall be worthy of it, 
Caesar's Priestoode offered to Lepidue.  They that were hired, were the more instant for peace, because of the liberal speech of the Priesthood. Then said he, although it be unjust and wicked, yet will I do it, because you will me. This said, he returned into the Senate house, where Dolabella all that time had been importune for the continuance of his office. Antony gathering the people's humour, looked over him with a smiling countenance, and finding them to descent among themselves, and the people to do nothing earnestly, having beholden all sufficiently, he determined to save the men, hiding one necessity with another, that both they should be saved by especial grace, and that Caesar's acts should be confirmed by decree, & the Senate's orders take effect: therefore silence being commanded, he said thus.  
Of the Citizen's offendoures (you men of equal honour) in this your consultation, I have said nothing, but to them that contrariwise 
A●t●ny to the Senate.  desired a trial of Caesar, I put forth only one of his decrees, which hath not without cause kept you in contention till this time: for if we do refuse those offices, we shall confess so many worthy men, unworthily to have received them. Then consider that is not easy to be hard, and number in your minds the Cities, the nations, the kingdoms, the regions, and (as I may say) all things from the East to the West, y● Caesar had by his virtue vanquished for us, and all that by his power subdued, the same by law, clemency, and courtesy he made assured unto him. Which of these do you think will bear to be deprived y● things they have enjoyed, unless you will fill all with wars, that are desirous to heal your country that is now most feeble with disease. Those that be far off, and kept down with fear and fight, I will omit to touch: but those that be not at hand only, and as I may say, even at home through out all Italy, some have received rewards of victory, and by multitudes, with the armies, wherewith they served, be of Caesar appointed habitations by the same institution, whereof many a thousand be within this city: what do you think they will do, if you take from them that they had, or that they looked to have of Cities and Countries? This last night did show us an Image of this matter, for when you did entreat for the offendoures, they on the contrary ran about with threatenings. Do you think they can abide to see Caesar's body violated, torn & unburied (for these things by law are went to be done against Tyrants) which have served in the wars with him, and to have the gain got by the victories of France and England confirmed unto them, when he that was the giver of them, is so despitefully handled? what think you the people of Rome will do? what think you the Italians? what hate shall you have both of God and man, if you do so defile your empire, enlarged from the ocean sea, to the people unknown: for you shall not lack reproof and blame for this your inconstancy, more than they that think you worthy honour, that killed a Consul in the Counsel house, an holy man in an holy place, Senatoures being the doers in the sight of the Gods, and dishonour him, that of his enemies is most honoured: from these things as unlawful and not in your power, I do warn you to refrain. Then this sentence I give, that Caesar's acts and decrees do remain firm and stable, that the offenders be praised in no wise, for it is not godly, just, not consonant, Caesar's acts being ratified, that of mercy only you will pardon them for their friends and kinsfolks sake, so as they do so accept it, and will of them confess it in thankful part. When Antony had said this, with great contention and vehemency the decree was made, all other being silent and content: That there should be no action for Caesar's death: That all his acts and decrees should be confirmed, so as they were commodious for the city. And this, with much ado, did the friends of the 
Decrees.  offendoures cause to be added for their safety, that they were not more kept for justice sake, than for profit. Antony gave place unto it. These being decrees, they that were heads of men to be set in habitations, desired a private decree by common authority, that their places of inhabitant might be made sure unto 
A decree for habitations.  them, and Antony was not against it, showing some fear with the Senate. This decree was made, and another like for them that went to their inhabitations.  
The Counsel being thus broken up, there were some that pers●oded Lucius Piso, to whom Caesar had jest his Testament, 
〈…〉  that it should neither be brought forth, nor his body buried openly, 
〈…〉 T●●●●ment.  lest it might breed some new tumult in the City. He being otherwise minded, was threatened to be called to answer, for that he defrauded the people of such substance due to the common treasure, once again making signification of Tyranny. Then Piso cried as loud as he could, praying the Consuls that were yet present, to go to counsel again, and said. They that have affirmed that one Tyrant is taken away, they in steed of 
●●● to the people.  that one, be all Tyrants unto us, forbidding me to bury an holy Priest, & threaten me, if I bring forth his last will. They make confiscation of his goods, as of a Tyrant. His acts that maketh for them they ratify, but those that he hath left for himself they revoke, not Brutus and Cassius, but they that did incense them to this mischief. Of his Sepulture be you Lords, of his Testament, I will be, and shall not suffer him to be dectyved in my trust of faith, before some man taketh away my breath.  
Much stir and business did rise of this among them all, and specially by them that supposed to get somewhat by his Testament: therefore it was thought convenient that his Testament should be brought abroad, and that his body should be buried 
Caesar's Testament.  openly, and so the Counsel rose. Brutus and Cassius understanding of this, did sand to the multitude to call them to the Capitol, and when many came running thither with great haste, Brutus said thus. Now O Citizens, we be here with you, that yesterday were in the common court, not as m● fleeing to the Temple 
〈…〉 to the people.  that have done amiss, nor as to a fort, having committed all we have to you, but the sharp & strange mishap of Cinna, have compelled us thus to do. We have herd what hath been objected against us of our enemies, touching the oath, and touching cause of doubt, y● in peace can be no surety. What we have to say herein with you O Citizens, we will confer, with whom we have to do concerning other common matters. When Caius Caesar from France invaded his Country with enemies arms, and Pompey, a singular favourer of the people, had suffered, as every man knoweth: after him a number of good Citizens went into Iberia & Libya, & were destroyed. We at his desire gave him security, and as it should seem, afraid of himself, seeking to make his Tyramny sure, we swore unto it. If he had required us to swear not only to confirm the things past, but also to have been his slaves in time to come, what would they then have done that now lie in wait for our lives? I suppose very Romans indeed, will rather choose certain death, as they have often done, than by an oath to abide willing servitude. If Caesar hitherto have go about nothing to make us servile, we confess we have broken our oath: but if neither offices in the City, nor provinces in y● country, nor armies, nor dignities of the church, nor assigning of inhabitant, nor other honours be left to us, or had the consent of the Senate, or the allowance of the people, but did all by his own commandment: if his ambition was never satiate, as Sulla's was, who, when he had overthrown his enemies, restored to us the common wealth: if he making another army for a long time, took away our election for five years, what liberty was this, when no hope could appear? what should we say of the people's chief officers, Sesetius and Marullus, were they not with contumely thrust from the sacred & inviolate offices? and where the law and oath of our ancestors do not suffer any action to be made against y● Tribunes, yet Caesar banished them and showed no cause: whither then have offended against the holy Tribunes, we, or Caesar? being a sacred and inniolate man, to whom, not willingly, but of necessity, we granted these things, nor before he came against his country in armour, and had killed so many noble Citizens. The office of the Tribunes can not be holy nor inniolated, to the which our fathers in time of common wealth did swear without compulsion, with intent to have it everlasting. The revenue and account of the Empire, where become it? who broke open the Treasure house against our wills? who caught the money untouched and unremovable? who threatened death to the Tribune that resisted him? but what oath (say they) shall be sufficient to preserne peace? if there be no Tyrant, there needs no oath: our forefathers never had need of any. But if any other will aspire to tyranny, there is no faith, not not with an oath, between the Romames and a tyrant. Thus we speak now in peril, and will ever speak it for our country. For being in honour and safety with Caesar, we preferred the honour of our country before our own: well they use calumniation against us and stir you for the habitations. If here be any present, either y● hath, or shallbe appointed to those inhabitant, I pray you do so much at my request as give a token of yourselves. Many did so: then said he: O well done (good men) that you be come to do as other do, and it is convenient that you which indifferently do travail and labour for your country, should receive equal reward of the same. The people of Rome did appoint you to Caesar against the English and French men: it is therefore reason, that having done good service, you receive as good rewards. But he bond you with oaths and unwillingly led you against the City: he led you likewise against the best Citizens in Libya: likewise against your wills. If your travail had been only in this, peradventure you would have been ashamed to ash recompense: but the service that you did in France and England, no envy, no time, no oblivion of man, can put out of memory: and for these, the best recompense which the people was wont to give to the old soldiers, not taking away men's lands or houses that had not offended, nor giving to one that was an others, nor thinking they aught to recompense with injustice, nor when they had conquered their enemies, to take away all their land, but made a partition, and appointed some of their soldiers to dwell there, as a garrison for the conquered places, and many times when the Land that was wone would not suffice, they either divided of the common, or bought more of new: So did the people place you, without any others displeasure. But Sylla and Caesar who invaded their country as enemies, having need of guard & garrison upon their country, did neither sand you to live in any of your own countries, nor bought any land for you, nor bestowed that upon you that they had got from other, nor upon composition restored the honours on them, from whom they were taken, although they had the treasure and conquered land, but took from Italy that had not offended, nor done any thing amiss, by law of war. or rather of robbery, lands, houses, Sepulchres and Temples, which we would not take from our greatest strange enemies, only setting a ta●e of the tenth part upon them: but they have made division to you of that which was your own countrymen, and them that sent you to serve Caesar in the French wars, and made many vows for your victories, and appointed you by companies to convenient dwelling places, with ensigns and discipline of Soldiers: So as you can neither enjoy peace, nor be sure of them that be thrust out, for who so ever is put out and spoiled of his own, he will remain to spy a tune for to be even with you. This was the cause why the Tirannes' would not let you have any land, which might have been given you by other means, that having ever enemies that lay in wait, you should be sure keepers of their power, which by injustice did continue we yours. For, the good will that Tirans have of their guard, is that they he as far in doing wrong, and fear, as themselves. And this they (O▪ God) d● call a cohabitation, whereby lament of countrymen might be made, and insurrection, of them that have done no wrong, & then for this purpose have made us enemies to our own countrey●olk●, for the 〈…〉 singular profit● & we, whom now y● chief officers of y● country, do say they save us for mercy's sake, do confirm pres●tly, & hereafter will confirm, y● same to be bond to you for ever, of the which we take god to witness, that you have & shall have all you have had, & that none shall take it from you: not Brutus, not Cassius, not they y● for your liberties have put all their selves in peril, & we y●●e only accused in this matter, will save ourselves, & be to you & to your allied friends, a special comfort, & y● that is most pleasant to you to hear. At the first occasion that shall be offered, we will give you the price for the land y● is taken from other, of the common revenue, that you shall not only have your setting settled, but also void of all e●combraunce.  
Whi●es Brutus thus spoke, all the hearers considering with themselves that he spoke nothing but right, did like them well, & as men of courage and lovers of the people, had them in great admiration, and were turned into their favour, and determined to do them good the next day▪ which being come, the Consuls called the people to an assembly, and repeated the opinions.  
Then Cicero did speak very much in the praise of forgetting 
Cicero. This forgetfulness was called Amn●ftis after the manner of the Gr●● ans. Prutus and Cassius reconciled with the consuls.  of injuries, of the which they rejoiced, and called Brutus and Cassius from the Temple. They desired pledges, to whom Lepidus & Antony's sons were sent. When Brutus & Cassius were seen, there was such a noise, as the Consuls that would have said somewhat, could not be suffered, but were first required to shake hands and be at one, which they did. And the Consul's minds were troubled with fear or envy, that these men and their friends should prevail in that common cause. Then was Caesar's testament with the writings for the disposition of his goods, 
Caesar's testament.  brought forth, which the people commanded to be read. There 
Octavius.  was Octavius his nephew by his sister's daughter, found to be his son by adoption: His gardings were given the people for solace, and to every Citizen of Rome that was present, seventy five drams of Athens. Now was the people straight turned 
This dram was the value of a groat.  to anger, being abused by the name of a Tyrant, that in his testament had showed most love to his country. And one thing seemed most to be pitied, that Decimus Brutus, one of the killers 
Decimus Brutus heir to Caesar in remainder.  was made his son among his second heirs: for the R●maines manner was, to their first heirs to add the second, that if the first 
The people turned.  take not, the fe●ōd may. With this they were much troubled, thinking it a wicked and abominable an, that Decimus should conspire against Caesar, whom he had made one of his children.  
Piso brought forth Caesar's body, to the which, infinite numbers in arms ran, to keep it, & with much noise & pomp, brought it to the place of speech. There was much lamentation & weeping, there was rushing of harness together, with repentance of the forgetting of revengeance. Antony marking how they were affected, did not let it slip, but took upon him to make Caesars ●nneral sermon, as Consul, of a Consul, friend, of a friend, & knifman, of a kinsman (for Antony was partly his kinsman) and to use craft again. And thus he said:  
I do not think it meet (O Citizens) that the burial praise 
Antony of Caesa●  of such a man, should rather be done by me, than by the whole country. For what you have altogether for the love of his virtue given him by decree, aswell the Senate as the people, I think your voice, and not Antony's, ought to express it.  
This he uttered with sad and heavy cheer, and with a framed voice, declared everything, chief upon the decree, whereby he was made a God, holy & inviolate, father of the country, benefactor and governor, and such a one, as never in all things they entitled other man to the like. At every of these words Antony directed his countenance & hands to Caesar's body, and with vehemency of words opened the fact. At every title he gave an addition, with brief speech, mixed with pity and indignation. And when the decree named him father of the Country, than he said: This is the testimony of our duty.  
And at these words, holy, inviolate and untouched, and the refuge of all other, he said: None other made refuge of him. But, he, this holy and untouched, is killed, not taking honour by violences which he never desired, and then be we very thrall that bestow them on the unworthy, never suing for them. But you do purge yourselves (O Citizens) of this unkindness, in y● you now do use such honour toward him being dead.  
Then rehearsing the oath, that all should keep Caesar and Caesar's body, and if any one went about to betray him, that they were accursed that would not defend him: at this he extolled his voice, and held up his hands to the Capitol, saying:  
O jupiter Country's defender, and you other Gods, I am ready to revenge, as I swore and made execration, and when it seems good to my companions to allow the decrees, I desire them to aid me. At these plain speeches spoken against the Senate, an uproar being made, Antony waxed cold, and recanted his words. It seemeth (O Citizens) (said he) that the things done have not been the work of men▪ but of Gods, and that we aught to have more consideration of the present, than of the past, because the things to come▪ may bring us to greater danger, than these we have, if we shall return to our old, and waste the rest of the noble men that be in the City. Therefore let us sand this holy one to the number of the blessed, and sing to him his due hymn and mourning verse.  
When he had said thus, he pulled up his gown like a man 
Antoni●● gesture in the time of the tunerall of Caesar.  beside himself, and girded it, that he might the better stir his hands: he stood over the Litter, as from a Tabernacle, looking into it, and epening it, and first sang his Hymn, as to a God in heaven. And to confirm he was a God, he held up his hands, and with a swift voice, he rehearsed the wars, the fights, the victories, the nations that he had subdued to his Country, and the great booties that he had sent, making every one to be a marvel Then with a continual cry,  
This is the only unconquered of all that ever came to han●s with him. Thou (quoth he) alone didst revenge thy country being injured. 300. years, & those fierce nations that only invaded Rome, & only burned it, thou broughtest them on their knees.  
And when he had made these and many other invocations, he turned his voice from triumph to mourning matter, and began to lament and moon him as a friend that had been unjustly used, & did desire that be might give his soul for Caesar's. Then falling into most vehement affections, uncovered Caesar's body, holding up his vesture with a spear, cut with the wounds, and red with the blood of the chief Ruler, by the which the people like a Choir, did sing lamentation unto him, and by this passion were again replete with ire. And after these speeches, other lamentations with voice after the Country custom, were sung of the Quires, and they rehearsed again his acts & his hap.  
Then made he Caesar himself to speak as it were in a lamentable sort, to how many of his enemies he had done good by name, & of the killers themselves to say as in an admiration. Did I save them that have killed me? This the people could not abide, calling to remembrance, that all the kyllers (only Decimus except) were of Pompey's faction, and subdued by him, to whom, in stead of punishment, he had given promotion of offices, governments of provinces & armies, & thought Decimus worthy to be made his heir & son by adoption, and yet conspired his death. While the matter was thus handled, and like to have come to a fray, one 
Caesar's shape showed in wax.  showed out of the Litter the Image of Caesar, made of ware, for his vody itself lying flat in the Litter, could not be seen His picture was by a devise turned about, & xxiij wounds were showed over all his body, & his face horrible to behold. The people seeing this pitiful picture, could bear the dolour no longer, but 
Change of people's ●●●des. The Senate house set a fire wherein Caesar, was killed. One Cynna k●led an other.  thronged together, and beset the Senate house, wherein Caesar was killed, and set it a fire, and the kyllers that fled for their lives, they ran and sought in every place, and that so outrageously both in anger and dolour, as they killed Cynna the Tribune being in name like to Cynna the Praetor that spoke evil of Caesar, and would not tarry to hear the declaration of his name, but cruelly tore him a pieces, and left not one part to be put in grave. They carried fire against other men's houses, who manly 
T●●●uite and rage's of people.  defending themselves,, and the neighbours entreating them, they refrained from fire, but threatened to be in arms the next day. Wherefore the strikers hide themselves, and fled out of the City. The people returned to the Litter, & carried it as an holy thing, to be buried in an holy place among the Gods, but because the Priests did deny it, they brought him again into the common place, where the Palace of the old Kings were, and there, with all the bourds & timber, which they could found in the place, which was much, beside that every man brought of himself, with garlands and other gifts of private people, making a solemn 
Caesar's f●uera●●●  show, they buried the body, and abode all night about the fire. In the which place, at the first was made an Altar, but now there is a temple of Caesar, where he is thought worthy divine 
A Temple to Caesar.  honours. For his son by election, Octavius, taking the name of Caesar, & disposing the state after his example, which then taking the beginning, & he exceedingly advancing to the degree it is now did think his father to deserve honours equal with the Gods, 
The Romans used to give divine honours ●● their princes.  the which at this time having their original, the Romans' now use to give the same to him that ruleth the estate, unless he be a Tyrant, or defamed at his death, that in old time could not suffer the name of a King alive.  
Thus Caesar was killed, on the day which they call the Ideses of March, which day of the month, the Soothsayer sarde he 
〈…〉 in March she. 9 days following the first 7. days.  should not pass, at the which, he, in the morning mocked him, saying, the Ideses be come: to whom he answered boldly again, but they be not yet go. 
Caesar scorneth the soothsayers.   
Thus he despising as well the foresaying of this constant Soothsayer, as all other tokens spoken of before, went abroad, & was killed y●, luj. year of his age. A man most happy & fortunate in all his noble actions, and most like unto Alexander the great, 
A comparison between Alexander and Caesar.  for they both were very ambitions, and valiant and swift to execute their enterprises, in perils most bold, of their bodies most careless, and did not more trust in soldiers service, than in courage and fortune, of the which the one, in the heat of summer through places void of water, went to Ammon, and ran 
Ammon in the dserts o●●●●●t, where ●●p●ter gave ovalles. In India at the pl●●e called 〈…〉. Pamphilia in Asia the less.  over the gulf of Pamphilia, of the cross surging Sea, fortune staying the raging waves while he passed, and sendyyg him rain when he went by land, he assayed the Indian Sea that was not Navigable. He was the first that scaled a town, and alone mounted the enemies brickwall, & alone received xiij wounds on his body, ever invincible, and always getting victory at the first or the second Battle. He subdued many barbarous nations 
Alexander's a●●●.  in Europe, and overcame the Grecians, a valiant people, and loving liberty, and before him, obeying none, but Philip, & that a little while, for an honour to appear in his feats of war. Asia, (as a man may say) he ranged all over, and briefly for to tell his fortune and Empire, as much land as he see, he got. And conceiving and determining a Conquest of the rest in his mind, he was destroyed.  
To Caesar the Ionian sea gave place in the midst of winter, and showed itself cauline to his navigation. He also sailed the Britain Ocean, not attempted before, and falling upon the 
C●s●●s a●●●●.  rocks of England, he had the shipmayster run a shore and ●itte their ships. In an other sea, striving with the stream alone in the night in a little boat, he bad the Master let the sails go to the wind, and trust more in Caesar's fortune, than in the Sea. Against his enimses alone he hath leapt many times. and all the rest have been afraid. He alone did fight with the French thirty times, till he had subdued forty nations of them, which were so terrible to the Romans, as old and holy men, 
All ages and degrees must strive against the french.  by law were privileged from war, except when the French enemy came, for then both horse and old men must go forth. At Alexandria, being left alone to fight on the bridge, and beset on every side, he threw off his purple, and leapt into the sea, and being sought of his enmmies, he dived in the bottom a great while, and only sometime rose to take breath, till a friendly ship came nigh him, to whom he held up his hands, showed himself, and was saved.  
Falling into the civil wars, either for fear, (as he did say) or for desire of rule, he did match with the valiauntest Captains in his time, in many and great battles, not Barbarians only, but also Romans, which in manhood and fortune did excel, and overcame them all, either at the first or at the second battatle. His army not being invincible, as Alexander's, 
Caesar had los●e sometimes.  for in France, C●tta and Titurus his lieutenants were evidently overcome with a great loss, and in Spain, Petreius and Aff●anius held him besieged. In Dyrrachio and Libya, they fled foully away, and in Spain they were afraid of young Pompey. But Caesar himself was ever void of fear, and in the end of every war, had the victory.  
The Roman Empire from the west to the flood Euphrates, 
Euphrates 〈◊〉 flood of Macedonia, running into the red Sea by Babylon.  by force, or by fair means he obtained, much surer and stronger than Sylla.  
He showed himself to be a King in spite of them all though he would not receive the name. And he also having made determination of other war, was taken away. Beside forth, their armies were alike: prompt to them both with a benevolent mind: and in sight, of like fierceness: disobedient many times to them both, and full of sedition for their long labours. Nevertheless, when they were dead, both after one sort did lament and moan, and thought them worthy divine honours. They were both in body of good complexion and fair: both of them had their pedigree from jupiter, Alexander from Aeacide and Hercules, 
Caesar and Alexander like.  and Caesar from Anchises and Venus. As both were desirous to conquer with whom they contended, so easy to be entreated and to forgive them whom they had subdued, and beside forgiveness, would do them good also, seeking nothing else but victory.  
Thus far they were alike, but in rising to their rule, they were not of like power: for the one rose from a Kingdom increased 
Alexander and Caesar unlike.  by his father Philip, the other from a private estate, yet noble and renowned, and very needy of money. Of tokens, which to them both were great, they were alike contemners, yet neither of them angry with the Diviners, that did foreshow their death. The tokens were like many times to them both, & to like effect. Twice to them both were unlucky signs, in the which the first showed to them both doubtful danger. Alexander 
These people be of India and called mali of Plu●a●●th.  among the Oxidi●nes, scaling the brickwall before the Macedonians, being utterly destitute by breaking of the ladders, leapt boldly among his enemies within, where he was sore hurt in the breast, & in the neck, & beaten down with a mighty mace, so as he was 
Peril of Alexander.  hardly saved by the Macedonians, that for very shame burst open the gates. Caesar in Spain, when his army was very fearful 
Peril of Caesar.  of Pompey the young, and refused to go to the fight, can between them both, & received two C. darts upon his Target, his army ran in for fear and shame, and saved him. So the first unlucky sacrifices did signify peril of death to them both, and the second, death itself indeed.  
Pythagoras a Soothsayer, told Apollodorus that was afraid of Alexander and Ephestion, that he should not need to fear, for by the sacrifice, he found that both of them should shortly be dead. And coming to pass, that Ephestion died by and by after, Apollodorus was afraid that some treason had been wrought against the King, and told him what the soothsayer had said: ●e smiled, and asked of Pythagoras what the token did pretend, he answered the last day, whereat he smiled again, and thanked Apollodorus of his faithfulness, and the Soothsayer of his confidence. To Caesar (as we have said) the last time that he went into the Senate, the same tokens happened. Whereat he laughed, and said: The like was seen in Spain, and when the diviner answered, that then he was in danger, but now the token signifieth more certain death, then relenting somewhat to this free speech, he sacrificed again, till he tarried so long about the sacrifices, that he was angry, and went in and was killed.  
The like happened to Alexander when he came from India to Babylon with his army, where being nigh, the Chaldeans exhorted him to refrain at this present, to whom he rehearsed a verse.  
The best Prophet is he, that coniectu●eth honestly.  
Then the Chaldeans warned him the second time, not to go with his army on the west side, but to compass & take the City 
Alexander contemneth tokens.  on the east, and stay there: with that (they say) he was content, and began to go about, but being angry at the moory and fenny way, he contemned the second warning, and went in at the 
Euphrates▪ & Pallacotta, floods.  west. Then he sailed upon Euphrates to the flood Pallacotta, that receiveth Euphrates, and runneth into the Fens, whereby Assyria is kept from overflowing. He minded to have defended this flood with a brickwall, and while he was sailing upon it, they say he scorned the Chaldeans, because he safely had entered Babylon, and was come forth again to sail, but it was but deferred till he came again, for than he died out of hand.  
The like contempt Caesar seemed to use, for the Soothsayers 
Caesar contemneth tokens.  had appointed the day of his death▪ and said he should not pass the Ideses of March: & when that day was come, he laughed at him, and said, the Ideses were come, but that very day he was killed. Both they despised the Prophecies alike, but were not angry with the Prophets, yet they both died as they were told. They were both studious of learning and virtue, aswell of their own country, as of Greek & other strangers. Alexander delighted in the Brachmanes, which among the Indians be reputed most learned 
Prachm●es were the wise Philosophers of India, choose to it by consent.  and wise men, as the Magies among the Persians'. Caesar dealt with the Egyptians, when he put Cleopatra in his kingdom, whereby he directed many civil things in Rome: & among other, he turned the order of the year, being without certainty, because of the odd months (for they measured it by the Moon) to the course of the Sun, as the Egyptians do. It was his hap that none did escape that sought his death▪ but by his heir received worthy punishment, as Alexander did them, that killed Phillippe his father. How that was done the books in order shall declare. (⸪)  
The end of the second book of Civil dissensions.   

The third Book of Civil Dissension.  
THus C. Caesar, that was most worthy of rule among the Romans, was slain of his enemies, & buried of the people Of all his killers punishment, & how the best of them soonest received it, this Book & the next shall declare, & likewise comprehend all the other Civil strifes, that the Romans had among themselves.  
The Senate blamed Antony for the funeral of Caesar, by 
〈◊〉▪ 〈◊〉 the counterfeit 〈◊〉.  the which the people was so stirred, as they did forthwith despise the law of Oblivion, and ran with fire to the houses of the strykers. This unkindness, with one invention, he turned into benevolence. Amatius, a counterfeit Mariane, pretending to be Marius' son, was for that name accepted of the people, & by this counterfeiting, being taken as a kinsman to Caesar, he made most moan for his death, and set up an Altar where he was buried. He had a rout of R●●●ians about him, & was ever terrible to the killers, of the which some were fled out of the city, and so many as had by Caesar, the government of provinces, were go to their charges. Decimus Brutus was go 
Lombardy. Asia the ●esse.  to France next Italy: Trebonius into Asia about jonia: Tullius Cimber into Bythinia. But Cassius & Marcus Brutus with whom the Senate bore most, and were likewise choose of Caesar to be Precedents for the year to come▪ as Cassius in Syria, & Brutus in Macedonia, being yet officers in Rome, of necessity and law, (as Praetors) must attend upon the dispatch of them that should have places appointed to live in, & gave audience to any other that made su●e to cell the parts of their places, which by law was forbidden to be done within twenty years. With these Amatius did conspire, & only e●●pected occasion. At the talk of this conspiracy. Antony, as Consul, came upon them, & apprehended Am●●io, & 
A 〈…〉 oh put to death by Antony.  without judgement, put him to death very stoutly. The Senate marveled at this matter, as great & beside law, yet the commodity of it, they embraced very joyfully: for without such stoutness, they thought Brutus & Cassius could not be in safety. The companions of Amatius and other people with them, for the love of him, were much grieved at this fact, chief that Antony should so dispatch one that was honoured of the people. They could not abide so to be despised, wherefore, with shouts they went crying out of Antony, & commanded the Magistrate to erect an altar to Amatio, & there to make the first sacrifice to Caesar. They were driven out of the common place by the soldiers 
The ●o●●●ice● of Ama●●● punished.  that were sent of Antony, wherewith they were more grieved and made greater noise: some of them brought forth the settles of Caesar's pictures pulled down, and whereas one said he could bring them to a shop where his images were defaced, they strait way followed him, & when they see it, they set all a fire, till other were sent of Antony which killed part of them that stood to their defence, and part they took, & as many as were bond they hanged, and the free men, they threw down headlong: and thus, this tumult ceased. But extreme hate of exceeding love, was now wrought in the people, against Antony. The Senate was glad, as though there was none other fear to be had touching Brutus and Cassius.  
And further, where Antony purposed to call home Sextus 
Antony pretendeth to call home young Pompey.  Pompey, son to Pompey the great, who yet was loved of all men, out of Spain, where still he made war with Caesar's Captains, and for his father's goods confiscate, to give him of the common, five thousand millions of drams of Athens, and 
Millions be here ten thousand.  to make him admiral of the sea as his father was, and to use the Roman navies, where so ever they were, to all occasions: The Senate not a little marveled▪ & accepted his offer, spending an whole day in the praise of Antony, for they knew no man more accepted, nor better beloved of the people than Pompey.  
Brutus and Cassius the most honourable of all other, & of Pompey's faction, thought to hold their safety with sure hand, and that the course that they had taken should prevail, and the people's authority be surely confirmed, and that their estate should 
Cicero praiseth Antony. The Senate giveth a guard to Antony.  stand. Cicero for this, made continual praise of Antony, and the Senate considering that the people evidently did mean evil to him, gave him leave to choose him a guard for his person of the old Soldiers that resorted to him: he, either because he had done all to this end, or for that he would embrace this occasion so favourable, picked out at length a guard of uj M. 
Antony chooseth a legion for his guard.  not of the common Citizens, whom he known he might have at his pleasure at any other time, but of all the leaders and Captains of experience and estimation in Caesar's army. Of these, he chose chief officers in comely order, whom he used honourably, and made them partakers of ordinary Counsels. The 
The Senate in a jealousy of Antony.  Senate driven into a jealousy for this number and choice, counseled him to reduce this guard as envious, to a convevient number: he promised so to do, when he had quieted the tumults of the people.  
Now where by decree he had established all that Caesar had done and would do, and had the writings of memorial in his 
Phaberius▪ in the Greek. Taberius in the Latin.  custody, and ●●●aberius Caesar's Secretary at his commandment, for Caesar going away, left all his determinations with Antony, he added many things to the behoof of many men: he gave grants to Cities, Princes, and to his own guard. And he made known to all them, that could claim any thing by Caesar's assignation, that they taking the benefit, might yield 
Antony abuset it Caesar's testament.  him the thanks, and by this mean he brought many into the Senate and degree to himself, & the other, he won with fair promise, that they did no more malign against his guard.  
Brutus & Cassius perceiving nothing, neither of the people, nor of the soldiers to appear peaceable for them, neither unlikely but the conspiracy of Amatio might be done against them by some other, neither well abiding variable Antony, that bore himself so boldly of his army, nor seeing that the people's rule could be confirmed by these doings, but suspecting that Antony wrought against it, they put their chief trust in Decimo, who had three Legions, lying in the sides of Italy. They written secretly to Trebonius in Asia, and to Tullius in ●ythinia, to gather money closely, and look about for an army. They were desirous to take the provinces that Caesar had appointed them, but the time did not yet suffer them. They thought it not convenient to leave their office in the City, before the end of the same, and to run into suspicion of desire of rule of nations. They chose rather for their necessity, to spend the mean time, as private men, than to be officers in the City, where they could neither be sure of themselves, nor do any thing to their honour, in the service of their country. Being in this case, and the Senate perceiving their mind, they thought good to make them purveyors of grain 
〈…〉 and Cassius made purveyors.  for the City, from every country, till the time might serve them to take the charge of their provinces: and thus they did, that Brutus and Cassius should not seem to flee. So great a care and reverence was there of them, that for them chief they maintained the other killers. When Brutus and Cassius were go out of the City, and Antony now alone ruled all, he coveted the presidentship of some province, and the army thereof: he was chief desirous of Syria, but knowing he was already suspected, he thought he should be more, if he required any, for the Senate had secretly wrought Dolabella to be against him, who was the other Consul, and always at strife with Antony. Antony seeing that Dolabella was a young man and ambitious, persuaded him to ask Syria, in Cassius' place, and their army that was made against the Parthians, but not to ask it of the Senate, (for that was not expedient) but of the people, by a law. He was persuaded by and by, and propounded the law. The Senate alleged that he broke Caesar's acts: he answered, that the war of Parthic, was appointed to no man by Caesar, and that Cassius, who was sent to Syria, was the first that had altered Caesar's decrees, in giving leave to them that were assigned dwellings in the country, to sell their portions before twenty years determined by law: 
A de●ice to ●e 〈…〉.  & that he could not take it well, being Dolabella, not to be thought worthy of Syria, before Cassius. The Senate persuaded Asprin● one of the Tribunes, to found a fault in the assebly by some token, hoping that Antony would have allowed it, being Consul, and officer of the tokens, and still (as they thought) at variance with Dolabella.  
The election now being come, & Asprina affirming the token to be unlucky, & then the manner was to sand other into it, Antony was angry at the subtlety, & commanded the companies to make choice for Dolabella. And so was Dolabella made precedent of 
Dolabella precedent of Syria.  Syria, and general of the army against the Parthians, and of the legions that Caesar had gathered for this purpose, and left in Macedonia. This was the first time that Antony seemed to favour Dolabella. This being done of the people, Antony required Macedonia 
Macedonia 〈…〉 to Antony.  of the Senate, thinking they would be ashamed to deny it him, seeing Dolabella had Syria, and now void of an office. The Senate gave it him unwillingly, and marveled that he would deliver the army that was there to Dolabella, whom yet they 
Cyrene a City and a province in Africa, now Corciria. Creta, an Island in the midst of the Sea, now Candia. Siren and Creta to Brutus and Cassius. Octavius Caesar's nephew, at Valona, which is on the other side of the gulf of Venice.  were glad should have it before Antony. Now Brutus friends thought good to ask Antony other provinces for Brutus and Cassius, so Cyrene and Creta was given them, or as some say, both Creta and Siren to Cassius, and Bythinia to Brutus. And these were the doings at Rome.  
Octavius, Caesar's sister's nephew, was made of Caesar general of the horsemen for one year, and this honour Caesar used to give to his friends from year to year. He being yet young, was sent of Caesar to Velona to apply his book, and to be trained in feats of war, there to remain whilst he went against his enemies, and to exercise himself with the bands of Horsemen that came from Macedonia, with other great Captains of the army that resorted thither to visit him, as Caesar's kinsman, whereby he was known to many, and wan the love of the army, for he received them that came to him with great courtesy. Having been now six months in Velona, about the evening, it was told that Caesar was slain in the Senate house, of them that he loved best, and might do most with him. Of further matter nothing being yet told, he stood in fear and doubt, whether it were the whole public work of the Senate, or some private practice, or whether the doers were punished of the more part, or whose act it was, or whether the multitude did join with them. After this, his friends sent to him from Rome, wishing him to go to the host of Macedonia for his surety, in the which place, after it should be known, that it was no common fact, he might be a terror to his enemies, in revenging of Caesar, and divers of the Captains promised him, that if he would come to them, they would see him safe. His Mother, and Philip his Father in law written unto him, to take nothing upon him, nor to be encouraged, remembering that after Caesar had overcome his enemies, he was thus used of his dearest friends. The private life at this prosent 
Octavius saileth into Italy.  was further off from peril, and now rather to be choose, and if he were with them at Rome, he should be well kept. Octavius by these persuaded, without further knowledge, what was done after Caesar's death, embracing the Captains, sailed over the Ionian Sea, not taking land at Brunduse, because he did not trust the army that was there, and therefore was well aware: but at another City not far off, called Lupio, where he stayed, and received 
Lupio jezze, a port Town.  advertisements from his friends, of Caesar's death, of the people's tumult, of the publication of his testament, and of the orders taken, and was advised to beware of Caesar's enemies, because he was named his son and heir, & counseled him not to take the inheritance upon him. But he thinking it a dishonour, as well of this, as not to revenge Caesar's death, went to Brunduse, sending afore to search, that there should be none of the strikers in any await. The army of that place did meet him, and received him as Caesar's son, where with good courage he made sacrifice, and 
The army at Brunduse receiveth Octavius. Adoption.  straightway accepted the name of Caesar, for the Romans used to give their name to them whom they made their children by adoption, which he did not only admit, but changed his name from Octavius, octavius son, to Caesar, Caesar's son, which continued till his end. By and by was there great repair of men to him, some as Caesar's friends, some as his servants, and fréemade men, and 
octavius received the name of Caesar.  some soldiers with them, some bringing preparation & money toward Macedonia, and some other revenues of other provinces to Brunduse. He then trusting upon the multitude that came unto him, and in Caesar's glory, and in the benevolence of all men to him, took his journey toward Rome, accompanied with a convenient number, which daily like a stream did increase, being safe from open force, by the multitude of people, not without suspicion of deceit, because all that came with him almost were of new acquaintance, and every city did not favour him. But Caesar's soldiers, and such as were by his appointment placed, came from 
Resort to young Caesar.  the habitations to the favour of this young man. They lamented for Caesar, and complained of Antony that would not revenge so great a mischief, affirming that they, if any man would be their guide, would revenge his death. Octavius Caesar gave them great praise, and willed them to be quiet for the time, and came to Terracina, about fifty miles from Rome, where it was told him, that 
〈…〉.  Syria and Macedonia was taken from Brutus & Cassius by the Consuls, and that to comfort them, Creta and Siren were granted them, and that certain banished men were revoked, and that Pompey was restored, and that many were made Senatoures by Caesar's determination, and divers other things. Being come to Rome, his mother, & Philip, and their friends came unto him, and again prayed him, not to dissent from the Senate, because it was decreed, that there should be no question of Caesar's death. Further, they feared Antony and his power, who neither came himself to meet Caesar's son, nor sent any man to receive him, all the which Octavius took very temperately, and said, it was 
In desire of Octavius.  meet that he should go first to Antony as a young man to an elder, and a private man to a Consul, and that he would observe the Senate as should be convenient. And though (quoth he) there be a decree, that no man should persecute the killers, and yet if any man dared take it in hand, bathe the people and the Senate by law, and the goods by justice, yea and peradventure Antony also will be helps to it, & if he did refuse the inheritance & adoption, he should offend against Caesar, & defraud the people of their distribution. In the end he knit up his speech, that it was not only honest for him, to put himself in danger for this matter, but also if need be, to loose his life, otherwise he should seem unworthy the choice y● Caesar had made of him in so great matters, seeing he himself was wont to contemn all manner of peril. Then turning to his mother, 
octavius words to his mother.  he rehearsed those words that Achilles spoke to Thetis.  

I do rather wish of my life an end,  
Than I should omit revengement of my friend.   
This word (quoth he) did win Achilles' immortal fame, but much more the deed, and that he aught to revenge Caesar, not as a friend, but as a father: not as a fellow Soldier, but as a General: not dying by law of war, but murdered wickedly in the Senate house. For this speech, his mother, from fear, turned to you, embraced him, affirming he only was worthy for Caesar. This talk being ended, she prayed that all might have lucky and prosperous success with speed, yet she persuaded him at the first, rather to use policy and sufferance, than plainness and boldness, when he commending her, answered he would so do. In the night, he sent to his friends, and prayed them the next morning to be with him in the common place with the other multitude. In that place meeting with Caius Antonius, brother to Marcus Antonius, a Praetor of the City, he said unto him, that he did accept the adoption of Caesar, for it was the manner 
Adoption.  of Rome, that the adopted children should exhibit testimony to the Praetors, which being registered, he straight went out of the common place to Antony the other Consul, who was then in Pompey's gardings, which Caesar had given him: and when he had tarried at the gate a long while, he entered into a suspicion 
The meeting o● Octavius and Antony.  of Antony's alteration. Being at length let in, due salutations and intretaynments were between them, and because they must talk of things that were expedient, Octavius Caesar said thus.  
I (Father Antony) for the benefits that Caesar showed to thee, 
octavius Oration to Antony.  and the thanks thou gavest to him, requiring thee to be a father to r●e, do praise thee for the things thou hast done for him, and I will be thy debtor of thanks for them, but wherein I may blame thee, I will speak it frankly, for dolour doth thereto drive me. When he was slain, thou wast not present, the quellers holding thee without the doors, for either shouldst thou have saved him, or have been in the like danger thyself: of the which if the latter must have happened. It is well now that thou wast absent. When some decreed them to be honoured as against a Tyrant▪ thou denyedst it effectually, for the which I know thou 
〈◊〉 as a successor of his 〈◊〉 is they 〈◊〉.  deservest clear thanks: but if thou knowest that those men did conspire thy death, not as one that would revenge Caesar (as we think) then were they not Tyrantkillers, and for that they fled to the Capitol, as to a Sanctuary like offenders craving merche, or into a sort, as enemies for their strength, wherefore oblivion and acquittal of the murder, was required for them, though some of the Senate or the people were corrupted of them, and if thou hadst been otherwise minded, thy office did require thee to punish so great a fault, and to correct them that did err, yet didst thou sand pledges of thy own into the Capitol, for the assurance of the manquellers. Well, grant the corrupted sort did force thee to it, but when Caesar's Testament was red, and thou madest his funeral Oration as right was, and the people for the fresh memory of Caesar, carried a fire against them, and for their neighbour's sake, spared them: and again, they were in arms twice the next day, why didst not thou help the people as their leader, with fire or armour, to punish the murderers? if any punishment aught to be of them that are evident offenders, by thee, a friend to Caesar, a Consul, and Antony. Marius Amatius, by commandment of thy great power, was put to death, but the quellers thou susferedst to slay, and to run to certain provinces, which wrongfully they hold, having killed him that gave them. Syria and Macedonia, thou and Dolabella, doing well, when things were settled, took from them, for the which I would thank thee, if thou hadst not strait appointed them to Creta and Cyrene, and thought fugitives worthy provinces, ever to be as garrisons against me. Decimus having France our neighbour, you have suffered, he also being made ruler of that, and other by my father, but some will say, the Senate did determine it, yea and thou didst confirm it, and sattest as chief in that Senate, the which thou chief of all others for thyself, oughtest to have resisted. To give them oblivion of their faul●o, was as a granting only of their lives, but to assign provinces and honour, was a contumely of Caesar, and an overthrow of the judgement. Therefore as passion doth carry me peradventure beyond the due respect of my years and reverence to thee, I will speak it, both as to a sure friend of Caesar, and of him, though worthy much honour and power, and also, as to one, that might have been his heir, if he had known that thou hadst come of Aeneas, rather than Hercules, for that did he much consider, when he took order for his succession. But for the time to come, O Antony, for the Gods of friendship, and for the duty to Caesar, if thou will't change any of the things done, as thou must if thou will't, if not, at the lest help to further me, that mind to be revenged of the quellers, with the people, and such of my father's friends as I have: and if any respect of men, or of the Senate doth move thee, be not angry with me. Thou knowest what a charge I and my house have about these matters, for the performing of the distribution that my father gave to the people, and for the care thereof, that by delaying of them, I might not seem unthankful, nor they that should receive habitations in the country, should be consumed by me, tarrying in the City. Of all that was to thee brought immediately after the death of Caesar, to be in safety for danger of his house, the jewels & apparel, I think good thou shalt have, and all other things which thou will't, but for the distribution, give me the coined gold which he had gathered for his determinate wars, which shall suffice me to divide among three hundred thousand men. The residue of the charges, if I may be so bold, I will either of thee, or by thy help, borrow it of public money, and forthwith make sale of my private substance. Whilst Caesar spoke thus, Antony was astonished at his courage and boldness, far beyond the opinion of his years, and being grieved with his speech made without reverence of him, & specially for that he required the money, he answered him sharply after this manner.  
If Caesar, together with his inheritance and name (O son) had 
Antony's answer to 〈◊〉.  left thee also the state, thou mightest well have required an account of common things, and I must have answered: but if the Romans have by oath decreed, that no man shall receive rule by inheritance, nor no man be a successor to Kings, whom they did expel, which was chief objected against the father of the quellers, affirming they killed him as a King, and not as a Captain, I aught not to answer thee touching any of these public causes, and by the same reason, I do deliver thee of the giving of thanks, which thou owest to me therefore, for it was done not for thy sake, but for the peoples, yet one of the greatest acts that ever was done for Caesar, and for thee: for if I of mine own boldness and hate to them, had overpast the honours for the strikers as killers of a Tyrant, Caesar had been judged a Tyrant, to whom, neither glory, nor honour, nor establishment of his acts had been made, neither Testament, son, or substance had been stayed, nor his body been thought worthy burial, not not as a private man, for the law doth command the bodies of Tyrants to be cast unburied, their memory to be razed, and their goods to be made common, all the which I fearing, did contend for Caesar's immortal glory, and for his public burial, neither without peril nor envy of mine own person, of men fierce and full of bloodshed, and as thou mayst know, conspiring against me, and of the Senate that could evil bear thy father's government: but I thought rather to offer myself to peril and trouble, than to suffer Caesar to be dishonoured and unburied, the best of all other men, most fortunate in his affairs, and of all other using me most honourably. By these mine only perils, thou hast presently these singular benefits of Caesar, his blood▪ his name, his dignity, and his substance, for all the which, thou oughtest rather to give me thanks, than to reprehend me for any thing done for the appeasing of the Senate, for the recompense of such as had deserved, or for other commodities and considerations, seeing thou art young in respect to me: therefore this shall be sufficient, for that thou spakest herein. Thou dost glance at me, as though I were desirous of rule only, which I never coveted, and yet have been thought not altogether unworthy of it. Thou sayest I am sorry, for that I was not made heir by his testament, yet by thy own confession, I am content with the pedigree of Hercules. For thy necessity, that thou wouldst borrow of the common treasure, I think thou didst but dissemble, because thou canst not be ignorant, that all is consumed, & that thy father had the receipt of all the revenue, since he came to his authority, being brought to him in stead of the treasure house, & to be found in his substance, when we had determined to search for them. This can be no wrong to Caesar being dead, nor be called unjust, though he were alive, that being required, would yield thee accounts: & when thou shalt found the many private men will contend with thee for his goods, thou shalt well perceive thou c●st not obtain them without great controversy. As for the money which thou sayest was left with me, neither was the sum so great, nor now they be in my hands, for all were distributed to officers and magistrates, as Tyrant's goods, Dolabella and my brethren only excepted, and by me bestowed upon such purposes, as Caesar had appointed: & when thou shalt have the rest, thou shalt bestow it rather upon them that may hinder thee, than on the people, if thou be'st wise, whom they will send away (if they be wise) to their habitations. For the people as thou oughtest to know (being lately trained in Greek letters) is unstable, and ever moving as waves in the Sea, now 
People unstable.  coming, now going. After the which sort, the people have set aloft our ambitious men, and brought them down as low again.  
octavius being grieved with many of these things that tended to contumely, went his way, often calling upon his father's name. He put to sale his whole substance by and by that came 
Octavius selleth ●●● substance.  unto him by inheritance, coveting to win the people by this liberality, because Antony appeared a manifest enemy unto him. The Senate intending to make inquiry by decree for the public treasure, many of them were afraid of young Caesar, for the benevolence of his father had with the Soldiers and the people, and for the present largesse in alluring of them, by consuming of his substance which was very great, many thinking that he would not live in the rate of a private man, and chiefly for that Antony would agree with him, because he was young, famous, and rich, and would still usurp Caesar's former dominion. Some were joyful of these things, that these men should be at variance, and by the inquisition of the monies, Caesar's riches should waste, and they have abundance of the common treasure, because much of the public store would be found among Caesar's goods. Many of them called Caesar into the law for their lands, every one claiming his own, and for that much was common, by reason of condemned, banished, and attainted men. These controversies they brought before Antony, or before Dolabella, the other Consul. If any matter were herded before other Judges▪ Caesar had ever the worst, because of Antony's friendship, albeit he showed by record what his father had purchased, & that all his acts were ratified by the last decree of the Senate. Many other actions of injury were put up against him extraordinarily, and they grew infinite, in so much as Pedius and Pinarius, to whom Caesar had given a portion of land, complained of Antony for themselves and for Caesar, as they that suffered wrong by the Senate's decree, affirming he aught to reject only matters of despite, and all other of Caesar's doings he should confirm. He answered, that things done peradventure, had some contrariety with the Senate's decree, and (quoth he) the decree may be written contrary to the meaning. For where only oblivion of injuries was granted, there was no alterations of the former proceedings, neither for his sake, nor to be plain, for any of their sakes, rather than a device to apea●e and stay the people which was in tumult, and that it were more just to use the meaning of the decree, rather than the words: neither was it meet to resist so many men, that by sedition were fallen from their own, or their ancestors possessions, for one young man that beyond all hope had got so much of other men's substance, and none of his own, using fortune not for honour, but for insolency. Yet he said he would favour them, when they had divided with Caesar. Thus did Antony answer Pinarius, who straight made division, lest their parts should be consumed in suits, not for themselves but for Caesar, whom not long after they must gratify in all.  
The time of plays drawn nigh, which Caius Antonius, brother to Antony, should exhibit for Brutus as Praetor, being absent, 
Plays for Brutus.  in as good sortas might be, because Brutus had made great preparation for the same, thinking by this liberality & pastime, the people would be won to call him and Cassius home again. But now Caesar working the multitude to the contrary, did give among the ambitious sort (as every man first came) all the money that he had got by his sale, to prevent the others whole purpose. He went into every common market, commanding to be proclaimed, that they should sell all his goods, though that he had were never so good cheap, because of the doubtful and suspicious controversy of the law and of his heart. Whereby he turned all the people to benevolence and pity, as unworthy to suffer so much. For whereas beside his own heritage he had sold his private substance that ca●e to him by his father Octavius, or by any other way, and all that his mother and her husband Philip had, and claiming a portion of more goods of Pedius and Pinarius, he determined to cell all, as though Caesar's substance would not suffice, only because of his v●ratiōs. The people thinking no longer y● to be Caesar's gift, but octavius liberality, they had inward compassion of him, wondering at his great attempts, and well perceiving that he would not long pass for Antony's displeasure.  
Now were the plays of Brutus showed in most ample manner. 
The plays disturbed.  When certain hired men, did cry that Brutus and Cassius might be called home, and the rest of the Theatre did agree unto them for their pardon, the other rushed in by heaps, and marred all the play, and quenched their instant request. Brutus and Cassius understanding that Caesar had dashed their hope in the show, they determined to go to Syria and Macedonia by force, as provinces appointed to them before Antony and Dolabella.  
This being evident, Dolabella also went into Syria, and made haste by the way, to make money in Asia. Antony desired much to have the army of Macedonia, as very fit for the maintenance of his power, being in virtue best, and in power most, (for they were sire legions) beside other number of Archers, Darters, and light armed, with many horsemen and other great furniture for the war, all the which he feared should follow Dolabella into Syria, going against the Parthians, whether Caesar had appointed them. He minded to have them himself, because they were nigh to the sea of jonia, from whence he might soon bring 
The G●●tas, ●e a people of Sythia in Europe. The name now ●● turned into the Thracians.  them into Italy In the mean time a sudden rumour came, that Geetes, knowing of Caesar's death, did invade Macedonia. Wherefore Antony required his army of the Senate, that he might punish the Geetes, because they were first appointed against them of Caesar, & so that all was now quiet with the Parthians. The Senate suspected this rumour, and sent to understand the certainty of it.  
Antony, to deliver them of fear and suspicion hereof, decreed 
Antony deviseth to stop the creation of a Dictator.  that for no cause it should be lawful to created a Dictator, nor that any man should take it, though it were given him: and if any man did perceive any to contemn this order, it should be lawful to kill him wheresoever he were met. By this means he did temper the hearers, and practising with Dolobellas' friend to give him one legion, he was choose captain of the army, & Lieutenant of Macedonia. Having now what he would, he sent his brother Caius in all haste to carry the decree to the arm.  
They that went to understand of the Geetes being returned, affirmed that they saw no Geetes in Macedonia, but they added (either saying true, or being taught of Antony what they should say:) It was to be feared, if the army were taken away, the Geetes would overrun Macedonia.  
While this was doing in Rome, Cassius and Brutus did gather money and men, and Trebonius that was governor in Asia did 
Dolabella kept out. Ephesus, now ●ogli● i● Ion●●. Dolabella taketh S●yr●s.  make Cities strong for them, and would not admit Dolabella neither at Pergamo nor at Smirna, onlyhe appointed him a market place out of the walls as to a Consul. He therefore went about with anger to win the walls: Trebonius not obtaining, promised he should be received at Ephesus: he going thither, Trebonius sent certain aloof to see his doings: who, when night was come, seeing him going on, not suspecting any thing else, left a few to follow him, and returned to Smirna. Dolabella having laid wait for this matter, turned upon these few, and slew them, and straight in that night came to Smirna, which finding without watch, he took with a scale. Trebonius was found in bed, and desired he might be brought to Dolabella, and that he would willingly follow them. One of the Captains looked on him, and said: Come on, give us thy head, for thy head, not thee, are we commanded to bring: and when he had thus said, he struck off his head straight. When day was come, Dolabella caused Trebonius head to be set up over the judgement place where he was wontto give audience. The army (in fury) that followed 
〈…〉 killed and spitefully used.  the camp, & the people (b●cause Trebonius was privy to Caes●●s death, and held Antony with a tale without, when the● killed Caesar in the Senate house) did use his body very spitefully, & threw his head upon a pavement of stone, like a balfrom one to another, 
Trebonius one of the cons●ita●ors w●● the first that wa● killed.  which when they had scornfully used, they crushed and broke it a pieces. And this was the first of Caesar's strikers that received this punishment.  
Antony intended to bring the army from Macedonia into Italy, and wanting other pretence thereunto, desired the Senate, that in stead of Macedonia he might have France within the Alps, of the which De●●●●us Brutus Albinus was ruler remembering that Caesar brought his army from thence, when he overcame 
〈…〉 now 〈…〉.  Pompey: but when it was perceived, that he minded to bring that army not into Italy but into France, and the Senate considering that part of France to be as a strong sort for them, was grieved, and now understood the deceits of Antony, repenting 
Senate worketh secretly against Antony.  they had given Macedonia unto him. Therefore they sent pri●●e messengers to Decimus, to keep his province strongly, and to gather other army and money, that he might resist Antony. So much were they troubled and in anger against Antony. And he, contrary to the senates mind, intending to ask it of the people by law, as Caesar once obtained it before, and as Dolabella had Syria, now of late. And to afra● the Senate, he commanded his brother Caius to transport the army of 
〈…〉 shew●  Macedonia by the Ionian Sea to Brunduse, and there to do what Antony should require.  
Now was there plays to be ●hewed by ●●itonius the 
〈…〉, & of house's as well pro●●n● a● holy.  overseer of victuals. At the which Caesar had prepared a crown and a chair of gold for his father, as in all shows they had ordained, so to honour him.  
C●i●●●●s said he would not admit Caesar to be honoured in the charges that be should make. Wherefore Octa●●i●n brought him before Antony the Consul: Antony said he would put it to the Senate. Whereat Octavian being offended, Do so (quoth he) and I will set the Chair till thou ha●●e made the decree.  
Antony was angry and forbade him. He forbade it also in other 
〈…〉.  plays after to be made, and that was somewhat unreasonable, for Octavius himself did exhibit it, being instituted of his father, to Venus his parent, to whom in the common place, he builded a Temple with a Cou●te.  
Of this did manifest hate grew against Antony of all men, as thought he did not rather ●●●● octavius Caesar now, th●n 
〈…〉  contemn the former unthankfully. Young Caesar with a multitude as a guard went among the people, and such as had been benefited by his father, or served him in the wars ●●u●ouslye, he besought them, that they would not suffer him thus, to 
〈…〉  be so many ways despised, but both revenge Caesar their chiefetayne and benefactor so dishonoured of Antony, and defence themselves, who should have none assurance, unless the things that he had decreed were established. He went up to every high place of the City and cried upon Antony:  
Be not angry with Caesar for me, nor dishonour him that hath 
〈…〉 Antony.  most honoured thee O Antony, and was most affectionated to thee, do me what ●n●ury thou will't, but save his substance from spoil, till the Citizens have their part, all the rest take unto thee. It shall be sufficient for me, though I be poor, to be successor to his glory, so thou wilt suffer the people ●o have their portion.  
After these words, there was evident and continual exclamation against Antony, and although he sharply threatened Octavius, and that his threats were openly known, yet did they the more stir at it. Wherefore the chief of the Capitains' that served in Antony's guard, in great estimation with him, and 
The 〈…〉 of▪ Antony in ●●uour of Octavinus.  had been before with Caesar, desired him he would leave his despite, as well for their cause, as for his own, having served under Caesar, and received so many good turns of him.  
Which things Antony considering, and confessing them to be true, and half ashamed they should be laid upon him, and now should have need of Octavians help, for the province of France, he began at length to be quiet, and to show, that 
Antony re●●●eth  some things were done against his will,  
But because the young man was so haughty at those years, he did revoke certain things, for that he had no regard nor reverence to the Captains and old officers: yet for their sakes he would reframe his anger, and return to his old conditions, if he also would leave his insolent behaviour.  
The Captains being glad of this, brought them together, & when they had declared their griefs they set them at one. Now 
Reconciliation of Antony and Octaui●●.  was the law called upon for France, the Senate being against it, and intending to prohibit it, if Antony would propound it to them, and if he did not, but require it of the people, they would set the Tribunes to be againsteit, and some there were, that would have it free from all Lieutenants over that nation, so much afraid were they of it.  
Antony did object unto them, that they would trust Decimus with it, that was one of Caesar's killers, and distrust him that did not kill him that wan that province, and made it fall to his knees, casting forth openly against them all, as though they had been desirous of that was done to Caesar.  
The court day being come, the Senate willed the assembly 
The Senate taketh a ●●ard●.  of the companies to be gathered, and in the night, they set up Tents in the common place, and called a band of soldiers to defend them from all haps.  
The people being offended, laboured for Antony by the help of Octaui●, that sat among the Tents, who entreated 
〈◊〉 now ●●●●●eth for Antony.  for him: for he was very much afraid, lest Decimus should be governor of a Province of such importance, and an army so great, being one that had killed his father: and for this cause he began to favour Antony, with whom he was reconciled, trusting to get some good at his hand.  
The Tribunes being corrupted of Antony, and keeping silence, 
Tribunes corrupted.  the law took place, and the army being now at the sea, was for reasonable consideration assigned to Antony.  
One of the Tribunes being dead, Octavius much favoured Flaminius against the next election, and because the people thought 
〈◊〉▪ The people mindeth to make octavius 〈◊〉.  himself would have the office, but refused to ask it, because of his young years, they determined nevertheless at the election, to make him Tribune. The Senate had envy at his increase, & were afraid, if he were Tribune, he would accuse his father's killers to the people. And Antony not regarding to break friendship with Octavius, whither it were to please the Senate, and to quiet their minds, for the late law made for his Province, 
Antony against Octavius, aga●●.  or for their sakes that should go to inhabit as Consul, he decreed that Caesar should deal with no man but lawfully, otherwise he would further by all means his authority against him.  
This declaration being unpleasant to Caesar, and contumelious both to him and the people, they were angry, and intended to make stir at the election, and to affray Antony, 
Sedition procured.  and by the help of the other Tribunes, to revoke the decree.  
Octavius Caesar, as one evidently deceived, sent many to the Cities that his father made for to inhabit, to show them how he was used, and to know their minds therein.  
He sent some also as carriers of victual into Antony's camp, to mingle among them, chiefly to deal with the boldest of them, and among the rest to scatter libels: and thus he did.  
The Captains and chief men with Antony, finding time convenient, said thus unto him:  
We (O Antony) that with thee have served Caesar, 
The oration of the Captains to Antony.  and gave to him chief authority, and till this day have remained as assured servants of it, have known that his killers and the Senate favouring them, did as much hate and seek to dispatch us. But when the people did disturb them, we were encouraged again, because we saw that Caesar was not forgotten lacked no friends, nor destitute of favour: yet did we put all our trust in thee, as in Caesar's friend, and next him, most acquainted in the service of war, and now our General and for all respects most sit for it. When our enemies did rise, and boldly force Syria and Macedonia, and prepared money and men against us, and the Senate maintaining Decimus, and thou consuming the time in contention with Caesar Octavius, not without cause, we were afraid, that in time to come, this dissension between you, would raise a greater war than hath been, and give occasion to our enemies to do what they would against us: all the which, seeing thyself dost understand, we beseech thee, that for Caesar's sake, and for our love, which hath done nothing to offend thee, and for the commodities that may rise both to thee and us, that whilst thou mayest, thou wouldst agree with Octavius, which only is sufficient, intending to be revenged of the strykers. The which thing, clear of all care, shall stay thee in authority, and place us in security, that now are in doubt both for thee, and for ourselves.  
The chiefetaynes having said thus much, Antony thus answered:  
What benevolence and love I have ever born to Caesar, 
Antonius' 〈…〉 to the Captains.  in all his causes, offering myself to most perils of all other, you that have been in Soldier far with me, and present to every thing that hath been done, can well testify. How much love and good will he showed to me, even till his last day, I shall not need to repeat. For his quellers, weighing both th●se, me●ut● to have killed me with him: as though I being a ●●●, they could not think their intentes to▪ consist in safety. And if any man did affray them from that mind, it was not done for desire and care of my life, but for a respect only that they would not seem to persecute their enemies, but to dispatch a Tyrant. Who then can think that I do forget Caesar my benefactor, or have more esteemed his enemies than him, or would willingly forgive them his death, that have sought mine, as this new Caesar thinketh? How then cometh the oblivion of his death, and their advancement to provinces: for this he objecteth against me, and not the Senate? Hear you then how it hath come to pass. Caesar being slain in the Senate house, every man was afraid, and I most of all for Caesar's friendship, and ignorance of the fact, for I neither heard of the comuration, nor understood how many were of the conspirancie. The people was in tumult, and the strikers with the swordplayers took the Capitol, and made themselves fast, and the Senate was of their side, which is now more evident, because they decreed honours to them, as to the killers of a Tyrant, and if Caesar were a Tyrant, then must we have been destroyed straight, as friends to a Tyrant. So I being troubled with tumult, with fear and sorrow, could not use reason, nor be without perplexity, as you may perceive, if you will consider, for on the one side, was need of boldness vehement, and on the other dissimulation extreme. first this was to be done (the residue easily following) to take away the honour to be given to the strikers, against th● which I only standing, resisted both the Senate, and them, and brought to pass with great pain, using eindente courage, only offering myself to that peril, supposing that we, Caesar's friends, should be in surety, if he● were not condemned as a Tyrant. The like fear troubled our enemies and the Senate, that if he were not judged a Tyrant, they should be accounted manquellers. And for this contention, I thought it best to give place, and to allow oblivion of his death, in stead of honour to be given to them, that I might win of them, as much as by necessity I could. And this was the manner of my doings, that neither I did suffer Caesar's name to be abolished, nor his substance to be confiscate, nor his adoption (in the which this man now most glorieth) to be dissolved, nor his testament to be frustrated. His body I caused to be buried princely, and honours due unto him before, to be consecrated as immortal, and all his acts and decrees to be kept firm and sure, and his son and our friends the Captains and the soldiers, to be in good safety, and to live in honour in stead of rebuke. Think you the obtaining of these things of the Senate for Oblivion, were but small and trifles? or do you think without Ob●uion the Senate would have granted them? which for these causes (I think) is plainly to be performed, for a true dealing with the strikers, and for animmortall glory of Caesar, and all our weal and surety. The which I have not done of that purpose, but to turn the course to the contrary. For when I had brought the Senate to that that was profitable to us, and allowed the killers to remain in quiet, I did overthrow the Oblivion, not by decree nor statute (for that I could not) but by an earnest jealousy of the people, bringing Caesar's body to be buried in the common place, and causing his wounds to be seen of the multitude, showing his vesture bloody and mangled, and declaring his virtue and benevolence to the people, weeping when I made the mourning Oration. I called him by the name of a killed God. These were my words and works, whereby the people was so provoked, as in stead of Oblivion, they took fire, and went to the quellers houses, and in the end drone them out of the City. How this was contrary to the Senate, they being grieved with it, it was evidently seen. For they accused me first of ambition, and appointed provinces to Brutus and Cassius, Syria, and Macedonia, which were full of great armies. And lest they should seem to make haste before their time, they gave them pretence to provide grain for the City. Wherefore a greater fear did yet trouble me, for lack of an appointed army, as men naked to sight with so many well armed, my fellow being a man suspected, and disagreeing from me, and one of the conspirators against Caesar, and appointed to be here at the day of his death. For these things being in great trouble, and seeking with speed to disarm our enemies, and to arm ourselves, I killed Amatius. I thought good to call home Pompey, that by this mean I might join the Senate again. Yet not much trusting them, I persuaded Dolobelia to ask Syria, not of the Senate, but of the people, by a law to be made: and in his suit I furthered him, of a friend to make him an enemy to the strikers: and that it should seem very unfit for the Senate to deny me Macedonia, seeing they had granted Syria to Dolabella, for otherwise would they not have granted me that province, nor delivered me that army, except they had first granted to Dolabella the same, to go against the Parthians: nor they would not have taken from Brutus and Cassius, Syria and Macedonia, unless they had appointed some other provinces to them for their surety. Needs must they appoint one for another, but what manner once, Cyrene and Creta, void of armies, which they our enemies, in contempt, have left as unprofitable, and by violence, have entered the other, which we took from them. Thus was our army put from our enemies to Dolabella, by device and slight, and exchange of other provinces: for where war was not, there must things be done by law. This being thus brought to pass, and our enemies gathering another army, I had need of the same myself, that was in Macedonia, yet wanted occasion to require it. When the fame came that the Getes would invade Macedonia, which not being believed, espies were sent to understand the truth, I decreed, that no man aught to ask the Dictatorshippe, nor to take it though it were given him. By the which thing they being chief alured, appointed me the army, and then did I think myself equal with mine enemies, not these that be evident, as Octavius thinketh, but other more in number, greater in power, and not yet appearing. When I had done this, one of the strikers remained still hard at our sides, Decimus Brutus. He being a governor of a great country, and a mighty army very bold, I devised to take his province from him, yet with a regard of the Senate, promising to deliver Macedonia void of army. The Senate taking the thing evil, and perceiving some device to be had, what and how great matter was written to Decimus, you know, and to stir the consuls against me, wherefore with the more boldness did I practise to win that province, not by the Senate, but by the people and law, and to have the army of Macedonia come to Brund●s●, to use at all opportunities▪ and with the God's help, we will use them as necessity shall compel us. Thus from much fear, wherein we were at the first, we be turned into safety of them that have to do with us, and into boldness against our foes, whose courage begins to shrink, and ours to increase. You see what repentance they make of their decrees, and what pain it was to me to take France, given to another man. You know what they written to Decimus, and what they persuaded the Consuls against me for that matter, but with the Gods of our Country, with dutiful mind, and with our valiant acts, by the which Caesar was a conqueror, we will revenge him, labouring with our bodies, and counseling with our minds. These things (O Souldioure fellows) I would have secret, although how I have done them, I have told you, with whom I will participate all things both in word and deed, the which you may show to any other that do not know it, only Octavius except, who is most unthankful to us.  
When Antony had thus said, it seemed to the Captains that he had done all things with great art and policy, to deceive the quellers whom he hated, and therefore they were desirous to reconcile them with Caesar once again, and persuaded them to meet in the Capitol.  
Not long after, Antony did 'cause some of his guard to be apprehended by his friends, as enticed by Octavius to destroy him, 
New despites of Antony against Caesar.  either to discredit Octavius, or for that he thought it true, learning it of such as were sent to his Campe. He declared this to be done by all conjecture, to dispatch his person, which matter being quietly herded, caused much ado and indignation among the people. A few that were grounded upon reason, were glad that Antony might do Caesar good, and also hurt at his pleasure, because he was terrible to the strikers, and if he were once dispatched, they might with the more security, do their feats, because the Senate chief favoured them. Thus the wiser sort did think: but the multitude seeing that despite and hindrance was daily offered to Octavius, they thought it not unlike to be a calumniation, and yet supposed it not good nor honest, that Antony being Consul, should be in danger of his person. Octavius Caesar with great anger and fury went among them that were of this opinion, and cried, that he was circumvented of Antony, for the friendship that he only had with the people, and ran to Antony's house, and there he exclaimed 
Caesar exclaymeth against Antony.  and called the Gods to witness, with all execrations and oaths, provoking him to come to trial: and because no body came to him, he said to his friends, I am content to be judged by his own people. And with that, he broke in at the doors, but being kept back, he swore, and rebuked them that kept the gates, because they stopped him from making further trial with Antony. He went his way, and protested to the people, that if any hurt came unto him, it should come by Antony's means.  
Having spoken this with great vehemency, it grieved the people, and some of them repent of their former opinion. Some stood in doubt, and ●usted neither of them. Some thought it a dissimulation between them, the better to bring to pass, that they had agreed upon in the Temple against their enemies: and some thought Antony devised it, to have a greater garrison about him, and to turn men's good will from Octavius.  
Now was there secret intelligence given to him, that the 
Antony's army at Brunduse discontented.  army at Brunduse, and the ordinary soldiers, were angry with Antony, because he neglected Caesar's death, and that they would revenge it to their power, and that Antony was go in haste to Brunduse for this cause: Octavius was afraid, lest he returning 
Antony's going to Brunduse, suspected to Caesar.  with his army, should find him unprovided. He took money, and went to Campania, to win the Cities that were inhabited by such▪ as had served his father, and first he persuaded Celatia and Silio, two Towns about Capua. He gave every 
Octavius goeth to make men. Celatia in Latio. Silio, Cas●ilinum in Campania, not far from Capua. Fear in the City.  man five hundred drams, and had ten thousand men, neither armed, nor distributed into due bands and order, but only as a guard of his person under one ensign. They in the City were afraid of Antony's coming with his army, and when they herded that Octavius was coming with another, they were in a double fear, and some took it well, that they might use Octavius against Antony. Some that saw their reconciliation in the Capitol, thought it but a dissimulation, and a recompense of the one to be in authority, and the other to persecute the quellers.  
In this disquietness, Carnutiw. the Tribune, enemy to Antony, and friend to Octavius, went to know the truth, which 
〈◊〉.  being done, he declared to the people that there was plain variance between Antony and Octavius, and that it stood them in hand to make Octavius their friend, seeing they had none other army to resist Antony's Tyranny. When he had said 
〈◊〉 ● Tribune▪ 〈◊〉 yo●● Caesar against Antony.  thus, he willed Octavius to enter, who lay a little without the City at the Temple of Mars. He did so, and came to the Temple of jupiters' children, about the which the Souloioures stood with their weapons openly. Carnutius spoke first against Antony. Then Octavius himself revived the memory of his father, and showed what injury Antony had done him, 
Octavius to the people.  whereby he was forced to get an army for his surety, with the which he would obey, and serve his Country in all things, now ready against Antony. When he had thus said, the Counsel was broken up.  
The army that thought otherwise, because of their reconciliation, and that they were only brought to preserve octavius person against his quellers, seemed to be grieved, that such words should be spoken against Antony, then being a General of an army, and Consul of the City: and some desired to go home, as to arm themselves, for they could abide none other, but their own armies: and some told the very truth. 
octavius army goeth from him.   
Octavius began to doubt again, seeing it came otherwise to pass than he thought, and therefore gave place to the occasion, trusting to win them rather by gentleness than by 
〈◊〉 giveth 〈◊〉 to the souldyoures.  force, wherefore some he sent to be armed, and some to their home again, promising them all for their labours, and hiding his grief, he gave them new gifts, and promised them more liberally to requited them, and that he would use them in all his enterprises, rather as his father's friends, than as his soldiers. When he had so said, one thousand, or three at the most (for in this the Writers vary) he wan to tarry, the rest went away. They remembering the toil of tillage, and the gain of warfare, and the words of Caesar, that easily did draw them, and the gifts they had received, with the hope of that they should receive, as the variable nature of people is, began to repent, and turning occasion to duty, they armed themselves, and returned to him, and he went to Ravenna 
octavius army returns to him. Ar●uum a City in Tuscan, thirty miles from Florence.  for more revenue, and when he had go over the Country, and got more men one after another, he sent them to Arezz●.  
In this mean time of the five Legions of Macedon, four were come to Antony to Brunduse, accusing him, as one that neglected Caesar's death: and because they gave no greeting to him when they brought him to his seat, as to hear somewhat first said of themselves, he was offended with their silence, 
Antony offended with the soldiers.  and could not refrain, but rebuked them of unthankfulness, that where by him they were called from the journey into Parthia, to remain in Italy, they did not acknowledge any thank 
A mutiny in Antony's Camp.  for it. Then he blamed them for bearing with the rash young man, (for so he called Caesar) that they would not discover to him such people, as he had sent to make difference between them: but he would find them out himself, intending to lead them to the wealthy province of Celtica, and to give every one that would abide with him, one hundred drams. The Souldyoures laughed at his miserable offer, and the more 
The Souldyoures laughed at the misery of Antony.  he was angry, the more were they in disorder and tumult, wherefore he rose and said, You shall learn to be ruled.  
Then he inquired of the Chiefetaynes, who were the seditious? (for among the Romans they used to note every man by writing) and by law of war he chose them out, but he did not kill every tenth man, but part of them, thinking by a few, to affray the rest. They, not to fear, but rather to anger and hate, turned his doings, which thing when they perceived, that were sent thither by Octavius, they threw bills about the Camp, containing the niggardness and cruelty of Antony, with an unthankfulness 
T 〈…〉 〈…〉 a▪ 〈…〉 y in 〈…〉ng.  to Caesar that dead was, and the liberality and gentleness of him that now they might help. Antony with great diligence sought out the authors, with threatening of great pain to them that did not disclose them, but when he could not find any out, he was much offended, that the whole army should favour them: and when he heard of the extraordinary bands that were go to Caesar Octavius, and what was done for him at Rome, he was troubled, and came again to the army and said. It did grieve him to do that he had done for the necessity of Souldious discipline, taking but a few, in stead of many, according to the law, 
Antony to his Souldyoures.  and that they did well know, that Antony was neither cruel, nor sparing, but (quoth he) let anger go, let this be enough, both of punishment, and of offence, and as for the hundred drams, he meant it not as a gift, (for Antony's fortune required otherwise) but as a welcome of first acquaintance between them, rather than a gift, he willed them to have it, and that by the law of their Country and Souldyoures order, they ought to be obedient to him in this, and in all other things.  
Thus he said: yet did he not add any more to the some, lest the Captain should seem to give place to the Souldioure, and they either for repentance or for fear, accepted it, and he changed the officers of his Camp, either for the displeasure of this sedition, or for some other suspicion. The rest, with such furniture as he had, dividing his host, he sent by sea to Arimeno.  
He taking one band of the most likely men, both in body and obedience, went toward Rome, from thence to go also 
Arimeno in 〈◊〉.  to Arimeno. He proudly entered the City, leaving one band without the City in Camp, and with them that were about him armed, he caused his house to be guarded in the night for his safety, to whom he gave watchwordes, in divers parts, as a garrison in the City. He assembled the Senate, intending to have accused Octavius for his doings, but at his entry, it was told him that the martial legion by the way was go to Octavius. And as he stood in doubt and fear what 
Two legion▪ revolt to Octavius from Antony.  to do, it was also showed him, that the fourth legion following the Marshal's example, was likewise revolted to Octavius. Being much troubled, he entered, and made a show as he had called the Senate for an other purpose, & tarried not long there, but went to the gates, and from thence to the City of Alba, to stay the revolters. But being put from the walls, he returned, and to the other legions he sent five hundred drams 
Tibur●, now T●uol●.  a man, and with them that he had, he went to Tiburo, having such provision as they be wont that go against their enemies.  
Now was it evident that war would follow, for Decimus meant not to leave his Province.  
Antony being in this place, almost all the Senate, and many of the Gentlemen came to do him honour, and so did a great part of the people, synding him giving oath to his soldiers that were present, and of other that had served him before, which resorted to him in great number. And they freely swore to Antony, that they would not break 
The Senatoures and Citizens sworn to Antony.  faith and benevolence with him. So as now a man might doubt, who they were, that a little before had spoken against Antony for Octavius Caesar's sake.  
Antony thus with great pomp, approached Arimeno, where was the beginning of France Cel●●ca his army. Beside these new soldiers, was three legions from Macedonia, for now all were come unto him, and the old soldiers that then served, were counted twice so good as the young.  
So had Antony an army of four legions of expert 
Antony's army.  soldiers, beside such as be wont to follow as ventures, and the old guard of his person, with other n●we choose.  
Lepidus in Iberia, had three legions, Asinius Pollio, two, 
Lepidus▪ Asinius Pollio, Plancus.  and Plancus in further France, three, all the which seemed to take Antony's part.  
Octavius Octavius Caesar had two choice legions that went from Antony▪ one of young soldiers, and two of them that served him first, neither full in number, nor furnished in armour, yet supplied of the new comers. He gathered these together at Alba, and sent them to the Senate.  
They did so much rejoice in Octavius, as a man might doubt that any did before honour Antony: yet were they 
The Senate mistaked o● Octavius us and Antony both.  not content that the legions that went from him, should go to Octavius, and not to them Nevertheless, they praised them and Caesar, promising shortly after to determine by decree what was to be doonc, when the new Magistrates had their offices.  
It was evident in the end, that they would bend against Antony, and because they had no army, and could gather none without the Consul's authority, they deferred all till the new election.  
Caesar's army offered him Maces and Sergeants prepared, and prayed him to take upon him the Lieutenantship and leading of their war, they being ever used to such authority.  
He thanked them for the honour, but referred the matter to the Senate, & them that would have go by heaps for this purpose, he forbade, and stayed them that would have sent Ambassadors, that the Senate (quoth he) may take order for it of themselves, understanding of your offer, and my refusal. They hardly being contented this way, and the Captains construing it as men had in some suspicion, he declared unto them, that the Senate did not rather incline to him for good will, than for fear of Antony, and want of army, till we (quoth he) have dispatched Antony.  
The murderers being friends and kinsmen to the Senate, will gather power for them, which I perceiving, will pretend to obey them. And this is not to be disclosed, for if we take power upon us, they will call it violence and contumelic: but if we make danger of it, they will peradventure give it us, fearing otherwise we shall have it by you.  
When he had thus said, he saw the two legious that came to him from Antony, showing the shape of battle, 
A ●he●re of fight by two legions.  contending together in as vehement wise, as though they had been fight indeed (killing only excepted) and he being delighted with this feat, and glad to take the occasion, did give to every man other five hundred drams, and if any necessity by the war should follow, he promised to them, having the better hand, five thousand drams a man.  
Thus did Caesar with liberality of reward, win them that were his hired men, and these were the dooyngs in Italy.  
In France, Antony commanded Decimus to go into Macedonia, 
Antony warneth Decimus out of his Province.  to obey the people, and save himself.  
Decimus sent him the letters of the Senate very well written, signifying, that as well ought he to obey the Senate, as he the people. Antony appointed him a day when he would use him as an enemy. Decimus required him to appoint a longer day to himself, that he should not too soon be made an enemy to the Senate. Antony, that was too good for him in the field, yet thought it better to go unto the Cities, and they received him.  
Decimus being afraid that he should not when he would, enter any of them, feigned he had received letters from the Senate, to return to Rome with his army, and so as one going home into Italy, he was received in every place.  
But when he came to Mutina, a plentiful City, he shut 
Mutina a City in Lumbar●y, row Modena. Decimus taketh Modena for his defence.  the gates, and commanded the Citizens to bring all things forth, that was necessary for food, and caused all their beasts to be killed and powdered, for fear the siege would last long, and so he tarried for Antony's coming.  
His army was a number of Swordeplayers, and three legions armed, whereof one was of new Soldiers without experience, the other two of former service, and very faithful to him.  
Antony with anger came against Decimus, and cast a trench about the City, and so was Decimus besieged. In Rome, the Consuls according to the year, being choose, did straight assemble the Senate with sacrifices in the Temple against Antony.  
Cicero and his friends, did require he might be judged an enemy, 
Cicero against Antony.  because, he by force of arms, did take the Province of France, contrary to the senates pleasure, to trouble his country, and because he had brought that army into Italy, that was appointed him against the Thracians.  
They alleged also against him, that after Caesar he sought to rule, being armed in the City with so many band-leaders, and using his house as a fort full of Soldiers and Ensigns, and in all his dooyng more insolent, than become a yearly officer.  
Lucius Piso, one that favoured Antony's faction (and a man 
Lucius Piso against Cicero.  very notable among the Romans) and other that favoured Piso for Antony's cause, required he might be called into judgement, because it was not the manner of their country to condemn any man before he were heard, nor convenient, that he that was yesterday a Consul, should this day be an enemy, especially having been so oft praised both of Cicero and of other.  
The Senate stood doubtful in the cause all the night. 
Senate against Antony.   
The next day in the morning, being again assembled, the Ciceronians with great instance, had decreed Antony an enemy, had not Saluius the Tribune dissolved the counsel till the next day. In these offices he hath most power that may prohibit.  
The Ciceronians did spitefully labour against him, and 
Ad●ra against Antony.  ran among the people, to stir them upon him, and cited Saluius to answer. He without fear came forth, till the 
Saluius.  Senate stayed him, fearing least he should incense the people to draw them to the memory of Antony, they were not ignorant, that they condemned a noble man without judgement, nor that the people had given him France: but for fear of the strykers, they were angry with him, because he first broke the law of Oblivion, & therefore they chose Octavius, against him before, who not being ignorant thereof, was desirous to dispatch Antony.  
The Senate being thus affected, the voices notwithstanding were deferred to the Tribunes. Yet it was determined, that Decimus should be praised for that he had not given, place to Antony in Celtica: And that Caesar with the Consuls Hircius & Pansa, should join with such armies as he now had, & that an Image of gold should be made to honour him, & that he might give voice among the Senators, and be allowed to be Consul 
Honours given to Octanius.  ten years before the law: and that the legions that went from Antony to him, should have as much given them of the Treasure, as Caesar had appointed to them after the victory: all the which being decreed, they broke up, even as already Antony had, being an enemy in deed, no Tribune daring speak for him the next day.  
Wherefore his wife, and his mother, with his son being yet young, and his other friends and familiars, all the night went to the great men's houses, to beseech them, and the next day came to the Senate house, suing to every man, falling to their feet, with weeping and wailing in black habit, they cried out at the counsel door: and some, for the lamentable voices and behaviour, & for the suddenness of the matter, were moved with compassion: wherefore Cicero being afraid, he spoke thus unto the Senate.  
What we aught to decree of Antony, yesterday we did determine, 
Cicero against Antony.  for when we gave honour to his adversaries, we condemned him as an enemy. Saluius, was only an impediment against us, either for that he thinketh himself more wise than we, or for the friendship he beareth to Antony, or for ignorance of the matter. Every one of these, is to our great shame, that all we should have less wit than one: and also to Saluius, if he do prefer his friendship before the common wealth. But, when he hath not well understand this present case, he should have given credit to the Consul, the Praetors, and to the Tribunes his fellows, and to the other Senatoures in number and worthiness so many, who for our age and experience, ought to know Antony▪ better than Salu●o. In public causes and judgements the more part ever hath the right, but if causes must vee known, and now learned again, I will repeat them briefly, and touch the most principal matter.  
When Caesar was dead, Antony took away our common money, the rule of Macedonia he had by us, but into France he entered violently without us. The army that was delivered him against the Thracians, he brought into Italy against us, requiring these deceitfully of us, and not obtaining, he did them of himself. At Brunduse he● ordained a princely band to be about him, and openly in Rome, men in armour did guard and watch him under ensigns. He brought from Brunduse an other army to the City ready to all attempts, aspiring to the things that Caesar (whom he lamented) coveted: and when young Caesar prepared against him another army, he was afraid and went into France, as a place fittest to use force against us, because Caesar from that place did invade us, and got the rule over us, and giving terror to his army, that they might stick to him in all his unlawful dooyngs, by lot, he caused them to die, neither making any mutiny, nor forsaking their charge and order in battle, for the which only the law of arms, (I think,) hath appointed that punishment, which, few Captains scarcely in great perils would use for necessity: But he at a word and a jest giveth death to Citizens, and death not of them that deserve, but of such as he would choose: wherefore they that could, have forsaken him, and you yesterday did determine to reward them, as those that had done well. They that could not escape away, for fear do devil with him, and as enemies invade your land, and besiege your army: and your general, and whom you appointed to remain in France, Antony commandeth him to depart.  
Whether then have we judged Antony an enemy, or doth he use us as enemies? Our Tribune will not know this, till Decimus be dead, and till that province so great and so nigh unto us, and after the province, the army also of Decimus may be in Antony's power, to work his hope against us. For by like the Tribunes will not ●o soon decree him to be an enemy, till he be Lord over us.  
While Cicero was thus saying, his friends made a great noise continually:, and would not suffer any man to speak again, till Piso rose up, when as the Senate for the reverence of him commanded silence, and then the Ciceronians stayed, and Piso thus began to speak:  
The law, (O Senators) doth allow the accused to 
Piso against 〈…〉  have his cause herded, and when he hath answered for himself, to be judged accordingly: Cicero the most vehement orator, I do challenge, who durst not accuse Antony when he was present, and in his absence hath laid great matter to his charge, the greatest and doubtfullest whereof I will note, and with short answer show them to be false.  
He sayeth, that Antony after Caesar▪ death, did take the public money as his own, the law calleth such one ●. Thief, and not an enemy, appointing the pain. Therefore when Brutus had slain Caesar, and accused him to the people, for spoiling the common money, and leaving the ●te●●● nothing, Antony by and by did decree, that the matter 〈…〉 ●t searched 〈…〉 approved his sentence by public 〈…〉, appointing a reward of the tenth 〈…〉, to them that would declare it, which we will double if any man can accuse Antony of that. And thus much concerning the money.  
The province of France we did not appoint to Antony: the people did by law, Cicero being present, in such sort as many other be given, and heretofore gave the same to Caesar in like manner. Part of the decree is, that Antony should make war upon Decimus if he would not give place unto him, and that the army prepared against the Thracians, (who stirreth not) should be led against him, if he resisted. Cicero doth not judge Decimus an enemy that maketh war against the law, but Antony, that obeyeth the law. If he condemneth him, he condemneth them that made the law, whom he aught by persuasion to pacific, and not to provoke by contumely. Neither aught he to credit that place to Decimus, whom the people have banished for murder, & discredit Antony, to whom the people have given it by law. It is no good counsel to make division with the people, especially in dangerous times, nor to forget, that this belongeth chief to the people, to judge of friends and foes: for by the ancient laws, the people only is Lord of war and peace, in the which at this time notwithstanding they have not appointed, nor commanded, nor used their privilege over us. But (he says) Antony killed certain Soldiers, being general and appointed thereunto by you. Never was there Captain general, that was charged with that offince. For the laws have not thought it meet, that the Captain should be subject to the Soldiers: and there is nothing worse in a camp, than disobedience, by the which some conquerors have been overthrown. None of them that were punished, have complained, nor none of their friends or kinsfolk. But Cicero hath accused, and finding fault at their death, instead of such honour as hath been wont to be given to such executors, he will have Antony exclaimed an enemy. How Antony's army was disordered, & how they disdained him, it is en●dēt, by the two legions y● are fled from him, whom you commanded to serve under him ● they, contrary to y● law of soldiers, have not fled from him to you, but to Octa. Caesar, which Cicero, praiseth also, & yesterday would have them rewarded of y● common Treasure, which example I pray God you do not one day repent, to such inconvenience hath enmity carried Cicero. He accuseth Antony's Tyranny also, and murder of soldiers, whereas they that seek mischief to their countries, ever do please their armies, and not so punish them. And because he can accuse Antony of none other matter of Tyranny after Caesar's rule, go to, I will ask him questions of every thing. Whom hath Antony killed unheard, as a Tyrant, who now himself unhard is in danger to be condemned? whom hath he vanished? whom hath he cast out? hath he been so to every particular man? hath he laid trains for us all at once when (O Cicero) he decreed forgetfulness of all things done? or that no man should prosecute the murder? or that a search should be made of common Treasure? or when he called home Pompey, your Pompey's son? or when he wished he might be recompensed of the common, for his father's substance? or when he dispatched the counterfeit Marius? whom than you all praised and now only, in that Cicero will not, you dispraise? or when he determined that no Dictator should be created or spoken of: or when he ordained that he that would, should die for it. These were the things that Antony did to us in two months, when he alone remained in the City after Caesar: when by and by the people pursewed the stickers, when by and by we were afraid of things to come. When, if he would have taken his occasion and have been unjust, he could not have had a better, yet he did not use his power to the contrary. What did not he alone rule, when Dolabella was go into Syria? What did not he use his army pressed, to all purposes in the City, which you appointed to him? did he not watch the City? was not he himself guarded by night for fear of his enemies? had he not occasion by Caesar's death, his friend, and benefactor, and most dear to the people? Had he not another, more near when his body was laid for of men, of whom he neither banished, nor put to death any but rather favoured them as much as by reason & honesty he could, not envying them? These you see. O Romans, be the greatest, and most doubtful matters that Cicero hathg athered against him, and to his accusations he joineth divination: as though Antony would have brought so great an army, against the City, but that he was afraid of Octavius Caesar, that prevented him with an other army. If to intend only so, be the part of a man that is an enemy, why doth he not count him one that came and encamped in the City, and gave you no warning of it? If Antony would come, how hapte it he came not? was he afraid of Caesar's three thousand unarmed, he having thirty thousand well armed? They came only to Caesar for to help to a pacification between them, but when they see that war would follow, they forsook him. If he were afraid when he had thirty thousand? how came he hither with one thousand? with the which going to Tibure, how many did we send unto him? how many of us went to be sworn of him, that were not sworn before? what praises did Cicero make of his good government and virtue? how would Antony, if he had known this, have left with us the pledges that now be without the Senate house, his mother, his wife and his young son, which lament and fear now, not of Antony's doings in the common wealth, but for his ennimyes power.  
This I have rehearsed unto you, as an example of Antony's innocency, and Cicero's mutabilitye. And to them that well will consider, I will give this exhortation: neither to charge the people nor Antony, neither to bring in general enimetie and danger, the common wealth, being sickly, and wanting them that spéed●●●c might relieve it: but to make the City strong before they abroad do stir any tumult, whereby we may resist any that will rise against us, and ●●●ge of them as we shall think good, and perform what we have judged. But how can this be done? If we can suffer Antony for the love or favour of the people, to have France, if we call home Decimus with his three legions, and when he is come, sen●e him into Macedonia, retaining his legions, and calling for the two legions that went from Antony, we do require them (as Cicero sayeth of Caesar) to be in the City, so as having five legions, we may confirm what we will by decree, and not be driven to hung of any man's hope.  
This have I spoken to the hearers, without envy or emulation. But for them that inconsiderately and unadvisedly seek to trouble▪ you for private grudge or displeasure, I shall beseech the Judges not to be to quick nor swift against so great men, and leaders of so mighty armies, that they do not force them to make war against their wyli, remembering Marcus Coriolanus, and the late Caesar, whom, bringing an army likewise, and offering very good conditions of concord, we rashly condemned as enemy, and of necessity made him to be so indeed. Let us bear with the people, that while erst did stir against the strykers of Caesar, that we seem not, to his reproach, to give them provinces of nations, nor praise Decimus, because he despiseth the people's law, and condemn Antony, because he receiveth France by the people's order. And it behoveth them that be of good judgement, to redress them that go astray, and the Consuls and Tribunes to provide for the dangers of the present state.  
Thus did Piso speak in defence, with cries and sharp words, and was the only cause why Antony was not judged a rebel. Yet could he not obtain that he should have the province of French Celtica. For the friends and kinsfolk of the killers for fear did let it, least the war should cease, and he be at one with Octavius, and they both revenge Caesar's death. Wherefore their practice and devise was to keep Antony and Octavius still at debate.  
It was decreed that Antony should receive Macedon, in stead of Lombardie. All other orders, either of ignorance or of purpose, they committed to Cicero to appoint, and to give answer to Ambassadors. He having this sentence, did thus determine.  
That Antony should straight depart from Modena, and 
The decrees of Cuer● against Amony.  leave Celtica to Decimo: and to be within the compass of the flood Rubicone (which divideth Italy from Lombardie) by a day prefixed, and commit all his matters to the Senate.  
Thus Cicero ambitiously and unjustly did appoint his determinations, not for any so great private enmity, but as it should seem, by destiny that was determined to trouble the state with mutation, and bring himself to some evil hap in the end.  
At this instant they were come that brought the ashes of Trebonius, and the despite used to him, which being thoroughly known, the Senate did easily decree Dolabella to be a rebel. 
Dolabella declared a rebel.   
When the messengers were come to Antony, they were ashamed of their strange commission, and said nothing, but delivered the decree unto him▪ He with great anger did inveigh against the Senate & Cicero, marveling that they would think 
The answer of Antony to the decree.  Caesar a Tyrant or a king: that had so much augmented the state of Rome, and not account Cicero so, whom Caesar took in war, and yet did not kill, whereas Cicero doth prefer his killers, before his friends, and hated Decimus, when he was trusty to Caesar, and loved him ever since he was a killer of him, & would aid him that only by Caesar kept Celtica, & judge him a rebel that had it by the people. To the legions that were assigned by decree, and revolted, the Senate giveth reward, but none to them that remain in their duty: and so corrupt (quoth he) the discipline of war, not belonging to me, but to the City. To the quellers, he could grant oblivion of the fact, to which I consent for two noble men's sake: but antony and Dolabella he judgeth enemies, because we keep that was given us, for that is the very cause. 
Antony to the Senate.  But if I leave Celtica, I am neither enemy nor tyrant. I protest I will dissolve that forgetfulness, that shall not be very acceptable to him.  
Many things after this sort spoke Antony, and written this 
Antony to Cicero  answer to the decree, that to the Senate he would obey as to his Country, but to Cicero, that written the commandment, thus he spoke:  
The people have given me Celtica by law: Decimus, that will not obey, I will remove, and revenge the matter of murder in him for all, that the Senate may be purged of the ●aulte they 
Antony condemned.  be in, whereof they be full for Cicero's sake, to help Decimus. When Antony had thus said, he written it by and by. Wherefore the Senate judged him an enemy, and the army with him, unless they went from him.  
Macedonia and Illiria with the armies of both, they appointed 
The power of Marcus Brutus in Asia, Macedonia and Slavonia.  to Marcus Brutus, till the common wealth were brought to better state. He had an army of his own, and had received one of Appuleius. He had ships both galleys and hulks, and sixtéen thousand talents of money, and great plenty of armour, which he found in the City of Demeatride, laid up there by Caesar, all 
Demeatride, a town in These salie, that was called Pagasa, now Demeatrida. Syria appointed oh Cassius.  the which the Senate confirmed by the decree, that he might use to the benefit of his country.  
Syria was by the Senate appointed to Cassius, and commanded to make war upon Dolabella, and all that had provinces or armies of the Romans from the Ionian Sea to the east, were charged to obey Brutus and Cassius. Wherefore Cassius and Brutus estate was suddenly in great fame.  
When Octavius Caesar understood these things, he was in doubt, for where he thought the law of Oblivion to proceed of a conveniency of humanity, and a respect of pity of their kinsfolk that were men in like authority, and therefore had appointed them to provinces for a short time for their security, as Celtica to Decimus, to note Antony of Tyranny, and by that device to induce him against Antony.  
Now that Dolabella was condemned as a rebel, for kill one of the quellers, and that mighty nations were given in province to Erutus and Cassius, and many armies with great speedin●●ie appointed to them, with abundance of money: and that they were made generals of all the people from jonia to India. He perce●ued that all this tended to the advancement of Pompey's part, and to the utter destruction of Caesar's: And that the Senate went about to deceive him as a youngman: (the plot whereof he conceived in his mind,) and that when he was 
When hay 〈…〉.  made a captain against Antony, it was meant to take his army from him, and that the Consuls being in the field, there was no need of any other captain, and that only honours were given to the Soldiers that revolted from Antony, and his unhonoured: and that this war would work his infamy, being used to none other intent of the Senate, but to the destruction of Antony. He kept the considerations secret to himself, and making sacrifice for the charge given him, he thus said to his army.  
This honour, (O fellow Soldiers) I may thank you 
〈◊〉 to the soldiers.  for, not only now, but from the time you gave me power. For your sakes the Senate have given i● me, and therefore, for this also you know I am your debtor of thanks, which, if the Gods shall give us god luck, I will requited abundantly. Thus did he speak to win●e his army and marched forth.  
Pansa, one of the Consuls, lead his army, over Italy, Hirtius, 
〈…〉.  the other Consul, divided with Caesar: and as he was secretly instructed of the Senate, he required in the division, the two legions that went from Antony, because they were counted the best Soldiers. Caesar did grant every thing, and when they had divided, they encamped together that winter.  
At the end of winter, Decimus began to lack victual, wherefore Hirtius and Caesar went to Mutina, that Antony 
〈…〉 of 〈◊〉, one of 〈…〉 o● Italy, and 〈…〉 and 〈◊〉.  should not get from them Decimus army oppressed with famine.  
Antony holding Mutina straight, they with all their forces would not fight with him, but tarried for Pansa. divers skirmishes were made, in the which, though Antony had the greater number of horse, yet the narrowness of the field, and the ditches about the rivers, did keep back the multitude of horsemen. And thus went the matter at Mutina.  
In Rome in the absence of the Consuls, Cicero did all, as the 
Cicero rule●h all at Rome.  people's ruler. He assembled the Senate every day: he made provision of armour, compelling workmen without payment: He gathered money, and put great impositions upon Antony's friends. They suffered it patiently to avoid displeasure, till Publius Ventidius that had served under Caesar, and was friend 
Ventidius maketh Rome afraid and Cicero to flee.  to Antony, could not abide the sharpness of Cicero, but went to Caesar's habitations, where he was well known, and got two legions, which he led to Antony, by Rome, to take Cicero. Great trouble grew of this, insomuch as many went away with their wives and children for fear, and Cicero 
Cicero fleeth.  fled out of the City, which when Ventidius knew, he turned straight to Antony, and being stepped by Caesar and Hirtius, 
La M●● ca de▪ Ancona the country of Ancona.  he went to Picene, where he gathered another legion, and stayed to see what would come.  
The Consul and Caesar, seeing that Pansa drawn nigh with his host, sent Cars●leius the leader of Caesar's chief band, and 
Carsuleius.  the Martial legion to help him to pass the straits.  
Antony did not much care for the passage, so he might 
The stratage●●● of Antony.  otherwise hinder them, and being desirous of the ●ight, could not use his horsemen in the plain, because of the Fenny place full of ditches. He hid two of his best legions in the Fen, the way being made by hand, and straight, and on both sides covered with reeds.  
Carsuleius all the night passing this place, by the break of day, was come to the way made with hand. With the Marshal's soldiers and five other bands, they went upon the made way, being clear of ennimyes, and behold the Fen on every side, and when they saw the stirring of the reeds, and some glittering of targets and headpéeces, they began to suspect, when as the chief band of Antony suddenly appeared afore them.  
The Martial legion being on both sides beset, and having no roomth to shift abroad, forbade the new soldiers to take any pains with them, least for lack of experience they should trouble them, they placed Caesar's thief band against Antony's, and they dividing themselves to two, encountered with both legions. Pansa was captain of the one part, and 
The notable fight of the Martial legion against two of Antony's, and the two chief hands of Antony and Octavius. This battle is declared in the tenth book of 〈◊〉 his EP●stles.  Cars●leius of the other. And because there was two Fens, there was two fights: and because of the strait place, the one could not see the other: and upon the very way, the two chief bands began another fight between themselves. Antony's men intended to be revenged of the Marshal's, because they were fugitives, and to use them as traytoures. The Marshal's would be revenged of them, as suspected of their fellows deaths at ●●unduse. Being thus privy one to another's doings, and that they were the strength of either army, they hoped by this only feat, that the war would be determined. The one was ashamed that two legions should be overcome of one, the other sought glory, that one legion should defeat two: and so they joined battle for anger and emulation▪ rather of themselves, than of their Captains, trying now their own matter. And for their experience, they neither made cry, as though they had not strooken one another, nor in the fight any of them uttered any voice, neither when he had the better, nor when he had the worse. They fetched no compass nor course, but stood firm, as in Fens and ditches, where they could not one put another back, but with their short swords, they clasped together, as in a wrestling place. No blow was given in vain▪ but either wounds or slaughter followed, and only sighs in steed of voice. He that fallen had strait another put in his place. There was no need of exhortation or calling on, every man by his own experience was a Captain to himself. And when they had over-laboured, they would stay to take breath, as men do in places of exercise, and straight close again.  
The young soldiers stood in a maze to see this feat done with so good order and silence: all these continuing beyond man's nature, the chief band of Caesar was all slain. The Marshal's under Carsuleius had rather the upper hand of their enemies, who not disorderedly but in ray, withdrew themselves. They under Pansa did abide it out, and equally stood to it on both sides, till Pansa was wounded with a dart in the belly, and was carried 
Pansa the 〈…〉.  to bononia. Then they, at the first retired in order, but after they turned more swiftly as flying, which when the young Soldiers saw, they fled with confusion and cry to the camp: which Torquatus the Praetor had provided whiles they were fighting, foreseeing the need of it, to the which the new Soldiers ran with great violence, being Italians as well as the Marshals, but exercise maketh them of one nation so much to differ in virtue. 
Exercise  The Marshals did not enter the trench for dishonour, but stood before it, and weary though they were, remained ready to resist any assault, and to abide the end of the matter. Antony did not touch the Martialles, because he knew them valiant, but the young Soldiers he chased, and made great slaughter among them.  
Hirtius, at Mutina, hearing of the fight, being about eight 
Hirtius.  miles distant, came in baste with the other legion that was fled from Antony. The sun was now going down, and Antony's Soldiers having the victory, went singing to their camp. Hirtius appeared to them, he being in good order with one legion 
The fight with Hirtius 〈…〉 men.  sound and valiant, and they out of order. Wherefore of necessity, they placed themselves in due sort, and showed many valiant and noble feats: but although they were courageous, yet being weary, they were overcome of the other that were fresh, and the most part slain of Hirtius in this feat: albeit he did not follow them, for fear of the Fens, and the night coming on, 
〈…〉, u●rth● own.  did sever them. The Fen in most places was filled with harness and dead men, and with half dead and wounded. They that were safe, despaired of themselves for weariness. But the horsemen 
The horse men of Antony.  of Antony road about all night, and gathered them together: some they carried themselves: some they brought home on horseback: some they bad take hold by the horse tail, to go the faster, and seek to save themselves. Thus Antony having fought very nobly, lost his force by the coming of Hirtius: wherefore he abode in a village in the field without a camp. The Village is called French Market. The half of either side 
〈…〉 'tis.  was slain, and C●s●rs band of his person utterly destroyed. Of Hirti●s soldiers few were left, all the which the next morning removed their Camps to Mutina.  
After this loss, Antony determined no more to give battle to his enemies, nor to admit any attempt to the same, but with his Horsemen only to molest them day by day, till he had got Decimus to yield, being driven by hunger. For this cause Hirtius and Caesar the rather provoked him to fight: and whereas they did perceive, that Antony would not come forth, keemping his men in order, they went to the other side of the City, which, (because it was the harder to approach, was the less kept) y● with their whole army they might enter by force. Antony made resistance only with his horsemen, but they being put back by other horse, and the army passing as it would, Antony was afraid▪ of the City, and brought forth two legious. They glad of this, retired, and fought with them, and whilst Antony from other 
●he 〈…〉.  camps sent for m●● legions, as in a troubled time of so great and sudden attempt, the which being long a coming, Caesar's men overthrew Antony's in the fight, and Hirtius drove Antony to his Camp, where fight manfully before Antony's Tent, he was slain, whose body Caesar loving▪ in great speed recovered, 
〈…〉. ●●ay●●.  and got the Camp, till shortly he was repulsed by Antony. Both of them watched all night in armour. Antony being fallen with this second loss, straight after the battle called his friends to counsel. They thought, according to his former meaning, to keep still the s●●ge at M●dena, and not to come to any fight, for both the losses were like, Hirtius slain, and Pansa hurt. In Horsemen, he the better, and Mutina brought to extreme want, must needs shortly give over. Thus his friends thought good, and it was best indeed, but Antoni● (God now striking him) was afraid lest Caesar should proceed to the obtaining of the City, as he did the day before, or by making walls entrench him, having many pioneers for the purpose, and then his Horse should do him no good: he said, Lepidus and Plancus will despite me, as one overcome, but if we go from Modena, Ve●tidius will straight come to us with three legions, from the marches of An●on●●, and, then being so strong, Lepidus and Pl●ncus will take my part. Thus he said, and as a man not afraid in perils, he levied his siege, and went strait toward the Alps. When Decimus was delivered of the siege, he began to fear Caesar as an enemy, because both Consuls were now go, wherefore he make the bridges of the river before day, & sent to him, both acknowledging him 
De●m●●● 〈…〉 to O 〈…〉.  the author of his safety, and prayed him, that having the flood betwixt them, he would come to a talk, with witness of Citizens, where he would let him understand, that very wicked Fortune forced him to conspire against Caesar, being thereto driven of other. Octavius angrily answered the messengers, refusing the thanks that Decimus gave him for I (quoth he) came not to save 
octavius answer to ●●cimus.  Decimus, but to overthrow Antony, with whom to be reconciled, there is no reason, but to come to speech or fight of Decimus, his nature abhorred it: let him therefore keep himself, so long as it shall so seem to them of the City. When Decimus herded this, not being far from the flood, he called to Caesar by name, and with a loud voice, red unto him the Senate's letters, by the which they had given him the province of Celtica●. And he forbade also Caesar, that without the Consuls, he should not pass the bridge into any others province, nor follow Antony, for he was able enough to do it. octavius seeing him in such boldness by the Senate, when he might by his commission have taken him, he spared him, and went to Bononia to Pansa, from whence he written to the Senate of all things, and so did Pa●s●, whose letters Cicero 
Th 〈…〉 〈…〉 e o●●●ly. 〈…〉 to the S 〈…〉 n●y. S 〈…〉 o● 〈…〉 ●●y●s.  did read to the people of Rome, as from the Consul, but Caesar's, were red to the Senate only. There was decreed general Processions of fifty days against Antony, the like whereof was not done of the Romans, neither for the war of France, nor none other battle.  
The consuls armies were appointed to Decimus, Pansa being yet alive, but not like to scape, and Decimus made general 
Decimus made general.  alone against Antony, and public Prayers were made, that Decimus might overcome Antony: so great an hate and displeasure was grown against Antony. ●o the two legions that fled from Antony, was confirmed to every Soldier according to the former promise, five thousand Dams of the common treasure, as to Soldiers of conquest: and it was granted them in solemn feasts to wear a crown of D●●ue leaves. Of Octavius nothing was mentioned, not 
〈…〉  so much as his name, so soon did they contemn him, as though Antony had been utterly destroyed. They written also to Lept●●●, ●●●●cus, and Asinius, to fight with Antony, when they should ●●●●gh him. These were done in Rome. Pansa being at point of death by reason of his wound said thus to Caesar sitting by him: 〈…〉 is a friend to thy father as to myself, whom I could 
〈…〉  not ●●●eage being slain, not able to resist so many, whom, thou also haste done wisely to obey, although thou hadst an army. They at the first fearing thee and Antony, a man most ambitious, and inclining toward Caesar's sentence, have been content to suffer you to be at variance, and consume yourselves, and when they saw that thou wast Lord of an army, as iyong man, they set thee forth with some countenance and slender honours. After thou wast stronger and of more estimation, and that thou wouldst not recerue the authority under the army that they gave thee, they were troubled, and they appointed thee to join with us, that we might take from thee the two legions, which were most practised, hoping that if any of you were overcome, the other alone should be the more weaker, and after him destroy all Caesar's friends and set up Pompey's. This was the sum of the determination. I and Hirtius have done our commission, to repress Antony that grew into suspicion. Now that he is overcome, wae thought it best for thee to be at one with him, doing thee this benefit▪ in remembrance of Caesar's amity, only that which we supposed will further thy felicity in time to come. Afore this time to have given thee this Counsel had not benefit, but now that Antony is broken, Hirtius dead, and I not like to live, opportunity serveth to speak, not that thou shouldst thank me when I am dead, but that thou being born to great felicity (as thy deeds do show) mightest know what is best for thee, and the chayse and destiny of Hirtius and me. The army that thou gavest us, we think it most fit to give thee again, and so we do. The young Souldyoures if thou couldst keep, I would also give thee, but it would much offend the Senate, because the officers of them, were sent as keepers to us, and it would work th●● enure, and put thee to more trouble than needs, therefore Torquatus the Praetor shall have them. When he had thus said, and delivered them to Torquatus, he died: and they 
Pansa the Consul dieth.  as the Senate commanded, were sent to Decimus. Caesar delivered Hirtius and Pansa to their funeral with great honour, and 
The Consuls buried honourably.  sent them to Rome with great show. In Syria and Macedonia at this time divers things happened.  
julius Caesar when he passed by Syria, left a Legion there, minding 
Cecilius Bassus.  then to go against the Parthians, Cecilius Bassus had the charge thereof, but julius Sextus, a young man, and allied to Caesar, had the 
julius Sextus.  dignity, who led the legion without order, to delicious and licentious life, the which when Bassus reproved, he used him with despightefulnesse, and Bassus again calling him, and he grudging 
The mutiny of the army in Syria.  at it, he commanded he should by force be brought before him. At the which when tumult and fray was made, the army not bearing 
Inlius killed.  this despite, killed julius, whereof they straight repented them, for fear of Caesar. Then making oath one to another, that unless forgiveness and faith were given them, they would fight to death, and compelling Bassus to that oath, they gathered another legion, & trained them to their exercise. Thus some do writ of Bassus. But Libo writeth, that Bassus was of Pompey's part, and after the battle, lived privately in Tyro, where he did corrupt some of the Legion, who killed Sextus, and after obeyed Bassus. But howsoever the matter went▪ they valiantly resisted Sextius Murcus, that was sent of Caesar with three Legions, till Murcus 
Sextius Murcus. Minutius Crispus. Bythinia in Asia the less, next Troy. Cas●ius obtained the Legions.  did call to Minutius Crassus, that was ruler of Bythinia, who came into his aid with three other Legions, and when Bassus was besieged of these, Cassius came in great haste, and received by and by the two legions of Bassus, and also wan the fire legions that besieged him, by friendship, who obeyed him as under-consul. For (as I said before) it was decreed, that all should obey Cassius and Brutus.  
Albienus at that time, being sent of D●lobella into Egypt, 
Albienus  brought from thence four legions, which being scattered after the overthrow of Crassus and Pompey, or else left of Caesar with Cleopatra, Cassius coming suddenly upon him, compelled him to deliver his Legions in Palestina, being afraid with four Legions 
Palestina next India and Arabia.  to fight with eight. So Cassius beyond expectation, was Lord of twelve full Legions, and Dolabella going out of Asia into 
Cassius, Lord of twelve Legions. ●a●dicea, a noble City in Asia, ●igh the ●●ond ●y●us.  Liodicea, where for friendship he was received, he followed and besieged, which thing when the Senate heard, they were glad.  
In Macedonia, Caius Antonius, brother to Antonius Marcus, did make war with Brutus, having one Legion of armed Citizens, and being inferior to Brutus, he laid trains for him, which Brutus escaping, did catch him with the like trains, and doing nothing to him nor them that he had taken, he bad his own soldiers to be familiar with their enemies, but they refusing that familiarity, and not admitting their conversation, he suffered them freely to depart, when he had them at advantage. They going another way, he appeared suddenly unto them in another strait, where he did not touch them, 
P●●●us getteth legions in Macedonia.  but gently received them. They remembering that he was ever thought to be the most courteous Citizen, and worthy the opinion that he had of wisdom and mildness, they accepted his courtesy, and gave themselves unto him. Caius also yielded to him, and was in honour with Brutus, till he was found many 
Brutus the gentle.  times corrupting the army, and so put away.  
Thus Brutus to his former army, had two Legions, and praising the Macedonians, he gathered of them two legions more, whom he exercised after the Italian manner.  
These things were done in Syria and Macedonia.  
In Itali●, Caesar took it evil, that Decimus was made General against Antony before him▪ He hid his anger, 
Octa●●us desireth Triumph▪ The Senate denieth Triumph 〈◊〉.  and desired that he might make a Triumph for the feats he had done, and being rejected of the Senate, for requiring greater things than belonged to his age, he was afraid, lest if Antony were overthrown, they would more despise him, and therefore desired to have conference with him, as Pansa counseled him when he died.  
All the soldiers and Captains of Antony's that he had taken, he used courteously, and took them as his own, and 
Caesar useth Antony's soldiers well.  them that would, he sent to Antony, as a signification, that he was no enemy to him.  
To Ventidius that was friend to Antony, and had brought three legions, he drew nigh with his army, and when he had 
Octa●ius Caesar practiseth with Ventidius, Antony's friend.  made him afraid, he did nothing to him, but granted him either to join with him, or to go to Antony freely with his army, and to protest, that for lack of knowledge, he had ●mitted the common profit. When Ventidius herded this, he went to Antony.  
In the mean time, Octavius Caesar honoured Decius, one of Antony's Captains whom he had taken at Mutina. He gave him leave to go● to Antony if he would, and he 
octavius saying to Decius, a Captain of Antony's.  demanding of his mind toward Antony, he said, he had showed sufficient and many tokens to them that could perc●yue, and to them that would be ignorant, more would not suffice.  
Thus did Caesar signify to Antony.  
To Le●idus and Asinius he more plainly signified of the despite against him, and of the mighty preparation of the kyllers, 
Octavius dealeth with jepidus and Asinius.  making them afraid, that to increase Pompey's faction, all Caesar's friends one after another, should be served as Antony was, which he, through ignorance and suspicion of a fear, did longer suffer. He allowed well they should obey the Senate 
octavius pra●●●●e with Antony's friends.  for a fashion, but for their own surety they should agree together whilst they might, and that they should herein reprove Antony, and to use the manner of the legionaries, not to depart from them when the service was done, nor to leave the trade of war and dissever, (least thereby the Enemy might take some advantage,) but rather together inhabit others places, thereto desirous for their power, than severally every man in his country consume his own. This did Caesar sand to Lepidus and Asinius. Deci●us army old and famished, was full of sickness, and looseness of body, 
Decimus army after ●●●ger, 〈…〉 for plenty. Plancus ●oyneth with Decimus.  and the new soldiers were yet unexercised▪ but Plancus with his ordinary army drawn nigh unto him, & Decimus written to the Senate, that Antony should be caught in his snares, being tired with things past.  
P●mpeys friends hearing of this, did marvelously rejoice, crying now to be time, to restore their countries liberty. Every man made sacrifices, and elected ten men to punish Antony's 
A creation of ten men in Rome.  power. And this was a form to abolish Caesar's decrees, which Antony put in ure by his remembrances, doing little or nothing of himself: which thing the Senate well perceiving, did by occasion disannul some, and so they hoped to dissolve all: and the ten men did command, that whosoever had received any 
●●di●t of ten men.  thing by Antony's authority, contrary to the Senate, they should restore it, and declare it, and to them that disobeyed, a punishment was threatened. Pompey's sect required the rule of Consuls, in stead of Hirtius and Pansa, for the rest of the year. Caesar did the like, not of the Senate, but of Cicero, privately sending to 
Octa●ius requireth to be Consul with Cicero.  him, and exhorting him to be in office with him, because he was more sage, more expert, and better acquainted with the office than he, and that he only would think it a benefit to bear the name, that he might have an honest pretence to leave his army, for the which cause he had required a triumph.  
Cicero hereby being blown up with ambition, said, he perceived 
The ambition of Cicero.  a conspiracy to be wrought by the captains abroad, and therefore he thought good to pleasure this young man, being not well entreated, and Lord of a great army, and rather to grant him an office in the City before his time, than to force him to be in arms, lest he might do something that should not content the Senate, and wished some of the wise ancients might be appointed, as a master of his young years. But the Senate laughed at Cicero's ambition, and the kinsmen of the killers were 
Cicero is laughed ●●.  against it, ●earing that Caesar would accuse them when he should be Consul, and for diverse lawful causes made delay in the election.  
Antony in this time passed the mountains. Having persuaded 
Culeo suffereth Antony to pass the mountains.  Culeo a captain of Lepidus, and keeper of the passage, to credit him, he drew nigh the ●ioude where Lepidus was, and lay without trench or ditch, because he would show he was friend to him. diverse messages were sent between them. Antony recording divers friendships and pleasures, affirmed, that if he 
Practice between Antony & Lepidus.  would not agree, all they of Caesar's 〈◊〉, should be brought to the like calamity.  
Lepidus being afraid of the Senate, that had commanded him to make war upon Anto●●, affirmed yet that he 〈◊〉 it against his will. Now Lepidus his army reverencing the dignity of Antony, and perceiving the messengers between them, and delighting in the quietness of his soldiers, secretly first mingled among them, & after openly, as with their fellow citizens and soldiers: and when they were forbidden by the Captains, they making no account of their commandment, made a bridge of boats over the river, that they might the better come 
The tenth legion began to revolt from Lepidus▪ Laterensis.  together: and the legion called the tenth, sometime wont to be led of Antony, prepared for him in their ten●s.  
Laterensis, one of the noble Senatoures perceiving this, opened the matter to Lepidus, who giving no credit to him, willed the army to be divided into diverse parts, as to be sent to divers uses to try their treason or faith. Lepidus divided them into three, and commanded them in the night● that they should conduct a treasurer of the army that was coming 
Lepidus' soldiers lets in Antony.  at hand. They passing the last watch, and arming themselves as to a journey, went to the strongest part of the camp, and opened the gates to Antony, who ran into Lepidus Tents, all the army bringing him and praying Lepidus of mercy and peace for the afflicted Citizens, Lepidus leapt out of his 
Antony and Lepidus agreed.  bed without his clotheses, and promised so to do●, and embracing Antony, excused the necessity. Some say he did kneel to Antony, as one that was a coward and of small experience, the which all writer's do● not allow, nor I think it to be probable, for he had done no part of an 
〈◊〉 ●athe great power again.  enemy against Antony, whereby he should be asrayde of him.  
Thus Antony was risen again to great power, and became most fearful unto his ennimyes, for he had the Army that he led from Modena: he had received three legions by the way, of Ventidius, and new had the fellowship of Lepidus, with seven legions, armed with all kind of furniture, and preparation requisite.  
Lepidus bore the name among them, but Antony had the direction of all.  
When this was showed at Rome, a marvelous and sudden mutation of minds followed: some, from great boldness fallen to fear: some from great fear were lifted up to courage.  
The decrees of the ten men were broken with spirit, 
Alteration in Rome.  and the creation of consuls was instantelye called for.  
The Senate stood in doubt what to do, and feared that Caesar and Antony would agree.  
They sent secreatelye Lucius and Pansa, to Brutus and 
The Senate sendeth Lucius and Pansa to Brutus and Cassius.  Cassius, as to view public plays, that they set forth in Grecia, and secretly required them, that as soon as might be, they would come to help them.  
From Libya they called two of the three legions under S●xtius, and the third, they commanded to be given to Cornificiu●, that was ruler of the other Libya that obeyed the Senate.  
They were afraid of these, when they remembered they 
The fear of the Senate.  had served under julius Caesar, and were inclined to his doings.  
This doubtfulness drove them to this point, that because they feared new Caesar would consent with Antony, 
New Caesar choose lieutenant to Decimus.  they chose him again very unfitlye lieutenant under Detimus, but Caesar for anger, as continually used with despite, stirred his army, that they should be sent to a needy journey before they were paid the five thousand drams, promised 
Caesar stirreth his soldiers against the Senate.  them for the first, and counseled them to send to the Senate for it, and they sent the Captains of the bands.  
The Senate knowing wherefore they were taught to come, answered they would send their Ambassadors unto them, whom they thus instructed.  
That they should privately speak to the two legions that went from Antony, and teach them not to put 
Senate sendeth to the souldi●●●.  their trust in one, but in the Senate only, whose power was eternal, and that they should go to Decimus, whither they would send them their money, and pretended they had ready to give them the one half, and that ten men should be appointed for the payment, not naming Caesar for the eleventh.  
The Messengers, because the legions would not be spoken to, without Caesar returned in vain.  
Caesar would no more have other to speak to the soldiers, nor tarry any longer, but himself went to the army being assembled, and showed what despite the Senate had done him, and that they meant to destroy every one of Caius Caesar's friends.  
He bad them beware of them, that would have them 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉, his soldiers against the Senate.  turn to a captain, by sentence of gods judged an enemy, and so from one enemy to another, either to be utterly destroyed, or to be at debate among themselves, for the feat at Mutina being common, reward is only appointed to two legions, to work strife and discord among them.  
You know (quoth he) why Antony is persecuted, and what the Pompeyans have propounded in Rome against them that have received gifts by Caesar's appointment. What trust can you have, either of the land, or the money that he gave you, or of my safety, so long as the kyllers' kinsmen do bear rule in the Senate? As for myself, I am ready to take such end as shall happen unto me, and it shall be mine honour to suffer for my father's defence: but for you, so many, and so worthy men, my whole care is, being in peril for my father's sake and mine. You know that I am clear from all ambition, since I refused the authority that you would have given me, with the ceremonies of a Magistrate. Now I see that bo●●e our safeties doth 
〈◊〉 desireth to be declared 〈◊〉 by the soldiers.  consist, if I be of you declared Consul, for so shall the things be made sure unto you, that my father hath given you: the lands and habitations that be due unto you, you shall obtain, and all your gifts to the uttermost: and I seeking the punishment of the strihers, will, with you, dispatch our other enemies,  
When he had thus said, the army cheerfully made a noise, and sent the Captains again to Rome to require the consulship for Caesar. When the Senate objected against his age, the Captains, as they were instructed, said that in old time corvinus was Consul before his time, and after him 
Consuls under age. corvinus. Scipio.  Scipio, bath the first and the second, and by their youth, the Country was advanced. Coming to later time, they brought forth Pompey and Dolabella, and Caesar himself, to whom it was granted to be Consul ten years before his tyme.  
The Captains speaking thus with much boldness, some of the Senatoures could not abide, that they being but band-leaders, should use such free speech before the Senate, and rebuked 
The Senate rebuketh the soldiers.  them, as men more insolent than become soldiers duty.  
When the whole army herded this, they were more angry, and desired they might straight be led to the City, that they might make Caesar's son a Consul by a famous election, whose father they extolled with immortal praise.  
When Octavius saw this vehemency, by and by from that 
octavius ●o●th against the 〈◊〉.  assembly, he marched forward with eight legions of footmen, and a sufficient number of horsemen, and all provision accordingly, and when he was passed the flood Rubicone, from Celtica into Italy, as his father did afore, when he moved civil war, he divided his army into. ij, parts, the one he commanded to follow at leisure, the other and the better, he took with him, & made much speed, minding to take them unprovided He met with part of the money that the Senate had sent the soldiers for a reward, and being afraid of the bringers of this gift, he sent● secretiye some afore to afraye them, whereby they with their 
The fear at Rome.  money fled away. When the report of his coming was at Rome, great was the trouble and tumult, running hither and thither to send their wives and children, and to carry their chief substance, either into the country or so the strongest parts of the City. For it was not thoroughly known, whither he came only to ask the consulship. But when they herded that he came as an enemy with an angry army, they were afraid of all hands.  
The Senate was greatly strooken that they had no power 
Alteration in Rome.  sufficient, and as in such fear happeneth, one of them accesed an other: some, because they took away the army from Antony with such despite: some, because they had suspicion of the Triumph, which was but right: some for hatred and division of the money: some, because he was not appointed the eleventh man in the distribution: some, because the rewards were not given, neither soon enough, nor full enough, said the army was become their enemy▪ & blamed this contention so much out of season, Brutus and Cassius being so far off, and Antonius and Lepidus their enemies so nigh, whom perceiving to be ready to agree with Caesar, made the fear to grow the greater.  
Cicero, that before was the great stirrer, did now no where 
Cicero not see●●.  appear. In every man was marvelous mutation in every matter: and for the two thousand and five hundred drams that should be given to two legions, to give five thousand drams to eight legions, and in steed of ten men, to make Caesar the distributour alone, and to grant him to ask the consulship in his absence. Ambassadors went in haste t● 
Inconstancy 〈◊〉 the Senate.  make this message with diligence, who were not out of the town before the Senate repented them, as they that oug●●● not so cowardly to be troubled, nor to receive another ●●ran without bloodshed, and that it was not the use to ask the Consulship by force, nor that Captains should rule the Country at their pleasure, and that they in the City should arm themselves, and allege the laws against them that came to invade the Country: and if they would needs proceed, rather to suffer the siege till Decimus and Plancus might come: and better to defend themselves to death, than willingly to receive servitude without redress.  
They recited the old examples of the Romans in sufferance and Counsel for their liberty, which they would in no wise give over. And when the two legions called from Libya, did that day arrive at the port, they thought that the Gods did exhort them to maintain their liberty: and repenting now themselves, they would revoke all that they had done, (Cicero 
Cicero seen again.  now appearing among them.) Therefore all men that were of age, were appointed to serve.  
The two Legions that came from Libya, and with them a 
Two Legions ●●●iue again.  thousand Horse, and one Legion that Pansa left them, were put together, all the which was divided. One part kept the hill janiculo, where all their money lay. Another kept the passage of the flood, by the officers of the City dividing themselves: and some had brought their monies to the port in Ships and boats, that if they were overcome, they might escape by Sea.  
Thus they did with great boldness and speed, trusting thereby to affray Caesar, or to move him without his army to ask the consulship of them, or manfully to defend themselves, and that the state might change to contrary fortune, whiles they did fight for their liberty.  
Caesar's mother and his sister they could not find, neither 
Caesar's mother and sister sought for.  by privy nor open search, wherefore they made a great stir, being spoiled of so great pledges, and thought that the Caesarians did not incline to them, because they had so surely hide them from them.  
Some of the messengers remaining yet with Caesar, the contrary determination was told him: wherefore they departed from him with shame: he with the army being the rather stirred, came forward with great haste, fearing the women might take hurt. And to the people that was in tumult, he sent his Horsemen afore, willing them no more to be afraid: whereat every man rejoicing, he took the places above Mount Quirinale, no man daring to encounter or resist 
Mount Quirinale, one of the seven hills of Rome. Mutation in Rome.  him.  
Wherefore an other marvelous mutation was seen of the sudden. So many noble men that went unto him and received him, the common people following and using 
Honour given to Octavian.  the Soldiers in battle ray, as men quiet in peace, he leaving his army in that place, the next day came into the City with a sufficient Guard about him: they of the City met with him all the way on every side, and saluted him, omitting no part of humanity nor humble service. His Mother and his Sister from the Temple of Vestae with 
Legions of the Senate go to Caesar Octavius.  the holy Nuns, ran out to embrace him. The three legions despising their Captains, sent Ambassadors unto him to yield themself. Cornutus' one of their chief Captains, 
Cornutus himself.  killed himself, the other trusted to his promiss and faith.  
Cicero hearing of these promises, practised to come before him by his friends, which being done, he excused himself, and extolled the persuasion that he had used to the Senate 
Cicero 〈◊〉.  for his consulship: he answered only with a taunt, that he was the last of his friends that came unto him.  
In the night a sudden rumour was raised, that two legions of Caesar's, the martial and the fourth, were revolted to the City, as grieved they should be brought to betray their 
Light credit to a vain rumour.  country. The officers and the Senate gave faith unto the rumour very lightly, and though the other army was at hand, they thought with these men so valiant, they might resist the rest of Caesar's host, till more power might come to them from other place. And in the night, to be sure, they sent 
Ancona.  Acilius Crassus into Picena to gather an army, and they commanded one Apuleius a Tribune to run to the people with this joyful tidings: and the Senate that night, came to the Counsel▪ Cicero standing at the door and receiving them with great joy and gladness: and when it was known it was but a false rumour, he fled his way in a wagon.  
Caesar laughing at them, brought his army nygher the City, to the place called the field of Mars. He hurt none of the officers, not so much as Crassus, that was posting into Picene, although 
Acilius Crassus.  he was brought unto him in a servile habit, but spared all, to the opinion of his humanity, albeit, not long after, he put them to death.  
The common treasure found in janiculo or in any other 
octavius dealing in the Cities.  place, be commanded to be brought together: and all that was afore appointed by Cicero, he distributed to his army, two thousand and five hundred drams to every man, the residue he promised to give them. When he had done this, he retired from the City, till the election of the Consuls, when, he was choose, and with him, Q. Pedius, as he desired, who had left a portion 
Octavius and Q. Pedius Consuls.  of Caesar's inheritance unto him.  
Then he came into the City as Consul, and sacrificed. And there appeared to him twelve Gripe's, as did to Romulus 
A token of twelve. Vultures.  when he builded the City. The sacrifices being ended, he gave himself in adoption, to his father, according to the law Curiate, that is▪ to be confirmed in adoption by the people.  
For the Romans call Curias, companies or wards of the people 
Cur●●. Phratri●.  divided, as the Grecians, do call Phratriae, fellowshippes and Fraternities. This use among the Romans, was most effectual in the law for them that be without fathers: and they may as well as Legitimate children command the kinsfolk and free made men of them that do adopte them. And it was one of Caius Caesar's glories, that he had many rich free made men: and chief for this cause peradventure, this Caesar, in his first adoption by testament, had need of this also.  
He dissolved by a new law that Dolabella should not be judged a rebel, and that the law might proceed for Caesar's kill.  
wherefore accusations were written against them by Caesar's 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 against the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Caesar▪  friends, to them as strikers, to the other, as privy only: for this was objected against some of them, and to some, because they would not be seen when Caesar was killed. And to all these, a day certain was assigned by Proclamation, when they should appear to make their annswere, all the which failing at the day, Caesar himself marking the judgements, none was par●●●ed of the fault, but one noble man, who then had no hurt, but 
Many condemned for Caesar's death.  shortly after was condemned to death with the other. And at this time Q. Gallius, brother to Marius Gallius, Antony's friend, 
Q▪ Gallius condemned.  being a Praetor in the City, did desire of Caesar the Lieutenantshippe of Libya, which when he had obtained, he wrought wiles against Caesar. The other Praetors deprived him of his office, and the people and the Senate condemned him to death. Caesar commanded him to go to his brother that was with Antony, and when he had taken Ship to go, he was never seen after.  
When Caesar had done these great things, he inclined to pacification with Antony. When he had heard that Brutus▪ had twenty Legions, against that which he would have Antony's help, he went out of the City toward the Ionian Sea, and making small journeys, be tarried to see what the Senate would do. Pedius when Caesar was go, persuaded, that before grudge should 
〈◊〉 council.  grow to extremity, they would agree Antony and Lepidus. And although they perceived that this agreement was not for their sake, nor for their Country, but only to help Caesar against Brutus and Cassius, yet did they by necessity determine it, and revoked the sharp decrees made against Antony and Lepidus, and all the soldiers under them, and to send them other more favourable, for the which Caesar written his letters of congratulation unto them, and promised to help Antony against Decimus, if need were. The Senate used like friendly manner reward 
P 〈…〉 Cae 〈…〉  him, and gave him their hearty thanks, and Antony written that he would plague Decimus for Caesar, and Pl●n●●●, for himself, and join with Caesar. Thus they written one to another.  
Whilst Antony pursued Decimus, Asinius Pollio came unto him with two Legions, and practised to have him pacified 
Plancus reconciled with Antony.  with Plancus, and Plancus with three Legions agreed with Antony, in so much as now Antony had a most mighty power.  
Decimus had ten Legions, whereof four most warlike being feebled with hunger, were yet vexed with sickness.  
Of new taken, there was two Legions, but unexpert and fearful. Wherefore Decimus doubting to fight, determined 
Decimus is driven to flee, and his army forsaketh him. Ravenna. Aquileia.  to flee to Brutus into Macedonia, and not to pass by the Mountains, but by Ravenna and Aquileia. And because Caesar was coming that way, he took a longer and an harder 
R●n● is a flood in Italy, that runneth not far from 〈◊〉.  journey to pass by Rene, and go to the wild places of barbarous people, where the new soldiers, oppressed with want and heat, forsook him, and went to Caesar, and after them the four Legions of older soldiers went to Antony. Then to the other multitude (the French Horsemen men, being the guard of his person only except) he gave leave (if they would) to go every man to his own, and gave them such gold as he had, so as when he came to the Rene, he had but 
Decimus forsaken.  three hundred, where, because the passage was hard, they all forsook him save a few, which few also shortly did leave him, and with ten only, changing his garment like a French man, whose language he could speak, he went forth as one of that nation, not with ha●ty journeys, but easily to Aquileia, thinking with so few he might well escape: but being taken of thieves and bound, he asked what Prince was 
〈◊〉 is taken with the eves.  Lord of that part, they said Camillus. He much esteeming the name of Camillus, desired he might be brought to him, who 
Camillus.  when he saw him in appearance, spoke fair to him, and rebuked the takers, that without regard, had so evil entreated so noble a man, but privily he sent unto Antony, and Antony moved 
Barbarous 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 is killed of one Camillus, by the commandment of 〈◊〉.  with the mutation, could not abide to see him, but willed Camillus to kill him, and send him his head, which when he saw, he commanded it to be buried.  
This end had Decimus, a Captain of Caesar's Horsemen, ●na by him made Ruler of old France, and for the year to come elected Consul, and governor of the other France, and was the second of the kyllers that next Trebonius was punished, a year and a half after Caesar's death. And this very time Minutius Basill●s one of Caesar's quellers also was killed 
Minuti●● Basil●● killed of his own men.  of his own servants, because he had made some of them eunuchs for punishment.  
(⸪)  
The end of the third Book of Civil dissensions.   

¶ The fourth Book of Appiane of Alexandria, of the Civil dissensions of Rome.  
THus two of Caesar's killers, being overthrown in their provinces, had their punishment, Trebonius in Asia, and Decimus in Celtica. Now, how Cassius and Brutus, chief of the conspiracy against Caesar were plagued, being Lords of all the land between Syria, and Macedonia, having mighty power both by Sea and land, with twenty armed legtons, beside Horsemen and ships, and money at will, this fourth Book of Civil discord shall declare. And with the same, the inquisitions, and the searchers of them that were appointed to dye by proscription, and the lamentable afflictions on every 
〈◊〉, is ● condemnation 〈◊〉 law, to kill men wheresoever they be found.  side, such as neither among the Greek seditions or tumults, nor among the Romans themselves had been done by any remembrance, saving only of Sylla, who was the first that by Proclamation condemned his foes to dye: for Marius did only seek to punish them whom he found: but Sylla with great rewards and like punishments of them that did conceal, proscribed men to be 〈◊〉, as they were caught. What Marius and Sylla did, it is showed before in that matter, now the rest shall follow in order.  
Caes●r and Antony, of enemies, were made friends, about 
〈…〉 t oh 〈…〉 e. A 〈…〉 es 〈◊〉 〈…〉 oh  the City of Modene, in a little plain Island of the flood Lab●●●●, each of them having five armed Legions, which being placed one overagaynste another, either of them with three hundred, came to the bridges of the River. Lepidus being come afore to search the isle, made a token with his cloak to them both to come. They left their companies with their friends at the Bridges, and came into the midst, to a place that might be seen, and sat all three down, Caesar in the midst, because of his office. Two days from morning till night they conferred, and made this determination.  
● That Caesar should gyus over his consulship, and Ventidius receive it for the rest of the year.  
That a new office should be instituted by law, for redress of civil troubles: and that Lepidus, Antonius, and Caesar, should have that authority for five years, with the same power that consuls have: so it was thought best to name it, peradventure because of Antony's decree, forbidding any man to be Dictator.  
That they should by and by appoint the offices of the City from year to year, during the five years, and divide the Provinces.  
That Antony should have all France on this side the 
Now Narbona.  Pirenei Mountains, except that which they call old Celtica.  
That Lepidus should rule that and Spain.  
That Caesar should govern Lybia, Sardinia, and Sicily, and any other Island there.  
Thus did these three divide the Roman Empire, leaving the provinces beyond the Sea, because of Brutus and Cassius that were governors there.  
That Antony and Caesar should make war upon Brutus and Cassius.  
That Lepidus should he Consul for the time to come, and remain in the City for all occasions, and govern Spain by Deputies.  
That Lepidus should retain three Legions of his own army for the defence of Rome.  
That the other seven should be divided between Caesar and Antony, that Caesar should have three, and Antony four, that either of them might lead twenty Legions to the war.  
That they should encourage their armies as well with rewards of victory, as other gifts, as by the promise of eighteen Cities of Italy, excelling in substance, s●yle, and fair buildings, and that both lands and houses of the same should be divided unto them, as though they had been taken by war. Among the rest these were the chief, Cap●●, Reggi●, Ven●sia, Beneuent●, Nuceria, Arimeno, and Vibona▪ 
Cities of Italy divided to spoil.  Thus were the fairest parts of Italy assigned to the soldiers.  
It was also agreed, that every of them should dispatch his private enemies, that no trouble might come by them, after that they, upon these determinations, should be gone far off, to make a long war out of their Country. All these things were signed with their hands. Caesar, as Consul did declare them to the army▪ saving only their names that were appointed to dye. When the soldiers heard it, they were glad, and embraced together for joy.  
These being done, many Monsters and terrible tokens 
Tokens in Rome.  were seen in Rome. Dogs yéelled like Wolves, a fearful warning. Wolves ran about the common place, a beast, not wont to be seen at Rome. An Ox sounded a man's voice: and a child spoke as soon as it was born. Some of the Images sweat. Some did sweat blood. Great voices of men, noise of harness, and running of Horses, were heard, and nothing seen.  
About the Sun, there were many unpleasant sights. Storms also of stones. Continual lightnings fallen upon the Temples and the pictures.  
For this cause, the Senate sent for Soothsayers and Prophets out of To●●an●, the most ancient, of the which, affirming that the old Kings should return, and every man be in 
A rare example of a Soothsayer.  bondage but himself alone, he shut his mouth, and stopped his breath till he died.  
These three men being thus alone by themselves, did appoint them that should dye. They suspected some for their power. Some they registered as their private enemies, and some their own familiars and friends they gave to dye, to serve each others turn, both then, and afterward. And so were men condemned one after another, some for enmity: some only for a little offence, as for loving his enemies, or hating his friends, or for being too rich, because they wanted much money to maintain the war. Brutus and Cassius receiving the rents and Tributes of Asia, and being also helped by the Kings and Princes there, and for asmuch as they were in want, because Europe, and chiefly Italy was wasted with wars and payments, they did put a grievous imposition upon the common sort of men and women, and made the artificers and workmen to pay them tribute, and some was proscribed for the goodness of his lands & houses. And thus all these were condemned to dye, and to be confiscate, whereof there 
Equites.  were three hundred Senators, and two thousand of them that be called Gentlemen, among the which were the brethren and uncles of these that had condemned them, and some that ruled armies under them, and as many as had displeased them or other that were leaders under them. And intending to condemn the multitude after this conference, at their being in Rome, they appointed twelve of the sudden (or as some say) seventeen of the chiefest to be killed, whereof Cicero was one. And by and by they sent about it, and four were strait killed at their tables, or where they were met, the other were sought in houses and Temples, so as there was a sudden trouble all that night among them, with cries, running, and 
Misery of Rome  yelling, as in a City taken. For when it was known that men should be apprehended, and no certainty upon whom the proscription would fall, every man thought himself to be sought of them that made inquiry. Wherefore in this confusion some had determined to burn their own things, and some to set public places all on fire, intending by good reason to do some notable feat, before they would suffer. And they had done it out of hand, had not Pedius the Consul go about with Proclamation, and comforted them to tarry, till the truth were thoroughly known. When morning was come, Pedius according to the sentence of the three men, did condemn seventeen, as only supposed chief authors of civil evils, and only condemned: whereof he gave his faith publicly to the rest, not knowing what was done, and he for 
〈◊〉 Consul dye●●.  the labour he took in the night, died. The three men, Lepidus, Antonius, and Caesar, entered Rome, each one by himself in three several days, with the guards of their people, and one Legion a piece▪ in order of battle.  
When they were come, the City was full of soldiers, and ensigns placed, where was fit, and by and by there was an assembly, in the which, Publius T●tius Tribune of the people, 
Publius T●tius propoundeth the new rule of the three men.  did by law confirm the new rule, by the appointment of them present, for five years of three men, Lepidus, Antonius, and Caesar, with equal power as Consuls (which a man might call reformers, after the Greek manner, and that 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was the name among the Lacedæmonians▪ which were rulers of Cities and Castles. Increase of condemned men.  name the Lacedæmonians gave to them that directed their sta●e, neither any respite being given for the approbation, nor a special day appointed for voices to be used. Out of hand the law took place, and that night condemnations of thirtis, beside the seventeen, and of one hundred more, were set up in many places of the City, and shortly after, another hundred and fifty, and ever some were added more in the book, to them that were first condemned, or killed, as by ignorance, that it might be thought they were worthy to dye. It was ordered, that all their heads should be brought to the three men, and a reward appointed. A free man's reward was silver, a Servants, liberty and silver, and who received a condemned 
Rewards'.  man, or concealed, or hindered the search, should be punished with like pain, and every man might declare against whom he would for the same reward. The Proclamation was after this sort.  
And that all men should suffer their private places to be searched. Marcus Lepidus, Marcus Antonius, and Octavius Caesar, choose 
The Proclamation of the three men.  reformers and directoures of the Common wealth, say thus: If the unfaithful, evil disposed men, had not been pitied when they needed, and being so, had not become enemies of their benefactors, and after conspired against them, they had not slain Caesar, whom he took by war, and saved by mercy: accounted them friends, and plentifully advanced them, with offices, honours and gifts: nor we should have been compelled thus violently to use them, that have with such despite, made proclamations of treason against us: but now by their evil meanings toward us, & their worse working toward Caesar, perceiving that by humanity, their malice is made obstinate, we have choose rather to prevent them than to be taken tardy of them. Let no man think our act unjust, cruel or to sore, considering what Caesar, what we have suffered at their hands. Caesar being chief ruler, and prince of holy things, Conqueror and overthrower of nations, most terrible to the Romans, and the first man that beyond Hercules pillars did prove the sea not sailed before, and found land unknown to the Romans, in the midst of the sacred place, called the Senate house, in the sight of the goods, they have enviously killed with. xxi●●. wounds, whom he took prisoners in war, and not only saved their lives, but made some of them heirs of his living. The rest of them through the same wicked purpose have sent these detestable offenders, in steed of punishment, to the rule of Provinces and armies, which they abuse in spoiling of common treasure, in gathering one army against us of them, and requiring an other of the Barbarians always enemies to this state. Certain Cities belonging to the Romans, refusing to obey them▪ they have burned, spoiled or razed: others oppressed with their terrible threatenings, they force against their country and us. We have already punished some of them, and by the help of God, you shall soon see the rest have their i●ste desert. The greatest matters touching Spain, France, and here at home, we have at our commandment well dispatched. Nevertheless we have an hard and sharp work in hand, to make war against the murderers of Caesar that ●e beyond the seas: and because we shall make this war abroad, we do not think it sure, neither for us nor for you, to leave enemies at home, that might disturb us in our absence, and waif their times as the war should have success, neither to make any delay in this hasty expedition, but rather to rid them at one's, they having begun the war against us, and judged us and our armies, traitors to our Country, not regarding neither the envy of man, nor the revengement of God, in destroying so many millions of their Citizens.  
We are not offended against the multitude nor will take them all as enemies, that have been so to us, nor altogether weigh riches, substance or dignities, nor kill so many as an other chief ruler have done before us, who redressed the City 
〈…〉  in like Civil dissensions, whom, for his lucky doings you did call Happy, (although there must needs be more enemies to three than one) but only the worst and most wicked sort, as well for you as for ourselves, we intend to correct otherwise by our contentions, you all, between us, must needs be utterly destroyed, and of necessity, our army that hath been so injuried and despited, as they have been proclaimed public enemies, must needs some way be comforted at our hand.  
And where as we might lay hands upon the condemned, where we would, yet we thought it better to pronounce them, than at all adventures to oppress them, and that for your sake, lest the rage of the Soldiers might exceed upon them that are not touched, and that their names being comprehended in a certain number, they might leave the rest by the decree.  
Then that good Fortune may come by them that be contained in this writing: Let no man receive any man, nor hide, nor send away, nor be won for money. For if any 
〈…〉.  do save, help, or be found privy: him, will we, without all excuse and parterie, put among the condemned sort.  
Of them that shall dring the heads of such as they shall kill, before us, a free man shall have twenty-five. thousand drams of Athens for every head, a servant shall have, 
Rewards.  his liberty and ten thousand, and his masters place in the City, and the same shall they have that shall inform, and none of their names that receive these rewards, shall be noted in our books, that they may not be known.  
This was the proclamation of the three men, as I could translate it out of Latin into Greek.  
Lepidus was the first that did condemn, and the first of 
Lepidus condemneth his brother  the condemned was Paulus his brother.  
The second that did condemn, was Antony: and the second 
Antony condemneth his ●●●l●  that was condemned, was his uncle Lucius, for they first condemned these as enemies.  
The third and the fourth was of them, which in an other book, were appointed to be Consuls in time to come. Plotius, brother to Plancus, and Quintus, Father in law to Asinius: and these were not the rather put before other because of their dignity only, but as much for terror and desperation, that none should hope to be saved.  
Thoranius was among the condemned men, who, as some say, 
Thoranius tutor to Caesar condemned.  was Tutor to Caesar.  
By and by after these condemnations, the gates were kept, and all other passages and ports of the City, Fens also and Moors, and any other place suspected to be fit to flee unto, or for them that fled, to be hidden in.  
The Captains of the bands were commanded to range the fields abroad, and to search diligently, and all this was done at once.  
Forthwith, both in the country and the City, as menn● were taken, there was great sudden slaughter, and diverse kinds of murders, & cutting of of heads to be showed for rewards sake.  
Then was there hasty fleeing, and unseemly sight of them, that before were goodly to be seen: some leapt into puddles, some into ditches and sinks most unclean: some got up to the smoky ruffs and chunmes, or sat close with deep silence under heaps of tiles: some were as much afraid of their wives or children that bore them no good will, as they were of the killers: some of their free made me: some, of their bondmen: some creditors, of their debtors: some of their neighbours, coveting their grounds: what sooner had been kept in before, then it burst forth: a cruel and confused mutation of Senators, of Consuls, of Pretours, of Tribunes, of new elect to those ostices, or of them that had born office. It was to see them fall at a slaves feet with tears, naming him saviour and good master: and more pitiful it was, that when they had done all this, they could get no grace, there was all shapes of misery: not as in sedition or sacking of a City, where men might fear their foes and enemies, and trust their families, but here they were more afraid of them, than of the killers: The which being void of fear, otherwise than in tumult and war, they suddenly of friends were made enemies, either for hidden hate, or for the proclaimed rewards, or for the gold and silver in their houses: for by this occasion, every man waxed extremely unfaithful to his master, and their reward did overwhelm natural duty toward the same, and he that was faithful and well willing, was afraid to help, to hide, or conceal, for the cruelty of the punishment.  
The former fear of the seventeen men did amaze them again, for than none being named, but many suddenly taken, all were afraid of the like, and therefore sought together for defence. For upon these proscriptions, some were by and by given in pray to every man, and some being sure of themselves and desirous of the gain, hunted out the other, to have reward of the killers. The rest of the common sort, some spoiled the houses of them that were killed, which profit drawn their minds from common feeling of present mischief: some more temperate and mild, were astonished and amazed. It seemed wondered to them to consider, that other ●●tt●es being ●●done by s●d●●i●●, 
Cont 〈…〉 to 〈…〉 mitie.  have been preserved again by agreement. Thi● C●●tie●●, the●●uision of the rulers had consumed, and their agreement brought it to desolation: some died resisting the killers, some without revenge, as not knowing by whom they were maimed. There were some that killed themselves with voluntary hunger, some used halters, some drowned their bodies, some threw themselves down from the house to●●●, some leapt into the fire, some offered themselves to the strykers, some tarried when they were called, some hide and disgrated themselves unseemluly, some resisted the evil, and thought to have bought it out: some beside the sentence of the three men, of ignorance or deceit, were dispatched (as it did appear) by one that was slain and not condemned, when the head was shown.  
The condemned people heads were brought before the seats in the common place, that they that had brought them, might receive their goods.  
On the other side, there was as much care and virtue, both, of women, children, brethren and servants, saving and shifting for many, and dying with them, if they could not bring to pass what they meant, and some killed that came to kill them.  
O them that fled, some were drowned in the Sea, Fortime being in all against them: some beyond all hope, returned to offices in the City, to be Captains in war and triumphs▪ Such demonstration made that season of things to be wondered at. And these were done, not in a private City, nor in a weak and little kingdom, but in the most mighty, and the Lady of so many nations, both by land and sea. God 
God would have it so.  himself did stir it, to bring it to that good order, that now it is in.  
There were such things done of Sylla, and before him, of 
Sylla▪ Marius.  Marius, the chief of the which, I have showed in their lives, and then men lay unburied. But these doings for the worthiness of these three men, especially for the virtue and fortune of one of them which brought the Empire to a sure seat, and left, a stock● and name to them that now remain after him, a man may worthily think to be far of more importance, which, as they were more or less notable, and be more fresh in memory, and lately done, I will declare, yet not all (for they be not worthy the telling▪ that touch the simple death & fléeing, of them that were pardoned of the three men, which after they returned, lived a life unknown) but the most marvelous, that may make a man●frayd, and cause credit to that is spoken before. They be many, and many of the Romans have in many books, written these of themselves, of the which I will show briefly a few of the greatest in every sort, for the relief of the same, and for the happiness of the time that now is.  
The evil began at the first brunt▪ of them that were yet in office. And 〈◊〉 the Tribune was the first that was killed, 
〈…〉. Authority of Tribunes.  whose power was sacred and sure by law, exceeding the rest, so as the Tribunes have committed some Consuls to prison.  
This was the Tribune that first forbade that Antony should be declared an enemy, after the which time he stuck altogether to Cicero.  
Understanding the intelligence of the three men, and their 
〈…〉 the T●●b●●● killed.  approach to the City, he made a feast to his friends, as one that should not oft so do again. The soldiers running into the house, they arose with fear and trouble. The captain of the band commanded them to be quiet and still, but Saluius, as he sat, he took by the hear, till he might dispatch him, and upon the table cut off his head, and commanded them within to make no business, least if any trouble were raised, they should suffer the like, and they being astonished, remained after the Captain was go, till midnight, with the Tribunes Coryse.  
The second that was killed, was Minutius a Praetor, setting in judgement in the common place. 
〈…〉 killed, that was a Pre●●●.   
Understanding that the soldiers were coming, he leapt down, and thinking where be might hide himself, he changed his garment, and ran into a shop, sending away his servants and his shows of office.  
They for reverence and pity, tarrying still, against their will, made the killers the ●●●●er to find their master▪ 
Reverence out● of tyme. Annalis killed.   
Annalis an other Praetor (going about with his Son that laboured to be a treasurer, to few to them that gave voices) his friends that were with him, and they that bore the maces of his office, understanding he was condemned, forsook him▪ He fled unto a tenant of his, which had a strait and a homely house in the Suburbs, for all purposes very fift, and was hide safe, till his Son, that thought he was fled thither, brought the strykers to the house, and was rewarded of the three men with his Father's goods, and choose a Chamberlain of the City, 
A wicked so● killed.  who, being after very drunk, and troubling the Soldiers, the same killed him, that dispatched his Father.  
Choranius not now a Praetor, but one that had been, and father 
Choranius killed by the sure of his son.  of a young man that was 〈…〉, and might do much with Antony, praye● the strykers to spare his killing a while till he might ●ende his son to speak to Antony, they laughed and said, his son had spoken, but it was to the contrary. When the old man herded that, he desired them tp 〈◊〉 till he had seen his daughter, whom when he ●●we, he commanded to abstain from his goods, least her brother should● few for h●r death also to Antony. But he, having consumed all his substance in evil life, was attached of 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 himself by fleeing away.  
Cicero who after Calus C●sar, did direct all like a ruler alone in 
Cicero killed. Cicero cannot abide the sea sickness and returneth. The Author goeth to see Cicero his house in the country.  a popular state, was proscribed, with his son, his brother, his 〈◊〉, his friends, familiars and adherents. fleeing by boat, ●e could not abide the sickness of the sea, but returned to a place of his own: which I for the remembrance of his misfortune, did see about Capu● a City of Italy. When they that came to seek him were at hand (for, of all other, Antony was most desirous to have him▪ and all about Antony, were ready to get him) the Crows came unto his house, and made such a 
Cicero warned by Crows.  noise, as they waked him out of his sleep, and drawn out his garment from his body, that lay upon him▪ till his servants perceiving the thing, and taking it to be a token from God, put Cicero in a litter, and led him toward the Sea, through a thick wood, and road secretly, and where as many did run on every side, ask if they saw Cicero, some for good will and pity said, he was go and sailed over sea, but a shoemaker tenant to Clodie, the 
A Shoemaker ●e wrayeth Cicero  sharpest enemy of Cicero, told Laena the Captain where he went with a few. He ran, and seeing his servants to be many more than he had brought with him, and ready to defend him, he cried very loud for a policy, make haste you bandeleaders that be behind. Then Cicero's servants thinking they should have been overlaid, forsook their master.  
Laena, which by Cicero's help had been before saved, pulled his 
〈…〉, o●e saved by Cicero, kylle●● him.  head out of the Litter, and cut it off, having three strokes, and making three wounds for lack of cunning. He cut off also his hand, with the which he written the orations against Antony as a Tyrant, in the which, he followed Demos●●e●es, that did 
The orations of Cicero called Philippica. Po●● 〈◊〉 made to carry. Antony the news of 〈…〉 death. 〈◊〉 done to 〈◊〉 killing of Cicero. After that Augustus had the rule of all, & ●ounde one of his Nephews, with a book in his hand which was of Cicero's making the child was afraid to show it, but he would needs see it & read it, and said: Child, this m●nne was learned, and a lo●er of his country. And not long after he took Cicero his son to ●e his fellow in the consulship, in whose time Antony's Images were thrown down ●nd ● decr●● made that never any of his house should be called 〈◊〉 So in the end, the revengement of Antony's 〈◊〉 was appointed by God, to the house of Cicero.  the like against Philippe. Some road, some sailed to carry▪ Antony the news, and Laena▪ as he sa●e in the common place, took the head and the hand, and showed it a far off He was marvelous joyful, and crowned the captain, and gave him honour with great gifts, that is to say, two hundred and fifty thousand 〈◊〉 of Athens, because he had dispatched his greatest and busiest enemy.  
Cicero his head and his hand was set up for a time in the common place before the Tribunal, where he was wont to make orations, and more came to see it, than before to hear him.  
They say that Antony did set Cicero's head upon his table at his meal, till he had his fill of the sight of that evil. Thus Cicero a man most eloquent to this day, having born the office of a Consul, in greatest causes most profitable to his country, was thus destroyed, and after his death▪ despited▪ 
* Cicero h●s son is sent to 〈◊〉.  His son was sent into Grecia to Brutus.  

* Qu●●tus Cicero and his son killed.  Quintus, Cicero's brother, and his son being taken, prayed the strikers, to kill him before his son: but his son desired the contrary. Wherefore, the soldiers promised both their requests, and taking them asunder, by a token killed them both 
Ignatius father and the son.  at one instant. Ignatius the father and the son, fighting together, died of one wound, and when their heads were stricken off, their bodies did yet embrace.  
Balbus sent his son to the sea, that they should not be espied 
Balbus and his son.  going together, and shortly after he followed aloof, and when one told him, either of malice, or of ignorance, that his son was taken, he went back and sent for his killers, and it chanced that his son was drowned in the Sea. Such like calamity can fortune give.  
Aruntius could hardly persuade his son that would not 
Aruntius and his son.  flee without him, to save himself, because he was but young. His mother sent him afore to the gates, and then returned to bury her husband being killed, and when she heard shortly after, 
His wife.  that her son was dead on the sea, with hunger she killed herself.  
These be examples of good and evil children.  
There were two brethren condemned, called Ligari●, which being 
Ligari● two brethren.  hid, fell asleep, till one of them being found of his servants, was killed, and the other making escape, and hearing of his brother's death, threw himself from the bridge into the river, whom, when fyshermen had saved, as one that fallen by chance and not of purpose, he strove a great while with them, that they should not save him, and threw himself under the water: but they being stronger than he, bringing him up safe, he said, you have not saved me, but put yourselves in danger of death with me, that am a condemned man: yet they having pity of him, saved him, till the soldiers that kept the bridge see it, and ran down to cut off his head.  
Of two other brethren, one threw himself into the river, his 
Two brethren.  servant seeking his body five days after, which when he had found, and knew it was he, he cut off his head for the reward: The other brother being hide in a sakes, an other servant did bewray him.  
The soldiers refused to go in, but with their weapons and Spears, pulled up his body, and cut off high head in such case as it was.  
Another understanding that his brother was proscribed, and 
Two brethren.  not knowing that himself was so to, ran and cried, kill me before him. The Captain knowing the truth of the condemnation, thou makest a reasonable request (quoth he) for thou wast condenmed before him, and so in order killed them both.  
And these be examples of broethrens.  
Ligarius being hid of his wife, made one only maid 
A good wife hath evil luck.  privy to it, and being betrayed of her, she followed him that bore away her husbands head, crying, I must have the like punishment, because I have hid him: and when none of the Souldyoures would kill her, nor accuse her, the went to bewray herself to the princes, and because they did not regard her for pity, she destroyed herself with hunger. And her have I thought good to note in this place, because being willing to save her husband and could not, she killed her self with hunger: but they that had good luck for their good love to their husbands, I will wright among them that saved their▪ Husbands.  
Other there were that wickedly did betray their husbands, and of them one▪ that was married to Septimius, which was corrupted in love of a friend of Antony's, who being desirous, 
An evil wife.  of his harlot, to be made his wife, caused him to speak to Antony to have her, and forthwith was Septimius condemned, which thing he learning of his wife, and ignorant of his evil at home, fled to her, and she soeming to be careful to keep him, shut the doors, and hid him till the strikers came, and in one day he was killed, and she married.  
Salassus fled, and being without hope, in the night refurned 
Salassus.  to the City, to abydetyll the sharpness of the time might cease. He came to his house that was sold, and enely his housekeeper, (who was sold with the house) known him, who brought him to his lodge, and promised to keep him, and hid him to his power. He had him call his wife from the other part of the house, she answering, she dared not come, fearing her maid might suspect some what by night, said, she would be with him in the morning. When day was come, she called the strikers. The Porter ran to the house to call his mistress, because he thought she tarried too long.  
Salassus being afraid of his Porters long absence, was in 
Ruill wife.  doubt of deceit, and went up to the top of the house, from the which, when he saw, not his Porter, but his wife hrynging the strikers, he cast himself to the ground.  
Fuluius fled to a woman servant, whom first he kept, 
Fuluius betrayed.  after made her free, and gave a dowry to marr●● her: she having 〈…〉 these benefits, for iclousic of another woman whom he had married, betrayed him.  
These examples may be for evil wives.  
Statius the Samnite, that in the fellows war had done many 
Statius.  things for the Samnite, and for the excellency of his feats, blood, 
Part of the Kingdom of Naples called Abruzzo.  and riches, being choose into the Roman Senafe, and now four score years of age, was condemned for his riches: he opened his house to the people, and suffered his servants to take what they would, and something he threw out, till it was void, than he set it on fire, and shut it, and burned in it, and the fire did consume many other places, of the City.  
● 〈…〉 for the most part keeping his doors open, killed all them 
Capits.  that forced to come in, one after another, at length oppressed with the multitude, he alone, having killed many, died.  
Vitulinus gathered a great number of men about Reggio, of 
Pitulinus: Reggio in the end of Italy, next Sicily.  such as were condemned, and other fled with them, and from the eighteen Cities that were give in pray to the soldiers, which were grievously offended. Vitulinus having these killed the ordinary bands that were sent to seek them, till a greater army was sent, and then he gave not over, but went into Sicily to Pompey, who held that Island, and received such as fled unto him, where he did serve very valiantly, till after many fights he was 〈…〉: yet having sent his son, and all the condemned men 
Messina, the chief port Town of Sicily, next Italy.  with him to▪ Messina: when he saw the ships to be arrived, he fallen on his enemies, and was cut in pieces.  
Naso, being betrayed of a servant, whom he loved and had 
Niso.  made free; took a sword from one of the soldiers, and only kill the traitor, offered himself to the strikers. A servant that loved his Master, kept him safe in an hill, and went to the sea, to hire him a boat. After his return, perceiving his Master, to be killed, he cried albude unto him, having yet a little life, stay a white, O Master (quoth he) and sodamlye struck the captain and killed him: then coming again to his Master, killed himself, saying: O Master thou haste received comfort▪  
Lucius gave his gold to two of his most faithful servants 
Lucius.  whom he had made free, and went to the se●, where they ●●●ting from him, he returned, and not caring for his lice, offered himself to the quellers.  
Labtenu; who in Sulla's time had taken and killed many that 
Labienus.  were then proscribed, might well be reproved, if he had not suffered the like valiantly He went out of his house, ●●t●● and in his th'air, and tarrsed for the killers.  
Castius in the Country was hid of his good se● 〈…〉, 
Castius.  the Soldiers ever running about in 〈…〉 〈…〉▪ menne● heads: he could not abide the conti 〈…〉 of the fears, but bad his servants make a fire▪ and if any ma●●e did ask▪ them, say Cestius was killed and there buried. When they had made the fire reapye, he leapt into 〈…〉  
Apponius hiding hymseisr surely, could abide the evil 
Aponius.  diet, but offered himself to the sword.  
Another willingly offered himself openly, and because the strikers tarried, he shoaked himself in the midst of them.  
Lucius' father in law to As●●●●●, than Consul, fled unto 
Lucius.  the Sea, the tediousness whereof not able to abide, he leapts into the water.  
Sisinius fléeing away, and crying that he was not condemned, 
Sisinius.  but followed of them, to be betrayed for his money, they brought him to the book, and bad him read high own name, which when they had done, they dispatched him.  
Aemilius not knowing he was condemned, seeing them follow one 
Aemilius.  another, asked the Captain who was condemned: the Captain looking him in the face, said, Thou and he, and so killed them both.  
Cilo and Decius coming out of the Senate house, and knowing 
Cillo and Decius.  they were condemned, and their names in the book, no man following them, they fled unseemly to the gates, and their running, be wrayed themselves to the Captains. Icelus that 
Icelius.  favoured Brutus & Cassius, and Octavius Caesar, being present with his army at the assembly, and other giving voice secretly to their condemnation, only he openly gave to the absolution, and hid himself with great mind and trust of liberty, and when he see a dead body carried forth, he went among them that bore the bear. The warders at the gate perceiving there were more men than were wont to bear a corpse, having no regard of the bearers, searched the bear, thinking there had been no dead man in it: wherefore the bearers being angry with ●cilius; because he was none of their company, the strikers known him and killed him.  
Varus being betrayed of his free made man, fled, and went 
Varus.  from hill to hill till he came to the senne of Minturno, in the 
Minturno where Marius was hid.  which he took his rest. The Minturnians searching the fen for a thief, the tops of the reeds wavering bewrayed Varus, who being taken, he confessed he was a fellow, upon the which he was condemned and led away, and when he should have been racked with the other offenders, abborring that vile manner, he said:  
You of Minturno, I warn you, neither to rack me nor kill me, having been a Consul of Rome, and condemned now of the Prmces, which is more to my honour: for if I can not slay, it shall be better for me to suffer with mine equals. They not believing him, and distrusting his tale, the Captain came, and cut of his head, leaving his body with them.  
Certain that took Largus in the country, not seeking him 
Largus.  but an other, having pity to kill him whom they fought not, gave him leave to flee into the wood, and he being followed of other, ran back again to the first, to whom he said: kill you me, who may have the reward, deserving it for having pity of me. So dying, he requited them with like humanity.  
R●sus having a very fair house nigh to Fulvia Antony's 
R●sus. An house.  wife, which she would once have bought▪ and he then denied her, now offering it in gift, was yet condemned, whose head when it was brought to Antony, he said it appertained not to him, but sent it to his wife: she commanded it to be hanged up at the house, in steed of the common place.  
An other had a fair shadowed vinyeard, and a goodly 
A vinyeard.  cave in it, deep and large, for the which peradventure he was condemned. It was his chance to refresh himself in the Cave. When the quellers came yet a far of, his servant put him in the secret place of the den, and put on his masters garment, feigning to be he, and in fear, and had like enough to have been killed, if one of his fellows had not bewrayed his craft. The Master being killed, the people took it grievously 
A good servant rewarded, and in evil punished.  before the Princes, and ceased not till the bewrayer was hanged, and he that would have saved his Master, made free.  
Arterius being hide, his servant betrayed, and being made 
Arterius.  free, had all the substance from his masters children, and used them with despite. They with silence followed him in every place wéeying. The people detesting this injury, caused 
An evil servant well served.  that the three men made him that was now so rich, to be bond again to the children of the condemned father.  
And thus much touching men.  
The poor Orphans also had diverse fortune at this time: 
Orphans.  of the which, one going to his schoolmaster, was killed, with his leader that embraced the child and would not let him go.  
Atilius, having on now his rob of perfect years, wents 
Atilius.  (as the manner was) with a company of his friends to the temples to sacrifice: Suddenly, being known to be condemned, his friends and his servants forsook him. He being alone, and left, of all the company, went to his mother, who dared not receive him for fear: and he not intending to prove any other after his mother, fled into an hill, where being driven with hunger to go into the plain, met with a thief, that used to rob in the ways, & of him by force was made to follow that work: The 
A clu●de bewrayeth himself.  child brought up in dayntinosse, and not able to abide that pain, ran into the high way in his purple rob to the Soldiers, to bewray himself, of whom he was killed.  
After these were done, Lepidus triumphed of Iberia, and propounded 
The triumph of jepidus. Iberia, Spain. Decree of Lepidus at his triumph.  a decree after this manner:  
For good fortune be it imputed to all men and women, that this present day do make holy and feastful: He that shall not seem so to do, be he among the condemned men.  
He made his triumph to the Temples, all sorts following him with pleasant show and grieved mind.  
The goods of the attainted men were set to sale to their 
Goods set to sale.  neighbours, but there were few that would buy any of them. Some were ashamed to increase their evil fortune, & thought it would not always so continued, nor sure for them to let their gold and silver be seen, nor their possessions, now without danger, by having more to put all in peril. Only some of a boldness came forth, and because they only bought, th●y had it for little: but where the three men hoped this would have sufficed, and had yet need of much more, they declared it openly, 
Women of Rome condemned.  and condemned a thousand four C. women, which were thought most rich, & these must needs be punished to bear the charge of their war, every one as much as should please the three men. A pain was appointed to them that hide any thing, or did under value themselves: and to the declarers of the same, a reward propounded, both for free and bond. The women sought to sue to the Princes by such women as were in most estimation with them. Of Caesar's sister, nor of Antony's mother, they were not reject. But Fulvia, Antony's wife, shut her doors upon 
Fulvia rejecteth the women that sued to her. She was Antony's wise and cause of much seryse, and with solow ended her life. Oration of Hortensia.  them, which despite taking grievously, they came into the common place, and aproching to the seat of the Princes, the people and the Soldiers standing about them, Hortensia being appointed, spoke thus: As it was seemly for us silly women, we have sued to your wives, and having suffered of Fulvia, that was unseemly, we be come from hi● into the common place. You have taken from us our Fathers, our Husbands, our Brethrens and children, pretending that they have done you injury, and after you have spoiled them of all together, you do oppress us, to the rebuke and disgrace of the kind and condition of women's nature. If we have done you miurie, as you say our husbands have done, then proscribe us as you did them. But if we women, have made none of you enemy, nor taken none of your houses, nor corrupted none of your armies, nor led against you any other, nor letted you to take what office & honour you would, why be we partakers of the punishment, that were no workers of the injury? why are we enforced, that have not dealt at all, neither with office, honour, army, nor common wealth, which by you, is now brought to such calamity? If you say, because of the war: when had we no war? or when did women 'cause the war, whom, nature among all men hath released from the same? Our Mothers once 
The Matrons of Rome did give their lewels to help the City.  beyond their nature, did further it, when the City and the whole state was in extreme danger by the violence of them of Ca●●●age. And then willingly they did contribute, not of their land, their houses, their dowries or possessions, without the which the free can not live, but only of their Jewels and Ornaments, not for any punishment, neither by information nor accusation, nor of force nor violence, but what they themselves would. What fear have any of you now, either of your rule, of your country. If the war of the French, or of the Parthians, be at hand, you shall find us no worse, than our Mothers, for ●● the safety of our country. As for Civil war, neither have we moved, neither have conferred with you, one against an other. We have not dealt, neither with Caesar nor Pompey: Marius nor Cinna did never compel us, not not Sylla that was a tyrant to his country. You say you will reform the common wealth.  
When Hortensia had said thus much, the three men were grieved, that women (men being silent) should be so bold to make open Orations, and examine the doings of Princes, and that they should not give their money, because men went to war. Wherefore they commanded the sergeants to put 
〈…〉 pri●● silence.  them from the bar, till a great noise being made without of the people, the Sergeants ceased: and the Princes said, they would defer the matter till the morning.  
The next day they condemned four hundred women, in stead of a thousand four hundred, in the valuation of their goods. 
A Mi●●o●is here tenn● thousand. The Ita●●● and P. Can●●●● text, ●● not true keep. A decree ●onching men.  Then it was decreed, that every man that had more than ten millions, as well Citizen, stranger, fréemade man, religious, as all sorts, sparing none, and that with the like fear of punishment, and the like penalties, they should give the fiftieth part of their goods, as an interest to them, and pay a yearly tribute for the war. And as these by commandment were put upon the Romans, so the army with contempt did worse: for where the Princes in these doings had their only trust in them, they craved of them house, land, possession, and whole substance of the confiscated people. Some required to be adopted children to those 
Rage of soldiers.  men. Some devised other shifts: for they killed them that were not condemned, and challenged their houses that were not accused: in so much, as the Princes commanded one of the Co●suls to make correction of things done, otherwise than was commanded. But he being afraid to touch the soldiers, lest he should provoke them against him, put to death a few Servants, that went abroad in soldiers manner. And these were the chief (to the end) of the calamities of the condemned men. Now, what (contrary to all hope,) happened to some, to their safety of the sudden, and to honour at length, it shall delight 
Hope not to be given over.  me to wright, and be a pleasure for other to hear, that for no adversity they should give over hope.  
They that could escape, fled to Brutus and Cassius, and to Cornisicius 
Brutus. Cassius. Cornisicius.  in Libya, who took the people's part.  
Many went into Sicily, an isle nigh Italy, where Pompey received 
Pompey. Nobleness o● young Pompey.  them very gladly, for he showed most notable care for the afflicted sort, sending criers abroad to call all sorts to him, and to them that could save any, whither they were free or bond, he propounded rewards double, so much as the killers had. Boats and Ships of burden did meet them that sailed, and Galleys being full at every shore, showed tokens to them that went amiss, and saved all that they met. He receiving them that came, gave them raiment and living forthwith. The worthy sort he used in his army or his navy: and when the three men and he should make a truce, he would never grant to it, till they that were come to him, should be comprised in it. So was he most profitable to his afflicted Country, and wan great glory to himself, not inferior to that he had of his father. Others, being otherwise ●●edde or hidden till the truce, some in fields, some in graves, and some in the City, lived with sharp pains. There were loves incredible showed of Women to their husbands due, and of children toward their fathers, and of Servants, against nature, to their masters: the which as they be most notable, I will declare.  
Paulus, brother to Lepidus, (the captains having reverence 
〈…〉.  unto him, as a brother of a Prince) with their leave sailed to 
〈…〉 a city in 〈…〉 of 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉.  Brutus, and after to Mi●eto, at the which place, peace not yet being made, he obtained return, and was called home, but would not.  
Lucius, Uncle t● Antony, Antony's mother kept him not 
●●Lucius●●.  hid, being her brother, the Captains for the most part honouring her as the mother of a chief ruler, but after, they using violence, she came forth into the common place, and 
A good sister.  to Antony that sa●e with the other Princes, she said:  
I confess (O Prince) that I have received Lucius, that I have him yet, and will keep him, till thou kill us both together, for the like pain is appointed to the receivers.  
He reproved her, as a good sister, but as an unkind mother, 
Antony's words to his mother.  for that she aught not to save Lucius, but should have stopped him, when he judged her Son an enemy, nevertheless, he caused Plancus the Consul, to decree his revocation.  
Messal● a noble young man, fled to Brutus. The three men fearing 
Mess●la.  his wisdom, written thus▪  
Since the friends of Messala doth affirm unto us, that he 
A letter of the three men.  was not a meddler when Caius Caesar was killed, we put him out of the proscribed number. But he did not accept the pardon, but when Brutus and Cassius were killed about Thrace, the army which remained great, having ships, money, and good hope, would have had Massala to be their Captain, 
Massala.  who refused it, and persuaded them to give place to adverse fortune, and to join with Antony. Wherefore he was in great credit with Antony, and agreed with him, till he reproved him for his wanton dealing with Cleopa●ra, and then he went to Caesar, who made him Consul in Antony's place, when he was again declared an enemy, after he did fight against Antony in the battle by Sea at 
Acts, a for●●ad of Ep●ru●.  Acts.  
Caesar sent him against the French that revolted, and 
Caesar sent.  granted him to triumph for the victory.  
Bibulus also was accepted to Antony, with Messalae, and was 
Bibul●●.  an Admiral for Antony, and went against Caesar when they warred together, and being Presidente of Syria under Antony, there he died.  
Acilius fled from the City secretly, and being betrayed 
Acilius and his good wife.  of his Servant to the Souldyoures, he persuaded them in hope of much money, to send some of them to his wife, with a token which he took them. She brought unto them all her store, saying, she did deliver all unto them, as though they would perform their promise: but yet she knew not whether they would or not, but she was not deceived of this good liking, for they hired a ship for Acilius, and sent him into Siceli●.  
Lentulus, being desired of his wife to flee with him, and 
Lentulus and his good wife.  diligently attending on him, he, for that he would not put her to the danger, fled secretly into Sicily, where ●éeyng made a Lieutenant of Pompey, he sent her word how he was ●scaped, and in office She hearing where her Husband was, secretly left her mother, who had good eye upon her, and with two Servants with great pain and want, she as a slave went, till she came to Messina from Reggi● about night, and easily learning where the lieutenants Tent was, she found Lentulus, not as a Lieutenant, but with a poor b●dde laid upon the ground, and simple diet, for desire of her.  
Apuleius wife threatened she would bewray him, if he fled 
〈…〉 his good wi●e.  alone, wherefore against his will he took her with him, and it was his hap in that fléeing, not to be suspect, going openly with his wife, his men, and his maids.  
Antius his wife, wrapped her husband in a covering, and by 
〈◊〉 and his good wife.  that mean sent him with the Carriers to the Sea, from whence he fled into Sicily.  
Reginus wife, put her husband in the night into a filthy sink, 
Reginus and his good wife.  into the which the soldiers would not go in the day, for the savour.  
The next night she clad him like a Colyer, and gave him an Ass to carry his coals, and she followed a little after in a litter: which when the warders saw, suspecting some man to be in the litter, searched it: whereof Reginus being afraid, ●anne back, and as a stranger, prayed a souldioure to be good to the women. He angrily answering him as a collier, known him notwithstanding, (for he had served under him once in Syria,) and said, go boldly (O Captain) for so it becometh me yet to call thee.  
Scoponius wife obtained him of Antony, and being till that 
〈…〉.  time of good fame, did now heal one evil fortune with another.  
Geta his son made a fire in the open part of his house, to 
Geta a good son.  bury his father that seemed to be dead, whom he had hid in a house in the Country new made, where the old man disguising himself, laid a parchment before his eyes, and after the agreement was made, he took away the parchment, but found 
Eye lost for lack of use.  his eye out for lack of use:  
Opius son, minding to tarry with his old feeble father, bore 
Opius a good son.  him on his back, till he was past the gates, and the rest of the way, partly leading him, and partly bearing him, he brought him safe to Cicelie, no man suspecting, or troubling the manner of it: As they wright that Aeneas was reverenced of his enemies, 
Aeneas. Anchises.  when he bore his Father Anchises. The people of Rome commending the young man, caused that afterward he was made Chamberlain of the City. And because he could not bear the charges of his office, for that his goods were confiscate, the artificers freely gave him to supply the 
Kindness of Commons.  same. And the people that beheld his shows, did every man cast so much money into the game place, as they made him rich.  
Arianus caused to be graven on his Sepulchre by his Testament 
Arianus his good Son. An Epitaph.  thus: Him, that lieth here, his son (that was not proscribed) did hide, being condemned, and ●●eyng with him, saved his life.  
Metellus the Father and the Son, the Father was a Captain 
Metellus father and son.  under Antony at Actio▪ where he was taken prisoner, and unknown: his Son served Caesar, and was a captain at the same field. When Caesar did give sentence upon the captives at Samo, the young man was present: The old man 
Samo an I●e over against A●ho. A good Son.  being brought forth all forlorn with long hear, misery and want, and all transformed by the same, when in order of the captives, he was called of the crier, his Son leapt from his seat, and embraced his Father, (whom he scarcely known) with tears, and when he had ceased from sorrow, he said to Caesar: This hath been thy enemy O Caesar, and I thy friend, him thou must punish, and me reward: I desire thee to save my Father for me, or let me die for him. Every man taking pity, Caesar commanded Metellus to be saved, though he were his very enemy, and afore despising many gifts, to be drawn from Antony.  
The servants of Marcius with good love and Fortune, 
Marcius and his good servants.  all the time of the proscription, did keep him within his house, till fear set aside, Marcius came out of his house, as from banishment.  
Hirtius with his men fleeing the City, went about 
Hirtius  Italy, delivered prisoners, and gathered them together that fled, and took towns, a few at the first, after more in number, till he had a sufficient army, and overcame a part of the Brutains, from whence sending his army, he sailed with them all 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  to Pompey.  
Restio, that thought he fled alone, a Servant followed 
Restio and a good servant.  him secretly, being brought up of him, and aforetime well used, but after, for evil conditions, branded.  
When Restio rested in a Fen, and did see this Servant so nigh him, he was afraid: to whom the Servant said, that he did not so much remember his present brands, as he did his former benefits: and so caused him so repose in a cave, and provided meat for him, as well as he colder and after that the Cane was suspected, and soldiers drew nigh to Restio where he was, the Servant perceiving the matter, followed and killed an old man that passed by, and cut off his head: the Soldiers being angry, and coming about to take the killer, he said, I have killed my Master Restio, that gave me these brands. They took the head, to have the reward, and carried it in vain into the City. The Servant comforted buy Master and sailed with him into Sicily.  
Appion resting in a stable, the Soldiers sought him: his 
Appion and a good servant.  servant put on his garment, and lay upon his bed and willingly received death for his Master, he sitting by him in the form of a servant.  
Memmius house was sought of the Soldiers, one of whose Servants went into a litter, his fellows bearing 
〈◊〉 and a good servant.  him as he had been their Master, and being taken, he was content to die for his Master, who fled into Sicily.  
junius had a free made man, Philemon, who had a 
〈◊〉 and a good servant.  fair house, where he kept his Master in a vaughte, in which they are wont to say Harness, Money, or writings, and fed him in the night, till the Peace was made.  
An other free made man, keeping the Sepulchre of his Master, did also preserve his masters Son in the same grave, together with his Father.  
Lucretius wandering with two faithful servants, for 
Lucretius.  lack of meat, returned to his wife, being born in a litter of his servants, into the City, as a sick man: when it happened that one of the servants had broken his leg, he went on with the other, till he came to the gates, where his Father afore being proscrybed of Sylla, was taken. The Soldiers coming about him, he was much afraid for the luck of the place, wherefore he fled with a servant, and was hid of him in a grave, and chaunsing that robbers of sepulchres did search graves, the servant offered himself to be spoiled of the robbers, whiles the master fled to the gates, and tarried till his servant came to him, whose garments he put on, and went to his wife, under whose care being kept, he was hid between two beams, till he was pardoned, by means made for him of some, to the three men. And after peace was made, he had the office of a Consul.  
Sergius was hid of Antony himself, till he had 
Sergius.  persuaded Plancus the Consul to proclaim his revocation again. In the dissension of Caesar and Antony, when Antony was declared enemy of the Senate, he only openly gave voice for his acquittal.  
And thus these were saved.  
Pomponius decked himself like a Praetor, and his servants, 
Pomponius.  like the Sergeaunts, and so went through the Cities with his maces and Officers round about him, that he should not be known: and at the gates he took public coaches, and went through Italy, every man receiving him, and sending to him as a Praetor appointed of the three men, to make truce with Pompey, to whom also he came in a public Galley.  
Apuleius and Aruntius counterfeiting themselves to be Captains, 
Apuleius. Aruntius.  and their servants Soldiers, ran to the gates as Captains, and pursued others, and by the way, they delivered prisoners, and received such as came to them: so as either of them had a sufficient band, with Ensigns and armour, and she●●e of an army. And chancing that by diverse ways they went toward the Sea, they both camped in one hill, with great fear looking one to another.  
In the morning, not having clear sight, and thinking that either of them had been sent to destroy the other, they fought it out very fiercely, till they knew the truth. Then repenting that deed, they threw away their weapons, and wailed that fortune should be so contrary to them, and took ship, the one sailing to Brutus, the other to Pompey. And he went on with Pompey: and the other, under Brutus was precedent of Bythinia, and when Brutus was dead, delivered it to Antony, and was saved.  
A servant of Ventidius, when he was first condemned, put 
Ventidius good servants.  him in fetters, as though he would have delivered him to the killers: in the night he persuaded his fellows, and clad them like Soldiers, and his master like a captain, and went out like a band appointed, and brought his master out of the City, passing through Italy into Sicily, many times meeting other Captains that sought Ventidius.  
Another hid his master in a Sepulchre, and when he could not abide the fearfulness of fancy in the Sepulchre, he hid him in an homely house, nigh the which a Soldier dwelling, he could not abide that fear neither: Wherefore turning from fear to extreme boldness, he shaved his head, and played the schoolmaster in Rome till the truce.  
Volutius being Aedile, was condemned. He having friendship 
Volutius. The priests of Isis were clad with a garment that had a dog's head. Caleni. in Campania. Sittius.  with a Priest of Isis, borrowed a stole and a vesture down to the foot, and put on a dogs head, and in that manner of furious service, passed safe to Pompey.  
The Calenians did keep Sittius the Citizen, that had liberally spent of his substance upon them, & with weapons warded him, rebuking his servants, & keeping the soldiers from the walls, till the fury being paste, they sent to the three men for him, and obtained that Sittius excluded from the rest of Italy, should remain 
A banished man in his country.  in his country. So Sittius is the first and only man, that as a stranger, was an outlaw in his own country.  
Varr● a Philosopher, and a writer of Histories, having done 
Varr●.  good service in the wars, and in place of a Lieutenant, and therefore peradventure as an enemy to the Monarchy, was condemned. His friends being desirous to receive him, and 
It is said, that Antony pardoned Varro with these words, Vivat Varro undoctissimus.  contending for him, Calenus obtained him, and kept him at his vinyeard, whither Antony came sometime to walk, and yet never a one within, did bewray Varro, neither of his own servants, or of Calenus.  
Virginius an eloquentman, taught his servants, that if 
Virginius.  they killed him for a little money, and that with danger, they should get hate, and at length be in great fear: but if they saved him, they should win sure glory, good hope, and hereafter money much more abundant and certain. Wherefore they fled with him, as with their fellow servant, and in the way being known, they fought with the soldiers: and he being taken of them, told them also, that they would not kill him for any malice, but for only hope of money, which they should have more justly and plentifully, if they would go with him to the sea, where (quoth he) my wife hath a ship with money. They being persuaded, brought him to the sea: his wife, as she was appointed, came to the sea, and because her husband tarried, thinking he had been go to Pompey, she went her way, leaving a servant on shore to she whim so. When Virginius was come, the servant ran unto him, and showed him where his ship sailed, what his Mistress said of the money, and that he was left behind to tell him. The soldiers perceiving all to be true, Virginius desired them to stay, till he might call his wife back, or go with him to her for their money. They took a boat, and with great labour rowed him into Sicily, where receiving their promise, they would not go from him, but tarried with him till the end.  
A certain Marrinet received Rebulus into a ship, to go 
Rebulus.  into Sicily, and required his money, which if he had not, he would accuse him, that he did, as Themistocles did, when he fled, that 
Themistocles.  is, threatened he would accuse him, for receiving him for money: wherefore, the Mariner was afraid, and brought him unto Pompey.  
Murcus being a Lieutenant under Brutus, was condemned, 
Marcus.  and when Brutus was overcome, he was taken, and made himself as a servant, whom Barbula bought, and perceiving him 
Barbuli●.  to be apt, made him chief of his fellows, and gave him money to bestow: and when he saw him still more wise and diligent than the common nature of servants, he put him in hope, that if he were one of the proscribed men, he would save him, if he would confess it. He denying it earnestly, and declaring his stock, his name, and former masters, he carried him to Rome, thinking, if he had been a condemned man, he would have refused to go. But he followed cheerfully, and being at the gates of the Consul's house, a friend of Barbulas that see Murcus in servile manner waiting upon him, did secretly tell him in his ear. He (by Agrippa) obtained of Caesar, that Murcus was pardoned, and remained friend to Caesar. Not long after, it happened that he was a Captain in the war against Antony, at Actio, and Barbula was a captain of Antony's, where fortune came 
Barbula.  about to both alike. For, when Antony was overthrown, he was taken, and counterfeited to be a servant, whom Murcus bought as ignorant. But showing all to Caesar, he obtained his 
Equal fortune.  pardon, and so requited his former benefit. To these fortune was like on both sides, and so continued: for they were officers together in one dignity at Rome.  
Balbinus fléeing, and returning with Pompey, and being made 
Balbinus. Lepidus deposed. 〈…〉.  Consul, it happened that Lepidus of so great a Prince being made a private man by Caesar, came to this necessity, that when Maecenas did accuse Lepidus his son of conspiracy against Caesar, and also accused the mother, as consenting to her son, and Lepidus himself, as a weak man, he despised: the son he sent to Caesar, to Actio: for the mother, because she was a woman, and not to be ●aryed, he required surety to be put before the Consul. But when no man would be her surety, Lepidus waited many times at Balbinus doors, and coming where he sat in Judgement, and being oft repulsed of the officers, at length (with much ado) he spoke thus:  
The accusers do confess mine innocency, affirming, that 
Lepidus' suit for his wife.  I am neither consenting to my wife nor my son. I did not proscribe thee, when I was one of the Proscribers. Have respect unto the chances of the world: and to me, that attend upon thee, give this grace, that either my wife may go to Caesar upon my surety, or I be bound to go with her.  
While Lepidus spoke this, Balbinus considering the mutation, 
Cicero the son.  delivered the wife of her bond.  
Young Cicero was sent of his father into Grecia, foreseeing what would come. From Greece he went to Brutus, & after Brutus' death, to Pompey, & with both was honoured with the place of a Lieutenant. And after them, Caesar, to clear himself of Cicero's injury, 
The Bishops of old Rome were Magistrates & judges of religion.  made him strait the Bishop, and not long after, Consul, and Precedent of Syria. And when Caesar overcame Antony at Actio, he was yet Consul, and Caesar written to him of it, which Letters he read to the people of Rome, and sat in that seat of Justice, where his father's head was put.  
Appius divided his substance among his servants, and sailed 
Appius.  with them into Sicily. They watching for his money, a storm rising, put him into a boat, that they might sail with the more safety: but it chanced, that he in the boat was saved beyond all hope, and they drowned with their ship.  
Publius, a treasurer of Brutus, and of the family of Anteny, 
Publius.  was requested to forsake Brutus, which because he would not do, he was proscribed: yet he returned, and was a friend to Caesar, and when Caesar came to him, he would show him Brutus picture, for the which he was praised of Caesar.  
These things, beyond hope, happening to the proscribed men, both in danger and safety, many more being omitted, I thought chief to be declared.  
When matters had thus passed in Rome, all the places about, for these troubles, were full of enemies, & great wars fallen out: In Libya of Cornificius against Sextius: in Syria of Cassius against Dolabella: in Sicilia of Pompey, where great affliction was among the Cities for this captivity. I will overpass the less: the greatest, that appeared more worthy than the rest, in Loadicea, Tharsus, Rhodes, Patareans, and Xantheans, and every of them, which from the beginning in order I have gathered to writ, were these. The Romans call that part yet old Libya, which they wan of the Carthaginenses: that, which King juba held, and 
Old Libya.  was after got by Caesar, they call New Libya, and may be of Numidia.  
Sextius being precedent of New Libya under Caesar, commanded 
New Libya. Sextius. Cornificius.  Cornificius to give place in the old, as though all Libya was Caesar's by lot.  
When the three men made their division, he said, he known no such division made of the three men among themselves, nor would deliver the Province, which he had received of the Senate, but only to them again. And for this cause they made war one against another.  
Cornificius had an army well appointed and great in number: Sextius had light harnessed, and fewer, by the which coming abroad, he caused men to revolt from Cornificius, and gave repulse to Ventidius, a Captain of Cornificius, coming upon him lustily, and besieged him.  
Laelius an other Captain of Cornificius, went abroad, and won Cirta and other places from Sextius, and they all sent to Arabion 
Cirta a City of Numidia, where ●ugurth killed Adherbal. Arabion. Sittius.  the king, and to them that were called Sittians, to take part with them in the war, which were so called for this cause. Sittius in Rome, not abiding sentence in his own quarrel, fled, and gathering an army, came from Italy and Spain, into Libya, and took a part among the Libyan Kings that warred together, and with whom he joined and got the victory, he was called a Sittian, because his army did very valiantly. 
Sittians.   
When Caius Caesar did persecute Pompey's friends, he did fight for him in Libya, and overthrew Sabura, jubas' Lieutenant, a famous man: For which cause Sittius was rewarded of Caesar, 
Manassa. Manasses.  with king Manasses land, not all, but the best part of it. Manasses was this Arabions father, and confederate with juba. His land Caesar gave to Sittius and to Bocchus king of the Marusians, one part whereof Sittius divided for the people under him.  
Arabion fled into Iberia to Pompey's children, and when Caius Caesar was killed, he returned again to Libya, and ever sending some of his Libyans to the younger Pompey into Iberia, and receiving expert soldiers from thence, he took his land from Bocchus, and dispatched Sittius by craft: and being still friend to the Pompeyans, and perceiving their fortune to be full of infelicity without hope, he agreed with Sittius, and soon by him was reconciled to Caesar. The Sittians also for his father's benevolence with Caesar, joined with him.  
Sestius being now emboldened, came from the siege to the fight, where Ventidius was slain, and the army fled without a guide, whom he chased and killed, and took many of them.  
Laelius hearing of this, levied the siege at Cirta, and went to Cornificius.  
Sestius being haughty with this feat, went to Cornificius at Utica, and encamped against him, having much people. And Cornificius sending Laelius with horsemen to take a view, Sestius sent Arabion with his horse against Laelius, at the face: & he with horse better appointed, came upon him on the side, and disordered him, so that Laelius, though not inferior, yet fearing his retire should have been shut, took an hill that was between both, where Arabion, as he was directed, killed many, and compassed the rest.  
Cornificius seeing this, came forth with his whole power, to help Laelius. Sestius set upon him on the back, with sudden charge, whom Cornificius endeavoured to repel with great travail. Arabion in the mean time creeping with his men through the stony places, came secretly over mountains upon Cornificius camp.  
Roscius, that was keeper of the camp, being distressed, offered 
Roscius killed.  his throat to be cut of a Page.  
Cornificius weary of the fight, went to Laelius to the mountain, 
Cornificius killed  not knowing what was done at his Camp, when Arabion▪ horsemen came upon him, and killed him. Laelius seeing all 
jelius killeth kyniselfe.  this upon the hill, killed himself. When the Captains were dead, the armies fled severally, and such of the proscribed men as were with Cornificius, some fled into Sicily, and some whither they could. Sestius rewarded Arabion and the Sit●ians with goodly gifts, and the Cities he pardoned, to obey Caesar.  
This was the end of the war in Libya, betwixt Cornificius and Laelius, very short, if a man consider the feats done with so great speed.  
With Brutus and Cassius, in comparison to these, little was 
Brutus & Cassius.  done, and that was this: when Caius Caesar was killed, the murderers took the Capitol, and when obi●uion of all things was decreed, they came down.  
The people at the funeral of Caesar, being moved with pity, ran about to seek the quellers, and they driving them back from the tops of the houses, went to the provinces that Caesar had appointed. Cassius and Brutus being yet Praetors in the City, were assigned also of Caesar to provinces, Cassius to Syria, and Brutus to Macedonia. And because they could not go to their provinces before their time, nor abide the hate of the City, 
Brutus & Cassius.  they went away, being yet in office: and the Senate, in consideration of them, appointed them Purueioures for provision, that in that mean time, they should not be thought to flee away.  
They being go, Syria & Macedonia were appointed by decree to Antony and Dolabella, being then Consuls. The Senate, being very much grieved, gave them in stead thereof Creta & Cirene, which they not regarding, in short time gathered much money and men, and entered Syria and Macedonia. And thus they wrought.  
When Dolabella had killed Trebonius in Asia, and Antony had overcome Decimus in Celtica, the Senate being offended, did decree Antony and Dolabella to be enemies, and restored Brutus and Cassius to their former provinces, and added to Brutus Illyria, commanding all other that were rulers of the Roman 
Illyria added to Brutus.  dominion, as well of provinces as armies, to obey Brutus and Cassius. After this, Cassius prevented Dolabella entering into Syria, & used the tokens of that office, and gathered twelve legions, that for the most part, had served, and been trained under Casus Caesar, one of the which, Caesar had left in Syria, to go to the 
Passus. Sextus julius.  war against the Parthians. The charge of this, had Secilius Bassus, but the dignity, Sextus julius had, a young man and Caesar's kinsman, who being lascivious, and suffering the legion to fall to riot, Bassus reproved him: wherefore he fallen out with Bassus, and called him rascal, and after waxing more disobedient, Bassus commanded him to be brought of the Sergeants, whereof a tumult growing, and Bassus being in danger to be killed: the army, not abiding that disorder, killed julius: of the which repenting them by and by, and fearing Caesar's displeasure, they agreed together, that unless they had forgiveness, they would fight till death, and to this they compelled Bassus: & getting an other legion, they trained them, with the which they valiantly overcame Sextius Murcus, sent against them with three legions from Caesar. To Murcus, came in aid Minutius Crispus from Bythinia, 
Murcus.  with three other legions, and besieged Bassus with six legions. Cassius coming in relief of Bassus, received his army freely by and by, and after, Minutius and Murcus, delivering to 
Minutius.  him their legions for goodwill, they obeyed him in all things as the Senate commanded. Albinus being sent of Dolabella, brought out of Egypt four legions of the remnant of Pompeius and Crassus' discomfiture, which of Caesar were left with Cleopatra. Cassius' set upon him in Palestina (knowing nothing of these chances) so suddenly, that he compelled him to deliver his army, being afraid with four legions to fight against eight. Thus Cassius (beyond all expectation) was Lord of twelve legions, and many of the Parthian archers on horseback came to serve Cassius, he being known among them, when he was an officer in Crassus' camp. Dolabella remained about jonia, dispatching Trebonius, 
Trebonius.  and putting tributes upon the Cities, and by Lucius Figulus 
●. Figulus.  hiring navies of the Rhodes, the Lycians, Pamphagonians, and Celicians, which, when they were ready, he determined to go into Syria himself by land with two legions, & Figulus by sea. And hearing of Cassius army, he turned his journey to Laodicea, a City friendly to him, joining to Cherronesus, and fit for all surniture, 
〈…〉, ●ore●.  as well for passage by Sea, as defence by land. In the which place, he might provide all things plentifully ●●o● the Se●, and when he would, without fear sail from the land.  
Which Cassius seeing, and fearing that Dolabella should escape him, having got a place called Isthmus, almost an Island, not 
〈…〉 a narrow land between two seas.  two furlongs over, he too all the stones and timber of the cottages, boroughs and sepulchres, to make a peer for ships. He sent to Phoenitia, Lycia and the Rhodes, and being rejected of all, but the S●donians, yet he went against Dolabella, and both of them haning lost numbers of ships, Dolabella took five, with all the men. Cassius sent again to them that had despised him, and to Cleopatra Queen of Egypt, and to Serapion General in Cypress for her. The Tyrians, the Aradians, and Serapion, without any in 
Arad●●i be of the isle of Aradus, & it is one o● the Cities of Ph●nitia that maketh depolis, Tyrus and Sido● be the other. Excuses of Cleopatra.  telligence from Cleopatra, sent him as many ships as they had. The Queen made excuse to Cassius, by hunger & pestilence, wherewith Egypt was oppressed: and for the familiarity with the former Caesar, she favoured Dolabella, and with this determination, she sent him four legions by Albinus, and an other sufficient company, by sea (because of the wind) stayed.  
The Rhodians and the Lycians said, they would help neither Brutus nor Cassius in civil wars, and that they had given ships of passage to Dolabella, but not entered with him into any society of war. Cassius being prepared again, with such as he had presently, encountered with Dolabella twice, and at the first, they fought it out with like force: but after Dolabella was too weak by Sea. Then Cassius, with a rampire, so beaten the walls of the City, that they were like to fade, and when he could not corrupt Marsus, that was chief of the watch by night, he wan 
Marsus. Loadicea wined. Dolabella killed.  the Captains of the bands, that warded by the day. And Marsus resting by day, the gates were opened, and he entered in divers parts with his army.  
The City being taken, Dolabella bade one of his Guard cut off his head and carry it to Cassius, to save his own, which he did, and after killed himself. Marsus also did rid his own life.  
Cassius having got the City, swore the army of Dolabella to himself. All the Laodiceans sacred and public things he spoiled, 
Laodicea spo●●●●  the chief of the City he punished, the other he oppressed with grievous payments, and brought the City to extreme misery. From Laodicea he went toward Egypt, understanding that Cleopatra did sail with a great navy to Caesar and Antony, thinking he might stop her voyage, and be revenged of her, understanding that Egypt was in great distress for famine, having no great army of strangers, the Soldiers being go with Albinius. Being in this hope and determination, Brutus in haste advertised him, that Caesar & Antony did pass the Ionian Sea. Cassius unwillingly, left the enterprise of Egypt, and sent away the Parthian Archers on horseback, with their rewards, and messengers to their King for further aid: which coming when all was done, ranged Syria, and all the nigh nations to jonia, and departed. Cassius left his Nephew in Syria with one legion: the horsemennes he sent afore to Cappadocia. They suddenly set upon 
Ariobarzanes distressed.  Ariobarzanes the king, as one that before meant to deceive Cassius, and brought all his money and riches to Cassius. The Tharsians being at debate, the one part honoured, Cassius coming 
Tharsue at diuisi● A city in Cilicia at the blood Cydno.  first, the other Dolabella after him: and both of them did it, by the show of the City's authority: and embracing both, as the turn served, either side (in such a changeable city) used oth●● extremely. When Cassius had overcome Dolabella, he commanded them to pay a thousand and five hundred talents: they not knowing 
The calamity of Tharsus.  what to do, and being with despite required of the Soldiers thereunto, were compelled to cell all their private jewels, and holy things in common, and other which they had for their triumphs and sacrifices, which not suffising, the Magistrates sold their free people. The first was the Virgins and their men children, after their women and old men pityfully, and then their youngmen, whereof many killed themselves. Being in this case, Cassius came from Syria, and stayed it for pities 
Cassius showeth sovie pity.  sake, & released them of the rest of the Tribute. Thus Tharsus and Laodicea were punished. Cassius and Brutus consulting together, it seemed best to Brutus to remove the army from thence 
Counsel be ●●●ene Brutus and Cassius.  into Macedonia for greater consideration. Because it was said, their enemies had forty legions, and that eight of them were past the Ionian sea. Cassius thought the multitude of the enemy not to be passed of, because in time their number should be their destruction for want: and therefore that they should set upon the Rodians and Licians, friends to their enemies, and having navies lest they should come upon their backs, when they had agreed, they divided their armies. Brutus went against the Licians, & Cassius against the Rodians, for he was brought up there, & learned the Greek tongue. And because they were very 
●●●do, now Capo Crio.  strong upon the Sea, he prepared & exercised his own ships at Guido. The wise men of the Rhodes were afraid to come to fight with the Romans, but the people was lusty recounting their former 
The Rhodes. an Island in the sea that is called Carpathio, the▪ which in greatness, is next jesa ●us and Cyprus.  feats against other manner of men than these. Their ships also they gathered of the best, of the which were xxxiij when they had done so, they sent some to Mindo to Cassius, requesting him he would not reject the Rhodes, a City that ever did revenge such as contemned them, nor the conventions between the Rhodians and the Romans, that one should not bear arms against the other: and if he did allege any thing for society of war, that they would understand of the Senate of Rome, and they commanding it, they said they would do it. Thus much they said. He answered, that for the rest, war must judge in steed of words & where the league commanded they should not levy arms one against another, the Rhodians did conspire with Dolabella, and aided him against Cassius. But where it commandeth that one should help another, and now that Cassius requireth it, they use a shift by the Roman Senate, which is scattered, and at this present destroyed by the tyrants that be in the City, which should be punished, and so should the Rhodians, taking their parts, unless they did as he commanded them. Thus said Cassius. When this was known at Rhodes, the ancient men were the more afraid. The people were persuaded by one Alexander & Manasses, remembering unto them that Mithridates came against them with many more ships, & before him Demetrius. Therefore they made Alexander their chief officer called Prytan●o, & Manasses their Admiral. 
Pryta●eus was in Athens the chief City of Autonie.  Nevertheless, they sent Archelaus ambassador to Cassius, who was his schoolmaster in the Greek, to entreat him familiarly: and when he had taken him by the hand, he spoke to him as to his acquaintance:  
Thou that art a lover of the Greek language, do not disturb 
Archeleus' scholenaster ●● Cassius.  a Greek city, nor the Rhodes (being a lover of liberty) nor deface the Dorian dignity, never yet blemished since it first began: nor forget y● goodly history, which thou didst learn at Rhodes and Rome. At Rhodes, how much the Citizens of the same have ever stood to their defence, against nations & kings, and such as were thought invincible, as Demetrius & Mithridates, for their liberty, for y● which thou sayest thou travailest. In Rome what we have done for you, as well against other as Antiochus the great: there be pillars set up of you as monuments of us. And thus much may he said to you, O Romans, of our nation, of our worthiness, of our state, never yet in servitude, of our society & choice of you. But in thee now (Cassius) a certain great reverence, I say, remaineth toward this city, thy nurse, thy school, thy Physician & house, where thou didst devil, & to my school, & myself, & to other things wherein I took pains. Now you well requited all this upon my country, y● it be not forced to make war with thee that was nourished & brought up in it, nor put us to y● necessity of one of two things, either that y● Rhodians shall all be destroyed, or Cassius overcome. I advise thee further, beside y● I have prayed thee, that hast tak● in hand this feat, for the common wealth of Rome, y● thou always make the Gods the guides in so great a cause. You Romans did call the Gods to witness, when by Caius Caesar, you made solemn league with us, and by oath confirmed the same & gave us your right hands, which enemies perform, & shall not friends and fellows d● it? Refrain now for God's cause, & for the glory among men, seeing nothing is more barbarous than breach of league, which make the offenders to seem unfaithful both to friend & foe. When the old man had thus said, he did not let Cassius' hand go, but he wept & wiped his eyes with it, that with that manner he might move Cassius, who for reverence was abashed, & with some passion said thus:  
If thou didst not persuade the Rodians to do me any injury, than thyself hast done it: but if thou didst exhort and advise 
Cas●●es to A●helous.  them, & couldst not persuade them, than I do revenge thee. I have been injured evidently: first, because I ask help of them, that nourished and taught me, am contemned and despised: then, because they preferred Dolabella, (whom they neither taught nor brought up) before me: and that that is the more heinous, not only before me, but Brutus and other noble men, whom you know well to be fled from Tyranny, and to be ready to fight for liberty of our country. You the Rodianes lovers of liberty, preferred Dolabella before us, he seeking to take the same from other: and us (whom now you aught to favour,) you pretend, you will not deal with civil war. It were civil, if we did covet unlawful power: but now open war is made of people's rule, against Tirannes' state: and you that have popular government, do forsake the same: and of them that do labour for their laws, and bear good will to the Romans, and be condemned to death without judgement, that be prescribed & confiscate, you have no pity at all. But you answer, you will understand the Senate's mind, which is now destroyed and can not help itself. For you known the Senate had decreed to Brutus and me, that all the inhabitants between jonia and the East, should obey our commandments Thou makest a rehearsal what you have done for us at our wants, for with good will you have received reward again. But you forget, that you deny help to us, that suffer injury, for the saving of our liberty, whom you aught, if there had been no friendship betwirt us, but would now have begun it, to have aided the common cause of Rome, few being of the Dorean liberty. You bring forth also leagues (lacking other matter) that Caius Caesar the first author of Tyranny did make with you, and say, that the Romans and Rodians should help one an other in their necessities. Help you then now the Romans that in greatest cause be in most peril. Cassius a Roman born, and a precedent of the Romans, doth challenge that league, according to the decree of the Senate, in the which it did command, that all the dwellers beyond jonia, should obey us. Brutus doth require the same, and Pompey, keeping the Sea for the Senate's safety. To decrees, we join prayers, for all them that be fled from the Senate to me, to Brutus and to Pompey. It is the people's public decree, that the Rhodianes should help the Romans, every one as they have need. If we be neither officers nor Romans, but you take us to be fugitives, strangers, and condemned (as they name us that have proscribed us) and that you have nothing to do with us, but with Romans (O Rhodianes) and their leagues, then may we make war with you as strangers, and free from confederacy, except you obey us in all that we require. Thus Cassius, as it were dallying with Archelaus, sent him away. Alexander and Manasses, Captains of the Rhodianes, with their three and thirty Ships, sailed against Cassius to Myndo, to prevent him in the sea, having hope, lightly to overcome him, because they made that voyage into Guido against Mithridates, when they had happy end of the war: and using rowing for a show, they sailed the first day to Guido, and the next, 
Guido a City like an Island in Caria.  set upon the Cassianes, whereat they marveling, did encounter with them, showing noble strength on both sides. The Rhodian ships were light, and gave a sudden onset on their enemies, 
Battle by Sea between the Romans & the Rhodianes.  and retired again, and fetched what course they would. The Romans were heavy, and abode by it, and when they joined with them, gainsaid them like a fight on foot. Cassius with the multitude of his ships did so beset the enemy, that they could not compass, nor retire at their pleasure, but only aforehand give a charge, and retire again: and that commodity was taken away by the straightness of the place. For their coming upon the Romans great ships with their sharp stems, did no good, because the Romans stood unmovable against their light vessels. In the end, three of the Rhodianes, with all the men in them, were taken, two were broken and sunk, the rest sore beaten, fled to the Rhodes.  
The Romans resorted to Myndo, and repaired their vessels 
Myndus, a sea▪ coast town of Caria.  that were bruised.  
This was the end of the fight by Sea, between the Romans and the Rhodianes, which Cassius beheld from a Mountain.  
When he had repaired his navy, he sailed to Lorenn●, a Castle 
〈◊〉 is in ●ame.  of the Rhodians, and his footmen he committed to Phanius and Lentulus, to be transported in great Ships. He sailed with fourscore vessels, which was a terrible sight to the Rhodians. Being arrived at Rhodes, he stirred not, neither with his navy nor his footmen, thinking they would have yielded: but they came fiercely forth to the fight, and having lost two ships, they shut themselves within the port of the City, and took armour, and resisted the footmen that Phanius had set a shore, and also Cassius that approached the walls next the Sea, not unfit for that fight: which he foreseeing, had brought Turrets with him, which he set up, and assailed the City both by sea and land, which being unprovided for so sudden a matter, must needs either by force or famine be overthrown. The wise men of the City, to avoid that danger, had some talk with Phanius and Lentulus. In the mean time, Cassius was got 
Rhodes taken.  into the City with the choice of his army, using no force at his entry, which some thought to be by them that pitied the famishing of their City.  
Cassius, having the City in captivity, sat down in the Judgement seat, and pitched his spear in it, in token it was thrall, and bad them not to fear. He commanded his army upon pain of death, not to make any spoil. He called. 50. Rhodians by 
The hard dealing of Cassius with the Rhodians.  name, whom he punished with death. Five and twenty that would not appear, he banished. He took all the money that was gold or silver, holy or public, and appointed a day to every man to bring in his private substance. He proclaimed death to them that hid any thing. To the accuser he proclaimed a third part, and to the bond, liberty. Many at the beginning hid their things, hoping the spoil would have no such end: but when they saw men were bewrayed, they brought forth all for fear. Some was hidden in the ground, some in filthy pits, and some in graves, out of the which more was brought, than at the first.  
This was the captivity of the Rhodes, to the rule of the which, 
Spoil of the Rhodes.  Lucius Varus was left.  
Cassius being encouraged with the speedy taking of this City, and abundance of money, commanded the other nations of Asia to pay the ten years tribute, which they did accordingly.  
It was then reported, that Cleopatra, with great preparation of 
Cleopatra.  army and navy, would sail to Octavian and Antony, both for the friendship of the former Caesar, and for fear of Cassius, who sent Murcus with his best legionary men and archers, with 
Morta. Tanarum, a promontory of jaconica, where Hercules took his way to Hell. Brutus. jycia a Country of little Asia, between Pamphilia and Carta. Loca a region in the end of Greece. Illyria is a great Region of Europe, now called ●lanonia.  fourscore armed Ships, to Pelloponesus, and staying at Tenaro, meant by prevention, to get the spoil of all Pell pon●so.  
The things that Brutus did in Licia, were not great: but thus they began.  
When he had the army of Apuleius, and gathered of the tributes of Asia sixetéene thousand talentes, he sailed into B●ecia, where he did receive a decree from the Senate, that he should use the same, and govern Macedonia: which being known he took to him thrées Legions from Illyria, the which Vatinius, than Lieutenant of Illyria, delivered unto him. Another Legion he had of Antony's brother in Macedonia, to the which, joining four more, he was Lord of eight Legions, the greater part of the which, had served under Caius Caesar. He had also great numbers of Horsemen, & archers, and other shot. The Macedonians he armed after the Italian manner. In gathering thus his army and treasure, he had this good luck from Thracia.  
Polemocratia, a Prince's wife, and slain of his foes, came to 
Treasure, and a Prince's child delivered to Brutus.  Brutus for the care of her son, and committed him to Brutus hands whth her husbands treasure. He delivered the child to be trained of the Citizenians, till he should be set in his father's 
Ciricus, an isle in Propon●is, with a City of that name.  Kingdom. He found in the Treasure great massies of gold and silver, which he caused to be coined, to make money.  
When Cassius was come unto Brutus, they consulted upon 
The siege of Xanthus a Citle in jycia, which showed great manliness before against H●rpagus Lieutenant to Cyrus.  their business, and determined to begin the war upon the Licians and Xanthians.  
And to begin with the Zanthians, they of the City cut off their sub●●bes, that Brutus should not use them, nor have commodity of any thing there, they compassed their City with a ditch, and upon it made their defence. The ditch was fifty foot deep, and the breadth proportionate accordingly. Upon it they stood, and threw their darts & arrows upon the Romans, divided as with a flood impassable. Brutus' goat many pioneers, & covered them with leather, to overthrow the ditch. He parted the army for the night and the days labour, never ceasing, but as in a matter of great speed, used the soldiers, to contend who should do fastest. And though at the beginning it seemed he went about a tedious and fruitless work, yet in the end, he brought it to pass very quickly, contrary to the Zanthians' opinion, which thought it would have been many months in doing, or not done at all. But now they are shut up, and driven within their gates, with a great change. He gave daily assaults at the gates, ever changing his 
Brutus beateth down the Trench.  men. They resisted, and put fresh and sound men in the place of the weary and wounded, so long as their forts held: but when they were beaten down, and all broken, Brutus thinking what would follow, commanded his soldiers to retire from the gates.  
The Zanthians thinking that to be done by negligence, issued out in the night with lights to burn the Romans engines, who being encountered of the Romans that lay for them, 
The Zanthianes killed at their gates.  retired to the gates, the keepers whereof, fearing the enemy should enter also, shut them out, whereof did follow a great slaughter before the gates. Not long after, the Romans going back again, the Citizens came out, and fired the engines: and because of the former loss, the gates were opened to them, at whose going in, two thousand Romans thrust in with them, and more followed: at the which entry, the gates fallen down, either suddenly, or of purpose, the matter failing that held them 
The Romans in danger.  up. The Romans were either killed, or shut in. The gates could not be opened, nor without some engine be removed. The Zanthians threw upon them in the streets from above. They having neither bow nor arrows, got into a strait place, called Sarpedono, that they should not utterly be beset about. The Romans that were without, were careful for them within, and Brutus ran among them, to see that all help might be assayed. At the gates barred with iron, they could not get in, their scales and Towers being burned. Wherefore some made scaling ladders presently, and went up upon timber, as upon ladders: some tied forks to ropes, and threw them to fasten on the brickwall, and climbed up by cords. The O●nandians their 
Oenandia ●s a City of ●al●ra, a little region of ●●Spand●●.  neighbours, and enemies, and confederate with Brutus, gate up over the rocky places, which when the Romans see, they followed with great labour, whereby many fell, and some that goat over, went to open the gates, and laid timber so thick, that they might come over: which they did. And being now many, they broke the gate, not being very strong, both they within and without helping to it: and the soldiers entered in very boldly, both at the broken gate, and over the brickwall, upon the way made with timber, so as there was thrusting in on every side. The Zanthians with great shouts set upon the Romans that were 
The Romans saved in Serpedono a holy place closed in the City.  in Sarpedono. The Romans at the gates, careful for them both within and without, used all violence to make way, and as carried with a fury, they bore all down afore them, making such baste and noise, as they might know within it, God working a change for them. And this was at the setting of the Sun.  
The City being thus taken, the Zanthians went into their houses, and burned their most precious things, and wilfully offered their throats to be cut. The lamentation was so great, that Brutus fearing the spoil, called his Soldiers back by a 
The taking of Zanth●s.  Trumpet: and when he knew what was done, he pitied the state of them for their liberties sake, and sent a truce unto them. They repelling them that brought it, and bringing all they had, to stacks that they had made in their houses, set the same on fire, and burned themselves therewith.  
Brutus' saved all the sacred things, and only took the Servants of the Xanthians, and an hundred and fifty women free and without husband. Thus three times the Zanthians perished for their 
The often sacking of Xanthus.  liberty, being besieged of Arpalus, Lieutenant of Cyrus the great. They killed themselves rather than they would be slaves, and the City was by him left to be their grave. And they say, they suffered the like of Alexander, Philip's son, and could not abide to obey Alexander, though he were a Lord of so many lands.  
Brutus went from Xantho to Patarea, a City (for affairs 
〈…〉 City in 〈◊〉 where 〈◊〉 gave answer 〈◊〉 the sixth Months of Winter.  of the Sea) like unto it: and bringing his army about the city, he commanded them to be obedient, unless they would suffer as the Xanthians had done. Some of the Xanthians were come unto them, bewailing their misfortune, and counseling them to see better to themselves. The Patareanes answering nothing to the Xanthians, spent the rest of the day in consultation. day being come, and Brutus approaching, they cried from the walls, that they would obey him in any thing he would, and opened 
Patarea yielded.  their gates. He entered, neither kill nor spoiling any man: only their gold and silver that was the Cities, he gathered together, commanding every man to bring in his private goods, upon those pains that Cassius had set upon the Rhodians. And they did so.  
A Servant did accuse his master for hiding of money, and showed a captain that was sent, where the gold was. All being carried away, the master held his peace, but his mother (willing to save her son) cried, that she had hid the money. The Servant (not required to speak,) affirmed she said not true, and that he had hid it: whereat Brutus pitying the young man in silence, and the mother in passion, 
justice of 〈◊〉.  sent them away unhurte, with the money they brought, and hanged the Servant, that would have betrayed his master.  
Lentulus' at this time being sent to Andriaca, a notable port 
Andriaca the name of a Town in divers regions he●re of ●●cia. My●●, a City of Lycia.  for the Navies of the Myreans, broke the chain of the Port, and went into the City. They obeyed his commandments, and delivered him their money, which he carried to Brutus. The Lycians sent to Brutus, that they would obey him, and aid him to their power. He put a tribute upon them, and gave the 
A●ylas is in Asia.  free men of the Xanthians to that City. He commanded the Navy of Lycia, to sail with the rest to Ab●●o, from whence he led his footmen, & above Cassius coming from jonia, to go together to Seftus. 
Sestus in ●●●●pa, divided by the narrow S●● called Hellesp●t.   
Murcus sailing about Peloponeso, understood that Cleopatra had a wrack by tempest about Libya, and that her scattered navy was blown to Laconica, and that she was so sick, as 
Laconia, a region of Peloponesus, sometime called 〈…〉 〈◊〉 the ●. cities▪ 〈…〉 were contained ●●●.  uneath she could get home again. And that he should not seem to bring out so great a company in vain, he sailed toward Brunduse, and took the isle next the Port, and kept the rest of the enemies army, and their victuals, from Macedonia.  
Antony came against him with those few long Ships that he had, and at the nigh places annoyed him with the 
Antony against Murcus.  Towers he had made. He sent his army by parts in great ships, observing the wind from the land, that they should not be intercept of Murcus: and being in some doubt, he called for Caesar, that was in the coast of Sicily, to match with Sextus Pompey. Which matters went after this sort:  
Pompey was the younger son of Pompey the great, being 
Pompey the younger.  not accounted of Caesar for his youth like to archieue any matter, and remained in Spain. He, in company with a few thieves, roved on the Sea, and was not known to be Pompey's son.  
The number of the Roners increasing, and having a good band, he confessed he was Pompey's child. Wherefore all the remnant of his fathers and brother's army resorted to him, as to a familiar Captain.  
Arabion being dispeopled in Libya, came unto him (as we 
Arabion joineth with Pompey  have said) and he having this multitude, his acts were esteemed greater than as of a Pirate, and Pompey's name sounded over all Spain; full of people, so as the officers of Caesar dared not meddle with him: which when Caesar heard, he sent Carina with a greater army to overthrow Pompey. But he being armed for the light attempts, suddenly set upon him, and troubled him, and took Cities both small and great, for the which cause Caesar sent Abnius Pollio to succeed Carina, and to war with Pompey, which at the time that Caesar was killed, did try their power: after the which Pompey was revoked of the Senate, and then he went to Massilia, to hear what was done, who being choose Admiral as his father, he gathered all the Ships he could get together, and kept the Seas, but would not come to Rome. And when the three men's power began, he sailed into Sicily, and besieged the Captain Bythinicus, that would not receive him, till Hirtius and Fannius (condemned by proscription, and fled from Rome,) caused that place to be given to Pompey. Thus Pompey was Lord of Sicily, having a Navy and Island nigh to Italy, and a great army, both of them he had before, and also of them that fled from Rome, both bond and free, and such as the Cities of Italy sent him, that were given in pray to the soldiers: for these did detest in their hearts, the conquest of the three men, and as much as they could, secretly written against them. And as many as might get out of the Country, being now no more of their Country, fled to Pompey, being at hand, and most accepted to the Romans of that time. There came also to him Seamen from Libya and Iberia, skilful in the water: in so much, as Pompey was full of Captains, Ships, soldiers and money. Of the which when Caesar understood, he sent Saluidienus with a Navy, thinking it 
Saluidienus.  to be an easy matter to put Pompey from the Sea: and he passed through Italy to help Saluidienus from Reggio. 
O 〈…〉 pasteth to help Saluidienus. S 〈…〉 a Town in the end of Calabra. Scylla and 〈…〉.   
Pompey came against Saluidienus with a great navy, and making the fight hard at the shallows of the isle about Scyleion, Pompey's Ships were lighter, and exceeded in the promptness and experience of the skilful Seamen. The Romans were heavier and greater, and the more unfit, as the manner of the shallow Sea is to whirl about, that 
The fight by Sea, between Saluidienus and Pompey.  the billows break on either side the water. Pompey's were the less troubled, for custom to the surgies, but Saluidienus Ships could neither stand firm for lack of that experience, nor able to use their ●ares, nor having fit sternes for to turn at will, were sore troubled. Wherefore toward the Sun set, Saluidienus first withdrew, and Pompey also did the like. The loss of ships was equal. The other that were bruised and broken, Saluidienus repaired, lying at the port of that narrow sea Balaron. 
Balaron.  Caesar came and gave great faith to the Reggians and Ipponeans, 
Reggio is the surdest City in Italy next Sicily. Ippona was a city sometime called Vibona, and Vi●on Falentia, now there is but a little town called ●●bona.  that they should be exempt from them that were given in victory, for he feared them most, because they were so nigh that narrow cut. But when Antony sent for him in haste, he sailed to him to Brunduse, having on his left hand Sicily, intending then not to match with Pompey. Murcus (when Caesar came,) that he should not be enclosed of Antony and him, went a little from Brunduse, waiting by the way the great ships that carried the army to Macedonia, which were waited of the Galleys, the wind being great, even as they could wish. They sailed away cheerfully without any need of any Galleys, whereat Murcus was grieved, and waited for their return empty. But they (both then and after) carried over the army with full sail, till 
The army passeth.  all the army with Caesar and Antony were passed. Murcus being thus hindered by fortune (as he thought,) tarried for other passages, and preparations of new Soldiers from Italy, to hinder (as much as he could) the provisions and the army left: and to him Domitius Oenobarbus, one of Cassius Captains, came, as to a service of great moment, with fifty ships, one other legion, and Archers, that Caesar's army, not able to be victualled otherwise sufficiently, but from Italy, it might as (he thought) be stopped from thence. Thus they with one hundredth and twenty galleys, and more ships of burden, with a great army did scour those seas.  
Ceditius and Norbanus, whom Caesar and Antony sent with 
Antony & Caesar.  viii. legions into Macedonia, and from thence to Thracia, went above the hills a hundred and xl miles, till they came beyond Philip, and took the streyghts of Torpido and Salapian, the beginning 
Philippi first called Dathes. Torpido and Salapia, straits in Thracia.  of Rascopolinus land, and the only known way between Europe and Asia, and that was a let to Cassius army going from Castius to Abydus.  
Rascopolis and Rascus were brethren, of the blood of the Thracian 
Rascopolis and Rascus brethren divided.  kings, and being Princes of one region, they differed in opinion, Raseos' favouring Antony, and Rascopolis Cassius, either of them having three thousand horse. Cassius' Captains, asking of the way ●●s●●pol●● said, The short and plain way goeth from hence to Maronaea, and leadeth to the straits of Salamina, being 
M 〈…〉, city of 〈◊〉. Salamina, over against 〈◊〉.  possessed by the enemy, & is not to be passed. There is another way thrice so much about, and hard to pass, where the enemy can not go for lack of victual, from whence they might go to Thracia and Macedonia. When they heard this, they went by Aeno and Maronaea to Lysimachia and Cardia, that receive the 
Aeno, where 〈◊〉 was buried. 〈◊〉 of Ci●●●●a 〈…〉, City. M 〈…〉, the cost.  straight of Cherronesus as two gates: and the next day, they came to the gulf of Mellana, where they mustered their men. They had nineteen legions of armed men. Brutus' ten, and Cassius nine, none full, but with two thousand at the most to be filled: so as they had about fourscore thousand. The horsemen of Brutus were four thousand Celtians and Lucitanians, two thousand 
Lucitamins.  Parthenians, Thessalians, Thracians and I●irians: Cassius, of Iberians and Celtians, had two thousand, of Arabians, Medians and Parthians, Archers on horseback, four thousand. The Kings and Princes of the Galatians in Asia were their confederates, 
The muster of 〈◊〉 and Cassius' army.  and followed them with a great host of footmen, and horsemen above five thousand. This great army of Brutus and Cassius, was set in order at the gulf of Melane, with the which they proceeded to the war, appointing other men for other necessities. They purged the army by Sacrifice according to the manner, and fulfilled promises made for money, giving libecally 
Liberality of 〈◊〉 and Cas●●●●.  to win men's hearts, as they might well, having such plenty of richesse, because there were many that had served under Caius Caesar. And that none should make any stir at the sight or name of new Caesar. it was thought meet to speak to the army. There was a great seat, in the which sat none but Senators and Praetors. The rest, as well Romans as strangers, brood about below: glad they were to see one another, as they that were stronger than they supposed. Boldness and great hope grew at the sight of the army, which thing increaseth the good will of Soldiers to their Captain, & hope that is common, getteth benevolence. The noise that hereof was made, did cease by the trumpets and criers: and Cassius, because he was elder than Brutus, came a little forth, and thus said to the army:  
This contention, O Soldier fellows, as it is rommon to 
〈…〉ation of Cas●●●●.  us all, and therefore causeth us to trust one an other: so is it convenient, that we do perform to you, all that we have promised, the which is the greatest trust, that we will fulfil whatsoever we promise' you hereafter. The hope consists in the virtue of you that be Soldiers, and in us whom you see about this seat, so many, and so great men of the Senate: and also, in the plentiful furniture of all things which you see, of victual, of armure, of money, and of Ships, of confederates of Nations and Kings, that of necessity, they by reason must be ready to be willing and agree, whom the provision and common cause hath joined together. Whereof the two men our enemies do calumniate us, you know thoroughly, and for that do you serve with us willingly. Therefore now it is fit to declare the cause, which shall chief show, that we have the best, and most just pretence of this war. We, that have made Caesar great, by following him and leading you in the wars, did continued his friends to the end, so as it shall not appear, that he was entrapte of us for any enmity. In matters of peace, he is to be blamed, not of us his friends, in the which we have been honoured, but by laws, and order of the common wealth, whereof now no law, no rule of the best, nor people's power remaineth: all the which our fathers framed, when they expelled the kings, and by oath confirmed, never after to receive other: to the which oath, their posterity, of the same mind, consenting, and putting from them the execrations thereof, they could not longer endure to see one man, though he were a friend and beneficial, that did convert to himself the public treasure, the armies, the elections of officers from the people, the governments of nations from the Senate. Yet he was a law in steed of laws, and a Lord in steed of the people, and a Prince in all respects in stead of the Senate. The which peradventure you do not perfitly know, but only consider his valiantness in the war. But now you may easily learn it, by the things only that touched yourselves. You the people, in the war, do obey your generals as your Lords. The same condition you receive of us again in peace, the Senate providing, that you be not deceived, yourselves being Judges and lawmakers, according to your companies and societies, creating consuls, Tribunes and Praetors, and by your voices judging the greatest things, punishing or preferring them, as they thought you worthy punishment or preferment. This retribution (O Citizens,) hath brought your authority to 
The authority of the people.  high felicity: for you have preferred the worthy, and they being preferred, have rendered like thank to you. For this worthiness you made Scipio Consul, when you testified for him in the 
Scipio made Consul before his time.  matters of Libya, and made, whom you would, Tribunes of every age, of yourselves, as was fit for your causes. What need I to rehearse many things that you already know, but that, since Caesar bore rule, you could created, neither Consul, Praetor, Tribune or Officer, nor could testify for any man's virtue, nor receive mutual testification for yourselves. And to speak of the chief, no man gave you thanks for any office, for authority, for justice or correction. And that that was most to be lamented of all other, you could not help your Tribunes, when villainy was done them, that you should not retain your power continual, and make it sure and inviolable: but yourself see them, that aught to have been untouched, and their authority inviolate, and their ornaments sacred, to be condemned without any judgement, by the commandment of one only, because they seemed to be grieved with them that would have declared him a king, the which the Senate took most grievously for your sake. For, the Tribuneship is yours, not the Senates. Yet ye could not plainly accuse that man, or bring him to judgement, because of his mighty armies, which belonging to the public state, he challenged for his private pleasure: the which intending to be revenged of the rest of his Tyranny, conjured against his body. The sentence did necessarily proceed from the best, the seat was done of a few. So soon as it was done, the Senate decreed it a common agreement, and that openly, that the rewards for killing Tirannes' might be put in ure. Antony staying that, under a pretence of tumult, and we not thinking ourselves worthy reward to the City, rather than by it, to help our country, this was stayed, because they would not any contumely should be showed to Caesar, but only a releasement of his Tyranny, every man decreeing a for getfulnesse, as a thing of most surety, that no matter should be made of the murder. Antony by little and little withdrawing the people from us, the Senate gave us great offices of provinces and armies, commanding all the land between jonia & Syria to obey us: whether punishing as offenders, or honouring ve, with solemn purple, with mazes and Sergeants? by the which reason, they called Pompey from banishment, being a young man, and not acquainted with the thing, but only because he was Son to Pompey the great, who travailed for the people's rule: and because he was secretly in Spain to avoid tyranny, they restored him to the value of his father's goods, by the common treasure, and made him ruler of the sea, that he might have some authority, being of the people's faction. What other act or token of the Senate do ye require, than that all this was done by their sentence? unless it be not enough to confess it by word, but to do it & say it, and together with their sayings to reward you with great gifts, because when they say it, they can perform it. Now you know how men be handled: they be proscribed without judgement, & their goods be publicate, they be killed without sentence in their houses, in their porches, in the Temples: of Soldiers, of servants, of their enemies: drawn from their privy houses, and pursued in every place. Where the law permitteth a man that will, to flee into the common place, where never no enemies head was brought, but only armour & ship stems, now the heads of Consuls, of Praetors, of Tribunes, of Questors and of Gentlemen be brought, and a reward appointed for the evil. This is an insurrection most cruel that ever was against all sorts, a sudden slaughter of men, and a strange hate of women, children, fréemade men▪ and servants: so far and to such a change is our city turned. The authors of all this mischief, be the three men, which afore other have proscribed their brethren, their uncles, answering one an other, our City (men say) was taken of the wild & barbarous. Yet the Celtes cut off no heads, nor used villainy with them they took, nor prohibited any man to hide himself, or flee that war: neither did we ever use any city so, which we have taken by force, neither have we persuaded other to do, that now, not a private city, but the chief of all, doth suffer, of them that affirm they do reform and direct the common wealth. What like thing did Tarqvinius, whom, for the injury done to one woman, & that proceeding of love, & being a king they banished, and for this only act, could never abide a kingdom. And while these three (O citizens) do thus, they term us seditious, & say they will revenge Caesar. They do proscribe them that were not present when he was killed, of y● which, here be many whom you see, being condemned for their riches or houses, or for favouring the people's government. By the which reason, Pompey also was proscribed with us, being far of, in Iberia, when we did the deed, because he is descended of a father that loved the people's state, & for that he was called home of the Senate, & made admiral of the sea, he is of these three men condemned to death. Did women conspire against Caesar, whom they have condemned in a payment? What did an 100000. of the people, whom they have condemned to pay, upon pain, & accusations, & proscribed them unless they do it, whereof they aught to be free? And they that with all they have done, cannot yet perform their promise to their Soldiers, we that have done no wrong have performed our promise to you, & reserve to do more, when time should serve. Thus God hath showed his help to us doing justly, and with God, you have now to consider men, whom you see here your Citizens, whom you have seen your Praetors, your Consuls many times with praise, now you see them fleeing to you, as to well doers, & lovers of the people, taking our part, & wishing well to the rest that we shall take in hand. Moore just rewards be propounded of us to the preservers of them, than there's that would destroy them. They care not for us that killed C. Caesar, that would have ruled alone, & others, that were with us, which remain in despite of his tyranny, & take not the rule to themselves, but leave it to the people according to the country laws. This war is not taken of like cause. They make it for power & tyranny, which they have showed in their proclamation: we make it for no such matter, but only that our country being set free: we may live privately under y● laws in order, all good men, & the Gods chief do judge our cause. The best hope to him y● maketh war, is his just cause. Let it not trouble us, though we have served under Caesar, for we served not under him, but under our country. The gifts that were given, were not Caesar's, but y● country's & public, neither is this y● army of B●●tus or Cassiw, but y● Romans, we being your fellow soldiers & Roman captains. Which if they that make war against us would understand, every man might safely lay down his armure, & tender all the armies to y● city, & make choice of such as might be profitable to it, which we only desire. But seeing they will not choose this, for y● wicked tyranny they have showed, let us, (O war fellows) go to it with sure hope, to serve, as free, the Roman Senate & people for their liberty. Then every man cried, let us go, let us go, & we desire to march out of hand. Cassius being glad of this forwardness, caused silence to be made again, & thus said: All the Gods y● be Lords of war, requited (O war fellows) your faith & promptness. Now then understand what proviston we that be your Captains have made, as men y● be favoured of the Gods, & how far we exceed our enemies in number & goodness. We have armed legions equal with them: we have fortified our places with good guard, as well as they: in horsemen & navies, we do pass them: in alliance of kings & princes, & nations from Asia, we surmount them. They come upon us only on y● face, we go upon them on the back also. For we have Pompey in Sicily, & Murcus in jonia. Norbanus also lieth with a great navy & two legions, to stop their passage by sea: all places behind us be void of enemies both by 
Money the strength of war.  land & sea. As for money, which some call y● strength of war, they want, neither can perform their promise to their old soldiers, nor exact so much of y● condemned men as they supposed, because none of their friends is willing to buy y● places, which they have put to sale: otherwise they can get nothing: for Italy is wasted with sedition, tributes & condennations. We with great care have got present plenty, wherewith we may gratify you again, and much more collected of the nations behind us, to be brought unto us. And victual, the greatest want to mighty armies, they have none, but only from Macedonia a mountain country, and Thessalia a strait region, which with great toil, they must convey by land. For if any thing be brought 
〈…〉 part of A●●●●●o. japigia▪ Ap●●●a.  them from Africa, Lucania, or japigia, Pompeius, Murcus and Domitius shall shut them up. We both have and shall have from the Sea, the Islands and all places of the continent, every day without any difficulty, between Thracia and the blood Euphrates, and that without danger, no enemy being at our backe● wherefore, it is in our power to do our feat with speed, or to do at leisure, to consume our enemies with hunger. This have you, (O fellow Soldiers) by man's provision, the rest shall answer in order, through you and the Gods. We have given you for former matter, all that we promised you, requiting your faith with multitude of gifts, the greater labour we will worthily recompense according to the determination of the Gods. And now, to them that shall cheerfully go to this feat, for this assembly & exhortations sake, we will give now even from this seat, to a Soldier a thousand five hundredth drams of Italy, to a captain of a band five times so much, and to a Tribune, according to the proportion. When he had said thus, and encamped his army, with work, word, and gifts, he dismissed the multitude. They remained praising Br●tus and him very much, and promised to do for them all that should be convenient. They gave then the gifts out of hand, and other beside these, to the best sort, for many 
〈…〉 ployne in Thracia by the which 〈…〉 did number his great army. A token of two Eagles.  considerations. And as they received, they sent them forth in bands, to Dorisco, and they followed, not long after. At this time two Eagles sat upon the two silver Eagles in the standard, beating at them, or as some say, covering them, and tarried still, and were fed with public provision appointed from the generals, and the night before the day of the battle, they flew away.  
In two days coming to the gulf of Melana, they went to Oeno, and from Oeno to Dorisco, and other places, to the mount 
Serrio hill at the ●o●●●ta●d●.  Serrio, which stretching to the sea, they kept still by land. They commanded Tullius Cymbrus with a navy and one legion, and 
Tullius Cymbros.  certain Archers, to go by that chaste, which before had been desert, although the land was good, the Thracians neither using the Sea, nor for fear receiving them that came from the contrary coast. The Grecians and the Calcidonians keeping that sho●e, and using the Sea, flourished in merchandise and tillage, the Thracians agreeing with them for the receipt of their Mountains, till Philip, Amyntas son, did overcome the Chaldeans and others. so as nothing is to be seen of the passengers, but only a little Chapel.  
This desert place Tullius quickly passed over, so as for Brutus' company, he espied a fit place, and measured it for the Camp, keeping that same course with his Ships, in so much as Norbanus left the straight of the Saporians, as unprofitable to be 
Saporia, a ●●tle at the flood Nestus.  kept, which things happened as they desired: for at the sight of these Ships, Norbanus was troubled of Saporia, and called Ceditius from Turpilio to come to him in haste, and he did so. The 
Turpilio.  straits of Turpilio being left, Brutus men went on: the deceit appearing, Norbanus and Ceditius took Sapeio manfully, so as Brutus' people could not pass▪ wherefore they were afraid, lest they 
Sapeio.  must now go about, as they should have done at the beginning, and to pass every place beset, not having time convenient for it, because of the Mountains, and the season of the year.  
Standing in this stay, Rascopolis said unto them, there was a 
Roscopolis. Sapei, people at the flood Nestu●.  way by a compass to the Mountain of the Sapeorans of three days journey, never go of men before, for the sharp Rocks, want of water, and thickness of wood: therefore if they would go it, they must carry water, and pass a straight way, yet passable: and this journey for the solitariness, the very birds could 
Solitary way.  not discover. The fourth day they should have the flood Arpesso, 
Arpe●●o, H●bru●, floods in Thracia  running into the flood Ermo●, from whence in one day going to Philip, they might set on their enemies of the sudden, whom they might so overcome, because they had none other shift. The soldiers being taught this way for lack of other, and in hope to take their enemies at the advantage, a part was sent with Lucius Bibulus, appointing Rascopolis to guide the way. With great pain and labour they went on, and made it yet with courage and good heart the rather, because same that were sent afore, returned, and said, they saw a flood a far off.  
The fourth day, being tired with the sharpness of the journey, and troubled with thirst, their water being spent, which they braughte for three ●ayes, because it was said there 
The h●rd passage of the Ro●●●s.  was no water, they began to fear, lest they were deceived, not that they did not believe them that said they saw the flood, but because they thought they were led a wrong way, and therefore began to exclaim and cry: and when Rascopol● came to them to encourage them, they reviled him, and threw 
The dacourage of the 〈…〉. The ●age of 〈…〉.  stones at him. Bibulus humbly besought them, that they would patiently abide the rest of the journey.  
A little before night, the flood was seen of the foremost, and straight an eskrie was made as reason was, with great gladness, which being received of them that followed, if came to the hyndermost.  
Brutus and Cassius understanding this, led the rest of they● army this hard way, but the cry was so great, as it was heard of the enemies, whereby they could not prevent them, for Rascus, brother to Rascopolu, hearing the cry, suspected it was 
A ●oyfull cry discovereth the enemy.  the enemy, and marveled so great an army could pass so hard a journey, void of water, which scarcely was passable to the wild beasts, for the highness of the woods: and he 
Amphipoli● a C●tie, that is h●●wcen● 〈…〉 and 〈…〉.  straight told N●● banus of it, who fled from the straights to Amphipoli.  
Thus both these Thracian brethren holp their armies, the one in leading an unknown way, the other in descrying what was done. So B●utus soldiers with marvelous boldness, came to Philippi, whither also arrived Tullius, so as all the army 
〈…〉. Philippi. Da●e. Crenida. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. ●ing Philip builded, and named this 〈…〉  met.  
This City Philippi was called before Date, and first Crenida, because many fountains which in Greek be called Crene, do flow from the Mountains.  
This place very fit for the Thracians, Philip walled about, and called it of his name Philippi.  
This City is builded upon an high hill, the greatness whereof comprised the breadth of the same.  
On the North side it hath woods and hills, by the which Rascopolu brought Brutus and Cassius army.  
On the South side is a Fen, and beyond that, a Sea, where from the East, the streyghtes of Sapeon and Torpilos be 
Sapera, ●●● 〈…〉, stre●●●tes Murcino and Drabisco. Strameo●●● a flood dividing Ma●●● d●●ia from Th●●●●●. Pr●s●rpo●a was the ●ayde. Zyg 〈…〉. The God was Plate.  seen, from the West a large field, as far as Murcinae and Drabisco, and the flood Strameno, three hundred and fifty furlongs about, very plentiful and fair (where they say) it chanced a maid was ravished as she gathered flowers. There is the flood Zygastes, in the which (as they report) a God broke his Chariot as he passed over, whereof the flood had the name. The plain bendeth downward, so as it is a receipt to them that march from above from Philippi, against them that set from Amphipolu.  
There is another hill at Philippi, not great, whom they call Dionisio, in the which be mines of gold, called untouchable. And 
Dionisio. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, places holy and inviolable. The place or their Camps. Epidamnum, Du●●zzo. Caesar sick.  going from Philippi a mile and more, there be two other hills, standing two mile from Philippi, and more asunder. In these did they encamp, Cassius toward the South, and Brutus toward the North, not minding to follow Norbanus, because they heard that Antony was at hand, Caesar remaining at Epidamnum for sickness.  
The field was known to be fair for a battle, and the hills for a Camp, and about it on the one side Fens and waters to Strymo, and on the other side, straits, deserts, and unpassed paths. In the midst of the hills a mile over, was the way between Asia and Europe, as a gate. This place they fortified with trench to trench, leaving a gate in the midst, that it seemed but one ●●●pe. There was a flood nigh, which some call Ganga, and some Gangites. And behind that, 
Gangites. Thasus, an isle nigh Thracia. Nea, an Island and a City, where they say Philoctetus was bitten of a Serpent, and died.  the Sea, by the which they had their proviston, with passage and entry.  
They had made Thasus the ●●orehouse of their provision, being ●ij. ●●●● off & with their Galleys, had passage to Nea, a City ●●xe mile from them, and they joining in this place, tray●●● their Army. 
Antony.   
Antony came on with great haste, insending to get Amphibolic for the stay of the war, which finding possessed of N●r●anus, he was glad, and there he left the furniture for the war, with one Legion, which P●●arius led. He went on boldly, and Camped in the field, but a mile from his enemies, and straight was seen the want and abundance of both armies. The one was above in fruitful ground, the other beneath in a bottom. They 
Anto●●e● Camp.  had wood from the Mountains, these, from the Fen. They had their water from the River, these from the pools and pits which they digged for the time. They had their victuals from Thaso, a few furlongs from them, these from Amphipole, above 
Thaso, an isle and a City, over-against the flood N●ssus. Antony's Camp.  fifty miles off. It seemed that Antony was driven thus to do, because there was no more good ground, and the plain being hollow, in the which, by reason of the overflowing of the flood sometime, he found the water both sweet and sufficient, by making wells and pits.  
This boldness, although it proceeded of necessity, yet it astonished his enemies, that so nigh and so soon he was encamped with such a contempt: wherefore they made many Trenches, and fortified every place with walls and rampyers.  
Cassius seeing Antony's fury so great, entrenched that was left to the Fen, being omitted for the streightenesse, so that no part was undefenced, but a side of Brutus, which was hyllie.  
Cassius had the Fen and the Sea, all the rest being taken in with Trenches, ditches, and gates. Thus they both were placed. Only with their Horsemen sometime they skirmished.  
When all things were provided and Caesar some yet not able to fight, for he came in a litter to his army, his captains set themselves in order to fight, and Brutus did the like from the higher place easy to be seen, and yet intended not to come down, but to waste their Enemy with want, either of them had nineteen legions of armed footmen. But 
The number of b●●● a●uies.  they that were with Brutus, were the selver in number, & they that were with Caesar were the more. Of Thracia horse men, there were with Caesar and Ant●nie above thirteen thousand: with Brutus and Cassius twenty thousand: so as for multitude of men, for boldness and virtue of Captains, for armour and furniture of soldiers, there was most goodly show on both sides. Yet they did nothing many days, because Biutus would not strike the battle, but consume them with stopping of victual from their enemies. They had all Asia to serve them, and the nigh places to bring them all thing by the sea: but the enemy had little, neither sufficient nor certain. For from Egypt they could 
W 〈…〉 to 〈…〉 and 〈…〉 camp.  receive nothing, because of the dearth that had wasted the country: nor from Spain nor Africa, because of Pompey: nor from Italy, because of Murcus & Domitius: and Macedonia & Thessalia, could not by a great deal, supply their want, which places, they only had for their succour. And that was the cause why Brutus refused battle. Antony fearing this, determined in any wise to give the battle, & if it were possible, to make the Fen passable, that he might come upon the back of the enemy, and take their victual that came from Thase.  
Therefore on a time, bringing his men forth in order of battle, 
Antony's polliey & painfulness.  with banner displayed, he appointed a part of his army both by night and day, to make a straight path in the same, cutting down the reeds, and laying timber and stones of either side, so as they should not shrink. The foundation whereof he pyled and made strong with marvelous silence. The thicknssee of the réeds took away the sight of the work. And when 
Antony maketh a way in the Fen.  the● had wrought ten days, he sent certain bands the direct way, and the space left between, he took and made many Towers. Cassius marveling at the devise and policy, and intending to defeat the castles made of Antony, entrenched all the residue of the Fen, beginning from the camp to the sea, paving and making bridges and ditches upon the sure ground, taking in also the way that Antony had made, that neither they that were there could go abroad, nor he help them though he would. Antony perceiving this about mid day, in a rage and fury, brought his whole army, being otherwise appointed, 
B● what occa●●on the patte●● beg●nne.  and turned the● upon the fortification of Cassius, between the Camp and the Fen, bringing engines and scales, as though he would charge upon his Campe. In doing this between both armies with great boldness, Brutus soldiers were grieved, thinking it a shame for them to let them so escape, and without comm ●●●ement, saving of one captain, they set upon their fla●ke. Brutus' men having thus begun the matter, gave a charge upon Caesar's army, that was in a readiness, and put them from their place, and took their Camp, which was common to Caesar and Antony. Caesar himself was absent, shifting off that day, for a dream he had, as he writeth in his book of remembrances. Antony seeing the fight to be begun, was glad he had brought the enemy to 
C●sar absent for a dream.  it, yet he thought not good to turn into the plain, least he should disturb his battle. Therefore to do the rest with that fierceness he began, in running manner he marched and mounted up, for all the resistance that was made, and by very 
The ●●rie of Antony.  vehement force, beaten back the battle of Cassius, keeping the order that was appointed them, they being astonished at this feat done beyond all reason. When Antony had thus broken them, he broke down the overthwart trench with utolence, filling the ditch, and stinging down the rampires, and all the rest to the gate, where he distressed the warders, and entered for all the weapons that were thrown upon him. Some passed over the broken walls, some over the dead bodies, and all was 
●he fight at 〈…〉.  done so ftercelye and so suddenly, as they that came out of the Fen to help them, were driue● back again, of them that had got the brickwall, with the like vehemency: and they only that were with Antony, entered into Cassius' Camp, the other still fight without. The camp was thought to be strong, therefore few kept it, which was the cause why it was the more easily taken. The soldtors of Cassius being thus put to the 
〈…〉 taketh the Camp of 〈…〉.  worse, and knowing that their camp was taken, fled very confusedly: the matter was equal on both sides: for Erutus overcame Caesar's battle, and lodged in his camp. Antony overthrew Cassius, 
〈…〉 take 〈…〉.  with a marvelous boldness and spoiled his camp. The slaughter was confused, for by the greatness of the plain, & raising of the dust, one knew not another, till sometimes they asked, and then called them to their due places. Some returned loaden with gear, like carriers rather than soldiers, which some threw away & took from them. There was no rejoicing one with another, because it was not well known what was do●●: so there was much confusion. On Cassius' side, numbering siaves & 
The 〈…〉.  all sorts, was slain▪ viii. M. of Caesars, twice so many When Cassius was put from his camp, & could no more get to it, he went to the hill of philippi, and beheld what was done. But he neither could well see nor hear, for the dust and noise: only he saw his own Camp spoiled. Wherefore he commanded 
Cas●i●● commanded Pindarus to kill him.  Pindarus his page, to kill him with his own sword. Pindarus stayed at the matter, and in the mean time a messenger came and told, that Brutus had overcome Caesar, and possessed his Campe. To the which Cassius said, tell him we are overthrown, and all the victory is his. Then he turned to Pindare, and said: why dost not thou rid me of this dishonour? and so offering his throat, Pindarus cut it.  
Thus they say Cassius died. Some tell after this sort, that a 
Some think C●s●i●● killed himself wyr● the dagger th' 〈…〉 ●▪ he killed Caesar.  band of Brutus horsemen, came to bring him the good news. He thought they had been his enemies, and sent Titinius to know the truth. The horsemen receiving him with great joy as a srend made a loud noise. Cassius fearing he had fallen in his enemies hands, said thus: we have suffered to see our friend taken of our enemies, and went in with Pindarus, and that he was never seen after, so as some think that Pindarus did it not. This was the end 
Cassius' i● killed on his birth day.  of Cassius life, it chaunfing so, that the day of this fought battle was the day of his birth. Titinius killed himself for his long tarriance.  
Brutus bewailing the death of Cassius, as a rare Roman, & such 
Brutus ●an ●teth the death o● Cas●●●●.  a one as the like was not to be found for virtue & valiantness, called him happy, that he was rid of cares and troubles, the which would bring him to the like end. He committed his body secretly to be buried, that the army should not be discouraged at the sight of it, and without meat or sleep, remained all that night in setting Cassius men in frame. Day being come, the enemies were in order again to fight, that they should not seem to have the worse. Brutus perceived their intent, and said: Let us arm also and make a show likewise, that we are not inferior. Which when he had done, the enemy retired. Then he said pleasantly to his friends: They seemed to provoke us, as the weaker, but they will not put the matter to trial.  
The same day that the field was fought at Philippi, an other 
〈…〉 a 〈…〉, the same day that the 〈…〉 was at 〈…〉. A light on the 〈…〉.  very great seat was done in ●onio. Domitius Calvinus did lcade in great ships,▪ i●. legions to Caesar, that had the name of Martial, being so called for the honour of their valiantness. He led also a band for his guard, of two thousand men, and four troops of horse, & other numbers gathered together, with a few Galicyes.  
Murcus and Otnobarbus met them, with one hundred and thirty long Ships. A few of the former Hulks fled by good sailing. The other, by the sudden ceasing of the wind, in a sea calm and still, were caught, being by very fortune given to the enemies, who without fear, bo●ged and broke them, not having any help of their few Galleys, being compassed of so many.  
Great and divers was the travail of them that were in peril, linking themselves together with their Cables, and with weapons & courage putting themselves in order, that the enemy should not use them, though they overcame them. Murcus threw darts ofnre, which did quickly burn the byndings, & the ships see vered asunder, to avoid the fire. The galleys were ready to hinder them every way, wherewith the soldiers being grieved, and especially the Marshal's, that being better in valiantness, 
〈…〉 by ●ea to 〈…〉 & C●s●●.  should p●r●the for lack of fighting, some killed themselves with the fire, some leapt into the enemies galleys, and killed some, and were killed themselves: the ships half burned, went their way, carrying men, some consumed with fire, some with want & thirst Some with the Cables or planks were carried to the rocks, or desert shores: & some were saved, beyond all reason: some continuing slew days, by eating pitch osf the cables and sails, held out, till they were briven to land by the byllows. Thece were many that gave themselves to their enemies being overcome with calamity. ●vij. of their Galleys yielded, whose soldiers Murcus took to him. Calvinus the General came five days after to Biund●se, with one ship, being thought to 
Calvinus.  have been lost.  
This hap was in ●onio, the same day that the field was at Philippi, whether you will call it a shipwreck, or a shipfight. The which evils concurring together, being after known, caused the greater fear. Brutus' called his army together, & said thus: There is nothing (O fellow soldiers) in yesterdays fight, but 
Oration of ●●●tus.  that maketh you superior to your enemies. You gave the charge chéerfully, when no warning was given you: the fourth legion, so renowned to them, in whom their battle had their confidence, you overthrew utterly: their army you drove to their camp: their camp you first took, and after spoiled, in so much as you have far overcome the loss you had in the last battle. And where you might have made an end of all your travail, you chose rather to fall to spoil, than to follow your enemies that were overcome: for many of you running before them, set upon their spoil. And in this one, they have but the of our camps, but we have all that they had, so as the recompenceof the loss is double. And having this advantage in the fight, how much other wise we do exceed, you may learn of the captives: for their want of victual: for the striving for it: for the difficult bringing o● it: and for the evident getting of so little. For from Sicily, Sardinia, Libya, and Iberia, they can have none for Pompeius, Murcus, and Oenobarbus, they keeping those Seas with two hundredth and three score ships. Macedonia they have consumed: now only they have from Thessalia, which how long can it serve them? Therefore when you see them offer to fight, then think they chiefly be forced by hunger, and doc choose death rather by their hands. Let us contrariwise foresee, that hunger may fight for us, that we may take them the féebler and more consumed, when it shall be fit. Let not us be carried with affection before due time: nor think slowness, or quickness to be experience: nor have our eye upon the sea backward, which ministereth to us such food and service, when we see that victory is ours without danger, if you will abide, and not distrust: that though they come forth and provoke us, not stronger than we, as the work yesterday showed, but for avoiding further fear, that all the courage, which I desire you to keep, you may show forth, when I shall require you at once, and the perfect rewards of victory, when the gods shall have given their sentence of us, by our perfect deeds, I will give unto you. And now for yesterdays virtue, I give to every soldier, a thousand drams, and to your Captains, as the proportion requireth.  
Thus he said, & strait divided the gift to every legion, & same say, he promised to give them Macedonia & Thessalia in spoil.  
Caesar and Antony seeing that Brutus would unwillingly come to the fight, called their people, and Antony said thus: yesterdays work, (O Men) I perceive our enemies in words do divide, 
Antones Oration.  as they that chased some of us, and spoilt a camp, where indeed they confess all was yours: for I affirm unto you, that neither y● next day, nor yet, willingly will they come to y● fight, which is a most certain surety of yesterdays fear & loss, as in y● manner of contentions, of force, they that are the weaker, go out of the place. They did not gather so great an army that they might inhabit the Desert of Thracia, by making of their walls, but they made all that defence, for fearo of your coming upon them: and now minding to keep in, for yesterdays overthrow, when the elder, and the more expert of the Captains for very desperation, killed himself, which is the greatest declaration of their misery. Therefore when you shall provoke them, and they not answer, nor come from their hills, but trust in their holds, in steed of their hands, than you (O Roman men) enforce them again, as you forced them yesterday, thinking it shame to give place as fearful, and provoked to refrain, and to be held the worse men for their keeping in. For we come not hither to live in the plain, nor if we tarried, it would suffice us, but the speedy attempts are to be given in war of the wise, that we may the longer continued in peace. The times and the travail we must foresee, of whom, you cannot complain, for yesterdays assault and attempt. When you are required, then show your virtue to your captains, be not grieved with yesterdays spoil, for riches is not in that we have, but in that we got by conquest, for that we lost yesterday. For it remains safe with our enemy, the which and their own, they must yield us, when we overcome them: & if we will go forth to get that, then must we set forth to the sight. Yesterday we took again of there's sufficiently, & happily more sufficient of our own, for they have brought together all that they have by violence spoilt out of Asia, and you coming as from your Country, have left at home the most precious things, and only brought necessaries. And if you had any thing of estimation, you counted it your Generals, all the which, we be ready to give you, for this victory, and for the recompense of this loss. For your sake we will give rewards of victory, to every Souldioure five thousand drams, to a captain of a band five times so much, and to a Tribune double so much as a Captain.  
When Antony had thus said, he set them in order to fight, but the enemy would not come forward. Antony being grieved, still set them in battle ray.  
Brutus had his army in good order, and needed not come to the fight, for he had taken all the ways for provision of things needful.  
There was an hill very nigh to Cassius Camp, hard for the enemy to take, because the nighness made it in danger of the archers. Cassius had entrenched it, that no man should from that place give any bold attempt unlooked for: which being abandoned 
Caesar's men take an hill.  of Brutus, Caesar's soldiers in the night with four legions took it, carrying with them many hurdles & hides to resist the shot. When they had the hill, they led other ten legions half a mile and more toward the sea, and to the first four, they added two legions more, to take by that devise all things even to the sea: & if there were any way beside the seas, as by the Fens, or other mean, they might distress it, and take the victual from their enemy. Brutus' made devices against them, setting up other forts against their Camps. Caesar's soldiers also set up a new work. Now was that famme evident, & increased every day in greatness & fear, 
〈…〉 in the camp of Caesar and 〈…〉.  for they could no longer have sufficient brought than ston Thessali●, & from that sea there was no hope, the enemies being lords of that ships: and the late loss in jonto being told to them both, they were the more afraid, the winter being at hand, and they lying in a Fenny plain. Deliberation had for these things, they sent a legion armed into Achia, to provide them necessary victuals, 
〈…〉 the north 〈…〉 of P●lopo●●●●.  and to send it them with all speed: but not able to avoid the present peril, nor make any other device, nor in the rest of the camp, to do any more to offend the enemy, they came forth with shouts, and called Brutus to the fight, scoffing and railing 
Antony provoketh 〈…〉 to fight.  at him, and doubting whither this refraining from fight, were like a man besieged, rather than a man beraught his wit. This was known to him from the beginning, and he believed it the rather, because of their want, and their loss in jonto, perceiving his enemies had one mischief of another. And he determined, as a man besieged, or any other way to avoid the battle, rather than to come to hands with men driven by hunger and desperation of all things, having their only hope in their hands. But his army, for lack of consideration, did not think so, but were grieved, that as women within, they were shut up with idleness and fear. Their captains also were not content, and blamed Brutus' opinion, thinking with that courage of the soldiers, the sooner to overthrow their enemy. The cause hereof proceeded, that Brutus was so courteous and mild to all men, and 
●●●●esie in a 〈…〉 is hin●●●●●●.  unlike to Cassius, that was severe and imperious in all thrnges, so as his commandments were kept without any resistance of the soldiers, not ask questions, nor reasoning what he would have done: but Brutus would do nothing without the opinion of the Captains, thorough his gentle nature. At length his army by companies and routs began openly to ask.  
What means our General●? wherein have we offended of late when we did overcome, when we did tha●●, when we distressed our enemies, or when we took their Campe.  
Brutus suffered this of purpose, and did not call them so a●ye assembly, lest he should be forced unseemly of the rude multitude, 
〈…〉 beareth of purpose.  chief of the hired sort, whose manner ever is like unto unstable servants, to hope in the change of masters, and to set their safety in the contrary faction. The captains also being angry, and wishing him now not to doubt, the army being in this forwardness, would do some notable feat, and if any thing happed amiss in the fight, they might return to their Camp, and defend themselves with their brickwall.  
Brutus was much grieved with the Captains, and fearing they would put him to the danger, by light dealing with the army, whereas he without doubt or sharp fortune, was sure of victory not dangerous, he consented to his and all their destruction, thus reproving them:  
Like Pompey the great be we forced to fight, not commanding 
●●ut●s one r●●led like Pompey  as a Captain, but rather obeying as a soldier.  
And I think he spoke no more, to hide that he most feared, lest the army that sometime served Caesar, would take occasion to revolt, which at the beginning, both Cassius and he feared, so as they gave none occasion to them of any offence.  
This Brutus was brought unwillingly to set his men in order before the Trench, willing them not to march far from the bill, that they might have their retire (if need were) nigh, and be the surer, and the more easy to march against their enemies again.  
Of both sides there was great preparation of all things, and a great desire of the feat, with a boldness of necessity, the one for fear of hunger, the other of just reverence, compelling the Captain to come forth, that they should not be worse than their promise, nor weaker than their words, and be thought rather guilty of pain for their rashness, than worthy of praise for their good counsel. Brutus going among them, on Horseback, showed a severe countenance, and exhorted them in few words as the time would serve.  
You would needs fight you would needs force me, otherwise 
The 〈…〉  having the victory, do not deceive, neither me, nor yourselves of this hope. You have an hill to fight with you, and at your back all is yours. your enemies be in doubtfuli case, being between you and famine.  
Having said thus, he road about, and encouraged all the bands, and with cry they receiving him, to his great praise.  
Caesar and Antony going about their, offered their right hands to them that were next, and severally exhorted them, and did not hide their hunger, that they might stir them to the more present boldness.  
We have found (O men) our enemies. We have them as 
Caesar and Antony to their 〈◊〉.  we desired out of their Trench. Let none of you be afraid to give the charge, nor give place when you be set upon, nor let him rather choose, famine and dolorous destruction, that can not be avoided, than our enemy's death and bodies, which to your boldness, weapons, and travail, they will easily give. The present case requireth speediness. You may defer nothing till to morrow, but this day must determine all things, either with per●●te victory, or valiant death. If you have victory, you shall win in one day victual and money, ships, and Camps, and rewards of victory of us. This we must remember, that when we give the charge upon them, we do first purpose in the midst of their force and forwardness, to shut them from their Camp, and to drive them to the plain from the hills, that the war be not to be begun again, nor that our enemies drive us not to idleness again, which for their faynienesse have no hope in fight, but put all their trust in retrayning from battle.  
Caesar and Antonius after this sort exhorted their Souldyoures, and every man had a respect to appear worthy Souldyoures for such Captains: and they were the more stirred to avoid the want, for the sudden loss in the Ionian Sea, and those rather with pain and hope (if need were) to abide the uttermost, than to be consumed with an evil, that cannot be avoided.  
The matter standing thus, and every one moved against him that was next, the anger of both sides increased very much, and they were filled with boldness incessable. And now they did not remember that they were Citizens together, but as enemies by nature and blood, they threatened one another: so 
Nature and Country forgotten.  suddenly had rage and fury in them quenched nature and reason. They prophesied alyhe of both sides, that that day in that feat, should judge all the Roman causes. And the judgement was given in deed. The day being spent in preparation 
Two Eagles. A token before the fight.  till the ninth hour, two Eagles falling between both Camps, sought together, at the which was great silence: that Eagle flying that was toward Brutus, whereat a shrill cry was made of the enemies. Both brought forth their standards. The march was fierce and vehement. They little needed arrows, stones, or darts, after the manner of war, for they used none other coming on, than the order of battle, wherein they were brought up: and they buckled with naked sword, 
The vehemency of soldiers.  and laid on of either side, to put one another from their ray, the one for their safety, rather than for victory, the other, for victory and comfort of their Captain, whom they had provoked to fight.  
The slaughter and the fights were great.  
The bodies were been away, and other were put in their places to serve the former ranks.  
The captains riding about, and beholding every where, encouraged them to be valiant. They comforted them that ●●●ke pains, to continued still their labour Those that shrunk they changed, that their boldness that were in the front, might be continued. At length the Souldyoures of Caesar, either for fear of famine, or for Caesar's fe●●citie (for Brutus' men were not to be blamed) overcame the battle of their enemies, and put them back, as an heap of an heavy mass, yet they turned again into their place slowly and with order: but when their ray was broken, they went away faster, and the second and third band turned with them, and disorderedly thrusting 
〈…〉  one upon another, were broken of themselves, and of their enemies, that without stay pursued them, till they fled evidently. And Caesars ●ould yours then remembering their promise chief, fiercely following them, gave an assault upon their Camp very dangerously, and on every ●●de so set upon them, that they compelled them to slay, whereof some went toward the Sea, and the hills by the flood Zygat●.  
This alteration being made, the G●nerall●s divided the rest of the 〈…〉. Caesar, to keep them that fled from their Camp, and to hold the Camp himself: Antony, to follow the fléers, and to overthrow the remainers, to assault their other Camps, and with ●●dent violence, to put all to ruin. And fearing that the Captains might escape him, and gather another army, he sent his Horsemen to the ways and issues of the filled, to stop them that ●●ed●e. Some went from hill to hill (Rascus the Captain being their g●yde, because of his experience in the way) and passed by the trenches and rocky places, chasing them that fled, and keeping other from fleeing. Some followed Brutus himself. When Lucinus saw them so fast running after him, he stayed, and as though he had been Brutus, prayed them he might be led to Antony, 
Lucinus act for to save Brutus.  and not to Caesar, by the which he was the rather thought to be Brutus, in avoiding his unplacable enemy.  
Antony understanding he was brought to him, went toward him in good order, considering the fortune, the worthiness and virtue of the man, and how he might use him. Being at hand, L●cinus meeting with him very boldly, said: Brutus is not taken, neither shall virtue ever be taken 
Boldness of 〈◊〉.  of vi●e. I deceiving these men, thus am before thee.  
At the which word the Horsemen being ashamed, Antony to comfort them said▪  
You have hunted none 〈◊〉 game, but better than you think, so much is a Friend better than an Enemy, and committed Lucinus to wait upon one of his friends, and after used him as his assured. Brutus fled to the mountains with a convenient multitude, that in the night he might return to his camp or take his way by the sea. But when he heard all passages were kept, he continued with all his people in arms. And they say he looked up to the Stars, saying: O jupiter thou knowest who is the cause of these evils, meaning, 
Brutus' words, meaning by Antony, whom he said should once be punished for it. Antony's repentance. A trench of dead bodies.  Antony, which (they say) Antony after in his private perils did confess, saying: That where he might have ruled with Brutus &, Cassius, he was now a slave to Octavio. That night Antony continued in arms, that he might have Brutus, making a trench of dead bodies and of the baggage brought together, Caesar labouring till midnight▪ withdrew himself for sickness, committing the charge of the army to Norbanus.  
Brutus perceiving what wait his enemies made for him, and having no more but four legious, where with he was well warded, desired the chief of his host, which now were ashamed and repent of their act, to send to see, how they might make way to pass the trains, and to recover their own that was kept in the abandoned tents. They being unwilling, and now considering 
Brutus' men giveth over.  more than they did, and that God was against them, told their General they had given him evil counsel, and they having tried fortune so often, would not now put any more hope in their matter. Then Brutus said to his friends: I am no longer profitable to my Country. He called one of his most, 
●●rat●. Brutus ●eyng persuaded to flee, said: yea, but with hands not with s●●t●. The death of Brutus, wherein it w●s le●n● that virtue was overcome of Fortune. ●● saying▪ Overtue unhappy▪ ●● words o●ely, wi●e, etc. One only fault of Brutus and Cas●●●.  trusty friends, named S●rato of Epir●, and willed him to kill him ou● of hand, who entreating him to take better advice, called▪ one of his servants, and said: O Brutus, in thy last, commandment thou shalt not want, neither thy friend, nor thy servant. And having thus said, he thrust his ●●orde into Brutus' side, neither r●sistyng nor helping.  
Thus Cassius and Brutus died, most nobl● and worthy Romans, and but ●or one fa●te, ●uer followed virtue. Whom Ca●●●● Caesar of enemies taking Pompeyus part, had made▪ friends, and of friends, used them as his children: and the Senate had them ever in great regard, and pitted their chance, and for their two sakes, decr●●● an act of oblivion of all things: and 
〈…〉 worth●▪ u●●l● of 〈…〉 and Cas●●●.  when they ●l●●de, sent them to provinces, that they should not seem to flee▪ Not omitting yet the honour of Caesar, nor forgetting his feats, of whose virtue and fortune they marveled, being alive, and when he was dead, buried him with public expense, and proclaimed his works to be immortal▪ ● appointed offices & provinces for the most part by his assignment▪ not finding any thing better than Caesar had determined. But the care and regard for these men, brought them into a suspicion 
The estimation of ●●ut●● and Cas●●● brought calum 〈…〉.  of false accusation: they were so honoured of all men. And of the best of the banished men they were thought most honourable, though Pompey were at hand, whose cause was not unpardonable, and they far off, and void of reconciliation, needing many things, scarcely having two legions. They gathered after twenty legions, and as many thousand horsemen, and about▪ two hundred long ships, with other sufficient furniture, and money most plentiful, of the willing and unwilling nations and Cities that they overcame, and their enemies 
The power of ●●●tu● and Cas●●●.  of the contrary faction. They had the rule of all the Realms from Macedonia to Euphrates, and whom soever they overcame, they brought them to their society▪ and had them most trusty: they used Kings and Princes, and the Parthians, 
The ●●●on● in the ●●● oh 〈…〉 ‑ 〈…〉.  although their enemies, in matters of small account: but when they came to great things, they could not abide them, because they would not accustom a barbarous and hostile nation among the Romans. And most marvel of all it is, that 
The Soldiers 〈…〉ed under Caesar, were ●●sty ●o 〈…〉 us.  their army being the most part of Caius Caesar's, and desirous of his felicity, for good will and affection, they could turn to the contrary part to him, being killers of him, and went with them against Caesar's Son, and more faithful to them than to Antony, fellow in rule and enterprise with ●cta●ian. For 
The Soldiers more 〈…〉 y to ●●●tu● and Cas●●● than to Antony.  none of them left Brutus or Cassius when they were overcome. But Antony, at Brunduse they forsook before the trial. The pretence of pains both under Pompey and now, was not for themselves, but for the name of the people's government, over glorious, but not commodious. For both of them when they saw they could be no longer profitable to their country, dispatched themselves alike▪ In their several considerations 
Manners of Cass●us.  Cassius was i●●utable, as they that in the combattes will never give over, only having regard to the danger. 
Manners of Brutus.  But Brutus in every place was full of affability and gentleness, and not ignorant of Philosophy. Yet by these men, the act against Caesar was done, contrary in all thing, being no simple work, nor in no small matter, for it was against their friend, contrary to reason, and against their well doer, unthankfully, 
Their fault against Caesar.  whom h●e had saved in the war, and against the chief ruler, injustly in the Senate house, and against an holy man, having on an holy vesture: and such an officer, as never 
The worthiness of C●s●● God punished the death of Caesar ●● Brutus and Cas●us. Toke●● to Cassius.  was the like, so profitable to all men and to his country and Empire. The which God did punish in them, and many times gave tokens of it. For when Cassius was purging his host, the Sergeant put on the crow●e the wrong way, and his golden consecrated vesture of victory fallen to the ground, many great birds sitting upon the camp, made no noise, and swarms, of Bees were continually about him.  
Brutus (they say) celebrating his birth day in ●amo upon the 
Tokens to Brutus.  sea, being nothing merry about it, without occasion did cast forth this verse.  
But me cruel destiny, and L●tones son doth destroy. 
The words of Patroclus used by Brutus.  Going with his army between Asia and Europa, and watching in the night when light failed, a fearful shape appeared 
The bad Angel of Brutus. ●  to him. Whom he boldly asking what man or God he was, the vision answered: I am Brutus, thine evil luck, and at Philippi I will appear again unto thee. And they say he saw him there before the last fight, and when the army went out of the camp, an Ethiopian met them, whom as an evil token, they killed.  
In these things also was a divine work. That Cassius in 
Work of god, Cas●ius despayreth to ●one.  victory yet indifferent, gave over all hope without any cause: and Brutus, driven from his good determination of refraining fight, falling into the hands of them that were forced by famine, 
Brutus is overruled.  himself having plentiful food, and ships at commandment, and was rather overcome of his familiars, than of his enemies: and where they had fought many fields, they never had no hurt. Both of them were killers of themselves, as they were of Caesar.  
Thus Cassius and Brutus were punished. Brutus' body being found, Antony clad it with a purple pall, and when he had 
The body of Brutus▪ 〈…〉 mother o● 〈…〉.  used it with fire, he sent the relics to his mother Seruilia, Brutus arm when they heard he was dead, sent messengers to Caesar and Antony, who were pardoned, and divided into their armies, being about xiiij M. They yielded also that kept the 
〈…〉 ● & 〈…〉 given to ●poyl●.  ●ortes and Tents, all the which were given to Caesar's & Antony's Soldiers to be spoiled.  
Of the Noble men that were with Brutus, some were slain in the battle, some offered themselves freely to the Generals; some of purpose continued the fight to be killed: as Lucius 
● Cas●●us▪ C●●● his son.  Cassius a brother's Son of Cassius, and Cato his Son, who falling many times among their enemies, and being forsaken, took of his headpiece, that he might be known, or notably killed, or both.  
Labeo known for his wisdom, father of that Labeo that now 
Labeo.  is renounced for his knowledge in the laws, made a grave in his tent, big enough for his body, & taking order for all things with his servants, he signified to his wife and children what he would have done, and took the letters to his servants to carry, and taking him by the right hand whom he loved best, and turning him as the Roman manner was, made him free, and being turned he took him his sword & offered his throat, & so to him, his 
A tent for a grave.  Tent was his grave. Ras●us the Thracian that brought many through the mountains, desired a reward, and had it, to save his 
Policy of brethren.  brother Ras●●polis: whereby it may be perceived, that at the beginning these Thracians were not at variance. But because two great armies at debate should pass their countries, they divided the cert●●i●● of fortune, that he that wan, might save him 
Po●●●● Brutus wi●●.  that lo●t. Portia, 〈…〉 his wife, & sister to Ca●● the younger, when she herded that they ●●th were read, being diligently kept of his servants, took the fire from the har●●, and swallowed the coals. The other noble men fled to Thaso: some sailed away, some gave themselves with the rest of the army▪ to M●ss●●●, Cor 〈…〉, 
M●ss●●●, Cor●●●●●o and 〈…〉 re●●ant of thy● army.  and Lucro ●ibulo, men of like authority, that they might take counsel for themselves to do for all the rest. Many gave themselves to Antony as he sailed toward ●hase, and all the money, armour and plenty of victual, and any other preparation which was great.  
Thus Caesar and Antony, by singular boldness, got such a journey at two fight ●a foot, as none had done before them for 
The mightiness of the armies.  no such, nor so great an army of Romans, ever came to hands before: not gathered of common Citizens, but of the best Gentlemen: not ignorant of fight, but long practised of th●selues, not of strange or barbarous nation, but of all one language, and one art of war, of one strength and exercise, hard to be matched therefore among themselves: none ever used more boldness or fierceness in fight, a token of that, the number of dead men, being equal in both fights, and no fewer of there's that did overcome. Caesar's and Antony's soldiers did fulfil their Captains will, in one day and one work, changing extreme danger of famine, and fear of death, into victual abundant, into safety stable, & into victory notable. It followed of 
The fight ●hewed what would become of Rome.  that fight, that the wise Romans did prophesy. For the common wealth was chiefly judged by that feat, and was like to have come to the populare state again. And there was no act of any such troubles among themselves, but in the variance between Caesar and Antony, which was the last among the Romans. The things that in the mean time were done under Pompey, after Brutus, by them that of Cassius and Brutus friends fled hither and thither, retaining the renmaunt of so great preparation, neither were they done with such boldness, nor with such forces of men, of Cities, or of Captains in their provinces, for they had no nobility, no Senate, nor no glory, as Brutus and Cassius had.  
The end of the fourth book of Civil Dissensions.   

¶ The fift Book of Appian of Alexandria, of the Civil Dissensions of the Romans.  
AFter the death of Brutus and Cassius, Octavian went into Italy, and Antony into Egypt, where Cleopatra meeting 
〈◊〉 in love ●●●th 〈◊〉.  with him, overcame him at the first sight. The which love, brought them to destruction, and Egypt to utter ruin. Whereof Egypt also shall be a part of this volume, but not so great, as it can give it the title, because many of the civil battles are intermeddled with it. For after Cassius and Brutus, there were like Civil Dissensions, but without a General, that commanded all as they did, but some leading armies here, and some there, till Sextus Pompey, the second son 
〈◊〉 Pompey.  of Pompey the Great, being left of that faction, was set up 
〈◊〉 deprived  of Brutus friends. Lepidus being now put from his dignity, all the authority rested in Antony and Octavian, the which things fallen out after this sort.  
Cassius' surnamed of Parma, when Brutus and Cassius went to 
〈◊〉 of Parma.  battle, was left of them in Asia, with an army and a navy, to gather money. When Cassius was dead, he having no such hope in Brutus took thirty of the Rhodian ships, which he thought to be sufficient, and burned the rest (the holy one's only excepted) that they should not rebel: and with these and his own ships he departed.  
Clodius being sent thither of Brutus with thirteen ships, and 
〈◊〉  finding the Rhodians revolted (for now Brutus was also dead) took away the garrison of three thousand soldiers, and sailed to this Cassius. ●orulus did join with them, having many other 
Io●●l●●.  ships and money, which he had gathered at Rhodes before they revolted. To this navy, as to a thing of power, resorted, all they that had offices in Asia, and made legions and soldiers for the sea, as well as they could of servants and people, of the countries & islands. There came to them Cicero, that was son to Tullius 
〈◊〉 the y o●●●●. Th●ss●● an Island in the 〈◊〉 s●a. M 〈…〉 Aenobarbus.  Cicero, and diverse noble Citizens, that were fled from Thaso, and by and by there was a great army, with a sufficient navy of good Captains, taking with them Lepidus also, with an other band, which he kept for Brutus at Creta. And with these forces they sailed to Murcus and Oenobarbus into the gulf of jonia, where dividing themselves, part went into Sicily to Sextus Pompey, and part remained with Oenobarbus, for private faction: and thus of the remnants of Brutus and Cassius, a new army was made.  
Octavian and Antony sacrificed for the victory at Philippi, and gave thanks to their soldiers. And to perform their promise, Octavian went into Italy, to distribute land to the soldiers, which he did choose for his health. And Antony went among 
Octavian goeth into Italy. Antony goeth beyond the sea.  the nations beyond the seas, and gathered money for high soldiers, and divided between them, the lands that Lepidus had. France beyond the Alps, Octavian would have free, according to the determination of the decree of his uncle Caesar.  
Lepidus was accused to favour Pompey's part, which if it were 
Lepidus accused.  found false, Octavian, determined to give him other Provinces. They licensed the old soldiers except eight thousand, which desiring to serve still, they divided between them, & of them appointed bands for their bodies. To these there were added eleven legions that went from Brutus, and xiiij thousand horse, of 
Fphesus, now F●lg●so, a city of jonia, where was the goodly Temple builded of Amazons. Antony pardoneth. Pergamon a city in Asia, not far from the flood Ca●●●. Troy was called by this name. Laodicea, a city in Asia, whose citizen ●eno, An to●●● and Augustus made a king.  the which Antony took for his journey six legions and ten thousand horse. Octavian had four thousand horse, and five legions, and for those that Antony had, he should receive of Antony's out of Calenus, which he left in Italy, and so sailed to the Ionian sea. When Antony was come to Ephesus, he made solemn sacrifices to the Gods, and forgave the soldiers of Cassius, that were in Sanctuary, and asked pardon, Petronius being except, & as many as had conspired Caesar's death, & Quintus that betrayed Dolabella to Cassius at Laodicea: & to the Grecians and other nations that inhabit about Pergamo in Asia, in a great assembly of Ambassadors that came for peace, he spoke in this wise:  
You men of Grecia your King Attalus, by testament bequeathed 
〈◊〉 to the 〈◊〉.  you unto us, whom you found more beneficial unto you, than Attalus was, for we forgave you the Tributes that you paid to Attalus, till we had need of Tributes, because of them that troubled our peace. Then we set Tributes upon you, not according to every man's value, that we might exact it without peril, but required you to pay a portion yearly, that we might be partakers of your yearly fruits, and feel your loss in hard tunes. And when the Bailiffs (requiring more than they aught) did you injury, C. Caesar forgave you the third 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to the 〈◊〉  part of your Tributes, and forbade that injury to be done to you hereafter, for he committed to you the gathering of the Tributes of your Country people. And our good Citizens call such a man as he was, a Tyrant: and you have given them much money that were kyllers of the man, that most deserved of you, and that against us▪ that revenged his quarrel But forasmuch as Fortune, favouring the just cause, hath decreed, not as you would, but as right was, if you had continued in arms as their fellows, you had been punishable, but because we do easily believe, that you did it by compulsion, we forgive you the greater punishment: only we have need of your money, your land, & Cities, to pay our armies, which be eight and twenty Legions, which with their appurtenances maketh 170. thousand, beside Horsemen, & other remnant of the common sort. Of this multitude you may well conjecture, what charge we be at. Octavian is go into Italy, to divide lands and Cities unto them, and as I might say, to bid Italy be packing. But y● you should not leave your Cities & Country houses, your temples and religions, and your ancestors monuments, we only require your money, and not all, for y● you could not bear, but a mean part, which when you hear, I think you will go contented away. As much as you gave our enemies in two years (which was ten years tribute) so much will we require, saving y● it must be paid in one year, because ne-nessitie so exacteth. You may acknowledge thanks, & confess that you are not punished as you have deserved. Thus he spoke to please the soldiers, to whom they promised rewards at their meeting at Modena, & then they were xl. legions, so many of them were consumed. He had not fully ended his tale, when the Grecians, sit upon 
Tributes put up on the Grecians by. ●●●ony.  the ground, with many demonstrations accusing the cruelty of Brutus & Cassius, showing they were rather worthy pardon than punishment.  
They would gladly give to their friends, but they were bereft all of their enemies, to whom they had given not only their monies, but when that failed, their jewels and ornaments, which they coined of themselves. At length, with much ado, they obtained to pay nine years Tribute in two years.  
As he went about the provinces, Lucius brother to Cassius, and 
〈◊〉 Cassi●● ●● pardoned of Antony.  other fearing themselves, when they had hard of his mercy showed at Ephesus, they came and submitted themselves to him, and he pardoned them, except such as were privy to the conspiracy, for to them he was inexorable. He did comfort the cities that 
Privileges given to the Iy●i●●●, & Xamb●an● exhorted to restore ●●●●● city▪ islands given to the Rhodian● called Clade● nigh to 〈◊〉 Iland● 〈◊〉 to the 〈◊〉 A●g 〈…〉, 〈◊〉 A●non● where children well brought up proved evil. 〈◊〉 is in Asia the l●●●● the people ●e called Call●● 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, ●●●● part of Syria that is next Arabia. ● 〈◊〉, is ●●●● plain of the country. Antony partial. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 Cl●op●●● 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 excuseth ●●●●●li●.  were grievously oppressed, and gave privileges to the Lycians, and exhorted the Xanthians ●et●store their City. He gave to the Rodians, Andrus, Tenus, Naxus and Mindus, which shortly after he took from them, because of their sharp government.  
He granted the Tarsentans and Laodicians liberty, and made free all the Citizens of Tarsus, that had been taken with privilege: he received the Athenienses very gently, & gave them Tenus, Aegi●●, Icon, C●am, Sciathus & Peparetis. Then going through Phrygia, Mysia, Gallogrecia, Cappadocia, Cilicia, Cael●s●●ia, Palestra, Ituraea, and other provinces of Syria, he put great tributes upon them. He took up matters of controversy of princes and Cities, even as he would himself. And where the controversy for Cappadocia, was between Sifinn● and Ariarathes, he preferred S●si●na for Gl●phy●●a his fair mother's sake. In Syria he delivered the towns of Tirannes'. In Cilicia he accused Cleopatra, because she did not help Caesar in his wars She did not so much excuse herself, as boast that she had sent ●oure legions to Dolabella, at the beginning of the war▪ & having prepared a Navy, was letted by tempests, and by the chance of Dolabella that was s●●ner overcome than the looked for: and that notwithstanding, Cassius twice threatening her, she contemned him, and Murcus also, and with a rich Navy, sailed into the Ionian sea, & there beside other losses, fell sick. Wherefore she returned no more to the sea, after the victory was 〈…〉 on. Then Antony being caught in mind with the sight of her, he began to love her, like a young man, though he were forty years 
●●t●●y in ●oue.  of age, his nature (as it seemeth) ever being pliant to that thing: and before, he had a mind to her, when he was a Captain of horsemen at Alexandria, under Gabinius.  
Now leaving his wonted diligence, he did all things as Cleopatra would have him, without respect of God or man's law. In so much, as he sent Soldiers to kill Arsino● her sister, that was fled into the Temple of Diana, crying for mercy: and commanded the Tyrians to deliver Serapion, Captain of 
●●t●●y ●●●e 〈…〉 by Cleopatra. Tyrus, sometimes an ●●ande after ●oyued to the land by Alexander. The king of Egypt dead & never found.  Cypress, to Cleopatra, being fled for safety to Tyrus. Likewise he commanded the Arcadians to do with an other fugitive, because he took upon him the person of Ptolomeus, Cleopatra's brother, being overcome in Nilus of Caesar, and never seen after. He also commanded Megabysus a Pr●s●e of Diana of Ephesus, to be delivered, because he received Arsinoe as a Queen: but when the Ephesians made suit to Cleopatra for him, he let him go: so soon was he changed. This affection was the beginning of his 
The lightness of Antony.  troubles, and end of his life. When Cleopatra was go home, he sent his horsemen to spoil the Palmirians, a City not far from Euphrates, a light offence being objected to them, for a fashion, because dwelling in the confines of the Romans, and the Parthians, they seemed to be of doubtful faith, for they were merchants, and brought and fetched the wares of India and Perside, to the Romans: but in very deed it was to enrich his horsemen. And when the Palmirians had understanding of it, they conveyed away their goods, and guarded them with Archers, wherein they excelled. The horsemen finding the City void, went away empty and unhurtful. Of this occasion the wars of Parthia seemed to rise, many of the tyrants of the country of Syria resorting to them. For this country (till Antiochus the 
The state of Syria.  good, and his son) was under Kings, successors of Seleucus: but being brought into the form of a province, they had Scaurus 
Scaurus. 〈…〉 ius▪ Crassus.  their Precedent▪ to whom the Senate sent other successors, and among them, Gabi●●●s, which made war upon the Alexandrians. Crassus' succéeded Gabinius, which was after slain of the Parthians. But after the death of Caesar, and sedition rising, every City was held by an usurper, the Partheans helping them. And now had they entered Syria, (Crassus being dead) one alluring another: from whence Antony drove them away, and made them flee to the Parthians. Which being done, he put tributes upon the people, and did not pacify the province after the commotion of the Palmirians, but divided his army into wintering places. He went to Cleopatra into Egypt, of whom being princely received, he tarried the Winter with her, like a private man in an 
Antony pr●●●re.  other man's kingdom, either to show, that the rule pertained not to him: or to be the more fit to frequent the feastful days of the Winter. And leaving all cares of a Captain, he put on a Greeks rob, and such a garment, as the Athente●ses and Egyptians Priests do use. And he resorted only to temples, scoo●es, and assemblies of Philosophers, keeping company with the Grecians that obeyed Cleopatra, for whose cause he had (as he said) made that voyage.  
Caesar Octavian in the mean time fallen sick in his journey to 
Octa●io● sick.  Rome, and very dangerously at Brundusi●, where it was said, he was dead. Being recovered, he entered the City, and delivered Antony's letters to his Captains, who straight commanded Calenus to deliver two legions to Octavian, and written into Africa to Sextius, to deliver that province: both the which were done. Then dyscharging Lepidus of his suspicion, he committed Africa 
Division of Italy to the soldiers.  to his government, and sold such goods of the condemned men, as were not yet bought. Going about to place his Soldiers in their dwellings, and to divide their lands, he found great troubles: For, the Soldiers required every best City in Italy, as they were choose before the war. Contrary, those Cities required, that all Italy might be contributary to this division, or the places of dwelling might be appointed by lot. The soldiers also required the value of the lands, because there was no common pay. Both old and young women, and children, assembled together in the Temples, and public places, lamenting and complaining, that they being native of Italy, should be put from their houses and lands, as prisoners in the war. The people wept for these miseries, and most of all, when they remembered that it was not done for the common wealth, but for the private lust of a few, the which had overthrown the common weal, and now gave their soldiers rewards, that they, by that gift, should be ready to serve their turns, and still krepe 
〈…〉 of Italy.  down the common state. Caesar appeased the Cities, and showed the cause of necessity, and that all was not sufficient. And he saith truth, for the neighbours were oppressed of the soldiers, 
I●s●tiablenesse of Soldiers  going beyond their bounds, & catching more than was given them, & taking ever the best. Neither were they frayed by Caesar's rebukes, nor contented with new gifts, for they did now little force of the princes, who had need of their help, to hold up their ambition. For now the end of the five years approached, & every one had need of several help to maintain his Lordship. The Soldiers had need of them, to keep still that which was given them: they had need of the Soldiers favour, to confirm their rule. Caesar also comforted the needy Soldiers with other gifts, borrowing money of Temples, whereby he won their hearts, 
O 〈…〉 excl●i 〈…〉 ●po●.  they being thankful to him, as of whom they had received their lands and goods, and they that were spoiled, crying out upon him, which he suffered for the soldiers sakes.  
Lucius' brother to Antony being Consul, and his wife Fulvia, and Manius that had the oversight of his things in his absence, that this benefit might not seen to be only of Octavian, nor he have only the thank, and the other general be defrauded of the favour of the Soldiers, used subtle means, that the placing of the inhabitants might be deferred till Antony's coming. Which when it seemed unpossible, for the haste of the Soldiers, they desired of Octavian, that they might place Antony's Soldiers, although by agreement it was granted to Caesar 
Antony's Soldiers placed by his friends.  Octavian by Antony▪ which they denied to be true. Therefore bringing F●●luia with Antony's little children to the camp, they besought them instantly, not to suffer Antony to be defrauded 
Antony renounced.  of his thanks, and renown that he had got. Antony's name was then very glorious among the Soldiers and others, for the victory at Philippi was attributed to Antony only, because of Caesar's sickness. Though Octavian saw that covenant was broken, yet for Antony's sake, he was content to give place. So Antony's legions were placed with very much licence, that they should not seem to be inferior to the benefit of Caesar. There were other Cities near to these, whose lands were divided to the Soldiers, which suffered many injuries of the 
Oppression of Cities.  Soldiers, the Citizens crying to Octavian, that division of lands was now more cruel, than proscriptions of life. For than enemies were punished, now innocentes are plagued. Caesar did well perceive the injury, but could not remedy it. For neither had he money wherewith to pay the possessors of the land, neither could the rewards of victory be deferred, for the wars that might ensue, Pompey being Lord of the Sea, who 
Pompey's Aenobarbus and Mur▪ cousin Lords of the sea.  caused famine in the City, all victual being kept away: Aenobarbus and Murcus, having an other army, and gathering an other navy: and the Soldiers the more unwilling, except they have promise kept: and the space of five years was almost come, so as they must have need of Soldiers, 
Insolency of Soldiers.  and therefore bore with their insolency: In so much, as in the Theatre, a common Soldier wanting a proper seat, 
Theatre the place where they behold pastime.  went and sat in the place of a Gentleman. The people noted it, and Caesar raised him. The Soldiers were angry at it, and when Caesar came from the pass time, they compassed him, and required their fellow Soldier, whom they thought to be destroyed. But when he came, they said he came out of prison, 
Insolency of Soldiers.  which because he denied, they said he was hired so to say, and was a Traitor to his company. This rudeness was used in the Theatre.  
Being called to the division into the camp of Mars, and coming to it by night, they were angry that Caesar tarried so long. Nonius a captain rebuked them, and told them their duty, and put the cause upon Caesar's sickness. They called him 
Nonius killed of the Soldiers.  flatterer, and threw stones upon him, and drove him to take a water, out of the which they took him up dead, and laid him in the way▪ where Caesar should pass, who was monished by his friends, not to trust their rage: but he to a●oyde further inconvenience by his absence, went on, and when he 
uproar of Soldiers.  saw the dead body of Nonius, he went aside. And when the fault was laid upon a few, he willed them hereafter one to spare another, and so gave them gifts and distribution of lands, and 
Sufferance and liberality of 〈◊〉.  rewarded some beyond their own expectation. Which constancy of him they so liked, as they required that the kyllers of Nonius might be punished. He said, he knew them well enough, and was satisfied with their confession and conscience: and the rest he forgave. By the which mercy and liberality, being provoked, they made great shouts of his felicity. These two contempts of the Soldiers among many other, may suffice to be showed.  
The cause of this, were they, that without lawful authority, 
cause of disorder among the Soldiers.  (as happeth in civil wars) taking upon them to be Captains, led these Soldiers, not to serve their country, but themselves: not against enemies, but against Citizens. This destroyed the discipline of the Romans war. The Soldier, rather desirous to serve for private affection, and the capitains to abuse them for private commodity. Not only a Soldier, but whole armies were to be bought for money. And it was offence to favour the good, and praise to advance the evil. So as for light causes, whole armies would go from a good and lawful leader, to a lewd and usurping Captain: (like agreeing with like) the Soldiers took them for enemies, were they never so honest, that their Captains hated. And the Captains to have Soldiers at hand, suffered them to commit things abominable, without all reverence of law and justice. So now all discipline being corrupted, they were 
Discipline corrupted.  counted best, that could raise most sedition.  
The City in the mean time, was in great penury, their provision of corn being stopped by Pompey. In Italy, tillage being 
Pe●●●ie and troubles in Rome.  almost le●te for the continuance of war, and that that there was, being consumed of the Soldiers: and in the City, thieves and murderers by night, were unpunished, for what soever was done, was imputed to the Soldier. The commons shut up their shops, and were without officers, which would not serve where theft was suffered.  
But Lucius, being well affected to the common wealth, and 
Lucius taketh part with the old husbandemen.  grieved with the power of the three Princes, continuing longer than the time appointed, contended with Caesar▪ for he only promised help to the old possessioners, making supplication to all the officers, & they promised their service to him. Whereby, both Antony's Soldiers, and Caesar himself, accused him as an enemy to him, and Fulvia also, as stirrers of war out of time. But a 
Manius counsel.  devise of Manius prevailed, which persuaded Fulvia, that if Italy were in quiet, Antony would remain with Cleopatra in Egypt, but if wars were stirred, he would come quickly. 
Fulvia Antony's wise stirreth war.  Then Fulvia of a womanish passion, incensed Lucius, & when Caesar went to place the new inhabitancies, Antony's children and Lucius went with them, that Caesar should not have the whole thanks, by going alone. Caesar's horsemennes scoured the coast toward Sicily, that Pompey should not spoil it. Lucius 
Beginning o● suspicion.  either afraid in deed, or feigning to be afraid, that these horsemen were sent against him and Antony's children, went in haste to the inhabitauncies of Antony, to get a guard about him, accusing Caesar, as unfaithful to Antony. But he answered, that he kept faith & friendship with Antony, & that Lucius sought to move war, for that he was offended with the rule of them three, by the which the new inhabitants might take full possession, & that the horsemen were yet in the coast, & did their duties. When 
Teano, a city ● Fia Appia. An other in Apulia. Conditions between Caesar & Antony's soldiers.  Antony's Soldiers understood this, they made a meeting with him at Theano, and were reconciled to him with these conditions.  
That he should divide no lands but to such as served at Philippi.  
That the money of the condemned men, & their lands, should be equally divided among Antony's Soldiers.  
That hereafter one alone should not levy men.  
That two legions of Antony's should serve Caesar against Pompey.  
That the Alps toward Spain should be open to them that Caesar sent, and not be shut by Asinius.  
That Lucius should put away his guard, and exercise his office with quietness.  
These were the covenants, whereof only the two last were kept. And Saluidienus passed the Alps spite of them that kept 
Preneste now Pilestrena a City in Latio.  them, the rest were defeated. Wherefore Lucius went to Preneste, affirming he was afraid of Caesar having a guard about him, and he none. Fulvia also went to Lepidus, saying, she was afraid 
Fulvia fleeth to Lepidus.  of her children, for she trusted him better than Caesar. And they both written to Antony, certain friends carrying their letters, that might certify him of all things, the copies whereof I have long sought, and can not find. Then the chief of the armies, agreed to take up this matter, and affirmed they would compel him that were unwilling. They sent for Lucius friends to come to them, which they denying to do, Caesar accused them, as well to the chief of the armies, as to the officers of the Cities.  
Then great resort was made to Lucius out of the City, 
Great resort to Lucius.  beseeching him to have compassion of afflicted Italy, and take some man, that either with him, or with the Captains might make an end of the matter. And where as Lucius had regard both of them that spoke, and also of the things spoken, Manius 
Manius answer sharp.  answered sharply. That Antony only gathered money of strange nations, but Caesar did get men's love by prevention of the armies and fit places of Italy. For by fraud he had got France, which was Antony's province, and for xviij. cities, that should be given to the Soldiers, he ransacked almost all Italy. And also gave money to four and thirty legions, not only to eight and twenty that fought in his quarrel: and that he had spoiled Temples in pretence of war against Pompey, which was not yet begun, for all the great dearth in the City, but in deed to win the favour of the Soldiers against Antony, in so much as the goods of the attainted, are not sold before they be given to them: but if he seeketh peace, in good faith, he must make accomptof things he hath done, and hereafter do nothing but by consent of both. This was the bold answer of Manius, that neither Caesar should do any thing alone, nor the covenants between him and Antony remain firm, that is, that either of them should have full authority in their provinces, and each confirm others acts.  
Caesar seeing that they sought war, prepared himself for it, but the two legions that were placed about of Ancona, and first 
soldiers of Ancona labour for peace.  served his father, and after Antony, for the love they bore to them both, sent Ambassadors to Rome, to pray them to have respect to peace. And when Caesar answered that he swerved not with Antony, but Lucius with him, the Ambassadors conferring with the officers of Antony's Souldyoures, sent a common Embassage to Lucius, requiring him to be content to commit his difference with Caesar, to arbitrement, affirming they would take upon them, except he would condescend. Having obtained their request, Gabijs was appointed the place 
Gabijs a people, destroyed by Tarqvinius Superbus. Meeting at Gabijs. A fight by chance.  of meeting, in the mid way between Rome and Preneste. There was prepared a seat for the Judges, and two chairs to show the cause. Caesar came first, and sent Horsemen that way that Lucius should come, either to see what Lucius did, or whether there were any trains laid. They lighted upon Antony's Horsemen, which came as forerunners of Lucius, or to see if all were clear: they fallen to fight, and some were killed. Wherefore Lucius went back for fear of treason (as he said) and being 
The day frustrate.  called of the chief of the army, promising him to conduct him safe, he refused. Thus the pacifyers being deceived, war was threatened with bitter words between them. Lucius had 
The war breaketh. Lucius' power.  six legions, of the levy which he took when he was created Consul, beside eleven of Antony's, under Captain Caleno, and all those in Italy.  
Caesar had four Legions at Capua, and certain bands for 
Caesar's power. Antium was a City in Latio, very good upon the Sea. Lannwium, now Indo●i●●. Treasure houses of holy money. Tibure now Tivoli. Nemore, not far from Aritia. Pompey increaseth.  his person.  
Saluidienus brought other six Legions out of Spain.  
Lucius had money of the provinces that Antony had pacyfyed.  
Caesar had of all them that came unto him by lot, except Sardinia, which was then in war.  
He goat much of Temples, promising to tender it with interest, that is, of Capitoli●, Antio, Lanwio, Nemore, Tibure, in the which Cities be treasures at this day of holy money.  
Out of Italy all things were not quiet, for Pompey, by resort of condemned Citizens, and ancient possessioners, was greatly increased, both in might, and estimation: for they that feared their life, or were spoiled of their goods, or liked not the present state, fled all to him. And this disagréement of Lucius, augmented his credit: beside a repair of young men, desirous of gain and service, not caring under whom they went, because they were all Romans, sought unto him. And among other, his 
〈◊〉 to 〈…〉.  cause seemed most just. He was waxed rich by booties of the Sea, and he had good store of ships, with their furniture. Murcus also brought him two legions, and five hundred archers, much money, and fourscore Ships: and he had another army from Cephalenia. Wherefore men think, that if he had then invaded 
〈…〉 Sea. Pompey loseth 〈…〉. Honour of Pompey. Sextius.  Italy, he might easily have got it, which being afflicted with famine and discord, looked for him. But Pompey of ignorance had rather descend his own, than invade others, till so he was overcome also. In Africa Sextius the Lieutenant to Antony, being lately commanded to deliver his charge to Fagion Caesar's Lieutenant, and sent again to take it from Fagio, who would not deliver 
Fagio.  it, but made war, having a band of discharged Souldyoures, and a number of Africanes, and the help of the Princes there. And when Fagio was overcome in both wings of his battle, and also lost his Camp, thinking it had come by treason; 
Fagio killeth himself. 〈◊〉. ●. Carinas.  killed himself, and so Sextius onto again was Lord of both provinces of Africa. Bocchus King of the Mauritians, at the persuasion of Lucius, made war upon Carinas, Governor of Spain for Caesar. And Aenobarbus with lxx. Ships, and two legions, and a band of archers and ventures, scouring the sea of jonia, destroyed the regions that accepted the rule of the three men. And being come to Brunduse, ●e partly took the Galleys of Caesar, and partly burned them, and driving the Brundusians within their brickwall, spoilt the lands. Caesar sent a legion thither, and willed Saluidienus to come out of Spain. And throughout Italy men were mustered in haste, as well of Caesa a Captains, as of Antony's, for Lucius. divers 
〈◊〉 troubled all over.  fights there was between them both, in just battle, and in ambushmentes: The favour of Italy was more inclined to Lucius, because he fought for them against the new inhabitants. Not only the Cities that were given in pray, but also all Italy was stirred, fearing the like calamity, and rejecting Caesar's soldiers that borrowed holy money, and partly killing them, they gave aid to Lucius, keeping their Cities for him. Contrariwise the new inhabitants stuck to Caesar, as though either laboured for their own. In this state, Caesar called the Senatoures and 
Oct●i●●: to the Senate.  the Gentlemen, and thus spoke unto them: I know I am contemned of Lucius faction as a coward, and afraid of mine own weakness: and that contempt is increased by your assembly. I have a valiant army, both that which he iniureth by hyndering their possession, and also that which aforetime have served under my banner, the rest be as sure, except one meaning. I delight not in civil wars that be not necessary, nor do think to abuse the Citizens that be left, to destroy one another, chief in this civil motion, the misery whereof shall not be told from Macedonia or Thracia, but shall be seen in Italy. The which if it be the field of this war, what incommodities shall it suffer. This is the cause why it irketh me to begin first. And now I protest, that I neither quarrel with Antony, nor do any thing why he should quarrel with me. It is your part, that for yourselves you do reprove Lucius, with his abettors, whom I pray you to reconcile unto me: but if they continued in their obstinacy, I shall make it known, that I am not slow for fear, but for consideration. You shall be witnesses not only to me, but also to Antony, that I am driven to this necessity, by the insolency of Lucius, When Caesar had thus said, they returned in haste to Preneste. Lucius answered only this, that the matter would come to trial on both sides shortly, and that Caesar dissembled, who had sent a legion to Brunduse, to stop Antony's passage from Italy. Manius also showed Antony's Epistle, false or true I can not tell, which 
A letter of 〈◊〉 showed.  willed his estimation to be maintained, though it were by war. And when the Ambassadors of the Senate did demand, if any man did blemish his estimation, & if they did, they should complain to the Judges. Manius used many threatenings again, till they went 
No conclusion of peace.  away without conclusion. Yet the Ambassadors did not show the answer to Caesar, either because he known it particularly, or because they were abashed, or for some other cause. Then present war appeared. 
Lepidus' governor of the City.  Caesar made provision, & left Lepidus Governor of that city with a garrison of two legions. Many of the noble men of Rome resorted to Lucius, declaring that the authority of three men did displease 
〈…〉 to Lucius 〈…〉. 〈◊〉 of two legions.  them. And thus this war followed after this sort. Two legions of Lucius at Alba made a tumult, and drove away their Captains, and were ready to revolt. Caesar and Lucius both made haste to them. Lucius came first, and with many fair words and promises stayed them. Furnius brought him another army, and Caesar cut off the tail of it, and drove Furnius to an hill. He that night following went to Sentia, a City of his 
Furnius besege● at Sentia, between Campania and 〈◊〉. Lucius entereth the City.  faction, whom Cesar would not follow for fear of trains, but the next day besieged the City. Lucius went to Rome with all haste, and sent in three bands by night, he following with his army, where he was received of Nonius that had the guard of the gate, and took his Souldyoures to serve. Lepidus escaped, and went 
Lepidus fleeth. Lucius to the people of Rome.  to Caesar. Lucius assembled the people, and put them in good hope, that Caesar and Lepidus should be punished for their misgovernment, and that his brother would willingly give over his unlawful authority, and take the Consulship for it, which was an office instituted by their ancient fathers. When he had said thus much, the people being glad, and thinking that the three men's authority should soon cease, saluted him General, which done, he went against Caesar, gathering by the way another host of the places of Antony's inhabitant, and settled them, being well affected to Antony: but Barbatius, who had been his treasurer 
Berbatius.  in war, and was sent from him in displeasure, told the people that Antony was angry with them that stirred against Caesar, and the common authority. The people being thus abused, forsook Lucius, and went to Caesar. Lucius now marched against 
People forsaketh Lucius.  Saluidienus, that brought great power out of France to Caesar, and 
Saluidienus. Asinius. 〈◊〉. Agrippa.  Asinius, and Ventidius, Antony's Captains, followed at the tail, so as he could not go forward. Agrippa a man most trusty to Caesar, fearing lest Saluidienus should be compassed, took Lombardy, the which place he thought Lucius could not spare & that he would leave Saluidienus, & come against him, & so might Saluidienus follow at the tail. And Agrippa was not deceived, for when Lucius see he was deceived of his purpose, he repaired to Asinius, ● Ventidius, whereby Saluidienus and Agrippa, were free to take what advantage they could: which, when Lucius perceived, and durst not fight with them both, he went to Perugia, a City well defensed, 
〈…〉 oeth to Perugia.  and there encamped, looking for Ventidius: but by and by Caesar, Agrippa & Saluidienus coming upon him, he was be●i●ged with three armies at Perugia: and lest Lucius might escape their hands, they sent to Caesar's other forces, to detain Asinius & Ventidius, although they made no great haste, nor approved that war, nor 
Occasion of the hindrance of Lucius.  were sure of Antony's mind. Beside, there was emulation between them, either of them seeking to be leader of all.  
Lucius being thus besieged, neither durst give battle, being 
Lucius in distress.  inferior not only in number, but also in goodness of Soldiers, nor depart from thence, so many being ready to molest him: therefore he sent to Ventidius and Asinius, by Manius, to persuade them to come to help him & them that were besieged. He sent also Titinius, with four thousand horse, to spoil Caesar's lands, that thereby he might call him from the siege, and so have Perugia, 
Siege of Perugia.  free to winter in, if need were, till Ventidius and his company might come. But Caesar having all his power together, compassed 
Caesar encloteth Lucius.  the place, eight miles about, because of the hills that be there, and made a long trench to Tiber, that nothing should be 
Tiberis springeth about. Are●●o, and goeth through Turs●an to Rome now Tenure. Plancus.  brought from thence to Perugia, Luc●●n after like sort trenched the roots of the hills. Fulvia, commanded Ventidius Asinius, Ateius and Calenus to make haste to help them that were besieged, and gathered a new host, and sent it by Plancus to Lucius. This Plancus by the way cut off a legion of Caesar's. And 
Plancus.  whereas Asinius and Ventidius went very slowly, as uncertain of Antony's will, yet, for Fulvia and Manius sake, they came forward. Caesar with Agrippa went to meet them, leaving sufficient forces at Perugia. But they dissevered themselves: the one 
Lucius' power dieverereth themselves. Pa●enna finds at the gulf of ●●n●ce Arimeno on the 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 See 〈…〉  to Ravenna, the other to Arimeno, and Plancus to Spoleto. Caesar leaving against each of them power to keep them from joining again together, returned to Perugia, and added rampires to the ditches, making the ditches more large, by thirty foot, both in breadth and deepness. He made also the trenches stronger, and joined to them. 1500, towers of wood lx foot asunder, so as they served for both turns, as well to resist them that came to the City, as to keep them in, that would come out of it. In the which times there were many sallies made 
〈…〉 of the 〈…〉.  out of the city, Caesar's men being the better a far off with shot, & Lucius more bold at hand strokes. But when the work was finyshed, famine took the city, & encresed daily. For neither the cicizens' nor Lucius, had made any provision of victuals. Which, when Caesar 
〈…〉 e in Perus ●●●. ●●len ●es be the ●rie day of the a●●neth. 〈◊〉 the first month of the yetre. I 〈…〉 a saileth the camp.  understood, he kept them the straighter. The night before the Calends of january, Lucius thinking the feastful time would have wrought negligence among the enemies, he gave an assault to the camp, thinking he might have put in some companions, which he had many in diverse places: but one legion being quickly called of the watch, & Caesar coming with his bands, after a sharp fight, Lucius was repulsed. At this time in Rome, corn being kept 
tumult in Rome for corn. V●nt●● us.  for the use of the soldiers, the people with tumult & contention, ran into private houses, & took what corn they could. Now Ventidius soldiers thinking it a shame, not to help Lucius, marched forth, and overthrew Caesar's garrisons in every plance. But when Agrippa and Saluidienus were come with more men, they turned to Fulginio, a castle not far off from Perugia, where being besieged 
Fulginie.  of Agrippa, they signified by night to Lucio, with many fires, where they were. Then it was thought best to try it out by fight. But Plancus thought it best to stay, & not to hazard thinselues between 
〈◊〉 connsel.  Caesar and Agrippa, which sentence prevailed. They that were besieged at Perugia, when they see the fires, they were glad, and thought there was some impediment that they came not forward: and when the fire ceased, they thought they had been destroyed. Then Lucius oppressed with famine, made issues out of the city, from the first watch until break of day, on every side: but being repulsed in every place, he retired, & perusing the victuals, commanded, that the bondmen should have none, & yet to be kept, that 
Extremity of s●●uine.  they should not get out to show the need to the enemy. They ran about in Orchards & gardens, & eat grass & leaves where they 
Misery of slacks  could found any: & when they were pined, Lucius put them into ditches, that the enemy should not perteive any burials, nor the City be infected with the favours. But no end being of hunger nor death, the soldiers being weary, desired Lucius to sally out again, & they would break the conteary trench. Whole ferventness when Luqueius see, he said: Of late we did not fight so valiantly as we 
〈…〉 f●ll 〈…〉.  might have done, now therefore yield, or sight to death. Every man consented. Therefore that the night should give none occasion to cowardness, they desired they might go to it in the day: and so Lucius led them forth, at break of day, with many scales and engines of iron and other, to fill the ditches and climb the 
Assault of the Trench.  trenches, and with all kind of weapons to throw. Thus they issued with great violence, and filled the ditches without stop, and casting their engines to the brickwall, some did beat down the trench: some set up their scales, and some assaulted the towers, and without all respect of death fought it out, notwithstanding the great resistance that was made with the shot on the contrary part. This fight was in divers places, so as the defeuce 
The ●er●enelle of the fight.  was the weaker. The fight was fierce upon the bridge which they passed, and also scaled the rampire, and were like to have done some desperate feat, except the most valiant of Caesar's host, had with like courage come to the resistance, ever being relieved with fresh men: & the other at length being tired, were thrown from the trench, and their engines broken, and yet they stuck to it without shrinking though strength and voice failed them. Yet not being able to resist, and ashamed to give place, they abode 
Lucius repulsed.  it, till Lucius did blow the retreat, at the which, when Caesar's soldiers did make great token of gladness, Lucius men strooken with shame, took their scales again, and approached the wall: but not able to do any good, Lucius again did call them back, that they should not cast away their lives in vain. Then with heavy hearts and against their wills they retired.  
This was the end of this sharp assault. Caesar then appointed soldiers to ward at the french, and at a token, to leap up to the brickwall, which they dydden, though they had none d●casion, exercising themselves, and discouraging their foes. Lucius' soldiers remained sad, and the wards were negligently kept, so as divers fled into the Camp not only of the common sort, but also some Captains. Lucius was inclined to peace, pitying the multitude that perished, one thing hindered it, that Caesar's en●●ies were afraid of themselves, 
〈…〉 en●loned to 〈…〉.  but when it was herded that he used the fugitives gently, and that he was desirous of no man's death, them Luius thought it expedient, without any further respect, to seek peace. And lest the people would deliver him for all, he thought he would prove 
Lucius to the be sieged.  their minds, and thus said:  
My desire and intent was (O soldier fellows) to have reduced the common wealth, to that state y● our ancestors left it, because I saw the office of the thres men turned into tyranny, and not amended after the death of Brutus and Cassius, by whom they made their pretence of war. For Lepidus being removed from their Collegeship, & Antony occupied in far parts, this man alone doth here what he listeth: the laws be only pretences, and shades. I seeking remedy for these incommodities and minding to have restored the common wealth, I required that the soldiers, having their due rewards, the power of one might have been abolished, which because I could not do, I went about to do it by force and power. Then this man accused me to the army, as one that pitied the ancient inhabitant: of the which accusation being ignorant, & not believing it when I heard of it, because I was sure you received lands by my division: yet many believed that false accusation, and joined with him to make war against us, which one day they shall found to be done against themselves. For I am witness, that you following the better part, have laboured for than, above your strength. Yet we be overcome, not of the eunimye, but of hunger, and as it were forsaken of our Captains. It should have become me to have abiden the uttermost for my country: & thereby in the end have had the praise of my good will: but I can not for you, whose safety I prefer before my glory. Therefore I will sand Ambassadors to the victor, and I will require him to punish me only, and let you go, & that he would give you y● forgiveness, which I do not ask for myself. You being Citizens as he is, & sometime his soldiers, not now offending, but having a just cause of war, be overcome, not with fight, but with famine. When be had thus said, he sent by & by three of the offiters that were chief. The rest of the multitude lamented, either their own case, or the Generals, which meant well as they did, and seemed to be a friend of the common wealth, and fain 
Ambassadors to Caesar.  to give place to extreme necessity. The Ambassadors that were sent to Caesar, remembered to him their common country, their common souldiourfare passed, the friendships of the noble men of both sides, the custom of their ancestors abhorring from 
Caesar's answer  such deadly Oissentions, and other things to this purpose. Caesar, knowing that his enemies host consisted in old and young soldiers, used art, and said, he pardoned all Antony's soldiers, the other he required to submit to his discretion. Thus he 
Private talk.  spoke openly, but secretly to Furnio, he signified he would pardon all, except his private enemies: which private talk with Furni●s, they had in suspicion, and said, that war was not made for displeasure, but for common cause, and required Lucius either to have general peace, or martial war. Lucius having pity of those noble men that were equal in dignity with the other, praised them, and said he would send other Ambassadors to him: and 
Lucius goeth to Caesar.  because he thought none so fit as himself, he would go alone without an herald. When it was told Caesar that Lucius was coming to him, he went strait to meet him, and they both came in sight, accompanied with their friends, in the habit of a General. Then Lucius sending aside all his friends, went on with two Sergeants, signifying what he meant: and Caesar following 
Caesar meeteth with Lucius.  that benevolence, showed the like token of modesty. And when he see Lucius come within his trench, that so he might show himself to be in his power, he first went out of the Trench, that Lucius might be free to save himself. This 
Lucius to Caesar.  they did outwardly by tokens of courtesy, and when they were come to the ditch, and had saluted each other, Lucius thus begun.  
If I had made this war with strangers, I would have been ashamed (O Caesar) to have been overcome, and more ashamed to yield myself: from the which ignominy, I would easily have delivered my life: But because I have dealt with a Citizen of like authority, and that for my country, I think it no shame for such a cause to be overcome of such a man, which I speak, not that I refuse to suffer any thing that thou written put upon me, being come to this camp, without an Herald, but to ask pardon for other, just and commedious for thine estate. Which, that thou mayst understand the more plainly, I will separate their cause from mine, that after thou shalt understand that I am the only cause, thou mayst exercise thy anger upon me. Think not that I will inveigh against thee licentiously, which now were out of time, but will only tell the truth, which I cannot dissemble.  
I took this war against thee, not that I would be a Prince, if I had dispatched thee: but that I might have brought the Common wealth to the rule of the Senate, which is now taken away by the power of three, as thou thyself canst not deny.  
For when you begun it, confessing it unlawful, you said it was necessary for a time, Cassius and Brutus being alive, who could not be reconciled unto you. They being taken away, the rest, (if any rest there be) being afraid of you, and taking arms, not against the Common wealth, and your time being ended, I required that the oppressed Senate might be restored, not regarding my brother before my Country. For I hoped to have persuaded him at his return, and I made haste to do it in the time of mine office. If thou wouldst have done so, thou shouldst have had the glory alone, but because I could not persuade thee, I went to the City, and thought to get it by strength and force, being a senator, and a Consul.  
These were the only causes of this war, not my brother, not Manius, not Fulvia, nor the lands divided to the Souldyoures, that wan the field at Philippi: not the pity of the old possessioners cast out of the lands: for by mine authority, some were appointed to lands for my brother's Legions, the old owners spoiled. But this calumniation thou didst devise, that thou mightest put the fault of the war from thyself, to me, and the new inhabiters. And by this art, winning the hearts of the old Souldyoures, thou hast wan also the victory: for it was persuaded them, that I would put them out by violence. These devices were to be used, when thou madest war against me. Now being Conqueror, if thou be an enemy of thy Country, make me an enemy also, that could not remedy it, being let by famine. And this I speak freely, giving myself (as I said) into thy hands, showing what I thought of thee before, and now also, being with thee alone. Thus much of myself.  
Now, as concerning my friends, and the whole army: if thou wilt believe me, I will give thee most profitable council. Do not use them hardly for my cause, and matter: and seeing thou art a man, and subject to unstable fortune, make not thy friends the flower to venture, for thee, if they shall see examples given of thee, nothing to be hoped, but to the Conqueroures. And if thou reject all my council, as of thine enemy, I may not be ashamed to crave pardon of thee, that thou wouldst not exact punishment of my friends for my fault or missefortune, but rather turn all upon me, which am the cause of all these troubles: for I have left them behind me of purpose, lest if I should speak these things in their hearing, I should seem to seek mine own cause. To this Caesar answered.  
When I saw thee come to me without an Herald, I came apace out of my camp, that thou mightest freely do that might be for thy good. And seeing thee acknowledging thy fault, thou commyttest thyself to my power, I need not confute the things which thou hast objected against me firmly, but falsely, hurting me now as thou 〈◊〉 before. For if thou hadst come to make confederation, thou shouldst have come to an angry Conqueror not without a cause. But now, seeing without any condition thou givest thyself, thy friends and army to us: all anger is taken away, all necessity of truce is cut off. For now I must consider, not so much what you have deserved, as what is seemly for me to do, which I had rather do, either for God's cause, for my cause, or for thy sake (O Lucy): neither will I deceive 
Caesar pardoneth  the expectation that thou haste brought with thee.  
Thus much do I found in the daily notes of the Chronicles of that time, in this matter. & Caesar marveled at the noble & stout 
The marvel of both Generalis.  courage of Lucius, joined with prudence: and Lucius marveled at the clemency and quick briefness of Caesar: the other gathered comecture of their talk, by the countenance of them both. Then Lucius sent to the chief Captains, that they should receive 
Lucius rendereth  the watch word of Caesar. They brought a book of the number for so was the manner, as it is now, that when the captain 
A book of the number of soldiers. Lucius' soldiers receive watch word of Caesar.  asketh the watch word, he offereth to the Prince a book of his number every day. receiving the watch word, they did not leave the wented watches, for so Caesar commanded that they should keep watch severally. The next day Caesar sacrificed, and Lucius sent the host to Caesar, carrying their harness, but going in their common apparel, and a far off they saluted Caesar, as General, and stayed legion by legion, as Caesar had appointed: for he divided the old legions from the young. When he had sacrificed, he sat in the General's seat, and commanded every one to lay down their armour, which being done, he commanded the old soldiers to draw nigh, that he might reprove their unkindness, and make them afraid, yet his meaning was known well enough. Then whither it was of purpose, or of affection, Caesar's soldiers came ●ute of their places, 
Soldiers embracing.  and embraced Lucius soldiers, and wept, and sued to Caesar for them, and they would not leave, but still cried upon Caesar, so as there was much mourning. But Caesar changing his mind, and appeasing the multitude, said thus:  
You my (fellow Soldiers) have always so well served 
Caesar pardoneth the young Souldyoures.  me, as I can not deny you anything. The young Soldiers, which I think have served justly under Lucius standard I remit: but those that have heretofore been joined with you in war, and now be saved by your mean, I would ask, what miurie I have done them, or what grace denied them, that they should serve another, and bear armour against me and you, and themselves? for I suffered all the pains for division of the lands, of 
Soldiers ●●i●t cry for pardon.  the which these were partakers, whose l●udenesse now, if you will sufferme, I will punish. But they denying that, and continually calling for pardon, I grant (quoth he) that you demand, 
Pardon.  let them go free, so as hereafter they agreed with you: which being promised on both parts, thanks were cried to Caesar, who was content that some should be lodged in houses. The common sort he willed to lie in their Camp, where they first were placed, till he sent them to wintering. Then sitting in the high seat, he called Lucius, and the chief out of Perugia, among whom, were many Senatoures and Gentlemen, all in hea●ie 
Remanes appeared, and were well used for a time.  shape, who being out of the Town, a garrison entered. When they were come, Caesar took Lucius to him, the other were committed to his friends and officers, being warned to keep them in honest and secret custody. The Perugians crying for pardon over the brickwall, he commanded to come without the Senate 
Perugians pardoned.  only, which being done, he pardoned them.  
The Senatoures were put in prison, and after killed, except Lucius Aaemilius, who being in Rome, when the killers of Caesar were cried, he thought good they should be punished, and the 
Captains of Perugia killed.  City purged. He minded to have given the City in spoil to the Souldyoures, but one Sextius, a mad fellow, surnamed Macedonian, because he had served in Macedonia, set his 
Sextius setteth the City on fire. Perugia set on fire.  own house on fire, and threw himself into it, and the wind being great, blew the fire over all the City; and burned it, the temple of Vulcene only excepted. This was the end of Perugia, an ancient and goodly City, for (they say) it was one of the 
Antiquitle of Perugia. It was first called Vi●ia Coloni●, of Vibius a Captain of the Acheanes that first came thither: but the Criaginens of Armenia did build it, and of a Griffou which they bore in their standard, called in their language Perugio, they called the City Perugia. Caesar repaired the City, and it was called Perugia, Augusto. with this in scription, Augusto Sacro Perugia restitute.  twelve Cities, which the Etrurians builded after their first coming into Italy. Wherefore, after the Tuscan fashion, they honour juno. And after that, they that followed, chose Vulcan in stead of juno for their patron.  
The next day, Caesar made truce with all the armies, yet some tumults continued between them, till, Canutius, and Flavius, Clodius, Bithinicus, and divers other were slain, who were deadly enemies of Caesar.  
This end had the siege of Perugia, and the war that Lucius made, which certainly was very dangerous, and like to have continued long. For Asinius, Plancus, Ventidius, Crassus, Attieus, and others of this faction, had an army divided into thirteen parts, with six thousand Horsemen, and above. All the which, scattered, some to Brundusio, some to Ravenna, and some to Tarento. 
●●●cius ar●y scattered.  Some went to Murco, some to Aenobarbo, and some to Antony himself. Caesar's bands chased them by land, and Agrippa goat two legions from Plancus, which were left at Camerina. Fulvia 
Cameria in Lati●. Fuluia ●eeth. Putzol● in Campania.  with her children fled to Putzolo, and from thence to Brundusio, with three thousand horse, which the captains appointed for her conduit. At Brunduse she took Ship with five Galleys that were sent from Macedonia, and Plancus went with her, who for cowardice, had forsaken the rest of his army which served 
Plancus the coward.  Ventidius. Asinius enticed Aenobarbus to Antony's side, whereof they both written letters unto him, and prepared for him against his coming into Italy. There were other bands of Antony's under the Alps, whereof Calenus was Captain. Caesar intended to win them to him, because he had Antony now in suspicion, that if he were his friend, he would keep them for him, if he proved his enemy, he would serve himself: and whilst he sought a good occasion, Calenus died. Caesar took the advantage, and had the army, for Fusius, Calenus son, delivered all for fear. Thus 
Caesar taketh Antony's bands in Lomberdy.  Caesar without any business, goat eleven legions, and most ample provinces, from the which he removed the old officers, and placed his own, and went to Rome. Antony kept the messengers that were sent from the inhabitancies, either because of the winter, 
Antony deteyneth the messengers.  or because he would not have them report his doings.  
At the beginning of the Spring, he went from Alexandria, came to Tirus, and from thence by Cypress and Rhodes into Asia, where he herded of the siege of Perugia, for the which he blamed 
Antony finds his wife.  his brother and his wife, and most of all Manius. He found his wife at Athens, that was fled from Brunduse. His mother julia, 
Pompey sendeth julia, Antony's mother to him honourably.  Pompey had sent out of Sicily, whither she fled in company of Libone, his father in law, Saturninus, and others of the best sort that he had, the which assayed to allure Antony to Pompey's part 
Pompey's friends assayed Antony. Antony's answer.  against Caesar. Antony thanked Pompey for sending him his mother, the which he would requited in time convenient, and if he did make war against Caesar, he would use his society, but if Caesar and he continued in agreement, he would reconcile him to C●sar, And this was Antony's answer. Caesar being come to Rome, understood that some were go to Athens, but what answer they had of Antony, he could not tell. Then he sought to 
Caesar discrediteth Antony at Rome.  discredit Antony, with the souldyoures, as he that would join with Pompey, to put them from their possessions, and that many were fled to Pompey, but for all that, he could not win the Souldyoures from Antony, so great was the glory that he had 
Glory of Antony great.  got at Philippi. Caesar thought himself good enough for Antony & Pompey by lano, for he had above 40. legions, but he had no ships, & they had more than 500 with the which, if they would beset the coast of Italy, they might soon oppress it with famine. Therefore of many maidens that were offered him in marriage, he thought to make his best match, & he written to Maecenas, that he should contract him to Scribonia, sister to Libo, father in law to Pompey, that he might 
Marriage for Caesar to serve his turn.  have a pretence to agree with Pompey if need were. This done, he removed divers of Antenyes friends from their authority, & sent Lepidus into Africa with six legions of Antony's. Then he called to him Lucius, and praised him as kind to his brother, that 
Caesar to Luciu●.  he would take his fault upon himself: but he could not but think unkindness in him, that after so great benefit showed to him, he would not plainly tell his brother's conspiracy.  
To this Lucius answered, I knew my sister in laws ambitious 
Lucius to Caesar.  desire to rule, but I took the commodity of my brother's army, to take the rule from you all, and if my brother would come now to abolish your Monarchy, I would take his part always against thee for my countries sake, although privately I am most beholden unto thee. But if he will seek companions of his tyranny, I will take thy part against him, so thou wilt destroy the Monarchy: for the affection to my Country shall always prevail more with me, than favour 
Constancy of Lucius.  or kindred.  
Caesar marveling at the constancy of Lucius, said, he would 
Caesar to ●ucius.  not use him against his brother, though he would follow him: yet he would commit to him the province of Spain, and appoint 
Lucius is honoured of Caesar with regard.  Peduceus and Luceius his Lieutenants.  
Thus in show of honour he sent away Lucius, yet secretly commanded he should be privily watched.  
Antony leaving his wife sick at Scicyone, took the Sea with 
Sicyone not far from Corinth.  no great army, with a Navy of two hundred Ships, which he had made in Asia.  
When he understood that Aenobarbus came to meet him with 
AEnobarbus goeth to Antony.  a great army, who was suspected not to be trusted of his word, (for he was one of the condemned men of conspiracy against Caesar, and in battle at Philippi, fought against Caesar and Antony,) yet he went toward him with five good Ships, that he might seem to trust him, willing the rest to follow after. Aenobarbus when he had sight of him, came forward with all his Navy. Then was Plancus afraid, and wished him to stay, and first to try 
Plancus afraid.  what he meant, because he was to be doubted. Antony answered, he had rather dye, being deceived by trust, than be thought 
Antony to Plancus.  to flee for fear. Being come near, both the Admirals were known by their flags, and sailed one to the other. The Herald of Antony standing in the forepart, either ignorant that he was not a sure friend, or of a boldness of mind, that the inferior should stoop to the superioure, commanded the other to strike sail, which they did, and drew to the side of Antony's Ship, where they saluted and embraced one another: and the army of Aenobarbus received Antony for their General: yet was Plancus scarcely assured. And Antony took Aenobarbus into his own ship, and sailed to Poloenta, where Aenobarbus had 
Poloenta.  his footmen. And there Aenobarbus gave place to Antony in the General's tent.  
From thence they sailed to Brunduse, where was five bands of Caesar's in garrison. The Brundusians shut the gates to Aenobarbus 
Antony and Aenobarbus to bruduse. Antony is kept out of Brunduse.  as an ancient enemy, and to Antony, as one that brought an en●nie. Antony took this pretence to be done by Caesar's commandment, and therefore, fortified the narrow part of earth 
Antony besieged ●runduse. brunduse was builded of the A●to●●ms, and a●ter inhabited of Cr●tenses, and at last made an inhabitance of Rome: ●t hath the name of the form of an Hearts head with the horres which the M●sapians call Brudusium, for that shape hath the port, which is one of the best of the world. Antony useth non-pros help. Pompey sendeth a navy with Menodorus, and besiegeth Cossensa & Thuris. The space from Tiber to Benevento, was called An●onia, by the which name also, Italy was called. Caesar troubled. Consentia, is yet a City, builded upon seven hills, and thereof giveth seven hills for their arms. Soldiers practise peace. Can●sio now Canossa, in Ap●tlia. Antony's policy. Agrippa recovereth the besieged places.  that joined to the City, with ditch and trench. For this city is almost an Island in a port like a crescent, which by land, could not be come unto, when this cliff was cut from it, and the place fortified. Antony also did beset the haven, which is very great, and all the Islands in it, with many Castles that he made. He sent also into sundry coasts of Italy, to take the fit places, and exhorted Pompey, also that he should invade Italy, as much as he could. He gladly sent Menodorus with a great army & four legions, to get Corsica, which was Caesar's, where he took two legions, being amazed at this atonement with Antony. Antony's Captains took Sigunto a city in Ausonia. Pompey befleged Thurij and Cossentia, & placed his horsemen in their fields. Caesar, troubled in so many places at once, sent Agrippa to relieve Ausoniae. He commanded the Soldiers that were placed, to serve: but they, understanding that it was done by Antony's consent, denied, which troubled Caesar most of all. Yet he went to Brunduse with an other army, and by fair words made the soldiers to go with him, the which practised by secret means to reconcile Caesar and Antony. And if Antony would not, they would stick to Caesar, who was now sick at Canusio, and had a greater army than Antony: When he was come to Brunduse, & saw how Antony had cut off the land from the Town, he lay and waited his adversaries dayngs. Antony was stronger in munitions, by the mean whereof he sent for his army out of Macedon, and used this policy, to put country men by night into his ships, both Galleys and other, and to make a show of a great army, to come from Macedonia, and so began to beat Brunduse, whereof Caesar was sorry, for he could not help it. At that evening it was told, that Agrippa had recovered Siguntum, and that Pompey was repulsed from Thurio, and that Cossence was still besieged: whereat Antony was sorry. And hearing that Servilius was coming to Caesar with one thousand and two hundredth 
Th●rio was a city builded by Niei●●, coming from Athens not far from the which Mama is gathered. Antony's vali▪ antnesse. 〈◊〉, in Ca 〈…〉.  horse: he could not stay, but strait from supper with great rage, took his friends and four C. horse, and valiantly gave the onset upon a M. and v. C. and took them sleeping at Vria, and brought to Brunduse. So great a fame was still of him, for the victory he got at Philippi. The guard of his person, would come to Caesar's camp, and upbraid them, their unkindness to him that saved them at Philippi. Who answered, that they did but defend themselves. Then they objected one against an other. 
Objections ● soldiers on both parts.  The one, that they were excluded from Brundusio, and that the army of Calenus was taken from them. The other, that Brunduse was besieged, and that the coast was invaded, and alliance made with Aenobarbus, a killer of Caesar, and with Pompey, a chief enemy. At length Caesar's men opened their mind to Antony's, that they felowed Caesar, not forgetting Antony, being desirous that they might be reconciled. But it Antony would not relent, they would do their uttermost. And this talk had they in Antony's camp. Whiles this was a doing, news came that Antony's 
Antony's wife dead.  wife was dead, who could not bear his unkindness, leaving her sick & not bidding her farewell. Her death was thought very commodious for them both. For Fuluis was an unquiet woman, & for jealousy of Cleopatra, raised such a mortal war. Yet the matter vexed Antony, because he was ●ūpted the occasion of her death. L. Cocceius was friend to them both. He the Summer before 
Cocceius talk 〈◊〉 Antony:  was sent of Caesar with Cecinna to Antony into Asia, and Antony sent Cecinna home & kept Cocceius still. He seeking occasion to try Antony, told him, Caesar had sent for him, & desired he might depart, & asked whether he would write to Caesar or not, Antony was content he should depart. But as for writing (said he) what should we write but taunts one to an other, seeing we are now enemies. And I written to him by Cecinna, the copy whereof you shall have if you will. I brought you letters from him, (said Cocceius) and enemy you can not take him, that used your brother Lucius and your other friends so well. Why (quoth Antony) he shutteth me out of Brunduse, and hath taken mine army and province that Calenus kept. And where he is good to my friends, he hath made them by his benefits mine enemies. Then Cocceius not minding further to stir so angry a man, departed. And when Caesar see him, marveling he 
Caesar to Cocceius.  had tarried so long, said▪ I have not saved your brother that you should become mine enemy? how call you (said he) your friends enemies, & take from them their armies & provinces? whereto Caesar said. After the death of Calenus, so great a charge aught not to be given to so young a man, as Calenus son, Antony being absent, & Lucius, Asinius, & Aenobarbus in arms against me. As for Plancus legions, I intercepted, that they should not go to Pompey, as the horsemen did. These things were told otherwise to Antony, (said he) yet he believed nothing till he was shut from Brunduse. I knew not of it, said Caesar, neither did I command it: the Brundusians, & the garrison that I left, could not abide him, when he brought with him Aenobarbus, a killed of Caesar and a proscribed man, who after the field at Philippi, besée●ged Brunduse, and yet troubleth the coast of Italy, burned my ships, & spoiled the country. You have (said he) consented one to the other, to make alliance with whom you wil Neither have Antony joined with any manqueller more than you have for regard of your father. Aenobarbus is no man killer, neither any decree of anger made against him, neither was he privy to that purpose. And if he be thought unworthy pardon because he was friend to Brutus, then must we see whether all other be not in his case. Confederacy is made with Pompey, not to hurt you, but if you make war upon Antony, to have his society, if not, to reconcile him to you, who is boyde of fault: but you are in the fault. For if war had not been made in Italy, they durst never have sent Embassages, to Antony. Caesar replied, and said, that Fulvia, Lucius and Manius began the war in Italy. And Pompey dared never before invade the coast of Italy, but upon the trust of Antony. Not only trusting upon Antony, but sent of him; said Cocceius, for I will not dissemble, and he shall 〈◊〉 the rest of Italy being void of Navy, if you make not peace. Caesar not 
Caesar's words of Pompey.  unwilling to hear this device, stayed a while: Pompey shallbe punished, whelynow (quoth he) being already repulsed from Thuriji Than Cocceius perceiving all the controversy, told him that Fului▪ was dead, for unkindness of Antony, and now that she is go, there is no way but to utter one an others grief without 
Caesar is 〈◊〉 by the talk of Cocceian.  dissimulation. Caesar being appeased by this talk, received Cocceius, who requested him to write, somewhat to Antony, as the younger to the elder. He denied to write any thing to his enemy, that would writ nothing to him. He also thought unkindness in Antony's mother, that being of his he use, fled out of Italy, and would not seek to him, of whom she might have obtained any thing, as of her Son: and to her ●ee was content to write. When Cocceius came forth, many of the Captains declared the minds of the Soldiers, that except they would be reconciled, war should be made. Which he told Antony, and wished him to countermand Pompey from further invasion of Italy, and to send Aenobarbus away, till they were agreed. julia his mother joined with Cocceius, and prayed her son so to do. Antony stood in doubt, for if the peace did not take, he must 
Antony in doubt what to do.  desire Pompey's help again, the which would be a shame for him: but his mother putting him in comfort, & 〈◊〉 seeming to know more, Antony gave place, and required Pompey to return 
Antony consenteth to peace.  into Sicily, and he would keep promise with him, and sent Aenobarbus, with authority into Bythinia. When the arm herded this, than chose messengers that might go to either general, and cutting off 〈…〉 rehearsal of unkindness paste, to require them 
Me●engers of 〈…〉 on.  to link in 〈◊〉. For this purpose, of Caesar's part, there was choose▪ 〈◊〉: and for Antony, Pollio: and Cocceius was joined 
A marriage pra 〈…〉 for. ●● 〈…〉.  to them a● a frée●●e to both: And▪ because. Marcellus was dead, that was husband to 〈◊〉 Caesar's sister, they required that she might be made sure▪ to Antony, which being done, all the army, cried, Happy ●a● it: 〈◊〉 continuing their rejoice one whole day & a night. Then Caesar and Antony, once again divided 
〈◊〉.  the whole 〈◊〉 Empire, and made C●dropoli. a City of Slavonia the 〈◊〉 of both their parts, because it stood in the end of the Adria●icall sea.  
That Caesar should have all 〈◊〉 and Islands westward even to the main Sea.  
That Antony should have the like Eastward, even to the flood Euphrates.  
That Lepidus should have Africa still, as Caesar had appointed.  
That Caesar should make war upon Pompey, unless other order were taken.  
That Antony should make war upon the Parthians, to revenge the injury done to Crassus.  
That Aenobarbus should be received into society, with those conditions that he had of Antony.  
That it should be lawful for both, to levy men in Italy, with like numbers of legions. This peace was solemnly ratified.  
Whereupon they sent away their friends about their affairs. Antony sent Ventidius into Asia, to repress the Parthians, & young Labienus, who by the help of the Parthians, made new commotions in Syria, as far as jonia, all the which be showed in the Parthians 
Menedorus driveth Helenus out of Sardinia.  war. Pompey, by his captain Menodorus, repulsed Helenus Caesar's Lieutenant out of Sardinia. Wherefore Caesar would not be reconciled with him. They went to Rome together, and celebrated the marriage. Where Antony put Manius to death, because he 
Manius is put to death by Antony, & Saluidienus accused.  stirred Fulvia to make war. He accused Saluidienus governor for Caesar, of the army at Rh●danus, that he would forsake his master and cleave to him: whereof he written letters to him to Brunduse. This was not liked of all men, declaring unconstant dealing in too much seeking of amity. Caesar called Saluidienus unto 
Saluidienus killed of Caesar.  him, as about a matter of charges, and to send him again to the army, whom when he came, he slay him with reproach, and delivered his army to Antony, as suspected.  
In the mean time the city was oppressed with famine▪ for neither dared the merchants bring any corn from the East 
Famine in Rome.  because of Pompey's being in Sicily, nor from the West of C●●sica & Sardinia, where Pompey's ships also lay: nor from Africa, where the navies of the other conspirators kept their stations. Being in this distress, they alleged, that the discord of the rulers was the cause, and therefore required that peace might be made 
Caesar will not agreed to peace with Pompey.  with Pompey, unto the which when Caesar would not agree, Antony thought war was needful for necessity, and because money wanted, a decree was made by Antony's advise, that every master 
A payment put v● on the people.  should pay the half of xxv drams, for every slave that he had, which was determined to been done in the war of Cassius, & that somewhat also should be paid of every man's heritage. The people tore the decree with great fury, & objected the consuming 
The people resist●●● decree of Caesar and Antony.  of treasure public, the spoiling of provinces, the sacking of Italy, and all for private displeasure, and yet all would not serve, but must now put new impositions upon them that have nothing left. They assembled and murmured, & compelled them that would not, and with threatenings to spoil and burn their 
The people resist Caesar.  houses, gathered all the people. Then Caesar with a few of his friends and guard, came to them to excuse themselves, but they threw stones and drove him away, which when Antony herded, 
Who buyeth firendship to decree shall smart as A●●●●● did.  he came to help him. To him coming the holy way the people did nothing, because he was willing to agree with Pompey, but prayed him to depart, which when he would not do, they threw stones at him. Then he brought in his soldiers that were with out the walls, & not about him, into the city, being divided into market places and streets, wounded & set upon the multitude & killed them in the streets as they came. And they could not easily flee for the multitude, nor break through by running, so that many were hurt and killed, crying and yelling from their houses.  
So Antony had much ado to escape and Caesar by him was, 
Caesar e●●●●eth ●y Antony's means. Dead bodies cast into the river, and after spoilt.  evidently preserved and got away. Thus did Antony deliver Caesar from present peril. The bodies of the commons that were killed, were cast into the river to avoid the grief of the sight, which came not so to pass, for the Soldiers, fished for them as the stream carried them, and took from them their apparel, 
Antony's counsel. The alliance of the marriage between Caesar and ●●● siser 〈…〉 sa, was named Aenaria of A●●e●s, and now Isch●● of strength, it was the inhabitant of the marquis of ●●●●●a.  which grieved the beholders. Thus this evil ended with envy of the Princes, and yet no remedy for the lack of things, whereat the people grudged and suffered. Antony wished Libo his friends, to call him out of Sicily, to congratulate for the alliance made, and he would procure greater matter, and save him harmless. They written letters to Libo, and Pompey was content he should go. And when he was come to the isle called Pithecusa, and now Aenaria, the people assembled again and prayed Caesar, to sand him letters of safecōdu●t to come to treat of peace, which he did, although against his wil The people also compelled Mutia, mother to Pompey, to go unto him, threatening else to burn her, & help to make peace. When Libo perceived how the enemies were inclined, he desired to speak with the Captains, that they 
Baia was a City not far ●● Naples, where the old Romans had great delight. Menodorus counsel.  might together agree in the covenants, the which the people compelled them with much a do, & so Antony & Caesar went to Baia. All other persuaded Pompey earnestly to peace, only Menodorus written from Sardinia that he should make open war, or drive off, whiles the dearth continued, that he might make peace with the better conditions, & had him take heed of Murcus, who was a mover for peace, as one that sought to be in his authority. Wherefore 
Murcus ●s put from Pompey.  Pompey put away Murcus, and used his counsel no more, whom before he honoured for his worthiness and wisdom: whereat Murcus took displeasure and went to Siracuse, and to such as 
Siracuse, now Sarag●sa, a goodly city of Sicily.  were sent after him to keep him, spoke openly against Pompey, wherewith he being angry killed diverse of the best about Murcús, and sent to kill him, and to say that his slaves had done 
Murcus and Bythinius killed o● Pompey.  it, which being done, he hanged certain of Murcus slaves as though they had done it. The which craft was not hide, nor the wickedness that he did against Bythinius, a noble man and a valiant warrior, and constant to him from the beginning, & his friend in Spain, from whence he came willingly to serve him in Sicily. When he was dead, other men took in hand to persuade him to peace, & accused Menodorus as desicous of his office by sea, not so much caring for his master, as for his own power. Pompey following their counsel, sailed to Aenaria, with many choose ships, 
Now Ischiae.  himself being in a gorgeous galley with six oars on a sea●e, & so did pass Dicearchia proudly, toward the evening, the enemies 
Dicearchia, now Puzzole, Puteoli, an old ruined city, nearer Naples than Baia, being three miles asunder by land, to the wh●ch Calig●●a made a bridge by the sea, meeting of Caesar, Antony and Pompey.  looking upon him. The next morning stakes were set in the sea, & bridges made, into one of the which joining to the land, Caesar came with Antony▪ Pompey and Libo entered the other bridge, in such distance, that one could not hear an other, unless they spoke aloud. Pompey required society of rule, in place of Lepidus. They only granted his return to his country, than all was dashed. Till often messages were sent between, offering diverse conditions on both sides. Pompey required that such condemned men as were with him for Caesar's death, might be safe in exile, & that the other men of honour & proscribed, might be restored to their country and goods. The dearth continuing, & the people urging peace, it was granted that they should recover the fourth part of their goods, as redeeming it of the new possessioners, and written of it to the condemned men, thinking they would accept it, which took the offer, being now afraid of Pompey, for his wickedness committed against Murcus, to whom they went & moved him to agree. He tore his 
Pompey in a ●age  cloak, as betrayed of them, whom he had defended, and often called for Menodorus, as one expert in matters of slate, and only constant in faith. At length, by the exhortation of Murcia his mother, & julia his wife, they three met again, upon an old peer of the sea, being well guarded, where they concluded with these conditions.  
That peace should be, both by sea and land, and the Merchants 
The conditions of peace, between Antony, Caesar & Pompey.  have free course.  
That Pompey should take his garrisons out of Italy, & receive no more fugitives, nor keep no navies in Italy.  
That he should rule in Cicelie, Cersica and Sardinia, and those other I lands that now he had, so long as the rule should be continued to Antony and Caesar.  
That he should sand to the people of Rome, the corn that now was due.  
That he should also rule Pelopenesus, besides the former Iles.  
That he should exercise the office of Consul in his absence by his friend, and be admitted to the college of the Bishops.  
That the noble men that were banished, might return home, except them that were condemned by public judgement of Caesar's death.  
That they that were fled for fear should be restored to their goods. And they that were condemned, only to the fourth part.  
That the slaves that had served under Pompey, should be free.  
That the free men should have the same stipends, that the old Soldiers of Antony and Caesar had.  
These were the conditions of peace, which being written were sent to Rome, to be kept of the holy Virgins.  
Then they desired the one to banquet the other, and the lot 
Pompey banqueteth C●s● and Antony▪ and they him.  fallen first to Pompey, who received them in his great galley, joined to the peer.  
The next day, Caesar and Antony feasted him in their Tents, pitched on that peer, that every man might eat on the shore, but peradventure for their more safety, for the Ships were at hand, the guard in order, and the guests with their weapons 
Menedorus' council.  under their cloaks. It is said, that Menodorus when they banqueted in Pompey's Ship, sent one to Pompey, to put him in remembrance, that now was the time to revenge his father and brother's death, for he would see that none should scape the Ship: 
Answer of Pompey.  and that he answered, as become him then for his person and place: Menodorus might have done it without me, it agreeth with Menodorus to be perjured false, but so may not Pompey.  
In that supper, Pompey's daughter, wife to Libo, was espoused to Marcellus, Antony's nephew, son to Caesar's sister.  
The next day, the Consuls were appointed for four years, 
Consuls appointed.  first Antony and Libo, and that Antony might make a substitute, next Caesar and Pompey, than Aenobarbus, and Sosius, lastly Caesar and Antony, thrice Consuls, and as it was hoped, to restore to the people the government of the common wealth.  
These things being concluded, they departed, Pompey with his Ships to Sicily, and they by land to Rome.  
At the news of this peace, the City and all Italy made great joy, by the which, civil war, continual musters, insolency of garrisons, running away of slaves, wasting of countries, decay of tillage, and above all, most great famine was taken away: therefore, sacrifices were made by the way to the Princes, 
Rejoice for peace.  as to preservers of the Country. The City had received them with a goodly triumph, had not they entered by night, because they would not charge the Citizens. Only they were not partakers of the common joy, that had the possession of the banished men's goods, who should return by the league, and be their heavy enemies.  
The banished men, a few except that went again with Pompey, 
Banished men return.  took leave of him at Puzzolo, and went to the City, where a new joy was 〈…〉 de, for the return of so many noble men. Then Caesar went t 〈…〉 ifye France, and Antony to make war on the Parthians. And the Senate having approved his acts, as well past as 
Antony's acts allowed by the Senate. Antony maketh Kings.  to come, he sent his Captains abroad, & did what he would. He appointed also certain kings, only such as should pay a tribute. Of Pontus, Darius, Pharnaces son, & Mithridates' nephew. Of the Idumeans & Samaritans, Herode. Of the Pisidians, Amyntaes. Of part of 
Idumei, people between judea and Arabia. Samtria, a region of Pal●sta●, beside 〈…〉 e Pa〈…〉 a. 〈…〉. D 〈…〉.  Cilicia Polomon, and others of other nations. He sent his army that should have wintered about him, into Parthiena, a nation of illyria, nigh to Epidamn●, that sometime entirely loved Brutus, that he might acquaint them to gain & exceccise. Another army he sent to Dardanes, which is a people of Illyria also, that was wont to make roads in Macedonia. Other he commanded to abide at Epirus, that he might 
〈◊〉, now G●nera, or All 〈…〉.  have them all about him, intending to winter at Athens. He sent Furnius into & frica, to lead uj. legions of Sextius against the Parthians, for he had not yet herded, that Lepidus had taken them from Sextius. These things being done, he wintered at Athens with Octavia, as he did at Alexandria with Cleopatra. Only he looked on 
Antony's behaviour a● Athens.  the letters that came from his armies, and leaving the habit of a General, used the garments of a private man, and without a guard, went in company of two friends, to hear the lectors & disputations of the Philosophers. His diet was after the Graecian manner, having Octavia ever in his company, as one that was fond upon women. Winter 
Change of Antony.  being ended, he changed his manner & government. He had his officers & Captains attending at his gates, and all things were done to make fear. The Embassagies that were differred, were now herded, audience was given, ships were prepared, and all full of business. Whilst Antony was thus occupied, the league between Caesar and Pompey was broken for some secret cause, but 
Caesar breaketh with Pompey. The pretence of the breach.  the open matter was this. Antony committed Morea to Pompeyus upon this condition, that he should pay their debts, or see them paid, or leave the matter safe. He took not the province with this condition, but to have the country with the debts. Being gréened at this, of his perverse nature (as Caesar said) or because he envy to that others should have greater armies than he, or for that he gave too much credit to Menedorus, that said, it was no peace, but a truce, he repaired other ships, & gathered his Galleys, & made an oration to his army, declaring how war must needs follow, & troubled the sea by rovers, so as little commodity came to the City by that accord: wherefore it was spoken openly, that peace was not made for to relieve them of perils, but to add the fourth to the number of Tyrants increased. Caesar took some of the Pirates, & put 
Quareis' 〈…〉 Pompey.  them to the torture, to make them confess, the Pompey sent them. Caesar told it to the people, & signified it to Pompey by letters. Pompey excused it, & complained of the dealings touching Peloponneso. The noble men that remained with Pompey, perceiving him to be always ruled by them that had been his bondmen, killed some of his fréemade men, either of themselves, or to please Caesar, to kindle him against Menodorus his master. This they did of purpose, for the hate they bore to Menodorus. At the time, Philadelphus, a fréemade man of Caesar's, sailed to Menodorus for corn: & Micilio, a most sure friend to Menodorus, went to deal with Caesar for him, promising him the rule of Sardinia and Corfica, with three legions, & many friends. This matter practised either by Philadelphus, or for displeasure of Pompey, Caesar would not at the first, but at length accepted it, thinking the peace to be broken in deed, & called Antony from Athens, to Brunduse at a certain day 
Caesar calleth Antony from Athens.  for this war, and sent for the Galleys from Ravenna, and the arm from Lombardy, to lie at Brundusio & Putzolo, to invade Sicily on both sides, if Antony would agree thereunto. Antony came at his day, & not finding Caesar there, tarried not, either for that he liked not of the war 
Antony cometh to ●rundulio. A suspicion between Caesar and Antony. A token in Antony's Campe.  against the truce, or for that he see Caesar make great preparation (for both of them were ambitious of rule) or for that he was feared with a token, for one of the watch of his tent was devoured of a Wolf, all save the face, as though it should be known who it was, which was done without any cry or noise. And the Brundusians said, they see 
Antony to Caesar  a Wolf run from his pavilions by break of day. notwithstanding, he written to Caesar, not to break the covenant made, and threatened 
Menodorus is claimed of Antony.  to take Menedorus as his slave, for he was bond to Pompey the great, whose goods he had bought. Caesar sent his officers to receive Sardinia and Corsica of Menodoro, and fenced the coast of Italy with many forts, that it should not be so subject to Pompey's roving. He commanded that more Galleys should be made at Ravenna and 
Menodorus revoketh to Caesar, and 〈…〉.  Rome, and sent for a great army from Illiria. Menodorus he made a freeman, and to guide the Navy that he brought, as Vice admiral under Caluisius. He continued leisurely in making preparation, and was angry with Antony, that he would not tarry. With the Navy prepared at Ravenna, he bad Cornificius go to Tarento. As 
Tarentum is a City in Apulia, which hath a goodly port twelve miles compass. An evil token to Caesar.  he went, a tempest rose, and crushed the chief Ship, wherein Caesar should go, which was thought an evil token. And whereas the people thought that war to be made against the truce, Caesar to avoid that suspicion, written to the people of Rome, and spoke to the army, that Pompey had broken the league, by sending Pryats' to the Sea, which was plain by the confession of Menodorus, 
Caesar affirmeth the peace broken by Pompey.  and the Pirates themselves. Whereof Antony wasnot ignorant, and therefore would not let him have Peloponesus. When he thought himself well furnished, he sailed into Sicily, from Tarent, 
Caesar into Sicily.  Caluisius, Sabinus, and Menodorus, from Tuscan, and his army came by land to Reggio, and with great haste all things were done. And Pompey did not know that Menodorus was fled, till Caesar was come, and sailed against both the Navies. Himself tarried at Messina, and sent Menecrates against Caluisio, and Menodoro, 
Menecrates with a great company keeping the sea.  that was a great enemy of his, being of his condition. He came in sight of the enemy in the evening. They withdrew to the gulf of Cuma, and there rested that night. Menecrates went to 
Cuma was a goodly ancient City, not far from Pay, now nothing is left but marvelous ru●nes. Menecrates fighteth with Caesar's Captains.  Aenaria. In the morning, Caluisius' Navy coasted the shore of Cuma in the form of a Crescent, to keep off the enemy. Menecrates came forth, and made speed against the enemy, whom, because he could not draw into the deep sea, he set upon them as they were, and kept them at the shore, where they defended themselves. He might take the sea when he would, and come again more fiercely, and change his Ships at his pleasure, but they could not stir, but keep them from their adversaries on the one side, and from the rocks on the other side.  
When Menedorus, and Menecrates see one another, they left the rest of their Navies, and came together with rage and noise, and it seemed, that which of them overcame, should be the conqueror 
The fight between Menedorus and Menecrates.  of the Navy. Their Ships with great violence crushed one another, so as the stern of Menodorus ship was broken, and the pump of Menecrates. Then grapeling their Ships together, they stood firm. The mariners and souldyoures fought with no less courage and footing, than as if they had him on the land. They shot, they darted, and threw stones, and did 
Fight by Sea.  cast bridges, to pass from one to another. And because Menedorus ship was higher than the other, they did the more harm, 
Menedorus' hurt.  with less pain. Many were killed and hurt. Menedorus was strike through the arm with a dart, the which was straight pulled out. But Menecrates was hurt in the thigh with a forked Spanish arrow, which could not be pulled out. And not being 
Menecrates, drowned.  able any longer to fight, he exhorted his company, and leapt into the Sea, and then Menedorus took his Ship, and drawn it to land, for he could fight no longer. This was the fight on the left side of the Navy. On the right, Caluisius chased certain ships 
Demochares.  of Menecrates. Demochares a fréemade man of Pompey's also, & vice-admiral to Menecrates, entered upon the other ships of Caluisius, whereof he drove some to shore, and some he made to flee, & some he set on fire. When Caeluisius came from the chase, and saw 
Caluisius' ships distressed.  his Navie-scattered and fired, he stayed the one, and quenched the other, and because it was night, both they withdrew to their former harbour. This was the end of the first fight by sea, wherein Pompey had the better. Demochares grievously taking the death of Menecrates, as a very great loss, (for Pompey ever used Menecrates and Menedorus service by sea) leaving all other things, as though not Menecrates body, and one ship had been lost, but the whole Navy went straight from the broil to Sicily. Caluisius lay still as long as he thought Demochares would come against him, but when he see him go, he refreshed his ships, and kept alongst the shore. On the other side, Caesar with a great Navy from 
Caesar's and Pompey's show at Messina.  Tarento, and his army from Reggio, met with Pompey at Messina with forty ships only. His friends exhorted him to take the occasion of the few Ships that Pompey had, and to set upon him before the rest of his Navy came, but Caesar would not, till 
Caesar refuseth the fight.  he was joined with Caluisius, affirming it to be a folly to hazard without help. When Demochares was come to Messina, Pompey, made him and Apollophanes his fréemade man also, chief of the 
New Admirals of Pompey's Navy.  Navy, in stead of Menecrates, and Menedorus. When Caesar herded ●f the loss that Caluisius had, he crossed the sea to meet with Caluisius, and as he passed between Stylida and Sylla, Pompey set upon 
Seylla is one of the notable cocks of the narrov● Sea of Sicily, so named (as they say) of Seylla, the daughter of Phereu●. Charybdi●, now G●lof ●ro●s another rock over against, named also as they write, of a greedy woman of that name. Stylidae. Scylla in the coast of Sicily under the hell Segp●, in the continent of Italy. Caesar refuseth the fight by Sea. Caesar's Navy hurt. Caesar leapeth a sh●re. Corn ficius. Want in ●asar● host.  the tail of his Navy, and provoked the fight by all means, but Caesar refused it, either because he would not fight in the straits, or because he would first found Caluisio. He commanded all to draw nigh the shore, & to lie at anchor, & to stand to defence, if any did set upon them. But Demochares coming in, & setting two of his ships upon one of the other, so drove than together & upon the rocks, as many were crushed & perished cowardly. And the like luck was here, as was at the fight of Cuma. Caesar leapt out of his ship into the shore, and holp to save them that swam for their lives, but Cornificius & other Captains without commandment, hoist anchor, & took the sea, thinking it better to be overcome fight, than to perish foolishly. And Cornificius with great boldness took the Ammirall that Demochares was in, who leapt into another. The fight cētmu●ng with great loss, Menodorus & Caluisius were seen coming, not of Caesar's company, who traveled for their lives, but of Pompey's people only, who therefore retired. It was near night, & they would not ma●c● with the Frechmen, they being weary, the which chanced well for the other that were in danger. In the night, many forsook their ships, and went to the mountains, and made many tok●s of f●●● to them that were in the sea, & were all that night without meat; & without rest, wanting all things, Caesar being in like case; went about, & prayed them to hold out till the morning. It was not yet known that Caluisius was come, neither was there any help from the ships, 
A good luck ●o Caesar.  all being in danger of drowning, but by another good luck, the ●i●▪ legion drawn nigh by the mountains, which hearing of the loss, resorted to the fires by the rocky places, & found their General, & them that were with him weary, & wanting all things: than one did help another. And they brought Caesar into an old house, without 
Caesar in distress.  any of his chamber, being dispersed in that nights tumult. When he had sent about to show that he was safe, he understood that Caluisius was come, & so being recomforted by two joyful news, he took rest. At break of day he looked out, & see his ships, some burned, some half burned, and some floating, and some broken. Caluisius being come, he caused as much help, and repair to be made as could be, and the rather, because the enemy was go: but behold, a vehement Southwind blewe, and made a rough sea, so as 
Tempest upon Caesar's ships.  Caesar's ships were again crushed on the cliffs & rocks, and one against another. Pompey was in the port of Messana. Menedorus fearing the violence of the storm, went further into the sea, and many followed his example. The other, thinking the storm would soon have ceased, as is wont in Spring time, kept still about the shore, saving themselves with labour: but the wind waxing greater, all went to wrack, Cabels burst, & ships broke. The escry was so 
The trouble in Caesar's Navy.  great, that no good advice could be herded, no difference between master & mariner, no skill nor rule prevailed, all was alike, and so they perished. The ships were slit, the men were drenched, & they that could swim, were broken at the rocks: and when the flood of that sea came, which is wont to be great, the ships were with new rage tossed hither and thither, beating one another, and the wound continuing toward night, made them fear the loss to be in the darkness, and not in the light. Great lamentation was made, and calling one to another for help, but all in vain. They that were cast into the sea cried for help of them in the ships. They that looked for help of them on the land, were crushed at the cliffs. So present death was in every place, and so great darkness, as neither heaven nor earth could be seen, and so every one looked for death, which was more grievous, than death itself. Suddenly 
The looking for death grievous. A vehement storm.  the wind ceased, and the Sun appeared, the storm having been so great, as the men of that country affirmed they had never seen the like, the which destroyed the most part of Caesar's ships and Souldyoures, who being afflicted with these new 
Caesar again afflicted. Vibo.  calamities, went to Vibo by land with unpatient mind. He sent for the Captains from every place, that no mutinies might be made, nor train laid for him. He appointed his army by land, to keep the coast of Italy, that Pompey being encouraged by this victory, 
The great negligence of Pompey.  should not invade, who neither attempted any thing by land, nor made an end of them by sea, but suffered them to gather together as they could, and with prosperous wound to get to Vibone, either because he thought them afflicted enough, or could not use the victory, or (as I said before) slow to invade, content to defend. Of Caesar's Navy, scarcely the half was left, and that sore brusede, leaving some to oversee them, with sorrowful mind he went into Campania, for neither had he any other Ships, having 
Caesar's want.  need of many, nor time to make them, the dearth being great, and the people crying for peace, and blaming that war, that was made against promise. Need also he had of money, whereof was great want, the people of Rome not to be moved to any payments. But Octavius Caesar, subtle for his own commodity, 
Caesar's continuance in wa●●e.  sent Maecenas to Antony with instructions to call him to society of war, which if he refused, he would transport his legions into Sicily, and try the matter by land. Being in these cares, it was known that Antony would join with him in war, and that Agrippa had a victory against the French Aquitanes. His friends 
Aquitan●● ●s that they call ●ing●us.  also & some Cities promised him ships. So he leaving his sadness, prepared a greater Navy. At the beginning of the Spring, Antony came from Athens to Tarentum, with iij. C. ships, to join with 
Antony cometh into Italy.  Caesar in war according to his promise. He changing his purpose, tarried till his Navy was furnished, and when he was told 
Caesar contemneth Antony.  that Antony's Navy was sufficient, he alleged he had other lets, that it might appear he had more quarrel against Antony, or despised his help, trusting in his own. Antony taking it grievously, remained yet still, and required him once again, For having much ado, to prepare money for the Parthian war, & need of 
Antony desirous of Italian Souldyoures.  Italian soldiers, he would have changed ships for men, although by composition both of them might take up men in Italy, but it was the harder for him to do, because Italy was another man's province. Wherefore Octavia went to her brother, to move him thereunto. 
Octavia to her brother.  He said, Antony had forsaken him, whereby he was like to have been lost in the sea of Sicily. She answered, that matter was satisfied by Macenas. Then he said, Antony had sent Callias his late 
Objecting and answering of quarrrels.  slave, to confederate with Lepidus against him. She said, he went to treat of marriage. For Antony, before he should go to the Parthians war, desired to bestow his daughter upon Lepidus son, as he had promised, When Octavia had affirmed this, Antony scent Callias to Caesar to try the truth by torture, which he refused, & sent 
Metapontus' was a fa●●e 〈◊〉, now utterly destroyed. Caesar and Antony meet.  word to Antony to meet him, between Metapontus and Tarento. Antony when he see Caesar leapt into a boat alone, signifying that he trusted him, Caesar seeing y●, did the like, & either of them made haste t● get ground on the contrary side, but Caesar was the quicker, & arrived on Antontes' side, and went in chariot with Antony to his sister Octavia, and lodged together without guard. The next day Antony did the like by him. Thus they were soon at debate for suspicion, & soon agreed for necessity. Caesar deferred the war 
Exchange of fortress.  against Pompey, till the next year. Antony could tarry no longer there for the Parthians war, so they made an exchange. Antony gave Caesar a hundredth and twenty ships, for the which, Caesar promised him twenty thousand legions Soldiers Italians. Octavia presented her brother with ten ships, that both served for burden, and oars. Caesar gave Octavia, one thousand choice men for his guard, as Antony would take. And because the time of three men's authority was expired by decree of Senate, 
Continuance of three men's authority.  they continued it for five year more, of their own authority, neither looking for consent of Senate, nor confirmation of people, and so departed. Antony making haste into Syria, leaving Octavia with her brother and her son, Menodorus, being a traitor by nature, or fearing the threats of Antony, that said he 
Menedorus fleeth from Caesar.  was his slave, or not finding such reward as he looked for, or being moved with the daily rebukes of his old fellows Pompey's late bond men, and after Menecrates death exhorting him to return as unfaithful to his Master, having assurance he fled to Pompey with seven ships. Which Caluisius the admiral did not perceive, wherefore Caesar put him from his office, and placed 
Caluisius, displaced and Agrippa placed.  Agrippa. When his navy was finished, he did purge it, after this sort. Altars stand at the sea side touched with the water. 
Purging of the navy.  They with their ships stand about with great silence. The priests in boats in the sea make the sacrifices and carry their purgations thrice about the navy, the Captains going with them, wishing ano praying that all unfortunate and unfaithful things might be removed from it. The bowels of the sacrifices being divided, they throw part in the sea, and part they burn on the A●ters, the people wishing all good luck. It 
The manner of invading Sicily.  was determined that Caesar should in●●de from Putei●l● Lepidus from Africa, and Taurus from 〈◊〉 ●nd so b●●e●●e Sicily, East, West, and South. And a 〈…〉 was the tenth after the longest day of the year, which the Romans call kalends, in the honour of old Caesar, called julie, which before was named 
Quint●lis 〈◊〉.  Quintilis. This day Caesar appointed, because of the honour of his father, whose felicity was perpetual. Pompey placed Plennius at 
〈◊〉 is one of the three elbows called 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉, looking towards 〈◊〉, and a City of that name. The Isles of I●-pare, otherwise, Lo●e be seven.  Lilibaeo, against Lepidus, with one legion, and much shot. The East and West part of Sicily, he laid with garrisons chief the Isles, of Lipara and C●ssyra, lest Lepidus should get the one, and Caesar the other, and be continual annoyance to Sicily. He kept the strength of his navy at Messina, to be ready at the events. After the day was come, they all took ship in the morning. Lepidus came out of Africa, with a thousand ships of burden, lxx. Galleys, and. xy. legions, five thousand Numidian horse, and other provision. Taurus from Tarent, of Antony's, a hundred and thirty ships, brought only a hundredth and two ships, the other were disfurnished by the pestilence that was the winter passed. Caesar departed from Putzolo, having first sacrificed to Neptune, 
Caesar sacrificed to the Sea.  and the calm sea, to favour him against the killers of his father. Certain scouts went afore, to espy the ●east. Appius led the reregarde, with a multitude of ships. The third day after they were entered, a South wind arose and drowned many of Lepidus ships, yet he got to Sicily, and besieged Plennius in 
Lepidus. Taurus.  Lilibaeo, and took many towns of that coast. Taurus when the wind turned, returned to Tarent. Appius sailing by the point 
Appius. The point of Minerva.  of Minerva, had shipwreck by tempest, part were lost upon the rocks, part in the shalowes, and part crushed one with an other. Caesar so soon as the tempest rose, went to the 
The port of Velino.  port of Velino safe, except one Galley of six oars on a side. After the South wind followed a south-west wind, which so stirred that port, that the ships could not go forth opening to 
The loss of Caesar's Ships.  the West, nor be stayed with anchor, but were broken against the rocks, or crushed of themselves, which evil was augmented by the coming on of the night. When it was calm, Caesar huried the dead, healed the hurt, clothed the swimmers, and amended the loss as well as he cold. He lost six great ships, and xxuj of the less sort, & very many of the small vessels. To amend this want xxx days were required, & now summer went away. Therefore it was thought best to defer the war till the next Summer. But because the people was oppressed with penury he repaired his navies as well as he could, & got of his friends some help, which he sent to supply Taurus' number. After this loss, Maecenas was sent to Rome, to appease them that yet had 
Maecenas goeth to Rome.  remembrance of Pompey, by the way himself went into italy, & bade the new landed men be of good cheer, and with great speed 
Caesar goeth to cheer to soldiers of Italy.  came to Tarent, to view Taurus' navy, from thence he went to Vibo, & chéered the legions, and trimmed the ships, to invade Sicily shortly again. Pompey, took none advantage of this occasion, 
Pompey loseth occasion. He is puffed up vainly.  only he made sacrifices to Neptune, and to Salatia, whose son, now forsooth, he would needs be called, thinking certainly, that Gad favoured him so much, as he would give him victory still. And was so inflamed with this success, as he changed his purple 
Salatia is the sea, here put for the Goddess of the sea.  rob, into an azure, as adopted of Neptune. He thought Caesar would not have stirred, but when he herded he returned again, he was strooken down, because he saw he had to do with an invincible mind. Yet he sent Menodorus with vij ships which he 
Menodorus inaketh a new stir on Caesar's navy.  brought to espy his doying. He disdaining that he had not his old authority, & perceiving he was had in suspicion, because he had no more ships than he brought, determined to flee again. And thinking that it would turn to his good, if he showed any feat worthy praise, he gave all his money to his companions, & with great haste came upon Caesar's navy, with such a violence, as he took the ships the lay for the guard of the navy, sometime two at once, sometime three, & the ships of burden he drowned, burned, & led away, & made great affray in the coast. Caesar & Agrippa being absent, who was go to prepare matter for the navy. Than he fell 
Menodorus illudeth his enemies.  to flouting of his enemies, he drove his ship into a soft o●e, & pretended he had been a ground, which they thought to have been true, and ran to catch him, as a common prey: which when he perceived, he went away & laughed: whereat Caesar's Soldiers were much aggrieved. When he had showed what service he could 
Menodorus delivereth Rebilus ● Senator.  do, he delivered Rebilus a Senator whom he had taken, making his way so. Than he feigned that Vinidius a familiar of Caesar's would flee away to him, and sailing nigh the enemy, he desired 
He maketh his devise by Vinidius.  to speak with Vinidus, of matters that concerned them both. Which when it was granted, and they meeting alone, he told him, that his fleeing again to Pompey was for despightes that Caluisius had done him. But now that Agrippa was the Admiral, he would return again to Caesar's service, so Vinidius 
Messala.  would bring him assurance from Messala, that was Agrippa's Lieutenant, promising to recompense his fault with singular service: but till he had his assurance, he said, he would molest them as he had done, to avoid suspicion, and so did. Messala doubted at the first, as of a matter not honest, but at length he granted it, either for the necessity of time, or for that he knew Caesar would be content. Thus once again he fled, and when 
Menedorus reuol●eth once again.  he came so Caesar, he knéeled to him and asked pardon, before he showed the cause of his former fault. Caesar because of promise was content to pardon him, and appointed keepers to him, and 
Tauromino a low of Sicily. Taurom●io was builded of the Casidians, and after a Colony of Rome having the name of the bull of Minos which they bear in their arms, Stylida. Scyl●uc●●o, is now called Capo di Squillaccia dangerous place. V●b●no or Hipponao●a city with a gulf, now called S. Eu●●n●a in Calabris. Papias. Lepidus' ships destroyed. Tis●●nus. Strongile, now Shop talk, not far from Sicily. Pelorus, a point of Sicily, over against Scylla. My●e, now My●●zzo. Ty●●aride is not far from Mile.  gave leave to the Captains of his Galleys to go whither they would. Than Caesar took his journey again, commanding Messala to take two legions and join with Lepidus, and go to the haven that is next Tauromino. He sent three others to Stilida in the furthest part of the Sea to abide occasion. He commanded Taurus to go to mount Silatio, that is a mountain against Tauromino. Which he did, being both fit for the fight, and for the passages. The army by land followed, & was scouted with light horsemen: the navy, with Brigandines and Foystes. Caesar came from Vibone and praised the order, and returned to Vibo. Pompey placed garrisons on the coast of Sicily, and kept his navy at Messina, to help when need were. To Lepidus came out of Africa the other four legions, with whom, Papias a captain of Pompey's met, and by a pretence of friendship, destroyed them. For they thought he had been sent of Lepidus to conduct them and gave place. Two of the legions perished in the sea, if any escaped by swimming, Tisienus killed them on land. Caesar, sailed from Vibone, into Strongile, one of the Aeolian islands, sending foystes to espy the coast, and perceiving many ships about Pelorus, Milis, and Tyndaride, he thought Pompey had been there. Therefore he left Agrippa his lieutenant, and went again to Libon. Fron thence he went again to Taurus' camp with Messala and three legions, minding to take Taurominio in Pompey's absence, and invade him in two places at once. Agrippa passed from Stongyle to 
Hiera, now juda, an isle between Sicily & I●paris. Pompey's navy.  Hiera, and took it. The next day he went to Myla, to match with Democharis, who had xl ships. Pompeius, doubting of Agrippa's purposes, sent other xlv ships, to Democharis, under the leading of Apollophanes his late bondman, he following with lxx more. Before day Agrippa set forth with half his navy to fight with 
Agrippa goeth to the fight.  Papia alone, but when he see Apollophanes navy, and the rest of Pompey's ships, he signified to Caesar, that Pompey was at Myla with the greater part of his navy. He kept the battle with his great ships, commanding all the roast, to keep course to Hiera, the preparation was great on both sides, and the ships had turrets both at stern and pomp. When the exhortation was given, they began the fight, Caesar's upon the face, the others 
The fight by sea. The difference of the Ships.  upon the sides fetching compasses. Pompey's ships were light and little, apt to turn and return about the enemies. Caesar's, were great & beavie, and therefore the slower, but of more force both to offend and defend. In them, the Soldiers were more 
The difference of the men.  manly: in the other, the mariners, they got advantage by compassing about, & breaking the sternes & sides of the enemy, and with a violence sometime gave as great a blow as they took. On the contrary side, Caesar's ships, with their sternes, easily put back these other being little, and either crushed, or pierced them, and when they fought at hand, they cumbered them with shot, and with hooks, held them hard, and then would they Icape into the sea, and were taken up again of the little boats that waited on the ships. Agrippa gave an onset upon Papia his ship 
Agrippa driveth Papia from his Ship.  with such force as he slit it. They that fought in the top fallen down, the water entered, the lower sort were drowned, and the other escaped by swimming. Papia, being received into another 
Papia fighteth again.  ship, fought again. Pompey standing upon an hill, and perceiving that his ships were too weak and weary, and Agrippa continually refreshed with the rearward, commanded 
Pompey's Ship ● retire.  them to retire in order, which they did in a show of fight. But when Agrippa followed, they fled, not to the rocks, but to the soft ooze, that was brought in by the flouddes. Agrippa being advertised by his Masters, not to adventure in those shalowes, did cast anchor abroad, as though he would give a new charge if need were, in the night. But being admonished not to follow anger more than reason, and not over-labour the weary Soldier with watching, nor trust too much the caulmenesse of the Sea, he hardly departed. Pompey's men got to their ports when 
Pompey hath the lo●se by sea.  they had lost thirty ships, of the enemies, five were drowned, and many hurt. Pompey praised them for so manly resisting the 
Pompey praiseth ●●● Soldiers.  great ships, which he said seemed to him, not a fight by sea, but an assault of a brickwall, and rewarded them as victors, putting them in hope, that, in that narrow Sea, their ships would ever be the better, and that they might so be, he would add somewhat to their height. This was the end of the fight by sea at Myla, between Agrippa and Papia.  
Caesar in the mean season sailed from Sylati● to Leucopatra, being 
Leucopatra, an hill in the sea nigh Reggio. now Capo de alarm, or Spartament● di Calabria.  certified that Pompey was go from Messina to Myla, because of Agrippa: and when he was determined to have passed from Leucopatra to Tauromeno by night, after he had herded of the late fight, he changed his purpose, & thought it more for his honour to pass by day. For he believed that Pompey would not long tarry 
Caesar came forth again.  nigh Agrippa. And when day was come, he looked from the mountains and could have no sight of his enemy: he filled his navy with as many as might be, committing the rest to Messala, till the ships should return for him. Aproching to Tauromeno, he sumoned them to tender. But they within denying it, he passed the flood Onobala, & the temple of Venus to Archegeta, making his prayers, to overcome 
Onobala.  his enemies. Archegeta is a little image of Apollo, which the 
Archegeta. Naxians, of Naxo an isle in Aegico, now Niesia. Caesar falls.  Naxians that were sent to inhabit Sicily, did first erect. Going here out of his ship, he had a fall, but he rose again, and stayed. Pompey came in sight with a great navy, whereat every man marveled, for they thought he had been overcome of Agrippa. His horsemen ranged the shear to be even with his navy, & his footmen were seen on every side. The camp of Caesar was afraid, 
Caesar in fear.  & himself dismayed, because he could not send for Messala. The horsemen set upon the enemy as they were planting their camp. And if an onset had been given by sea also, it had been like that Pompey had done a great feat: but for lack of knowledge of 
Pompey loseth for lack of experience.  war, and not understanding in what fear the enemy was, and doubting to begin the fight so late, they went to harbour at Coccineo, and the footmen to Phenice, to have some distance from 
Coccineo, a point nigh a lake.  their enemy. That night was quiet, and Caesar's men had leisure to finish their trench, but for labour and watch, they were unfit to fight. Caesar had three legions, five hundredth gentlemen without horse, one thousand light harness, two thousand ventures, & his soldiers for the sea. Delivering his footmen to Cornificio, 
Caesar ordereth his battle.  to resist the enemy as much as he could by land, he before day took the sea, before he should be shut from thence. To the right battle he appointed Titinius, to the left, Carcias'. In a Brigantine he went about the navy, and exhorted them, which 
Caesar leaveth the rob of a general.  being done, he put of his rob of honour, as he was wont to do in extreme perils. Pompey twice gave him the onset that day, & the night ended, the fight, in the which diverse of Caesar's ships were taken & diverse burned, & diverse fled to Italy for all that he could 
Pompey gaineth.  do, which were chased of Pompey: & such as swam to the land, were dispatched of the horsemen or taken: some got to Cornificius camp, whom he received, sending only light horse to conduct them, for he thought it not good to stir his legions, being out of heart, & the enemy so nigh, in triumph of that victory. Caesar passed 
Caesar in doubt departeth with one page.  that night among his navies, uncertain what to do, whether to send for Cornificio amidst the wrecks of the sea, or to flee to Messala: & even by chance, departing with one only page, without servants, soldiers, or families, he came to the port of Abala, 
Abala. Caesar in desperation is brought to Messala.  where some found him out, in great fear and desperation, and carrying him from ship to ship, they brought him at length to Messala, which was not far off, where before he took rest, he sent 
Caesar signifieth that he is well.  a Brygantine to Cornificio and to all the shore, to signify that he was alive, and promised he would shortly help them. When 
Caesar goeth to Stilida.  he had a little rested, he went by night to Stilida, from whence Messala carried him to Carinate, who was ready to sail with three legions, whom he willed to go to Lipari, and he would follow 
Lipari be the Islands next Sicily, seven in number.  straight. He written also to Agrippa, to deliver Cornificio from danger so soon as he could, and sent Laronio to help with speed, He sent Macenas again to the city, because some went about new troubles which were punished openly. He sent Messala to 
Messala.  Purzolo to bring the first legion. This Messala was condemned at Rome of the three men, and reward was promised to them that would kill him. Then he fled to Brutus and Cassius, and after their death, he gave himself and his navy, to Antony. This 
Roman virtue.  I thought good to remember, as an example of the Roman virtue: that where Messala had him that condemned him in his power, cast into utter desolation, he restored him to his state and preserved him. Cornificius, although he might easily have kept the enemy from the camp: yet because he wanted victual, he provoked them to battle. Pompey thought not good to fight with them that were desperate, hoping to subdue them by famine. Cornificius marched receiving into his battle the unarmed that escaped the sea: being greatly annoyed with the horsemen in the plain, which were most part Affricanes and Moors. The fourth day he came to a dry place called the parching plot of the 
The dry place.  fire, burned & dried even to the Sea, the which the inhabitants dare not go too, but in the night, so great is the heat. Cornificius 
Danger of Cornificius.  burst neither pass that way in the night, because the Moon did not show, nor they skilful of the way, nor could not abide by day, the heat was so intolerable. Thirst could not be assuaged: nor they go but fast, because the horsemen so followed them. And being come to the issue, they saw naked men, who ran upon 
Naked citizens upon the armed Romans.  them, and clasping with them, put them in danger of choking, with that which being yet troubled, the soldiers were in desperation. But Cornificius comforted them, & told them there was a well at 
The Romans grievously troubled.  hand, & so they put back those rude people till they came to the well, which they found possessed with other enemies of like sort. Then they were utterly out of hope. For they see an army coming, and could not tell whether it was friend or foe, but it was Zaronius, whom when they that kept the well see, they fled, fearing 
Zaronius.  to be interclosed. Whereat the weary soldiers made great joy with shouts & cries, which Laronius answered. They run on heaps to the well. Their captains forbidding the to drink 
Soldiers perished with hasty drinking.  too hastily, they that would not follow that counsel, died presently.  
Thus beyond all hope, Cornificius brought his army safe to Myla to Agrippa, who had taken Tyndarida, furnished with all 
Agrippa taketh Tyndarida, which was a City named of Tindarus father of Led●.  things necessary, and fit for the war by Sea, whither Caesar sent both footmen and Horse. He had in Sicily one and twenty Legions, twenty thousand horsemen, and above five thousand light Horse. Pompey held yet with garrisons, Mylas, Nauloco, and Peloro, and all the Sea coast, who being afraid of Agrippa, kept 
Peloro is one of the four hills of Sicily toward Italy. Myla is a flood and a City both, with a Port, now called Melazzo Dianio is a City also in Spain. They were the Oxen of Phaëtusa, which she and her two sisters kept. Myconio. Caesar in peril● again.  continual fires to use against the Ships. He kept the mouths of Taurominio and Myla, and shut the paths of Mountains with walls. He also molested Caesar beyond Tyndarida, who would not yet fight, and supposing that Agrippa would arrive, he went with speed to Peloro, leaving the straits of Myla, which Caesar forthwith did take, with a little town called Dianio, notable by the tale of the goodly Oxen, which were taken away when Ulysses slept. When the noise of Agrippa his coming was ceased, and that Pompey herded the straits of Myla were possessed, he called for Tifieno with his army. Caesar going to encounter with him, miss his way in the night in the hill of Myconio, where he lay without a tent. And whereas the rain was very great, as is wont in Autumn, he stood all night under a French target, 
The hill Aetna, now Mongibello, that spouteth fire.  the Souldyoures holding it over him. The horrible and fearful sounds of the hill Mongibello were herded, and the flashing of fire was seen, and the savour of the brimstone was felt, in so much as the Germans leapt out for fear, and thought it no tale that they 
Germans afraid of the noise of Aetna.  had herded of that hill. After this, he wasted the Country of Palesteno, where he met with Lepidus, taking up corn, and they 
Palesteno. Messana besieged.  both laid siege to Messana. Many skirmishes there were, but no great battle. Then Caesar sent Taurus, to keep victual from Pompey, and take the Cities that remained for him, by the which difficulty, being driven to his trial, he determined to adventure all at one fight. And because he thought himself too weak by land, he sent his Herald to require the fight by Sea. And albeit 
Pompey desireth to try all by a fight of equal number of Ships.  Caesar had no good will to match by sea, having hitherto had evil luck: yet thinking it dishonourable to refuse him, he appointed a day to the fight, with three hundred ships on a side, furnished with all weapons and defence that they could device. Agrippa invented a grapple, that is, a raster of five cubits long, laid over with iron, having a cricle or ring in either end, and in the one, 
Grapple, the inueu●ion of Agrippa.  a crooked hook of iron, and in the other, many ropes, which drawn the hook by gins, when it was cast with a sling against the enemies ships. When the day was come, the first onset was of the small vessels, not without escries, throwing darts and 
The stout and last fight by Sea.  stones, and shot fired, as well by hand as by engine. The ships rushed one against another, some on the sides, some on the stern, and other on the Poop, thereby the Souldyoures were shaken, and the vessels broken. Some used their shot and darts a far off, and there were little boats to take up all that fallen in the water. The Souldyoures and the Mariners contended who should do best. The exhorting of the Captains did good, and the engines did help, most of all the grapple, which reached the small Ships a far off for the lightness, and held them fast, drawing them by the ropes: neither could it be cut off, because it was covered with iron, nor the ropes be touched, because of their 
The profit of the grapple.  length. Neither was this engine known, that they might have armed their weapons with iron. They rowed on the sudden, thrusting their Ships on the stern, to get aloof. When the enemies did so, then was the force of men equal, but when the grapple came, it was a thing by itself. The Ships fought joined together, and leaping out of one into another, and scarcely could the one be known from the other. Their armour and weapons was alike, their shape was all one. Their privy token was understood 
Liken esse of armour maketh confusion.  to both, which was cause of much deceit, and after, of confusion, for they disinherited. their own, for fear to be deceived, and so did not know what they might do. In the mean time the hurt was great, the sea was full, as well of men, as of armour, and rumes of the broken and crushed vessels. For after they came to fight at hand, they threw no more fire.  
Both the armies of footmen stood upon the shore, with doubtful mind whither the victory would incline, for in a multitude of six hundred ships, they could not discern, being all alike, except it were the colour of their tops, wherein they only differed, and only they conjectured by the marks they had, and by the noises and voices, how the matter went. But when Agrippa understood that Pompey had 
Agrippa get●●●● the victory.  the worse, he exhorted his Souldyoures to stand to it, that they might obtain the victory, which was in their hands, and so they did, with such fury and violence, as the enemy fled, and ran themselves a ground, where they were either taken or burned, which when they that kept the Sea, did see, they yielded.  
Then the Navy of Caesar sang the song of victory, the which 
Rejoice of victory by Caesars ●●en.  the footmen on the shore answered with no less gladness. but  
Pompey perceiving the overthrow, fled to Messina, not remembering his forces of footmen, the which by and by yielded 
Pompey's army yieldeth to Caesar.  to Caesar, and shortly after the Horsemennes did the like. The which when Pompey heard, he commanded to put all things into the seventeen ships that were left, and leaving the habit of a General, would flee to Antony, whose mother he 
Pompey fainteth, and provideth to flee.  had saved in like danger. And that he might be the better welcome, he sent to Plennius to bring the eight legions that he had at Lelisbeo, which he would lead with him. But when he perceived that his friends and Souldyoures did continually yield to Caesar, and that the enemy was entered the narrow sea, although he was in a strong and well furnished City, yet he would not tarry for Plennius, but fled with his seventeen 
Pompey fleeth with ●●vij. ships  ships. After he was go, Plennius came to Messina, and kept that City.  
This was the end of this last fight by sea, in the which, only three of Caesar's ships were sunk, and seven and twenty of Pompey's. The remnant were all defeated by Agrippa, except xvij. with the which Pompey fled away.  
Caesar remained at Naulecho, and commanded Agrippa to besiege 
Naulechi.  Messina, which he did with the fellowship of Lepidus. Plennius sent for peace. Agrippa thought it good to defer the answer till the morning. But Lepidus was content, and to win Plennius Souldyoures to him, permitted half the spoil of the 
Messina sacked.  City to them, which they having obtained beyond all hope, being glad to have go with their lives that night, sacked the city with Lepidus Souldyoures. By this means Lepidus wan Plennius legions, who swore unto him, so as now, having two and 
Lepidus divideth the spoil of Messana with Plennius, and receyvesh his army. Lepidus thinketh to be Lord of Sicily. quarreling between Caesar and Lepidus.  twenty legions, with a great navy, was not a little proud, and thought to win Sicily, because he had got divers places before, to the which he sent his garrisons to keep out Octavian.  
The next day, Caesar expostulated with Lepidus by his friends, saying, he came as a confederate to resort to Sicily, and not to get y● I'll for himself, and he alleging, that his authority was taken from him, and that Caesar had it alone, he could be content to tender Africa and Corfica for Sicily. Then Caesar was angry, and came unto him, and charged him with ingratitude, and departed, so as they stood in doubt of each other, keeping ward severally. The Shipyes lay at anchor, and it was suspected that Lepidus intended to have burned Caesar's ships. The armies fearing a new civil war, had not the like estimation of Lepidus, that they had of Caesar: for him they accounted wise and diligent, and that other remiss and negligent, because he suffered their enemies to be partakers of the spoil. When Octavian understood this, he caused his friends to deal with the Captains secretly, and to promise' them liberally, and many were won unto him, specially of Pompey's band, thinking their state not sure, except Caesar consented to it. Caesar came in person with many Horsemen, which he left without the trench, and entered the Camp with a few, unbeknowing to Lepidus, for lack of foresight, protesting that new 
Lepidus' army revolteth.  war was moved against his will: wherefore the soldiers saluted him as General, and Pompey's part that were corrupted, asked him forgiveness. To the which he said, he marveled that 
Pompey's soldiers yield to Caesar.  they should ask forgiveness, not having yet done that was convenient for them. They understanding his meaning, took their ensigns, and brought them to Caesar. Other pulled down their Tents. But when Lepidus herded the tumult, he came out armed, and straight a fray began, where one of Caesar's Pages was 
Caesar strike.  killed, & himself struck through the breast plate, but not hurt, wherefore he departed in haste to his Horsemen. A garrison jested 
A Castle beaten down, whose garrison jested at Caesar.  at his running away, whereat he was so angry, as he was not quiet, till he had beaten down that Castle, the which being done, other Castles gave over in like sort, some presently, and some the night following, some never spoken to, some pretending 
Castles given o●●r to Caesar.  some occasion, by being vexed of the Horsemen: yet some abode the brunt, and repulsed them, for Lepidus every where sent helpers to them, the which revolting also, the rest that were willing to him, changed their mind. And first again the Pompeyans that yet remained with him, for sook him by little and little, Lepidus caused other to be armed to keep than in, who being armed to that intent, took their ensigns, & with the aid of others, joined themselves to Caesar. Lepidus threatened them that went, and prayed them also, and he took the Standards, and said, he would never deliver them, but when a soldier said, Thou shalt deliver 
Lepidus utterly. forsaken.  them dead, he gave place. The last that for sook him was the Horsemen, who sent to Caesar to know, if they should kill him, 
The horsemen send to Caesar, to know if he would, hove Lepidus killed.  which he denied. Thus Lepidus being for saken of all men, and having lost his army, changed his habit, and went to Caesar, and many ran to see that sight. Caesar rose when he came, and would not suffer him to kneel, but depriving him of all authority, reserving only a priestly office, in the apparel that he came, he sent 
Lepidus ●e●ri●ed, only a special living reserved. The mutability of Fortune.  him to Rome. Thus he that had been many times a General, and sometime one of the three rulers, making officers: & condemning many as good as himsolfe, lived a private life, under some of them whom he had attainted before. Caesar would not persecute Pompey, 
Caesar won●●● not follow Pompey.  nor suffer other to do it, either because he would not meddle in another man's jurisdiction, or would behold Antony's doings, to have just occasion to fall out with him. For now that all other adversaries were taken away, it was thought ambition would make them two quarrel, or because Pompey was none of the conspirators, as Caesar did after affirm. Now had he an army o● 
Caesar's mighty army.  ●ld, legions, of twenty-five. M. Horsemen, and of other Souldyoures: as many more, which he gathered together. He had six hundred Galleys, and many ships of burden, which he sent to the owners. He gave the Souldyoures a reward for victory, and promised more in time to come. He distributed crowns, garlands, and other honours, and forgave Pompey's Captains. This so great felicity, Fortune did ●u●ie; for his own army fallen to 
Enuic followeth Fortune  mutiny, destring to be discharged, and requiring the reward 
Mutiny of soldiers.  promised at the field of Philipps. He answered, that this war was not like any of the other, notwithstanding, he would reward them for all, together with Antony's Soldiers, when he should return. But as concerning their discharge, he put them in remembrance of their oath and obedience. But seeing them still obstinate, he ceased his rebukes, lest the Souldyoures lately yielded, should follow their trade, and promised that Antony and he, would discharge them in convenient time, and that he would now not use them in any cruel war, for by the help of God, all was ended and done, and now he would lead them into Slavonia, and other barbarous nations, where they should get great booties. They said they would not g●●, unless he would reward them thoroughly. He said he would reward them, and also give them gariano●s & garments of honour and praise. Then said Ofilius, one of the Tribunes, Garlands and 
Ofilius rudely speaketh to Caesar.  purple garments be rewards of Children, Souldyoures had need of money and lands. The multitude said it was true. Then Caesar was grieved, and came from his scate, and they that stood next the Tribunes, praised him, and rebuked the other that would not agreed with them. He said, he was sufficient alone to defend so just a cause. The next day he was not seen, nor could be known where he was become. Then the 
Ofilius not scene again.  Souldyoures not one at once for fear, but altogether, required to be dismissed. Caesar spoke as fear, as he could to their Captains, and discharged them that had served at Philippi and Modena, as the most old Souldyoures, and commanded them to departed the isle, lest they should corrupt the rest. Thus much he said to them that he discharged, that thought ● discharged them 
Souldyoures dismissed.  now, yet he would reward them. Speaking to the other, he made them to witness the perjury of them that departed, not discharged by the leave of their General, and praised th●●d, and promised to dismiss them shortly, and that they should not repent their duty done to him, and that now he would give to every of them five hundred drams. Then he set at ash upon Sicily of fifteen hundred talents, and appointed Lieutenants for Sicily and Barbary, and divided his army. Antony's Shippe● he sent to T●drent, the rest of his army he sent partly into Italy, and partly he took with him, when he went out of the isle. Coming toward Rome, the Senate received him with all kind of honours, permytting to himself to receive, 
Honoured offered to Caesar at Rome.  which he would, either all or some at his pleasure. He was met a farrè off with them that had garlands, as well of the Senate, as of the people, of whom he was first brought to the Temples, and then to his house.  
The day following, he made an Oration to the Senate and to the people, he declared his doings in order, and the administration 
Caesar declareth his acts to the Senate and the people. Caesar's Orations published.  of the common wealth, from his beginning to this day, Which Orations written of himself, he published with many examples, and pronounced peace and tranquillity after so long civil wars. Tributes vnpayd● he forgave, and likewise the gatherers of the tolls, and the synes for offices.  
Of the honours of the Senate, he accepted a Chariot in the Theatre, and yearly solemnities of the days of his victories. 
Modestic of Caesar.  And an image of gold in the common place, with this inscription. For peace got, after so many wars both by land and Sea. But he refused the chief Byshopshippe, which the people 
Inscription of peace.  offered him, which by ancient custom was not used to be taken from any man alive, for Lepidus had it, and when they would have had him killed Lepidus as an enemy, he denied it. Then he written many letters to the armies, with commandment to be opened all at a day appointed, and then to do as they were commanded, which was, to restore all bondmen in Rome and Italy, to their masters or their heirs, that had freedom given them at the request of Pompey, all the which 
Bondmen restored to their masters.  returned to their old state. The like he did in Sicily. If any were unchalenged, he put them to death in the City from whence they came. This seemed to be an end of civil war, when Caesar 
Caesar honoured as a God, at xxviii. year of his age. Robberies in the City.  was eight and twenty years of age, and consecrated as a God. The City and Sicily was troubled very much with robbers and rovers; with such boldness, as they openly committed their lewdness.  
To correct these, Sabinus was sent, who put many of them to 
Sab. ●●us.  the sword, and spent a year, before he could rid them, and at that time (they say) the bands of watches were appointed, which 
Watch's appointed in the night in the City.  continued to this day. The speedy redress of this, brought great estimation to Caesar, who exercised many things after the old manner by yearly officers, and burned all the letters that were written in the time of war, and promised to restore the common 
The hope of restorement of the common state by Caesar's words.  wealth so soon as Antony returned, for he known that he also would give up his offices, now that there was no civil war. Therefore, being extolled with immortal praises, the Tribuneship was given him for ever, with a meaning, by the 
Tribune perpetual.  taking of this, to leave all other, of the which he written privately to Antony: and he gave his advice by Bibulus going from him, and placed Lieutenants in his provinces, intending to be his companion in the war of Slavonia.  
Pompey fléeing out of Sicily, came to the shore of Lacinie, where 
Lacinie, a hill in the furthest shore of Italy. Pompey spoileth the Temple of june. Mitylene a City in Lesbo, now Mitcline. Vain hope of Pompey. Lalien●●.  he spoiled a rich Temple of june. From thence he went to Mitylene, where his father left him and his mother, when he made war with Caesar. And because Antony was go to the Parthian war, he intended to yield to him at his return. But where it was reported that Antony was overcome, and he believed it, he conceived an hope to succeed him in all the provinces, or that at the lest in part, taking example of Labienus, who ran over Asia. Being occupied with these cogitations, he herded that Antony was come to Alexandria. He prepared himself to both courses, and written to Antony, to be his friend and fellow, only meaning 
Pompey useth double device.  to espy his doings. And secretly he sent other Ambassadors to the Princes of Thracia and Pontus, minding to pass into Armenia, if he did not obtain his purpose.  
He written also to the Parthians, hoping they would take him for a Captain in the war, being a Roman, against Antony their Roman adversary.  
He prepared ships and Souldyoures for the same, pretending to be afraid of Caesar, and to prepare them for Antony's use. But when Antony heard of his purposes, he sent 
〈…〉 sent against Pompey by Antony.  Titius chief Captain against him, that receiving an army and navy Syria, he should resist Pompey with all his power, but if he had rather receive Antony's trust, he should bring him to him honourably. The Ambassadors of Pompey made this request.  
We are sent to thee from Pompey, not that he could not be admitted into Spain, a province that oweth him good will for his 
Pompey's Ambassadors to Anotonie.  father's sake, if he listed to make war, which holp him when he was younger, and now offereth him their aid: but because he had rather enjoy peace with thee, or under thy banner, make war, if need be. Which is no new intent, but when he ruled Sicily, and invaded Italy, and saved and sent thee home thy mother, he desired thy friendship, which if thou hadst accepted, neither had he been driven out of Sicily, whereto thou didst lend thy ships, nor thou been overcome in Parthia, Caesar not sending thee, such army as he promised. Yea thou mightest have brought Italy under thy power. But although he were refused when time was, he now desireth thee, not to be illuded and deceived with so many fair words and affinity, remembering that Pompey also after promise to the contrary was injustly invaded of Caesar, and spoiled of his portion, whereof no part hath redounded to thee. Now thou only art the let, why he hath not the only Monarchy, which he hath long thirsted after. For you had been at war before this, if Popey had not been. And thou oughtest to foresee these things of thyself, so for the good will, which he beareth thee, he had rather have the amitio of a plain and liberal man, than of a subtle and crafty fellow. Pompey is not angry that thou lentest ships against him, being constrained, that thou mightest have men of him, but putteth thee in remembrance, how much the arm not sent thee, did hinder thee. And to be short, Pompey committeth himself to thee, with all his ships, with a trusty army, which have not forsaken him though he fled, thou shalt purchase a great praise, if being in peace, thou will't preserve the Son of Pompey the great: that if the war be broken, which is feared, thou mayst have a confederate of such might and estimation. When Antony heard this, he said, 
Antony to Pompey's Ambassadors.  If Pompey means good faith, I have given commission to Titius to bring him to me. In the meek 〈…〉, Pompe●● messengers that were sent to the Parthians, were taken of Antony's officers, and 
〈…〉 messengers taken.  brought to Alexandria, of whom, when Antony had learned all things, he sent for Pompey's Ambassadors, and showed them to them. Then they exell●●d him, being a young man and in extreme necessrie, fearing to be re●●●●ed of him, and dry●●en so 
Excuse of Pompey.  prove the most mortal enemies of the people of Rome▪ but if he were sure of Antony's mind, he should need no further suit. He be●éeued it as a plain man, and nothing suspicious. Furnius 
Antony a plain man. Furniu●.  being precedent of Asia, received Pompey very gently, not being able to re●ect him, nor sure of Antony's mind. But when he saw him train his Soldiers, he gathered an a●my 
Pompey trayneth his men. O●●ob●rbus. Amyntas. Practise disco●●red.  of the country, and sent for 〈…〉, captain of the army, and for Amyntas a friend, who assembling▪ quickly together, Pompey complained that he was used as an enemy. When he had sent Ambassadors, to Antony, and looked for answer from him. In the mean while he practised to take 〈…〉, by 
Curio put to death.  the help of Cu●●●ne his friend, but the practice being discovered, Curio was put to death, and Pompey killed his la●e bondman 
Theodorus killed. Lampsaco taken by Pompey. Capsico, a city in the shore of Hellesponte. He besiegeth Cyzi●●s, an Island in Propontide, & a city of that name of great strength.  Theodorus, who was only priute to that counsel. And because he doubted of Furnius, he took the city of Lampsaco by composition, where many Italians did inhabit, appointed by julius Caes●r, whom he alured to his pay with great promises. Now had he two hundredth horse, and three regions, and besieged Cyzicus both by sea and land, from the which he was repulsed. For there was a little band of Antony's, and certain sword players that were brought up there. And where Furnius abstaining from battle, old cuermore encamp nigh him, and kept him from soraging, 
A●●●i● a part of Gr●●●●.  which he went about in the territory of the Acheans Pompey set upon the fore part of his camp, and sent other about 
Pompey di●●odgeth Furnius.  to do the like behind. Whereby Furnius resisting him, his camp was taken of the other, and driven to flee by the fields 
Scamantria a little town at the port of Ili●.  of Scamandria, where Pompey killed many of them, for the field was moist with the showers. They that escaped dared not turn again to the field. The people of Mysia, Propontide, & other places, 
People resort to Pompey.  that were poor & consumed with payment, came to 〈…〉 service, being renounced for his late victory. But wanting horsemen, and being shrewdly handled in foraging, he herded of 
〈…〉, now the sea of sayne George Mys●●, now 〈…〉 ●● 〈…〉. Pompey's money taken.  a band of Italian horsemen going to Antony (which Octavia had sent from Athens) and sent to corrupt them with gold. The precedent of the country took them, that brought the money, and distcibuted it to the horse men. Pompey at N●cea and Nic●media gathered much money with great success. Furnius again 
He gathereth more. Nicaea, a city in diverse places. N●comedia, now 〈…〉, a cuie in 〈…〉. Procōn●so, now M●●mor●, an isle in Propontide.  coming into the field and encamping nigh him, there came lxx ships out of Sicily in the spring, which were lest of them that Antony had lent Caesar. And Titius came out of Syria with a hundred and twenty ships and a great army, all the which arrived at Proconnesco, of the which Pompey being afraid, burned his ships and armed his Mariners having more trust in the land. But Cassius of Parma, Nasidius, Saturninus, Therinus, Antistius, & other honourable friends of Pompey, & Furnius, most 
Pompey's friends yield to Antony.  dear unto him & Lib● himself, his father in law, when they see that Pompey was always to weak, they yielded themselves to Antony. He being thus forsaken, went into the midland of Bythinia, intending to go into Arm●nia. Furnius & Tituis followed him: he being secret, departed out of his tents, and with great journey they overtook him at night, and severally encamped about an hill without ditch or trench, being late and they weary. 
Pompey assaileth his eninues by night.  That night Pompey set upon them with three thousand men as they were sleeping, & put them to flee naked shamefully: but if he had assailed them with his whole power, or followed them as 
Pompey loseth occasion.  broken, he had got perfect victory. But fortune would not suffer, and he got nothing thereby, but that he went on his journey. They recovering, horses, followed him, and kept him from victual, so as being driven to speech, he desired to speak with Furnius that was some time ●● friend of his Fathers, and a man of great dignity. And standing on the bank of the river, he said, he, had sent Ambassadors to Antony, 
Pompey desireth speech with Furnius.  and in the mean season wanting victuals, did that he had done. If you make war upon me by 〈…〉 ies commaundeme, he seethe not well for himself not receiving a greater war to hung over him. But if you do it upon your own authority, I pray you and beseech you that you would ceasie till my Ambassadors return, or carry me safely to him. And to you, O Furni, I will commit myself, so you will promise' me to deliver me safe to Antony. Thus much he said, hoping in Antony, as a gentle man, and seeking to pass his journey quietly. To whom Furnius thus answered. If thou wouldst have committed 
Furnius to Pompey.  thyself to Antony, thou shouldst have done it at the first, or being quiet, have looked for answer at M●●yiene: but making war, thou haste brought thyself to this case, if thou repentest thee, blame not us. Antony hath appointed Titius to receive thee, to him therefore, commit thyself, of whom thou mayst require that thou requirest of me. For he commanded, that if thou playest the part of an enemy, to kill thee: if not, to bring thee honourably unto him.  
Pompey was offended with Ti●i●, as unthankful: because he 
Pompey hateth Ti●●●.  had made this war against him, whom he once took and saved him. Therefore Pompey was the more grieved to come into his hands, that was but a méane man: whose fidelity he suspected, either of his behaviour, or of the former injury he had done him, before he did him pleasure. Wherefore once again he yielded to Furnius, & desired to be taken, but it was not granted. 
Pompey yieldeth to Furnius who would not take him nor suffer Amyntas to do it.  Then he desired Amyntas ●ight take him, which when Furnius said, he should not do, because it were a wrong to him that had commission from Antony, and so they broke. Furnius Soldiers thought he would have yielded the next day to Titius, But he in the night, making fires after the 〈…〉, and founding the trump at every relief of the watch, with a few went out of the camp, not telling them what he would do, for he meant to have go to the sea, and have set Titius' camp a fire, which 〈…〉 he had 〈…〉, had not 〈…〉 go from 
〈…〉, discovered by 〈…〉.  him and 〈…〉 his departure, and which may he went. Then Amyntas followed him with 〈◊〉 hundred horsemen, to whom whom he drew nigh, his people forshake him, some openly and 
Pompey forsaken of all hands.  some secretly. When he saw himself forsaken of all sides, he 
Pompey yieldeth to Amyntas without condition.  yielded to Amyntas without condition, refusing Ti●●●● conditions. Thus the younger 〈◊〉 of great Pompey was taken▪ losing his father when he was very young, and his brother, when 
The counting up of Pompey.  he was toward mane estate. Which two being taken away, he lay close a great why, and vexed Spain with privy robberies, till he had good rescet to him, and then he professed himself to he Pompey's son, a●● made open roads: and when julius Caesar was slain, he moved plain war, being aided with great multitudes and forces of the sudden, gaining Ships, and public treasure. He ●ppressed Italy with famine, and brought his enemies to what conditions he would, and that most is, when the wicked condemnation was executed in Rome, he saved 
The good acted of Pompey.  many of the noble men, that enjoyed their Country by his benefit: but Fortune not favouring him, he would never 
Negligence undid Pompey.  take the advantage of his enemy, neglecting many occasions, he would lie still.  
This was he that now is in bondage.  
Titius commanded his army to swear to Antony, and put 
Titius putteth Pompey to death at Mil●to, a City in the ends of jonia and Caria.  him to death at Mileto, when he had lived to the age of forty years, either for that he remembered late displeasure, and forgot old good rurnes, or for that he had such commandment of Antony.  
There be that say, that Plancus and not Antony, did command 
Plancus.  him to dye, which héeing precedent of Syria, had Antony's signet, and in great causes written letters in his name. Some think it was done with Antony's knowledge, he fearing the name of Pompey, or for Cleopatra, who favoured Pompey the great.  
Some think that Plancus did it of himself for these causes, and also that Pompey should give no cause of dissension between Caesar and Antony, or for that Cleopatra would turn hy●auour to Pompey.  
When he was dispatched, Antony took his journey into 
The Illyrians now 〈…〉. con●nuall enemies of the Romans.  Armenia, and Caesar against the Slavonians, continual enemies of the Romans, never obeying the Roman Empire, but revolting in every civil war.  
And because the wars of Illyria are not thoroughly known unto me, nor sufficient to make a just volume, and can not ●e declared commodiously otherwise, I h●ue thought it good to refer them to the time, that the● were subject to the Romances, and making a compendious Treatise of them, to join th●● with the affairs of 〈◊〉.   
FINIS.   

Faults escaped in the printing of the five Books of civil wars of Rome.  
Pag. Line. Fault. Correction. 1 1● should shall ● 35 Li●bia Libya 4 1 duke of Loma gulf of jonia 4 ult. Colligant Colligavit ● 20 of that of them that 13 2 Paperius Papirius 16 33 pastime pasture 25 25 Hirsians Hirpinian● 29 17 Falerno Ealerno 32 16 Canue Can. 28 2● Cithegus Cethegus hundred 17 means malice. 54 14 wars ways 69 ult. Garinus Garganus 70 8 birds burdens 73 20 Catiline Catilina ●3 35 that Milo Milo that 85 26. 28. 29. Ptotolomie Ptolemy 95 3 Dirrachium Dyrrachium 97 2 Sypris Sycoris ●●2 ●4 mnaly● manly ●05 1 Baron barn 106 ●31 seyning seeming ●07 34 os eight C. saving. 800▪ 100L 1 Ve●ona Velona 114 7 slingers slingers 110 ●● any. 120. only. 120. 115 2 forty 40●. 115 27 so so 126 9 Methridates Mithridates ●40 ●7 came coming ●61 2 4●. 400. ibid. 5 horse ho●●e ibid. ●● 〈◊〉 Tu●rci●●   

¶ A CONTINUATION of Appian of Alexandrîa:  
Wherein is declared the last act of the woeful Tragedy of the Romans bloody Dissensions, in the which Marcus Antonius was overthrown by sea at Actio, and by land at Alexandrîa:  
Where both he and Cleopatra killed themselves, after the which, Octavius Caesar was the only Monarch of all the Roman Empire alone.  
In this we be taught: That God's vengeance is sharp, although it be ●●●w, and that people's rule must g●●● place, and princely power prevail.  
AT LONDON, Imprinted by Raulfe Newberry and Henry Bynniman.  
Anno, 1578.   

¶ TO THE RIGHT Honourable, his singular good Master, Sir Christopher Hatton, Knight, captain of the Queen's majesties Guard, Vicechamberlaine to her Highness, and one of her majesties most honourable privy Counsel.  
AS the loss of old possessions, is a grief to the landed men: even so the decay of ancient books, is a smart to the learned sort. Titus Livius father of the Roman history (whom to see, repair was made of Gentlemen from far places, whiles he lived) hath not escaped the injury of time, but been left unperfitte, to the great sorrow of posterity, after he died, Cornelius Tacitus that followed him both in matter and age, could not avoid that iniquity, although the Emperor Tacitus commanded his books to be written ten times every year. This Author Appianus Alexandrinus, hath had the like luck, for all the estimation he was in, the half of his labour being lost, and the last part of the whole civil tumult not now to be had from him, but briefly supplied otherwise, that the end of the Romans woe, & the beginning of our joy, might be declared, the one successively following of the other. The which it may please your honour to accept, according to your accustomed goodness, beseeching the living Lord long to preserve the same.  
Your Honour's humble servant. H. B.   

A Continuation of Appian of Alexandrîa, till the overthrow of M. Antonius, which was the last civil dissension after the which, Octavius Caesar had the rule of all the Roman Empire alone.  
AFter that Octavius Caesar, and M. Antonius had agreed with Sextus, the younger son of Pompey▪ the great▪ it was determined that Antonius should make war upon the Parthians, to revenge the death of Crassus. Wherefore presently he sent Ventidius to repress the Parthians, and he to gratify Octavius, was content to marry his sister, and to 
Antony marrieth Octavia.  be made the holy minister of julius Caesar that was dead, he remaining in Rome, ruling by common consent, with Octavius Caesar, as well the matters of the City as of the whole Empire. And as it befalleth between such Princes, to make pastimes in play and matches, Antony always had the worse, at the 
Antony's fortune▪ is overcome▪ of Caesars.  which he was somewhat moved. He had in his company an Egyptian, after the manner of a Soothsayer, who, either to please Cleopatra, or to show the very truth, told Antony then, that his fortune was obseured by the fortune of Octavius. Therefore he advised him to go further off. For, saith he, when thou art abroad, thy nature is noble and courageous, but when thou art with him, it is deject and afraid of his. Antony, whether by this motion, or his own inclination, was content to leave all there to Octavius, and to go toward his old love of Egypt, yet carrying his new wife with him into Graecia, pretending an earnest desire to revenge the injury that was done to Crassus, which was after this sort:  
Crassus, Pompey, and Caesar, were all suitors for the Consulship 
Crassus, Pompey and Caesar.  in Rome, against them stood Cicero and Cato: Crassus and Pompey were choose, and they continued Caesar's authority in France for five years longer, which he only desired. In casting lots for the provinces, Spain fallen to Pompey, whereof he was glad, being given to please his wife: and the people was glad, being desirous to have Pompey nigh the City. Syria fallen to Crassus, whereof 
Crassus goeth to the war against order.  he was only glad, and all other sorry. For they perceived he was wholly given to spoil the country of Parthia, which was not comprehended in the law of the provinces. Wherefore Atteius the Tribune of the people, forbade Crassus to invade Parthia, but he being animated by Caesar's letters out of France, and by Pempeys' presence in Rome, went forward, notwithstanding that the Tribune, at the gate of the City did stand by, with fire and Sacrifice, conjuring him in the name of most strange and searefull Gods, not to proceed, the which kind of execration, 
Execration.  the Romans think to be most horrible, both to him that doth pronounce them, & to him, against whom they be pronounced: when Crassus had passion the seas, and lost many of his ships, sailing before due time, and after he had got some cities by accord, and won one by force, he would needs be called Imperator, for the which he was mocked, because that name was not 
Imperator.  given to any by the Romans, before he had in a plain battle, overthrown ten M. and spending one winter like a rend gatherer, without any exercise of his soldiers, & in spoiling a Temple at 
Hierapoli● an holy city in As●●, full of marvelous things.  Hierapoli, in the entry of the which, he & his son, fallen one upon an other, & being offered help of the king of Armenia, if he would make his journey through his country, which was the better way, he refused it, & went rashly through Mesopotamia. And at the passage over a bridge which he had▪ made, it thundered & lightened in his face, & blew down a part of the bridge, and after he was come over, his camp was twice set a fire by lightning. These & many other tokens might have moved him, but he went forth, 
Tokens.  till both he & his son and twenty M. Romans were slain, & ten M. taken, and all the despite done to them that could be devised. Upon 
Antony goeth against the Par●●●ans to revenge Crassus. Antony did better by his Lieutenant's than by himself. Ventidius.  this occasion did Antony lead his army against the Parthians, & by his Lieutenant Ventidius gave them a great overthrow, while he was at Athens. Wherefore he made great feastings among the Grecians, and being ready to go forth, he ware a garland of holy Olive, & to fulfil an oracle, carried with him a vessel of water. In the mean time Ventidius gave an other overthrow, in the which, Pacorus the king's son was slain, the which although it seemed a sufficient revenge for Crassus' death, yet he gave them the third overthrow between Media & Mesopotamia. Then Ventidius thought it good to stay, lest Antony should envy him. And when he had subdued them that revolted, he besieged Commagenus Antiochus, in Samosatis, 
Samosatis▪ a city where is a lage▪ of a marvelous nature. Antony refuseth good offer.  who promised to give a thousand talents & obey Antony. Unto whom Ventidius willed him to sand his Ambassadors, because he was at hand: which being done, he would not recerue the offer, that it should not seem that Ventidius hath done all. But 
Antony returns.  when the city stood at defence, and would not yield, he was sorry he had refused the condition, & was content, to take three hundredth talents, & go his way again to Athens, having done little or nothing in Syria. He rewarded Ventidius very well, & sent him to Rome to triumph, & only he had triumph of the Parthians, a man of base blood, & avamced by Antony, who confirmed the saying of Caesar & Antony, that they did better prevail by their Lieutenants, than 
King Orodes killed by his son. Moneses' to Themistocles compared Antony's liberality, to counternayle kings of Persi●.  by themselves. Now was Orodes the king of Parthia, killed by his son Phrases▪ from whom many fled away, & among other Monese a noble man came to Antony, who comparing his misery, to Themistocles, & his own felicity, to the kings of Persia, gave him three cities: even as Xerxes gave lij cities to Themistocles, for his bread, drink and meat, and as some say, two more, for his lo●gyng and apparel. And when the king sent for Moneses to be restored, Antony was content with it, and offered him peace, so he would ●●nder the Ensigns and the captives that were taken at the loss of Crassus. Then he took his journey by Arabia and Armenia, where he increased his army by the confederate kings, whereof the greatest was the king of Armenia, who lent him. 6000. horse, &. 7000▪ footmen, he mustered his army, & had of Roman footmen. l●. M. of Spanish, French, & Roman horsemen. x M▪ of other nations of horse & footmen xxx M. And this great power, y●▪ did cast a terror 
Vain▪ lo●●.  even to the Indians, only the vain love of Cleopatra, brought to none effect. For the desire he had to come again into her company made him do all things out of time and order. He had left his last wife Octavia with her children, and the children he 
Octa●●●.  had by his first wife Fulvia, with Octavius Caesar. And being now in the east parts, was wholly given to the wanton desire of Cleopatra, to whom he gave the provinces of Cypress, Caelosyria, 
Cleopatra.  Phaenitia, and a part of Cilicia and jury, wherewith he Romans 
Antony killeth the king of jury. Vanity of Antony.  were much grieved, and also with his cruelty to Antigonus king of jury, and with his vanity in the children he had by Cleopatra, calling the one, Alexander, the Sun, and the other Cleopatra the Moon. Yet was Cleopatra not the fairest woman in the world, but very witty and full of artificial devices, and had the cast to beguile Antony, who was easy to be led. For haste, he would not suffer his army to rest after so long a journey: for haste he left his engines behind him, whereof one was called a Ram of four score foot long: for haste he 
Haste maketh waste.  left Media, passing by the left hand of Armenia into Atropatia, which he spoiled. Then he besieged the great City of 
Atropatia one part of Media.  Phraata, where he found his error, in leaving his artillery behind. Therefore to 'cause his men to do somewhat, he made them cast up mounts. In the mean tune the king 〈◊〉 forth with a mighty army, and hearing that the artillery was left behind, he sent a great part of his horse men, which slay Tatianus, and ten thousand that were left for the custody of the Engines, 
The artillery of the Romans taken.  & took and spilled the munition. The which did much discourage his Soldiers, & caused that the king of Armenia for soak him, for whose cause he made the war. The Parthians were very brag upon the Romans, wherefore Antony took ten legions, and all his horsemen to range the country, thereby to provoke the enemy to fight. When he had go one days journey, he see the enemies round about him, therefore, in his camp he determined to fight, yet would not so seem, but raised his camp as to go away, commanding that when the foot men were at hand, the horsemennes should set upon the enemy, which stood in a triangle battle to behold the Romans good order, shaking their darts. When the time served, the horsemen gave so fierce an onset upon them, as they took away the use of their shot, notwithstanding they stuck to it. But when the foot● men came, with shout and fearful show, the Parthian Horsemen were disordered, and turned their backs. Antony thinking to make an end of the war that day, gave them the chase, and yet took but thirty. and killed lxxx Which again did much discourage the Romans, since they lost so many 
〈…〉 a small victory.  at their carriage, and wan so little at this victory.  
The next day Antony returned to his Camp, and by the way at the first met with few of his enemies, afterwards more and more, and at the last all, so as being much molested with them, with much ado he got to the Tents, where the enemy assaulted the trench, the which, divers for fear did forsake. Wherefore Antony punished every tenth man, and fed the rest with 
Punishment. To be fed with barley, was a punishment among Souldyoures.  barley. The war was grievous to them both, for Antony could no more go a foraging without great loss. And the King feared, that if his men should lie in the field all Winter, they would forsake him. Wherefore he devised this policy. The noble men of the Parthians suffered the Romans to carry away 
Craft of the Parthians.  their prays, with great commendation of their worthiness, and that the king would be glad of peace, and so riding nearer the army, would rebuke Antony for keeping them there in so strange a country, out of the which, though the Parthians were their friends, it should be hard for them to escape. When Antony heard of this, he caused to be inquired, whether these men did speak by the King's consent, which they answered to be. Then he sent to the King, that if he would restore the Captives and ensigns, he would departed. The King said, he would send them to him, if he would departed quickly. Therefore Antony made up, and retired. At his going away, he did not speak to the Souldyoures as he was wont to do, being very elaquente that way, whereat many were offended, committing the matter to be done 
Antony omitteth a generals part. Mardus.  to Domitius Aenobarbus. Being in his way, one Mardus, well acquainted with the Parthian manners, whose faith the Romans had proved before, told Antony it was best for him to go so, as he might have the hills on his right hand, and not to hazard his army laden with armour to the Parthian archers and horsemen in the plain way. Antony consulted with his counsel, pretending yet not to be afraid of the breach of peace, and accepting the counsel as compendious. Antony required surety of Mardw, he had him bind him, till he came into Armenia. So being bond, he brought him two days quietly.  
The third day when Antony looked for nothing less than the 
Parthians upon the Romans.  Parthians, Mardus espied the bank of a river to be broken down, and the water flowing abroad, which he conjectured to be done by the enemy to hinder the passage of Antony. Therefore he wished Antony to look to it, for they were not fair off. Antony set his men in order, and by and by the Parthians came upon him, whom he received with his shot. So there was much hurt done on both sides, till the French horsemen broke upon them, and put them by for that day. Antony being taught hereby, went on with a square battle, fencing the same thoroughly with the shot. The Horsemen were commanded to give repulse to the enemy, and that done, not to cha●e them far. So 
Parthians trouble the Romans.  when the Parthians these four days had received as much hurt as they had done, they minded to retire, because the winter was at hand.  
The fifth day, Fuluius Gallus a valiant man, desired Antony 
Fuluius Gallus taketh an evil enterprise.  to have a greater band of shot, and more Horsemen, and he would do some notable feat, which when he had received, he put back the enemy, not returning to the army again as they did before, but pursuing them along without fear, which when the leader of the rearward did see, he called him back, but he would not obey. And whereas Titius took the banner to turn 
Titius.  back, he put it forward again, and bad him meddle with his own matters, and went so far, as he was compassed of his enemies, and compelled to send for help, wherein Canidius 
Canidius.  that was in great credit with Antony did not well, for he sent but a few at once, which were soon put back, and utterly had been lost, had not Antony come with his legions in time, and abated the courage of the enemy. Notwithstanding 
Romans slain.  three thousand Romans were slain, and five thousand hurt, and Gallus wounded with four darts, of the which he died. Antony 
Antony weary.  went about weeping, and comforting them: they desired him to be content, for all was well, if he were well. Great loan bore the souldyoures unto him, for he was counted one of the best Captains of that time. The enemies were so encouraged by this victory, as they waited at the Camp all night, thinking the Romans would have been go: And in the morning the number was much increased, for the king had sent the horsemen's guard of his person, but came at no fight himself, so as there was now forty thousand horsemen. Antony would have go among the Souldyoures with a black gown, but his friends would not 
Antony lamenteth.  suffer him: so he went general like, and praised them that had done well, and rebuked them that had done otherwise. They prayed him to pardon them, and to punish every tenth man. Only they desired him to leave his sorrow. Then he held his hands up to heaven, saying: If any disdain of God remained of his 
Antony's prayer  former fortune, he desired it might fall upon him, so the Romans army might be saved, and have the victory.  
The next day, he went more warily, when contrary to their looking, the Parthians came ●rolling down the hill, thinking to have got pray, and not to have found war. The Romans 
Policy of the Romans.  took in their archers and such other, into the midst of the battle, causing them to kneel, and they stooping, covered them with their shields, upon the which the Parthians arrows slided off. And the Parthians thinking that the Romans had stooped for weariness, made a shout, and came upon them with their staves, at the which time the Romans rose, and so encountered with them, 
Parthians repulsed.  as they drove them away. Thus were they troubled divers days, and made but little way.  
Now was there want in the Camp, for they could get 
Want in the Romans Camp.  no corn, and their cattle was spent, partly by loss, and partly by carrying the wounded and sick men. A barley loaf was 
Barley bread. Herbs venomous. Frenzy in the Camp.  sold for the weight of silver. They eat strange herbs and roots, and some that brought present death, with a kind of madness, for they could do nothing else but roll stones, so as all the Camp was almost occupied in picking and turning of stones. The remedy of this was wine, which wanted in the host, 
Wine.  therefore when they had vomited the melancholy, they died. Many thus dying, and the Parthians still coming upon them, Antony oftentimes cried, O the ten thousand, meaning the ten thousand Greeks, which, under the leading of Xenophon, passed safe a far longer way, in despite of their enemies. 
The 〈◊〉 of Xenophon.  Now when the Parthians perceived they could not prevail against the Romans, nor break their order, but were always put back, they began to deal gently again with the forragiers, showing the strings of their bows unbente, and to make an end, only a few Medians should follow the tail, to keep the Towns from spoiling. These words made the Romans glad, and Antony minded to go the champion way, and leave the hil●es. And being entered this way, one Mithridates, a 
Antony warned  cousin of that Monesis that fled to Antony, came unto him, and required to speak with one that could the Parthian tongue. To whom Alexander of Antioch, a friend of Antony's, was appointed. He told him that Monesis, for good will to Antony, had sent him to show, that under the hills which he see before him, next unto the which the plain way did join, the Parthians lay in secret, to beguile him again by their fair words. Therefore if he would save himself and his host, he should not leave the way by the hills, where in deed he should find labour and thirst, but the other way he should not escape Crassus' misfortune. This said, he went his way. Antony communicated this with his friends, and with Mardus, who affirmed it to be most like the truth. Therefore he said it was best to go by the hills, though it were painful, and should lack water one day. Now Antony took this way, and commanded every man to carry as much water as he could: but there was lack of vessels, and 
Water.  the most part carried it in their salads. When the Parthians spies had told which way Antony went, contrary to their manner, they came upon him by night, and by break of day, set upon the rearward, wéeryed with labour & watching. So they were compelled both to march, and to resist the enemy. Now was the forward come to a flood, which was very clear, but salt, that who 
Salt water.  soever drank of it, was full of pain. Mardus gave them warning of it, but the Souldyoures would not be ruled. Then Antony ran about, praying them to refrain and pass on, for a little further was a flood of healthsome water, and so chose a way, that the Parthians could not follow them. And to 'cause the Souldyoures to have some shadow, he blew the retreat, and pitched his tents, Which being done, and the Parthians going back, as they were wont, Mithridates came again, and spoke with 
Mithridates  Alexander, telling him, that after the Souldyoures had rested a while, they should remove and pass over the next flood, for so far the enemy would follow. When Antony herded this, he took many cups of gold to Alexander, to give Mithridates as 
Antony's gifts.  many as he could carry away. So Antony departed, and had much ado, for the enemies followed so hard, as they sacked his 
Antony's treasure spoiled.  carriage, and took his tables and plate of gold, and as many as had any thing, they killed and spoiled, whereby it was thought that all the army was disordered, and scattered, in so much as Antony called one of his chamber to him, and willed him, if he commanded him, to kill him, he should do it upon 
Antony in dread.  his oath, and take away his head, that he might not be known when he was dead. Antony being in this sorrow, Mardus did comfort him, affirming that the flood was at hand, which he known by the coldness of the air that there was felt. Antony, 
Cold air ●oke● of water.  to bring all to quiet, commanded to Camp even there. By break of day, the Parthians again charged upon the tail, in defence of whom, the shot was sent, and the battle defended them with their shields. The Parthians dared not come to handstrokes, so as by this time the forward was come to the flood, ●uer the which, Antony sent first the hurt & sick soldiers, and appointed all the Horsemen to encounter with the enemy, by the which mean, they that went over, might have leisure to drink. When the Parthians saw the flood, they unbente their bows, and said, the Romans might now drink at leisure, for they had so deserved by their virtue.  
The Romans being past the flood, did march in order, not yet trusting the Parthians.  
The sifth day after their last fight, they came to the flood Araxes, which divideth Media and Armenia. And because this 
Araxes divideth Armenia from Atropatia.  flood was hard to pass, they were again afraid 〈◊〉 their enemies had ●ayne in await, but passing quietly, as soon as they came to land, they rejoiced at it, as they do that s●● it from the Sea, and embraced one another, weeping for joy. Now followed there another inconvenience, for the Country being plentiful, and the Sovioyoures taking too much, fallen into many diseases, 
〈◊〉  and died. Antony then mustered his men, finding he wanted 
Lo●●● of the 〈◊〉.  twenty thousand foot●men, and four thousand Horsemen, half of the which died of diseases. From t●e City of Phra●tis, they had b●● coming seven and twenty days, in the which they had fought eighteen times with the Parthians, of whom they could not have perfit victory, because the king of Armenia forsook them, whose army had been most expert to have dealt with the Parthians: wherefore every man counseled Antony to be revenged of the King: Antony using policies, showed all courtesies to the men of the Country, and sent so fair messages to the King, as he came unto him, whom he co●●●itted by and by, and carried him to Alexandri●, where he triumphed over him, 
Antony taketh the King of Ar●●●●i● by flight. Ant●●yes triumph displeasant to the Romans. 〈◊〉.  which thing grieved the Romans, that Antony would defraud his Country to please his Concubine. The winter was so great, that he lost eight thousand, before he could come to a Castle called Leuce, where he was in great agonies, till Cleopatra was come. Then like a foolish young man, he gave himself to wantonness and riot, running from his table to the sea side every 
Antonyes ●ond●●ss●.  day to see if she were come. When she came, she brought much apparel, and money to give the Soul●youres. Some say, Antony took them to her▪ to give the Romans.  
Now was there a variance fallen between the Kings of Parthia and Media, for the spoil of the Romans goods. The Median King sent to Antony to come again, and he would join with 
Antony c●lled by the Med●●● again.  him with all his power which was very great. Antony was not a little glad hereof, because the help of the Medians might be the mean for him to conquer Parthia, and so intended to make a new journey.  
At Rome Oct●uia desired to go to her husband Antony. C●sar was content with it, not so much to pleasure his sister, as to take occasion 
C●s●r seeks occasion to ●●●● Antony.  by the evil handling which he suspected would follow o● her, to move just war against Antony. When she was come to Athens, she received letters from Antony, to stay there, because 
Antony forbiddeth his wife Octavia to 〈◊〉 to him.  of his new voyage. She smelling the matter, written unto him to know whether she should sand the things which she had brought him, that is to say, many coats for his Souldyoures, great plenty of cattle, money, and rewards for his Captains, and two thousand fresh Souldyoures, for the guard of his person, all the which, were well set out to him by Niger his messenger. 
Niger.  When Cleopatra herded this, fearing that if Octavia came, she would put her out of conceit, she bestirred her, she pined herself, 
Craft of Cleopatra.  she wept, and wailed, and would needs dye for Antony's sake, who said, he would take his journey in hand. Some there were that blamed Antony as rude and hard hearted, that h●e would put so loving a Lady and so great a Queen in danger of her life, either for his wives sake, or for any other cause, in so much as Antony was made a tame fool, and deferred unto the 
Antony doteth.  next summer his expedition, and returned to Alexandria to winter with Cleopatra. Now was Octavia returned to Rome, & her brother 
Octavia.  willed her to go to her own house, but she went to Antony's house, which she kept with so good order, and cherishing as well the children he had by Fulvia, as by herself, as it did aggravate the fault of Antony, that he would forsake so virtuous a 
Modesty of Octavia.  Roman Lady, for an Egyptian stranger. Octavia desired her brother, that if there were none other cause of war but by her, that he would not move it, for she should bear the blame. Therefore ●● all requests she did help Antony's friends, whereby unwillingly she hindered Antony, who was now so fond waxed, as he would have Cleopatra called by the name of the Goddess Isis, 
Antony's foolishness. Isis. Caesarion.  Queen of Egypt, Cyprus, Affr●ke, and Caelosiria: and Caesarion, whom it was thought she had by julius Caesar, to be her companion in these Kingdoms. The sons that he had by her, he called Kings of Kings. To Alexander, Armenia, Medi● & Parthia: to P●olomeo, Ph●enitia, Syria, & Cilicia, he appointed. In Rome Caesar accused him of this gear before the Senate, Antony by letters, accused Caesar likewise. First▪ that he had not made him 
Accusations between Caesar and Antony.  partaker of Sicilia▪ out of the which he ●ad wrong Pompey. Then, that he had not restored the ships which he had lent him. thirdly, that having deposed Lep●dus his fellow in authority, he kept 
Ob●e●●●o●s of Antony.  those profits and provinces to his own use, and that he had divided Italy to his own soldiers, and not remembered his. To these Caesar answered, that because L●pidus ruled out of order, he 
An●weres of C●sar.  had brought him to order, his provinces he would participate with him, when he would divide with him Armenia▪ As for his Souldyoures, they had no portion in Italy, no more than he in Media & Par●h●a. When Antony herded of this, he sent by & by Canidius 
C●●●●●us.  with xuj. legions to the sea. He carrying Cleopatra with him, went to Ephesus, whither all his Navy assembled, to the 
N●●i● of Antony.  number of eight hundred ships of burden, of the which, Cleopatra gave him two hundredth, and two hundredth talentes for the expenses of the war. Domitius and other of Antony's counsel, 
Domitius.  would have had Cleopatra to have g●ne to Egypt, till the war were ended. But she corrupted Cantdius to tell him, that it was 
●leop●t●a laboureth to ●arry with Antony.  not honourable to remove her that was at such charge for the war, nor sure to exasperated the Egyptians mind's, in whom was great part of his forces by sea. So Antony must live with Cleopatra, ●●l they were both brought to death. From Ephesus they 
Progress of Antony and ●leopatra. 〈◊〉.  went to Sam●, where they made lusty there. For as all Kings, Princes, and provinces were commanded to bring all manner of munition for the war thither, even so all kind of players, and people of pa●●●●●, were willed also to be there, that at what time 
Pastime out of ●●me.  all the w●●ld as it were was in borrow for y●●uine that was toward, that only Island was ●n all joy & pleasure. The Kings sent all prou●●●●●h●●her, stri●ing who should make greatest bā●uets, in so much as it was said, if there be such cheering before the w●●, wha● 〈◊〉 will there be, when the victory is got. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 they 〈◊〉 P●●en●▪ where were showed all y● Come 〈◊〉 
〈◊〉.  ●●● 〈◊〉, and the●●● A●●ens, where a● kinds of new shows were deui●ed. ●éere 〈◊〉 ●●● emulation of Oct●uia, to 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  who●● the Athenians had d●ne great honours, gave a great ●●●gesse to ●he people, and they again made a decree of honours 
Antony a citizen of 〈◊〉▪ A●●●●● p●●yeth ●he 〈◊〉.  ●o ●e done ●o h●●, a●●he ●●●●he, Antony was as a ●●●●zen of Ath●●●● ●●●●● the 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a●●ra●●on unto her.  
Antony had sent to Rome▪ to remove Octavia out of his house. She went from it, with all his children, weeping and lamenting that she should ●e any cause of the war. The people lamented, 
●ctauia is put out of Antony's house.  both her and Antony, specially they that had seen ●leopatra, who did not excel Octavia, neither in beauty, nor in flower of years. Caesar Octavius was afraid, when he herded of Antony's 
C●sar in want.  expedition and great preparation, for he had nothing ready, nor 
Slackness of Antony.  money to prepare, in gathering of the which, if Antony had come on, Caesar had been in great danger. For whiles money 
Exaction of money.  is so e●acted, men are tumultours, but when it is gathered, they be quiet. Therefore it was thought a great folly in Antony, to detract the time. But what shall a man say, That that willbe, shallbe.  
Titius and Plancus two chief about Antony, and they that 
Titius, Plancus▪ Antony's friend's forsake h●m.  gave him advise he should sand Cleopatra away, fled from him to Caesar, because Cleopatra began to malign at them: and they did bewray Antony's Testament, being privy to it. It was kept 
Antony's testament bewrayed.  of the Uirgines' Uestalles, to whom Caesar sent to have it: they would not deliver it, if he would take it from them, he might. So he went, and took it away, and first by himself red it, and noted what might be said against it. Then he called the Senate, 
C●sar objected against Antony's testament.  and red it openly, whereat many were grieved, thinking it not reasonable that a man's mind for his death, should be scanned whilst he was alive. The greatest fault that was found, was this, that he had willed wheresoever he died, that his body should be carried to Alexandria, and sent t● Cleopatra. Furthermore, one Caluisius a friend of Caesar's, objected against Antoni●, That he had given her the Library of P●rgamo, in the 
Library of P●rg●m●.  which was two hundred thousand books. That he would rise from the table, and trample upon her feet by compact. That he suffered the Ephesians in his presence, to call her Sovereign. That when h●gaue audience to Kings and Princes, he would receive letters of love from her written in tables of pearl and Crystal, and read them. That when Furnius, a man of authority in Rome and very eloquent, did plead a cause before him, ●le●p●tra came by in a litter, & he left the court, and ●a●●e down ●●●●●, and l●●nyng ●pon ●●e l●tter, went away with her. Many men thought Caluisius forged these crimes. Therefore Antony's friends made means to the people of Rome for him. And sent Geminius 
Geminius.  unto him, to warn him to take heed, that he lost not his power, and be pronounced rebel to Rome. When Geminius was 
Cleopatra taunteth Geminius.  come into Graecia, Cleopatra suspected he came to entreat for Octavia. And being at supper, she taunted him, and used him spitefully: but he bore all, till he might have Antony alone. But what? that would not be, but he was commanded to tell why he came even 
Answer of Geminius.  at supper: he said that other things required a sober conference, but one thing he known both sober and drunk, that all should be 
Geminius telleth truth and is blamed.  well if Cleopatra went into Egypt. Antony was angry at that. And Cleopatra said, Thou haste done well, Geminius, to tell the truth without any torture. Geminius went his way out of hand. The Parasites of Cleopatra did 'cause many other to flee from them, because they could not bear their despites and contumelies, 
Romans fleeth from Antony.  among whom was Syllanius and delius, who said he feared to be destroyed of Cleopatra, for so Glaucus the Physician had told him. When Caesar was ready, the war was denounced 
War proclaimed.  against Cleopatra, the authority taken from Antony, because he had committed it to a woman's lust, and not in his right wits, being bewitched by her. And left all the war to be directed by her eunuchs and Ruffians, who also had the commandment in civil affairs. diverse unlucky tokens were seen at the beginning of this war, both in Italy and Graecia.  
Antony had a navy of warlike ships to the number of five 
Navy of Antony.  hundred, whereof 110. were made for triumph. He had an hundred thousand footmen, & twelve M. horsemen. B●chus king of Africa, Tarcondenus 
Confederate kings.  king of upper Cilicia, Archelaus king of Cappadocia, Philadelphus' king of Paphlagonia, Mithridates' king of Commagena, and Adallas king of Thracia, were present at this war. Polem●n king of Pontus sent aid, likewise Manchus of Arabia, and Herode the jew, and Amintas the king of Licaonia and Galatia. Also the king of Media sent him secure. Caesar had. 250. ships for the war, 
N●nie of Caesar.  lxxx. M. footmen, & as many horsemen as the enemy. Antony had rule from the flood Euphrates & A●●●enia, to the sea of jonia and 
Countries of either side.  Illiria. Caesar had all from that sea to the west Ocean, & from then●● to the Tuscan & Sicilian sea. So much of Africa as bend toward Italy, France, Spain, and the pillars of Hercules, Caesar had. The rest from Cirene to Aethiopia, Antony held. So much was he thrall to this woman, that where he far passed in good footmen, for her pleasure he put all his strength in a navy. And when he understood that the Captains of the navy found fault for lack of good seamen, he supplied the want with rogues, carriers, harvest men, and labourers of wasted Graecia, and yet was not the navy furnished, but many ships void and unable to fight.  
Caesar made not his ships huge & for ostentation & show, but 
The manner of Caesar's Ships.  light & swift, & them well furnished, which he held at Tarent and Brunduse. Fron thence he sent to Antony to require him to lose no 
Caesar provoketh Antony.  time, but to come forth, & he would give him safe roads & ports for his navy, and give him convenient ground in Italy, to land his men surely & quietly. Antony on the contrary side bragging 
Antony challengeth combat with Caesar.  challenged to fight with him hand to hand, which if he would not do, then to fight with him in Pharsall field, where Caesar fought with▪ Pompey. But Caesar, while Antony lay at anchor at Actio, 
Actio.  which is now Nicopoli, passed the sea to get the town of Epirus, which is now called Toryne. Antony being afeard, the enemy 
Toryne.  should set upon his ships unfurnished, made a show of great readiness by shipping oars on every side, and so kept the port. Whereby Caesar being deceived, went back, and Antony devised to take away the water from him, which was scant & nought. He dealt gently concerning Domitio, contrary to Cleopatra's opimon, for he being sick, took a little boat & fled to Caesar, that which although it grieved Antony, notwithstanding he sent him all his goods & servants. The which, because it was openly known that he was fled, so grieved him, that he died. The kings Amintas & Deiotaras, went to Caesar also. And because Antony's navy was not sufficient, he was compelled to look & trust to his army by land. And Canidius that was general of the footmen, persuaded him in any wise 
Canidius.  to sand Cleopatra home, & go to Thracia or Macedonia, & try the matter by land. For Dicomes king of the Getes was ready to help him with great numbers. And that it should be no shame to him to refuse the fight by sea, because Caesar had the practise of it by reason of the Sicilian wars: but it should be a great blame unto him not to use his forces by land, wherein he was most expert, and suffer the same to be 
Antony heareth not good counsel.  abused by sea. But Cleopatra urged him to fight by sea, although she despaired of the victory, and secretly provided all means 
Antony in danger.  to flee away. In this time Antony was in some danger, there was a certain narrow space of ground, between him and his navy, over the which it was his manner to pass without fear, of the which, when Caesar was advertised, he laid wait for him, he which, being a little to quick, took him that came before Antony, and he hardly escaped and ran away.  
When it was determined to fight by sea, they burned all the unprofitable vessels, and kept the Galleys of the best sort, into the which he put twenty thousand footmen, and two thousand Archers. Then a certain Captain, that had been a good servitor, 
A good request of an old captain, not granted.  and was an expert Soldier, showed his wounded body to Antony, crying, O general, why dost thou distrust these wounds and weapons, and puttest thy trust in brittle vessels? Let Egyptians and other like make their fight by sea, give us the land, in the which we have been wont to stand and die, or else to conquer. Antony answered nothing to him, but with his 
Antony refuseth all good counsel.  hand and head, signifying he should be of good cheer, passed by, all hope laid aside, for where as the masters of the ships, would have taken away the sails, he commanded them to be carried into the ships, that none of the enemies should escape him, as he pretended. That day, & xiij days more, the rough weather deferred the fight. The fifth day, the weather being fair, they made the fight. Antony and Publicola had the right wing, Caelius the left, and Marcus and justeius the mid battle. Caesar appointed. Agrippa to the right, he held the left. Canidius, had 
The fight.  Antony's land Soldiers. Taurus, had Caesar's, being in order and quiet on the shore. Antony went about his navy in a foist, exhorting his Soldiers, to fight without remeving, because of the weight of the ships, and commanded the masters, that standing (as it were) at Anchor, they should not stir at the onset of the enemy, but avoid the disadvantage of the place, in the mouth of the port.  
They say, that when Caesar went out before day to view his navy, he met a man leading an▪ Ass, and ask his name, 
A token.  he said, my name is Fortunate, and mine Ass' name, is Victory. The form of this place, with the figure of the man and the Ass, he did set up afterward in a table of Brass, in the common place of Rome. When he had overlooked the residue of his navy, he betook himself to the right battle, and beheld his enemies quiet in the straits: For it seemed they had lain at anchor: and so held his ships back a good while, being two miles off. At six of the clock, a good gale began to blow, when as Antony's Soldiers would tarry no longer, but trusting in the greatness of their ships, moved the left battle. When Caesar saw that, he was glad, and held still his right battle, that he might the more get his enemies out of the straights, and with his swift ships, fight with the huge heavy vessels of his enemies, which were nothing well manned. When the onset was given, they did not courageously encounter, for Antony's ships could not well stir to give a good assault▪ which is best done by moving. Caesar's ships were not sit to give the charge upon the front, because of the others sharp and strong beaks: nor dared do it on the sides, for breaking of their own beaks, for the great timber and iron work of those mighty vessels. Therefore it was like a fight on 
The diversity of the fight.  land, or rather, as I may say it, an assault of a brickwall. For three or four of Caesar's, did set upon one of Antony's, and fought with their darts, pikes, and fired weapons. And Antony's men flung down their weapons from their towers out of their casting Engines. Agrippa began to stretch forth to compass the rest, which when Publicola did see; he was forced to do the same, and so divided from the mid battle. And the fight being very sore on both sides, and uncertain to whom the victory 
Cleopatra fleeth.  would fall, Cleopatra, with her threescore ships, which were placed behind the great ships, broke through to their great disorder, and took themselves to flight.  
Here did Antony show himself to have forgotten his office 
Antony followeth.  and charge, and verified the old saying, That the mind of a lover, liveth in an other body. For as though he had been annexeb 
Lover.  to her, and could neither live nor die without her, by and by, so soon as he see her ship under sail, he forsook all, and left his soldiers to the slaughter of his enemy, for whom they shed their bloods, and with two companions of Egypt, got into a Brygandine, following Cleopatra, to bring both her and himself to reproachful death. When she did see him coming, she set out 
Antony is hoisted into Cleopatra's Ship.  a flag to call him, so he being hoisted up to her, did not look upon her, nor she upon him, but went and sat solitary in the forepart of the ship, holding his head with both his hands.  
Shortly Caesar's swift ships that did follow him were in sight, whom Antony put back, saving one, in the which Euricles was, who fiercely pursued, shaking his spear with threatening 
Antony is pursued.  words. Antony standing still and asking, who is he that followeth Antony? it is I (quoth he) Lacharis son, that 
Euricles.  by the good fortune of Caesar do pursue thee for my Father's death. Yet did he not take Antony's ship but the other that was of the same goodliness, in the which was all the rich furniture of Cleopatra.  
When he was go, Antony sat still after one sort 
Silence of Antony.  and in one place, and spoke not to Cleopatra, either for anger or for shame. But when he was come to T●naro, the women 
T●naro, a foreland.  that were familiar to them both, brought them to talk, and then to board and bed. Intending to send from thence into Africa, he choose one of the queens rich ships, full of Gold and Silver, and gave it to his friends, wishing them to provide for themselves. And when as they wept and prayed him to be of cheer, he desired them to follow his request, 
Antony giveth his friends leave to shifted for themselves.  and written to Theophilus his officer at Corinth, to give them quick dispatch, and to help to hide them, till Caesar might be pacified.  
Many of the ships of burden, and some of his friends, were come from the fight, declaring that the navy was lost, but they thought the army by land was safe. Wherefore he written to Canidius to make haste by Macedonia, and bring his army into Asia.  
In this case was Antony.  
Caesar had a long fight with Antony's navy, the which at 
Caesar's victory.  length, by the vehemency, both of the rage of the Sea and courage of the enemy, gave over, only five thousand being slain, and three hundredth skips taken.  
There were but few, that knew of Antony's fleeing, and 
Men amazed a● Antony's madness.  when they heard it, they wondered, as at a thing incredible, That he, having nineteen legions of footmen, and twelve thousand horsemen, would forsake all and run away, as though he had not known the unstableness of Fortune, and had not 
soldiers good opinion of Antony.  proved the chance of war, full many a tyme. The Soldiers thought still he would come among them, in so much as when Caesar sent messengers to them, they rejected them, and so continued seven days, but when their captain Canidius was 
Antony's footmen yieldeth.  stolen away by night, and they left comfortless, they yielded to the Conqueror, who sailed unto Athens, and making unity with the Grecians, distributed corn among them, being afflicted before, with all kind of exaction and servitude. When Antony had sent Cleopatra into Egypt, from Paretonio, he went into 
Paretonio a port town.  Africa, with two friends only, the one a Grecian, and the other a Roman, and there lived solitarily, till he herded that his 
Antony in despair.  Lieftenauntes there, had forsaken him: Then he would have killed himself, but his friends did stop him. And so he went again to Cleopatra, who was devising by great expenses 
A devise of Cleopatra for hy● safety.  to carry her navy into the nook of the strayghtest place of the Sea, that is thought to divide Africa and Asia, that she might be safe from invasion. But, because the first ships that came, had evil luck, and for that Antony hoped his footmen were safe at Actio, he causod her to leave off, and ●ensed the mouths of the blood Nilus. This being done, Antony 
Antony followeth the trade of Timon.  builded him an house in the Sea at the Lantern, and ramped it about, separating himself from the company of men: Affirming he would follow the trade of Timon, that was surnamed, Hater of men. For when as he was forsaken of his friends, and deceived of such men, as he had brought to advancement, he took this ingratitude so to the heart, that he would refuse all men's society: even as Timon did, who was a Citizen of Athens, and called that house Timon's Tabernacle. 
Timon's tabernacle.  The first that brought him news of the loss of his footmen at Actio, was Canidius himself. And shortly after it was 
Evil news one after an other.  told him that Herode the jew was go to Caesar with certain legions, and that other Princes did the like: none of these things did move him but as being well willing to leave both hope and care, contented himself with Timon's Tabernacle. But being otherwise persuaded by Cleopatra, he came to the court to Alexandrîa, and there gave himself to feasting and banqueting, so as the Alexandrians did nothing else a 
Antony renueth his riot.  great while, but make good cheer. This manner of fellowship, used among them that would live, they forsook, and began an other, which was called, of them that would die together, the which was not inferior to the other, in delicacy 
Feasts of the dying sort.  nor superfluity, and as many as had sworn to dye together, made such feasts in order by course, one to an other.  
Cleopatra beside all this gave her self to the search of most 
Cleopatra seeketh for poison.  speedy poison and venom, and caused not only such growing things, as were accounted most effectuous, to be sought, but also the living beasts and Serpents, and made a proof of them all in some of her folks. Then both she and Antony 
Request of Cleopatra. Requests of Antony.  sent to Caesar. She required that the kingdom of Egypt might be entailed to her children. Antony desired he might live a private life in Athens, if he might not do it in Egypt. For lack of other friends they were fain to send Euphronius their Schoolmaster to him. For Alexas of Laodicia had 
Euphronius. Alexas of Laodicis. Infidelity punished.  deceived Antony, and by the mean of Herode the jew, gave himself to Caesar, who did not accept him, put him in chains, and sent him to die in his country. This reward had he for his unfaithfulness to Antony.  
Caesar would not hear Antony's requests, but promised Cleopatra all kind of courtesy, if she would reject Antony. He sent 
Caesar promises much to Cleopatra.  his liberty Thyrenus a learned man, that might move that magnifical Lady with the hope of so lusty a young Emperor. He used so long and pleasing oration, that Antony had him in suspicion: therefore he took him, and caused him to be whipped, 
Antony whippeth the messenger of Caesar.  wrighting to Caesar, that he was stirred by his pride and insolency, which would move a man though he were in misery. And if 
Scornful message of Antony.  this (quoth he) doth grieve you, take my liberty Hipparchus that is with you, and whip him, and then we shall be even. Now Cleopatra, that she might wipe away all suspicion, honoured him marvelously, and celebrating her own birth day, meanly, as 
Birth day.  her case required, she honoured his, so nobly and princely, that many that came poor to the feast, w●nt rich away.  
At this time Agrippa written to Caesar from Rome, that in any 
Caesar goeth to Rome.  wise he should repair thither, for the case required his presence. By this occasion the war against Antony was deferred till the next somme●, when Caesar sent forces against his Captains in Africa, and went himself against him in Asia. And when he 
Pelusio a part of Egypt. Cleopatra in suspicion.  had taken ●elusio, it was suspected that Cleopatra was contented that Seleucus should deliver it: but she to purge this crime, took the wife and children of him to be punished. She had a goodly sepulchre made, joining to the Temple of Isis, in the which she 
Sepulchre of Cleopatra.  had placed all her treasure, and princely things. And Caesar being afraid, that if she were driven to desperation, she would set all on fire, put her in great hope always. Now was he come with his army to the City, and his horsemen lay at the horserace, upon the which Antony came out so fiercely, as he drove them to 
Antony issueth out of Alexindria, and repulseth Caesar's horsemen. Cleopatra rewardeth the valiant soldier. The second challenge of▪ Antony upon Cleopatra.  the Camp. Then he returned into the Court, and took Cleopatra in his arms, and kissed her, and recommended him unto her, that had fought best, and she gave him an head piece, and a coat armour of gold. Yet he that night fled to Caesar. Then Antony challenged Caesar once again to fight hand to hand. Caesar answered, there were many ways for Antony to dye. Then seeing there was no way so honourable to dye, as in fight, Antony determined to set upon Caesar both by Sea & land, and at supper bad his men drink & make merry, for he could not tell if they should 
Antony cheereth his men.  do so any more, or serve other Lords, for as for himself, he should not live. And when they wept at the words, he said, he would not lead them to a fight, by the which he might rather hope for a glorious death, than a sure & triumphant victory. About midnight, was 
A noise in the City in the night of sweet music.  herded over all the city such a pleasant noise & music, as is went to be used in that sacrifice of Bacchus, the which went forth of the City into the enemies Camp. It was expounded, that the God, whom he had most served, did now also forsake him. In the morning, he brought forth his footmen, & placed them upon the hills about the city, where he stood to see that success of his navy, the which coming nigh to that enemy, saluted them as friends, & they did the like, & 
Antony's ships forsake him.  so yielded to them. When this was perceived, Antony's horsemen fled to Caesar also: his footmen did fight it out, & were overcome, 
His horsemen forsake him.  which being done, he retired into the city, crying, he was betrayed of Cleopatra to them, against whom he had made war for her sake. 
Antony complaineth of Cleopatra. Cleopatra fleeth from Antony. Message of Cleopatra.  She being afraid of his fury, got her into her Scpulchre, causing the bridge to be drawn, & to be kept close and shut. This done, she sent one out to tell him that she was dead. When he herded it, he said, Why temptest thou Antony? Then he went into his Chamber & unharnessed him, saying, O Cleopatra, I am not tormented that I am without thee, for I will soon be with thee, but that I being 
Antony's grief  so great a Captain, should be prevented of thee, y● art but a woman, in such a case of fortitude. Heros his faithful servant was with him, whom before he had sworn to kill him when he should command it: Now (says he) is the time for thee to do it, and took him his sword. He turned his face and killed himself, and fallen dead at 
Heros Antony's man, killeth himself.  Antony's feet. Ah good Eros (quoth Antony) where thou couldst not abide to do it to me, thou hast taught me to do it myself, and so he thrust the sword into his belly, and laid down upon 
Antony thrusteth his sword into himself.  his bed. The stroke was not so great, as it could dispatch him, therefore he commanded them that were by, to make an end of him, but they went out of the chamber, leaving him crying and lamenting, till Diomedes came from Cleopatra, to bring Antony to 
Diomedes.  her, who hearing she was alive, commanded to be carried to her 
Antony is carried half dead into the Sepulchre.  in their arms to the door of the monument, which Cleopatra would not open, but lot down sheeets & lines to heave him up, which she and her two women did, that only were with her there. It was a pitiful sight to see him all bloody, and yielding the ghost, 
A pitiful sight.  to be halled up so hardly, holding forth his hands, and stretching himself toward her, as well as he could, the poor women not having strength enough to do it, till Cleopatra with both her hands, bending downward as much as might be, got him up, they that were below, crying upon her to have pity upon him. When she had him in, she laid him upon a bed, lamenting and tearing her mourning weed, & wiping the blood from his face, called him Lord, husband & Emperor, forgetting her own sorrow, for compassion of him. He being somewhat comforted, desired a cup of wine, either for that he was a thirst, or that he might the sooner be dispatched. When 
Words of Antony at his death  he had drunk, he wished her to provide for herself, so well as she could, her honour being saved, & among Caesar's friends, to trust Proculeius most: and that she should not afflict herself for him, in this 
Proculeius.  great alteration, but rather comfort herself, that she had dealt with him that was most mighty & full of power, who being a Roman, was not through cowardice overcome of a Roman. This said, he yielded 
Antony dieth.  the ghost, when as Proculeius was come from Caesar, for when Antony had strike himself, & was drawn up to Cleopatra, Derceteus one 
Derceteus.  of his guard took his bloody sword, & carried it to Caesar, telling him 
Caesar weary for Antony.  how it stood: which when he herded, he went into his closet, & wept for Antony's chance, that had been a valiant man, & his companion in many battles. Then he read his letters to his friends, declaring how proudly & arrogantly he answered to his gentle letters, & he commanded Proculeius to do all that he could, to get Cleopatra alive, for he feared the destruction of her treasure, & thought it would be no small honour to him, if he might bring her in triumph. She would not talk with Proculeius within, but far of, so as hardly her voice could be herded. Her request was, that her kingdom might be established 
Request of Cleopatra.  to her children. Proculeius bade her be of good cheer, and remit all to Caesar, and marking the place, sent word to Caesar, who sent Gallus to 
Gallus.  talk with her, and he of purpose prolonged the communication, till Proculcius having got scalling ladders, with two more, got into the window where Antony was taken in, & went straight to the place 
Proculeius getteth into the secret Scpulcre of Cleopatra.  where she was talking with Gallus. Then one of the women cried, O unhappy Cleopatra, thou art taken alive. Then she would have strike herself, for she ware a dagger: but Proculeus ran quickly, and 
Proculeus stayeth Cleopatra ●●om ●●lling herself  embraced her with both his hands, saying: O Cleopatra, you do injury both to yourself, and to Caesar, in taking from him the act of clemency, and casting an infamy of unfaithfulness. Then he took the dagger from her, and cut her garments, that she should have no poison about her. Then Caesar sent his freemade man Epaphroditus, with commandment, that he should 
Epaphroditus. Care of Caesar to keep Cleopatra alive.  in any wise see her kept alive, in all other things doing most gently and courteously. Then he entered the City with Arrius the Philosopher, holding him by the hand, that the Citizens might 
Caesar honoureth a Philosopher.  see in what honour he had him. Being come into the common hall, and the Citizens lying prostrate for fear, he willed them to rise, saying, he forgot them, first for Alexander's fame that 
Caesar's mercy to the Alexā●●nes.  builded the City, then for the beauty of it, thirdly, for Arrius sake. The body of Antony, Caesar was content that she should bury, which she did with her own hands, by the labour whereof, 
Cleopatra buryeth Antony's body very princely. Cleopatra kept from kill herself by hunger.  getting an ague, she was glad she had such a cloak, to refrain from meat, and kill herself with hunger, which, when it was perceived, Caesar threatened her the loss of her Children. Then she was content to be relieved again. And after a few days, Caesar came to see her, and comfort her. She lying very homely in her night gown, leapt out of the bed, and fallen down 
Caesar cometh to Cleopatra.  at Caesar's feet with trembling voice, and heavy cheer. Her body was deformed with her own stripes, whereof the prints were seen: her eyes were sunk, and her colour swart: yet did her behaviour declare, that her grace was not extinct, which did appear out of that forepined and wasted corpse. Caesar willed her to sit, and he sat by her, she making excuses, that she had done all for fear of Antony, all the which when Caesar had reproved, she 
Cleopatra submit▪ to Caesar.  gave her wholly to his mercy, and took him a note of such treasure as she had. The which, when one of her Treasurers Seleucus had corrected, that she had hid somewhat from him, she leapt unto him, and knocked him about the pate, whereat Caesar smile 
She beateth one of her servants.  and blaming her, O Caesar said she, is it not a grief, that seeing thou dost not disdain to visit me in this woeful estate, to be accused of my servants for keeping a few women's things, wherewith I would win thy wife Livia, and thy sister Octavia, to make thee the more favourable to me. Caesar was glad of these words, thinking she had desire to live, and granted her all that and more to, beyond all hope, thinking he had deceived her, but she 
Caesar granteth all things to Cleopatra.  deceived him. Cornelius Dolabella a noble young man in Caesar's camp, had a great desire to Cleopatra, to whom Caesar gave leave to come and tell her, that he would go home by land through Syria, and that 
Dolabella is sent to Cleopatra.  she and her children should be sent to Italy by ship. When she understood it, she desired Caesar she might first celebrated Antony's funeral, wherewith he was content. She came to the grave with her women, and said, Of late (noble Antony) I did bury 
Cleopatra celebrateth Antony's funeral.  thee, being free: now I honour thy burial, being captive, and guarded, that I should not consume this wretched body with too much lamenting for thee, which is reserved to be showed in triumph of thee. Other honours at my hand thou shalt not look for, being ready to be carried away from thee. Nothing did separate us living, 
Words of Cleopatra.  but now in death we must be parted: thou a Roman, must lie here, and I unhappy Egyptian, in Italy, so farforth to be partaker of thy Country: but if the Gods there can do any thing, (for our Gods have deceived us here) forsake not thy wife, which is alive, neither suffer in me a triumph to be made of thee, but bury & close me here with thee. For of infinite griefs, there is none so great to me, as this short time that I have lived without thee.  
When she had ended these laments, and put on garlands, and kissed the grave, she commanded a bath to be made ready for her. When she was washed, she went to meat, and had great cheer: then a chest was brought out of the Country to her by a man, and the guard ask what it was, he took away the leaves, 
Cleopatra deceiveth Caesar.  and showed them the figs. They marveling at the form and greatness of them, the man smiled, and desired them to take them. 
The Guard is deceived.  They suspecting nothing, bade him carry them in. After this, she sent Caesar her writings sealed. Then all other being removed, but her two women, she shut the doors. When her letters were come to Caesar, he red them, and found her only request to he 
Cleopatra's last request to Caesar.  with great petition, to be buried by Antony, which when he see, he suspected by and by what was a doing, and was minded to have go straight thither himself, yet first sent to see what was done, but she was dispatched suddenly. For they that ran thither, found no alteration in the Guard, and opened the doors, and found her dead, lying in a bed of gold most royally. 
Cleopatra is found dead upon a dead of gold, and hit two women by ●ir.  One of her women called Iris lay dead at her feet. The other, whose name was Charmium, being ready to fall down dead, trimming the Crown upon her head, to them that cried, is this well done Charmium? yea very weli (quoth he) for one that is descended of so many progenitors Kings. When she had said thus much, she fallen down dead by the bed's side. They say a Serpent called Aspis, was brought among the figs, and covered with 
Aspis brought among the figs, did sting her to death.  the leaves, the which did sting her to death, whose nature is, to give an heaviness and sleep, without any shrinking or mark in the skin, only putting forth a gentle sweat out of the face, as one were in a trance, and hard to be wakened. Some say, there were two little spots in her arm, which Caesar either ●eléeued, or else would so have it believed, for in her Image that he brought into triumph at Rome, he set forth the Serpent, and two marks in her arm. Howsoever it was, Caesar was ●ory it was so chanced, yet did he highly commend her noble mind, and caused her to be royally laid by Antony, and her women to be nobly buried also. Cleopatra was xxxix years of age, and had reigned xxij whereof xiiij was with Antony, who lived liij years; or at the 
Age of Antony and Cleopatra.  most luj Antony's Images were thrown down, Cleopatras were not removed, for Archibius her friend had obtained that of Caesar for a thousand talents. Antony had seven children by three 
Antony's children.  wives, whereof Attilus the elder was only killed of Caesar, the rest Octavia. brought up with hers. Attilus was betrayed of his Schoolmaster Theoderus, who took a goodly jewel from his neck when he was killed, the which being required, and denied of him when he had it, caused that he was hanged.  
Cesarione, whom Cleopatra had by the first Caesar, being also betrayed of his schoolmaster, whom she had sent with him, & a great 
Caesar besto●●eth. Cleopatra's children.  treasure into India, was slain, after she was dead. Her daughter called Cleopatra of her name, he married to the flourishing king juba. He promoted Antony, that was son to Fulvia, to so high favour, that next Agrippa and Liutas children, he was chief. She 
He useth one of Antony's sons in great favour.  had by Marcellus two daughters, and one son named Marcellus, whom Caesar did adopt & made him his son in law. The other daughter was given to Agrippa. Marcellus dying shortly after this marriage, Octavia desired that Agrippa might marry his 
Change of marriage.  daughter, & Antony, hers. Her other daughters were bestowed upon Domitius Aenobarba, & Drusus Livias' son, and steppechilde to Caesar, of whom came Germanicus and Claudius. Germanicus died, 
Emperors of Antony's issue.  & Claudius was Emperor. Of Germanicus came Caius who was Emperor also. Agryppinae that had E. Domitio by Aenobarba, did marry with Claudius the Emperor, who adopted Domitius, calling him Nero Germanicus, and was Emperor. Thus of Antony's race diverse Emperors issued. Albeit himself had the lamentable end that you have heard, and was the only cause why the Roman state was not restored to a common wealth again 
Anthony, the cause of the alteration of the Roman estate.  as the noble Brutus protested when he died, all whose execrations came upon Antony before he died. Either for that God would plague Antony's evil life: or that he would change the state of that mighty common wealth, which had all the world at such a beck, as they might do what they would, whose outrageous dealings as well in foreign as civil murders, it pleased God to punish with so great alteration, or else for some secret determination for the nativity of his only son jesus Christ our Lord For now is Caesar the only Monarch without any competitor at all, and yet had no child to whom to leave it, but adopted Tiberius his wives son, whom, that she might see Emperor, it is thought she holp to dispatch Caesar before his time, who had the title of Augustus given him, a thing never done before to any 
Augustus.  Roman, not only for augmenting and increasing the Empire of Rome, but also for the detonation and destiny, by which it was assigned unto him. And after he had shut the gates of janus temple, for that a general peace followed through out the 
janus temple shut only twice before i● token of general peace.  world, he disposed himself to set good orders in the city, and made many good laws for the preservation of the same, in the which time diverse tokens appeared of the coming of a greater Prince than he, the Prince of Princes & king of kings, who was born into this world in his time, to the glory of God in the highest, 
Birth of jesus Christ.  and the peace of the earth to men of good will.  
The great envy that julius Caesar his great uncle had procured, 
Envy.  never fallen upon him, either because men were weary of tumults, or for that they see such modesty in him, as he would attempt no such matter that was so odious, that is to say, to be 
The name of Emperor.  called a king: Either for that both he and the people had in memory the malediction & cursing of the old Decree, against all them that should bring in the name of a king again, which his father julius did not utterly refuse, or for that he passed not of the name, having the rule, or for that the name of Emperor was then so great, as Dictator was wont to be, which before was no otherwise than a gratification of the Soldiers to their captain, when he had strooken a battle manfully, and slain ten thousand 
Imperator.  enemies, at which time it was lawful for him to be called Imperator, as among all other, Cicero was in Asia, when he overcame 
Cicero was called Emperor in Asia.  the Amanianes, at Isso, where Darius was overcome, of Alexander. The which name hath continued ever since to that sovereign Magistrate, as well, when the whole Empire was in the hands of one Monarch, as when it was divided into two, the one of the East, and the other of the West. The which began with Charles the Great, and hath continued unto R●dulphus that now is Emperor among the German nation in the west Empire, and ended in the East, about us years since, when the City of 
Greek Emperors. Mabumetes. Amur●ies.  Constantinople was taken by Mabumetes the son of Amuretes that made himself a Turkish Monk, and the Emperor Constantine slain, and all the villainy in the world, showed to the poor Christians. So as to him that will have a Register of the whole number of Emperors, reckoning julius Caesar for the first, shall find 
German Emperors.  them to be. 118. Whereof. 42. have been Germans.  
FINIS.   

A Table to the five Books of the civil wars of Rome.  

A.  
Abundance in Pompey● camp. pag. ●●●  
Abundance in Brutus and Cassiu● camp. pag. 280  
Acclamation of Pompey● Soldiers. pag. 10●  
Acclamation of Brutus and Cas●●● Soldiers. pag. 284  
Acclamation of the people to ●. Caesar. pag. 130  
Acclamation of revenge of Caesar. pag. 150  
Acts of Sulpitus abrogated. pag. 37  
Acts of Caesar ratified. pag. 151  
Acts of Caesar briefly rehearsed. pag. 250  
Acts of Brutus and Cassius. pag. 302  
Acts of Pompey. pag. 123  
Accrre a city besieged. pag. 27  
Adoption greatly regarded in Rome. pag. 224  
Adrumeto ●●tie where Caesar loseth. pag. 148  
Adriaticail sea quiet to Caesar in winter. pag. 103  
Adrian the Emperor ordaineth Lieutenants pag. 25  
Aeneas builded javino. pag. 84  
eagles seven in Manus lap. pag. 38  
Aegels two sight in Casius camp. pag. 299  
Aenobarbus touched of conspiracy. pag. 335  
Aenobarbus clear from conspiracy. pag. 335  
Aenobarbus wasted the three men's dominions pag. 31●  
Aenobarbus reconciled to Antony. pag. 330  
Aenobarbus sent into Pythima. pag. 336  
Aenaria, now Ischia. pag. 336  
Actna affrayeth the Germans. pag. 357  
Aem●lius condemned. pag. 244  
Affection of Lucius and Caesar's Soldiers. pag. 338  
African ● province of two names. pag. 260  
Africa appointed to Lepidus. pag. 311  
Afranius valiantly death. pag. 29  
Agamemnon, a taunt to Pompey. pag. 111  
Agrippa most trusty to Caesar O●lauius. pag. 320  
Agrippa hath a victory of the French. pag. 2●●  
A●● Telemininus resembled by Pompey. pag. 110  
Al●●nou●nus joineth wgh Marsus. pag. 37  
Alexandriane killesh their king. pag. 61  
Altercation of ●ibulus and Caesar. pag. 78  
Alexander compared with Caesar. pag. 100  
Altar ● dedicated to Caesar. pag. 157  
A●naria, where the meeting was to make peace with Pompey. pag. 350  
Antony a light man. pag. 310  
A 〈…〉 let up an Altar to Caesar. pag. 10●  
A 〈…〉 killed by Antony pag. 16●  
Antony w●ll have Caesar's a●tes ratified. pag. 151  
Antony taketh Caesar's money and waiting. pag. 146  
Antony afraid of the killers pag. 146  
Antony contemneth Octanius. pag. 171  
Antony guardeth his house. pag. 141  
Antony put out of the Senate house. pag. 92  
Antonius the Orator killed of Marius. pag. 44  
Antony giveth cities to the Athenians. pag. 300  
Antony seeketh henenolence of the people. pag. 166  
Antony recryveth Cas●us brother. pag. 300  
〈◊〉 taketh Cassius' camp. pag. 200  
Antony crowneth him that brought Cicero●t head. pag. 140  
Antony sendeth Brutus body to his mother. pag. 304  
An ou●● ●●placable to the conspirationes. pag. 300  
Antony ordaineth kingdoms at his pleasure. pag. 300  
Antony vieth the Greek fishion. pag. 3●1  
Antony winteth w●●● Cleopatra. pag. 3●1  
Antony calleth Octinus ●● busy Long man. pag. 182  
Antony's answer to Octunius. pag. 1●4  
Antony's answer to the messengers of the killers. pag. 145  
Antony's answer to 〈◊〉 decree●. pag. 204  
Antony's answer to the Captains. pag. 184  
Anth●ses & P●nus, Caesars ●uncellers. pag. 163  
Antony helpeth Octanius. ● pag. 338  
Appolonia, now Pallo●●, got by Caesar. pag. 110  
Antium city a treasury. pag. 317  
Arabio, king taketh Pompey part. pag. 26●  
Api●l●●ns renoi●e from the Romans. pag. 25  
Antony overcome at, Actio. pag. 4  
Are 〈…〉 oh taken by Caesar. pag. 93  
As●ulames kill the Roman officers. pag. 25  
Asinius Polli●, against SAINT Pompey. pag. 2●5  
Arsinoe delivered to death to please Cleopatra. pag. 310  
As●●ius killed sacrificing. pag. 35  
Attiliu● Seran●● killed. pag. 44  
Aurilia ●r●stilla causeth Catiline to kill his son. pag. 73  
Ait●ius, in Orphan bewrayeth himself. pag. 246  
Augustus, title first given to Octanius. pag. ●4  
Augustus most mighty. pag. ●4  
Antony useth Pompey● help. pag. 333  
Antony fond on women. pag. 342  
Antony challengeth Menedorus for his slave. pag. 343  
Archegeta, an image of Apollo. pag. 354   

B.  
B● Alh●● killed of the three men. pag. 141  
basilus Minutius killed. pag. 227  
〈◊〉, cause of renolre from Lucius. pag. 320  
Bebius killed of Maruis. pag. 44  
Beginning of civil war. pag. ●4  
Beginning of war between the three men. pag. 33●  
Benevolence of the people, turned to hate Antony. pag. 166  
Tibulus leaveth his office. pag. 7●  
Tibulus chief of Pompey's navy. pag. 10●  
Bibulus receyned to Antony's savour. pag. 252  
Pocchus taketh Cyrta. pag. 120  
Bocthus against Carinas. pag. 318  
Bo●●ano taken by Sylla. pag. 53  
Boldness of, Antony at Philippi. pag. 202  
Boldness of Clodius. pag. 81  
Boldness of Caesar. pag. ●28. 133  
Boldness of Sylla. pag. 36  
Boldness of jucius Antonius. pag. 320  
Bold act of Carbo. pag. 55  
britain sea sailed by Caesar. pag. ●51  
Brundus●ins receive Sylla. pag. 48  
Brundusians reject Antony. pag. 333  
Brutus killeth a flane accusing his Masters pag. 274  
Brutus speaketh boldly of his fact. pag. 153  
Brutus invadeth the Lycians▪ pag. 271  
Brutus all night in a●●ni●e on an hill. pag. 301  
Brutus taketh Octavius his camp. pag. 200  
Brutus getteth treasure by chance. pag. 271  
Brutus nameth Antony Caesar's drudge. pag. 301  
Brutus overruled of his Soldiers. pag. 207  
Brutus bad angel appeared to him. pag. 303  
Brutus overthrow, the work of God. pag. 303  
Brutus most gentle and learned. pag. 303  
Brutus ●a●to against Caesar punished by God. pag. 303  
Byth●●●cu● killed by S. Pompey. pag. 33●  
Brutus warned of his death. pag. 303  
Britt●●●● sea first sailed by Caesar. pag. 160   

C.  
Cassius' plagueth the ●●odes. pag. 268  
Cassius excuseth his fa●te. pag. 152  
Cassius delivereth his nawl to Caesar. pag. 124  
Cassius loseth his camp. pag. 200  
Cassius dispayte●h to soon. pag. 2●●  
Cassius offi●th himself to be killed. pag. 201  
Cassius of Parma gathereth the scattered. pag. ●●6  
Caesar pr●●●● to Ca●●●●nes conspiracy. pag. 76  
Caesar spendeth all to get the people's favour. pag. 80  
Caesar letteth Pompey's soldiers go free. pag. 97  
Caesar planteth his camp at Pharsalo. pag. 110  
Caesar exhorteth his Soldiers to take Pompey's camp. pag. 120  
Caesar receyneth C●tos son to grace. pag. 131  
Caesar saith he is no king. pag. ●36  
Caesar receiveth. 200. dantes on his shselde. pag. 133  
Caesar putteth away his gard●. pag. 136  
Caesar hath the falling sickness. pag. 136  
Caesar consult for ten years if he will. pag. 135  
Caesar asketh the consulship by his friends. pag. 77  
Caesar wise counsel in saving the Romans▪ pag. 134  
Caesar killed of them he lo●ed. pag. 14●  
Ca●●●sius overthrown of Pompey's father in la. pag. 107.  
Caesar body brought into the common place. pag. 157  
C●l●●i●●● prese●●e ●●rius. pag. 330  
〈…〉 killed of Octavius. pag. 330  
Car●● overthrown. pag. 55  
Carinas killed of Sylla. pag. 56  
Capitol set a fire. pag. 50  
Capitol a common treasure house. pag. 3●7  
Capitol taken by the killers of Caesar. pag. 143  
Capito killed in his own house. pag. 243  
C 〈…〉 ●isteth Caesar. pag. 130  
Ca●● ●leeth to Pompey▪ pag. hundred  
Causes of soldiers disorder. pag. ●43  
C●●●egus joineth with Ma●●us. pag. 37  
C●●●●gus put to death by Cic●●o. pag. 76  
Cic●●o made Consul. pag. 74  
Cic●●o ●●●led father of the countr●●. pag. 76  
Cic●●o most eloquent. pag. 74  
Cic●●o and his brother condemned. pag. 239  
Cic●●o his son sent into Gre●●●. pag. 259  
Cinna cruel. pag. ●9  
Cinna killed of his Soldiers. pag. 4  
Cicero accuseth Clodie. pag. 87  
Clodie accuseth Cicero. pag. ●●  
Clodius killed of Milo. pag. 84  
Clu●●tius dieth valiantly. pag. 37  
Cassius killed on his birth day. pag. 2●0  
Caluisius put from his office. pag. 349  
Causes of Lucius hindrance. pag. 32●  
Cocc●●us, friend to Antony and Octavius. pag. 334  
Comparison of Brutus and Cassius. pag. 138  
Commo●●on ●● Italy for division of land. pag. 311  
Consp●racie three headed. pag. 7●  
Competitors Pompey and Crassus. pag. 77  
Competitors Pompey and A●n●barbus▪ pag. 8●  
Concord of the three men. pag. 229  
Conditions of peace between Antony & Octaui●. pag. 338  
Con●u●ation of Cat●line. pag. 74  
Constancy of jutius. pag. 332  
Condition of Lucius to his Soldiers. pag. 324  
Constancy of Metellus against Marius. pag. 20  
consuls created in Sylla his time. pag. 60  
Contempt of la among the Romans. pag. 2  
Contention between Gracchus and Octavius. pag. 10  
Contention for division of land. pag. 22  
Counsels diverse in following of Caesar. pag. 110  
Copon●us is saved by his wives means. pag. 252  
Co●●elius Scipio made arbyter. pag. ●●  
Cornelia Pompey's wife fair. pag. ●2●  
Cornutus saved by his servants. pag. 44  
Crowns of gold in Caesar's triumph. pag. ●3●  
Clodius body brought to the Senate house. pag. 84  
Crastinus his valiantness. pag. 120  
Crixus swerdplayer overthrown. pag. 69  
Cruelty of Sylla against the Romans. pag. ●7  
Curio most accepted to the people. pag. 8●  
Curio succeedeth Ca●o in Sicilia. pag. 98  
Curio, defendeth Caesar. pag. ●●  
Curio his head brought to luba. pag. 99  
C●●opatra justifieth herself to Antony. pag. 30●  
Cleopatra favoureth Dolabella. pag. 264  
Cleopatra cause of Antony's destruction. pag. 306  
Curio worketh for Antony. pag. 217  
Courtesy in a captain is hindrance as i● proved by Pompey and Brutus. pag. 296  
Conditions of peace with young Pompey. pag. 340  
Conditions with Antony. pag. 337  
Contamelie of Soldiers. pag. 312  
Conditions between Octavius and Antony's Soldiers. pag. 315  
Codropoli●, a city of Illyria. pag. 336   

D  
DAtus city now Philippi, sometime Cr●nides. pag. 277  
D●mostheues compared with Cicero. pag. 81  
D●●●mus besieged in M●tina. pag. 206  
D●cimus killed. pag. 226  
Deceit of rich Romans. pag. 6  
Death of Caesar. pag. 141  
Death of Ca●●lin●▪ pag. 76  
Death of Curio. pag. 99  
Death of Dolabella. pag. 262  
Death of Trebonius. pag. 1●0  
Death of ●●ntidius. pag. 2●1  
Death of Ca●o. pag. 130  
Death of Brutus and Cassius. pag. 301  
Death of Hircius 2nd Pansa. pag. 213  
Death of Brutus. pag. 24  
Death of Fulvia vexed Antony after a ●orte. pag. 334  
Death of Pompey the great. pag. 122  
Death of Pompey's elder son. pag. ●34  
Death of Pompey's younger son. pag.  
Death of Mem●●●● and Drusus. pag. 21  
Death of Scipio. pag. 14  
Death of S●●torius. pag. 67  
Diadem set on Caesar's head. pag. 133  
Dictator perpetual Sylla. pag. 59  
Dictator perpetual Caesar▪ pag. 334  
Discipline destroyed. pag. 314  
Di●ssention in the Senate for Caesar's death. pag. 146  
Discord of Citizens. pag. 33  
Dissension of the Senators & Gentlemen. pag. 24  
Dissension of Antony and Oct●uius. pag. 336  
Division of Italy to the Soldiers. pag. 311  
Discouragement of Lucius Soldiers. pag. 323  
Dolabella against Cinna. pag. ●48  
Donative of Cassius to his Soldiers. pag. ●84  
Donative of Brutus to his Soldiers. pag. 294  
D●mitius overcome of Caesar. pag. 94  
Dyrhacus slain of Hercules. pag. 95  
Dy●●achio, whereof so named. pag. 95   

E.  
EDict for money. pag. ●49▪ 338▪  
Edict of the proscription. pag. 232  
Eloquence of Caesar. pag. 73  
Eloquence of Curio. pag. 28  
Eloquence of Cicero. pag. 74  
Epitapho of Pompey. pag. 122  
England invaded by Caesar. pag. 154  
Enemy to the country Caesar. pag. ●1  
Enemy to the country Cinn●. pag. 47  
Enemy to the country Dolabella. pag. 204  
Enemy to the country Sylla. pag. 45  
Enemy to the country Antony. pag. 25  
Error of Caesar at Dyrrachio. pag. 1ST  
Errors of Pompey. pag. 116  
Errors of the Senate. pag. 218  
Eruptions out of Perugia. pag. 323  
Example of Fortune in Mur●●● & Barb●l●● pag. 2●8  
Example of Fortune ut Mari●▪ pag. 38  
Example of a wicked father in Catiline. pag. 73  
Example of a wicked son. pag. 239  
Example of a good son. pag. 252  
Example of a good li●ter. pag. 2●0  
Example of good servants. pag. 253  
Example of good wives. pag. 253  
Example of a kind Soldier. pag. 252  
Execration for money of the Capitol. pag. 100  
Exclamation of Pisa against the killers. pag. ●●●  
Excuse of Antony to Octavius. pag. 174  
Excuse of Caesar to Cocceius. pag. ●●5  
Excuse of Octavius to ●uci●●. pag. 315  
Excuse of Sylla to the people. pag. 36  
Exclamation against Octavius. pag. 312  
Extremity of famine in Perugia. pag. 322  
Expectation for death gil●●ou●. pag. 347   

F.  
FAble of the oxen of the sun. pag. 357  
Fable of the plough man. pag. hundred  
Famine causeth Caesar to fight. pag. 115  
Famine causeth Antony and Octavius to fight. pag. 280  
Famine in Perugia. pag. 322  
Famine in the City. pag. 314  
Famine causeth peace. pag. 339  
Famine in the city by Pompey. pag. 337  
Favour got by liberalitte. pag. 278  
Favour of the people against Sylla. pag. 36  
Faith of servants to their Masters. pag. 256  
Faith no where to the miserable. pag. 117  
Fear without cause in Pompey's camp. pag. 10●  
●●sul● taken by Manlius. pag. 74  
Freedom denied, causeth dissension. pag. 14  
Fanius assaileth the roods by land. pag. 270  
Fagio killed. pag. 31●  
Fagio killeth himself. pag. 318  
Felic●●ie of C. Caesar. pag. 129. 350▪  
Fear in Caesar's camp at Corduba. pag. 133  
Fires at Fulgin● signifying aid. pag. 32●  
Fight between Sextius and Ventidius. pag. 26●  
Fight first in the city. pag. 36  
Fight between Caesar and Pompey the great. pag. 118  
Fight between Caesar & Pompey's elder son. pag. ●33  
Fight with Petreius in Africa. pag. 128  
Fight with the Alexandrines. pag. 12●  
Fight with Pharnac●. pag. 126  
Fights at Philippi. pag. 102  
Fight on the sea with Mur●us and Caluisius. pag. ●●3  
Fight by sea between Caluisius and Pompey. pag. 246  
Fight of the Martial legion against two. pag. 208  
Fight by sea with equal number. pag. 357  
Fight by sea with Cal●●sius. pag. 345  
Fight by sea with Cor●●ficius. pag. 200  
Fight between Mened●●●● and Menecrates. pag. 344  
Fight between Agrppa and Papia. pag. 354  
Fortune forsakes 〈…〉 second Pompey. pag. 359  
Fortitude of Lucius soldiers. pag. 323  
Fruits of peace. pag. 341  
Friendship ●ayleth Pompey▪ the younger. pag. 339. 340  
Friends and fortune forsaketh S. Pompey. pag. 3●7   

G.  
GAbinius most dear to Caesar. pag. 80  
Gabinius destroyed. pag. 106  
G●●a escapeth by his son. pag. 252  
Gra●●hu● both, die in s●d●e●on. pag. 12  
Gra●●lation made to Ci●●ro. pag. 76  
G●atians hate usury. pag. 33  
Goods of Octavius sold. pag. 176  
Goods of the condem●●● set to sal●. pag. 247  
Gen●rall ta●e by the three men. pag. 249  
Good acts of Pompey the younger. pag. 3●9  
God wrought the change of the Roman state. pag. 237  
Grass eaten in C●s●rs camp. pag. ●07  
G●●ph●● taken and a wonder there. pag. ●10  
Gricuously taken the fleeing at D●●a●●●. pag. ●●●  
Gricuous impositio●●vpon the people. pag. 24●. 338  
Grievously taken the revolt at Placentia. pag. 100  
G●●●dy desire of rule. pag. ●43  
G●●dus 〈…〉 to the Rhodian●. pag. 100  
Galls detested enemies of Rome. pag. 161  
Germans afraid of the noise of A●●●. pag. ●57  
G●●g●●● blood. pag. 387  
G 〈…〉, fair wom●n of Cappadocis. pag. ●00  
Grapple invented by Mac●na●. pag. 358  
Grace given by An●oni● at ●ph●s●●. pag. 3●●  
Gold and silver taken from the Rhodes. pag. 270  
Gold re●ected of Spar●●cus. pag. 70  
Good men uncorrupted. pag. 174  
Godd●● have care of just war. pag. 1●4  
Gold ●ines called Sanctitude. pag. 284  
God-den revenge C●sars death. pag. ●●●  
God would have i● so. pag. ●14  
Gladness for the death of Fulvia. pag. 334  
Gladness for the peac●. pag. ●40  
God str●keth Pompey with discourage. pag. ●12  
God striketh C●s●●us with desperation. pag. 124. 2●●  
Glory of Antony great. pag. ●12   

H.  
harness made in Spartatus camp. pag. 70  
Hate of Drusus how ●● came. pag. 23  
Hate of people against Scipio. pag. ●4  
Harpalus destroyed Xan●●u●. pag. ●73  
Hard hap of ●●●tus and C●ssiu●. pag. 30●  
Hardiness of Antony. pag. 200  
Hazard of Oc●●ui●●. pag. 338  
Harte faileth 〈…〉. pag. 330  
Harpessus a blood pag. 285  
Herodes ●●de a king by Antony. pag. 343  
He●●●●● is driven on● of 〈…〉. pag. 337  
Etrurians destroyed. pag. 30  
H●●mpsal restored by Pompey. pag. 48  
H●rpines return to the Rom●●●● socie●●●. pag. ●●  
Hartius overthroweth A●●o●●●. pag. 209  
H●siu● fleeth to 〈…〉 Pompey. pag. 253  
H●no●r● done so C●●●●. pag. ●●4  
Hor●●●●●● speaketh for the con●●●●● wom●n. pag. 247  
Hos●●a C●●●● taken. pag. 41  
Holy hill. pag. ●●  
Hope, not to he gi●en over. pag. ●4●  
Hu●te done by ●er at 〈…〉. pag. 320  
Hu●te by sea to O 〈…〉 and Anto●●●. pag. ●●●  
H●●te by sea to ● 〈…〉. pag. 107  
Hu●te done by fire in Rome. pag. 84  
Holy money taken by ●●s●●. pag. ●●  
Holy money taken by 〈…〉. pag. ●17  
Hono●r● not accepted of 〈◊〉. pag. 1●5  
Homely piaces fought for 〈◊〉. pag. 245  
H●nge● killed many. pag. 24●  
Hu●● done by naked Si 〈…〉. pag. ●●●  
Hindrance of Senate by Soldiers. pag. 230 ●●●  
Honour's given to Oct 〈…〉, and he consecrated among the Gods. pag. 36●  
Hephessiones death, susp●tio●s for Alexander. pag. ●●●   

I  
I●●ius escapeth, yet only denying Octavius. pag. 245  
Ideses of March, day of C●sars deat●. pag. ●63  
In●u●●●ion against the killers. pag. 225  
Ini●r●● offered ●o Octavian. pag. 313  
Ignorant of war Pompey the elder son. pag. ●32  
Ignorant of war Pompey the younger. pag. 318  
Ingratitude of ●ru●●s and Cassius plagued. pag. 303  
Immunity given to the ●rundusians. pag. 48  
Indignation present d●owneth favour paste. pag. ●4  
Iniu●●es ●ause of contempt. pag. 2  
Enure of Soldiour● against Perpenna. pag. 68  
I●●●●● beset by Antony. pag. 3●●  
Itali● vexed by young Pompey. pag. 318  
juba and P●●r●●us kill one an other. pag. ●31  
juba helpeth Pompey's part●. pag. ●28  
I●da●●l●●s succoureth the Asculan●s● pag. 29  
I●da●●l●●s dieth. pag. ●9  
judges made of gentlemen. pag. 15  
Iul●a, Antony's mother sent by Pompey. pag. ●●  
just seemeth Pompey's cause to the people. pag. 8●  
Iul●a Pompey● wise dieth. pag. 8●  
Idleness corr●pte●h Italians. pag. 6  
〈◊〉 father and son, killed at one stroke. pag. 24●  
〈◊〉 of Soldiers. pag. 34  
Inducement of women. pag. 73  
Entertainment of A●●o●●e and Oc●●uius. pag. 340  
Entertainment by Oc●●●●●. pag. 348  
In●arle●●●one to please Cleopatra. pag. 310  
I●l●●● Sextus killed. pag. 213  
Ire overwhelmeth reason. pag. 140  
I●●os temple spoiled by S. Pompey. pag. 164  
Invasion of Italy. pag. ●49  
Insa●●●●lenesse of Soldiers. pag. 3●●  
Insolence of Soldiers. pag. ●●●  
I 〈…〉 oh honoured of the T●s●●●es. pag. 330   

L.  
LAbeo burned quick in his tent. pag. ●04  
Labienus calleth for the killers. pag. ●44  
Lamentations for division of land. pag. ●  
〈◊〉 a treasure house. pag. ●17  
〈◊〉 a city spoiled. pag. ●6●  
Law of lands. pag. 6  
Law of judgements. pag. ●5  
Law of corn. pag. ●5  
Latins called to the freedom of Rom●. pag. 30  
Law of 〈◊〉. pag. ●7  
Law of the three men. pag. 23●  
Legions of Antony se●● to ●nhabite. pag. 315  
Legions reuol●e from An●on●●. pag. 103  
Legions of Macedonia punished by Anto●●●. pag. ●●●  
〈◊〉 killeth C●c●ro. pag. 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 killed. pag. 262  
Lepidus deprived and restored. pag. 〈◊〉  
Lepidus consul next● ●yll● 〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉. pag. 6●  
L●pidus depr●ued vtter●ie. pag. 360  
L●pidus waiteth, and is hardly herded. pag. 2●8  
〈◊〉, where M●●o dwelled. pag. 84  
Licentious dealing after Cl●dius death. pag. 85  
Licentious behaviour of Souldyoures. pag. 244. 314  
Likeness of language and armour breeds confusion. pag. 358  
Liburnians people and Ships. pag. 95  
L●bo t●eateth for peace. pag. 33●  
Letters red by young Cicero of Antony's fall. pag. 25●  
Lucanes revolt from the Romans. pag. 3●  
Luceius saved by hy● sister. pag. 250  
Lucius Antonius lover of the common wealth. pag. 315  
Lucinus taken for 〈◊〉. pag. 304  
Love ●hewed to the condemned. pag. 250  
Love of Antony and Cleopa●●a. pag. 306  
Lycians deny aid to Brutu●. pag. 271  
Lalius killeth himself. pag. 26●   

M.  
MAcedonia taken from Brutus and Cassius. pag. ●63  
Marius killed of Antony. pag. 337  
Martius headed of Sylla. pag. 56  
Mar●us s●pt. killed by his wives means. pag. 243  
Marius fleeth to Mint●●●ie. pag. 37  
Marius taken into the City by a rope. pag. 52  
Marius the younger killeth himself. pag. 56  
Marsi●ns a valiant nation. pag. 29  
Martial legion forsaketh Antony. pag. 103  
Martial legion named for their vallan●ness●. pag. 202  
M●ssala fleeth to Brutus, and after is ●● great credit with Antony and Octauiu●. pag. 251  
Merula killeth himself. pag. 45  
Metellus the pit. full. pag. 22  
Metellus banished. pag. 21  
Marvellous to Octaui●●, is the noble heart of jucius. pag. 328  
Mi●bridates overcome by Sylla. pag. 46  
Minutius a Praetor killed. pag. 228  
Macenas punisheth the seditions. pag. 356  
Men●dorus fleeth to Pompey agaynt. pag. 340  
Minturni●●s will not kill Mari●s. pag. 38  
Miserable state at Rome. pag. 249. 337  
Menedorus fleeth again to Octa●i●s. pag. 352  
Menedorus forsaketh Sextus Pompey. pag. 343  
Menecrates succeedeth Menedorus. pag. 345  
Mutia compelled to sue for peace. pag. 330  
Mutius S●cuola killed. pag. 52  
Mutation suddenly of Antony. pag. 166  
M●ta●ion sudden in the Senate. pag. A 1  
〈◊〉 Ach●●cu● banished. pag. 24  
M●rcus saved by ●arbula. etc. pag. ●58  
Mule brought forth. pag. 93  
〈◊〉 killed by Sextus Pompey. pag. 33●  
Mationes of Rome condemned. pag. ●4●  
Miseri● of Italy. pag. 312  
Missaia presetu●th Octavius, a rare example of 〈◊〉. pag. 356  
〈◊〉 procur●● of war●●. pag. ●15   

N.  
News of C●sars death. pag. ●20  
New men. pag. 74  
Negative Kingdom. pag. 61  
Neptune countersayted by Pompey. pag. 350  
New Como ●u●lded. pag. 87  
Negligence of Pompey. pag. ●6●  
Noble men of Pompey. pag. 120  
Noble men of 〈◊〉 and Cas●i●●. pag. 304  
Non●us k●●led of the Souldyoures. pag. 313  
Norba●●● fleeth and dieth. pag. ●●  
Not faith to the afflicted. pag. 266  
Not s●riuing against fate. pag. 237  
Navy purged. pag. 349  
Nonius receiveth Iuci●● into Rome. pag. 320  
N●●● ancient inhabitants of Si●●lie, dedicated Arch●geta to Apollo. pag. 354   

O.  
O●●●lla killed. pag. 60  
O●●il●●s killed. pag. 362  
Octavius Consul killed contrary to o●h. pag. 43  
Octavius C●s●r accepteth his adoption. pag. 224  
Octavius C●sar conte●●ed of Antony. pag. 17●  
Octavius showeth courage from his youth. pag. 172  
Octavius speaketh holdly to Antony. pag. 172  
Octavius goeth for Sou●●●youres. pag. 18●  
Octavius is forsaken of his Souldyoures. pag. 1●0  
Octavius is resorted to again. pag. 1●1  
Octavius practiseth against Antony. pag. 1●2  
Octavius is honoured of the Senate. pag. 1ST  
Octavius is joined with the Consuls. pag. 206  
Octavius suspecteth the Senate. pag. 206  
Octavius and Hirtius overthroweth Antony. pag. 210  
Octavius conferreth with his Souldyoures. pag. 210  
Octavius standeth all a rainy night under a fren●● Target. pag. 357  
Octavius burneth all letters written in time of troubles. pag. 363  
Octavius causeth all slaves to return to service. pag. 363  
Oppression of Cities by Octavius. pag. 313  
Octavius denieth to deal with D●●imus. pag. 21●  
Octavius practiseth reconcil●a●●● with Antony. pag. 217  
Octavius stirs soul●yours against the Senate. pag. 2●●  
Octavius cometh to the City with ●error. pag. ●2●  
Octavius inquireth of his father's death. pag. 222  
Octavius is choose Consuli, he taketh the money that was co●●●yd, a ●oken of ●●lici●●e appeared a● did to Romul●s. pag. 224  
Octavius is agreed with Antony. pag. 225  
Octavius agreeth to the horrible proscription. pag. 2●0  
Octavius divides with Antony and I●pidus. pag. 22●  
Octavius sendeth S●l●d●nus against Pompey. pag. 276  
Octavius promises privileges to the 〈◊〉 & Hipponeans▪ to have free his passa●e into Sicily. pag. 2●7  
Octavius passeth the Sea, for all that M●●cus could do●. pag. 2●7  
Octavius is left sick at Epidamnum. pag. 287  
Octavius is not at the first field● at Phili●pi, being wa●●ed by a dream. pag. 20●  
Octavius is made Tolbane perpetual. pag. 363  
Octavius falls going out of his Ship. pag. 354  
Octavius putteth of the general habit. pag. 355  
Octavius is danger outly sick at Brunduse. pag. 311  
Octavius is troubled by ●●l●●● and Manius. pag. 315  
Octavius put goth ●●de●●● touching this new stir by A●●o●●● beather. pag. 310  
Octavius is 〈…〉 by his own soldiers. pag. 313  
Octavius picketh quarrels against Pompey. pag. 342  
Octavius besiegeth and getteth Perugia. pag. 331  
Octavius seeketh to discredit Antony. pag. 331  
Octavius seeketh a marriage to setue his turn. pag. 331  
Octavius and Antony at debate. pag. 333  
Octavius and Antony agreed, & divide the whole Empire between them. pag. 3●6  
Octavius is desponsed to Antony. pag. 336  
Octavius sick at Canusio. pag. 333  
Octavius dedicated a temple to Caesar. pag. 357  
Octavius is driven to make peace with S. Pompey. pag. 330  
Octavius in danger ●●eyng with one page. pag. 357  
Octavius strooken in the breast. pag. 366  
Octavius is saved by Antony. pag. 338  
Octavius in distress. pag. 346  
Octavius afflicted. pag. 347  
Octavius subtle for his commodity. pag. 348  
Octavius dallieth with Antony. pag. 348  
Octavius dealeth betveene Antony & Octavius. pag. 348  
Octavius hath more loss by tempest. pag. 350  
Octavius leapeth a shore and lieth all night in a cottage, and hath great loss by sea through tempest. pag. 346  
Octavius hath shipwrecke at the point of Minerus. pag. 347. 350  
Octavius beareth with soldiers insolency. pag. 317  
Octavius an invincible mind. pag. 351  
Octau. conveyed from boat, to boat, to be saved. pag. 355  
Octavius driveth Pompey out of Sicily. pag. 359  
Octavius over cometh Antony at Actio, which is not told in this History: he written it in his book of Egypt, and that book is lost among others. The matter shall be▪ ●● forth by another mean, wherein it may appear that it was the oh dinaunce of God, to bring Octavius to the rule of all, that the state of Rome might be in the best kind of government, as the Author sayeth, that the birth of the king of kings might be in his time, as we say, when there was peace through out the world. Which if it had not been the determination of God, it had been impossible for Octavius to have escaped so many perils. pag. 4  
Orders of Caesar's and Pompey's battles. pag. 116  
Order of Antonie● and 〈…〉 battles. pag. 288  
Order of the last battle by sea. pag. 358  
Ou●●● how of S. Pompey utterly. pag. 359  
Order of invading S●●●lie praised by Octavius. pag. 352   

P.  
PAulus wined by. 1500. talents. pag. 87  
Patara won by Brutus. pag. ●74  
Papias vexeth Lepidus Ships. pag. 352  
Peace pleaseth not Menodorus. pag. 339  
Peace broken betweve Octavian & Pompey. pag. 342  
Pe●●●●tation of men and Ships. pag. 349  
Perpenna killeth Sertorius. pag. 68  
Perpenna is killed of Pompey. pag. 69  
Petitions of Pompey's. pag. ●7. 340  
Perugia oppressed with famine. pag. 329  
Philippi, the field of two battles. pag. 286  
Pierie of Arrianus to his father. pag. ● 253  
Piety of servants. pag. ● 254  
Pindarus page to Cassius. pag. 2●0  
Plancus a fearful man. pag. 337  
Plancus useth Antony's signet. pag. 87  
Plancus hindereth jucius. pag. 322  
Polemociatia a noble woman yieldeth hi● treasure and child to Brutus. pag. 273  
Policy of Antony p●enayleth. pag. 290  
Pompey appointed by the Senate. pag. 91  
Pomp of Caesar and Antony. pag. 341  
Portion of land given to Sittius. pag. 260  
Pompey the younger, had great advantage. pag. 318  
Pompey's device to win the Senate. pag. 83  
Portius Cato killed of the Marsians. pag. 31  
Pompey called king of kings. pag. 111  
Pompey's ambassadors are taken, and brought to Antony. pag. 364  
Pompey's gold is taken. pag. 305  
Pompey's great folly. pag. 368  
Pompey the younger cannot use victory. pag. 374  
Pompey loseth occasion. pag. 35●  
Pompey's three, the father and two sons had like advantage of the enemy and lost it. pag. 111. 133. 351. 347.  
Proscription to death. pag. 233  
Promise' made to Soldiers. pag. 117. 230  
Presidents sent by Caesar. pag. 40  
Prenestines sacked by Sylla. pag. 56  
Punishment omitted. pag. 249   

Q.  
Question what death was best. pag. 39  
Quarrel of rich against poor; pag. 7  
Quarrel of poor against rich. pag. 8  
Quintus Ancharius killed. pag. 45  
Quintus Lucretius killed. pag. 50  
Quintus Cepio killed. pag. 28  
Quintus Flaccus chooseth his own death. pag. 18  
Quintilis, named, julie, in the honour of Caesar. pag. 134  
Questions civil, first tried by fight. pag. 34  
Quickness of Caesar's. pag. 103  
Quick attempts, prevent in war. pag. 103  
Quintus that betrayed Dolabella, denied pardon. pag. 30●.  
quarreling between Octavius & Antony. pag. 331. 334   

R.  
RAscus and Rascopolis two brethren, divide themselves, to save themselves. pag. 304  
Ravenous slaves punished. pag. 45  
Re●●io saveth his master. pag. 254  
Rebulus saved following Themistocles example. pag. 257  
Reggio exempt from Soldiers. pag. 277  
Rhodes taken by Cassius. pag. 270  
Roman soldier killeth Pompey. pag. 122  
Roman Empire enlarged. pag. 131  
Romans use in subdued lands. pag. 5  
Roman discipline decayed. pag. 314  
Roman virtue showed in Messala. pag. 356   

S.  
SAburra killed by Sittius. pag. 206  
pag. Sabinus, appointed by Octavius, to punish malefactors.  
Sacrifice for the navy. pag. 337. 350  
Sacrifice to Venus and Mars. pag. 112  
Salerno taken. 27. Salapia burned. pag. 33  
Saluius the Tribune killed. pag. 238  
Saluidienus killed. pag. 337  
Sardinia taken with Menadorus. pag. 337  
Scapula burneth himself. pag. 133  
Scaurus bewrayeth Pompey. pag. 367  
Scava his valiantness. pag. 107  
Scipio killed. pag. 14  
Scrapion delivered by Antony to die to please Cleopatra. pag. 310  
Sextus cause of the burning of Perugia. pag. 392  
Sedition in Caesar's camp. pag. 100 126  
Sedition in octavius camp. pag. 313  
Sedition for debt. pag. 33  
Sedition for inhabitance. pag. 24  
Sedition for Amatius. pag. 106  
Sedition of the country men. pag. 20  
Senators and Gentlemen condemned by Sylla. pag. 57  
Senators and Gentlemen condemned by the three men. pag. 231  
Sertorius an other Hannibal. pag. 67  
Security given to Pompey's men. pag. 119  
Seregius escapeth. pag. 255  
Sepulchre of Pompey restored by Adrian. pag. 123  
Serpent born of a woman. pag. 50  
Shops shut up in Rome. pag. 314  
Sittius banished in his own country. pag. 257  
Sittius escapeth Rome, serveth well in Africa. pag. 261  
Soldiers perisheth with hasty drinking. pag. 356  
Solitary way disclosed by to much joy. pag. 286  
Soldiers practise friendship. pag. 334. 337  
Soothsayer of Tuscan killeth himself. pag. 230  
Spartacus rejecteth silver and gold. pag. 70  
Statius the Samnite killed. pag. 243  
Stratagem of Antony. pag. 207. 289  
Stratagem of Pomponius and Arnutius. pag. 255  
Syria under kings till Seleucus, Antiochu s last successor. pag. 261   

T.  
Table's delivered to Caesar of his death. pag. 140  
Taberius Caesar's secretary. pag. 167  
Tempest destroyeth octavius navy. pag. 347  
Temples dedicated to Caesar alone, and to him and clemency, hand in hand. pag. ●34  
Testament of Caesar published. pag. 15●  
Temple of revenge dedicated by Caesar at Alexandria, pulled down of the jews in ●raianes time. pag. 125  
Temple of Venus dedicated by Caesar with the Image of C●opatra. pag. 132  
Theatre put down by Scipio. pag. 1●  
Theodotus hanged by Cassius for being worker of Pompey's death. pag. ●35  
Thoranius being octavius tutor is condemned to death. pag. 235  
Three men's power hateful. pag. 276  
Title see upon Sylla his picture. pag. 58  
Titius unkind to S. Pompey. pag. 368  
Titinius killed himself. pag. 290  
Title and honours given to Octavius. pag.  
Token evil in Antony's camp. pag. 343  
Token unlucky to Octavius. pag. 290  
Trouble by naked men. pag. 356  
Tribuneship perpetual offered to Caesar. pag. 134  
Trebonius killed of Dolabella. pag. 180  
Triumphs four of Caesar. pag. 131  
Triumph of Lepidus. pag. 247  
Tributes upon the Grecians. pag. 308  
Tributes upon Asia pag. 308  
Tribunes aught to be considered pag. 15  
Tribunes killed. pag. 12  
Tumult at Rome. pag. 338  
Tumult at Alexandria. pag. 125  
Tumult of Soldiers in Sicily, in the which Ofilius was slain: pag. 303   

V  
VArinius Glaber, against Spariacus. pag. 69  
Varro escapeth. pag. 257  
Varus is killed. 245. Vatinius accused. pag. 80  
Venus, the word of Caesar. pag. 127  
Venus temple dedicated to Caesar. pag. 171  
Ventidius repressed the Parthians. pag. 337  
Venusians' rebel from the Romans. pag. 32  
Vestal virgins keep the laws of peace. pag. 340  
Vestines revolt. pag. 25  
Vesu●iu●s hill where Pliny perished, taken by Spartareus. pag. 58  
Vetius Cato overthroweth S. julius. pag. 26  
Virtue is not caught of the evil. pag. 300  
Ventidius escapeth. 256. Ventidius slain. pag. 261  
Viboneans exempt from bondage. pag. 227  
Victory of Caesar at Pharsalo. pag. 126  
Victory of Caesar in Spain, where he said he fought for his life. pag. 97. 133  
Victory at Alexandria. 125. Victory in Africa. pag. 129  
Victory of Pompey at Durazzo. pag. 103  
Victories of Sylla at Rome. pag. 36 55  
Victories of Octavius at Mutina. pag. 209  
Victories of Octavius and Antony. pag. 290. 300  
Victories of Cassius. pag. 213. 264. 269  
Victories of Brutus. pag. 214. 272 273  
Victory of Octavius by Agrippa. pag. 246  
Unskilfulness of Pompey. pag. 318. 355  
Victory of Brutus and Cas●ius by sea. pag. 202  
Victory of Octavius at Perugia. pag. 320  
Victory of sextus Pompey at Cuma, pag. 345. 346  
Victory of Octau●is. pag.  
Vitulinus dieth manfully. pag. 243  
V●l●sius fleeth to Pompey. pag. 253  
Vaginius escapeth. pag. 257  
V●ca forsaken and pardoned. pag. 130  
Vultures twelve to Octavius. pag. 224  
Unkindness of Antony to his wives. pag. 33  
Vria●, Antony taketh part of Octavius horsemen. pag. 334  
Vision of tautus. pag. 303   

W.  
waterless place of Sicily, called the flood of the fire. pag. 356  
Water infected, killeth Caesirs men. pag. 98  
Wife of Coponius saveth his husband by spilling herself. pag. ●52  
Want of Corn in Rome. pag. 322  
Watches first appointed in Rome. pag. 364  
Want of flood, forceth Pompey to yield. pag. 307  
Wolle eateth a man in Antony's tent. pag. 343   

X.  
Xanthus' divers times sacked in defence of their liberty. pag. 273   

Y.  
yearly offices appointed with a promise of ancient form of rule. pag. 364  
Year ordered by Caesar, according to the course of the Sun. pag. 164   

Z.  
Zygactes a flood, taking his name of the broken yoke of Pluto's Chariot. pag. 27  
Zeal of Country passeth all. pag. 332   
FINIS.   

The Table of the Continuation of the civil wars.  

A▪  
ACcusations between Octavius & Antony. pag. 381  
Age of Antony and Cleopatra. pag. 396  
Amuretes a Turkish monk. pag. 398  
Antony's footmen yield. pag. 380  
Antony in despair. pag. 380  
Antony followeth Timone trade. pag. 300  
Antonie ●eneweth his riot. pag. 300  
Antony wluppeth a messenger of Octa. Caesar. pag. 301  
Antony repulleth octavius horsemen. pag. 301  
Antonie ●he●reth h●s men. pag. 3●2  
Antony's ships forsake him. pag. 392  
Antony's horsemen forsake him. pag. 3●2  
Antony complaineth of Cleopatra. pag. 3●2  
Antony's grief. pag. 3●2  
Antony shyketh himself. pag. 393  
Antony hall dead, is haled into Cleopatra's sepulchre. pag. 3●2  
Antony's children. pag. 306  
Antony the c●tt●e of the alteration of the state of Rome. pag. 3●●  
Antony's pictures thrown down. pag. ●●●  
Antonies ●●●ld●en. pag. 3●●  
Antonie ●●●●eth 〈…〉. pag. A 1  
Antony's fortune is overcome of octavius fortune. pag. A 1  
Antony did better by his 〈…〉 then by ●●m●elle. pag. 3●1  
Antony omitteth a generals part. pag. 3●●  
Antony wcepeth. etc. pag. 3●6  
Antony doteth. pag. 381  
Antony forsaketh his namie. pag. 183  
Antony is hoisted into Cleopatra's sp●ppe. pag. ●●●  
Antony is pursued. pag. 38●  
Antony is buried princely. pag. 394  
Artillery of the Romans taken. pag. 344  
Aspis Serpent brought to Cleopatra among figs. pag. 596.  
Augustus what name. pag. 397   

B.  
Barley for food, a punishment. pag. 375  
Barley bread dear in the Romans camp. pag. 377  
Blame put to Antony if he should forsake Cleopatra. pag. 381  
Blame put to him because he did not forsake her. pag. 28.  
Birth day of Antony celebrated by Cleopatra. pag. 3●2   

C.  
CAnidius forsaketh Antony. pag. 384  
Canidius error. pag. 3●6  
Canidius in ●●n●ed by Antony. pag. 3●6  
Caesar granteth all things to Cleopatra. pag. 3●5  
Change of M●●●age. pag. 397  
〈…〉 called Imper●t●r. pag. 3●8  
Cleopatra 〈…〉 for po●ion. pag. 3●0  
Cleopatra celebrateth his birth day. pag. 3●1  
Cleopatra in insp●tion. pag. 3●●  
Cleopatra w●ndeth the valiant soldiers. pag. ●●●  
Cleopatra fleeth 〈…〉 Antony. pag. ●●●  
Cleopatra celebrateth Antony's special. pag. ●●●  
Cleopatra deceiveth C●sar. pag. ●●●  
Cleopatran last request to Caesar. pag. ●●●  
Cleopatra found 〈…〉 upon a bed of gold. pag. ●●●  
Cleopatra beateth one of his treasourers. pag. ●●●  
Cleopatra fleeth. pag. 387  
Cleopatra would have killed herself. pag. 394  
Cleopatra would pine herself to death. pag. 304  
Cleopatra dieth like a Queen and is royally buried. pag. 304  
Countries confederate. pag. 386  
Combat challenged by Antony. pag. 385  
Crassus goeth to war against order. pag. 372  
Craft of the Parthians. pag. 375  
Craft of Cleopatra. pag. 381  
Cruelty of Antony. pag. 374   

D.  
DAnger of Antony. pag. 380  
Death of Cleopatra● pag. 396  
Death of Antony. pag. 392  
Death of Heros. pag. 392  
Death of Carmium. pag. 396  
Death of Iris. pag. 396  
Death of Caesarion. pag. 396  
Decree of honours at Athens for Cleopatra. pag. 382  
Despair of Antony. pag. 380  
Determination of war against the Parthians. pag. 371  
Diversity of fight. pag. 387  
Devise of Cleopatra to keep her from invasion. pag. 399  
Doting of Antony. pag. 381  
Doubt of Antony. pag. 372  
Doubt of Octavius. pag. 383   

E.  
Emperor what name. pag. 398  
Emperors of Antony's issue. pag. 307  
Envy eschewed. pag. 398  
Error acknowledged. pag. 379  
Evil news one after an other. pag. 390  
Euphronius is sent to Octanius. pag. 300  
Euricles persueth Antony. pag. 383  
Exaction of money. pag. 388  
Execration against Crassus. pag. 372   

F.  
Fair figs deceiveth the guard. pag. 395  
Fear of Antony's fury is fled by Cleopatra. pag. 393  
Fear of Antony. pag. 379  
Feasts of the dying fort. pag. 300  
Fight by sea. pag. 387  
Folly in Antony. pag. 383  
Fondness of Antony. pag. 380  
Frenzy in the Romans camp. pag. 377  
Fury of Antony.▪ pag. 391   

G.  
Guard deceived. pag. 305  
German Emperors. pag. 3●8  
Geminius blamed for truth. pag. 384  
Geminius is sent from Rome to Antony. pag. 384  
Generals part omitted by Antony. pag. 375  
Gifts of Antony. pag. 370  
Gifts of Cleopatra. pag. 3●1  
Good counsel not accepted of Antony. pag. 386  
Good offer refused. pag. 373  
Greek Emperors. pag. 398  
Grief of Antony. pag. 392  
Grace comely in the wasted corpse of Cleopatra. pag. 394.   

H.▪  
HAte hindereth. pag. 374  
Heros Antony's man killeth himself. pag. 3●2  
Herbs venomous. pag. 3●●  
Herode king of jury forsaketh Antony. pag. 390  
Horsemen forsake Antony. pag. 3●2  
Horsemen repulsed. pag. 391   

I  
Janus temple shut for peace universal. pag. 3●●  
Iewes king, killed by Antony. pag. 3●4  
jealousy of Antony. pag. 3●2  
Imperator, how the name came. pag. 3●2  
Embassage sent to Antony from the people of Rome to leave Cleoparra. pag. 384  
Injuries done by Antony, revenged at last. pag. 367  
Iri● lieth dead by Cleopatra. pag. 360  
Isi●, name of a goddess given by Antony to Cleopatra. pag. 3●●  
just judgement of God, the punishment of Antony. pag. ●97   

L.  
LAmentation of Cleopatra. pag. 3●3  
Lamentation of Antony. pag. 377  
Last words of Antony. pag. 393  
Last words of Cleopatra. pag. 3●9  
Last request of Cleopatra. pag. 3●5  
Leave given by Antony for his men to shift for themselves. pag. 388  
Library of Pergamo. pag. 383  
Liberality of Antony. pag. 388  
Loss of the Romans. pag. 374  
Love, loss of all to Antony. pag. 373  
lovers mind, in an others body. pag. 381   

M.  
MAhu●netes taketh Constantinople. pag. 3●8  
Mardu● true to the Romans. pag. 2●8  
Men amazed at Antony's madness. pag. 389  
Moneses fleeth to Antony. pag. 373  
Modesty of Octavia. pag. 373  
Moneses used by Antony, as Themistocles by the Persian king. pag. 373  
Munificence of Antony. pag. 373   

N.  
NAnie of Antony at Ephesus. pag. 382  
Negligence of Antony. pag. 383  
Niger, messenger from Octania to Antony. pag. 381  
Nilus defended by Cleopatra. pag. 380  
Noise in Alexandria like to music in the night. pag. 392.  
Number of Antony's ships. pag. 384  
Number of Octavius ships. pag. 384  
Number of the Romans loss. pag. 380  
Number of the loss of Crassus. pag. 372   

O.  
octavius bestoweth Cleopatra's children, one of Antony's sons in great favour with Octavius. pag. 3●6. 397  
Octavius is forbidden to come to Antony. pag. 381  
Octavius is put out of Antony's house. pag. 383  
Octavius v●epeth for Antony. pag. 3●●  
Octavius honoureth Arrive a Philosopher. pag. 394  
Octavius ruleth alone. pag. 398  
Octavius seeketh occasion against Antony. pag. 380  
Octavius provoketh Antony. pag. 385  
Orodes king of Parthia, killed by his son. pag. 373   

P.  
PAstime out of tyme. pag. 382  
Phraata city belieged. pag. 374  
Pictures of Cleopatra saved. pag. 3●6  
Plenty sudden, cause of snif●●te. pag. 380  
Plays exhibited to Antony & Cleopatra. pag. 382  
Plague upon Antony. pag. 367  
Pompey a please wife. pag. 372  
Policy of the Romans. pag. 377  
Progresie of Antony and Cleopatra. pag. 382  
Player of Antony. pag. 377  
Prounces given to Cleopatra. pag. 374   

R.  
Requests of Cleopatra and Antony. pag. 300  
Recorders part played by Antony. pag. 382  
Rewards of Cleopatra pag. 380  
Renewing of ●●ot by Antony. pag. 300  
revengement of Antony. pag. 307  
Romans fleeth from Antony. pag. 384  
Romans great lo●●e. pag. 380  
Romans praised of the Parthians. pag. 37●  
Rude dealing of Antony. pag. 3●●  
Ruin of Antony. pag. 388   

S.  
SEpulchre of Cleopatra. pag. 301  
second challenge of Antony against Octavius. pag. 301.  
Scornful message of Antony. pag. 301  
Sight pitiful. pag. 393  
Science of Antony. pag. 388  
Slackness of Antony. pag. 383  
Soldiers good opinion of Antony. pag. 289  
Soldiers great love to Antony. pag. 377  
Son●● sayer warneth Antony. pag. 371  
Suspicion against Cleopatra. pag. 391   

T.  
TAti●nus killed. pag. 374  
Testament of Antony. pag. 383  
Timo●es Tabernacle. pag. 390  
Tunon of Athens, who for his inhumanity was called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 an hater of men, and he made this epitaph of himself: After a poor and wretched life, so here in grave like, Ask not my name, and so the Gods, O reader, thee destroy. pag. 300  
Token to Octavius. pag. 387  
Tokens of the coming of Christ. pag. 3●0  
Tokens to Crassus. pag. 372  
Treasure of antony spoiled. pag. 379  
Triumph of the king of 〈…〉. pag. 380  
Triumph displeasant. pag. 380  
Trust faileth in adversity. pag. 38●   

V  
Vain love. pag. 373  
Vanity of Antony. pag. 374  
Ventidius is sent by Antony to triumph at Rome. pag. 373  
Ventidius plagueth the Parthians. pag. 373  
Victory of Octavius Caesar by sea against Antony. pag. 380  
Victory of small importance. pag. 375. 380   

W.  
WAnt in the Romans Camp. pag. 377  
Water salt hurtful. pag. 377  
War proclaimed. pag. 384  
Want of Octavius. pag. 383  
Warning would not serve Antony at none of his friends. pag. 383. 385  
Wine remedy against melancholy. pag. 377  
Words of Antony at his death. pag. 393  
Woeful end of Antony. pag. 393  
Woeful end of Crassus. pag. 372  
Words of Cleopatra. pag. 3●5   

X.  
Xenophon his army of ten thousand, often remembered of Antony, by an acclamation after ●●●● sort, O the ten thousand, because with them only Xenophon passed without hurt, as long a vyay as the Romans went. pag. 378   
FINIS.   

Faults escaped in the printing of the Books of Civil wars.  
Page. Line. Fault. Correction. 1 18 (for should (read shall 3 35 Liabia ●●by● 4 1 Duke of Loma guife of jonia 4 ult. Colligant Colligavit 5 20 of that of them that 12 13 Paperius Papirius 16 33 pastune pasture 25 25 Hirsians Hirpians 29 17 Falernio Falerno 32 16 Ca●ne Can 38 21 Cithegus Cethegus 50 17 means malice 54 14 wars ways 69 ult. Garinus Garganus 70 ● birds burdens 73 20 Catiline Catiline 83 35 that Milo Milo that 85 26. 28. 29 Ptotolomie Ptolemy 95 3 Dirrachium Dyrrachium 97 2 Sypris Sycoris 100 22 that any that only 102 14 mnaly manly 103 1 Baron Barn 107 34 of viii C. saving. 800. 110 1 Vetona Velona 114 7 slingers slingers 115 18 forty 400. 115 27 so see 126 9 Methridates. Mithridates' 128 33 which with 129 5 Corta Clita 140 17 came coming 161 2 40 400. ibid. ● horse holy ibid. 18 Titurus Titureius 167 14 Phaberius Taberius 172 33 These words, but as a successor of his tyranny, must be read in the text. after this word (think)  174  the thy 175 1 striker strikers 178 1 heart haste 210 3 hest hurt ibid. 22 foving following 213 30 Crassus Crispus 223 19 Cornurus himself Cornutus ●i●●eth himself 232 33 leave out all the line  248 27 for or for 27● 2● Ciceronians Cizicenians 285 7 Chaldeans Calcidonians ibid. 15 of Saporea for Saporea 289 3 of with ibid. 21 Case Thaese 290 9 flock flank 292 17 legates legion 294 21 yet after 296 11 Achis Achaia ibid. ult. generals General 30● 1● nave none 307 30 Pergamon Pergamo 309 8 add this, other Tributes were commanded to Kings & Princes & free Cities, according to every one's ability  ibid. 25 Galace Galaceans ibid. 22 Paleshia Palestina ibid. 31 Sinna Sicinna 315 17 add this, that the consuls should rule after the ancient manner, without any let of the three men.  324 2 envies enemies 326 4 and state estate 339 21 Bithinus Bithinicus 341 15 wife ncese 343 11 Menedorus his Menedorus as one ruling his 358 2 cingle circle 359 10 add but Pompey's part was sad 380 19 flight sleight 378 14 Antioch Antioch 379 ult. of that 382 1 sent lent ibid. 38 as all   

❧ The second part of Appian of Alexandrîa.  
Wherein be contained so many of the Romans expeditions against foreign Nations, as have been defended from the spoil of War, o● the decay of time, and been brought into light and come to our hands.  
That is to say:  

1 Against Mithridates' King of Pontus, with his miserable end.  
2 Against the Hiberians, now called Spaniards, and among many notable things, the pitiful overthrow of the City of Numantia.  
3 Against the Carthagies, with the lamentable destruction of that City.  
4 Against Antiochus the Great, who after many losses, made a dishonourable peace.  
5 Against the Parthians, where Crassus was slain, and Antony foiled.  
6 Against the Illyrians, of whose Conquest Octavius Caesar glorieth.  
7 A fragment of the war with the French, with whom julius Caesar fought ten years together, and triumphed of them.   
Translated into English by W: B. Imprinted at London by Ralph Newberie and Henry Bynniman.  
Anno. 1578.   

¶ TO THE RIGHT Honourable, his singular good Master, Sir Christopher Hatton, Knight, captain of the Queen's majesties Guard, Vizchamberlaine to her Highness, and one of her majesties most honourable privy Counsel.  
THe first translator of this Author into Latin, did make his dedication to two sundry Princes: but we have thought good to make your Honour the whole patron of our english Appian, as wholly as we could set him forth.  
In the former part he showed to your Honour, the conquests that the Romans made, one of another. In this part he showeth the conquests that they made of other nations: wherein they went so far, that at last they fallen down, being overpreste with their own weight. To these two kinds of conquests, a third is to be added, when a man conquereth himself, as Alexander did in containing from Darius most fair wife and daughters, and Caesar, in sparing to punish his greatest enemies. To whom Cicero say de, that in other victories, fortune, policy, and soldiers, might claim a part, but in this, he alone should have all the glory. And when Darius died, and was helped thereto, by Polycrates, he said, for thy pains Alexander shall give thee thanks, but the Gods immortal, shall give Alexander thanks, for his magnanimity showed to my mother, wife and children. By such manner of conquest, your honour shall attain to most sure triumph, the guide of whose Chariot, shall be Grace given from above, that shall never fail you. How worthy this author is to be read in 
Stephanus in his Greek addition to the Greek Preface.  these matters, his testimony may be enough to prove, that wisheth him to be read in the same, afore all other. Then may it please your Honour to accept him at the hands of your most humble servant, that continually prayeth for your increase of fame and honour, to the service of your Prince, and the glory of God.  
Your honours most bound servant: H. BYNNIMAN.   

 coat of arms or blazon   

¶ The Authors Preface to the books of the Roman wars, with foreign Nations.  
BEginning to writ the History of the Romans, I have thought it necessary to declare first, the borders of the nations that the Romans ruled. In the main Sea, the most part of the Britons is there's. And going to the sea, by the pillars of Hercules, and sailing about these pillars, they be 
These pillars or hylls of Hercules be in the straights of Gades, beyond the which it was though no man could go. Moors inhabit Ma●●●●●ni● west ward. ●●bi●, otherwise called Africa, is the third part of the world, divided from Asia by the flood Nilus, and from Europa, by the sea, that is called Med●▪ ●●rrancum. Nomades were they that alwai followed their flocks, and changed their places of past●re There be two shallow seas called Syrtes. Marmaridans be those people of Africa, among which be they that be called Psilli, whose spittle killeth serpents, as Cato proved when he went against Iub●. The holloyve part of Syri● is called Calosyri●. P●lusium is the furthest City of the coasts of Egypt. Palmyra is a free City in the confines of the Rom●●● and Parthian kingdoms.  Lords of all the islands, and the firm land, that is inhabited alongst the sea.  
The first on the right hand of that sea, be the Marousians, the other be the nations of the Lybians as far as Carthage, beyond whom be the Nomadians, whom the Romans call Numidians, and the Country Numidia. The other Lybians do inhabit about the shallow seas, to Cyrene. Then Cyrene, the Marmaridans and Ammonians, and they that devil at the lake of M●●ea, and the great city which Alexander bid build in Egypt, with Egypt itself, as far as a man may sail in Nilus to the east Ethiopians, and by sea, to Pelusio.  
Then turning the course to Syria and Palestina, and beyond them you go to part of the Arabians. The Phaenitians bordure upon the Pal●stines at the sea, and beyond the Phaenitians, the hollow part of Syria, unto the flood Euphrates. From the sea above the port Minaris, and the sands of Palmiria to Euphrates. They had the Cilicians of Syria, and the Cappadocians their neighbours, & part of Armenia, called Armenia the less. And all the nations about Euxinus Pontus, obeyed the Romans. And the Syrians and Cilicians that be toward the sea. The Armenians and Cappadocians inhabiting the nations of Pontus, & they of the middle land, which they call Armenia the great, of the which the Romans take 
Prop●tis is now called Marc d● San Georgio. Pamphilia is in Asia the less, named as some think, of the plenty of t●e●● Euxinus is the sea that beginneth at ●●sphor●● Trac●●s, and goeth east and not thee: it was first called. Axenu●, that was Inhospitalis, because the m●abi taunts did kill and eat the passengers: but after being mad● ci●●ll by the Grecians, it was called Euxinus  no tribute, but they receive kings by their appointment. From Cappadocia and Cilicia to jonia, is the great land like an Island which hath Pontus Euxinus and Propentis, and Hedesp●nt on the right hand, and the Aegaean, Pamphilian, and Egyptian sea on the left side, for they say it maketh almost an Island on both sides, and as men go to the Egyptian Sea, there be the Pamphilians, Lycians, and after them Car●a to jonia, and the Galatians, Bythinians, Mysians and Phrygians be above Euxinus. In the mid land, the Pisidians and Lydians. So many nations inhabit Cherronesus, of all the which the Romans have rule. On the other side of that sea, they govern the nations about Pontus and Mysia in Europa, and the Thracians that be about Euxinus. From jonia beginneth the Gulf of Aegeo, and the other from the sea of jonia, and the narrow sea of Sicily, and the Tuscan sea to the pillars of Hercules. So great is the length from jonio to the Ocean sea, and in that coast,, these be the Roman provinces. All Grecia, Thessalia, Masedonia, and all that join upon Thracia and Illyria, and the nations of Panno nia. Then Italy itself, the longest of them all, reaching from the Ionian, to the most part of the Tuscan sea, to the Celtians, 
Rbenus is the flood that divideth Germany from France. Iberia etc. now Spain.  which they call Galatians, and of the people of the Galls, some belong to this sea, and some to the north Ocean, and some at the river of Rene. And all Iberia and Celtiberia, that end in the west and north Ocean, and Hercules pillars. I will declare evidently of all these Nations, when I shall write of every Nation by itself.  
Now we have told with how great borders their Empire is compassed by sea. To him that will travail on the land, there is a part of Mauritania that goeth toward the west to the Aethiopians, than the other more desert, and wild part of Lybia, to the east Aethiopians: This is the bordure of the Romans in Lybia.  
Of Asia, the flood Euphrates, and the hill Caucasus, and the 
Euphrates is a flood of Meso● potam●●. Caucasus an hy● dunding I●di● from Scythi●.  kingdom of Armenia the great, and the Colchians that be about the Sea of Euxinus, and the rest of that sea. In Europa two floods Renus and Hister doth chief divide the Roman Kingdom. Of these, Renus runneth to the north Ocean, and Hister into Euxinus 
●●ster, is the s●●e flood in ●llyria, that Da. 〈…〉 in G●r many the greatest flood in Europe. Dae●● now Vallichia, the people were called Da●● or D●●a ioyving to the G●●t●● of whom the A●b●●a●s take their name's o● i●●u●unts in C●●●d●● as Da●us, ●●t●. Cy●la●e●. be the ●les in the A●ge●● Sea. S●o●ade▪ be ●●es about Creta in the Carp●●●i●● Sea. Echi●●●●es, be big Isles next to Aca●●i●. Tyr●●nide● be the lands in the Tuscan● Sea. Myr●o●n sea, is part of the Aeg●●●se●. 〈…〉 now England so great as t●seemeth a moyne land. A●●stacrasia is a rule of the best sort of men. C. Caesar. King's Emperors. Emperor's he that is general of an army.  Pontus. And in some place they go beyond, and rule the nations that be beyond Rene, and the Getes that be beyond Hister, whom they call Dacies. These be their bounds by land, as near as I could gather. All the Islands that be in the Sea, Cyclades, Sporades, H●ades, Echi●ades, and Tyrrenides, & M●esia, or whatsoever other name they have, about Libya, jonia, Egypt, My●ro, or Sicily, or what otherwise they be called in the Sea: All these be subject to the Romans, and they that for their excellency, be named of the Romans great islands, as Cyprus, Creta, rhodes, Lesbus, Euboic, Sicily, Sardus, and Cyrnas, and whatsoever other else. Then passing the north O●ae●●, into y● I'll of Britain, which for that greatness may some an other continent, they have the best part of it, more than half, the rest they pass not of. For that part which they have, is not fruitful to them. As great as all these nations be, was that greatest labour to them to conquer Italy, which they could hardly do after. 500 years, half of that time being under kings.  
But when they had e●p●●sed their kings and sworn that they would no more receive them, they used the rule of the best mean, and had them yearly choose two hundred years after the u C. Their Empire waxed most great, and they were Lords of ●●●nite for rain power, and subdued the most nations. Then Caius Caesar getting the upper hand, made it a sure state, he kept still the form and name of a Common wealth, but made himself a Monarchy over all, and so the rule hath continued in one to this day, whom they call not kings, as I think to a●o●●e their old oath, but name them Emperors, which is the title of them that rule armies for a time: but in all purposes they be kings. And Emperors have continued to this time about two hundred years more, in the which the City hath been chief be●tisied, and the revenue most increased, & all things being in long and sure peace, brought to perfect felicity. For the Emperors have made some of these to be of their dominion by force, and have held in, them that reuolte●. Therefore by good skill they had rather keep that be most profitable about the Sea, and increase them, than to extend their dominson to barbarous nations, poor, & unprofitable of whom I have seen Ambassadors come to Rome, to yield themselves subject, and not received of the Emperor, as unprofitable to him. To other many nations they appoint Kings, because the Empires had no need of them, some subjects must be kept, for a shame to forsake them, though they be poor. Great armies be in every place, as in a circle, by the which they keep so great land and sea, as one place. There was never Monarchy that was so great, or continued so long.  
The state of Grecia, if a man will begin from the tune of Darius' army, in the which they most flourished, unto the time of Phill●●, Amyntas son, though he put together the power of the Athonians, 
Grecia. Darius' the first king of Persia, that had Cyru●▪ daughter to wi●●.  Lacedæmonians, and Thebans, shall not appear so mighty a thing, for they contended rather for dignity among themselves, than to get dominion, and thought no matter so noble, as to maintain their liberty against strange kings that molested them. If some of them sailed as far as Sicel●● in hope of rule, they were overthrown. If any went into Asia, they did little there, and returned. And to conclude, the power of the Grecians, though 
The Athenians wer● overthrown in Italy.  it were ●ōtētions for the rule, it proceeded not surely out of Grecia, but showed they would keep it from servitude, & unconquerable as much as they could; but after Philip & Alexander, I think they have done very evil, & unworthy themselves. The Empire of 
The power of Grecia.  Asia, is not to be compared to the lest of the feats and virtue of Europe, for the weakness & faintness of their nations, the which 
The rule of Asia.  this present writing shall declare; for the Romans with a few battles got so many nations of Asia, as now they command, although they were defended by the M●ced●nians; but they had great 
Europe.  labour about Europe & Libya; the dominion of the Assyrians, Medians, & Persians', three of the greatest powers, till Alexander, Philip's son, though he reckon y●. C. years that they continued, can not compare with the Roman Empire as it is now, and the greatness of 
Asia.  their Empire, is less by half I think, if it be well considered, for the Romans reach from the West Ocean, to the hill Caucasus, & the flood Euphr●●●s, and to the Aeth●●pians that be about Egypt and Arabia, to the East Ocean. And their bounds is, the Ocean of the sun rising and setting. They rule all the inward sea, all the islands, and the Brettanes that be in the Ocean.  
The Medians and the Persians', when they had most of the sea, 
Pers●c●● Si●s from the east hath the read sea and from the west Arabia.  it was no further than the Gulf of Pamphilia, and one Isle of Cypress, or berry little of the Ionian sea, for the sea of Persis which they had, was no great matter.  
The Macedonians before Philippe, had very little power, and 
Macedonia. Philip.  to some they were subjects. The labour and travail of Philippe, is not to be accounted light, but it was only about Grecia, and one region.  
Under Alexander, for the greatness, multitude, felicity, and spéedynesse, this dominion in a short space, become infinite, and incomparable, but because of the short time, it was like a bright 
Alexander.  lightning. The which being divided into many Provinces, part of them continued noble a good while. But our kings only did maintain two hundred thousand footeinen, forty thousand 
The power of the kings of Egypt.  horsemen, three hundred Elephants used to the war, two thousand armed Chariots, and so much armour as would serve three hundred thousand. Besides this provision for the land, they had two thousand of the small vessels, and of galleys little and great a thousand five hundredth, with double furniture: eight hundred ships of show, which they used for pomp, with stems, and sternes of gold, seven hundred and forty talents of Egypt, in their treasure, all the which appeareth by the Prince's records, which be yet extant.  
The second king of Egypt, after Alexander, who of all other, was most able to spend, most bountiful to bestow, & most desirous to get, left this behind him: Other Princes were not 
〈◊〉 Lagus, was the mightiest after Alexander.  much inferior, but by mutual discord of their posterity, which is the only destruction of great kingdoms, they came to nothing.  
But the Roman Empire passed for greatness and felicity, for continuance, and wisdom in the Senate, neither wanted they 
At 〈◊〉. At the lake of 〈◊〉. All Can now 〈◊〉.  manhood, nor patience, nor painfulness, till they had established their power, nor gave place to misfortune: they lost sometime twenty thousand, sometime forty and fifty thousand at a battle▪ diverse times the City was in danger by famine, pestilence and sedition. Yet all this would not abate their ambition, by the space of seven hundred years, striving with pain and peril, till they brought their dominion, (keeping stil●one ●rade▪) to this height, as they receive most ample fruits of their wisdom and happiness.  
These things many Grecians and Romans have put in writing, and the History is far exceeding the Macedonians: and where as I have considered their valiantness, and would see it in every nation, my pen hath carried me, from Lybia to Vberia, & from Iberia into Sicily or Macedon, or to embassages, & confederacies of sundry nations, and then brought me again as a forced man to Sicily and to Carthage, and eftsoons carried me away from these unperfect, till I had gathered by parts, how of tthey sent ambassadors or armies into Si●ily, and what they did in that Island, till they had conquered it. Then how many ambassages, how many leagues were made between them, what overthrows on both sides were given, till Carthage was overcome, and Africa made a province, and then Carthage restored again, to the state that it is now. I have done the like in every province, because I would know, what the Romans did every where, that I might see the manhood or faintness of all nations, and the virtue and fortune of them that conquered, and whatsoever other matter chanced. Thinking this would be acceptable to other also, to understand the Romans acts, after this sort, I have written of every nation by itself, leaving to writ what was done in the mean time of other, placing them severally.  
To set the times to every thing I thought it too much, the most notable, I will express by their distance of time.  
At the first the Romans had one name, as all other: after 
The Romans have diverse names.  came another, and at length, the third also was added to some of them, to be known by some mark of body or virtue of mind, as the Grecians had surnames joined to their names. Some time I will put all, chief of the noble men, that they may be the better 
The division of the works.  known, the most I will name by the one or the other, as shall be most fit. And where there be three books that declare the Romans doings in Italy, I call them three, the Romans acts with the Italians, and for the multitude of matter, are thus divided. The first, containeth the reigns of the seven kings, therefore I call them, The History of the Roman Kings.  
Then followeth the Book of matters done in Italy, beside them that devil in the coast of jonia, the which Book for a difference is called, The Romans war after the Kings. The last of all in that land were the Samnites, next the Ionian sea, a nation most fierce and warlike fight with the Romans fourscore 
Samnites, now Abruzo, part of the Kingdom of Naples.  years, till they and the Grecians their fellows that inhabit Italy, were subdued; and this book, for the difference from the other two, is called, The Romans wars with the Samnites. All the other have their several titles, as, The Romans war with the Galls, the Sicilians, the Iberians, with Hannibal, with Carthage, with Macedonia, and so forth. The order of the which, is after the order of the time in the which they were done, though that many other things happened by the way.  
The civil seditions and war among themselves most horrible of all the rest, shall be declared by their names that were chief doers of the same, as Marius and Sylla, Pompey and Caesar, Antony and Caesar Augustus, and the killers of Caesar the elder.  
Then shall be showed of Antony and Caesar, which made an end of civil war, when Egypt came under the Romans dominion. So all the wars are divided into books of their nation, or to the names of the Captains, if they be civil.  
The last book shall declare what armies they have, what revenue they take of every Nation▪ what charges they be at with their ordinary garrisons by sea, and such other. And seeing I shall wright of their virtue, it shall be fit to begin of their original. Who I am that have written these things, many know, & I have showed it before, and to tell it more plainly▪ I am of Alexandria, accepted in my Country, and exercised at 
Appian a co●n●ellou● to the Emperors in 〈◊〉 causes.  Rome in causes of Justice, touching the Emperors, till it pleased them to think in worthy their service. He that will know the rest, may learn it of the Books that I have written.   


¶ The Romans war with Mithridates' King of Pontus: by Appian of Alexandria.  
WHen the Romans had overcome Mithridates the King, after. xl●j. years war, they made Bithynia, Cappadocia, and other nations, bordering upon than, inhabiting the sea called ●●xinu●, subject unto them. And in the same war they won of Cilicia, those that were not yet of their obedience, and of Syria, Phoenitia, & Coelosiria, and Palestina, 
C●●le is one of the parts of Syria, the which is hollow, for so signifieth the word.  and the mid land, to the flood Euphrates, not being under Mithridates, but by the violence of that victory. And to some they put tributes by and by, & to some afterward. Paphlagonia, & Galatia, and Phrygia, and Mysia, joining to Phrygia, and after them Lydia, and Caria, and jonia, and all the rest of Asia, that is about Pergamo, and old Grecia, and Macedonia, which Mithridates had got, they recovered soon again: and to many of them appointed tributes, that never had paid any. For that which I think they call this chief the great war, and the victory of it also great, and the Captain of it that was Pompey in their proper language they name great to this day: for the number of the nations that they took or recovered, and the long time of forty years, and the boldness and paynesulnesse of Mithridates, mighty (as appeared) at all assays. He had above four hundredth Ships of his own. He had fifty thousand Horsemen, and two hundred and fifty thousand footmen, engines, and munition accordingly. Kings and Princes were his confederates. The Armenian, the Scythian, and Pontus, and the fen of M●otis, and from thence to the straits of Thracius He sent to the Roman 
〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 now the st● eightes of 〈◊〉.  Captains that were at war together, and to stir Spain against them, he made amity with the French to move against Italy. He filled the Sea with Pirates from Cilicia, to the pillars of Hercules, which made, that no traffic nor sailing could be from one City to another, and wrought a great famine in every place. And generally, he left nothing undene or undeutied that could be done, to stir up the greatest motion among all men, from the East to the West. For either they made war, or sent aid, or rob or vexed their neighbours. This war was variable, and in the end brought the Romans to greatest dominions, for by this, their rule stretched from the West, to the flood Euphrates. It was not easy for me to divide it by several nations, being done together, and one wrapped with another. Those that could be separated, be told particularly. The Greeks think, that the Thracians did serve at Troy under Rhesus, and that Rhesus was killed by Diomedes in the night, the which matter, 
Rhesus King of Thracia. 10. Iliad.  Homer telleth in his Verses, and that they fled to the month of Pontus, which is most straight to sail into Thracia, and that they that wanted Ships, did remain there, and took the land named 
Bebrycia in Asia the less.  Bebrycia. They that had ships, went beyond Byzance, to that part of Thracia called Bithynia, and did inhabit at the flood Bithia, and being driven by famine, returned to Bebricia, and named 
Byzantium is now Constant tinople.  it Bithynia in stead of Bebricia, of the flood at the whichen they dwelled, and so the name not unlike in time to be changed, because there is not much difference between Bebricia and Bithynia. So do some think. Other suppose that Bythis the son of jupiter 
Some call her Seta, that was sister to Rhesus.  and Thrace, did first reign here, and so the name was given to both the lands. This I thought good to show first of Bithiania. Of the Kings that were before the Romans, in number nine and forty in order, it is meet for me to make some mention in these matters of the Romans, Prusias that was called the hunter, married 
Prusias Cyrigus.  the daughter of Perseus' King of Macedon, and the Romans and Perseus making war not long after, Prusias stood as neuter.  
Perseus' being overcome, he met with the Roman Captains, wearing a Roman garment called Toga, and having shoes after 
The Romans were called Tog●●, and the Greeks 〈…〉  the Italian manner, and his head shaven, with a cap, after the which manner they go which be made free by testament, being an evil favoured man to behold, and a little short one. Meeting with them, he spoke in the Roman tongue, I am a freemade man of the Romans, which they call Libertus. He appearing a sight 
The behaviour of Prusias disguised. Libertus that of a servant is made free.  to be laughed at, was sent to Rome, where being laughed at also, he had pardon. Not long after, vexing Attalus the King of Asia that is about Pergamo, he wasted his land in Asia. Which when the Senate of Rome herded, they sent to Prusas', that he should not molest Attalus, a friend and confederate to the Romans. And when he thought much to obey, the Ambassadors sharply commanded him to obey the Senate, and to come with a thousand Horsemen to the confines to decide the matter, and willed Attalus to be there with as many.  
He despising the small number that was with Attalus, and thinking he might entrap him, sent his Ambassadors afore, as though he would follow with his thousand 
The crafty a●● of Prusias.  horse, but bringing all his army, went as to a battle. When Attalus and the Ambassadors heard of it, they fled, every man where he could. He took the carriage of the Romans, and destroyed the town of Nicephor●, and burned the Ships that were there, and besieged Attalus in Pergamo.  
When the Romans herded of this, they sent other Ambassadors, who commanded Prusias to restore Attalus his losses. Then Prusias was afraid, and obeyed, and went his way. The pain that they put upon him, was this, that he should presently give him twenty armed ships, and in time, fifty talentes. The ships he gave out of hand, the talentes he 
Prusias is forced to recompense Attalus.  paid in time. He was hated of his subjects for his cruelty, and his son Nicomedes well beloved of the Bithinians. Wherefore Prusias suspecting him, sent him to live at Rome. And understanding that he was well beloved there, he wylled him to obtain 
Prusias practiseth to kill his son Nicomedes  of the Senate, a release of the money he aught to Attalus, and sent Mena to deal with him, and commanded Mena that if he could get him discharged of the money, he should spare Nicomedes, but if he could not, he should kill him. He sent to this purpose certain great ships, and two thousand Souldyoures. Mena, because the penalty was not forgiven (for Attalus had sent Andronicus to tell, that the pain was less than the spoil,) neither dared hill the young man, whom he saw to be worthy to be loved and honoured, nor go again into Bythinia. The young man, knowing of his tarrying, came to talk with him with his good will, and conspired against Prusias, and took to their practice the Ambassador of Attalus, that he should persuade him to get Nicomedes to the Kingdom of Bythinia. They met together in Bernice, a little City of Epirus. In the night they went into a Ship, there they consulted what was to be done, and were secret all night. When day was come, Nicomedes came forth of the Ship, clad 
Nicomedes showeth himself as King.  with a King's rob of purple, with a crown on his head. Andronicus meeting with him, saluted him as King, and sent him forth with five hundredth soldiers, which he had ready. Mena dissembling, as though he had not seen Nicomedes till then, ran to the two thousand, as though he had been discontented. Being come to the talk, he said:  
You have two Kings, the one at home, the other going on. 
●●en● to the Souldyoures.  You must needs foresee safety, and conjecture your well doing, as in this, to establish you security, by well appointing, which of the two you will have reign. The one is old, the other is young. The Bithinians hate the old, but they love the young: and the chief of the Romans love this young man: and Andronicus being his defendor, hath promised Attalus friendship, having a great Kingdom joining to Bithynia, and an old enemy of Prusias.  
When he had said thus, and withal declared the cruelty of Prusias, and what mischief he had done to all men, and the common hatred of the Bithinians against him, and perceived that they abhorred the wickedness of Prusias, he led them straight to Nicomedes, and was the second after Andronicus that called him King, and guarded him with two thousand. Attalus received the young man gladly, and required Prusias to give the young man some Cities to devil in, and lands to find him. He answered, he would shortly give him all Attalus Kingdom, for whose sake he had invaded Asia before. When he had said thus, he sent to Rome to accuse Attalus and Nicomedes, and to call them into judgement: but Attalus went with his army into Bithynia, to whom the Bithinians by little and little revolted. Prusias distrusting all men, and hoping that the Romans would deliver him from this danger, obtained five hundred Thracians of Diegelies his father in law, and to these only he committed his body, fleeing into the Castle at Nicaea, the Praetor of Rome not bringing Prusias 
Nicaea was first called 〈…〉 afterwards Nicaea, 〈…〉 wife.  messengers to the Senate speedily, because he favoured Attalus, but at last being brought, and the Senate commanding him to choose Ambassadors that might end the war, he chose three men, of the which one had his head strike with a stone, and 
Ambassadors to be laughed at.  had an evil favoured scar left: another had his feet festered with a sore: the third was counted an ydiot. In so much as Cato jesting at this Embassage, said, it had neither mind, feet, 
Cato.  nor head. The Ambassadors went into Bithynia, and commanded them to cease war. Nicomedes and Attalus dissembling to obey the Senate, the Bithinians being set on, said, they could not any longer bear the cruelty of Prusias, now especially that they were known to be against him. The Ambassadors because the Romans had not yet herded of this matter, departed, doing nothing. Prusias despairing of the Romans, in whom he had most trust, no help coming by them, he went to Nicomedia to get the 
Now Nich●●, and of sailors Comidia.  City, and to defend himself against his enemies, but they forsook him, and shut the gates against him: and Nicomedes came with his army, and certain of Nicomedes host being sent of him, killed Prusias, fléeing to the Temple of jupiter. Thus Nicomedes 
Prusias killed.  reigned in Bithynia for Prusias, and he in time ending his life, his son Nicomedes that was called Philopater▪ succéeded, the Romans▪ giving him his father's kingdom, by decree of Senate. Thus 
The Romans made heirs of Labi●●a by testament.  went the state of Bithynia, and if we will learn all, the nephew of this another Nicomedes, lest the Romans his heir by testament.  
Who ruled Cappadocia before the Macedonians, I can not well tell, whether they were under a King of their own, or under Darius. It should seem that Alexander left these nations tributary 
Arisus a fair town in the confines of Pa●phligon●a and Cappadocia.  to the rulers, when he went against Darius: and so it seemeth that Amisus, a City of the Athenian kind, did bring in the people's rule, according to the countries manner. And it is said of Hieronimus, that he did not subdue all these Cities, but by the 
Hieronimus was an Historiewriter of Rhodes.  coast of Pamphilia and Cilitia, turn another way against Darius. Perdiccas that succéeded Alexander in Macedonia, did put to death Ariarathe, ruler of Cappadocia, either for that he revolted, or would have made it for the Macedonians, and appointed for these nations Eumenes of Cardia. When Eumenes was destroyed, being judged an enemy to the Macedonians, Antipater that after Perdiccas ruled the Countries that Alexander had got, sent Nicanor to rule Cappadocia. And the Macedonians not long after being at civil debate, Antigonus goat Syria, and expuised Laomedonta. Mithridates' being his familiar, and of the blood royal of Persia. Antigonus dreamt that he did sow the ground with gold, and that Mithridates did carry the gold to Pontus, when 
Dream of Antigonus.  it was reaped, wherefore he took him, and would have killed him, but he fled with sire Horse, and fenced a place in Cappadocia, many revolting to him.  
In this tumult of Macedon by little and little, he got Cappadocia, and the Nations confines to Pontus, and greatly enlarging his Realm, he left it to his Children. They reigned one after another, till the sirth after the first Mithridates, which made war with the Romans. Of this stock the Kings of Cappadocia and Pontus conuning, I think it to be known who divided the Kingdom, some reigning in Cappadocia, and some in Pontus.  
This Mithridates was first a friend to the Romans, and sent ships and some little help against the Carthaginiens, that was called Euergetes, which overran Cappadocia as a stranger. 
〈◊〉 beneficial.  And Mithridates his some succéeded, who was named Dionysius and Eupater. The Romans commanded him to give place in the Kingdom of Cappadocia and to Ariobarzanes, that sought to them, and thought himself to be nygher to that Kingdom, than Mithridates, or else because they suspected the Kingdom of Mithridates growing so great, and under the hand, would divide it into more parts, and he suffered it, but against Nicomedes, that was of Nicomedes Prusia his son, and by the Romans appointed to reign, as in his father's kingdom, he sent Socrates, brother to Nicomedes, that was called Chrestus, with an army, & Socrates took the kingdom 
Chrestus, good or profitable.  of Bythinia to himself. At this time, Mithrias and Bagoas, expuising Ariobarzanes whom the Romans had set in the kingdom of Cappadocia, put Ariarathes into it. The Romans did restore both Nicomedes and Ariobarzanes into their proper kingdoms, sending certain Ambassadors for that purpose, whereof Manius Acilius was chief: and commanded Lucius Cassius that had a little army in Pergamo in Asia, to help to it, and also Mithridates Eupator. But he being offended with the Romans for Cappadocia, and by them being put from Phrygia, as we have showed in the Greek matters, did not help. Cassius and Manius with that army they had, and gathering a greater of the Galatians and Phrygians, sent Nicomedes into Bythinia, and Ariobarzanes into Cappadocia, and persuaded them both, being neighbours to Mithridates, to molest his country, and provoke him to war, and the Romans would be their mayntayners in it.  
But both they alike affected, dared not provoke Mithridates fearing his mighty power. But the Ambassadors ●rgyng them, Nicomedes, that had promised to give the Ambassadors much money for his restitution, and to the Soldiers, which yet he aught, and being in debt further to the Romans for money lente him for his other matters, unwillingly he invaded Mithridates' land, spoiled as far as the City Amastris, none 
Amastris, the ch●ese c●●●e so ca●●ed of a woman of Persia, before being named C●●n●●●.  resisting him or meeting with him. For albeit Mithridates had his army ready, yet he refrained, to have the more and juster cause of war.  
When Nicomedes was returned home with a great pray, Mithridates' scent Pelopida to the Roman Captains and Ambassadors, not ignorant that they were his enemies and causes of this invasion, yet he dissembled, & sought more manifest causes of 
The Ambassador of Mithridates to the Romans.  the war to come. Pelopida told them that Phrygia was taken from them, and Cappadocia, that had always been his ancestors and left him of his father: Phrygia was given him of your general, as a reward for the victory got of Aristonico, & nevertheless redeemed of the same general with a great sum of money.  
Now you see (said he) that Nicomedes shutteth the mouth of Pontus, and spoileth his land as far as Amastris, and carried away so great a booty as your sel●e well know. My King, having power & will, sufficient to revenge▪ doth suffer that you may be witnesses of sight of his injuries. The which because you know and see, Mithridates desireth you, friends and confederates, as a friend and confederate, for so do the covenants term us, that you would help us against Nicomedes that doth us wrong, or forbidden him to do us any more. Thus said Pelopida.  
Nicomedes Ambassadors making answer to the contrary, 
Emba●●●dors of Nicomedes.  said, that Mithridates had long laid trains for Nicomedes, and sent Socrates with an army for that kingdom, which would have been quiet, and justly suffered his elder brother to reign. Thus did Mithridates against Nicomedes, whom you (O Romans) appointed King of Bithynia. Whereby it is manifest, that these things be done not more against us, then against you. By the like authority, it being commanded to the Kings of Asia, that 
〈…〉.  they should not meddle with Europe, he hath taken much of Cherronesus, and these be his a●es against you, of despite, disdain, and disobedience. His great preparation and so great furniture, as to a great and notable war, as well of his own army, as of confederates of ●●racia and Scythia, and other nigh nations. He hath married with the King of Armenia. He hath sent into Egypt and Syria, to allure those Kings. He hath three hundredth armed Ships, and is making more. He hath sent for masters and governors of Ships into Phen●●ia and Egypt. All this is not against Nicomedes, but against you (O R●manes) done by Mithridates, disderning ever since you have commanded him to leave Phrygia, as no right possession, which by decepte he bought for money of one of your Generals. Being grieved also that Cappadocia is given by you to Ari●barzanes, fearing your increase, and taking occasion against you by us, and if 〈…〉, to deceive you. It is wisdom not to tarry, till he conf〈…〉 make war against you, but rather to look to his acts than to his words, nor to be deceived with his counterfeit na●● of friendship, and to forsake your true and firm friends in deed, neither to see your judgement of our Kingdom to be despised of him that is an enemy both to us and you. This said Nicomedes Ambassadors.  
Pelopidas came again to the Romans audience, once more accusing Nicomedes of the things that were done of old, and prayed the Romans to be Judge. These things that now be done (said he) he hath done in your sight. Mithridates' Kingdom he hath diminished, the Sea he hath shut, spoils he hath carried away. This needeth no debating or consultation, but we once again pray you, either to correct that is done, or to help Mithridates do that, that hath suffered the wrong, or lastly (O Romans) not to forbid him to revenge himself, but let them two try it out. This answered Pelopidas.  
It was certain that the Romans favoured Nicomedes, and for a fashion herded their controversies: but somewhat they were moved at the words of Pelopidas. And because Mithridates was yet in league with the Romans, and stood in doubt what to answer presently, and having with wisdom considered the matter, they answered thus. Neither will we have Mithridates 
The Romans answer.  suffer any thing wrongfully of Nicomedes, neither suffer war to be made upon Nicomedes, for we think it not good for the Romans, that Nicomedes should be hurt. When they had thus said, and Pelopidas would have made answer to their sentence so doubtful, they went from the seat. When Mithridates saw that he was manifestly injured of the Romans, he sent his son Ariarathes with a great army, to reign in Cappadocia, and he expelled Ariobarzanes, and had the kingdom. Pelopidas coming again to the Roman officers, said thus:  
What Mithridates hath born at your hands (O Romans) being spoilt of Phrygia and Cappadocia, you have herded. What hurt Nicomedes hath done him, you see, & let it pass, we appealing to your amity and league. And as though we were the accusers, and not accused, you answer, that you think it not profitable for the Roman state, that Nicomedes should be hurt, as though he were injured. You (O Romans) are the cause that things be done in Cappadocia, against the state of Rome. For through your contempt of us, and your subtle answers, Mithridates hath done this, and now he sendeth Ambassadors against you to your Senate, to whom he sendeth you word to answer: and that you attempt nor begin any thing to kindle this war, without the common consent of the Romans. And that Mithridates hath in his father's kingdom containing in length twenty thousand furlongs, got many nations about him, Colchos a warlike nation, 
Eight of these furlongs maketh a mile.  and the Greeks that dwell at Pontus, and the Barbarians that be next them. He hath friends ready to do his commandment, Scythians, Taurians, Basternians, and Sarmatians, and all that be about Tanais, and Hister, and the fen of Maeotis▪ T●rbanes of Armenia 
Maeotis the great fen in Scyth●●.  is his son in law, and Arsaces' the Parthian his friend. He hath a navy of Ships, whereof some be ready, and some to be made▪ and a furniture convenient in all points. The Bithinians did not now say untruly to you, of the Kings of Egypt and Syria, who be like, not only to take our part, if war be made, but also Asia, that you have lately got. Grecia and Libya, and many nations of Italy, that can not bear your ambition, do make an endless war with you, which because you cannot cease, you set Nicomedes and Ariobarzanes upon Mithridates by turn. You say you are friends and confederates, and you answer so, but you use him as an enemy. Now then go to, if of things past you repent ye, either forbidd● Nicomedes to molest your friends, and if you do this, I promise' you that Mithridates shall aid you against the Italians, or break that feigned friendship▪ or let us go to be judged at Rome. This said Pelopida. And because it seemed too presumptuous▪ they commanded that Mithridates should not deal with Nicomedes, nor Cappadocia, and that they would set Ariobarzanes in his kingdom again, and that Pelopidas should departed from their Camp, and no more return as ambassador, except the King would stand to this order. Thus they answered▪ and sent him away with keepers▪ that he should corrupt none as he went. 
The Ambassadors make war without the consent of the Senate.   
When this was said, not tarrying the Senate's will for the war, or the people's consent, they gathered an army of Bithynia, and Cappadocia, and Paphlagonia, and Galatia in Asia. Their own army which Lucius Cassius had in Asia was ready, and all their confederates gathered together, which they divided into 
The Romans force.  divers Camps. Cassius in the midst of Bithynia and Galatia, Manius that way that by Bithynia was against Mithridates. Appius with another army at the hills of Cappadocia, hau●●g horse and footmen, to the number of forty thousand. They had a navy of Ships, which Minutius Rufus, and Caius Popilius governed, keeping the mouth of Pontus. Nicomedes came to them with fifty thousand footmen, and six thousand horsemen. So great an army had they ready. Mithridates had of his own two hundredth and fifty thousand footmen, forty thousand horsemen, 
Mithridates' forces.  three hundred armed ships, and a hundredth Galleys, with munition accordingly. His chief Captains were Neoptolemus, and Archelaus brethren, the greatest part he led himself. His son Arcadia's brought the aid of ten thousand horse out of Armenia the less. Do●●laus led than that were in order of the main footmen, and Craterus brought a hundred and thirty Chariots. So great provision was on both sides, when the Romans and Mithridates began the war, the CLXX. olympiad. In the large field at the flood Ammeum▪ did Mithridates and Nicomedes 
〈…〉 a flood.  Captains see one another, and prepared for the fight. Nicomedes ●et all in order, Neoptolemus & Archelaus the light harnesed only, and the horsemen that Arcathias brought, & some Chariots. The footmen were yet coming They sent a few to take a stonyhil that was in the plain, that they should not be compassed of the Bithinians which were the greater number. When they see them beaten from the hill, Neoptolemus fearing to be enclosed, came to the rescue with speed, calling with him Arcathia▪ Nicomedes seeing that, set upon them, and there was a great fight and slaughter. But Nicomedes 
The fight.  fiercely following, Mithridates' men fled, till Archelaus coming on the right side, did repulse the chacers. Then they coming all upon him, he gave place a little, that Neoptolemus & his might return from the flight. And when he see that to be done in deed, he set the armed Chariots upon the Bithinians, which with their violence, did tear some of them into two parts, & some into more. This act did much▪ discourage Nicomedes host, when they 〈…〉 en ●ut asunder yet breathing, or torn in many pieces, or violently carried of the Chariots. The unpleasantness of the sight, rather than loss by the fight, disordered their battle for fear. Upon them being thus broken, came Archelaus on the front, and Neoptolemus and Arcathias returning from the flight upon the back. They resisting on both sides, defended themselves a good while, but after many of them were slain, Nicomedes fled with the rest into Paphlagonia, the footmen of Mithridates, 
Nicomedes fleeth  not being at the fight. The Camp, and the money, and many prisoners were taken, all the which, Mithridates using gently, 
Mithridates useth courtesy.  gave them conduct money, and sent them home, making a show to his enemies of humanity. This first feat of the great war with Mithridates, afraid the Roman Captains, as begun rashly, without the common consent. For a few did overcome many, without any help of the place, or fortune of the fight, but by the virtue of the Captains, and valiantness of the Souldyoures. Nicomedes Camped by Manius. Mathridates went to the hill Scoroba, that is, the banks of Cappadocia and Pontus. His 
Scoraba.  scouts being a hundredth horsemen of the Sauromatanes, meeting with eight hundredth Horse of Nicomedes, took divers of them, whom Mithridates again suffered to go to their Country 
another courtesy of Mithridates.  with money for the way. Manius going back, Neoptolemus and Nemanes an Armenian meeting with him, about the town Pachius, constrained him to fight, Nicomedes being go to Cassius, 
Pachius a town at Proponsid.  having four thousand horsemen, and ten times so many footmen, of whom they killed ten thousand, and took three hundred prisoners, whom Mithridates being brought to him, did let go, to win the hearts of his enemies. Manius camp was taken, 
A third courtesy of Mithridates. The Romans discontented. Sangaris is otherwise called Corallus. Lentocephale.  he fled to the flood Sangaris, and passed over by night, and saved himself at Pergamo. Cassius and Nicomedes, and the Roman legates, set their Camp at Leontocephale, which is a very strong town in the further part of Phrigia, and trained the people that they had of new husbandmen or artificers, and joined more to them of the Phrygians. And when both these people were unwilling, they dared not meddle with men expert in battle, therefore they licensed them, and departed, Cassius into Apamed with his army, Nicomedes into Pergamo, and Manius to the Rhodes. They that kept the mouth of Pontus, hearing of this, forsook it, and the keys & ships that Nicomedes had in Pontus, were delivered to Mithridates. Thus he at one brunt, getting all Nicomedes land, went to it, 
Mithridates lieth in an harbour, where great Alexander once did lie.  and set order in the Cities. Going into Phrigia, and coming to an Inn where Alexander rested, he took it for a lucky token, that Mithridates might lie where Alexander had lodged. And he got the rest of Phrigia, and Misia, and Asia, that the Romans had lately won. And sending to the places there about, he got Lycia and Pamphilia, and so as far as jonia, and the Laodiceans that inhabit about the flood Lycus, and resisted, for Q. Opius a Roman Captain 
Lycus. Q. Opius.  having Horsemen and some footmen hired, got into the City & kept it. He sent his Trumpet to the walls, commanding him to say, that King Mithridates did give surety to the Laodiceans, if they would bring Opius to him. When they heard this Proclamation, 
Laodiceans betray Opius.  they let the hired Soldiers go freely, and brought Opius to Mithridates, with his mace-berers in scorn: and Mithridates 
Opius led prisoner.  did no hurt to him, but led him loose about with him, showing he had a Roman General in Captivity. Not long after, 
Manius is despited of Mithridates, and cruelly handled.  he took Manius Acilius, that was best of the Ambassadors, & chief cause of this war, and led him about, being set upon an Ass, and telling them that looked upon him, that he was Manius, till he came to Pergamo, where he put molten gold in his mouth, reproving the Romans for taking of gifts. Appointing rulers in the country, he came to Magnesia, Ephesus, and Mitelena, every one receiving him without resistance, and the Ephesians, throwing away the Images of the Romans that were there, for the which they were punished afterward. Going from jonia, he took Stratonicaea, and punished it in money, and set a garrison in the City, and seeing 
Mithridates taketh a wife at Stratonicaea. Monime is made a Queen.  a fair maid, he made her one of his wives, and if any man be desirous to know her name, it was Monime, the daughter of Philopaenos. The Magnesians, Paphlagonians, and Lycians, yet resisting, he overcame by his Captains. And thus did Mithridates.  
The Romans hearing of this first force, and invasion of Asia, determined war against him, although they were troubled with civil strife incessantly in the City, and Italy was occupied with great war at home almost in every place. The Consuls taking their charge, Asia fallen to Cornelius Sylla, and the war 
〈…〉 appointed to the room.  against Mithridates. And where they had no store of money, they enacted to cell the things, that Numa Pompilius the king had 
Want of treasure in Rome.  appointed for the Sacrifices of the God's. So great want was there then, & so great ambition. Some of these things were sold, whereof was raised ix thousand pound weight of gold, and gave no more to so great a war. But Sylla was long kept with sedition, as we have showed in the civil dissensions. In this mean time, Mithridates made many ships against the Rhodians 
Mithridates' decree of murder.  and written secretly to all Princes and rulers of Cities, that they should at the thirty day, being observed, kill all Romans and Italians, men, women and children that were free, and when they had killed them, to cast them out unburied, and to divide half their goods to the king Mithridates, and half to themselves. He appointed a pain to them that buried any or hid them, and a reward to them that bewrayed or killed them that were hid. To servants, liberty, to kill their Masters: to debtors, half their debt, to kill their creditors. These Mithridates sent secretly to all at once. The day being come, diverse calamities were seen in Asia, whereof these were some.  
The Ephesians dragged them that were fled into the Temple of Diana, and embraced the images, and killed them. The Pergamenians, shot them to death that were fled into the temple of Aesculapius, and would not be pulled from the images. 
Adramitte, a city of the coast of Mysia. Cruelty in Asia, against the Romans. C●●●us, now Ro●e, a town of Caria.  The Adramiteans killed them that swam into the Sea, and drowned their children. The Cauneans being made tributary to the Rhodians in the war of Antiochus, and restored by the Romans a little before, pulled the Italians out of their holy common place, whether they were fled, and first killed the children before the mother's faces, than the mothers, & last the fathers. The Trallians, to keep themselves from the infamy of murderers, hired Theophilus of Paphlagonia a cruel man, to do this act. And Theophilus killed them being shut in the temple of peace, & cut of the hands of some, that embraced the images there. The Italians and the Romans suffered these calamities in Asia, men, women, children, free & bond that were of the Italian generation. Wherein it was evident that Asia did not this so much for fear of Mithridates, 
The Romans hated.  as for hate of the Romans. But they suffered double punishment, Mithridates shortly after using them cruelly contrary to his faith, and after him, Cornelius Sylla.  
Mithridates' sailed to Coo, the Coanes receiving him willingly: 
Co▪ Island now Lo●go.  and he took the son of Alexander that reigned in Egypt, lest in County with much money of his grandmother Cleopatra, & brought him up princely. And of Cleopatra's treasure, he sent much riches, works, stones, women's array, and plenty of money into Pontus. In this time the Rhodians fortified their walls & their ports, & 
Of C●ri● and of ●yria.  prepared all defence, some Telmisians and Lycians being con●odered with them. All the Italians that fled out of Asia, came to the Rhodes, among whom was L. Cassius, the governor of Asia. Mithridates' coming thither, they pulled down their suburbs, that the enemy should take no profit by them, & prepared for the fight by sea, some at the front & some at the sides. Mithridates' coming with his galies, commanded his men to extend themselves into wings a float, 
The war of Muthridates against thee▪ Rhodes.  that by their swift rowing they might enclose their enemies which were fewer. The Rhodians being afraid of compassing, gave place a little, then turned & fled to their port, & shutting it with bars, they resisted Mithridates from the walls. He encamping at the City, & drawing nigh the port, & attempting the same, tarried for footmen to be brought out of Asia. And there was short and continual skirmishing with them at the walls, in the which the Rhodians having the better, were a little encouraged; and had their ships at hand to encounter the enemy when occasion should serve. A great ship of the kings passed under sail, the Rhodians sent a little galie against it, and either side helping other diligently, a great fight began on the sea, Mithridates being superior in anger of mind, & multitude of ships, the Rhodians with art setting upon his navy, & disordering them so, as they took one galie with the men, & much munition & spoil, & brought her into the haven: and being ignorant that a great Galie of there's was taken of the enemy, they sent uj of their swiftest to recover her, & Damagoras their admiral went with them. Mithridates sent xxv after him, who gave place till it was night. Waxing dark, the king's ships returned, and he set upon them and took two, and chased other two into Lycia, and returned by night. This was the end of the fight between Mithridates and the Rhodians, done against all hope to the Rhodians, for their fewness, and to Mithridates for his multitude. In the fight the king sailing about to encourage his men, a ship of Chia, in his navy, crushed the king's ship in the confusion, the which the King not dissembling, 
The King's Ship crushed by chance.  punished both the Captain and the Master, which offended all the Xians.  
At this time, the king's footmen being brought in great ships, & a Pery rising upon them, they were driven to Rhodes, & the Rhodians quickly coming upon them, being yet troubled with the strome, they took some, they crushed some, and some they burned, and took four hundred prisoners. Mithridates' preparing 
Sambuca, was an engine used at the siege of Cities, because the ropes were to stretched in it as the strings in the instrument of Music that is so called.  for to fight by sea again, and to force the town, he made a certain engine called Sambuca carried in two ships. The fugitives told him, there was a side of an hill that might be scaled, where the Temple of jupiter Tabyrius was, with a weak brickwall. He put his army in the ships by night, to other he gave scaling ladders: He commanded both to go with silence, till a fire was made from the Temple, and then with a cry as loud as could be made, some to assault the town, and some to force the port, and they with silence drew nigh. The watch of the Rhodians knowing this, made a fire, and the army of Mithridates, thinking this had been the fire at the Temple, from deep silence they cried all together, as well the Scalers, as the Mariners. The 
The Rhodians put the kings men away.  Rhodians cried as fast cheerfully, and came together to the wall, so as the King's men did nothing that night, and in the day, were put back, although the Sambuke, afraid the Rhodians much, casting out once, and many darts, arrows and shot, being 
Isis is a Goddess in Egypt.  brought against the Temple of Isis, and the Soldiers with many scaling ladders, from their ships, came forth as they would have given an asiaulte. The Rhodians defended themselves manfully, till the engine broke for weight, and a vision of Isis was thought to cast a great fire upon it. Mithridates' despairing of this enterprise, sailed from the Rhodes.  
Being at Patara at siege, he cut down the holy wood of Latone 
Patara, a City of Lycia.  to make engines, till he was feared with a vision: then he left the wood. Leaving Pelopida to continued the war in Lycia, he sent Archilous' into Grecia, to win it by force or friendship so much as was possible, and committing many things to his Captains, he trained and furnished his army, and passed the time with his woman of Stratonicede: He sat in judgement of them that were thought to watch him, or make any mutiny, or help the Romans. And while he was thus occupied, these things were done in Grecia. Archelous sailing with a great navy well victualled, he took Delos that was revolted from Athens and other places, by violence and power, kill twenty thousand men, of the which the most were Italians, the places he appointed to the Athenians, by the which, and by other mean they extolling Mithridates, and greatly praising him, he brought them and other to his friendship. He sent the holy money of Delos to them 
Delos an Isle in the Aegian sea. Aristion by occasion of money playeth the tyrant.  by Aristion a man of Athens, and two thousand with him for the guard of the money, the which Aristion using to his purpose, played the tyrant in his country, and some of the Athenians he killed out of hand, as favourers of the Romans, and some he sent to Mithridates: yet was he a scholar of Epicurus learning. And not he alone in Athens, nor Critias that was before him, and they being professors of Philosophy with Critias, were tyrants, but in Italy they of Pythagoras' school, and in the other Grecia, they that were called the seven Wise men, when they had rule, they 
Philosopher's Tirannes'.  took upon them and used tyranny more cruelly, than the unlearned tyrants. Therefore there is a doubt and suspicion of other Philosophers, whether for virtue, or for poverty, or for lack of experience, they comforted themselves with Philosophy: Of the which now, many being private & poor, & covering need by sapience, they speak bitterly against rich men and Princes, not for contempt of riches, and rule in their opinion, but rather for envy being carried there unto. But they that be slandered of them, do more wisely contemn them. This one may think to be spoken of Aristion the Philosopher, as by occasion of matter moved by him. The Acheans, and Lacedæmonians did relent to Archelous, 
Thespia a free Town in Boeotia. Magnesia in jonia Demetriada in Thessaly.  and all Boeotia, except Thespia, whom he besieged.  
At this time Metrophanes being sent of Mithridates with another army, did make war upon Eubea and Dimetriades, and Magnetia, that resisted Mithridates. And Brittius coming from Macedonia with a small navy did fight with him by Sea, and sinking one great Ship and a foist, he killed all that were in them. Metrophanus beholding it, he being afraid, fled, and having a good wound, Brittius could not overtake him, but took Scyathus that was a receipt for the Barbarian rovers, he hanged up the 
Scyethu● ●●●●e.  slaves, and cut off the hands of the free men. Then turning to Boeotia, a thousand other Horsemen and footmen coming out of Macedonia, at Cherona he fought three days with Aristion and 
〈◊〉.  Archelous, with equal and indifferent fortune on both sides: but when the Lacedæmonians and Acheans were come in aid to Aristion, and Archelous, Brittius thinking himself too weak to match 
Pire●, now Portolione, The port of Athens, able to hold four hundred Ships.  with them all, went to Pire●, till Archelous came and kept it.  
Sylla being choose general for the war against Mithridates, then took his journey out of Italy with five legions, and some other bands and companies, and arrived in Grecia, gathering money and mon and victuals from Aetolia and Thessalia. When he thought he was sufficient, he went into Attica against Archelous, and as he came, all Boeetia saving a few revolted to him, and so did the great City of Thebes, very lightly taking 
Thebes in Boeotia.  Mithridates' part against the Romans, and now more swiftly turning from Archelous, to Sylla, before they came to trial. He went to Attica, and sending one part of his army against the City to besiege Aristion, he went to Pireo, where Archelous was within the walls, the height whereof, was forty cubits, being the work of Pericles, made of great stone 
Pireus' was made of pinnacles, walled two miles of length. Megara is in Achaia. Ele●sina in Attica.  and square, when the Athenians made war with the Pelopenesians: and because he put all the victory in Pireo, he made it the more strong. Sylla being come to the brickwall, gave the assault forthwith, where much hurt being done on both sides, the Cappadocians manfully defending, being weary, he went to Eleusina, and Megara, and made engines against Pireo, by mounts and rampires. Artificers, and stuff, iron, and slings, and such other, were brought him from Thebes. He cut down the wood of Academia, and made great engines, and took away 
Academia was a shadowy place, a mile from Athens.  the long sides, to cast stones, timber, and earth upon the rampire.  
There were two slaves of Athens in Pireo, favouring the Romans, 
Fidelity of slaves to the Romans.  or foreseeing their safety if any thing should hap: they written in pellets of lead ever what should be done, and threw them to the Romans with their slings.  
This being often done, and come to knowledge, Sylla having regard to the matter, found it thus written, To morrow, the footmen shall come upon the face of your labourers, and the Horsemen shall set upon the sides of the Romans. Therefore he laid an ambush ready, and when the enemy had thought to have come ou the sudden, he more suddaynelye did set upon them, killed many of them, and drove the other into the Sea. And this was the end of this attempt.  
Now many great towers being set upon the mount, Archelous did make the like on the other side, furnished with weapons. He sent for more power out of Chalcidonia, and other Islands, and armed his mariners, as he that would hazard all, Archelous had a greater army than Sylla, and now it was much bigger. At midnight he issued with lights, and burned one of the great engines, with all that belonged to it, Sylla in ten days made another, and set it where the other was, and Archelous erected a Tower against them on the brickwall. Another army being come unto him from Mithridates, which Dimoxetes led, he brought them all forth to the fight, with whom he mixed his shot, and stood under the brickwall, that the warders might throw upon the enemies. Other stood at the gates with fire, looking for the token to sally forth. The fight was a long time equal, and now one and then another gave place. The Barbarians began to flee, till Archelous' coming upon them, made them turn again, which greatly afraid the Romans, so that they fled from them, but Murienas met them 
Romans flee and return again. The reproved sort, were noted o● some cowardliness, and called v●t●pera●i.  and returned them, and an other band was come from Foragyne with them, they that were reproved, which seeing the fight so hot, gave a courageous onset upon Mithridates' men, and killed two thousand of them, and drove the other into the walls. Archelous would have turned them back again, and in the fight tarrying long because of his earnestness, he was shut out, and taken in by a rope. Sylla released them of rebuke that were noted, because they had fought valiantly, and rewarded the soldiers with gifts accordingly.  
Winter being come, he placed his army in Eleusine, and 
Eleusine.  made a ditch from the high places to the Sea, that the enemy's horsemen should not easily break upon them. The which he working every day, there were diverse skirmishes sometime about the ditch, sometime at the walls, the ennimyes coming & using stones, darts and pellets▪ Sylla wanting Ships, sent to the Rhodes, and where the Rhodes could not pass, because Mithridates held the Sea, he commanded 
Lucullus diligence  Lucullus a Noble man of Rome, and General of this war after Sylla, to go privily into Alexandrîa and Syria, and to gather an army of the Kings and Cities, and to send it to the Rhodians. He not fearing the Sea beset with ships, took a light vessel, and changing Ship after Ship, to be unknown, he came to Alexandrîa.  
The bewrayers at Pireo, written again in the pellets, that the night following Archelous would send to Athens being in want, corn upon soldiers backs. Sylla laying in wait, took the corn and carriers.  
The same day Minutius did hurt Neoptolemus an other 
Chalcide now Negropon●ey, chief cuttie of E●●boe●.  Captain at Calcide, and killed a thousand five hundred, and took more prisoners.  
Not long after in Pireo in the night, the watch being asleep, the Romans brought their seals from the next mounts, & got the wall, and killed the watch that was next: wherefore some of the Barbarians leapt down, forsaking the brickwall, as though all had been taken: other turning to force, killed the leader of them that scaled, and fling down the other headlong: other getting out of the gates, had near hand burned one of the Romans Towers, had not Scylla come with the army, and fought with them all that night, and the day after, and with great labour saved it. Archelous made an other tower at the brickwall against the Romans, that they might fight together upon the towers, which they did so often and so furiously, as it was hard, till Scylla▪ did cast twenty great pellets out of his sling, and killed many, and so beat Arthelous' tower, as it was unprofitable, & Archelous was fain to lie behind the brickwall for fear. And they in the City being more & more pressed with hunger, the slaves signified again in the pellets, that victual should be sent that night into the City. Archelous suspecting some treason in bewraying the carrying of the victuals▪ sent the victual, and set some at the gates with fire, to run upon the Romans if Sylla would force the victual: and both happened, for Sylla took them that carried the corn, and Archelous burned certain of the engines.  
At this time Arcathias Mithridates son invaded Macedonia 
A●athias dieth at Tid●o.  with an other army, and easily overcame the few Romans that were left there, and subdued all Macedonia, and appointed rulers, than he marched against Sylla, and falling yet sick at Tid●o, died. At Athens the city being in great danger of famine, Sylla made many forts about it, that none should flee, but remaining there, be the more vexed for the multitude, and erecting the mount at Pir●o very high, he planted his pieces upon it. Achilous' digging under the mount, and taking away the earth long before it was known, they made the mount to sink, which being soon perceived, the Romans took away the engines, and filled up the earth again▪ and they using the like way in undermining the brickwall, they met together, and fought with their short weapons 
A fight in the night.  as much as might be in such a darkness. While this was a doing, Sylla went against the brickwall with many engines, till part of it fell, and made way to burn the next tower, and carried many lights to cast upon it, and commanded the boldest men to go to the assault. Much being done on both sides the tower was burned, and Sylla had cast down a part of the brickwall, to the which he set a guard by and by. The foundations of the brickwall being cast down which was bond with wood▪ and being full of sulphur, pitch & flare, all was soon burned, one p●●●e fell after an other, and overthrew them that stood upon it. This tumult being sudden and great, troubled all the warders, as though that had fallen also whereupon they were. Wherefore turning everywhere hastily, being doubtful in mind for fear, they resisted their enemies faintly. And Sylla came upon them still being thus affected, & chéered his 
The assault of 〈◊〉.  own men, ever putting fresh to them that were weary, & he went to the assault, giving them courage by voice & person, & threatening them that were unwilling, that in this short labour they might make an end of all Archelous likewise came forth with fresh men for them that were afraid, exhorting & stirring all, as by the only pain to work their weal. The great courage & boldness being again on either side, great slaughter on both sides was equal & alike, till Sylla coming forth & very weary, blewe the retreat, & praised the soldiers virtue. Archelous by & by in the night repaired the breaches, making up that was broken, against the which Sylla brought his whole army, thinking he might easily beat down the which was new made & soft. But being t●r●d again in that strait place, & beaten both at the face & the side, as in slippery places, left of the getting of Pireus by assault, & intended to win it by famine, & to continued the siege. And when he understood that they in the city, were in greater want▪ & had spent all their beasts, & sodde their skins & hides, and used the broth for 
〈◊〉 got by 〈◊〉.  meat, & that some did eat dead flesh, he commanded his army to compass the city, that not one should escape: & when this was done, he went strait to the assault, & won●● the brickwall. And the weak men being fled, he entered the City. And again great slaughter & murder was in Athens, for they: could not flee for 
S 〈…〉 A 〈…〉 〈…〉 y.  weakness, there was no p●ti●, neither of children nor women, Sylla commanding to kill every man that they met, for anger, that so soon, without cause, they had revolted to the Barbarian●● & 
〈◊〉 was the 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉, in the which they sang and danced, & rehearsed their verses, and went up to it, as to a used Theatre.  resisted him so obstinately. An so much as many hearing the proclamation, did cast themselves▪ willingly to be killed. A few went no great pace into the castle, & among them Aristio▪ the place of pastime being first burned that Sylla should make no matter of it, for to force the fort. He would not suffer the cirie to be burned, but gave the spoil to the soldiers. They found man's flesh ready 
Man's flesh dressed for sustenance. Liberty given to the posterity of the Athenians not to themselves.  dressed for sustenance in many houses. The next day Sylla sold the servants to the fréemen, that escaped from the murder by night▪ which were very few. He said he gave liberty, and that liberty their posterity should have, & also in free elections, which he forbade to them that were alive. Thus was the city of Athens filled full of misery. Sylla besieged the castle▪ the which be easily tookes Aristion & they that were fled in with him, being overcome with hunger & thirst. Of the which, Sylla put to death Aristion, & them that 
Aristion put to death.  served him, & such as had born any office, or done▪ anything contrary to the Romans order, since the taking of 〈◊〉. The other he pardoned, & appointed laws to all▪ the same▪ almost that were given them before of the Romans. He took out of the 〈◊〉▪ pound weight of gold, & of siluer●●oq. This was done at the castle a little after. Sylla immediately after the city was take, not belaying to take Pireo by stege, he braught engines & munition▪ and many men that should undermine the brickwall with their instruments and beat down many of them that kept the brickwall by shooting & darting upon them▪ and overthrew the bowing part of the brickwall, which was moist & weak being new ma●e. Which Archelous▪ thinking before, made many the like within▪ that Sylla might ever have somewhat to do, finding a new one like that other. But he using continual assault with incessable violence, going among them▪ ● exhorting them to the matter, as a thing of great importance & praise▪ in the which all the hope that they had done, did lie. They of themselves being ready enough, for the glory of so great a feat as to win the wall, went to it so fiercely, the Archelous being astonished at their vehement motion beyond reason, left▪ the brickwall unto them, & ran to the strongest part of Pireo, that was compassed with the sea, the which Sylla for lack of ships could not attempt. From 
Thermopyle ●is the great hill that divideth Grecia, & be the straight of it with ho●e waters.  thence Archelous sailed into Thessalia by Boeotia, and gathered at Thermopyle the rest of all his own army, and that was brought of Syndromichate. He called also those that came into Macedonia with Archatias the Kings son a fresh band and full, beside them that Mithridates continually sent, for he never left sending: and this was done with great vehemency.  
Sylla burned Pireo, which was greater labour to him than 
Pireo burned.  the City not sparing, na●y, munition, nor other preparation and then he went against Archelous into Boeot●a. Being nigh together, 
Pho●is a little region of Grecia.  they went from Thermopyle to Phocida, they being Thracians, and Scythians of Pontus, and Cappadotians, Bithynians, Galatians, and Phrygians and all other that favoured Mithridates, all the which were Cxx▪ M▪ every one had their chief captains, & Archelous was the general over all. Sylla had Italians, Greeks, and those Macedonians that were revolted from Archelous, and some other of the borderers, not the third part of the enemies number. Being encamped together, Archelous▪ setting his men in order, always provoking to the battle, Sylla delayed, considering the places and multitude of the enemies, and followed Archelous that went into Calcide, expecting time and place, when he saw 
Cherona.  him unquered at Cherin●● in hilly places, from the which they that were overcome could not flee. He being in a plain very nigh, ●●t his men ready, to provoke Archelous to fight against his will, the plain being for him commodious to march forth, or to retire at his pleasure, whereas Archelous was baset with she hills, so as he could not use his men as he would, nor altogether place them for the inequality of the ground▪ And if they should turn, the hard place would hinder their flight. He weighing the matter 
Sylla taketh the advantage▪ of the place.  with th●se difficulties, gave she onset, knowing that that great multitude would little profit Archelous, who did not think the Romans would have fought, therefore kept his camp negligently. When the battle was begun, than he felt the hardness of the place, and perceived it to late, and sent his horsemen to keep him of, but they returning, and being oriven to the hills, he sent out l●. armed Chariots, to see if he could, by their violence, break and cut the main battle of the Romans, the which they 
The armed▪ chariots defeated.  suffered to pass the front to the end, dividing themselves where they were overthrown of the shot, they being unwieldy to turn again. And though Archelous might thus have kept his camp, being soon at the hills for their defence, yet he set the whole multitude in order, & came upon Sylla on the sudden in these straight places, because now he was at hand. First he brought forth the horsemen with great violence, and cut asunder the Romans battle, and easily compassed both, for their small number.  
They fight very valiantly, kept themselves in a ring. They were in greatest danger that fought under Galba and ●●ortensius, against whom Archelous fought himself, and the Barbarians in his sight, showed great manhood, till Sylla came thither with his horsemen. Archelous' thinking Sylla was he that came, by the show of the Ensigns, and the raising of so much dust, leaving his compass, went to his battle. But Sylla brought his horsemen that were best, and two new bands that lay in ambush, and charged upon them as they were setting themselves in order, (for they were not yet all come from compassing, nor in due form at the front,) and broke them, so as they were confounded, and turued to flee, the which he followed. Beginning the victory thus, Murena in the left wing, furthered the 
The overthrow of Archelaus.  same, very lustily, and with encouraging of his men, manly followed the chase. When the wings of Archelous were turned, the mid battle did not hold, but fled also. And then all that Sylla had foreseen, fell upon the enemy, for not having a free place to turn them, nor a plain to flee, at the hills they were slain of them that followed them: some fallen into his hands, some that were wiser, got to their camp, whom Archelous, ignorant of the feats of war, commanded to turn upon the enemies, when there was no way. They obeyed readily, but wanting captains, to set them in order, not knowing their proper Ensigns, and being foully disordered, wanting place both to fight and to flee, being driven into a straight by them that chased, they were killed with ease: some of their enemies, whom they could not kill again: some of themselves, as in a confusion in so strait a place. They went again to the gates, and there gathered together, rebuking them that shut them out, rehearsing their country Gods, and other natural familiarity, that not so much of their enemies, as of their disdain they were destroyed, till Archelous seeing the need, opened the gates too late, and received them running in with disorder. The Romans perceiving this, calling one an other, with vehemency & swiftness got into the camp with them that fled, & brought the victory to an end. Archelous & the other fled as they could, & saved themselves at Calcide, of a hundred & twenty M., not many more than ten M. remaining of the Romans, they say there died but xu & two of them returned, this was the end of the field between Sylla and Archelous 
Cheronea is a town in B●otia where P●●t●rch was born.  captain general of Mithridates at Cheronea, chief by the wisdom of Sylla, & the foolishness of Archelous, this hap had they both. Sylla having got much armure & spoil, & taken many prisoners, the unprofitable things gathered on an heap, being girded after the Roman manner, he burned to the Gods of war. Resting his army a while, he went to Euripus, with the light horse against Archelous, 
Eurip●s is the straight sea that floweth seven times a day.  who wandered the Islands without dread, the Romans having no ships to follow him, & took the coast towns. And going to Zacynthus he camped, as to besiege the city: & where certain of the 
Zacynthus an Isle of the Ionian sea.  Romans camp, came upon him by night, departing in haste, he went to Calcida, more like a Rover than a warrior. When Mithridates herded of this loss, he was troubled again, & afraid, as in such a case he might, & gathered an other army of all nations about him in haste. And thinking that many would now forsake him for this overthrow, or for same other occasion, he gathered together all than that he had in suspicion before the war did wa●e sharper. First 
Cruelty of Mithridates against the Galatians.  he killed the governors of the Galatians, which were with him as friends, & not yet subject to him, with their wives & children except three that fled. To some he laid trains, some he killed in a night at a banquet, thinking none would keep their faith, if Sylla came, & confiscating their goods he made Eumachus precedent of that nation. The rulers that escaped gathering an army of their tenants of the country, drove him & his garrisons out of Galatia, so as Mithridates had nothing of that nation but money only. And being angry with the Chians, eversince their ship crushed the king's ship in the battle at the Rhodes, he came secretly upon them, & first leased upon their goods that were fled to Sylla. Then he sent to inquire of them that took the Romans part in Chio. And Zenobus that led the third army, as though he would 
Chio, now S●io.  have hasted into Gretia, came to the walls of Chio & other naked places by night & took them, and setting a guard at the gate, proclaimed that strangers should not stir, & assembled the Chians, 
Mithridates' spite against the Xi●● for a s●●l cause.  as to say somewhat to them from the king. When he was come he said the king had the city in suspicion because they favoured the Romans. Your ease must be, to deliver your armure & your best children for pledges. They seeing their city already taken, delivered both. The which Zenobus sent by & by to Erythea, commanding 
Erythea is a city of Asia, not far from S●io, of the which was one Sibylla.  the Chians to tarry for the king's letters. Mithridates' letter came to this effect. You be yet friends to the Romans with whom many of your Citizens be, & you enjoy the Fermes that they have let you, for the which you pay nothing to us. Further 
Mithridates' letter to the Ch●●●.  a Galley of yours at the fight at Rhodes did shake and crush my ships, which fault I would put only upon the guyders of the ship, if you could be recovered by love. But secretly you have now sent your chief men to Sylla, & you have accused none of them, as doing it without common consent, nor you have punished any of them, as not privy to their doings: and whereas I might punish you by death, being so counseled by my friends, as séekers of my life, and traitors to my kingdom, I punish you in two thousand talents. This was the tenor of the letter. They would have sent Ambassadors to him, but Zenobius would not suffer them. And when their armure was go, & their chief children taken away, & so great an army of Barbarians at hand, with heavy hearts they took the treasure out of the temples, & their wives Jewels, that they might make the two M. talents. When they had done this, & Zenobius finding fault with the weight, he called them all into the Theatre, & setting his soldiers about the Theatre with 
The lamentable▪ destruction of the Chians.  their weapons drawn, & the ways down to the sea side, he called them out severally & put them in the ships, the men by themselves, the women likewise, & the children by themselves, barbarously scoffing at them. Thus being spoiled of their country, they were sent into Pontus Euxinus to Mithridates. After this sort were the Chians used. The Ephesians required Zenobius that was come to them, to lean his army at the gate, & to come in with a few. He did so: and went to Philopaemena father to Monime, whom Mithridates loved, & had made 
The Ephesians kill Zenobius.  ouer●ee● of the Ephesians, & willed the Ephesians by proclamation to come together in their assembly. They looking for no good at his hands, deferred it till the next day. And in the night gathering together & exhorting one an other, they took Zenobius & killed him in prison. They fenced their walls, they put their people in order, they gathered in their corn, & kept all the City by strength. The Trallians, Papenians, and Mesopolitans, and some other afraid 
Trallis, at the flood Me●ā●rus. Papen● of Triphylia.  by the calamity of Chio, did as the Ephesians had done. Mithridates sent his army against them that revolted, and used them cruelly whom he took, and fearing the rest, he made the cities of Greece, 
Mithridates releaseth debts, maketh free.  free. He proclaimed forgiveness of debts, and the fermours he made Citizens, & the bondmen, free, hoping, as it was in deed, that the released of debt, the new made citizens, & fréemen, would be sure unto him, thinking these things could not be sure unto them, but by Mithridates' rule. In the mean season Mynio and Philotimus of Smyrna, and Clisthenes, and Asclepiodotus, Lesbians, all 
A conspiracte bewrayed.  friends to the king, and Asclepiodotus, sometime captain of the strangers, did make a conspiracy against Mithridates. Of the which Asclepiodotus was the bewraier: & for the more credit, he brought to pass, that the king, under a bed, heard what Mynio said. The conspiracy being bewrayed, they were cruelly killed. The like suspicion was upon many more. The Pergameneans doing the like four score of them were taken, and other, in other cities, Mithridates sending searchers to every place, who finding out his enemies, killed a thousand six hundred men, the accusers of the which, not long after, were soon punished of Sylla, some killed themselves, & some fled to Mithridates into Pontus. Now had Mithridates gathered an army of lxxx M. the which Dorilus did lead into Grecia to Archelous that had ten M. left. Sulla's had his army 
Orchomenus at the flood of that name.  nigh to Archelous at Orchomeno, & when he see so great a number of horsemen, he digged many pits in the plain, x. foot broad. And had his army in order to receive Archelaus. And when the Romans did faintly come to the fight for the multitude of horsemen, he road about, & exhorted them, & beside threatened them. But when he could not so bring them to the matter, he leapt of his horse and took the Ensign & ran to the enemies with his guard, crying: 
The boldness of Sylla.  If any man ask you (O Romans) where you betrayed your general, Sylla, say, when he fought at Orchomeno. The Captains ran from their bands to him being in this danger. Then the multitude being ashamed, changed their fear into courage. And when the victory began to appear, he mounted on horse again, 
The victory of the Romane●.  and road about the host, praising them, and in every place exhorting them, till he had brought it to end. There died of the enemies about fifteen thousand, whereof the most part were horsemen, & among them Diogenes, that was Archelous' son. The footmen fled to the Camp, and Sylla fearing lest Archelous would flee again to Thalcida, he having no Ships, all that night he set watches in the plain, and in the day, not fully a furlong from Archelous, he cast a trench (he not coming forth,) & exhorted earnestly his army to finish the rest of all this battle, seeing their enemies dared not come out, and brought them to the trench of Archelous. The like mutation was among the enemies, for necessity the Captains running about, showing the present danger, and rebuking them, if they would not defend their Camp against their enemies that were fewer than they. Force and cry being made on either side, there was great might showed on both parts. The Romans covering themselves with their shields, did now dig down a corner of the Camp, but the defenders put them back with their short weapons, and none dared enter, till basilus the Captain of that legion first leapt in, 
The valiantness of basilus.  and killed him that resisted him, all the army followed, than flight and slaughter was made of the Barbarians, of some as they went, of other being driven into a lake that was nigh, and where they could not swim, made prayers in their Barbarian tongue to the killers of them that understood them not. And Archelous was hid in a Fen, where getting boats, he sailed to Chalcida, and gathered together all the rest of the King's army with diligence. 
This garland or crown was called Vallaris, which was given to him that first scaled the trench.  Sylla the next day gave basilus a garland, and rewarded others with gifts accordingly, and then spoiled Soeotia that was ever wavering. And being come to Thessalia, wintered, and tarried for the ships that Lucullus had. And because he could not tell where Lucullus was, he made other Ships. In this time, Cornelius Cinna and Gaius Marius his enemies in Rome, proclaimed him 
Sylla is proclaimed Rebel at Rome.  Rebel, spoiling his house and his Villages, and destroying his friends. He notwithstanding did all things as with authority, having an army valiant and obedient. Cinna chose Flaccus for his 
Flaccus.  fellow in the Consul's office, and sent him into Asia with two legions in the place of Sylla that was declared an enemy to be ruler of Asia, and make war with Mithridates. Flaccus being unexpert in the wars, a man of the Senate, of good will, and beloved of the army, named Fimbria, went with him. They sailing 
Fimbria.  from Brunduse, many of their ships were lost by winter's weather, and a navy sent of Mithridates, burned their Ships, that went in espial. All the army forsook Flaccus, being a malicious, covetous, and cruel man, and part of them that were sent into Thessaly, turned to Sylla. The rest, Fimbria being thought of them a better Captain, and of a more gentle nature than Flaccus, stayed from revolting, and chancing that there was a contention for a lodging between him & a treasurer, and Flaccus leaving the matter uniudged, and somewhat touching the honour of Fimbria, he being disoeynefull, threatened to return to Rome, and Flaccus appointed a successor to him for the things that were to be done. Then Fimbria waiting him as he went to Calcida, first took the maces from Thermo, whom Flaccus had made officer against him as so receiving the charge by the consent of the army, & following Flaccus with anger, till he drove him into an house, out of the which escaping by night, he fled first into Calcide, & then into Nicomedia, and shut the gates. But Fimbria came upon him, and killed 
Fimbria killeth Flaccus.  him, being crept into a pit, being Consul of the Romans, and general of the war, where he was but a private man, and was 
A rare cruelty of a Roman.  come with him as his friend at his request. He cut of his head, and threw it into the Sea, his carcase he cast out unburied: so making himself General, he fought divers fights valiantly with Mithridates his son, and drove the KING himself from Pergamo, 
Pitane a City of ●●●lide.  whither he followed him to Pitane, where he besieged him, till by ship he fled to Mitylene. Fimbria invading Asia, punished the faction of Cappadocia, and spoiled the lands of them that would not receive him. The Ilians being besieged of him, fled to Sylla, 
●i●●, where Troy was.  who promised them to come, and willed them to say to Fimbria, that they were yielded to him. When Fimbria herded this, he praised them as friends to the Romans, and desired them to receive him as a Roman also, ●estingly showing that the Ilians and the Romans were of affinity. Being entered, he killed all that he met, and burned every thing, and the Ambassadors that were sent to Sylla, he tormented divers ways, neither sparing holy things, nor them that were fled into the Temple of Minerva, whom he burned in the Temple. 
Cruelty of a Roman.   
The next day he bet down the walls, and went about to see, if any thing stood in the City, which was worse used by him a 
Troy worse used of a Roman.  man allied, than it was in Agamemnon's time, no house, no temple, no image being left. The Image of Minerva which they called Palladium, sent from heaven as they think, some suppose 
Palladium the Image of Minerva sent from Heaven.  was unbroken, being covered with the walls that fallen, except Diomedes and Ulysses carried it away at the war of Troy. This did Fimbria against Ilium, the. CIII. Olimpiad then ending, which some think was a thousand and fifty years after Agamemnon.  
When Mithridates herded of the loss at Orchomeno, considering the multitude he had sent into Grecia, and the continual and great overthrows, he sent to Archelous, to make truce in as good manner as he could, and being come to the parley, said to Sylla. Mithridates' being an ancient friend to you (O Sylla) hath made war for the covetousness of other generals. He is 
Archelous to Sylla.  content to leave war for thy virtues sake, by the which thou will't command him that shall be just. Sylla for want of Ships and money, none being sent him because of his enemies that had judged him a Rebel, having gathered money of the Pythians, Olimpians, and Epidaureans, and given them▪ by reason for their holy things, half the Thebans land that so often rebelled, and having an army valiant and expert, to lead against the Rebellion of his enemies, he was bend to peace, and said:  
If Mithridates had been injured, he should have sent Ambassadors, but doing injury, he hath invaded many lands of other men's, he hath slain very many, the common and holy things of Cities, and the proper goods of them he hath spoiled, being a like unfaithful to his friends and to us, of whom he hath killed many, and slain the Princes that were at a banquet with him in the night with their wives and children, and hath showed to us rather cruelty of nature, than necessity of war, and used the Italians in Asia with all kinds of evils, destroying and murdering men, women, children, and slaves that were of the nation of Italy, so great an hate had he against Italy. He allegeth now ancient amity for a fashion, but not before he hath lost a hundredth and threescore thousand men by me, he maketh any mention of it. Wherefore reason would, we should take him for unfaithful, yet for thy sake, I will undertake to get him forgiveness of the Romans, if he repent his doings: but if he dissembleth 
Talk of peace.  now also, look thou well to it Archeloe, and consider the present state, as well for thyself, as for him. Consider how he hath used his friends, and how we have used Eumenes, and Massinissa. He speaking thus, Archelous disdeynefull broke his tale, as spoken to prove him, and said, that he would never betray the army that was committed to him, yet hope I for peace at thy hand, if thou makest reasonable conditions. Sylla ceasing a while, said, Archeloe, if Mithridates do deliver unto me all the Navy which thou hast, and deliver our Captains, Ambassadors, prisoners, fugitives, and slaves fled from us, and let go the Chians beside forth, and all other that he hath made Captives in Pontus, and take his garrisons from every place, except those which he had before the breaking of peace, and defray the charges of the war whereof he hath been the cause, and contain himself within the limits of his father's dominions, I trust to persuade that the Romans will no more remember what he hath done. Thus he said. Archelous by and by took his garrisons from every place, and of the rest sent to the King. Sylla to do somewhat in this vacation, spoiled the Enetanes, Dardaneans, and Eiutians, nations 
〈◊〉 people of Paphlagonia.  nigh the Macedonians, and always molesting Macedonia, he exercised his souldyoures, and got money likewise. Ambassadors were now come from Mithridates, who agreed to all things, having then excepted Paphlagonie, saying that Mithridates might have more, if he would make peace with the other general Fimbria. Sylla was angry at that, and said, he would punish Fimbria well enough, and when he was come into Asia, he would see whether Mithridates had more need of war than peace. When he had said thus, he went into Cypsela by Thracia, and sent Lucullus afore to Abydus, whether he was now come, being in danger of rovers many times. He brought a Navy of Ships from Cyprus and Phoenitia, from Rhodus and Pamphilia, spoiling many coasts of the enemies, and skirmishing with the King's ships. Sylla from Cypselos, and Mithridates from Pergamo, met again to talk, and coming both into the plain with a few. Mithridates' recorded his, and his father's a●●t●e and confederacy, and accused the Roman Ambassadors and Lieutevantes, which had used him unjustly, setting Ariobarzanes into Cappadocia, and taking Phrygia from him, and winking at Nicomedes, that did him open injury. And all this they did (quoth he) for money, taken as well of me as of them. In this thing 
Talk of peace between Sylla and Mithridates.  (O Romans) are you most to be blamed, because you will be corrupt with money. The war being broken by your generals, what soever I have done in defence, it hath been rather of necessity, than of will. When Mithridates had said thus, he ceased. Sylla thus answered. Although thy coming is for peace, and yet dost renew other matter, I will not refuse to speak briefly of it. When I was lieutenant of Cilicia, I set Ariobarzanes into Cappadocia, by decree of the Romans, and thou didst obey. Thou shouldst then have spoken against it, and not wrangled afterward, or swerved from the order. Manius 
Manius acts reproved.  gave thee Phrygia for money. The injustice is indifferent to you both, and by this thou dost confess, that thou gottest it unlawfully, by giving of money. Manius, both in this, and other things done for money, was reproved of us, and the Senate dissolved all that he had done, by reason whereof, they would not make Phrygia tributary unto them, being given unjustly to thee, but left it free. Then by what reason dost thou usurp the things that we have taken by war, and will not yet have thee to rule? Nicomedes accuseth thee and Alexander for wounding his body, sending Socrates Chrestus into his Kingdom. He to revenge this, invaded thy Realm. If he did thee wrong, thou shouldst have sent Ambassadors, and have tarried for answer. If thou didst make speedy revengeance on Nicomedes, why didst thou invade Ariobarzanes that had done thee no wrong, for when thou hadst begun with him, the Romans were compelled by their covenants to restore him, and being restored, to defend him. Thou madest war, being thus persuaded, and in hope, that if thou didst overcome the Romans, thou shouldst reign over all, making these pretences of thy purpose, of the which we have this conjecture, that before there was any war, thou madest league with the Thracians, Scythians, and Sauromatians, and sendest to the Kings thy neighbours. Thou madest Ships, and gatheredst masters and mates, and the time doth bewray thine intent. For when thou hardest that Italy was revolted from us, waiting for our trouble, thou didst invade Ariobarzanes, Nicomedes, the Galatians, and Paphlagonia. Thou didst invade Asia our land, and when thou hadst got it, what didst thou against the Cities, over which thou madest slaves and fellows in debt, rulers, by giving of liberty, and releassing of debt? and against the Grecians, of whom, for a small occasion, thou didst kill sixetéene hundredth? or the princes of Galatia, whom being at a feast with thee, thou didst murder? And the Italian nation, in one day thou didst kill and drown, with their wives and children, not sparing them that were fled into the holy places. How great cruelty, how great impiety and extremity of hate, didst thou show against us, gathering every man's money? Thou didst sail into Europe with great armies, we forbidding all Kings of Asia, to enter into Europe. When thou wert come, thou didst overcome Macedonia our province. Thou tookest from the Grecians their freedom. Neither didst thou repent thee, or make Archelous the mean for thee, till I had recovered Macedonia, and delivered Grecia from thy violence, and slain a hundredth and sixty thousand of thine army, and taken thy Camps with their munition. Therefore I marvel now thou dost justify thyself in those things, which thou desirest to be forgiven by Archelous, which I being far off, thou didst grant, but being nigh, thou dost call into question whose time is past, thou making war, and we resisting mightily, and will resist thee to the end.  
Sylla speaking this with anger, the King was afraid, and granted and confirmed the conditions made by Archelous, and delivering the ships, and all other things, he went into Pontus his father's Kingdom only. Thus the first war between the Romans and Mithridates ceased.  
Sylla encamping two surlongs from Fimbria, commanded 
War between 〈◊〉 and Sylla.  him to deliver the army which he held against the laws. He taunted him again, that he did not rule lawfully, and being besieged of Sylla, and many openly forsaking him, he called the rest to a counsel, and exhorted them to tarry: and when they said 
Fimbria is forsaken.  they would not fight with their Countrymen, he tore his garment, and besought them: and when they refused that also, and many still went from him, he went to the tents of the Captains, and winning some with money, he called them again to a counsel, and commanded them to swear: and when the Enetans cried, that he must call them to swear by name, he called them that had been benefited by him, and first Nonius, that was 
Nonius refuseth to swear.  privy to all his doings. But when he refused to swear, he drew his sword, and threatened to kill him, till a cry was made of all, and then he ceased for fear, and hired a slave, for hope of liberty and money, to go as a fugitive and kill Sylla. He being about the thing, and troubled, being thereby suspected, was taken, and confessed it. And Sulla's army with rage and disdain, standing about Fimbria his trench, did revile him, and call him Atheniona, who a few days was a King over 
Athenion.  the servants in Sicily that rebelled. By the which Fimbria despairing of all, came to the brickwall, and desired to speak with 
Sylla will not speak with Fimbria.  Sylla. He sent Rutilius in his place, that chief grieved Fimbria, that he would not speak with him, which is not denied to enemies, and desired pardon, if he had offended, being yet a young man. Rutilius said, Sylla would let him go quietly to the Sea, if he would give place in Asia, in the which Sylla was Lieutenant. He said, he would found a better way, and went to Pergamo, and in the Temple of Aesculapius killed himself, and the wound not being sufficient, he bad his P●ge dispatch, who 
Fimbria killeth himself.  killed his Master first, and then himself.  
Thus ended Fimbrias, doing much mischief in Asia after Mithridates, whom Sylla gave to his freemade men to bury, saying, 
Hi b●ly is given to be buryer otherwise than Marius used at Rome.  he would not follow Cinna and Marius in Rome, who killed many men, and would not suffer them to be buried, receiving Fimbrias army that came unto him, and set them with his own, and commanded Curio to restore Nicomedes and Ariobarzanes into Cappadocia, and written to the Senate of all things, not seeming he was declared a Rebel. Then settling his province, he recompensed the Ilians, the Chians, the Lycians, the Rhodians, and the Magnesians, and others that were confederates, or that for their good will, had suffered, for the which cause he 
The rewards of the faithful people.  dismissed them free, and registered them friends of the Romans. To the rest, he sent his army, and proclaimed that all servants that had freedom by Mithridates, should be restored to their masters. Whereof many disobeying, and some City's rebelling, 
The punishment of the revolting people.  there followed great slaughters, of free, and bond, for divers occasions, the walls of many were pulled down, and made servile people very many. They that were of the Cappadocians faction, both men & Cities were sharply punished, and chief the Ephesians, which did impudently revile the Romans commandments. After this, was there a proclamation made, that the chief of every City should come before Sylla at Ephesus, who being come into the common hall, he thus said unto them.  
We first came into Asia with our army, when Antiochu● king 
Sylla to the Ephesi●●s.  of Syria did overrun you, and driving him away, and making Aly and Taurus the limits of his Kingdom, we took not from 
Holy a flood running out of Taurus.  you that was made ours by him, but left it free, except some, which we gave to Eumenes, and the Rhodes our confederates, not to be tributaries, but tenants. In proof whereof, we took the Licians from the Rhodians, making their complaint. Thus did we for you. And you did help Aristonicus four years against us, after▪ Attalus Philomêter had left his kingdom to us by testament, till Aristonicus was taken, and many of you came again for necessity and fear. Thus doing, and in four and twenty years coming to great riches and substance as well public as private, through peace and abundance, you wrangle again, and waiting our trouble in Italy, some of you brought in Mithridates, and some received him when he came. He the most cruel of all men, in one day killed all the Italians with the children and mothers. And you did not spare them that fled into the temples to your Gods: For the which some punishment you have had by Mithridates, being unfaithful to you, and ●●llyng you with murders and banishments, making divisions of your lands, and releasing of debts, and liberty of slaves: and to some putting tyrants, and causing many robberies both by sea and land, that by your experience you may know, by comparison, what governor you have received, & what rejected. The beginners of these things have been partly punished by us, but the pain must be public to you that have done the like, that it may be correspondent to that you have done. But the Romans will not use wicked murders, or sudden confiscations, or risings of servants, or other barbarous things which the mind abhorreth. Regard shallbe had to the nation and name of Greece, and to the glory of Asia, & to the friends of the Romans for honours sake. We put upon you the tribute of five years only to be brought presently, and the expenses of the war which I have bestowed. For the rest I will take order, and make the division according to the Cities, & I declare friendship to them that shall keep these orders, and to them that will not, I appoint punishment, as to enemies.  
When Sylla had said thus, he divided the pain to the Ambassadors and sent them for money. The Cities being poor & oppressed with debt, some did let to Farm their Theatres to creditors, some their common houses, their walls and ports, and any other thing that was public, not without despite of the Soldiers that gathered it. This money was brought to Sylla, and Asia had enough of evils: for it was full of manifest robberies, rather like to armies than to pirates. For Mithridates not long before had set them in the sea, when he wasted all things, as not long to keep it, then being most abundant, not only 
Inconveniences. in Asia. jassus▪ an Isle of Ca●a.  troubling men on the sea, but spoiling ports, towns and cities evidently. jassus, Samos, Clazomene, and Samothracia, Sylla being there, were taken, and the Temple of Samothracia, was rob of the value of a thousand Talents. He either willingly, or leaving to punish the offendoures, or because of the sedition at Rome, went into Grecia, and from thence to Italy, with all his army, & what he did, we have written in the books of Civil dissension.  
The second war with Mithridates began of this occasion: 
The second war with Mithridates▪ Colchis is next Pontus.   
Murena being l●●●e of Sylla with two legions that were Fimbrias, showed certain forms of war for desire of Triumph. Mithridates' being go to Pontus, made war upon the Colchians and Bosphoriā●. The Colchians desired his son Mithridates might be given them for King, whom when they had received, they obeyed 
Mithridates killeth his son.  forthwith. But the king having his son in suspicion, that he coveted the whole kingdom, sent for him, and held him with chains of gold, & after killed him, when he had done him much good service in Asia against Fimbria. Against the Bosphorians he gathered a great army, and made a great navy. The mightiness of the which preparation, raised an opinion, that it was not against the Bosphorians, but against the Romans, for he had not restored all Cappadocia to Ariobarzanes, but kept part of it still, 
Archelous fleeth from Mithridates. Comana, a City dedicated to Bellona. Murena cavilleth.  and had Archelous in suspicion, that he granted more in Grecia, than he needed to Sylla, in making the peace: the which Archelous perceiving, and fearing, fled to Murena, whom he incensed, and persuaded against Mithridates. Murena by and by entered through Cappadocia, to Comana, the greatest City under Mithridates, having an holy temple and treasure, and killed certain horsemen of Mithridates: and when the Ambassadors alleged the league, he answered he had none such, for Sylla did not wright it, but confirmed it by word, and so left it. When Murena had sard this, he fallen to spoil by and by, not refraining from the holy money, & wintered in Cappadocia. Mithridates' sent to Rome to the Senate, & to Sylla, to complain of Murenas doings, who in the time passed the flood Aly that was great, and then very deep, because of the rain, 
Calidius cometh from Rome with counter●e● commandment.  and spoilt. 400. of Mithridates' towns, the king not yet meeting with him, but looking for his Ambassadors from Rome Having got a great booty, he went into Phrigia & Cappadocia, whither Calidius came to him from Rome, touching Mithridates complaints, but brought him no decree, only said unto him in the midst of the hearers, that the Senate commanded him to spare the king their confederate. When he had said thus, he was seen to speak to him alone. And Murenas ceased not of his invasion, but still molested the land of the king, who evidently perceiving that he was used as an enemy of the Romans, he bad Gordius to take the nigh towns. He gathered many beasts of carriage & munition, & private men and soldiers, and camped at the flood over against Murena. Neither of them began the fight, till Mithridates came with a great army, than was there a mighty fight at the flood. Mithridates 
Murenas fleeth.  by violence passed the flood, being otherwise too good for Murena, who fled the king's force into a strong hill, and having lost many, departed by the mountains without any way into Phrigia, being followed & oppressed. This victory being evident & quickly got, was soon spread abroad, and turned many to Mithridates. He putting out Murenas garrisons of every place with great speed, did make his sacrifice to jupiter the warrior, after the manner of his country, in the top of an hill, where they make a great pile of wood, to the which the kings bring the first stick. Then they 
The manner of the sacrifice of the kings in Asia made by Mithridates for the victory.  make another less in a circle. Upon the higher, they put honey, milk, & wine, & oil, & all kind of perfumes, they give bread and meat of the best to them that be present. And they make the pile after the fashion of the Persian kings sacrifice in Rarsardis, the which for the greatness, is evidently seen to many, a thousand furlongs off, and y● one can not come nigh the place many days after, the air is so hot. This sacrifice did he make, after the custom of his country. Sylla not content that Mithridates being in league, should have war made upon him, sent Aulus Gabinius, to command Murena not to molest Mithridates, and that he should agree Mithridates, & 
〈…〉 refuseth Mithridates' gold  Ariobarzanes. Mithridates at the meeting, making sure a son of Ariobarzanes of four years of age, and by the mean holding still that he had in Cappadocia, & getting more, feasted all, & put gold in the cup, and the meat for the jesters & singers, & all other, as his use was, of the which only Gabinius touched none. Thus the second war of Mithridates did end at the third year. Being now at quiet, he subdued Bosphorus, & appointed them his son Macharis for their king.  
He invaded the Acheans that be above Colchos, (which seem to be of them that fled from Troy, and lost their way) and losing two parts of his army with fight and cold, and deceipts, he returned, and sent to Rome to have the league ratified. Ariobarzanes sent also, either of himself, or stirred of others, that he had not received Cappadocia, but that Mithridates kept yet the better part from him. Sylla commanded Mithridates to give place in Cappadocia, and he did so, and sent other Ambassadors 
Cochieus, came from Troy.  for to have the conditions of peace registered, but Sylla being dead, and the Senate not to be assembled, because of the vacation, he sent to Tigranes his son in law, to invade Cappadocia 
Tigranes by persuasion of Mithridates invadeth Cappadocia.  as of himself. This cautel was not unknown to the Romans. The Armenian compassing Cappadies as with a nest, led away three hundredth thousand men into Armenia, and made them devil with other at a place, where he first took the Crown of Armenia, and of his name called it Tigranocertos, which is, the City of Tigranes. And these were the doings in Asia.  
Sertorius a Captain in Spain, did stir it, and all the places about it, against the Romans, and made a Senate of them that were with him, for to counterfeit the Romans. Two of his faction, 
Mithridates sendeth to Sertorius.  Lucius Manius, and L. Fanius, persuaded Mithridates to join with Sertorius, putting him in hope of a great part of Asia, and the nations about him. He being persuaded, sent to Sertorius. He led the Ambassadors into his Senate, and made a glorious tale, that his renown spread as far as P●ntus, and that he besieged the Romans from the West to the East. He covenanted to give Mithridates Asia, and Bithynia, Paphlagonit, and Cappadocia, and Gallogrecia & sent him a Captain Marcius Varius, and Lucius Manius, and L. Fanius, that were of that counsel. With these did Mithridates begin the third and last war with the Romans, in the which he lost all his kingdom. Sertorius being dead in Spain, and Generals, sent from Rome, first Lucullus that was admiral of Sulla's Navy, than Pompey, under whom, all that Mithridates had, 
The third war with Mithridates.  and all that was nigh it, to the flood Euphrates, by the pretence & violence of the war against Mithridates, did fall to the Romans. Mithridates' having proved so often what the Romans were, and 
Medimnus was a measure that contained six● Modij, & Modius contained six Sextures, which in commonly called a Bushel. Calybes people in Poute that dig iron naked. Heniochi, people of Ponius living by theft. Thermodon.  thinking that this war, made without cause, and of the sudden, would not be appeased, made all the preparation that he could, as now to try the whole, and the rest of the summer, & all the winter, he made ships and armour, he brought to the sea, ij. C. M. Medimnes of grain, and got confederates, beside his former power, the Chalibyans, the Armenians, the Scythians, the Taurians, Achuians, Heniochans, Leucosyrians, and all that inhabit about the flood Thermodon, that was called the land of the Amazons.  
These had he got in Asia, to them he had before, and going into Europe, the Sarmatians, Basileans, jazugeans, and Coralleans, and all the nations of the Thracians, that inhabit about Hister, Rhodope, and Aemos, and the Basternans, a most valiant people.  
These had Mithridates in Europa, he had gathered an hundredth and forty thousand footmen, and sixteen thousand horsemen, another great number of ventures, piovers, & victuallers.  
When the Spring was come, he viewed his navy, and sacrificed 
Mithridates ●● his soldiers.  to jupiter warrior, the usual sacrifice, and to Neptunus, he did cast into the sea a Chariot of white horses, and went to Paphlagonia, Taxilus, and Eumocrates, being his Generals. When he was come, he made a solemn oration to the army, setting forth his progenitors and himself very highly, that he had enlarged his kingdom from little to great, and was never overcome of the Romans, being present, whom he accused for their ambition and unsatiableness, by the which, (said he) they have made Italy and their Country servile. He repeated the last conditions, which they would not subscribe. Seeking time to invade him again, and making this the cause of the war, he extolled his power and provision, and showed the Romans troubles, being molested in Spain by Sertorius, and at home in Italy, by civil war. Therefore (said he) through their negligence, the Sea hath long time been full of Pirates. Confederates have they none, nor willingly avy will be under them. Do you not see these noble men, (said he) showing Varius and the Lucian's,) to be enemies to their Country, and friends to us?  
When he had said thus and stirred his army, he went into Bythinia, Nicomedes being dead, without a child, and leaving 
Nicomedes leaveth his kingdom to the Romenes. Cotta fleeth.  his kingdom to the Romans. And Cotta that was precedent there, a man of little skill in war, fled to Calchida with his power, and Bythinia was again under Mithridates, all the Romans fléeing to Cotta into Calchide. And Mithridates coming thither, Cotta 
Nudue cometh to Chalcide where the port coloyse is let down, & many Romans stain.  for lack of experience came not forth. Nudus his admiral, with part of the army, took the stronger part of the field, from the which being driven, he fled to the gates of Chalcide, by many hedges, with great pain. At the gate there was great thrust of them that would get in, so as no dart was cast in vain, of them that followed. Wherefore the keepers being afraid of the gates, they let the bars fall from the tower, and took up Nudus and other Captains by ropes. The other did perish between their friends and their enemies, holding up their hands to the other. Mithridates' using the course of good fortune, brought his ships that day to the port, and breaking the bar that was of iron, he burned four of the enemies ships, and took the other three score, neither Cotta nor Nudus resisting, keeping thenelues within the walls. Three thousand were slain of the Romans, & Lucius Manlius a Senator. Mithridates' lost twenty of the Basternians, that first went into the port.  
L. Lucullus, being Consul and choose general of this war, 
Lucullus is general.  brought one legion from Rome, and had two of Fimbrias, and beside them, two more, having in all thirty thousand footmen, and sixteen hundred horsemen, and encamped against Mithridates at Cyzico. And understanding by the fugitives, that the king had three thousand men, and his victuals brought by the foragers, and from the sea, he said to them that were about him, that he would take his enemies without any pain, and bade them remember 
Lucullus espieth his advantage.  it. He espied an hill very fit for his camp, from the which he might get forage, and keep it from his enemy. He intended to get it, as by it to win victory without danger. Being but one way very strait to it, Mithridates kept it with strength. For so did Taxiles & the other Captains advise him. Lucius Manius that came from Sertorius, and made league with Mithridates, Sertorius being now dead, revolted secretly to Lucullus, & saith being received, he persuaded Mithridates, to let the Romans 
Mithridates' abused.  go and camp where they would, for the two legions that were Fimbrias, would strait revolt and come to the king then what need he use force and slaughter when he might overcome without fight? Mithridates' consenting to this very unwisely and uncircumspectly, suffered the Romans to pass the straight without fear, and to encamp at the hill, by having of the which, they might have victuals behind them brought without fear, and Mithridates being shut with fens, hills and floods, could have none by land, but very little, neither having way to do it easily, nor by force to compel Lucullus for the hardness of the passage, which when he had in his power, he neglected, & winter being at hand, the coming of it by Sea would fail. Which when Lucullus perteyved, he put his friends in remembrance 
Errors of Mithridates.  of his promise, and that he spoke, to be as it were performed. Mithridates' might then peradventure have passed through the mids of his enemies with his multitude, but he let that pass also, and gave himself only to the getting of Cyzico, thinking by that, to remedy both the want and hard 
Cyzico, an Island and city in Propontide of great renown.  way, and having plenty of Soldiers, went about it by all means possible. His navy he enclosed with a double brickwall, and entrenched the rest of the City, and set up many rampires and engines upon them, and towers, and rams covered, and one called Helepolis, of an hundred cubits, upon the which an other 
Helepolis, is an engine to beat the wall.  tower was set, casting arrows, and stones, & diverse weapons. At the ports two Galleys joined together, bore an other tower, from the which, bridges were cast from the engine nigh the brickwall. When all this was ready, he sent three prisoners to Cyzicus in ships to the city, holding up their hands, and praying them to spare the people that were in danger, till Lisistratus 
Lisistratus.  their Captaune, came to the walls, and by a trumpette exhorted them to bear patiently their mischance. When Mithridites was deceived of this purpose, he brought the engine by ships, which threw suddenly bridges upon the brickwall, and four men ran upon them, at the which the Cyzians amazed, for the strangers gave place, but no more coming forth, they took courage again, and killed those four without, and threw fire and pitch upon the ships, and made them turn with their engine. This at this enterprise of the sea the Cyzians had the better. That day the third time, he brought all his engines by land at once, they within labouring and putting them back for all their violence. The rams they bet with stones, or put them by with collats, and broke their dint with peltes of wool. The 
The valiantness of the Cyzians.  fiery darts, they quenched with vinegar and water, and other with clotheses cast against them, or with sails wrapped together stopped the throw. They left nothing undone, that men might do: and although they suffered all labour, and resisted the evil, yet at night part of the brickwall was burned and fallen: but no man durst enter for the heat, and their Cyzianes made it up again in the night. And not long after, a great storm of wound did break the rest of the king's engines. It is read that this City was in dowry, of jupiter to Proserpina, and the Cyziens honour her most of all gods. When their feast day came, that they should sacrifice a black cow, they not having one, made one of paaste, when as a black cow came to them by sea, which going under the bar of the haven, ran into the City, & came 
A sacrifice to Proserpina.  to the temple and stood at the altar. The which the Cyzians sacrificed with good hope. Mithridates' friends counseled him to go from the City being holy, but he would not. He went to Dindimus an high hill, and made a trench from it to the City, and set it with towers, and with mines digged the brickwall. He sent his horses, lean for lack of meat, and lame for labour, into Bythinia, Lucullus met with them as they went to Rindacus, and killed and took many prisoners, of men fifteen M. of horses six thousand, and many beasts of burden.  
At this time, Eumachus a Captain of Mithridates ran over 
Eumachus killeth the Romans ●sau●i, a people Asia the less.  Phrygia, and slew the Romans both women and children: then he invaded Pisidus and Isaur●s and Cilicia, till one of the Princes of Galatia, Deiotar us, stopped his course and killed many. And this was done in Phrygia. Winter being come, Mithridates was without his victual that was wont to come by Sea. Wherefore all his army was famyshed and many died.  
Some eat dead men barbarously. Other eat herbs, and were sick, and casting the dead bodies unburied, brought pestilence with hunger. But Mithridates continued, hoping to get the City with the engines that he had at Dindymus: but when the Ciziceans 
Dindymus the hill of Idea.  defeated his purpose, and burned his engines, and made many salyes upon their enemies, being féble for hunger, Mithridates intended to flee, which he did in the night with his ships to Par●●, and his army went by land to Lampsaco. When they came to the flood Aesepus, which was grown high, Lucullus 
Aesepus a flood in the less Nisia▪ flowing from the hill Ida.  set upon them as they were passing, and killed many. Thus the Ciziceans did escape the great preparation of the King, both by their own manhood, and by the help of Lucullus that oppressed him with famine, for the which cause they make plays at this day, which they call Lucullus plays. Mithridates' conveyed 
Lucullus plays.  away his army that was come to Lampsa●●●, and besieged of Lucullus, and the Lampsatians also with Ships that he sent them. And he committed ten thousand of the best to be guided of Varius, that was sent to him from Sertorius, and Alexander a Paphlagonian, and Dionisio an Eunuch: he with more, sailed to Nicomedia, and winter weather destroyed many of them.  
When Lucullus had wrought this feat by land through famine, he gathered ships out of Asia, & betook them to Lieutenants. Triarius took Apamea, and killed many that were fled into the 
Apamea in the coast of Bythinia.  Temples.  
Barbas took Prusiade, builded under an hill, and Nicaea, the garrisons 
Prusias called before Chius.  of Mithridates fléeing.  
Lucullus took of the enemies Ships thirteen, at the ports of Achaia. He overtook Varius, Alexander, and Dionysius, at Lemnus 
Lennus now Statimene. The monument of Philoctetes.  a desert I'll, where the altar of Philoctetes and the serpent of brass, the bow and the breastplate, tied about with bends, is seen, as a show of his calamity. He sailed upon them with great haste and contempt. They remaining still, he sent forth two ships at once, and stayd the rest, to provoke them to come out, but they not coming out, but defending themselves from the land, he sailed about the isle with other Ships, and ●et footmen a land, which made them to take their ships. But they would not come afloat, fearing Lucullus army, but 
Lucullus overcometh three Captains of Mithridates.  sailing by the land, & being followed both by land and sea, they were hurt, and great slaughter and flight was among them. Varius, Alexander and Dionysius the Eunuch were taken hid in a cave, of the which Dionysius, having drunk poison, as it is thought, died by and by. Lucullus commanded Varius to be killed, for it was not seemly to bring a Roman Senator in triumph. Alexander was kept for the pomp. And Lucullus written of his victory, letters wrapped in Laurel to the Romans, as the manner 
Letters in Laurel.  is in victories. And he went to Bythinia.  
As Mithridates sailed into Pontus, he had two tempests and 
Mithridates hath loss by sea, and is ●●●ed in a ro●ers bark. In Sinope was an university.  lost about ten thousand men, & threescore ships, the rest were scattered as the wind drove them, his own ship falling in a leak, he went into a rovers bark, his friends being against it, and going with the rovers they set him safe at Sinope, from whence he went to Amiso to try all, and to his son in law Tigranes the Armenian, and to Machares his son reyguing in Bosphoro, he sent, that both should provide help. And to the Scythians that 
Diocles, fleeth to Lucullus.  were confines, he sent gold, and many gifts by Diocles: but he fled to Lucullus with his gold and his gifts. Lucullus going forward boldly after the victory, overcame every thing as he went, and winning a wealth country that had been long without war, a slave was sold for four drams: an Ox 
A dram was a Roman penny.  for on: Goats, sheep and garments, and all other things after the like value. Lucullus be●reged Amison and Eupatoria, which 
Eupatoria.  Mithridates builded next Amiso, and named Eupatoria▪ of himself, and made it a king's Palace, and with an other army, besieged Themiscyra, that had the name of one of the Amazons at the 
Themiscyra a region of Pontus.  ●●o●dde Thermodonta. They lying at Themiscyra, set up towers and made trenches, and wrought so great ●●nes, that there was ●ightyng under the ground. The Themiscyrians opened them above, and threw in Bears and other wild beasts, & swarms of Bees upon the workmen. They at Amisus went an other way to work, the Amisians defending themselves, and many ●imies issuing out, and provoking also to fight hand to hand. Mithridates sent them much vi●ual, armure and munition from Cabeiris, where he wintered and gathered his army. He had o● 
Cabeira a town of higher Asia.  footmen forty thousand, and of horsemen four thousand.  
When the Spring was come, Lucullus went against the king by the mountains, which he had guarded to keep off Lucullus, and to make continual 〈◊〉 if any hap should b●. A man of the King's blood named Phoenix, was chief of this guard, who when Lucullus approached, made fires to Mithridates, but yielded himself and all his power to Lucullus, so as he without stop, went to Cabeira, and having a fight of horsemen with the King, 
Lucullus is overcome in one fight of horsemen▪ Pompey the general of horse, brought before the King, answered boldly. A princely saying of the king.  and being overcome, he retired to the hills, and when Pompeyus, the Captain of his horsemen was taken, and brought to Mithridates wounded, he asked him what thank he would give him if he were saved. He answered, if thou art a friend to Lucullus, I will give thee very great thank, if thou be'st his enemy, I will not deliber of it. Thus answered Pompeyus, and the Barbarians would have had the King to have killed him. The King said, he would not hurt virtue that was destitute of Fortune: Preparing continually to fight, and Lucullus refusing it, he sought a way to come upon him on the hill. There was a certain Scythian, named Olcabas, that had been a long fugitive with Lucullus, and because he had saved many at the fight of horsemen, he was admitted to Lucullus table, and privy to his counsel and secrets. 
Octavius fleeth from Lucullus.  He came to his tent at mid day when he was at rest, and would have go in by force (being girded only with a short sword after the manner) and being angry that he was kept back, saying he had an earnest thing to tell him, and therefore would have them awake him, they answering, that 
Nothing so good as health of a ruler.  there was nothing so good for Lucullus as his health, he took his horse by and by, and fled to Mithridates, either meaning evil, and suspected for his doing, or for anger, counting himself dishonoured. And he accused another Scythian called Sobadacus, that he would flee to Lucullus: therefore Sobadacus was taken. Whereas Lucullus would not go into the plain, because the enemies Horsemen were the better, and could see none other way, he found in a cave an Hunter of wild beasts, that was expert in unknown ways, by whom he passed by secret ways, and came upon the head of Mithridates, and came down, avoiding the fields, for the horsemen encamped at a flash of water, at the enemies face. Wanting victuals, he sent into Cappadocia for corn, and skirmished with the enemies, and made them to flee, till the king came out of his Camp in haste, and amazed them, and made them 
The Romans in a great fear ac●.  to turn, and so afraid the Romans, as they fled up to the mountains, and did not perceive when the enemies ceased, but thought them that fled with them their enemies, as well as they that chased them, so greatly were they made afraid. Mithridates' sent letters every where of this victory. A great part of 
Mithridates wrighteth of his victory.  his horsemen, and they of the best, lay in await for them that brought victual to Lucullus from Cappadocia, hoping to bring them to famine, as they themselves were at Cyzico. And it was a great argument so to be, because Lucullus had only from Cappadocia, from the which, he might be shut. The King's horsemen meeting with the first of the foragers in a straight place, and would not tarry, till they came to an open place, they made their horses in that straight unprofitable unto them. The Romans therefore being quickly in order by the help of the place, came forth to the fight, and killed the king's men, being helped by the straight way, as footmen, they drove some upon their fellows, and some they made flee by heaps, and flung them down. A few escaping 
A right of the Roman foragers, and the King's horsemen in a straight.  by night, ran to the Camp, and affirmed that they only were saved, and as the nature is, made the loss greater than it was. Mithridates before Lucullus should know of this loss, and thinking that Lucullus for lack of horsemen would by and by have 
The King's fear.  set upon him, determined to flee for fear, and told his friends in his tent. They before warning was given, sent away their gear hastily by night, and their carriage made a great thrusting 
The King's army fleeth.  together at the gates. The which the army perceiving, knowwing them that carried, and conjecturing worse for fear, and being grieved that no token was given, they broke up their trench, and fled about the field confusedly, every man as well as he could without Captains, or staying for warning.  
When Mithridates heard of these hasty and disorderly doings, he ran from his tent among them, and would have said somewhat to them, but no man giving ear to him, and being 
〈…〉 is thrust do 〈…〉 & flyo●●.  thrust of the people, he had a fall, and getting to his horse, he fled to the mountains.  
Lucullus understanding of the feat of the foragers, and seeing the flight of his enemies, sent many horsemen to follow them, & bringing his footmen to the cariera, and the rest that were in the camp, he commanded them not to spoil, before they had killed al. But they seeing the vessels of gold and silver, and costly garments, 
The soldiers always given to spoil.  forgot the commandment, and where they had taken Mithridates, and chanced to cut the burden that one of the Mules bore, and the gold falling out, they were so buy about it, that they let the King go, who fled to Comans, and from thence to 
Mithridates fleeth to Tigranes, who would not see him.  Tigranes, with ten thousand horse. He would not see him, but commanded to use him like a King in his Towns. Wherefore Mithridates being in desperation of his kingdom, sent Bacchus an Eunuch to his Palace, to kill his sisters and his wives, 
The king sendeth to kill his sisters, wlues & daughters.  and his concubines. They were dispatched some with the sword, some with poison, some with halters pitifully. When the captains of Mithridates garnisons saw this, the most part yielded to Lucullus. He setting things in order, sailed about the cities of Pontus, and took Armast, Heraclea, and other. Sinope held out lustily, and by sea fought valiantly. But while they were besteged, they burned their great ships, and fled with their small. 
A dream of Lucullus saveth the City of Sinope. Antolycus was one that lived by the●t.  Lucullus left the city free again, by reason of a dream, which was this. They say Antolycus did make war with Hercules against the Amazons, and being driven by tempest to Sinope, he took the City, and ruled there, and the Sinopeans had his Image in great veneration. The which when they fled, they wrapped it in linen, and bond it fast, to carry with them.  
Lucullus knowing nothing of this, nor having heard of it, he thought he saw him call him, and the next day, commanding them that carried that Image, to show what it was, he said it was the same that he did see in the night. This was his dream, and he caused Sinope to be still inhabited, and Amysios' also, out of the which they fled by sca. For understanding that it was inhabited of the Athenienses, when they were Lords of the sea, and made a populare state of it, it sometime obeyed the 
Sinope restored to liberty.  Persian Kings. And being restored to their liberty by Alexander, were subjects again to the Kings of Pontus: and he taking pity of them, and desirous of honour, after the example of Alexander, and the Athenienses nation, he left it in liberty, and with all speed revoked the Sinopeans to their own City.  
When he had thus restored them after their taking, he made league with Machare, Mithridates' son, king of Bosphorus, offering him a crown of gold.  
Then he sought Mithridates that was with Tigranes, and being come into Asia, which did own the fourth part of the fruits that Sylla put upon them for a pain, he took a tax of their houses and servants, and made the sacrifices of victory, as though the war had been finished.  
When the sacrifice was ended, he marched with two choice 
Lucullus with a small army against a great King.  legions, and five hundred horse, against Tigranes that would not deliver Mithridates. And passing Euphrates, requiring anlye money of the Barbarians, he went on. The men made no war upon him, as they that thought not good to intermeddle between Tigranes and Lucullus.  
No man durst tell Tigranes, that Lucullus was coming: 
Telling of truth evil rewarded.  for he that told it first was hanged, as one that troubled his Cities.  
But when he heard it, he sent Mithrobarzines with two thousand horse, to stop Lucullus course. He appointed Mancaeo 
Mancaeus keepeth the chief City.  to keep Tigranocerta, the which City, as I have said, the King builded in his own honour, to the which he called his nobles, and appointed a pain, that whosoever brought not his 
The defence of Tigranocerta.  goods thither, should be confiscate. He made a brickwall about it of fifty● cubits high. The bottoms of which, were full of stables for horse, and in the Suburbs, he had builded his Palace, and Gardens very fair, with Parks and fishepondes: and hard by, be made a strong Fort, all the which committing to Mancaeo, he road about his country together men.  
Lucullus at the first conflict overthrew Mithrobarzane and chased him. And Sextilius shut Mancaeus in Tigranocerta, spoiling all the places that were without brickwall, and entrenched the Fort and the City, and brought his engines, and undermined the brickwall. Thus was Sextilius occupied.  
Tigranes, gathering two hundred thirty thousand footmen, and fifty thousand horsemen, sent six thousand horse afore to Tigranocerta, They passing thorough the Romans, carried away the kings Concubines that were taken. The rest of the army, Tigranes sent against Lucullus. Then Mithridates coming first into his sight, counseled him not to fight with the Romans, but to range with his horsemen, and waste the country, to drive them to famine, if he could, by the which mean, he was used of Lucullus at Cyzico, and lost his feeble army. 
Tiranes laugheth at Mithridates. A quick saying of Tigranes.  Tigranes' laughed at this counsel, and came forth in order of battle: and seeing the little number of the Romans, said: If these be Ambassadors they be too many, but if they be enemies, they be too few.  
When Lucullus had perceived a fit hill beyond Tigranes, 
Lucullus winneth an hill.  he commanded his horsemen to give a charge on the front, and then to turn and give place of purpose, to bring the army out of order. He in the mean time led his footmen to the hill, not perceived. And when he saw the enemy disordered, and running by parts as though they had the victory, and all their carriage under the hill, he cried: We have got the victory (my fellows.) And first he set upon the carriage.  
They fleeing with confusion, ran upon the footmen, and the footmen upon the horsemennes, so as there was a fowl fleeing out of hand. And they that were go far to pursue the Romans, were killed of them turning upon them, and the other disordered with the carriage, that they came as driven among them, all being afflicted, & none knowing the 
Lucullus hath the victory.  truth, how the overthrow began, there was exceeding slaughter, without any spoil, for Lucullus had forbidden that with threats. Therefore treading upon bracelets and chains, they continued the murder an hundred & twenty furlongs, till night came upon them. then in their return they spoiled, for Lucullus was content.  
After this victory, Manceus that was left at Tigranocerta, unarmed 
The valiantness of the Greek soldiers.  all the Greek mercenary soldiers as suspected. They fearing to be taken, got them staves and went together, and were quiet.  
But when Manceus came upon them with the Barbarians armed, they wrapped their cloaks about their arms in stead of tergales, and with courage fought against them, and ever as they killed any, they kept their armour, and divided it between them. And when they thought they had got sufficient, they took some of the little Tents, and called the Romans, and received them in. Thus was Tigranocerta taken and spoiled, being very rich, and new builded, and inhabited most honourably.  
Tigranes and Mithridates went about gathering another army, of the which he made Mithridates' General, the other thinking it fit, being taught with his own losses. He sent also to the Parthians, requiring aid of them. And when Lucullus sent his Ambassadors also, requiring the King either to 
A policy of the Parthians King.  help him, or not to meddle with either, he secretly promised both, but performed with none.  
Mithridates' gathered armour in every City, and had in a manner all the Armenians in Camp, of the which he chose threescore ten thousand footmen, and half of the horsemen, and let the other go. These being divided into bands and companies after the Italian discipline, he took them to be trained of his men of Pontus. Lucullus coming toward them, Mithridates held all his footmen, and half his horsemen upon an hill. The rest of the horsemen Tigranes led, and meeting with the Roman foragers, was overcome: after the which the Romans foraged more safely, even in the places next Mithridates, and encamped there.  
By raising of much dust, it was perceived that Tigranes came, whose purpose was to have shut Lucullus in the midst of them both. Which when he perceived, he sent his best horsemen, to encounter with Tigranes as far off as they could, and to compel him to leave his ranging, and keep his camp. He provoked Mithridates to fight, and encamped about him, but 
Tigranes and Mithridates flyelli.  he could not move him, till famme oppressed him, and dissolved all their purpose. Tigranes went into the furthest part of Armenia, Mithridates into Ponius with the rest of his own army, having four thousand, and as many of Tigranes. Lucullus followed him, being driven also for want. Mithridates' outgoing him, he met 
Mithridates over throweth Fabrus.  with Fabio, that was left there of Lucullus, and overthrew him, kill five hundred: Fabio taking fresh servants that were 
Fabius overthroweth Mithridates which is sore hurt.  in the camp, fought again the whole day, and the fight was doubtful, till Mithridates was hurt on the knee with a stone, and under the eye with a dart, and was carried away with speed, and many days the one refrained from fight, for fear of the king's health, the other, for the multitude of them that were hurt. The Agarians a nation of Scythia, did cure Mithridates, using the 
Agarenes the king's plusitions.  poison of Serpents for their medicines, and for that cause be ever about the king. To Fabius came Triarius another Captain of Lucullus with his own army, and received the power and authority of Fabio: and not long after Mithridates and he coming 
A marvelous wind, breaketh the fight.  to the fight, there was such a wind as never was felt. It tore the tents of them both, it beat the beasts abroad, and struck down some men, and thus both went back. When it was told 
Triarius for haste is overthrower  that Lucullus was coming, Triarius desirous to fight before he came, he set upon the former watch by night, and the fight being equal, the king with his wing, got the better, and dispersed the enemies, driving the footmen into a foul mire where they were 
A Roman captain like a servant, woundeth the king.  killed, because they could not stir. The horsemen he sent to be chased in the plain, using valiantly the brunt of the victory: till a Captain of a Roman band, running by him as his servant, gave him a great wound on the thigh, because he thought he could not strike through his harness on the back. They that were next, straight killed him. Mithridates was carried out to the hinder part. The king's friends caused their retreat to be blown, the soldiers having a manifest victory, and following it egrely, and because it was strange to be called from it, they were much troubled, and in fear least some other inconvenience bad e'en.  
Timotheus that was the King's Physician, stopped the wound, & showed the king unto them, from above, that were come into the 
The King is showed to the soldiers.  field & stood thronging about his body, even as Alexander in India, when the Macedonians were afraid for him, showed himself to be cured in a Ship. When Mithridates came to himself, he blamed them that caused the fight to end, & that day led 
The Romans forsake their camp. A great number of Roman captains slain.  his army against the Romans camp. They were fled from it fearfully. When the dead were spoilt, them were found xxiiij Tribunes, &. Cl. Centurians, such a number of Captains as seldom hath been found slain in a Roman army. Mithridates went in to Armenia, which the Romans call Armenia the less, taking with him the victual that could be carried, and that that could not, he burned, that Lucullus, whom he thought did follow him, should have none of it. A Roman Senator named Attilius, fled 
Attilius is killed of suspicion.  from his country, because he was condemned, and in great credit & favour with Mithridates, was then taken as one that would betray him: & because he was a Senator, the king would not put him to the torture, but killed him. They that were of his counsel he tormented cruelly. His free made men he suffered all to depart unhurt, because they did but their masters commandment. Lucullus now was encamped nigh to Mithridates, when the Lieutenant of Asia sent about & proclaimed to the army, that the Romans 
Distension with the Romans.  accused Lucullus, because he made war longer than he ought to do, & that his army should go from him, they that did not obey, to have their goods confiscate. Which being told, the army went all away save a few, which being very poor, & not fearing 
Lucullus is left alone.  the pain, tarried still with Lucullus. Thus the war between Lucullus and Mithridates, not surely ended nor finished, was broken up. For Italy being rebelled, & they molested, & the sea being full of thieves, & they with famine oppressed, they did not think it good for them to take another so great a war in hand, till they were delivered of those incommodities. When Mithridates herded of this, he went into Cappadocia, & fortified his own kingdom, the Romans winking at his doings, till they had scoured the seas: which when it was done, and Pompey that was the worker of it, was in Asia. The war with Mithridates began again, & Pompey was sent to be the General. Therefore because the acts that Pompey did in the sea, before he came against Mithridates, is a part of Pompey's feats, and can be put into none other proper writing, I will shortly repeat & run them ever. When Mithridates made 
Mithridates filleth the sea with Pirates.  his first war against the Romans, and ruled in Asia,, and Sylla was busied about Grecia, thinking he should not long hold Asia, he spoiled every place, as I have said, and set Pirates in the sea, the which at the first with a few little boats, vexed such as they met. As the war grew, they were more, & had got great ships, & taking of great gain, they did not cease, though Mithridates were overcome, & had made truce, or was fled. For they that had lost their liings and countries thorough the war, and were fallen into extreme poverty, left the land, & sought commodity by the sea: and first with brigandines & foists, then with little galleys they roved, the Archpirats being their leaders as generals of an army, unwalled Cities they spoilt, them that were walled, 
The myshappes of the Rovers.  they undermined or beat down, or got by siege & destroyed. The best men they brought to the sea for their raunsoms: and to avoid the infamy of their ravin, they called themselves hired soldiers, in stead of sea-rovers. They had workmen in chains to do their business, & carrying matter of wood, brass, & iron, they neverrested. Being proud of their gain, & not thinking to leave their piracy, they thought they were like Kings & Tirans or great generals, & supposed that if they gathered together, they should be unconquerable, they made ships & all kind of armour, specially about Cilicia, that is called (the hard,) the which they made their common receptacle, or used it, as their camp, having 
Cilicia, full of rocks on● Mountains on the coast. Cilices were counted rouer●.  many forts & towers, & void islands & shipping in every place. Their chief trade was at Cilicia the hard, being without ports, & full of great hills, of the which, by a common name, they were called Cilices, the which evil begunthere, of the hard part of Cilicia, brought unto them Syrians, Cyprians, Pamphilians & Ponticans, and almost all the nations of the East, the which in the time of Mithridates war, rather choosing to do, than to suffer, they used the sea for the land, that in short space they were many thousands, and they were not Lords only of the east seas, but all that which is within the pillours of Hercules. For they had overcome some of the Roman Admirals in sea-fight, and some in Sicily.  
In Sicilia, no man dared sail, & the land wanted their labourers, because of their robberies, and the City of Rome found this inconvenience most of all, all their subjects being in want, and they, for their great multitude, in grievous famine. This matter seemed great and hard unto them, to dispatch so many armies of men and ships, divided by the whole circle of the land and sea, easy to flee with their provision, and not to be set upon from their countries, or evident places▪ not having any house or property, but all that ever came to hand. So that the consideration of this war was far beyond the rest, having no certainty, no surety, nor evidence, it wrought a doubt with a fear. Murenas being sent against them, did nothing, nor Servilius Isauricus, after 
Murenas. Serui. 〈…〉.  Murena: but now they were come to the coast of Italy, and the rovers were brag at Brunduse and Tosc●ne, and had taken noble women, and two armies with their ensigns. Therefore the Romans no longer suffering this loss nor shame, did choose by law▪ 
Pompey choose admiral against the Pirates.  Pompey, a man of so great fame, to be chief Admiral for three years, of all the Seas within the pillours of Hercules, and four hundred furlongs of land from the sea, they sent all kings, princes & Cities to help Pompey with all things, & gave him authority to gather armies & money. They sent also a great army of their own ordinary, and as many ships as they had, and six M. talents of Athens. So great & difficult a thing did they think it to be, to overcome so many armies in so great a sea, lurking in so many holes easily, and fléeing safely, and appearing again of the sudden. Never was there man before that, was sent with such a power as Pompey was. To whom an army was given of cxx. thousand footmen, six thousand horsemen, ships with small vessels two hundred lxx. and ministers, which being of the Senate, they call legates, twenty-five. to whom Pompey divided the sea, and gave them Ships, and horses and footmen and ensigns of war. So was every man an absolute ruler of that part that was committed to him: and he as king of kings, went about to see if they kept the order that he appointed: neither would he have them chased so▪ as they should be carried from one to another without profit, but to meet with them, as they might serve one another's turn, and shut them up within the compasses. 
The manner of the appo●●mēts.  Pompey having thus ordered all, he appointed Tiberius Nero, to Spain and the pillars of Hercules, & with him Manlius Torquatus: Marcus P●mpetus, to the Ligurian and Cel●●can sea: Lentulus Marcelinus, and Publius Attilus, to Lybia, Sard●●, Cyrnus, and all the nigh islands about Italy. He appointed Lucius Ge●●ius, and Gaius Lentulus, Plotius Varius, and Terentius Varius, to Acarnania, and to keep Sicily and the Ionian sea. To Lucius Cinna, Peloponesus, and the coast of Attica, with Euboea, Thessalia, Macedonia and Boeotia. To Lucius Cull●●, the Islands and all the A●gean and Hell sp●●●. To Publius Piso, Bythinia, Thracia, and Pelopida, and the mouth of Pontus. To Metellus Nepos, Lycia, Pamphylia, Cyprus and Phoenitia. Thus he appointed his Captains to make their courses and their onsets, and to keep their places, and to receive, when they fled from the other, that in their chase, they should not exceed too far, nor be 
The diligence of Pompey.  carried about in their fighting, that it might be speedily done: and he sailed to them all, and having overseen all in the West in forty days, he came to Rome, and from thence to Brunduse, & from Brunduse into the East, so long a way, he afraid them all with his sudden and quick passage, and great preparation, and fear of his glory▪ insomuch as the Pirates that hoped to have been too good for him, or truly to have put him to pain enough, being afraid by and by, left their expugnations of other cities, and resorted to their wont holds and holes. So that the Sea was scoured by Pompey without any fight, and the Rovers were taken of the Captains in every place by parts. He went into Cilicia, with a great army and many engines, thinking he should have had many fyghtes and besiegings, at their rocky Towers: but he needed none, for his glory and great power, making 
The Pira●● give over.  them afraid, and thinking that if they came not to fight, they should find the more gentleness: first they delivered Cragus 
Cragus and Anticragus▪ hills ● Lycia, part of Taurus.  and Anticragus the greatest forts they had, than the mountain men of Cilicia, and in order all yielded themselves, and also much armour, some ready, some to be made ready, they delivered: and ships, some upon the stocks, some apt to sail: brass and iron gathered for that purpose, and sails, cables and other diverse matter, and a number of prisoners, some being in bands for their ransom, and some for to work. Their stuff Pompey burned. Their ships he took. The prisoners he sent into their Countries, of the which, many found their gra●●s made, because 
Many restored beyond hope.  they were thought to be dead. The Pirates that seemed to come to this war, not of malice, but for lack of living, he commanded them to inhabit Mall●●, ●dana, Epipha●●●, or any 
The Pirates appointed to inhabit hard places in the coast of Cilicia.  other place, desolate, and void of men, in the hard part of Cilicia: some of them he sent to ●yma in A●hai●. Thus the Pirates war that was thought to be most dangerous, was ended in few days of Pompey. Of ships he took. ●●xij. Of the that were delivered three hundred and six. Of Cities, Forts, and other strong places. 120. Of the Pirates were slain in fight. 〈◊〉. These things being done speedily, and beyond opinion, the Romans highly extolling Pompey being yet in Cilicia, those him the General of the war against Mithridates▪ with like authority of a ruler alone, where he would invade, and make war, and to make friends or foes of R●me, whom he thought good, and of all the army that was out of Italy gave him the authority, 
The large commission that Pompey had.  which was never so given to none before him, and peradventure for this, they called him Great, for the war of Mithridates was now ended by other Captains.  
Pompey gathering his army out of Asia, did encamp in the confines of Mithridates. Mithridates had a choice army of his own, of thirty thousand footmen, and three thousand horsemen, and he defended the place, which being wasted before by Lucullus, he had want of victual. Wherefore many fugitives went from him, some of the which, he threw down headlongs, some he pulled out their eyes, and some he burned, therefore the fewer fugitives went from him for fear of punishment. He was consumed with want, & therefore he sent Ambassadors to Pompey, to know with what condition he might make peace: he answered, if thou 
Answer of Pompey to Mithridates.  deliver our fugitives, and commit thyself to us: which when Mithridates herded, he asked the fugitives what they thought, and when he see them afraid, he swore, he would never make peace with the Romans, for their covetousness: and he delivered none, nor did nothing, but they were privy to it. Thus did he.  
Pompey laying an ambush of horsemen, bad other go to the front of the King's battle, and provoke them. And if they came forth, to give place as though they were overcome, and 
Fight of horsemen.  bring them to the place of the ambush, at the which, they returning, they might get into the Kings Camp with them that fled: Which had been done in deed, if the King fearing it, had not brought out his footmen: and so they retired.  
This was the end of the first attempt of the horsemen between Pompey and Mithridates:  
The King being molested with want, was compelled to go back, and suffer Pompey to come into that part, thinking that being in that wasted place, he should suffer many inconveniences: but he had provided victual to come behind him, & going eastward against Mithridates, made many Towers and trenches against him, and compassed him in the space of five hundred Furlongs, that he could not now easily come by victuals. And the King did not stop his entrenching▪ either for fear, or for ignorance, or for that all evils were now to come upon him: and being oppressed again with want, he killed all beasts of carriages, only horses he spared, which scarcely 
The King fle●th.  serving for fyfety days, in the night he departed with great silence by hard ways, whom Pompey could hardly overtake in a day, saving the tail. Then the King being counseled by his friends to set his men to the battle, would not fight, but with his horsemen only keep back them that approached, and in the night hid himself in thick woods. The day following, he took a rocky place, to the which, was one way only to come, and there he was kept with four hands. And the Romans kept on the contrary side, that he should not escape. The next day, either of them armed their men. The forewarders of either part, at the side of the hill skirmished, and the horsemen of the Kings were commanded to help their fellows without horses. Upon whom, when the Romans came with their horsemen, the king's men ran on heaps to the camp, to get their horses, & to match with y●▪ Romanes ●gallye. They that were above and armed, seeing them come running with shout, and not knowing what was done, but thinking they 
A discomfiture upon an error.  had fled another way from the Camp that was taken, threw away their armour and fled, and the place being hard, one fallen upon an other in the thrust, till they fallen from the rocks. Thus the army of Mithridates, thorough the lack of them that would without order take upon them to help their former selowes, falling into a confusion, was lost. The rest of the matter was easy to P●mpey, kill and taking the unarmed, and being shut in the rocks, of the which ten thousand were slain, and all the Camp with the treasure of gold was taken. Mithrdites with his guard only, fléeing thorough the rocky places, met with some of the hired horsemen, and three thousand footmen. They conducted him to Sinoregia a castle, where he had laid 
〈◊〉.  up much money, and giving gifts and a years wages to the companions of his flight, he carried with him six thousan●e talents, and went to the fountains of Euphrates, minding to go from thence to Colchos: and using continual speed, passed Euphrates the fourth day●. Tarrying there three days, he took them 
〈◊〉.  that were with him, or came to him, and went to Chotena of Armenia, there overthrowing the Cotenians and Iberians that kept him off by slings and darts, he went to the flood Apsares.  
These Hiberians of Asia, some say were the progenitors, & 
Hiberians of ●rmenia & Spain.  some the posterity, of the Hiberians of Europe: and some say, they were only of one n●me, for their manner and tongue is nothing like. Mithridates' wintered at Dioscuride, which City they of Cholcide, 
〈◊〉 a city in C●●hide. where sometime occupved three h●n●red n●●●ons of divers language.  think to be a Monument of the travail of Castor and the Argonants: and thought he were yet flée●ng, he conceived no little matter in his mind, but to go● about all Pontus in a circle, and the Scythians beyond Pont●s, and the Fen of Meot●, and attempt B●sphorus, and to take the kingdom of Machares his son, as unprofitable to him, and then to make open war against the Romans, and to begin it from Euro●e, they being in Asia, and to put Porus in the midst, which some think to be called Bespheros, of ●● swimming over, when she was made a Cow, and 
Porus. ●●.  fled ●he ●elousie of juno.  
Thus much beyond all reason did Mithridates think to bring to pass. He passed by the Seythian nations both that were enemies or otherwise, either by persuasion or violence. Thus fleeing, and in misery▪ he was honoured and seared. He p●●●d by the He●iochians, they receiving him. The Achaeans that would have resisted him he put to flight. They as it is said, came from 
A●hain● of Troy  to P●ntus, being driven by tempest, and these suffered much of the Barbarians, because they were Grecians. And when they sent into their country for ships, and were deemed, they so hated the Greeks, that as Scythians, they sacrificed as many Greeks as 
A sacrifice of men.  came first all for anger, than the fairest only, at last, them to whom it fallen by lot.  
And thus much of Acheans and Scythians. Mith●idates coming to Meotis, of the which were many Princes, they all received him, and sent to him for the glory of his acts, kingdom, and power, yet worthy to be hanored, bringing him many gifts and sending others. He made lineage with them, thinking to do strange frats, as to go from Thracia to Macedonia, from Macedonia to Pannonia, and so to Italy, and the mountains of the Alps, and made marriages for his daughters, with the mightiest of his confederateurs.  
When his son Machares heard that he had come so great a way in so little time, thorough so many fierce nations, and the places called the Locks of S●ythia, that no man had go before, he sent certain Ambassadors unto him, to excuse him, that for necessity, he obeyed the Romans. And when he saw his anger extreme, he fled into Ponto Cherron●so, burning his ships that his father should not follow him. But he sending other to take 
Machares killeth himself for fear of his father.  him, he killed himself. Mithridates' killed all his friends that he betook to him▪ when he went to that Kingdom. The familiars of his son, that were come by private friendship, he let go unhurt. Thus did Mithridates.  
Pomp●● ●●llowed him flée●ng as far as Cholcos', not thinking good to follow him an● further, nor to pass about Pontus or the Fen of Meot●●, nor supposing, that in that case he would attempt any great matter, he went to Cholcos', to see the history of Argonante, and Castor, and P●●lux, and the journey of Hercules, 
〈◊〉 were ●●● 〈◊〉 that went 〈◊〉 jason. P●omethe●● was tied at the hy●● 〈◊〉 Stre●●es of gold. A●●os.  and thiesly to see the passion of Prometheus, which they say he suffered at the hill of Caucasus. There be many springs that run from Cau●●s●●, that carry shr●ddes of gold that can not be seen: and the inhabitants put fleeses into the strea●●, where it is deepest, and so gather the gold sand that is contained. And peradventure such a one was the golden fleece that Aet●s bore on his back. Whilst Pompey was beholding this story, other nations that were nigh, sent unto him: but O●azes the King of Alban●a, and Artocus, the king of Hiber●a, with 100L. thousant, lay in wait 
Artocus leyth●in w●yre for Pompey.  for him at Circus, the flood flowing into the Sea of Cas●● with twelve mouths, many rivers running into him, & Ara●os greatest of all. When Pompey heard of the trains, he passed the flood, and drove the Barbarious into the thickest woods. They 
Pompey destroyeth the en●rutes in a wood.  are good fighters in woods, hiding themselves, and appearing suddenly again. He compassed the wood with his army and burned it, and chased them that fled, until all sent hostages & gifts, of whom he trumphed in Rome. Among the hostages and prisoners, there were sound women, having no less wounds than men, and they were thought● to be Am●z●●●s, ●yther because 
Women ●ound wounded.  the Amazons that be a nation thereby, were c●me to help them, or for that the Barba●ta●s call all warlike women amazons. 
amazons were the women that 〈◊〉 one of their breasts.  Pomp●y going from thence, ●nc●mped in Arme●ia, accusing Tigr●●es for helping of Mith●●d●ies, marching to A●t●zata where the king's palace was Tigranes would not have war. He had children by Mithridates' daughter, of the which Tig●anes killed two, one in fight making him war, the other, ●icause he would 
Tig●anes ki●leth 〈◊〉 of his children.  not take him up when he had a fall at hunting, and because he did set the crown on his head. The third, because he lamented his father in that hunting, was crowned of him, but rebelling shortly after, he was overcome of his father, and fled to Phraa●●●, king of the Parthians, that now succeeded in the Kingdom to his father Sintrico. When Pompey was at hand, conferring with Phraates, and he agreeing, and seeking private fiendship with Pompey, the young man humbly fled to Pompey, being Mithridates' 
〈◊〉 in great 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉  daughters son. But great was the estimation of Pompey among the Barbarians, for justice and faithfulness, to the which, his father Tigranes also trusting, came unto him, without sen●ing any messengers a●ore, 〈◊〉 himself & all his, to 
T●granes sul●●●●tteth ●o Pompey.  Pompey, and the ●●dg●ment betwine him and his so●●e. Pompey sent his chief Captains, commanding them to mee●e the King with all honour: they that were with Tigranes, because they had not sent before, fled, but Tigranes' wē● on, & honoured Pompey as the better, after the Barbariam fashion. Some say, he was brought by the sergeants, whom Pompey had sent to fetch him. Howsoever he came, he made an account of his doings, and gave to Pompey sire M. talents, & to every common Souldioure. 50. drams, & to a Captain of a band a M. and to a colonel ten M. Pompey 
The 〈◊〉 of Tigranes.  forgave all that was passed, and agreed him with his son, and appointed him to reign in Sophene, and Gordene, (these be no●●e Armen●a the less) and his father, in the rest of Arme●●a, in the which his son should succeed him. The land that he had conquered, he commanded him to leave, and he left Syria from Euph●ates to the Sea, for Tigranes had this, and a part of Cili●ia, putting out Antiochus that was called the dutiful. The Armentans that for ●ooke Tigranes, when he went to Pompey, remaining in suspicion, persuaded his son, being yet with Pompey, to entrap his father. He was taken and bound, and in that time stirring the Parthians against Pompey, was brought in triumph, & dispatched. Pompey thinking all war had been ended, builded a city, where 
Tigranes' son is taken, ● carried in triumph. Pompey ●●lde●● Nicopolis.  be overcame Mith●i●ates, and of the act, called it Nicopolis, & it is in Armen●● the less. He restored the kingdom of Cappado●ia to Ariobarz●n●s, and added Sophene & Gordene which he had given to Tigranes' son, the which now ●e subject to Cappad●cia H● gave him also Cabala a city of Ci●icia, & others, the which kingdom Artobarzanes gave unto his son while he was alive, in the which was many mutations, till Augustus' time, in the which it was made a province as other kingdoms were Pompey passing over the hill Taur●s, made war upon Antiochus Con●gemus▪ ●●l he was accepted to peace. He overcame Darius y● Media●, either because he holp Antiochus or Tigranes before. He overcame the Arabians, that 
Arabians.  be called Nabathei▪ Areta being their king, and the Jesues that revolted from their king Aristobulus, and took Hierus●lem that is the most 
Pompey take●● 〈◊〉.  holy city to them, & the rest of Cilicia that was not y●● subject to Rome, and that part of Syria, that is about Euphrates, which is called Caele, Ph●nice and Palestin●▪ and the Idumeans, and ●●●reans, and all other names of Syria, he brought under the Romans dominion, without any war, having no matter against Antiochus the 
A strait interpretation of ●ight.  pitiful, being present and suing for his father's Kingdom, but because he thought, that it being taken from Tigranes, who had put out Antiochus, it might well ve judged to the people ●● Rome.  
While he was about these matters, Ambassadors came unto him from Phraates and Tigranes, that were at war. They that came from Tigranes, desired help as of their friend. They that came from Phraates, desired to be received into amity with the Romans. And Pompey not minding to make war upon the Parthians without the decrae of the Senate, sent arbitrers to reconcile them. And thus he did.  
Mithridates had now go about Pontus, and having taken 
Pa●ticup●on a city at ●●sphorus ●●●eris Mithridates kyll●th his son.  P●●ticup●on, that is the chief city of Merchandise in Europ● at the entry of Pontus, he killed his son S●phares at P●●●, for his mother's fault, which was this:  
Mithridates had a castle, in the which were hid under the ground in brazen vessels bound with iron, much treasure secretly. Stratonice, one of Mithridates' wives or women, which had the government and keeping of this castle, while Mithridates went about Pontus, delivered the Castle to Pompey, and revealed the treasure that was unknown. Only with this condition, that if Pompey took her son S●phares, ●● should save him. He having the money, promised to save her son, and gave her leave to carry away her own things. When Mithridates known what was done, he killed Siph●res at the narrow sea, and threw his b●●ye unburied, his mother s●yng it on the other shore.  
Th●s he killed the child, to be revenged of the mother.  
He sent Ambassadors to Pompey being in Syria, & not hearing whither he were alive or dead, that he might enjoy his father's kingdom▪ and pay Tribute for it to the Romans. Pompey bad h●● come, and speak for himself as Tigranes had done. That he said he would never do, being Mithridates, but h● would send some of his children and friends.  
Thus he said, and withal gathered an army together of free and bond, bringing much armour, shot, and munition, sparing no man's wood, nor labouring Ox, to make strings. He ●ette taxes upon every man, though he were but of small substance, the collectors whereof did much spite, which he known not of. And being sick in his face of a boil, he was healed of the Eunuches, 
Mithridates' sick in the ●ace.  and only sen● of them. When he was whole, and his army gathered, there was threescore choice▪ bands, with six hundred in a company, and there was another great multitude, and ships, and places which his Captains had got whilst he was sick. He sent a part of his army to Phanagorea, which was another mart town at the mouth, that he might have his entries on both sides, Pompey being yet in Syria. Castor of Phanagorea b●yng injured of Triphon, an Eunuch of the Kings, he killed Triphon as 
A mutiny at Phanagorea.  he entered, and called the people to liberty: and they because the Castle was held of Artaphernes, and other sons of the Kings, did bring wood, and burned the tower, by the which fear, Artaphernes, Darius, and Xerxes, Ozethres, and Eupatra, Mithridates children, gave themselves to be taken. Artaphernes 
The king's children taken.  was about forty years old, the other were fair young men. There was another daughter of Mithridates called Cleopatra, who tarried still, whom the father loving for her noble heart, sent divers Foystes, and took her away. Other Castles there about lately taken of Mithridates, following the b●ldnesse of the Phanagoreans, revolted from Mithridates, Xerronesus, The●dosia, 
City's revolt.  Nymph●on, and all other that were fit for the war about Pontus. He seeing these many revoltings, and having his army in suspicion, not faithful, being compelled to serve of necessity, and for the great tributes, and the infidelity of armies always toward the generals that be in misery, he sent his daughters by his Eunuches, to be married to the princes of Scythia, requiring an army to be sent him with speed, sending five hundredth Souldyoures with them. They, being not very far off, Mithridates, killed the Eunuches, because they were ever injured of 
The King's Eanuches be killed.  the Eunuches, that might do most with Mithridates, and led the maids ●o Pompey. Mithridates' being spoiled of so many children, Castles, and of his whole kingdom, and not fit now for to make battle, nor looking for any help of the Scythians, yet not conceiving any small matter, as one that was in calamity, but sent to the Frenchmen, whom he had made friends long before, intending to go to them, and invade Italy with them, thinking many of Italy were weary of the Romans, and hearing that Hannibal▪ began the war in Spain, and was most fearful to the Romans. He known that of late almost all Italy rebelled from Rome, and kept a long war with them, and that Sparta●●● ● swordplayer, was stirred up of them, a man of no regard. With this opinion he marched toward France. This most bold enterprise the army disappointed, being not content with so great a boldness, nor so long a journey, to be led into a strange country, against men, whom they could not overcome in their own country, thinking Mithridates to be in despair of all things, and would in labour and like a king end his life, rather than in rest. Yet a while they abode, and were quiet, for he was no small king; and not to be contemned even in adversity. They standing thus, Pharnaces that was most dear to him of all his sons, 
P●arnaces ●he kings son.  whom he had many times declared to be the successor of his kingdom, either for fear of his kingdom by this army, being yet like to obtain pardon of the Romans, but if his father should make war in Italy, like to loose all his heritage, either for other causes and reasons, and desires, he laid wait for his father. The conspiratoures being taken and put to the rack, Menophanes persuaded Mithridates not to kill his son that was 
〈…〉 sa●●●● 〈…〉 ces.  ●o much esteemed now in his voyage, for (said he) such mutations hap in war, which being ceased▪ they be stayed also. He being persuaded, granted pardon to his son: but he fearing the remembrance of it, knowing the army was weary of the journey▪ in the night went to the fugitives of Rome that served next his father, and showed what danger they should be in if they went into Italy, which they evidently saw, and 
The army revolteth from the King, by the practice of his ●●●●e.  promising them many benefits if they would tarry, brought them to rebel from his father. When he had persuaded them, Pharnaces sent to the other that were next in the army, they also▪ consenting, the fugitives were the first that departed in the morning, that forsook the king, and other that were ever next, made a great shout, and the Navy answered them, not being all alike disposed peradventure, but ready to mutations, and despising him that was in adversity, always hoping for 
Prince's for●●●● in calamity.  better at every change. Other being ignorant of that was done, & thinking all other to be corrupted, and that they alone should be despised of the more part, for fear and necessity, rather than of good will, agreed to their purpose.  
Mithridates' being stirred by the cry, sent some to know what they meant by their cry, they not dissembling, said, they required the son to reign for the father, a young man for an old, that was ruled by his eunuchs, and that had killed so many children, Captains, and friends. Which when Mithridates heard, he came forth to say somewhat to them, and even then a number of his guard fled to the fugitives. They said they would not accept them, unless they did some notable feat, and withal showed Mithridates. They killed his horse, and now 
The king's horse killed by his guard. A crown of paper in stead of gold.  as obtaining their purpose, saluted Pharnaces King, and one brought a broad paper out of the Temple, and crowned him with it in stead of a diadem. Which when Mithridates did see from above, he sent one after another to Pharnaces, to require safe flight, no man of them that were sent returning, fearing lest they should be given to the Romans. He praising the gar●, and such friends as yet tarried with him, sent them to the new king, and the army killed some of them without any cause, he taking out of his sword a poison that e●●● he did carry about him, tempered it. Two of his daughters, named Mithridates 
Two of the king's daughters die constantly before him. The poison would not work in the king, because he had used daily medicines against poison, which of his ●●●e be called M●●●rida●●●●.  and N●ssa▪ espoused to the Kings of A●gipe and Cypress▪ that were brought up with him, desired they might take the poison first, and were very instant, and would not let him drink it, till they had taken it: and the potion soon dispatched them, but it would not work upon Mithridates himself▪ though he walked fast for the purpose, because he used to eat other medicines, which he took ever against the violence ●● poison, which medicines at this day be called Mithridatum Seeing then one ●itaeton, a Captain of the Frenchmen, he said unto him, I have had much profit of thy right hand against mine eniemies, I shall now receive greatest pleasure, if thou will't take me away, that 
The words of Mithridates before his miserable end.  am in danger to be carried to the pomp of a triumph, that have been a ruler and a king of so many and so great a dom●mon, and can not dye of poison, because of the continual receipts of other medicines. But the greatest and most ready poison which kings always faele, is the treachery of army, children, and 
Treachery the greatest poison to Kings.  friends, I did not foresee, but all things, concerning my diet, I did foresee and keep. Bitaetus weeping, obeyed the necessity of the king. Thus Mithridates died, the eleventh after Darius last king of Persia, and the eight from Mithridates that for sook the Macedonians, and possessed the kingdom of Pontus. He lived eight or nine year above threescore, and had reigned fifty and seven years: for being yet an Orphan, the kingdom came to him. He subdued the nigh nations of the Barbaria●s, and overcame many of the Scythians, and made a sharp war against the Romans forty years, in the which he oft conquered Bithynia and Cappadocia. He overran Asia, Phrygia, Paphlag●●i●, Galatia, and Macedonia, and sailing into Grecia, did many great acts, and was Lord of the sea from Cilicia to I●nia, till Sylla shut him aga●e within his father's kingdom, overthrowing 140. M●●●, and after so great a ●●●e, renewed the war ca●●●y, fight with the best Captains Being overcome of Sylla, Lurullus, and Pompey he had many ●●m●s the better hand of them. Lucius Cassius, Opius Q●i●●●●, and M●●ius Acili●●, he t●ke prisoner's, and l●dde 
The acts of 〈◊〉.  them about with him, till he killed him that was the cause of the war, and the other ●e delivered to Sylla. He overthrew Phimbria▪ Murena, and C●●● the Co●●●ll, and 〈◊〉 and Triarius. He ●●●●●●●●●●●● heart, and ●uen in his misery was mighty and ● amazeful▪ He left nothing unattempted against the Romans, no, not when he was overthrown. He was consedered with the M●●tians and 〈◊〉 and scent to 〈◊〉 into 〈◊〉. He was wounded many times in his p●rson of his enemies and others 
The courage of the King.  by treason, yet 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, though he were ●●●e. Neither was any of the conspiracies hid from him, not not in his last days, but where he willingly let it p●sse, he was destroyed by ●●, so unthankful a thing is malice obtaining pardon. Bloody 
Mallce obtaining pardon unthankful. A cruel King.  he was, and always cruel. He killed his mother and his brother, and of his children three sons and three daughters. His body was big, as his armour do declare, which he sent to Nemea and Delphos. He had good strength, and even to the last, 
Nemea the place where teats were showed in the honour of Hercules. The strength of the King. The learning of the King. He loved Music.  could ride and throw his dart. He ran in one day a thousand furlongs by changing of horses. He guided a chariot with. xv●. horses. He was learned in the Greek letters, and thereby did understand the Greek Ceremonies. He loved music. He was temperate and painful in all things, and only he was overcome of pleasures with women. Thus Mi●hridates called E●ipator Dionysius died. When the Romans herded of it, they made great joy, as delivered of a sore enemy. Pharnaces sent his father's corpse to Sin●pe to Pompey in Galleys, and them that took Manius ●other many pledges, as well of Greci● as Barbaria: he desired his father's kingdom, or to be king of Bosph●rus only, the which kingdom Muchares his brother had of Mithridates. Pompey gave allowa●●e 
The body of the King buried▪ at the charges of the Romans.  for the burying of Mithridates' body, and appointed them that looked to it, to bury it royally, and to place it in Sinope among the king's Sepulchres, loving him for his noble heart, as a king most worthy in his time. He made Pharn●ces that had delivered Italy from great trouble, friend and confederate of the Rom●nes, and gave him ●●sphorus for his kingdom, Phanagorea excepted, 
Thanag●●●● ●r●●  which he left free, and of their own jurisdiction, which were the first that resisted Mithridates after he renewed force, and had gotte● ships, and another army, and places of receipt, and were leaders of rebe●●on to other, and causes of his destruction. He in this one war ouerth●●●● the pi●●●s, and subdued the mightiest king, and ●oing brought to fight without the war of Pontu●, the Ch●leans, Albanians, T●erians, Armenians, Medians, Arabians, and jews, and other nations of the East, he suboved, and Ignited the Empire of the Romans unto Aegip●, into the which he would not enter, though they ●●●● at ●●●ision, and the king calling him, and sending him 〈◊〉, and ●●●ey, and garments, ● to all his army, either fearing the greatness of that kingdom yet flourishing, or a●oyding the hate of his enemies, or oracles, forbidding it, or for other reasons which I will show in the story of Egypt. Of the nations that he wan, some he left 
Aegean ● at touched.  free, because they were of the Romans amity. Some he made subject to the Romans, some he gave to be kingdoms, as Armenia to Tigranes, Bosphorus to Pharnace, and Cappadocia to Ari●barzanes, with the rest that I spoke of. He committed Seleu●ia t● Antiochi●, Comagines●, and all the other that he had got in Mes●p●tamia. He appointed Tetrarches of ●allogrecia, which ●e now Galatians, bordurers upon Cappadocia, D●●otaro, and others. At●alus 
Pompey appointeth kings ●●● prince's. The minister of Com●gena equal to king. Castor. Cities built of Pompey.  had power over Paphlagenia, and Aristarchus of Colchus. He appointed Archelaus, the holy minister of the Goddess in Comagena, which is as good as a king's dominion, and declared Castor of Phanagorea, a friend to the Romans, and he gave to other much land and money. He builded Cities in Armeni● the less, Nicop●lis, because of his victory, in P●ntu●, Eupatoria, which Mithridate Eupator builded, and named it of himself, and destroyed it, because it received the Romans, and Pompey erected it again, and called it Magnop●l●. In Cappadocia he re-edified Mazaria, that 
Magnop●●●.  was utterly destroyed, and others that were decayed or afflicted he restored. In Pontus, Palestina, and C●losyria, and Cilicia, where he placed the Pirates. The City that of old time was called Sole, ●● 
Pompe●op●li●. 〈◊〉 full of treasure.  now Pompei●pol●. In Talauris, which City Mithridates had as a storehouse for his munition, were found two thousand cups made of precious stone, bond about with bars of gold●, and pots, & cans, & laver, beds, and cha●ers most rich. Ther● were bridles, saddles, and comparisons for horses, beset with gold● and pre●ious stone, the which were so many, as thirty days was spent in the delivery of them. Part of them were given by Darius Hi●●apsis, some of the king P●●l●●ei, which Cleop●●● gave to the Coans, and they to Mithridates, and made and gathered more, being desirous of precious appar●●●. At the end of ●●inter Pompey distributed gifts to his army, to every man five 〈◊〉 of 
City's to the ●●●●.  A●hens, and to the Captains accordingly. They say the 〈◊〉 came to xv●. M. Talents▪ He went to 〈◊〉 and s●ye● 〈◊〉 and from thence went to Rome, leaving his army at 〈◊〉, and sending every man ha●●: which act being so 〈◊〉 to the people, made the Romans to wonder. There came to meet him 
The receiving of pompey o● Rome.  by several companies, the young men furthe●●●●, then in order as every man could for age, last the Senate, extolling his acts, ●or the●e was no man that had overthrown so many enemies, nor taken ●o many nations, and measured the Roman Empire with the flood of Euphrates. He triumphed most gloriously ●● ever did man at the xxxv year of his age, which continued two 
The triumph of Pompey.  days of many nations, front Po●tui, Ar●●enta, Capp●d●cia, Cilicia, and all Syria, of Albania, Heniochia, Achaia, and S●ythi●, and the East Hiberians. And he brought into the ports seven hundred sound ships, and to the pomp of his triumph Chariot's, and 
Here a milon is ten thousand.  Cartes wrought with gold, and other fu●l of divers treasure, as a bed of Darius Histapsis, and the chair and Sceptre of Eupater, and an image of gold of eight cubits to the breasts, of silver coined seven thousand millions, five hundred and ten, an infinite number of carts with armour, and s●●●mes of ships, and a multitude of prisoners & picates, none bond, but clad after their country. Before Pompey went the Captains of the kings that were overcome, or their children or generals, some being captives, some given for hostages, in number three hundred. xxiii●. Then was there T●gran●s, son to Tigranes, and five of Mithridates, Artaphernes, Cyrus, Oxathres, Darius, & Xerxes, and two daughters, Ors●baus and Eupatr●. There was brought Olthaces, sceptr●●bearer of Colchos, and A●istobulus, king of the I●●es, and the Tirans of Cili●●a, and women of the king's blood of Scythia, three Dukes of Iberia, and two of Albania, and Menander of L●●dicea, that was general of the horsemen to Mithridates. The Images of them that came not, were brought: of Tigranes and Mithridates fight, being overcome, and fléeing: of Mithridates the beséeging, and the night, when he was fled was represented, and the silence, and last it was showed how he died. The Virgins that chose to dye with him were figured, and descriptions of his Sons and Daughters that dy●● before him, the pictures of the Barbarian Gods, and the ornaments of their country. There was born a table showing these things. The Ships that were taken, were eight hundredth, with beaks of brass. Cities builded, eight in Cappadocia, in Cilicia and C●l●fyria twenty, and in Palestina, that which is now called Seleucus. Kings overcome, Tigranes of Armenia, Artoces of Hiberia, Orizes of Albania, Darius of Media, Aret● of Nabathea, Antiochus C●m●genus, all these did the picture show. Pompey himself was in a Chariot full of precious stones, having on the cloak (as they say) of Alexander of Macedony, if it 
The glory of Pompey.  may be believed, that by like he had it in Mithridates Guarderobe, being brought to Co● by Cleopatra. The Captains of the confederates followed the Chariot, some on horse, and some a foot. Being come to Capitoli●, he killed none of the prisoners as other in triumphs had done, but sent them to their Countries with the common expenses, except the Kings, of the which only Aristobulus was straight killed, and shortly after Tigranes. This was the triumph.  
Pharnace besieged Phanagorea, and the borderours of Bosphorus, 
Pharnaces maketh war.  till the Phanagoreans driven by famine came forth and fought, & were overcome, of whom he hurt none but took pledges, and went his way.  
Not long after he took Sinope, and coveting Amisus, he made war with Caluisio the Lieutenant, at the which time Caesar and Pompey were at debate, till Asander his private enemy drone 
Asander.  him out of Asia, the Romans being otherwise occupied.  
He made war with Caesar after he had overcome Pompey, returning from Egypt at the hill Scotio, where his father overcame Trian●, and being overcome, he fled to Sinope with a thousand horsemen. Caesar having no leisure to follow him, sent Domitius against him, to whom he delivered the City, and upon conditions of peace, went away with his horsemen, whose horse he killed, they being much grieved at it. Being conveyed by ship, he fled to Pontus, and gathering some Scythians and Sauromatians, took Theudocia and Panticapaea. His old adversary Asandro coming again upon him, and his horsemen wanting horse, and not used to fight on foot, they were overcome, Pharn●ces alone fight valiantly, till he was wounded, and died 
Pharnaces slain by a privy ●o●.  when he was fifty years old, and x●. years king of Bosphorus. This Pharnaces lost his kingdom, which C. Caesar gave to Mithridates of Pergamo, that had helped him well in Egypt. Now they be free, but to Pontus and Bythinia, a precedent is sent every year.  
The other coutries that Pompey had given, although Caesar blamed 
Spiritual office of Comagene.  them for taking Pompey's part against him, yet he let them have it, saving the spiritual office of Comagene, which he translated from Archelous to Nicomedes: but not long after, both these and those that C. Caesar and M. Antonius gave to other, were made provinces of the Romans, by Augustus Caesar, when he had w●●●e Egypt, the Romans taking light occasions against every man. Therefore their dominion increasing by this war of Mithridates, into Pontus Euxinus, and to the sands of Egypt, and the flood Euphrates from the Hiberians that be at the pillars of Hercules, it may well be called a great Victory, and Pompey the Captain even so. They have also Africa to Siren, which Appion the king of the house of Lagida, being base, gave them by his Testament: only Egypt was left for the compass of their inward sea. (⸪)  
The end of the Roman civil wars with King Mithridates.   

¶ The Romans war with the Spanyardes: by Appian of Alexandria.  
THe mountains of Pyrene, stretch from ●he Tosc●ne sea to the North Ocean. The Celtes which 
Iberia that part of Spayn● on either fide of Iberu● the flood now Ebr●. Ce●●iberia that part which now is called Arragon.  now be called Galls, do inhabit part of them toward the East. The Iberians, and Celtiberians from the Toscane Sea also, to the pilloures of Hercules, and the North Ocean, be toward the West, so as Iberia is compassed with the Sea, except the mountains of Pyrene, which be the greatest and highest hills of Europe. The nations make a navigation with this compass, and come to the pillars of Hercules. They do not go by the winter and West Ocean, but to pass into Britain which they do, by 
Britain now England.  the commodity of the tides going and coming: and this passage is made by sailing half a day. Other places of this Ocean neither the Romans themselves, nor none of their Empire have passed. Therefore the greatness of Iberia, which now is called Spain, being confedered as one province, is almost incredible, 
Spain a great region. ●ight furlongs maketh a mile.  for the breadth of it is term thousand furlongs, and the length as much. Many nations inhabit it, and be divers in names, and there be many navigable floods in it. What people did inhabit first, or who got it after, and such other matter, I am not minded to show, but only so much as may appertain to the Romans. Only this I will say, that I suppose the Celtes passed the Pyrenian hills, and dwelled among the other inhabitants of the Country, of the which it is manifest, that the name of the Celtiberians came: and the Phoenitians long before, sailing often thither, I think did inhabit a part of it. Likewise other Grecians, that sailed to Tartessus, to Arganthonius king of the same, did 
Tartessus now Taressa in Germania. Arganthonius lived a hundred and fifty years.  stay in Iberia, for as I suppose, Arganthonius reigned then in Spain at Tartessus, which was then a City at the Sea coast, that is now named Carptesse. And I believe that the Temple of Hercules, was builded of Iphenia, in that place which is called 
There were divers Hercules, whereof one was of Tirus born of A●leria another of Th●bes born of Al●umena.  the pillars, in the which at this day Ceremonies be used after the manner of the Phoenicians, and he that was born at Tirus, not he that was born at Thebes, was counted the God of that Country. But we leave this to them that have care to search antiquities.  
This coast so plentiful and rich, the Carthagies devised to get before the Romans, and subdued one part, and vexed the other with continual invasions, till the Romans put the out, & possessed all their places. Other towns after ward came to their Empire by much labour and long time, which revolting divers times, were again subdued by the Romans, who divided that region into three parts, and sent to many precedents to it. Now they got every place, and what war they kept with the Carthagies, and then with the Iberians and Celtiberians, I will show in this volume. The Romans first made war with the Carthagies, 
The first war of Carthage fo● Si●●l●●.  but because that war was made for Spain, I must needs show it in this history, which I wright of Spain, and for that cause I have comprehended in the book of the war of Sicily, what ●doe was between the Romans and Carthagies for that Island, and that was, when the Romans sailed into Sicily to subdue that place.  
The first war with the Carthagies was in Sicily, for the dominion of that Island.  
The second was in Spain, for the possession of it, at the which time, either of them invaded others lands with great armies and Navy. The Carthagies destroying Italy, and the Romans Li●ya.  
This war began about the C●L. Olimpiad, when the 
The old account of years was by the Olympiad's, which were plays made every five years, in the honour of ●●piter, institute of Hercules at Olimpia, a City of ●lide. Amilchar 〈…〉.  Carthagies had broken the truce that was made in the war of Sicily, the cause whereof was this. Amilchar surnamed Barcha, promised great rewards to the Celtes and Libian that were with him in Sicily, the which rewards being required of Amilchar when he was come to Carthage, was the cause of the war with Africa, in the which the Carthagies suffered much hurt, for they delivered Sardinia to the Romans, for the injury they had done to the Roman Merchants in that war. For these causes, when Amilchar Barcha was accused of 
In the first war w●●o the Care th●gies.  the contrary faction, as by whom came so great detriment of the City, he, by the favour of them that governed the common wealth, whereof H●sdruball called the Great, was one, 
H●sdruball.  to whom he had given his daughter in marriage, and well beloved of the people, was not only pardoned, but also choose a Captain, together with Hanno that was called Great, against 
Hanno.  the Numidians, the accusation yet depending, by the which, Amilchar must give an account of his doings in the war.  
When the war of Numidia was ended, and Hanno called to Ca●thage for certain complaints, Amilchar remained Captain of the army alone, having with him Asdr●●a● his son in law. And with this army, he sailed to G●d●s, and 
●●de● now Cale●. They be ewo ●lands in the ●●●thest part of ●ra●a●a next the straight of ●●lla●ar.  did molest the Iberians, spoiling their land, not that they had deserved any such thing, but that he sought occasion to be absent from his Country, making that war, to win the favour of the people. For dividing the prey, he gave part of it to the Souldyoures that were with him, and part he sent to Carthage, and part he gave to the chief of the City that favoured him.  
Whilst he did thus, certain of the great men, and others of Iberia, conspired together, an● killed him thus.  
They sent certain Cartes laden with wood, which they followed with their armour. At this the Carthagies laughed 
Stratagem of the Iberians.  at the first, not perceiving the policy, but when it was perceived, and the fygh●e begun, the Iberians self the Cartes on fire, whereby the Oxen were driven upon the Numidians. And when the fire was dispersed every where, and the Oxen ra●●e hither and thither, it much disordered the Affi●canes, and broke their array, whereby the Iberians came upon them, 
Amilchar is ●●yne.  and killed Amilchar Barcha, and the rest that fought: but the Carthagies being alured by the pray of Iberia, sent another arm● to Asdrubal that was Barchas son in law, and 
Asdrubal.  committed the rule of that army to him. He joined to him Hannibal that was son to Barcha, as his Lieutenant, and his wives 
〈…〉.  brother, who after got so great a name by his valiant acts, being very young, but expert in the war, and accepted to the souldyoures.  
He wan many places of Iberia by fair words, as he was very apt to persuade, and when any thing was to be done by force, he did use the service of the young man. By this mean, he went over Spain, from the Occidental Sea, to the flood Iberus, and made all sub●ect to the Carthagies Empire, the 
Iberus 〈…〉 from 〈…〉, ●o the sea o● ●●●●or▪ a etc. Sag●nt was ●cyond 〈…〉 Iberus, now 〈…〉, o● Nomen●ro. 〈…〉, of an Island of the joman sea.  which flood dividing Spain in the midst, floweth into the Oc●●n toward the North, five days journey from the Mountains.  
But the Saguntines, an old inhabitant from the Zathintians, which be in the midst, between the mountains and the flood, and all other that were come of the Greeks, about the place called Emporio, and all other that inhabited any part of Ibe●●●, being afraid, sent four Ambassadors to Rome, wherefore the Romans not willing the power of the Carthagies to grow too much, sent Ambassadors to C●thage, where it was agreed, that Iberus should be the end of the Carthagies dominion in Spain, and 
The coad●tiēs.  that the Romans should not make war upon their subjects beyoude that flood, nor the Carthagies to g●● beyond that flood to move war, and that the Saguntines, and other Greek people which were in Iberia, should be free, and live with their own laws, all the which were expressed in the league, that was made between the Romans and the Carthagies. When this was done, a slave killed Asdrubal, whose master he had cruelly killed 
Asdrubal killed.  before▪ whilst he was taking order for that part of Iberia that obeyed Carthage, and go a hunting, whom Ann●ball after tormented most cruelly, and killed. The army made Hannibal Barcha their Captain, a very young man, and well-beloved of them.  
The enemies of Amilchar Barcha in the Senate of Carthage agreed to it, who fearing the power of Asdrubal and Amilchar, did laugh at Hannibal as a rung man, and began ●o molest in law, the friends of them, accusing them of the same ●aults that they accused the other that were dead, using the people's favour, which hated them for the losses they had, in the time of Barcha and Asdrubal. They required those gifts that Barcha or Hannibal sent to them being of the spople of the enemies. They sent to Hannibal for help, chewing that he also would be despised of his father's enemies, except he had now some regard of them that might defene his matters there. This was not unknown to Hannibal, for he known well enough that the beginning of deceits would be upon him and thought it not good to suffer such enmities continually with sear, as his father and grandfather had done, nor to live all his life, after the lightness of the Carthagies, using them unthank fully that were of their side, and had done well for the common wealth.  
There was a rumour, when Hannibal was a child, and at his 
Hannibal was ●w●●ne in his youth to be an one-eye to the Romans.  father's commandment, that he brought him into the place where he made sacrifices, and made him say his hand upon the Altar and swear, that so soon as he had any rule in the common wealth, he should be a mortal enemy to the Romans. Therefore he purposed to put his country to great and continual dangers, that by that fear, he might preserve his own & his friends matters from per●ll. Therefore, when he see that Aff●●ca was in good state, and the Iberians that were under the Carthagies, like to continued in obedience, he thought he should win unmortall fame, if he made war again upon the Romans, by the fear whereof, the Carthagies should be occupied, and might, by good fortune, subove to his Country the Empire of all the world. For he hoped, that if the Romans were brought down, that none should be able to match with him, but if it chanced otherwise, yet his enterprise should be honourable. And that the beginning might breed his estimation if he pasied the flood Iber●●, he caused the Torboletanes, which be next the Saguntines, to 
Hannibal pic●●th a ●ua●●el▪ g●y●●te ●▪ 〈…〉.  come & comylaine that the Saguntines had made r●des upon them & ●one them other hurts: Which being persuaded by him, he sent their Ambassadors to Carthage, and he written letters privily, in the which he signified that the Romans practised with ●he Iberians of the Carthage jurisdiction, to revolt from them, and that the Saguntines did procure the same from the Romans, and that there was no deceit left undone. And of this he written many letters, till the Senate appointed him to do with the Saguntines that should be profitable to the common wealth. He haning got this occasion, practised with the Torboletans again, that they should come to him and complain again of the Saguntines, who also sent fifteen Ambassadors to him. And when Hannibal wylied them to declare their controversies, and they anū●ered, they would make the Romans their Judges, they were commanded of Hannibal to go out of his camp. And that night passing the river, he invaded that land, and set his artillery against 
Sagunt besteged.  their City, which, when he could not take, he compassed with ditch, brickwall, and trench. Then placing many garrisons, he continued the siege, and in few days, went and came diverse times. The Saguntines being in great fear, with these sudden evils, sent Ambassadors to Rome, to whom the Senate joined their Ambassadors, and sent first to Hannibal, to put 
The Roman Ambassadors forbidden to ●●ter Anniballs Campe.  him in remembrance of the league, who, if he would not obey, they should go to Carthage, and aceuse him. With these Ambassadors they went to Iberia, and when they came from their ships to the Camp, they were commanded of Hannibal to go no further: Wherefore they went to Carthage with the Saguntine Ambassadors, where they she●●ed that the league was broken.  
They on the other side accused the Saguntines, and said they had done hurt to their Subjects. The Saguntines on the contrary side, called them to the judgement of the Romans. They said the judgement was in vain, when the matter must be tried by force.  
Which when the Romans understood, some thought aid to be sent out of hand● to the Saguntines, some denied it, affirming the Saguntines not to be comprehended in the league, but 
The Romans help not the Saguntines.  left free. So as both the besiegers and the besieged, must use their own laws, which sentence pr●ua●●ed.  
But the Saguntines being destitute of the help of the Romans, and oppressed of famine, and continually assaulted of Annibal: for he (hearing the City was rich and full of gold) gave them no time to rest: they commanded all the gold and silver both public and private to be brought into the market, and mixed it with lead and iron, that it should be unprofitable to Annibal. And because they had rather dye by sword; than by hunger, at midnight, when it was most dark, they came out, and assailed the watch of the Carthagies, looking for no such thing, and killed many of them while some sought and some put on their armour. The sight was long, many Carthagies were slain, and all the Saguntines●, whose decay being seen from the walls, some of the women leapt from the top of their houses, some hanged themselves, some killed first their little children, & then themselves. This was the end of Sagunt, which was a great & mighty city. When Annibal understood what was cone with the money, he took as many of the youth as was left, whom he tormented 
Annibal, nameth Sagunt Carthage Spart●gena.  and killend. And not thinking it good for a City situate at the sea, and in a fertile soil, to be unhabited, he made it an inhabitation of Carthage, which now, as I think, they call Carthage Spart●gena. The Romans sent Ambassadors to Carthage, which should require Annibal as a breaker of league, unless they would confess it to be done with the common consent, & except they 
The manner of the Romans de●●●ance to the Carthages.  would deliver him, to denounce them war presently. They did so, and where the Carthagies would not deliver Annibal they gave the desyaunce, and they said it was done after this sort. The Carthages scorned the Roman Ambassador. He took up the ●●irt of his gawne, and said: In this garment, O Carthagies, I bring you war and peace, chose which you wil They answered, give us which thou listest, he giving war, they cried all with one voice, and we receive it: & by & by they sent to Hannibal to overrun all Iberia, for the league was broken. Wherefore he ranging every where, got some by flattery, some by threats, and some by force. He gathered many soldiers, not showing to what purpose he did it. His meaning was to go into Italy, to send Ambassadors to the Galls, to search the way of the Alpss, to carry his army to Rome, & leave Asdrubal in Spain. The Romans thinking they must make war with the Carthagies in Spain and Africa, not once suspecting their coming into Italy, sent Tiberius so 〈…〉 into Africa with one hundred, thrèescore and two ships, and two 〈◊〉. What 〈◊〉 Longue and other generals did in Labya, all is shown in the book of the Libyan wars. They sent into 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 
〈…〉  Scipio with threescore ships, and ten thousand s●●temen and seven hundred horsemen, to whom they joined for 〈◊〉, his brother C●, Cornelius Scipio. But one of them that is, 〈◊〉, 
〈…〉  when he herded of the Merchants of 〈◊〉, that Hannibal was coming into Italy, and had passed the Alps, being a●ra●●● he should have taken the Italians vnp●c●●ted, he delivered the army to his brother, and in a Galley sailed into 〈◊〉. What he or other Captains did, that succeeded him in this war, till Hannibal was driven out of Italy after sixteen years, it is showed of us in the book that followeth, wherein also we show all Annibals acts, and therefore name the book by Annibals' name.  
Cneus in this war of the Romans, did nothing worthy of writing, till his brother returned unto him. For when his time was expired, the Romans sent the Consuls for his successors, to make the war against Hannibal, and he was underconsull to them, and sent again into Spain. And so the two Scipio● did make war against Asdrubal in Spain.  
The Carthagies being provoked to fight, of Syphax king of Numidia, they called home Asdrubal with part of his army, whereby the Scipios did easily get the rest of Spain, and main Cities yielded freely. For they were apt to govern armies, and also by persuasion, to win Cities to their obedience. The Carthagies, compounding with Syphax, sent Asdrubal into Spain with more men, and with thirty Elephants, adjoining other two Captains to them, that is, Mago and Asdrubal, Gysgons' sons.  
After that time, the Scipios had sharp war, and yet were superiors, of the which, many soldiers of the Carthagies and Elephants were consumed, till the winter being come, the Carthagies went to winter at the Turditanes. And Pub. Scipio stayed at Ca●●ulone, and Cncus, at Orsonae. To whom, when it was showed 
Pub. Scipio killed.  that Asdrubal was coming, he went out of the City with a few, to see his enemies power, but going too far unadvisedly, he was circumvented of the contrary horsemen, and killed, and all that were with him. Cneus Scipio, not knowing the chance of his brother, sent his soldiers to fetch artillery, with whom 
〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 killed.  the Africans made a fray. Which Cneus understanding, came forth in haste with the light harnessed to help his men, whereof the former being killed and put back, Scipio was driven into a Tower, the which they set a fire, and burned him and his company. Thus the two Scipios were killed, men certainly of great worthiness & greatly loved and lamented of the Spaniards, that had committed themselves for their sakes, to the Roman obedience.  
When this was known at Rome, the Romans took it very grievously, and sent Marcellus, which a little before was come out of Sicily, and with him Claudius, with a navy and ten thousand footmen, two thousand horsemen, and money and victual sufficient to make war in Spain. Of the which, no notable thing being done, the Carthagies increased very much, for now they had wellnigh got all Spain, the Romans being driven into a little straight, so as they were cast to the Pyrene hills.  
The which when they at Rome heard, they were more grieved and afraid, lest, while Hannibal wasted those Regions, which were at the sides of Italy, the other army should invade another way: therefore though they would never so much, they could not leave Spain, fearing the war of Spain would stretch to Italy. Therefore they appointed a day to determine a General for the war in Spain.  
To the which province, when none now offered himself, they were in more trouble and fear than before, for all the Senators were still for fear, till Cornelius Scipio, son to Publius 
Carnelius Scipio offereth his service in a time of fear.  that was slain in Spain, a young man of. xxiv years of age, but wise, & accounted noble in mind, did step forth & boldly spoke lamentably the hard hap of his father & uncle, affirming that he alone was left to revenge both their deaths, and other things he added with great eloquence and vehemenete, so as it were by 
The 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉.  a divine inflammation, he promised to restore, not only Spain, but also to take Carthage: wherefore he was thought to boast too much like a young man, but he got the favour of the people, which was strooken with great fear. For they that ●eare, when better hope is promised them, they be comforted. And so Spain was decreed unto him, as by a foresight, that he would do some thing worthy the nobleness of his mind, which the ancients did not call greatness of mind, but rashness rather of courage.  
Which when Scipio perceived, he spoke to the people again, after that sort that he spoke of himself before, adding this, that his youth should be impedunent to no man. He exhorted the Elders 
The modestle of Scipio.  to take that province, if any of them would: he willingly gave place. But when no man was found to take it, he went with the more estimation and admiration of all men into his province, into the which he led with him. ●M. footmen, and five hundred horsemen. For Annibal vexing Italy, a greater number could not be spared. He had money for their wages, and other furniture, with eighteen Galleys, with the which, he sailed into Spain, where retaining the footmen and horsemen that were left, he put them to other, and mustered and purged his whole army, and then spoke to them very nobly, so as his fame went shortly over all Spain, which was weary of the Carthagies rule.  
The virtue of the Scipians stuck in their minds, and they thought the house of Scipio was sent to them, by the will of God. Which thing Scipio understanding, pretended he did all things by divine instigation.  
And when he understood that his enemies were lodged in four sundry places, and that in every camp was five & twenty thousand footmen, and two thousand horse, and further, that all money, & munition, as well for Sea as land, and also the captives and pledges of Spain, were in the City that before was called Sagunt, and now named Carthage, and that Mago was there to keep that treasure with ten M. men, he thought good to make his ●●st attempt there, being moved by the small number, the great abundance, and the seat of that City to be as a Fort and a receit of the war both by sea and land, against Spain, & the shorter passage into Liby●. By these considerations, 
The diligence of Scipio.  conferring with no man, he marched at the sun set, riding all night toward this Carthage, & by day he was there, and made a ditch and trench about it, the Carthagies being amazed, and the same day prepared to give the assault. He set engines & scales 
Scipio besiegeth new Carthag●.  against all parts, but only one, where the brickwall was very low, but compassed with a pool & the sea, wherefore that place was negligently kept of the soldiers, but that they made it strong in that night with arrows and stones. Scipio took the straits of the port, that the enemies ships should not escape, as he that trusting in his virtue, haped to take the City. Before day he commanded part of the soldiers to mount the engines, & to throw upon the enemies from above, & other to run the engines at the brickwall by law, by source. Of the other side, Mago placed. r. M. men at the gates, which taking their occasion, should sally with their swords only: because in those straits they could not use spears: other he commanded to keep the walls and towers, and they there with their engines stones, darts & arrows boldly abid the nnght. The alarm being made, both parts omitted no endeavour, while the stones or arrows were cast from hands, or engines. Some used slings, and everyman did his best in that kind of armour that he could handle. A band of Scipio was hardly handled, for the Carthagies that kept the gates, issued with their swords, & made a hot fray with them that brought the engines, and did as much hurt as they took, till the Romans, whose courage increaseth apperil made them to retire they that defended that brickwall, be●●●●t●●ed, and they that fought without sluing, the Romans might eas●●●e set their engines to the brickwall. Against whom, they that had skirmished, went up to the brickwall, and so again the R●ma●nes were put to fight. Scipio that looked about him and exhorted them in all places▪ perceived toward the south, the place where the brickwall was low, and that the water did fall from it, according to the course of the sea, so that the was before to the breast, was now but to the ●●d leg. Which thing being perceived, and the matter diligently examined, he spent the rest of the day, that the sea did increase, by going about, and encouraging his souldyoures to do it. My Souldyoures (said he) now is the time, and whilst the help of God cometh to us, scale the brickwall on this side, where the Sea openeth a way unto us, I will go before you: and saying thus, he took the ladders first, with the which he began to mount before any other, but his ga●d and others staying him, and the souldyoures taking the matter in hand, the Romans got up, whom, when he perceived to be upon certain towers, he bad the trumpetours and drums go up the brickwall, and encourage the Romans with their noise. This thing affraying the enemy, they fled as the City had been taken, some of the Romans fought with them, seem ran, and opened the gate to Scipio, who entered with his army. 
New Carthag● is taken. Mago yieldeth.  They of the City fled into houses, and other places. Mago brought his souldyoures into the market place, which being soon overcome, fled into the Castle with a few, which when Scipio assaulted, he not being able to defend it, all his men utterly discouraged, he yielded to Scipio. This so great a City being taken in one day, which was the fourth day after his coming, he was extolled with infinite praise of all men, believing that he did all things rather by the council of the gods than of men, 
An opinion of Scipio, that he did all things by inspiration from God.  and so he persuaded himself, the which opinion he maintained all his life, taking beginning at this time. For this cause he would many times go alone into the Capitol, and shut the doors, as to be taught of God. Wherefore at this day, only Scipio▪ image is brought out of the Capitol, whereas all others are taken from the common place. Then Scipio having taken the City which should be as a receptacle, and a storehouse of all things for war and peace, in the which great plenty of armour, shot, and engines, and furniture for the Name, and thirty and three ships, and corn, and many other things were laid up as in a common market, beside ●●●rie, gold▪ and silver, as well coined, as uncoined, and the pledges of Spain, and the captives of Rome. He made sacrifice to God, and the next day triumphed. Then after he had praised his souldyoures, he turned his tale to the townsmen, renewing the memory of the Scipios, and delivering all them that were in bondage, that w●en they came to their countries, they might win them to him. These things being thus done, he rewarded him most liberally 
Rewards of the Romans to him that first mounted the wall, ● ground of gold was given.  that first mounted the brickwall, and to the second he gave half so much, and to the third, and others by like proportion. The ivory, gold, & silver, that was left of the pray, he put in ships, and sent to Rome, where three days together holy days were made, because it seemed, that the City was restored to the ancient dignity, after so many evils. All Spain, and the Carthagineans were astonished with the great act that was done so valiantly, and so speedily. Scipio leaving a strong garrison in the City, commanded that part of the brickwall that was next the fen, to be made higher, and he went to subdue the rest of Hiberia, which he did by going himself to some of them, and sending his friends to other, and taking them by force that resisted. Of the Carthagies the Captains being both Hasdrubal'S, the one son of A●ilcare, and having an army of strangers in the furthest part of Spain, the other, the son of Gisgo, exhorted the Cities that remained in the Carthagies obedience, to continued in the same, for a great army should come shortly to help them. He sent another Mago into the next places to gather men, and he entered the Country of Lersanes, which reu●lled from the Carthagies, to besiege 
Lersan●●●●●a Granata.  a City. But Scipio coming upon him, he went into Granata, and set his Camp at the City, where the next day he was easily overcome, for Scipio put him from his Camp, and got all Grannata. Mago was occupied in gathering of Souldyoures, 
Cerbona.  which were yet in Spain at Cerbona, that with all his power, he might encounter with the Romans. Many Spanyardes joined with Mago, and many Numidians being commanded of Massinissa. Asdrubal kept in his Camp with the footmen of these nations. Mago and Massinissa, with the horsemen, had their camp before the army. They being thus, Scipio divided his horsemen, and sent one part with Lelio against Mago, and he went against Massinissa. The fight was long, sharp, and dangerous, the Numidians setting on, and going back, and coming again to the fight with their shot. But when Scipio gave a token to his Souldyoures, that the Romans should follow them, and fight with them with their spears, the Numidians being destitute of shot, were put to flight, and retired to their tents. Scipio encamped ten furlongs from them, in a strong place as he desired. The whole strength of the Carthagies was lxx thousand footmen five thousand horse, and thirty Elephants. Scipio had not the third part, therefore he was doubtful a while, and dared not join with the whole battle, but continued with skirmishing, whose victual being almost spent, and the army beginning to lack, he thought it unhonorable to depart and do nothing, 
The valiantness of Scipio.  therefore making sacrifice, and bringing his army where he might well be heard, framing his countenance and look, as though he had been inspired of God, he said, his accustomed Angel had been with him, and exhorted him to fight, by reason whereof they should rather trust in the power of God, 
Scipio taketh occasion of every thing to encourage the Souldyoures.  than in the number of men, chief because his other attempts were brought to good effect, by the power divine, and not by the multitude of Souldyoures. To make credit to his words, he caused the soothsayers to show them the sacrifices. And while he spoke thus, he espied certain birds fleeing, unto whom turning himself, he bad the Souldyoures behold them, saying that God did send them that token of victory also, and that way the birds flew, he turned his body, as one rapt with a divine fury, and with his eyes fixed, cried. Wherefore all the army turned with him hither and thither, and every man exhorted other, as to a certain victory. When he saw the thing come to pass as he would, not suffering the courage of the soldier to relent, he made no delay, but as one taken with all one divine fury, the tokens and ceremonies of their good luck being showed, he said, it must be obeyed, and the battle must be made. When the Souldyoures had refreshed themselves, he commanded to take armour. He committed the horsemen to Sillano, the boatmen to L●lio & Martio, Asdrubal, Mago, & Massinissa. When they see they were taken of the sudden of Scipio, being but ten furlongs between the Camps, they blow the ●●●●●, nor without confusion and tumult: therefore the battle being ●eg●●●●, the Roman horsemen using their old art, were superiors, following hard their enemies, and beating them with their spears, though they feigned to flee, and turn again, for the Romans being continually at their heels, kept them from their shooting, because they were so nigh.  
The footmen being overlaid with the Libyans, continued all day, and although Scipio ran about and exhorted them to the fight▪ they would never give any fierce onset till he delivering 
The courage of Scipio.  his horse to his squire, took a soldiers target, and went alone into the midst between both armies, crying, help Romans, help your Scipio in this peril. Therefore they that were nigh, seeing him in so great peril, and they that were further off, hearing him, all being moved, both with shame, and danger of their General, exhorted one another, and went against their enemies with great vehemence, which when the Africans were not able to abide, they turned their backs, therefore partly weary with fight, and partly weak with 'samine, the night being at hand, they were utterly overthrown. This was the end of the fight at Cerbona, in the which the victory was doubtful: 
〈…〉 victory ●t Cerbona.  eight hundred Romans were slain, and ten thousand five hundred of the enemies. From that time, the Carthagies made haste to be go, Scipio followed and endamaged them all ways that was possible, but when they were come to a place strong and well watered, and full of their necessaries, so as the matter required a siege, Scipio left silanus to hold them in and he went to win the rest of Spain.  
The Carthagies that were besieged of silanus removed, and went to Cales to pass the Sea, and when silanus had done them as much hurt as he could, he returned with his army to Scipio.  
Asdrubal, Amilcar's son, which was gathering of men at the North Ocean, was called of his brother Hannibal, to come into Italy so soon as he could. The which, that he might do 
Asdrubal passeth the mountains.  unknown to Scipio, be passed the Pirenian hills that were next the North, with the Celtiberians that he had, and so the Romans being ignorant, Asdrubal came to Italy with great journeys.  
In the mean season, Livius coming from Rome, told Scipio, that the Senate minded to make him Captain of the war of Carthage, which thing Scipio looked for, and trusting it would be so, sent Laelius with five ships to King Syphax, with many gifts, to remember unto him the friendship that had been between him and the Scipios, and to ask him, if he came into Africa, whether he would be friend to the Romans, which Syphax promised to do, and received the gifts, and sent Scipio others. When the Carthagies understood that, they sent Ambassadors to Syphax also, to remember him of society and league, which Scipio understanding, and minding to prevent the Carthagies, 
〈…〉 〈◊〉 in ●●●●g to Syphax.  because it was a matter of great importance, with two Galleys only, and with Laelius, went unto him, and when he came to the port, the Carthages which were come before him, brought out their Galleys, unknown to Syphax, against Scipi●, but he having the benefit of the wind, with full sail, entered the port before them. Syphax received them both courteously, and talking privately with them, and giving his faith, sent them away. He commanded the Carthagies that laid new trains against him, to be stayed. This peril Scipio escaped, when he came to the coast, and when he went from thence. And it is said, that whilst Scipio was with Syphax, he sat at the table with Asdrubal, who when he had asked him many questions, he 
The opinion o● the Carthage Ambassador o● Scip●●.  greatly wondered at the sight and modesty of him, and turning to his friends, said, that he was a man to be scared, not only in the war, but also at a table.  
At this time, some of the ●●erians and Celtiberians did yet serve under Hanno, with whom Martius did encounter, and killed a thousand five hundred of them, the rest fled home, other seven hundred horsemen, and seven thousand footmen, being with Hanno, Martius drove into an hill, where wanting all necessaries, they sent to Martius for composition, whom he commanded to deliver their Captain Hanno, and the sugitives, and ●●en tell their message: so they took Hanno that was hearing of matters, and delivered him, and the fugitives to Martius▪ he required also the captives, whom, when he had received, he commanded the Souldyoures to bring a certain sum of silver into a plain, because it was not fit for them that ask pardon, to keep high places: which when they were descended, Martius said unto them, you are well worthy death, 
The victory of Martius.  for where as every of you have your countries subject to us, you had rather make war against us, than our enemies, yet I am content, and give you leave to go safe, putting off your armour.  
Which when they heard, being all grieved with it, and denying to do it, a sharp fight was made, in the which, half 
Souldyoures will not deliver their armour.  of them were slain, the other half escaping to Mago. He not long before, was come to Hannos Camp with sixty Ships, but hearing of his calamity, he returned to Gades, where being in want, he was put in great fear, and there he rested.  
silanus was sent to the City of Castaces, where, when he 
Castaces.  was received as an enemy, he set his Camp before the Town, and made Scipio to know of it, who sending afore what was fit for the siege, followed, and by the way got 
Illiturga.  the City of Illiturga, the which in the time of old Scipio, was friend to the Romans: and when he was slain, they revolted privily, and pretending to receive the Romans arms as a friend, delivered it to the Carthagies. Wherefore Scipio being angry, overcame it in four hours, and took it.  
Here Scipio had a wound in his neck, but not so great, 
Scipio wounded.  as he would depart from the fight, till he had got the City, for this cause, the army despising the prey, killed women and children, and utterly destroyed it.  
When they came to Castace, he besieged it in three parts, but did not assault it, that he might give the Castaces time to repent, because he herded they were about such a matter. And when they had killed the Captain of the garrison which resisted, they delivered the City to Scipio: he leaving a certain 
The Castaces Yield to Scipio.  honest man of the City to keep it, went toward Carthage, sending silanus and Martius to the Sea, to spoil and waste all that they could.  
There was a City called Astapa, which was always of 
Astapa.  the Carthagies devotion. When they saw they were besieged, and knew that if they came under the Romans power, they shounlde be sold as slaves, they brought all their goods and riches into the market place, and compassing the same with wood, they bad their wives and children go up to it, and swore fifty of the chief of the City, that if the City were taken, they should kill their wives and children, set the 
The desperation of the Astape●●.  wood on fire, and burn them and themselves.  
When they had called the Gods unto witness of the same, they issued upon Martius, looking for no such thing, with the which violence, the shot and the Horsemen were put to flight. The footmen stayed. The Astapeans fought valiantly without hope of remedy. The Romans were more in number, but the Astapeans were not inferior in virtue, who, when they were all slain, the fifty which were in the City, killed all the women and children, and then kindled the fire, and leapt into it. Martius marveling at the virtue of them, refrained from burning their houses.  
After these doings, Scipio fallen sick, and Martius ruled the 
Scipio sick.  army, and so the Souldyoures that had spent all upon pleasure, and thought they had not received worthy rewards for their service, because they had nothing left, and to whom Scipio ascribed the glory of all his noble acts, they revolted from Martius, and had their Camp by themselves, and many of the garrisons and nigh Castles joined unto 
The Roman●● soldiers ●●●tine.  them, and some were sent of Mago with money, to persuade them to him.  
They received the money, but making Captains and officers of themselves, they did all things of their own authority, and bound them to it by oath.  
Scipio hearing of this, written unto them that were authors, 
The pruden●● of Scipio.  and said, he could not yet reward them as they were worthy, because of his sickness, and to other he 
The prudence of Scipio.  written, to appease them that were in rage, and written to all generally, as though they had now been reconciled, that he would shortly reward them all, and willed them so soon as might be, to come to Carthage for forage. These letters being red, some suspected some evil, other thinking no hurt, thought good to give credit to them, and agreed to go to Carthage, whither when Scipio understood they were coming, he commanded all the Senatoures that were with him, that cache one of them should go with one of the authors of sedition, and receiving them into their tents in show of friendship, to take them privily. Then he commanded the Tribunes of the souldyoures, that the next morning, every of them with their most trusty friends, with their sword, should go privily, and place them in divers parts of the city, and when they had fit places, not looking for any other commandment, should immediately kill them, if they made any stir while he spoke his Oration.  
When it was day, he called all the Souldyoures to an assembly, and caused himself to be born to the generals seat. They hearing the sound of the trumpet, being ashamed not to await upon their General, being sick, and thinking they should have received their rewards, came from every place, part without swords, part covered with a little coat, because they had not time to make them ready.  
Scipio having a guard secretly about him, did first rebuke 
Scipio to the soldiers that made the mutiny.  them for their deed, then said, he would put all the blame in the authors of the sedition, whom O Souldyoures, by your help I will punish.  
Then he commanded the officers to remove the multitude further, which being done, the Senatoures brought the authors 
The authors of sedition punished and the multitude pardoned.  of sedition forth, who crying, and praying their fellows of help, the Tribunes that were commanded, killed them that dared once make any noise. The multitude when they see them thus handled, and the other armed, they were sorry, and held their peace, Scipio commanding them to be first killed, that cried, the other he bond to the pale and beat them with rods, and after beheaded them. To the rest of the multitude he signified by the Trumpet, that he forgave them, ʒ by this order the army was reform.  
Indibil● a certain Prince, that before obeyed Scipio, during 
〈…〉.  the sedition of the soldiers, ranged the dominion of Scipio, he being followed, would not refuse battle as a coward, and killed a thousand two hundred of the Roman soldiers. But losing twenty thousand of his men, he was compelled to ask peace, whom Scipio punished by the purse, and received him to grace.  
Massinissa, unknown to Asdrubal, sa●led into Spain, & made 
Mas●inis● all 〈…〉 Romanies 〈…〉 the Carthagies had 〈…〉 to 〈…〉 enemy's.  amity with Scipio, and promised if he came into Africa, to be his aider. Thus he did being otherwise a constant man for this cause. Asdrubal, that led him with him, had espoused his daughter to him, whom Syphax loved. Whereof the Carthagies thought it needful for them, to hold Syphax against the Romans, and gave the maid in marriage unto him without Hasdrubal'S prinitie, which thing being done, Asdrubal was ashamed, and kept it secret from Massinissa. Which when he understood, he made league with the Romans.  
Mago the admiral of the Carthagies, despairing of the state 
This is part of 〈…〉 and Liguria of Italy.  of Spain, went into Gallia and Liguria, and gathered men with all his might.  
The Romans took Gades being left of Mago, and from that time, began to sand yearly officers to govern Spain a little before the. C●L. olympiad, which in peace had the office both of a Captain and a Justice. In the which with no great army, Santio was brought into the form of a City, which of the name of Italy, was called Italica, and after, was the Country of Adriane and Trajan, who were choose to the rule of the Romans. 
Sant●, the country of Adriane and Trajan.  He returned to Rome with a navy well furnished and and filled with Captines, money and spoil of all sorts, and was received of the people of Rome, with all Islands, especially of the North, for the greatness and marvelous expedition of his doings. And even they that first envied him, and noted him 
Scipio honoured of all sorts.  of boasting, confessed the thing to be brought to a glorious end. Indibilu after Scipio's return, revolted again. Wherefore the lieutenaunts of Spain, gathering the ordinary garrisons together, 
Indibili● is killed  and other of the province, killed him, and condemned the authors of the rebellion, and confiscated their goods. Then y● were privy to the mutiny, they punished in money, spoiled them of their armour, and took pledges of them, and put greater garrisons in their Towns. These things were done straight after Scipio's departure.  
This was the end of the Romans first war in Spain. After 
This is Gallia To gate, that did in▪ ●● there the place ●alled now ●●m ●●●der.  the which time, the Romans making war with the Galls that devil about Poo, and with Philip king of Macedon, the state of Spain began to be troublesome again. Sempronius Tuditanus, and M. Claudius, and after them Minutius, were choose Generals, and after, when there was greater stir, Cato was sent with a greater army, a young man, but severe and painful, and very notable for his wisdom and eloquence, insomuch, as of the people he was called another Demosthenes, who was the principal 
Emporium Cato compared to Demosthenes ●is courage.  Orator of all Grecia.  
When he was come into Spain, to the place called Emporium, and understood that the enemies were together in a place to the number of sortie thousand, he kept his soldiers certain days in exercise, and when he determined to fight, he sent the ships which he had with him to Massilia, admonishing the soldiers that it was not to be feared though the enemy was more in number, seeing the virtue of the mind is much more of price, than the multitude. And that he had therefore sent away his ships, whereof they had no need, nor were kept, but for them that overcame. And when he had said thus, he gave a fierce onset upon the enemy, and afraying his soldiers, rather than exhorting them, as other were wont to do, when the fight was begun, he ran to every part, and encouraged the soldiers. The fight continued doubtful night, many 
●●t● rather rebuketh than chideth his ho●t The valtantnes and diligence of Cato.  falling on both sides, and when he with three thousand had been upon an hill, to see all parts of the fight, and see his men were compassed of the enemy, he came down with haste, offering himself to re●●● with the foremost, & so crying & fight, he broke the 
The victory of Cato.  enemies array, & laid the first foundation of victory. He chased the enemy all night, he got their camp, & killed an infinite multitude. As he returned, all met with him, embraced and congratulated with him as the Author of victory. These things being done, he gave rest to the army, and made destribution of the spoil. Ambassadors came to him from all people, of whom he received pledges. Besides he sent letters sealed to the Cities, commanding the bearers to deliver all in one day, appointing the day, 
A people of Cato pulling down the walls of all Cities at once.  as by conjecture he considered the distance of place, as they might make their journey to the furthest City: He commanded the rulers of every city, to pull down their walls, & threatened destruction to them the made any delay. All obeyed, being mindful of the loss they had received, & severally they dared not resist, thinking it had been commanded to them only & not to other, and if it were to other, they were afraid if other did obey, they should be punished, if they did disobey. And if they alone did obey, it was a matter of no great moment. There was no respite for them to sand to their neighbours, & of the soldiers that brought the letters, they were urged to it: wherefore every city, to save themselves, pulled down their walls, and that they might have thank for their quick obedience, they did it with great speed. By this mean all the Cities that be about the flood Iberus, did cast down their walls in one day, by the only wisdom of their Captain, & they were quiet to the Romans, for the space of four Olympiades'. But after the 
Five years was between the Olympiades'.  C L. olympiad, great part of Spain rebelled from the Romans because they were in want of all necessaries for food. Wherefore the matter coming to light, Fuluius Flaccus Consul, overcame 
Fuluius hath victory.  them, and many fled to their possessions. But they that were in most want, and got their living with robbing, assembled all together at Complega, a City new made & well defenced, that had increased 
Compolega.  in a short time: from hence they many times molested the 
The word is Sagum which is core that soldiers were in war.  Romans, and sent to Flaccus, that he should leave a cloak, an horse, and a sword for every one that he had killed, and flee out of Spain before worse happened unto him. Flaccus answered, he would bring many soldiers coats, & following their messengers, camped at the city.  
They not doing any thing according to their great cracks fled, and daily spoiled the Countries. They use a certain garment double, of thick w●●ll with a buckle fastened like a cloak, and that they count a Soldiers coat.  
Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, succeeded Flaccus. The Celtiberians 
〈…〉  besieged Carab●●, a City friend to the Romans with twenty thousand soldiers, and thought to get it quickly. Wherefore Gracchus, coming to help them, and not having any mean to signify it to the besieged, a certain captain of a band, named 
〈…〉 ●●ploy● of 〈…〉.  Cominius, told Gracchus what he had devised with himself, he put on a Spaniards coat, and went among the slaves of the camp, and as a Spaniard came with them to the Camp, and from thence into the City, and told them that Gracchus was at hand with help. Wherefore they abode the siege valiantly, and within three days Gracchus came, and so the C●l●●berians left the siege.  
One day twenty thousand came from Complega, bringing 
〈…〉 o● the 〈…〉  branches of Olive like petitioners, ask pardon, which coming nigh the Romans General, gave a violent onset on the Romans, and put them in great danger. Gracchus went from the Camp of purpose, and made as though he fled, and while they were about the spoil, he returned, and set upon them and killed many of them and got Complega. He appointed their la●●e and the neighbours to them that had need: and made league with the inhabitants of that country, with certain conditions, whereby they were received into the Romans amity, to the which he bound them by ●th●. These conditions were 
Condition's o● 〈…〉.  much desired in the wars that followed, and for these things, the name of Gracchus was great both in Spain and Rome, where he triumphed gloriously.  
A few years after, great war was renewed in Spain▪ There was a City in the borders of the Celtiberians that is called 〈…〉, named Seged●, great and mighty comprehended in the 〈…〉 of Gracchus. This City enticing other little Towns 〈…〉 d their walls, the compass whereof was forty ●ur▪ 〈…〉. 〈…〉 example induced the Ti●●●●ans, an other 〈…〉 of the Celtiberians to do the like. Which thing the Senate understanding, forbade them the building of their wall, and required the tribute appointed by Gracchus, and commanded them to go to war with the Romans, to the which they were also bound by the league of Gracchus. They answered, that touching their walls, they were bond by Gracchus, not to build any new Cities, but not, that they should not defend their old. As touching tributes and service in war, they were released by the Romans, and so they were indeed, with this condition, so long as it should seem good to the Senate and people of Rome, wherefore Q. Fuluius Nob●●●or, was sent against them with an army of thirty thousand.  
The Segetanes hearing that he was coming, their walls not 
Segetanes.  being yet finished, desired the Araschians to receive them, and so 
Araschians▪ Carus.  they fled to them. They made their chief Captain, Carus, whom the Segetanes thought to be a man expert in war. He three days after he was created General, laid an ambush of twenty thousand footmen, and five thousand horse in a shadowy and woddy place, and from thence gave a charge upon the Romans. The fight was doubtful a great while, at length Carus had a 
Carus victory of the Romans.  noble victory, for he ●●ewe six thousand Romans, which was a great loss to the City▪  
But when they used the victory rashly and too proudly, the Romans horsemen that guarded the carriage, set upon them, and ●●ew Carus fight valiantly for himself, and six thousand 
Carus is slain.  with him, till the fight was ended by the darkness of the night.  
This was done the same day that the Romans kept the feast of Vulcan. After that day, none of them would come to 
The feast of Vulcan was in August. Arathon, Leucon.  fight, but by compulsion. The Araschians assembled that night at Numanti●▪ which is a very strong city. They chose Arathon and Leucon, Captains of the war. Fuluius came thither the third day, and camped four and twenty furlongs from the city, to whom, Massinissa had sent three hundred horsemen, and thirty Elephants, which being come, he went strait to the fight. 
Fuluius winneth and loseth.  He placed the Elephants at the back of the army, and when the fight was begun, opened a way for the Elephants▪ whom when the Celtiberians saw, they and their horse, were afraid, and fled to the walls. The Roman had the Elephants should be brought to the wall. There was a fierce fight, till one of the Elephants being hurt in the head with a stone from the brickwall, began 
An Elephant hurt loseth the victory.  to rage and be unruly, and with fury turn upon his fellows, thrusting and treading down every one he met, no difference between friend and foe: and the rest of the Elephants being made afraid did the like, and trod and thrust down the Roman soldiers. The which thing the Elephants, when they are in fear, are w●nte to do, taking every man for their 
Elephant's common enemies.  enemy: wherefore for this falsehood, they are called common enemies. Therefore the Romans without order fled away, which when the Numantines see from the walls, they came forth and chased them, and flew four thousand of them, and took three Elephants, and much armour, and many ensigns. Of the Celtiberians 
The flight of the Romans.  two thousand were killed. When Fuluius had got from that slaughter, he besieged Axenium, which was as a common 
Axenium.  market for the enemies, for there was all things to cell▪ Where, when he did no good, but loose his men, he retired by night 
Blesus killed.  to his camp. Wherefore he sent Blesus the captain of the horsemen to a nation that was nigh and his friend, (for he wanted horsemen) with a band of horse. In the way, they fallen into an ambush of Celtiberians▪ which being known, the friends fled, and Blesus fought and was killed, and many Romans with him.  
For the which losses and overthrows, Ocile, a City in 
Ocile in Galacia.  the which the Romans had their treasure and munition, yielded to the Celtiberians.  
Then Fuluius distrusting himself, and afraid of all things, kept within his camp that winter, defending it as well as he 
The mountains be the cause of cold in hot countries.  could, and getting victual▪ yet was greatly troubled for lack and for bitterness of cold, wherefore many soldiers partly going for wood, partly for the sharpness and great cold, did perish.  
The year following, Claudius Marcellus, came in Fuluius 
Claudius Marcellus.  place, bringing eight thousand footmen, and u C. horsemen, against whom, when the enemies likewise ha● said trains, 
Ocile taken and pardoned.  he, by another craft, avoided them, and went straight to Ocile, & there camped with all his power: and fortune favouring him, took the City at the first assault, whom he pardoned, receiving some pledges, and thirty talentes of gold. When this modesty was heard, the Nergobriges sent messengers to Marcellus, 
Nergobriges use craft.  to know what they might do to have peace. He commanded them to send him an hundred horsemen. They promised so to do, yet they followed the tail of the army, and took some of the carriage. Notwithstanding, they came after, and brought a hundred horsemen, and said, their hurt in the carriage, was done by the error of some, that knew not the covenants.  
Marcellus made the hundred horsemen prisoners, and sold their horses: then he ranged their land, and gave the prey to the soldiers, and encamped at their City, where, when they saw their engines brought, and their trenches made, they sent out an herald wearing a wolves skin, to ask pardon, which 
The war was ended by him that brought a rod called Caduceum whereof ambassadors of peace are called Caduceatores.  he denied to give, except the Aruacceans, Bellans, and Titthians, would sew for them, the which those nations did willingly, praying that a reasonable pain being put upon them, they might be brought to the league of Gracchus. Some of them denied that, because they had been at strife. Marcellus sent the Ambassadors of both parts to Rome, there to dispute their controversies, and secretly written to the Senate to compound the matter, for he desired the war might be ended in his time, thinking it would be for his glory.  
The Ambassadors of the friends were received into the 
Ambassadors diversely used in Rome.  City, they of the enemies were lodged without the City as the manner is.  
The Senate would have no peace, being grieved they were not brought into the Romans power, as Nobilior would have done, that was General in Spain before. Therefore the Senate answered the Ambassadors, that Marcellus should declare their pleasure there, & forthwith sent an other army into Spain. And then 
Soldiers ta●● by lot.  was the first time that soldiers were taken by lot, & not by choice, as had been before. For many did reprove the Consuls, as not using themselves truly and sincerely in the choice of soldiers, that they might sand to lighter enterprises as 'cause req●●●●d. Therefore it seemed good then, to take their soldiers by lot, of whom L. Lucullus, was made General, to whom Cornelius Scipio 
Lucullus. Scipio.  was lieutnant, that shortly after got Carthage, and Numantia.  
While Lucullus was coming, Marcellus proclaimed war against the Celtiberians, to whom he rendered their pledges, they requiring them, yet he detained him long with him that went ambassador for them to Rome, for what cause it is uncertain.  
There was a suspicion then, which was believed much more, by a thing that happened, that is, that he persuaded these people to commit their matters to him, for he did what he could to 
Marcellus procureth peace.  make an end of the war before Lucullus came. For after those controversies, there were five thousand Aruacceans, that took Nergobrigem, and Marcellus went to Numantia, and encamped within five mile of the City, and drove the enemies into it.  
Wherefore Lintevon Captain of the Numantines, cried and said 
Lintevon.  he would deal with Marcellus. And being come in to talk, he said he would leave the Bellans, Titthians and Aruacceans, whom when Marcellus had accepted willingly, he commanded money and pledges to be delivered, which when he had received, he let those people go free.  
This end had the war of the Bellans, Titthians, and Aruaceans before the coming of Lucullus.  
But Lucullus, partly for desire of glory, and partly for need, (for he was poor) led his army against the Vacceans, which 
Lucullus needy. Vaccei people of the Island of neither Spain.  be a people in Celtiberia, next to the Aruacceans, notwithstanding the Senate determined nothing of them, nor they had ever been enemies of the people of Rome.  
Therefore when he had passed the flood Tagus, he came to 
Tagus, the flood Ta●a in Lusitama.  the city of Cauc●a, and there encamped. They of the town asked why he came, & for what purpose he molested them that were in 
carpetans dwell at the ●●oud Taio.  quiet & rest. Who, when he had answered that he came to help the carpetans, whom they had injured, they returned into the city. And when the Romans went for forage, they killed many, which being understood, the army was brought forth, and they met and fought. The Caucaeans a while had the better, till their 
Caucaeans slain at their City.  shot failed them, than they fled, not being good at a firm battle, and so thrusting together at the gate, there were three thousand slain.  
The next day, the old men came forth, and besought Lucullus to tell them what they might do, to keep the Romans favour. He required pledges & an C. talentes of silner, and that their horsemen should serve with him: which when it was granted, he said, he would put a garrison in the City, and they did not deny that. He put two thousand choice souldyoures into the city, whom he commanded to take the walls, which being done, he brought in all his army, and killed all without respect of age, and thus by extreme cruelty, they were all slain, calling 
Extreme injury done to the Romans by Lucullus.  upon the Gods, and the faith of the oath, by the which the Romans had sworn, and charging the Romans with infidelity, by the which they had murdered twenty thousand, a few except, that were in the strong and rocky places. Lucullus spoiled the City, and gave the prey to the soldiers, purchasing an immortal infamy to the name of Rome. All they of the Country assembled, and came out of the plains into the hills, and into the strong towns, carrying so much with them as they could, burning the rest, that Lucullus should have no profit of them.  
When Lucullus had made a long journey by the hard and desert way, he came to a City that is called Enderacia, into the 
Enderacia.  which, more than twenty thousand footmen were fled, and two thousand horsemen. Lucullus (such was his foolishness) invited them to composition, to whom, they objected the calamity of the Vacceans, & ask, if he would exhort them to such amity. Lucullus being angry for their objection (as the manner is of them that do nought, whereas they should rather be angry with themselves) wasted their land▪ and besieged their City, made many trenches▪ and continually provoked them to fight. One of them very fair in armour, came many times forth on horsehacke, and provoked any Roman to fight hand to hand: and when no man answered him, he laughed, and scorned the Romans, and went leaping, and reioyeing home. Doing this very often, it grieved Scipio that was a young man, who came 
Scipio fighteth a combat, and killeth a spaniard.  forth, and took the matter in hand, and by the benefit of fortune, overcame the great stranger, he being but of small stature, which gave courage to the Roman. But in the night, they were diversly affrighted, for all the horsemen of the Barbarians which were go a foraging before the Romans came, and could not get into the City, ran upon the Camp with great alarms, and they of the City did the like with great vehemence, 
Romans made afraid.  sore troubling the Romans, who being afflicted with watch (for all that night they were compelled to watch in armour) and not accustomed to the meats of that country, and having neither wine, salt, nor oil, nor vinegar, and did eat 
Want of salt.  sodden wheat and barley, and much flesh of Dear and Hare without salt, they fallen into flixes, of the which, many died. Thus they continued, till they had brought their trenches to due height, which being done, they beaten down one part of the 
Romans perish.  brickwall, and entered the City, but being valiantly repulsed in their retire, unawares they fallen into a fen, where a great part of them perished. The Barbarians the night following, made up their brickwall, but at length, when both sides was oppressed with famine, Scipio promised them, that there should be no fraud in their treaty, to whom faith was given for the opinion of his virtue. This was the end of this war, that they should deliver 
Celtiberians c●ficeme not gold.  ten thousand soldiers coats, a certain number of caitell, and fifty, pledges. The gold and silver, Lucullus could not have, for whose cause he made the war, thinking Spain had been full of it, for those people had it not, neither do these Celtiberians much esteem such things.  
After this, he went toward Pallantia, which was a City of 
Pallantia a City ●igh the 〈◊〉.  greater name and power, into the which, many were fled: therefore many counseled him to leave it, but he▪ because he herded it was▪ wealth and rich, did not follow their council. When he went to forage, ever he had the Pallantine horsemen upon him, so as for lack of victual, he was fain to remove his Camp, and so led his army in a square battle, the Pallantines ever following, till he came to the flood Orius. Then they 
Orius. Turditanes, people of Granata.  went away at midnight, and he returned to the Turditanes land, and there wintered. This end had the war which Lucullus made with the Vacceans without the authority of the Senate. Therefore that he should not come to judgement being accused. etc.  
¶ Notwithstanding, another part of Spain called Lusitania, living 
Lusitania, now Portugal.  after their own laws, with a certain Captain of Africa, did spoil the Countries that obeyed the Romans, and when 
The Romans killed.  they had overthrown Manilius, and Calphurnius Piso the Roman Captains, they killed two thousand of them, beside Terentius Varro, that was treasurer, by the which thing, the African being proud, did run over all the Countries, to the Ocean 
Vettones in hither Spain, of whom the herb Fetonie is named. Captain killed. Blastophenicians.  sea, and joining the Vettones unto him, besieged the Blastophenicians, that were subject to the Romans, with the which, they say, Hannibal did mingle some of the Carthage generation, therefore they were called Blastophenicians. This Captain was hurt on the head with a stone, and died, and in his place 
Cessaro.  succéeded another called Cessaro. He fought with Mummius that was come from Rome with another army, of whom being 
The Romans overthrown under Mummius.  overcome, and Mummius chasing him, he returned upon them that followed disorderly, and killed ten thousand, and recovered all his prey, and his own Camp which he had lost, and beside spoiled the Romans Camp, and took their Ensigns, the which they showing throughout Spain, made a laughingstocke of the Romans.  
Mummius now Camping in a strong place, exercised the soldiers which he had left, which were five thousand, and dared not bring them into the plain, till they had recovered their courage. The Lusitanes, albeit they inhabit the other side of the flood Tagus, yet they took arms, and wasted the Cuneans that were tributaries 
Cunistorges' in Celtiberia.  to the Romans, Canchenus being their Captain, and took Cunistorges' their great City, and passed the Sea at the pillars of Hercules, so as some of them went into Africa, and some besieged the City of Ocilis. Mummius followed them with nine thousand footmen, and five hundred horsemen, and killed of them fifteen thousand that wasted the Countries, and many of the other, and delivered Ocile from the siege, and then meeting with them that ranged that Country, he destroyed them all, so as not a messenger was left. The prey that could 
Victory of Mummius.  be carried, he distributed to the soldiers, the rest he burned in the honour of the Gods that be the rulers of war, for the which things, he triumphed at Rome at his return. M. Attilius succéeded him, which in one road, killed seven hundred Lusitanes, and destroyed a great City called Ostrace, and took all the country 
Ostrace.  about, yielding for fear, in the which, some were of the nation of the Bottanes, but so soon as Attilius departed to his 
●ottanes.  winter station, they revolted, and besieged certain of the Romans tributaries, whom when Servius Galba, successor to Attilius, would have put from the siege of the sudden, when he had go in one night and a day, five hundred surlongs, he showed himself to the Lusitanes, and put his soldiers weary of their 
Servius Galba taketh too much of his weary sold yours, and loseth.  journey to the fight forthwith, and when he had put the enemy to flight, and foolishly followed them with his soldiers weak and weary, the Barbarians seeing them scattered, and many times resting them for faintenesse, turned, and gave a charge upon them, and killed seven thousand of them. Galba, with the horsemen about him, recovered himself at the City of Carmena, where he gathered all them that escaped, and when 
Carmena.  he had twenty thousand of the tributary souldyoures, he went into the borders of the Cuneans, where he wintered at Cunistorge. 
Cuneans.  Lucullus, who made war with the Vacceans, without the authority 
Lucullus.  of the Senate, coming that time into Turditania, understood that the Lusitanes made war upon their neighbours, therefore he sent some of his best Captains, and killed fifteen hundred of them as they passed a water, and others that were fled into an hill, he compassed with trenches and mounts, and killed a great multitude. Then entering Lusitania, he wasted one part, and Galba another. Some, that sent Ambassadors to confirm the league made with Attilius, and broken of them, he received into friendship, and compounded the master with them. Also he feigned that he was sorry for them, and kllwel▪ that they, for continual want, were driven to spoil, and so breaking league, made war. I know (quoth he) that you were compelled to it by the barrenness, and want of your Country▪ but I will put you into a plentiful soil, and divide you into three several places full of abundance. They being alured by this hope, went from their own houses, whom being divided into three parts, he showed them a plain, where he had them stay till he came to show them the place, where they should build their City. When he was come to the first, he willed them to leave their armour as friends, which they did, than he enclosed them with ditches and trenches, and sent in his souldyource, and caused them all to be killed, not one escaping, they calling upon the Gods for the breach of faith. He did the like to the second 
Another manifest ●●iurie of Lucullus.  and third, before one understood of another's calamity: and thus he revenged fraud with fraud, following the Barbarians use: no respect he had to the honour of Rome. A few escaped, among whom was Viriatus, who after was Captain of the Lusitanes, 
Viriatus.  and did great feats, and killed many Romans. Those things that were done afterward, I will show in the other books.  
But Galba, who passed Lucullus in covetousness, distributed a few things among the souldyoures, and took the rest to himself, although he was most rich of all the Romans. He was a 
Galba described  man that in peace where profit appeared, would not refrain from perjury and lies. And when he, being hated of all men, was accused, yet for his riches, whereof he had great plenty, he was ever quit and discharged. Not long after, as many as remained of the unfaithfulness of Lucullus and Galba▪ gathering together to the number of ten thousand, wasted the land of Turditania. Against them▪ M. Vettilius with another army went, and joining to him all other that were in Spain, which was ten thousand, he went against them that wasted Turditania, and killed many of them, and drove the other into a Castle, in the which, if they would tarry, they must perish for hunger, if they departed, they must fall into the Romans hands, so narrow was the place: wherefore they sent Ambassadors to Vettilius in humble wise, desiring to have a place to 
Vettilius.  inhabit, that they from henceforth with all these, might be tributaries to Rome: which he accepted, and they ready to come forth. But Viriatus that had escaped from Galbas' cruelty, and 
The policy and hardiness of Viriatus.  was then with them, put them in remembrance of the Romans falsehood, and told them how often they had been deceived by colour of promise, and that all the Romans army was now like unto the deceytefulnesse of Galba and Lucullus: but if they would be ruled by him, he would tell them how they might all escape safe. They being moved with his words, and conceiving good hope, chose him their Captain. Therefore when he had placed all the horse in the front of the battle, as though he would fight, he commanded the other, so soon as he took his horse, to divide themselves, and by divers paths to flee over the hills, as well as they could, to Tribola, and 
Tribola.  there to tarry him till he came. He kept with him choice Horsemen, of every number, and then he leapt on Horseback, and the other fled with speed.  
Vettilius, afraid to follow them that were thus separate, and divided to many parts, stayed to see what Viriatus would do, who abode still. He with his swift Horse now coming upon the Romans, now going back from them, and now coming again upon them, spent so that whole day, and the next also, going on, and coming of from that plain. And when by conjecture, he thought them that were go, to be come to a sure place, at midnight with most speed, by divers hard ways, he got to Tribola. The Romans could not overtake him, partly for the weight of their armour, partly for the ignorance of the way, and partly for the diversity of their Horses. Thus Viriatus saved his men that were in desperation of themselves. This policy wan him great fame over all the places about, and so they came unto him in great numbers.  
He kept war with the Romans three years together, and it is well known, that this war much troubled the same, and in the end, was very dangerous unto them. And if there were any other stir in Spain, that was the cause that it continued the longer. Vettilius followed, and came to Tribola. Viriatus laid an ambush in an hill, whither when he knew that 
Trains on the Romans.  Vettilius was come, he fled. And when Vettilius was past the ambush, he turned, and they of the ambush came forth, and beset the Romans, killing and taking, or throwing them headlong from the high places. Vettilius was taken, whom, 
Vettilius taken and killed.  when the taker knew not, but saw him to be a fat old man, he thought him to be of no regard, and killed him.  
Of ten thousand Romans, scarcely six thousand saved themselves at Carpesso, a Sea Town, which I think was 
Carpesso.  called of the Grecians Tartessus, in the which Arganthonius reigned, who (they say) lived a hundred and fifty year. The 
Arganthonius the old King.  Treasurer that came with Vettilius, following them that went to Carpesso, seeing them afraid, kept them in the City, and made them keep the brickwall. And when he had got five thousand of the Bellans and Titthians, according as he desired, he sent them against Viriatus, whom he killed, not one being 
Viriatus kill 〈◊〉 the Spaniards sent against him.  left to bring tidings home. The treasurer remaining in the City, looking for newesfrom Rome, dared do nothing.  
Viriatus in the mean season, invaded the plentiful and abundant soil of the carpetans, which he spoiled without fear, till Caius Plautius came with ten thousand footmen, 
C Plautius.  and three hundred horsemen. Then Viriatus pretended to flee. Plautius' sent four thousand to follow him, upon whom Viriatus 
The 〈◊〉 killed.  turned, and killed all save a few. Then he passed the ●●oud Tagus, and camped in an hill full of Olives, yet called by the name of Venus. Plautius' finding him here, and desirous to heal his former wound, gave him battle, wherein he was overcome with great loss of men, and fled with shame, and kept 
Plautius is onescome.  in strong Cities, and as men be wont, in winter, he dared never come forth all that Summer. Viriatus ranged the Country, and took money of the owners for the save their harvest, which if they denied him, he wasted all. At Rome, when this was known, they sent Q. Fabius Maximus, that was Paulus 
Q. Fabius Maximus.  Aemilius son, that overcame Perseus' King of Macedonia, and gave him authority to gather men himself. He, because of late they had got Grecia, and Car●hage, and made a prosperous end of the third war of Macedonia, to give some respect to the old soldiers that were come from thence, he took up two legions of young men unexpert in war, and sent for aid of his friends, and came to Orsona, a City in Spain. 
Orsona.  The content of his army, was fifteen thousand footmen, and two thousand Horsemen, in the which place, not minding to begin the war, till he had trained his soldiers, he went to Gades, to sacrifice to Hercules. Viriatus meeting with some of them that were go a foraging, killed the 
Viriatus spoileth the Romans.  most part of them, and put the rest in fear, who being called again to their Ensign of their Captain, he overcame them, and spoiled them of a great prey. When Maximus was come, he was oft in the field, and provoked him to fight. Maximus thought it not good to adventure the whole fight, but continued in exercising his soldiers, and suffered his soldiers to skirmish, that by that mean, he might try the hearies, both of his own, and of his enemies. When they 
Maximus refuseth fight till he had trained his men.  should go for victual, he guarded them with many shot and Horsemen, he riding to them, as he had seen his father Paulus do in Macedonia.  
When Winter was past, and he had sufficiently exercised his soldiers, he was the second, of whom Viriatus was overthrown and put to flight, doing all the parts that belongeth to a General. And so, of two Cities which he hel●, he took one, and burned another. And when he had driven him to a strong place, which was called Vecor, he killed many, and in winter, he went to lie at Corduba.  
Wherefore Viriatus, not illuding his enemy now as he was wont, he induced the Aruacceans, the Titthians, and Bellans, warlike people, which were at a war of themselves, to revolt. And so of them, he made the war with the Numantines, which was long, painful, and dangerous to the Romans, the which (when I have done with Viriatus) I will show briefly.  
This Viriatus fought in an other part of Spain, with another captain of the Romans, Q. Pompeius. And being overcome, he fled to Venus hills. From the which coming again upon the enemy, 
〈◊〉 kille●●▪ Romans. 〈◊〉.  he killed many of Quintus men, took divers ensigns, & drove the rest to their camp, and cast out the garrison at Utica, ● wasted the land of the Basitanes. For Quintus did not help them for 
Basitanes. Corduba. Cordon●.  cowardliness and unskilfulness, ●ut rested at Corduba, in the midst of Autumn, although Martius did move him to it, sending a spaniard unto him from an Italian City. The next year Fabius Maximus, brother of Aemilianus, came successor to 
●. M. Aemilianus  Quintus, with two other Roman legions, and some friends So he had in all eighteen. M. footmen, & a thousand six hundred horsemen. He written to Micipse, king of Numidia, so soon as the time would serve to sand him Elephants: & he with part of his army 
Micips●.  went to Utica: whom Viriatus encountering by the way with six thousand, with great escries and alarms, after their Barbarian manner, with long and ugly hear Maximus withstood him, and without his loss repulsed him. And when the other army was come, and out of Africa, ten Elephants, and three hundred horses, he took a large place to encamp, and fortified it. He béeganne first to ●ame Viriatus, and to put him to flight, and chase him. But when the Romans followed him once out of order, he perceiving it, turned upon them, and killed three thousand 
Romans killed  of them, and chased the rest to their camp, the which, he assaulted, and found few at the gates to resist him, for they were fled into their Tents for fear, from whence the General and Captains, could hardly remove them. In that fight, Fannius, the son in law of Laelius, behaved himself valiantly, 
Fannius.  and saved the Romans by his coming. Viriatus running by the darkness of the night, and heat of the day, suffered no moment of time to pass, in the which he did not molest the enemy with his shot and light horsemen, till Aemilianus encamped toward Utica.  
Then Viriatus victual failing, and with a small army burning all his tents, he went into Lusitania, whom when Aemilianus could not find, he spoiled five Towns that hol●e Viriatus.  
Then he led his army into the bor●ures of the Cuneans, and from thence, into Lusitania against Viriatus: and as he went, two 
Curius and Apuleius captains of the ●ues. Iseadia. Semella. Oballa.  Captains of thieves, Curius and Apulcius, troubled him and made spoil. But Curio being killed in the fight, Aemilianus recovered the pray shortly after, and took the Cities Iseadia, and Semella, and Oballa, in the which the garrisons of Viriatus were. Some of these he spoilt, some he pardoned, and of ten thousand captives, he headed five hundred, and the other he ●ade to be killed 
Great murder by execution.  confusedly: which being done, he went to winter the second year of his province and this war. These things being done, he went to Rome, leaving Q. Pompeius his successor. etc.  
¶ His brother Maximus Aemilianus, having taken a captain 
Here ●ackhth. Conoba.  of thieves, called Conoba, who yielded unto him, he pardoned only him, and the hands of the rest he cut off. After following 
Hands cut of. Erisana.  Viriatus, he entrenched his city Erisana, into the which, Viriatus entering by night, he set upon the pioneers and workmen, till they left the army and their tools, and fled. And he drove other to the hills and hard places, from the which it was unpossible for them to come. But Viriatus that was never insolent by his good fortune, thinking he had now gotted a goodly occasion to make an end of the war, by showing such a benefice to the Romans, 
〈◊〉 content to make peace, when he had vantage.  made peace and league with them, which was approved of the people, that is to say:  
That Viriatus should be a friend of the Romans.  
That all that were with him, sholo be Lords of the land that they possessed.  
So Viriatus thought he had made an end of a great war with the Romans, & was quiet, but the peace continued not long. For Caepto the brother of Aemilianus did not allow those conditions 
The peace not allowed.  that he had made, & written to Rome, that it was dishonourable. The Senate at the beginning privily agreed to him, thinking for the common wealth, to profess enmity against Viriatus. And when he had wrote many letters thereof, & urged the matter, they decreed that he should break the league with Viriatus, & renew the war. Then Capio trusting upon this decree, made open war upon 
Capio.  Viriatus, & took Arsa a ●itie that he had left into his power. And 
Arsa.  following Viriatus that went about wasting the Countries, he overtook him at the country of the carpetans, far exceeding him in number. Wherefore Viria●us not minding to fight fo: his small number, sent away the great part of his army by a certain bypathe, and placed the rest on an hill, as though he would fight.  
And when he thought they were come to the sure places, he 
Viriatus saveth his ●●● again by policy.  took his horse with the spurs, and with the rest of his company, with great scorn of the enemy: he went forth so speedily, that they that followed him could not tell which way he become. Then Caepio wasted the Countries of the Vettones and Gallecians, many followed Viriatus, and spoiled Portugal. Against them, Sextus junius Brutus was sent, who being weary of the long way, 
Inn. Brutus. Rhodes of Spain●  which Tagus, L●the, Darias, and Betis, navigeable floods, contain, staid from following him. For they like thieves, conveyed themselves out of sight in a moment. Wherefore Brutus thought it a great labour to overtake them, and not to do it, a great dishonour: and supposing final glory to be in overthrowing them, he went to spoil their camps, both because he thought he might so chastise them, and also get a great booty for his soldiers and further that that band of robbers would scatter when they should think of the danger of their several countries.  
With this intent and purpose he spoilt whatsoever was in his way. The women that came into the war with their husbands, 
Valiant 〈◊〉.  and were killed with them, and showed such constancy, that they would not speak a word, when they were slain. Many went to the Mountains with as much as they could carry, to whom desiring peace, he gave it, and divided their land.  
When he passed the flood Orius, he wasted a great region, 
Orius.  and required hostages of them that yéeded, and so came to the flood Lethe, and he was the first Roman, that thought of the passage of it. Which when he was past, and go forth, he came to 
Nibene. Battarans.  the river Nibene, and led his army against the Battarans, because they intercepted his victuals.  
These be people that go also with their women armed to the war, which with good courage, abide death ●oldly▪ not sparing themselves, neither ●léeing from the fight, nor lamenting when they dye Some women that were taken, would kill themselves, and some their children also, rather than they should be ●●aues.  
Many cities that then held with Brutus, rebetled shortly after, and were subdued of him again. And for these causes when he came to Labrica, that had oft made peace with him, & 
Labrica.  then were disobedient, they desired pardon, and would do all things at his commandment. He required hostages, the Roman r●nneawaies, and all their armour, and lastly that they should leave their City. All the which, when they had done, he called them quietly to an assembly, and when he had compassed them with his army, he put them in remembrance, how often they had revolted, and made war, and made them so afraid, 
Cap●o useth mercy.  as they might fear a worse punishment. In the end ●eing satisfied with that rebuke, he refrained from ●urder pain. But he took from them horse, corn, and common money, and all other public preparation, and beside all their hope, suffered them to live in their country▪ Which things, when he had thus done, he returned to Rome. I have declared all this in the history of Viriatus.  
In this time, other following his example, exercised robberies: and Viriatus▪ that he might come to some end, sent Dital●one and 
Practice to kill Viriatus▪  Min●r● to Caepio, the which being corrupted by many promises●, undertook to kill Viriatus. The matter was t●us handled.  
Viri●tus used little sleep after most great labours, and ●or the most part, slept armed, that he might be ready at all so●●●ne 
The manner of killing Viriat●s.  chaun●es. For this cause it was lawful for his friends to come to him by night. Which manner, the conspiratoures knowing, and marking the first hour of his sleep, entered his house armed▪ as for some great matter, and cut his throat▪ for in any other part they could not hurt him. And when no man ●eard● the noise of the deed, for the facility of the cut, they escaped to Caepio, and required their reward: To whom he forthwith gave all they did possess, and whatsoever was in their power: but as touching their reward, ●ée sent them ●o Ro●e.  
Viriatus friends, and the whole army, when it was ●aye, ●arried for him, and thinking he had rested, marveled at that alteration, and so went in and found him dead in his armour: wherefore great sorrow was made in all the Camp, every man lamenting his hard hap, thinking on the danger they were in, and the Captain they had lost: and it most grieved them, that they could not find the killers. Therefore they burned his 
Honour done to Viriatus at his burial.  body with much honour, upon a great stack, kill many sacrifices in his reverence, and as well the footmen as the horsemen, after the Barbarian manner, went about the fire, and extolled him to heaven with their praise. At last when the fire was out, and the funerals finished, they made many turneyments hand to hand at his sepulchre, so great love and desire did Viriatus leave to his men, who, though he were a Barbarian, yet he was 
The praise of Viriatus.  most skilful in government, most wary in perils, and above all other, bold in despising them, and most just in dividing his prey. For he could never be brought to take any whit more, than the rest, although he were desired, and that he took, he gave to the valiant ●ort: Whereby it came to pass, (that is most hard, and to this day hath not happened to any Captain) that his army gathered of all kind of nations, eight years together, which the war continued, was ever most obedient to him without mutiny, and endured to the uttermost most ready to abide all danger.  
And when they had created Tantalus for their Captain, they 
Tantalus.  went toward S●gunt, which City, when Annibal had destroyed and restored, he called it Carthage, of the name of his country. And being driven from thē●e by Caepa, that was always at their backs, when he had passed the flood Betis, being weary, he yielded himself and his army to Caepa. He took all his armour, and appointed them a good land to live in, that they should no more be driven to rob.  
Now our history shall return to the wars of the Vacceans, and the Numantines, whom Viriatus caused to revolt.  
Caecilius Metellus, sent from Rome with more men, shortly overcame the Vacceans, whereby the rest were disco m●●ted & put in fear. etc.  
¶ There remained yet Termantia, and Numantia, in an hilly 
Here wanteth. Termantia. Numantia.  place, divided with two floods, and compassed with hills and thick woods, bending into the plain only one way, at the which part, it was fortified with many ditches, and pill●urs overthwart. The Numantines were good eight thousand men, both on horse and foot, and with so small a number, (such was their manliness) they put the Romans to much pain.  
Metellus at the end of winter, delivered his army to Q. Metellus Aulus his successor, in the which was thirty thousand footmen, and two thousand horsemen well armed and practised. etc. 
Here wanteth   
¶ And when Pompeius had his camp at Numantia, & from thence went into a certain place, the Numantines, descending from an hill, destroyed his horsemen that ran to him. Who, when he was returned, brought forth his battle to fight in the plain.  
The enemies coming down, gave a charge upon him, and by & by, as though they had been afraid, retired unto the hill, till they had brought them to the places where the ditches and overthwart beams were laid, so as Pompey perceiving he was in 
Pompey loseth.  these skirmishes overmatched of them that were inferior to him, he turned his army toward Termantia, thinking to do better there, where they fought with him to his loss of seven hundred. Beside that, the Termantines put a Tribune to flight, that was coming with victuals, and in one day giving three onsets on the Romans, they drove them thrice into sharp and rocky places, and threw many of their footmen and horsemen (together with their horses) from the hills and rocks, so as the rest being afraid, remained all night in armour, and when it was day, coming forth in order of battle, they fought doubtfully, till night ended the fight. Pompey in the night made haste to Malia with his horsemen, which place the Numantines held with a garrison. But the Malians kill the garrison by treason, 
Malia nove Malgrad●, i● delivered to ●●pey.  delivered the City to Pompey, who, receiving armour and pledges of them, went to Sueditania, which a certain captain, 
Sue●●ta●i●. Ta●ginus.  named Tanginus, did spoil with his army. Pompey fought with him, and overthrew him, and took many of his souldyoures.  
But such manhood was in these thieves, as none of them 
Manhood of th●●ues.  would live Captive, but some killed themselves, some their Masters, & some made holes in the ●hip that carried them, to sink it.  
Pompey being returned to Numantia, went about to turn the flood that was in the plain, an other way, that he might press the City with famine.  
The Townsemen drove the labourers from their work, and 
The Romans killed.  coming by bands, without trumpet, they threw darts and arrows upon them, that they should▪ not turn the flood, and fought at hand with them that came to aid the pioneers, and dro●e them to their Campe. and encountering them that went for forage, killed many of them, and the Tribune that was their leader, and giving a charge o● an other side on the Romans that made a ditch, they killed one thousand four hundred with their captain. By the which discommodities, certain men 
counsellors sent to Pompey.  of the Senate came to Pompey, to help him with their counsel: also young soldiers, not yet exercised, were gathered for the old, that had been now six years abroad. With the which old soldiers, Pompey having received so many displeasures, remained the winter in camp, to recover his estimation. Where they were cursedly vexed with cold, warding and watching. And then the nature of that country began to be 
Flix among the Roman soldiers.  perceived, for they were taken with the flix, and many died.  
When any of the soldiers should go out of the camp for victual, the Numantines lying in await, would not cease to hurt the Romans with their shot and darts. Which when 
Numantine h●rt● the Romans.  they could not abide, they would needs go against them: then they come from their trains, and do them much harm: And once again the Numidians meeting with them that brought victual, destroyed many of them, aswell noble men as other.  
Pompey therefore being vexed with so many evils, by the counsel of the Senators, removed, that he should lie the rest of the Winter in sure places, and the Spring, in Cities. And because a successor was to come to him, and he afraid to be accused, he began to practise secretly with the Numantines, the which also for the loss of many their chief citizens, and for that they could not till their ground, and for want of victual, and for the continuance of war, which was longer than they thought, they sent Ambassadors to Pompey, to whom openly he spoke, that they should yield themselves. For he said, that he known none other way out that, how to agree with them, for the dignity of the Romans. But pri●●ly he told them, with what conditions 
Pompey practiseth peace with the Numantines.  he would use them.  
And so when the thing was agreed, they yielded to him.  
Pompey required pledges and fugitives, which he received. He required also thirty talentes of silver, of the which the Numantines paid fifteen presently. Pompey looked for the rest.  
When his successor M. Popilius Lena was come, the Numantines 
Popilius.  paid it.  
Pompey being delivered of the fear of war, knowing the composition that he had made was unlawful, being done without the Romans consent, when his successor was come, he denied 
Pompey goeth from his peace.  he had made any agreement with the Numantines. They proved it by witness present, of men of degree, of Senators and Tribunes, and also of the Captains of his horsemen. Therefore Popilius sent both parts to Rome, to plead the matter before the Senate. The Senate thought best to hold war still with the Numantines.  
In the mean season, Popilius entered the land of the Lusones, 
Lusones.  which were neighbours to the Numantines, and returned doing nothing. And C. Hostilius Mancinus succéeded him, and he went to Rome. When Mancinus came to fight, he was often overcome, & at length when he had lost many, he kept within his camp. There was a rumour that the Cantabrans and Vacceanes, would come help 
Cantabri. ●●●scage.  the enemy, wherefore in the night, without light, he fled to the abandoned Camp of Nobilior, where being shut, neither having fortified the place, nor otherwise able to defend, the Numantines, beséeging him and all his army in hard state, lest he should make a dishonourable peace with them, he made a league and amity between the Romans, and with the Numantines, with equal conditions, to the which, he bond himself: which thing, when it was known at Rome, they were all very sorry, because the league was shameful. Therefore Aemilius Lepidus 
Mancinus maketh peace dishonourably. Aemilius.  another Consul was sent into Spain. Mancinus was called to judgement, whom the Ambassadors of the Numantines followed, Aemilius looking for answer from Rome, being weary of rest, for now such generals driven by desire of false glory, 
generals of provinces for profit.  or profit, or triumph, went to their provinces, not for their countries profit, pretending a false crime against the Vacceans, accusing them, that they had helped the Numantines with victuals, and invaded their land, and besieged their chief City Pallantia, which had not offended against the league. And when he had sent Brutus his son in law into other parts of Spain, to make him partaker of the war, Cinus and Caecilius came Ambassadors from Rome to them, showing the Senate did dote, that after so many losses received in Spain, Aemilius would sow new wars, and declared the decree of the Senate, that he should not make war upon the Vacceans. But he having begun the war, and sent Brutus abroad, because he thought the Senate did not know that the Vacceans did help the Numantines with victual, money, and souldyoures, fearing also, if he left war, all Spain would revolt, as done for fear, he sent the Ambassadors without delay, and so written to the Senate. He fortified a certain Castle, and bestowed the time in gathering of men and victual. Flaccus being sent a foraging, and falling into trains which came upon him, a word was craftily cast forth, 
The army saved by a word.  that Aemilianus had won Pallantia, at the which, when the soldiers made a cry, as the manner is in victory, the Barbarians hearing it, and believing it to be true, were afraid, and departed. And by this mean, Flaccus delivered his men from peril, and his forage from spoil.  
The siege continuing long at Pallantia, the Romans wanted 
Pallantia.  victual, and having consumed all their cattle, they waxed so weak, that some died for hunger. The captains Aemilianus and Brutus, suffered the want as long as they could, but at length being overcome with the mischief, Aemilius commanded to break up, therefore the Tribunes and Centurians went about the Camp, and commanded the soldiers to depart before 
Cowardly departure of the Romans.  day, so they forsook all, even the sick and wounded souldyoures, who embraced them, and recommended themselves unto them. They departing confusedly, and without order, as men that flee, the Pallantines ran upon them every where, and much troubled them, following them from morning till night. When it was dark, the Romans being scattered, went into divers places as l●●ke served them. The Pallantines left chase of them, as being called from their purpose by the power of God. These things chanced to Aemilius Lepidus, which, when the Romans understood, they put Aemilius from his province and consulship, 
Aemilius put from his office.  and so he returned a private man to Rome, and was punished. The Numantines and Mancinus were herded in the Senate. They brought forth the capitulations of the league. He laid all the blame upon Pompey, that was ruler of the province before him, of whom he received a rude and cowardly army, by the which, being often evil handled and overcome, he made peace with the Numantines, being thereto compelled, as Pompey had done, by whose league, he affirmed this war to be unlucky to the Romans. The Romans were angry with both, yet Pompey was acquit, being accused of the same afore. The Senate decreed, that Mancinus, who had made so dishonourable a league, without consent of the Senate, should be given to the Numantines after the old 
St. 〈◊〉 Consul, was delivered to the Samnites.  example, which gave the Captain to the Samnites, because he agreed to so shameful a peace. So they commanded Furius to lead Mancinus into Spain, deprived of all things and naked, who was 
Mancinus is delivered to the Numantines. Calphurnius.  not received of the Numantines, against whom Calphurnius Piso was made General. He entered the land of the Numantines, and then wasted part of the Pallantines, and spent the rest of his time in harbour in Carpentania. The people of Rome being weary 
Carpentania.  of this long and tedious war with the Numantines, that is might once be ended, chose Cornelius Scipio Consul again, that won Carthage, as one that only could overcome the Numantines. And where he could not be Consul for his age (for he was but young) a decree of the Senate was made, that the Tribunes should dispense with the law for that year, and restore it the year following. Therefore 
A disputation to make Scipio Consul.  Scipio being made Consul, made speed to go against the Numantines'. He led none with him of the soldiers by choice, both because they were troubled with war, and also because many of them were in Spain. He had some voluntary, which were sent of kings & cities, by the consent of the Senate. He led many servants with him from Rome, and made one band of five HUNDRED companies 
Philoni● a band of friends.  and friends, which he called Philonida, that is, the band of friends or fellows. And when he had appointed four M. of his soldiers to his cousin ●uteo, he went afore with great speed to the 
●uteo.  army, which he understood was corrupted with idleness, riot, & sedition, knowing he could not overcome his enemies, except he restrained & kept his soldiers in awe, with the temperance & integrity of his government. So soon as he was come, he put out all merchants, harlots, & soothsayers, whom the soldiers in their fear, would ask many questions: and forbade any thing to be brought to the Camp that was not necessary. And he forbade the sacrifices, by the bowels whereof, things to come were inquired. And he would suffer but few slaves and drudges, and commanded 
Scipio reform his Camp. cooks, soldiers in the Camp.  to cell all the beasts of burden, except a few needful. He would have the soldiers have no cooks. He forbade any other instruments, or vessels of kitchen to be carried, but a spit, a pan, and a vessel for drink. He would have them eat no flesh otherwise dressed, but sodde or roast. So he appointed measure to their diet. He forbade them featherbeds, and he was the first that lay upon a bed of hay. He forbade his soldiers in their journeys, to ride on Asses or Mules, for he said, there was little good to be hoped of that man in war, that could not go afoot. Likewise, he reproved them that used ministers in hot houses, and called them Mules, which for that they wanted hands, had need of other to rub them. And thus he made his soldiers obedient & temperate, & by little & little, acquainted them with reverence & fear, being hard to hear their quarrels, or granting any thing that was not just. He had often that sentence in his mouth, that easy, favourable, and affable Captains, 
Favourable Captains.  were profitable to the enemy, which though they were beloved of their souldyoures, they set little by them. They that be hard and severe, have their souldyoures ready and obedient at all assays: the which though he has thus instructed, yet he dared not bring them into the field, till he had exercised them with much labour. Therefore going daily by one field or another, he made divers Camps, one after another, which being defaced, he called the Souldyoures to work again, to dig the ditches higher, and to fill them again, to make high walls, and to pull them down again, and he stood from morning till night to oversee the pioneers. When he made any journey, he went with a square battle, that it should not be scattered by any sudden attempt, as had happened to other. He road about the army, and sometime to the hindermost, and bad the sick should be born on the horsemen's horses. He took the burdens from the Mules that were too much laden, and divided it to be born of the footmen. When he kept himself in the house in summer, the troops of horsemen that he sent to espy, he commanded at their return to stand without at the trench, till another band of horsemen had viewed all: and all the labour and work was divided among the pioneers, that is, some to make trenches, some ditches, and some walls, and some to pitch tents, and to every of them a certain time was appointed to do it. When he perceived his army to be made fierce, obedient, and painful in summer, he encamped nigh Numantia, yet did he not choose places very strong for his Camp 
Numantia now of some is called Caesar Augusts, of some S●●a.  as other were wont, nor divided his men, lest if any loss should hap at the first, he should be contemned of his neighbours, which were wont to laugh at him. Neither did he encounter with the enemy, weighing the nature and end of war, and the strength of the Numantines, lest they would come upon him with all their force. Therefore he commanded to waste all things the corn to be cut whilst it was green, which being wasted, he must needs go further. The way that went to Numantia, by the plain, was shorter, and many persuaded him to go that way, to whom Scipio said, he considered the way to return, 
Hard way sure:  for the enemy was full of shot, to come out to the sight, and had the City at their back, to return safely again. But we (said he) being laden with victual and weary, should be far too weak for them. Beside that, we have beasts of burdens, and carts and carriage, so the fight should be hard, and very unequal, for we being overcome, should be in great peril, and if we did overcome, we should have no great gain, and it were a folly, to put himself to peril for a small matter, and he is an evil Captain that fighteth without profit, and he is valiant and wise that entereth the danger of fight, when he is constrained by necessity. He brought an example of Physicians, which come not to cut and burn, till they have tried the sick place with medicines, which when he had said, he commanded the Captains to lead the further way. Then he commanded to go further to the land of the Vacceans, where the Numantines had their victual. Their fields being wasted also, and the corn gathered for the use of the soldiers, he burned the rest. The Pallantines had laid many in await under certain hills, adjoining to that plain, called Coplanium, and then openly molested them that were 
Coplanium.  at harvest. Therefore Scipio sent Rutilius Ruffus that was his Tribune (who after committed this war to wrighting) with four bands of ●orse to stop their ranging. Therefore Ruffus began 
Rutilus Ruffus in danger.  to follow them 〈◊〉 and to chase them to the tap of the hills where the ambush was, which discovering themselves, Ruffus commanded his men, neither to follow, nor to encounter the enemy, but hold them at the spears poylite. Scipio seeing Ruffus going further to the hills than, was appointed him, began to follow him which his army, fearing the worst, and when he was come to the place of the trains, he divided his horsemen, and commanded to give onset upon the enemy both ways, and when they had cast their darts, to return, not right on, but a soft pac●, that they that were behind, might join with them: and by this mean he brought his horse safe into the plain. After this, when Scipio would remove, there was a water hard to ●● passed, and miry, at the which, the enemy lay hidden, which when it was known, he left that way, and led his army by another longer way, but sure from deceits, and went by night, and commanded many wells to be made for thirst, in the most 
Salt water.  part of the which, salt water was found. Nevertheless Nevertheless the army went on safe, though with great pain, but some horses & Mules were killed for drought. Then he entered the lands of the Cauceans, whom Lucullus had invaded, contrary to the league, all the which, he commanded by his crier, to go quietly every one to his own. From thence, he went to the Numantines ground to winter, where he remained, till Iug●rtha, the nephew of Massinissa, 
jugurth.  came to him with twelve Elephants, and archers and slingers well armed. And being occupied in wasting and spoiling the countries that were nigh, he was almost entrapped at a village, the which was enuirened with a great fen of one side, & 
Scipio like to be entrapped.  of that other with an hilly place, in the which the trains were laid. And where Scipio's host was divided into two parts, entering the town, and leaving their ensigns without, they went to spoil. Other a few horsemen road about the town, who were beset of the ambush, & defended themselves. Scipio being about the ensigns, called the soldiers out by trumpet, before the which could come, he with a M. horsemen, ran to help them that were in distress. And when the most part of the soldiers were come out of the town, he made the enemy to flee, yet did he not follow them, but a few being killed of both sides, retired to his camp. Then laying two Camps before Numanti●, he made his brother Maximus ruler of the one, and the other he governed himself. While he was in this sort, the Numantines came forth, and offered to fight, 
Two Camps before Numan●●●.  but Scipio contemned them, thinking not better to fight with than that were in desperation, than to came them by famine, and drive them to yield. And when he had made seven trenches about the City to press them the rather, he sent letters to the confederates, in the which it was contained, what and how many soldiers they should send, which when they were come, he divided them into many parts, as he did his own, and commanded their Captains and leaders, to make ditches and enclosures about the City. The compass of Numantia was four and twenty furlongs. The enclosure was as much, or 
Three miles.  more, and all that was distributed to the Tribunes, which, if they were let of the enemy, they should signify it by day, with a red clot upon a spear, and in the night, by a fire, that he and his brother might aid than that were circumvented, which being done, and they that were set for guard, were sufficient to resist the enemy. He commanded another beside that to be made, and to plant stakes about it, or next them, to build a new brickwall, the breadth of the which was five foot, and the height, ten, beside the pinnacles and towers distant by equal space. The fen that was next the brickwall, because he could not compass it with a brickwall, he made a trench as high as a brickwall, and that might serve for a brickwall about it. And this Scipio was the first as I think, 
A wall about a Camp. Dunas.  that compassed a City besieged with a brickwall, the which did not refuse to fight. The flood Dunas that ran by the Camp, was very commodious to the Numantines, to bring in victual, and to receive men out and in, or to swim under water, or to sand boats out full sail, when the wind was big, or to row, when the time served. And because a bridge could not be made upon it for the breadth and vehemence, Scipio caused two Castles to be made on either side the bank, and between both, he hanged certain long beams with ropes, and let them go into the water. In the beams were laid plates of swords on every side, and other weapons pricking, which with the continual course of the water being turned, did not suffer the enemies Ships, nor swimmers to pass. This was the thing that Scipio most desired, that none should go to the besieged, to tell what was done 
Policy of Scipio.  abroad, whereby they should be destitute both of council and comfort. These being thus disposed, engines were placed in the towers, and instruments that cast arrows & darts, & stones. The walls were full of stones & shot. The Castles were kept of shooters and s●ingers. He placed also many men in the trenches, that should both day & night signify what new thing happened, in ranks, one from another, holding up an enpugne at the tower that was in need, and that the other towers should do the like, when the token was seen that the first made. This was done, that in a moment of time he might know what happened, and for those things that must be declared in deed, he would have brought to him by certain messengers. He divided his army, which, with the confederates was lx M. into two parts, of the which, he set one to guard the sea, and used the other to go for things requisite, as occasion required. Twenty thousand were appointed to fight when need was, to the aid of the which, other xx. M. of confederates were assigned. Every man had his place, from the which, he might not go without leave. So every man repaired to his place, and to the token that was made, when the enemy made any thing ado: so orderly & wisely had Scipio considered every thing. The Numantines made many sallies upon the ordinary wards, now here, now there, but they were soon made afraid of the dreadful sight of them that came so soon to help, and also with the ensigns that were set upon the brickwall to show the matter, and with the keepers of the towers & trenchies, and with the sound of the trumpets, in so much, as all the compass of the trenches, which was 50. furlongs, was in a moment a terror to them all. This place Scipio road about every day to see it, and by that mean having shut in his enemies, he thought they could not long continued, seeing they could be helped by no man, neither of victual, men nor armour. Rit●genes 
Rit●genes auen●ureth for his country.  a Numantine, & chief of them, with u fellows, persuaded by him, & so many servants & horses, in the dark night, passing that space that was between the town & the Camp, and coming over the trenches, with a ladder made to scale, got up, and killed the watch, and sending their servants back into the city, they got away▪ & went to the Aruacceans, holding up their hands, & praying 
Aru●cceans. ●●.  them to help the Numantines their kinsfolk. The Aruacceans would not receive them, but bade them go their way. There was a City of power thirty. furlongs from Numantia, called Lucia. The youth of this▪ City much favoured the Numantines, and moved their City to help the Numantines, of the which the auntientes certified Scipio. Therefore Scipio at the eight hour of the night, took his journey, and by day was at Lucia, and be●éeged the City, and required the heads of the youth to be given him. The 
Lucia.  townsmen answering, that they were fled, he threatened spoil of the City, unless they obeyed. Which the Citizens fearing, 
Four hundred young men's h●ds cut of.  brought forth four hundred young men, whose hands he cut off, and went away with great speed, and the next day betimes, was at his camp.  
The Numantines, now oppressed with famine, sent five men 
Numantines sue for peace.  to Scipio, with commission to know, that if they would yield to him, if he would use them mercifully, and be content with a moderate fine. But avarus the chief of them, a man of an high courage, did much set out the valiantness and intent of the Numantines, affirming they did not offend, then being in so great 
Boasting o●r of time.  danger, fighting for their wives, children, and liberty of their Country. Wherefore Scipio (said he) it shall be almost rightful thing, if thou being a noble man of so great virtue, will't pardon so noble a people, and appoint us that pain, that we shall be able to bear. We know the mutation of fortune, and that the safety of our Country, was not in us, but in thee. Then take our City being content with moderate punishment, or if thou haste us in contempt, thou mayst hope to see it perish and be overthrown, by defending itself.  
When avarus had said thus, Scipio knowing by the Captives what was done in the City, said, he would have them freely yield themselves, and their City, with their armour: Which when it was told the Numantines, and thought so before, inflamed with anger, for the great desire of liberty, because they had never been acquainted to obey, and being more taken with rage and fury, they killed avarus and his company, 
The Numantines kill them that went for peace  as bringers of evil news, and conspiring with Scipio to save themselves.  
Not long after, all victuals failing them, having neither fruit, nor cattle, nor herbs, first they eat leather mollified 
The necessity of the Numantines.  in water, as other in necessity have done. When leather failed them, they eat dead men's flesh sodden and roast. Then having no respect to the sick, the stronger forced the weaker, thinking now none act cruel or violent, their minds being turned into wild creatures, and their bodies into beasts for the meat they did eat. Therefore being killed with hunger, and consumed with pestilence, with hear and beards horrible, they at length yielded to Scipio, which commanded them the same day to bring their armour into a place appointed, and the next day, to come themselves into another place assigned. But they deferred a day, confessing there were yet many in the city, that for the love of liberty, would end their lives with sword and famine, 
Numantines kill themselves.  and desired a time to kill themselves: so great love of liberty, so great virtue was there in a barbarous & little city, which when they flourished in peace, were eight thousand good men, the which, what things they had done against the Romans it is evident, and how many leagues they made with them with like and equal condition, which could never be brought to do it with any other nation. Who their Captain or General was, I need not to rehearse: yet Scipio he being in the field with lx M. men, was many times provoked of the Numantines, to fight. But Scipio was better and wiser than other generals, for he thought not good to deal with those wild men, by the force of arms, but to conquer them by famine, which is a thing insuitable, by the which evil, the Numantines could be only taken▪ as they were. These things I had to say, of the Numantines, when I consider their small number, their sufferance of labour, and noble acts, and how long they were invincible. Therefore of the Numantines they that so determined, dyu●rslye killed themselves. The rest the third day came to the place appointed, all ugly, filthy, and horrible to behold, which had bodies 
A pitiful yielding of the Numantines  foul and full of hear, with long nails, full of filth and stink, worn garments of evil savours, by which things they were miserable to their enemies, and yet fearful to look upon: therefore they were beholden of the Romans with admiration, considering in them, the strange affection of their bodies that was felt in the air, of the dolour and labour which they had suffered▪ and also of their conscience, that one had eaten another's flesh. Scipio choosing out some of them for the pomp of his triumph, commanded the other to be sold, and their City utterly to be destroyed. This General of the Romans, these two Cities being taken, hard to be won, Carthage for the greatness of the City and the power thereof, by the decree of the Romans he preserved, for the commodity of the land & sea. Numantia he razed, a little City that held but a few, of the which the Romans had not determined, either because he was ireful and hard of nature against them that he took by violence, or because (as some say) he thought his glory to be the greater, by the greatest calamities of other. Therefore to this day he is called African and Numantine, of the destruction he gave to those Cities. Then the places nigh Numantia being assigned and settled, and if any were suspected, put in fear by payment of money, he returned to Rome.  
The Romans as the manner was, sent ten men of the Senatonres into the places of Spain, that were of their government, that those that Scipio, or Brutus had taken, might be brought into the form of a province. After a certain space, when new stir 
Calphurnius Piso. Ser. Gall●.  was made in Spain, Calph. Piso was sent thither with authority, to whom Ser. Galba succéeded But a multitude of Cimbrians coming into Italy, & Sicily, afflicted with the second servile war, they sent no army into Spain, because of these wars, but would have lieutenants go to pacify all as well as they could. When the Cimbrians were repulsed, Tit. Didius went thither & killed twenty thousand Aruacceans, and brought Termentum a great City, which 
Termentum.  scarcely would ever obey the Romans, the strong place in which it was situated, into the plain, willing them to dwell in houses dispersed without walls. And when he had besieged a city called Colenda, he took it the ninth month of the siege. Didius sold all 
Colenda.  the Colendans with women & children. The Celtiberians inhabited an other City next to Colenda, with other mixed, to whom, M. Marius, because they served him against the Portugalls, he gave those places to kill by decree of the Senate. But they compelled for need, exercised robberies. Therefore Didius minding to kill them by consent of the x. men that were with him, told their Captains, that he would join to them the lands of the countrymen, because they were in need. Which offer when he perceived they accepted, he bade them tell the people that they might come with their wives and children to divide the lands. Who when they came, he willed the soldiers to go out of the camp, ano that they should enter, as though the number of the men and women should be told, and so be appointed to the lands, and when they were entered within the trenches, they were all killed of the soldiers by his commandment, for the which act he triumphed. And when the Celtiberians revolted again, Flaccus being 
Celtiberians killed by chait. Flaccus. Belgeda.  sent to that province, killed twenty M. in the City of Belgeda when the people was turned to rebel. etc. ¶ with whom was authority to assemble the Senate, when he was doubtful what to 
Here v●●●teth  determine, he burned the whole Senate. Flaccus when he came, punished all the authors of that wickedness.  
I have found these things of the Romans against the Spaniards worthy of writing. After a while, when the civil war was hot between Cinna and Sylla, the country being divided in that sedition. Q. Sertorius of the faction of Cinna, being 
Sertorius.  created a General in Spain, alured the Spaniards to rebel against the Romans. Then getting a great army, and a number of his friends, choose after the form of the Roman Senate, he determined to come toward Rome. Sertorius was a bold man, and of a noble heart and known virtue and strength, insomuch as the Senate being afraid of him, created many worthy Captains, 
C●cilius Metellus  Caecilius Metellus first with a great army, that any way he could, he should keep war from Italy, which was vexed with great dissensions. A certain man called Perpenna, of Sertoriu● faction, 
Perpenna.  killed him and made himself General, and Pompey killed him in battle. And so had that war an end the which put the Romans in a great fear. But these things be showed more plainly in the book of Sulla's civil wars. After the death of Sylla, when 
Sylla.  C. Caesar was choose General to make war against all men, 
Caesar.  he appeased all the tumults in Spain, and any other nation that molested the Romans, and compelled all to obey the people of 
Caesar August.  Rome. Also Octavius Caesar Augustus, son to C. Caesar, made some war with them that practised rebellion. From that time the Romans divided Iberia, which is now Spain, into three parts, into two of the which, the Senate sent yearly officers, and the Emperor sent a precedent into the third, the time of whose province, dependeth of the pleasure of the Emperor.  
The end of the Romans wars with the Spaniards.   

¶ The Roman wars with Antiochus the Great, King of Syria: by Appian of Alexandria.  
Antiochus' descended of Seleuchus and Antiochus, King of Syria, Babylonia, and other nations, the sixte from that Seleuchus who reigned in Asia to the flood Euphrates after Alexander, invading Media and Parthia, and other cegions that had revolted, being a prince of great courage, and named Antiochus the Great, advancing himself by his acts and this name, did violently take from Ptolomeus 
This part of Syria is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is Syria the horow, because it ●●eth between the floods Euphrates and Tigris and is named Mesopotamia. Cherronesus is a place compassed with water, saving none part. Lysimachus is restored by Antiochus.  Philopater King of Egypt, and yet a child, Coelesyria and Cilicia, and now conceiving no small matters, invaded them of Hellespont, the Aeoleans and jonians, as subject to the ruler of Asia, because they of old time, did obey the Kings of Asia. Then he sailed into Europa, and subdued Thracia, and all that would not yield, he compelled. He fortified Cherronesus, and builded Lysimachia, which Lysimachus king of Thracia after Alexander, erected, to be a bridle to the Thracians, and they after his death pulled it down, and this Antiochus set it up again to be inhabited, and called home the banished men of the City, and redeeming any that were in thraldom, to whom he joined others, and gave them oxen, and sheep, and iron for their tillage, leaving nothing that might help to the speedy renewing of it. For he thought it a very fit place for to deal with all Thracia, and a storehouse most commodious for all the rest that he intended to do.  
Many obeyed him and received his garrisons for fear of his power.  
But the Smyrneanes and Lampsaceans, and some others, refusing so to do, sent to Flaminius the Roman General, wh● lately 
〈…〉.  had overthrown Philippe of Macedon, in a great batt●●●● Thessalia. For the time was, that the matters of Macedon and 
This is left out in the Italian.  Grecia, have been intermeddled, as the state and time served, as we have showed in the history of Grecia. Between Antiochus and Flaminius, were diverse Ambassages, and practices in vain. And the Romans & Antiochus, the one had that other in great suspicion: They, because they thought Antiochus would not be quiet, being proud of his great kingdom, and happy success. He, because the Romans only, might be most great impediment to his increase, and resist his passage into Europe. But no evident cause of enmity being given by him, there came Ambassadors to Rome from Ptolomeus Philopater, praying he might be restored into Syria, and Cilicia, which Antiochus had taken from him.  
The Romans gladly took this pretence coming in good season, 
Ambassadors from Ptolemy of Egypt.  & sent Ambassadors to Antiochus, in show, to reconcile Ptolomeus and Antiochus, but indeed, to espy the meaning of Antiochus, and to hinder it as much as might be. C●eus the Ambassador, required of Antiochus, that Ptolomeus a friend to the Romans, 
The Romans sand ambassadors to Antiochus.  might enjoy the Kingdom that his father left him, and that the Cities of Asia, which Philip of Macedon had taken, might be free: For it was not just that Antiochus would enjoy, the places that the Romans had taken from Philip. Finally, he said it was to be doubted, why Antiochus should bring such a navy and an army from Media out of Asia into the sea, & invade Europe, build Cities in it, and subdue Thracia, but for to lay a plat 
The answer of Antiochus.  to another war.  
He answered, that Thracia, belonged to his ancestors, and was for lack of quietness revolted, and now he having leisure, recovered it again, & he restored Lysimachia to be a dwelling for his son Seleuchus. That he would leave the cities of Asia free, if they would thank him, & not the Romans. As for Ptolemy (quoth he) I am his kinsman, and shortly I shall be his father in law, & I will 'cause him to give you thanks. But I do doubt also, by what right the Romans can meddle with Asia, since I do not deal with Italy.  
Thus breaking up without any conclusion, they uttered 
A report of death of Ptolemy.  manifest threatenings, one against another. It was reported & thought that Ptolomeus was dead, wherefore Antiochus went with speed toward Egypt to get the kingdom void of a prince. And being at Ephesus, Annibal of Carthage came to him, fléeing his country for the hate of his enemies, accusing him to the Romans, as contentious and seeking war, and could not live in rest. For then the Carthaginenses did agree with the Romans as confederates. Antiochus' received Annibal gloriously for the fame of his valiantness, and had him about him, and understanding at Lycia that Ptolemy was alive, he refrayved from Egypt, and thought to take Cyprus in stead of it, & sailed thither with great 
Anticchus hath shipwreck a● Sarus.  speed. But being Winter, at the flood Sarus, he had a wreck, and lost many ships with diverse of his men and friends, and sailed to Seleucia in Syria, and there repaired his shaken navy, & made a marriage of his children Antiochus and Laodice, joining them in matr●●onye.  
And now because he knew that evident war would follow between the Romans and him, he allied himself with the Kings his neighbours, and sent Cleopatra called Syra to Ptolemy 
Antiochus maketh alliance with▪ his neighbours.  giving him Coelosyria for her dowry, which he had taken from him, so to please the young man, that he might be quiet in the war with the Romans. Antiochida he sent to Ariarathes king of Cappadocia, and an other that was left, to Eumenes, king of Pergamo, 
Enemies refuse his alliance.  but he perceiving he meant to make war upon the Romans, and for that purpose, would make affinity with him, did refuse him. And when his brethren Attalus and Philetayrus, did marvel at him, that he rejected the alliance of so great a king his neighbour, and seeking it, he answered, that it was like that war would be, which in the beginning would be equal on both sides, but in time the Romans would overcome for their good conditions & taking of pains. Then (quoth he) the Romans being Conqueror's, I shall hold my kingdom surely. But if Antiochus overcometh, I fear all will be taken away of my neighbour, and I fear, if I have my kingdom, I must be a King under him. For these considerations did he refuse this marriage.  
Antiochus strait went from thence, to Hellespont, & sailed to 
Hellespont is th● straight of ●alip●●.  Cherronesus, where he subdued and overthrew many places of Thracia, he made free the Grecians that inhabit Thracia, and granted many things to the Byzantines, having a City very commodious 
Bizane now Constantinople. These be called the French Greekes.  at the mouth of that sea. The Galathians he pleased with gifts, and drawn by fear also, to the society of his determination, thinking them good confederates for the bigness of their bodies.  
Then he went to Ephesus, and sent Ambassadors to Rome, 
Antiochus sendeth embassage to the Romans  Lysias, Egeseanactes, and Menippus, in deed to feel the minds of the Senate, but in word, Menippus said, the King was desirous of the Romans amity, and that he would be their confederate, if they would accept him. Yet he did marvel that they would require him to leave Cities in jonia, and loose his tributes, and not to deal with certain of Asia, and to forego Thracia, that had ever been his progenitors, which were things, not for friends, but for conquerors to command to the conquered. The Senate perceiving their coming to be but an espial, shortly answered: If Antiochus do suffer the Greek Cities in Asia to be free, and refrain from Europe, he shall be a friend to the Romans 
The answer of the Romans  if he will. Thus the Romans answered, and made none other show of cause.  
Antiochus minding first to invade Grecia, and there to begin the war against the Romans, asked Annibals' opinion in the 
The opinion of Hannibal touching the war.  matter. He said, that Grecia was easy to be overcome, because of their long affliction. The war that is made at home, is most grievous for dearth that followeth of it, but abroad it is more tolerable: neither should he overcome the Romans in Grecia, seeing they might have sufficient provision and help from home. Therefore his opinion was, he should invade the Romans in Italy, whether, if he went, he should find the Romans weaker, both at home and abroad. I have, said he, experience of Italy, and with ten M. men I can take fit places of it, and I will writ to my friends at Carthage, to stir the people to revolt, being sorry for me, & angry with the Romans, & being full of hope, & heart, will think I will once again get Italy.  
The king hearing this advice very well, and thinking the access of Carthage to make much for the furtherance of this war, bad him send●letters to his friends, eute of hand, but he sent not, for he thought it not sure, the Romans lying in wait every where, and the war not being yet proclaimed, and many being in discord at Carthage, and the common wealth having no firmness nor certainty, which shortly after was the destruction of Carthage. Yet he sent Ariston a merchant of Tyrus, under pretence of merchandise, to his friends, exhorting 
Hannibal sendeth Ariston to practice at Carthage.  them, that when they understood that he invaded Italy, they should stir the people of Carthage to be revenged. Ariston did so, but when Annibals enemies perceived Aristons' purpose, they made much ado, that any innovation should follow, and diligently sought for Ariston. He, that the friends of Hannibal should not bear all the blame, secretly in the night, set up a 
The device of Ariston to save Annibals' friends.  writing at the common house, in the which Hannibal exhorted all the Senate to revenge their Country under Antiochus, and when he had so done, he sailed away. When day was come, all the suspicion was taken from Annibals' friends, because the matter belonged to all the state. The people was full of uproar, angry with the Romans, but not able to hurt them. And thus went the matters at Carthage.  
The Romans sent other Ambassadors, and with them Scipio 
Scipio goeth Ambassador to Antiochus.  that overcame the Carthagies, to prove the king's mind, and to espy his preparation. And when they found the king to be go to Pisidia, they tarried his return at Ephesus, and in the mean 
Pisidia, a country in Asia, nigh to ●ycaonia and Pamphilia.  time, had many times talk with Hannibal, that seeing Carthage was in league, and Antiochus not yet a manifest enemy, they blamed him that he would flee from his country, seeing the Romans had not offended against him, nor any other of the Carthagies since the league was made. This they did, to make Hannibal suspected to the king as they did in deed, by their oft resorting 
Hannibal is brought into suspicion with Antiochus.  and talking with him. And though Hannibal were a very circumspect man, yet he did not foresee this. For when the king herded of it, he suspected. Hannibal, and was not so ready to trust him. Beside, an envy and hatred grew against him, lest he 
Envy.  should have the praise of the things that were done. Among other 
The talk of Hannibal and Scipio touching the best Captain.  talks, they say, there was one between Scipio and Hannibal, in a schoolhouse, where many were to learn, and present to hear, touching the excellency of a Captain: And whereas Scipio asked him, whom he thought to be the best Captain, he answered, Alexander of Macedonia. Scipio stayed at that, and gave place to Alexander. Then he asked him, whom he thought the second next Alexander, he said Pyrrhus of Epirota, putting the virtue of a Captain in boldness, for there can not be found a more courageous King, than he. Scipio now was grieved, and again asked him whom he thought to be the third, thinking verily he would have named him: he answered myself, for being a young man, I subdued Spain, and with mine army passed the Alps into Italy, the first after Hercules that so have done. I invaded it, when none of you dared do any thing. I overthrew four hundred Towns, and brought your City many times into danger, having neither money nor men sent me out of Carthage. When Scipio perceived he did so of purpose advance himself, he smiled and said, in what place wouldst thou have put thyself (O. Hannibal) if thou hadst not been overcome of me. He perceiving this emulation, said, I would have set myself before Alexander. So did Hannibal continued in his lofty talk, and yet secretly please Scipio, as making him better than Alexander.  
This talk being ended, Hannibal desired Scipio to his lodging, Scipio said he would come very gladly, but that it should 'cause suspicion between Antiachus and the Romans. Thus these noble Captains ended their malice, when the war 
Malice endeth in some, when water cesseth.  was ended, but so did not Flaminius. For when Antiochus was overcome, and Hannibal fled, and saving himself in Bithynia, he being sent Ambassador for other purpose to Prusia, not being injured by Hannibal, nor commanded of the Romans, nor to be feared, because the power of Carthage was abated, killed him with poison by Prusias consent, of the which it is said, he was warned before by an Oracle after this sort.  
The land of Libyssa shall cover Annibals' body. 
Oracle of Annibals' death.   
He thought he should have died in Libya, but Libyssus is a 
Lybissus.  flood in Bithynia, and the Country is called Libyssa of the flood, This remembrance have I made of the noble minds of 
Noble minds.  Hannibal and Scipio, and of the cowardly heart of Flaminius.  
Antiochus coming from Pisidia toward Ephesus, gave audience to the Ambassadors of the Rhodians, and promised that the Rhodians, the Byzantines, and Cyzioneans, and other Greek Cities in Asia, should be free, if he entered league with the Romans, the Aet●leans, and the jonians, he would not grant so to be, because for the most part, they had been used to obey the barbarous kings of Asia.  
The Roman Ambassadors bringing nothing to pass, for they came not to do any thing in deed, but to espy, they returned to Rome.  
The Ambassadors of the Aetolians came to Antiochus, of the which, Thoas was chief, offering him the leading of their army, and wishing he would sail into Grecia as to a sure thing, not tarrying for his army to come out of high Asia, but setting forth their own strength, promised him the aid of 
Antiochus' i● persuaded by the Aetolians.  the Lacedæmonians, and of Philip King of Macedon, (angry at the Romans,) so he would make his voyage with speed.  
He was moved very lightly, and would not stay his haste, although he heard out of Asia that his son was dead, and with ten thousand only, sailed into Eub●ia, all the which he got, they yielding for fear. Micithion his Captain setting 
Micithio killeth the Romans. The Romans be killed at Delos. Aminander king of Athamanes people of Aetolia. Megalopoli●, one in Arcadia, another in Asia. Counterfeit Philip.  upon the Romans at Delos, which is an holy place of Apollo, killed part of them, and part took alive.  
Aminander King of the Athamanes came into league with Antiochus by this occasion.  
One Alexander of Maecedonia, being brought up in Megalopoli, and made free of that common wealth, feigned himself to come of Alexander, son to Philip: and to give credit to his device, he named his children Philip and Alexander, and Apamea, whom he married to Amynander. Philip her brother going with her to the marriage, and perceiving that Amynander was a weak man, and of little experience, remained with his brother in law to govern the Kingdom.  
This Philip Antiochus promised to restore the kingdom of Macedony as his own, and by this mean, had the Athamaneans his confederates. He had also the Thebans, and went to Thebes to speak to the people. Thus he very rashly, in so great a war, put his trust in the Aetolians, Thebans, and Amynander. Then he consulted, whether it were better to invade Thessaly out of hand, or to tarry till Winter were passed.  
Hannibal being at this consultation, and saying nothing, the king commanded him to say his opinion first, and thus he spoke.  
Thou mayest easily overcome the Thessalians, either now, or 
Hannibal showeth his opinion touching the war.  after winter, for the people, having been much vexed, do turn to thee now, and so will do to the Romans if any innovation cometh. We be come with our own power, giving credit to the Aetolians persuasion, that the Lacedæmonians and Philip will take our part, of the which, the Lacedæmonians be our Enemies, as I hear, and so be the Acheans. As for Philip, I can not see, that he can be any great aid unto thee in this war, being on thy side, nor make any great power whatsoever part he taketh: but this is mine advise, that thou sendest for thy army with all speed into Asia, and not put thy trust in Amynander, or the Aetolians: when the army is come, to sand it into Italy, that being occupied with troubles at home, they may leave them untouched, and being afraid of themselves, may not vex other men. And now, that manner is not to be held of us, that I spoke of afore; for we must use the one half of our navy, to waste the coast of Italy, the other half we must have a float, to use as occasion shall require, and thyself, with all thy footmen, must remain in that part of Grecia that is next Italy, making a show of invasion, and if need be, to invade indeed, and to induce Philip by all means possible, to agree with thee: for it shall much avail, which part he taketh in this war. If he will not be brought in, thou shalt send thy son Seleucus into Thracia, and molest him with evils at home, that he be not profitable to thy enemies abroad.  
Thus Hannibal said, and it was the best of all, but for envy of his fame and wisdom, as well other, as the king himself, that Hannibal should not seem to pass them all in the art of war, nor he have the praise of that should be done. All his counsel was rejected, saving that Polyxenides was sent into Asia 
Polyxenides.  for the army.  
When the Romans heard of the entering of Antiochus into Grecia, and of the kill and taking of the Romans at Delos, they determined war. Thus Antiochus and the Romans war 
The war beginneth.  growing long before of suspicion one of another, did now first break out in deed. And because Antiochus had the rule of many nations in high Asia, and of all that inhabit the sea coast, saving a few, and for that he was entered Europa, and had a dreadful name, and a great preparation, and otherwise had done many notable things, by the which he had got the name of Great, the Romans thought this war would be dangerous, and of long continuance. They had Philip of Macedome in suspicion, being overcome of them not long before. And in the league with the Cartheginians, they had no great trust, Hannibal being with Antiochus. And of their other subjects, they had some donubt, lest the glory of Antiochus should make them seek new attempts. Therefore they sen●e garrisons to every one, to govern 
Consuls. Proconsul's. Officers of six axes.  them in peaceable manner, and sent Captains to the armies, whom they call of six axies, because the Consuls had twelve, and twelve rods, as the old Kings used: and because these officers had half authority, they had half the 
Foresight of the Rhodians.  show. And as in a great fear, careful for Italy, lest some disturbance might happen to them, either by the violence, or favour of Antiochus, they sent a great band of footmen to Tarento, there to be ready at all assays, and a Navy sailed over all the coast. So great a fear of Antiochus was at the first.  
When they had thus at home given order in all things at the beginning, they gathered their army against Antiochus. Of themselves, they had twenty thousand, of their confederates twice so many, with the which, they would pass into jonia. And in this preparation they spent the whole Winter.  
Antiochus went into Thessalia, and being come unto Cynoch●phalia, where the Macedonians had a great overthrow of 
Cynochephalia is a place or people like a dogs head. Antiochus b●●●e●h the dead.  the Romans, he honourably buried th●se that lay unburied, thinking thereby to win the Macedonians to him, and withdraw them from Philip that had left his Souldyoures unburied, that served under his Standard.  
Philip hearing this, was in a great perplexity with himself which part he should take, but yet did cleave to the Romans, and straight sent to Bebius, a Captain of the Romans, 
Bebius.  lying not far off, to come to him to a certain place, assuring him, that he would take the Romans part against the King. For the which, Bebius thanking him, was the 
Appius.  more bold to send Appius Claudius out of Macedonte into Thessaly with two thousand footmen. And when Appius was at Tempe, and perceived where Antiochus lay with his army, 
Tempe, is the pleasant place that is so much praised of Poets. Antiochus removeth, and is caught in love when he was above fifty years of age at Calcide now Negroponte.  he made many fires to cover the fewness of his army. But Antiochus thinking, that Bebius and Philip had been come together, was afraid, and broke up his Camp, making Winter the pretence, and went to Calcida. There he was caught with the love of a maid, being above fifty years of age, and having so great a war in hand, he would needs marry her, and make pastimes, whereby he brought his army to great idleness and change that Winter.  
When the Spring was come, he went to A●arnania, 
A●arnania part of Epir●s, bringing forth very good horses.  where he perceived that his army was utterly unprofitable through idleness, and then repented him of his marriage and feastings: and when he had got some of the Country to his obedience, and subdued the rest, hearing that the Roman●s were passed into jonia, he returned to Chalcide.  
The Romans with diligence, and two thousand good Horsemen, and thirty thousand footmen, and some Elephants, Acinius Manius Glabrie being General, from Brunduse arriving 
Acinius. Manius. Glabrio. Appolonia now ●allona.  at Appolonia, went to Thessaly, and delivered the Cities of their enemies. And where they found any garrisons of the Macedonians, they put them out, and Philippus of Magalopolis was taken prisoner, hoping yet for the kingdom of Macedonia, and they took three thousand of Antiochus' men.  
And whiles Manius did this, Philip invaded Athamania, and made it all subject, Amynander fleeing into Ambracia. Which when Antiochus heard, and the speedy doing of the things, he was in fear, because of the sudden change and alteration, and then understood that Annihall gave him good counsel. Therefore he sent one after another to Polyxenida to stir with all speed, and he gathered as many as he could in all places, and this done, he had of his own footmen ten thousand, and five hundred Horse, with the which, and some confederates, he took Thermopyle, that his enemies might have the harder passage, and he tarry for his army out of Asia.  
Thermopyle is a straight, and a long passage, the which a 
Thermopyle is the long ●ill of Grecia, where the straight passage i●, and the ho●e waters. Tichiunta. Callid●●mus.  rough Sea without ports, doth partly compass, and a Fen deep and without way.  
Two tops it hath in the rocks of the hills, the one is called Tichiunta, and the other Callidromus.  
The place hath wells of h●te water, and thereof is called Thermopyle.  
Antiochus made a brickwall double at it, and placed engines at the brickwall, and sent the Aetolians to the tops of the Mountains, that no man should pass by that that was called Atropos, where Xerxes came against Leonida the 
Xerxes. Leonida.  Captain of the Lacedæmonians, when no man kept the hills.  
The A●tolians placed one thousand in either top, and with the rest, besieged the City Heraclea. 
Heraclea, many City's o● that name.   
When Manius perceived this preparation of the enemies, he gave order to fight the next morning, and commanded two of his Tribunes, that is, Marcus Cato, and Lucius Valerius, that they should assail in the night which 
The order of the Romans.  of the hills they would, and if they could, drive the A●tolians from the tops. Lucius was repulsed from Ti●hiunta, the A●tolians there being too good for him. Marcus Cato went 
Cato dothae great fear.  against Callidram●s, and passed the enemies being asleep, to the last watch, and then had a great conflict, striving to get the high and rocky places, and the enemies to keep him back.  
Manius led his army on the face of Antiochus, divided into small bands, for so could he only do in the straits.  
The King commanded the light harnessed, and target men, to fight before the main battle, the which he placed 
The order of the King's battle.  before the Camp.  
On the right side, he set the slingers and archers in the high places, and the Elephants on the left side, and the band that was ever about him, he wylled to stand at the Sea side.  
The fight being begun, the shot running hither and thither, did much trouble Manius, but he ●esisting manfully, 
Hear the Italian misseth, and so doth the Latin.  and giving back, and again coming on, he put them to flight. Then the battle of the Macedonians opening themselves, received them, and closed again, and thrust forth their long pikes, 〈…〉 together in order. By this manner, the Lacedemontans under Alexander and Philip, did trouble 
This was called the Phalanx of the Macedonians as the legion among the Romans.  their enemies that d●r●● not approach to the pikes so long, and so many. Then of a sudden was seen the fléeing and crying of the Aetolians, driven to Antiochus' Camp, the which at the first, was not known what it was, which ignorance caused trouble and doubt, till Cato appeared, following them with a great shout, and being come to the kings Camp, Antiochus men that had heard much of the Romans valiantness, were afraid, and acknowledged 
The fight that was first made between the Romans and Antiochus.  their own idleness and delicateness the Winter passed, to be the cause why they this time were the worse to do their office, and not seeing perfectly what number Cato had, and for fear thinking he had more than he had, and being afraid of the Camp, they fled to it out of order, to keep away the enemy. The Romans coming upon them, entered the Camp with them. Then was there another ●oule fleeing of Antiochus men. Manius followed them to Scarpheia, kill and taking some: then coming from Scarpheia, 
Scarpheia an 〈…〉 The king's cape spoiled.  he spoiled the kings camp, and he drove the Aetolians from the Romans camp, which they had taken in his absence presently. In this fight was slain of the Romans two hundred, with them that followed the chase. Antiochus lost ten thousand with them that were taken. The king himself at the 
The king flieth  first change ran with five hundred horse to Velatia never staying, and from Velatia to Calcida, and to Ephesus, with Eubia his 
Velatia. 〈…〉 the young w●●e of old Antiochus.  new wife, for so was her name: with his ships he fled, but not with all, for the admiral of the Romans, had taken some that came to him laden with victuals.  
At Rome, when this victory was herded, and seeming to be very happily and speedily obtained, they gave thanks to God, all men being glad that the first trial had so good success, in the war that was so fearful to them for the fame of Antiochus. And to requited Philip for his true confederacte, they sent him his 
The Romans gratify Philip.  son Demetrius, that was pledge with them. Marius' released the Phoceans and Calcideans, and other that followed Antiochus, of the fear they were in. But the A●tolians, together with Philip, he invaded and overthrew their Cities. He took Damocritus 
Damocritus.  their General that was hidden, and had threatened Flaminius, that he would encamp at Tiber.  
Then he went to Calipolis, by the hill called Coraca, the highest 
Callipolis a city and an ●●e also.  and hardest to be passed of all other, being very rocky, with his army laden with spoil●. Many fallen from the hard way into 
The Romans pass the hills laden to their loss.  the stony parts, and tumbled down with their armour and burdens: And where the A●tolians might have troubled them, they appeared not, but sent Ambassadors to Rome for peace.  
Antiochus with great diligence called his army from the land rulers, to the sea side, preparing his navy, of the which, Polixenides an outlaw of the Rhodes, was Admiral, and nailed to 
Polixanides admiral to their king  Cherronesu●, and fortified it again, and sent garrison to Sestus and Abydus, by the which, the Romans must pass into Asia. He made Lysimachia the store house of the war, bringing thither much armour and victuals, thinking the Romans would soon be there, with great power and na●y.  
The Rom●aynes appointed L●●●●● Scipio, brother to Publi●● 
〈…〉 and Publi. Scipio be sent into Assa.  Scipio, that overcame Carthage●, and was first named Affricanus, successor to M●nius in this war, being then Consul: And because he was not practised nor experienced in the war, they sent his brother with him as a counsellor: and these brethren prepared themselves.  
Livius that had the charged of Italy, was sent successor to Att●lio in the navy, and straight with his own ships, with the which he scoured the coast of Itali●, and with certain that were lent of the Carthagies, and some other friends, he sailed to Pirae●▪ and receiving the navy of Atilius 
Carthagies lend ships to the Romans. ●ircu●.  with fourscore and one armed ships, E●menes following him with fifty of his own, half of them being armed, they arrived at Phocida, subject to Antiochus, who for fear, received them, and the next day, they went forth to the fight by sea.  
Polixenides the Admiral of Antiochus came forth with two hundred ships, lighter than the enemy, which was happy for them, the great ships of the Romans not being yet practised.  
Seeing two of the Carthagies coming before, he took 
The fight on the Sea.  them both with three of his, but empty, the Lybians being leapt into the Sea.  
Livius, with great vehemence gave the first charge upon these three, with his Admiral ship, going far afore the rest of the nanye▪ They not ●earing this one Ship, did cast their hooks of iron, & the Ships being grappled together, it seemed a fight upon the land. The Romans being more valiant, they bourded and overcame them, and with one ship, carrying away two, they returned.  
Th●s was a skirmish to the fight: For then the whole navies fought together, the Romans being the better in strength and courage. But because of the heaviness of their vessels, they could not overtake the other light ships, 
The Romans have the victori by Sea.  when they fled, which they did with all speed, to Ephesus▪ And the Romans went to Xio, whither seven and twenty of the Rhodian Ships, their friends, came to them.  
When Antiochus heard of this fight by sea, he sent 
Annibal is sent for ships, and ●●●seth part of them.  Annibal into Syria, for other ships, from Phoenitia and Cilicia, and when he came, the Rhodians drove him into Pamphilia, taking part of his ships, and lying in wait for the other.  
Publius Scipio came into Aetolia with the Consul, and having 
Courage of Scipio.  the army of Manius, he disdained to make siege to the Cities of Aetol●a, as a small matter, and gave them leave to send another embassage to Rome. He would try it with Antiochus, before his brother's office should end. And so passed by Macedonia and Thracia, to Hellesp●n●, which was a painful and hard way unto him, notwithstanding that Phillippe of Macedon did guide him, making brydges', and preparing victuals for him. For the which, the two Scipions released 
Philip is released  him of the rest of the money that he had to pay, for so they had order of the Senate, if they found him faithful.  
Then they sent to Prusias King of Bythinia, declaring how many Kings the Romans had advanced, that were their confederates. And now to Philippe of Macedon, whom they had overcome of late, they granted his kingdom, they restored his son that was pledge for him, and forgave the money be ought them.  
When Prusias heard this, he joined with them against Antiochus. 
Prusias joineth with the Romans.   
When Livius the Admiral of the Roman navy, herded that the Scipions were coming, he left Pausimachus the Rhodiane with the Rhodian ships in Aeolide, and part of his own nguy, & with 
Sc●●us. Rh●●●ion.  all the rest, he sailed to Hellespont, to receive the army. And Sestus, Rhateion, the ports of the Acheans, yielded to him. A bydel that disobeyed he besieged.  
When Livius was go▪ Pausimachus made many diuises and inventions, and sundry engines, and fastened iron vessels carrying fire, ●o long Ship staves, to heave up many▪ fires in the Sea, and to cast it out of his own ships, when he should join with his ennimyes.  
While he was thus devising, Polyxenides the Admiral of 
A false country man  Antiochus, a Radian also, and banished from his Country for certain causes, went about to deceive him, promising to deliver to him Antiochus' navy, if he would help to restore him to his Country. He suspected this crafty subtle man, and took good heed of him. But when Polyxenides did writ a letter of his own hand of this treason, and departed from Ephesus, and sent the army a foraging for a fashion, Pausimachus, seeing his departure from thence, and that not trusting any man with this treason, he would write it with his own hand, which was not like to be done of a dissembler, he gave credit to it, and kept less guard, and sent his men to forage abroad also.  
When Polyxenides perceived he had deceived him, he gathered his army, and sent Nicander a Pirate with a few to Samos, to come upon Pausimachus on the back by land. At midnight he set forward, and at the morning watch, being asleep, he assailed him. He being taken thus suddenly and unprepared, commanded his soldiers to leave their ships, and resist the enemy by land. But when Nicander came upon him on the 
The Rhodian ships are destroyed by falsehood.  back, thinking the land beset also, not only of them whom he saw, but of many more, being yet night, he returned again to his ships with much ado, and was the first that fought, and the first that fallen, using himself very valiantly. The other were either taken or sunk, saving the seven that carried fire, with whom none durst meddle for the flame, which fled. The rest Polyxenides led away as prizes to Ephesus.  
After this victory, Phocea once again, Samos and Cyme revolted 
Cyme in Aeolia.  to A●i●●ochus.  
Livius being now afraid of his ships that he left in Aeolide, sailed thither in haste, and Eumenes with him.  
The Rodians sent the Romans twenty ships more, making no delay, all, with good courage, sailed to Ephesus, preparing themselves to the fight.  
But when none of the other came against them, they left the half of their ships, a good time in the sea, and with the other half, they spoiled the coast of the enemy, till Nicander 
The Romans driven to their Ships.  came upon them from the land, and taking their pray from them, drove them to their Ships. They came again to Samos▪ and now was the time of Livius office expired.  
At this time Seleucus, Antiochus his son, invaded Eumenes 
Eumenes is besieged.  land, and besieged Pergamo, shutting the men within the City. Wherefore Eumenes sailed with speed to Elaea, which is the port Town of his Kingdom, and L. Aemilius Regulus with him, that succéeded Livius in the matters of the sea. There came to Eumenes from his confederates, one thousand footmen, and a 
Diophanes.  hundred choice horsemen. Whose General Diophanes, when he perceived the Soldiers of Seleucus to play and drink, he passed little of them, and required the Pergameneans to sally out with him upon the enemy.  
But when they durst not do it, he armed his own thousand 
The valiantness of the Acheans.  footmen, and hundred horsemen, and leading them to the brickwall, stood there quietly, the enemies looking still upon them being so few, & yet dared not set upon them. But when they were at dinner, he gave the onset upon the warders, the other arming themselves, 
The cowardi●● of the Pergama●●  or taking their horses, or fléeing from them that followed, or being in confusion, durst not abide it. He had a noble victory, the Pergamenians then crying out of the brickwall, but yet durst not come forth. He, having slain as many as he could in that short onset, and carrying away some horses and men prisoners, he took his place, & the next day brought the Acheans to the wall, when as the Pergamenians durst not yet come out. Seleucus with many horsemen drew near and provoked him, but he stood still at the brickwall, and kept his charge.  
When Seleucus had tarried till midday, he turned and 
Seleucus the king's son.  went away. Diophanes set upon the hindermost, and scattered and hurt many of them, which being done, he retired to the brickwall: And using this manner continually, and always laying in wait for them, when they went for forage and wood, he so troubled them, as he made Seleucus to leave Pergam●, and drove him from the other place of Eumenes Between the Romans and Polyxenides, not long after, was 
Myonesus▪ is an lie before Ephesus.  a fight by sea, at Myones●m, in the which Polixenides had ten hundred armed ships. Lucius the Romans Admiral, had .83. of the which five and twenty were of the Rhodians, whereof Eudorus being captain, had the left wing.  
When he did see the other of Polixenides to be much above the Romans, he feared to be enclosed, therefore he sailed about with his light ships, and well practised in the Sea. And with his ships that carried fire, he set upon Polixenides, flaming on every side with fire.  
They durst not deal with them, because of the fire, but in a circle sailed about them, and avoiding them, keeping the sea, 
The fight by sea  struck the sides of them, till one Rhodian ship fallen upon one of the Sydonian Ships with such a vehemence, as an anchor fallen from the Sidonian Ship in to the Rhodian, and held them fast together. So as there was a fight of ships not moving, as it had been upon the land. Then coming of either side, very many to help their fellow, there was a noble fight.  
By this me one, th●midde battle of the ships of Antiochus, being left naked, the Romans sailed forward and enclosed their unexpert ennimyes, which, when they perceived, they turned and fled, in the which, the King lost nine and twenty, whereof thyrtéene were taken, men, and all.  
The Romans lost but two: Polixenides having taken one Rhodian, went to Ephesus.  
This was the fight by Sea, at Myonesium.  
When Antiochus herded of this, he fortified Cherronesus and Lysimachia very strongly, thinking it a great matter, as it was indeed, to héepe the Romans from passing with their army to the rest of Thracia, where they should have an hard and painful way, except Philip did convey them.  
But Antiochus being a●●●ies light and soon changing, when he heard of the loss at Myonesus, he was ulterlye dysmayed, and thought God was against him. For where the Romans had the better on the sea, beyond all reason, in the which, he thought himself very mighty, and Animal shut up in Pamphilia, and Philip conducting the Romans by the unknown ways, whom he thought would rather have remembered the hurt he had by them, by all these things being 
In calamities sense faileth.  marvelously troubled, and God taking his wi●● from him, as commonly happeneth in all calamities, he left Cherronesus very fond, before his enemies were in sight, not regarding how great preparation there was of victual, armour, money, 
Antiochus giveth over.  and munition, which he did not burn, but left it whole to his ennimyes: and he forsook the Lysimachians, as though the City had been taken, which fled unto him with their wives and children weeping: only his care was to keep the Romans from Abydus, putting the rest of his 
Abydus in. Asia, over against ●●stus in Europe.  hope of this war altogether in it. Neither did he keep this passage, God taking his sense from him, but went to the mid land in ha●●e, to prevent his enemy, leaving no guard there.  
When the Scipions heard of this departure, they went to Lysimachia in all haste, and took all the armour and money in Cherroneso, and quickly passed Hellespont, void of defence, and came to Sardies, where the King was, before he perceived it.  
Then he was confounded and utterly dejected, and laying his own faults upon Fortune, he sent Heraclides of Byzance, to the Scipions to make an end of the war, 
Granico a flood in little Asia.  offering Smyrna and Alexandrîa at Granico, and Lampsaco, for the which, the war béeganne, and half the expenses of the war. And he willed him, 〈◊〉 need were, to grant the Cities of the jonians and the Eoleans, that took the Romans part in this war, and whatsoever thing the Scipions 
Antiochus seeketh peace.  would require, and this he willed Heraclides to speak ●penty●, ●ut privately to offer Publius Scipio promise' of much money from Antiochus, and also the liberty of his son: For Antiochus had taken him in Grecia sailing from Calcide, to 
Here the Author seemeth to take one for another. Scipio the younger prisoner to Antiochus.  Diametriade.  
And this son of Scipios was he that took and destroyed Carthage the second time, and the second man that was named Affricanus, son of Paulus, that overcame Perseus of Macedonia, being Scipio his sister's son by degree, and his son by adoption.  
The Scipions openly made this answer to Heraclide,  
That if Antiochus will have peace, he must not only leave the Cities of jonia and Aeolia, but all the Country about Taurus, and defray the whole charges of the war, of the which he hath been the cause. Yet privately Publius said thus to him.  
If Antiochus had offered these conditions of peace, when he had Lysimachia and Cherronesus, the Romans would willingly have accepted it, and peradventure, if he had forbid, only to pass Hellespont. But now that they were upon the land, 
The Romans have both the bridle and the horse.  and in safe place, and had not only the bridle, as they say, but also were mounted the horse, with the bridle, they would not accept such conditions by words. And that he did give the King thanks, for his great offer, and would give him greater, if he sent him his son. And for the present time, would wish him to take the conditions, before he were driven to the proof of greater burden.  
When that Publius had said thus, he went to Elaea, for his health, leaving Cneus Domitius, legate to his brother.  
Antiochus, as Phillippe of Macedon, thinking no more could be taken from him by this war, than was propounded, gathered his army in the plain of Thyatira, not far from his enemies, and sent Scipio his son to Elaea, and be counseled 
Elaea an Isle in Propontide, and a town in E●ld●  the bringers, that the King should not fight, till he came again to the Campe. Antiochus giving credit to him, encamped at the hill Sipyl●, and defenced his Camp with a strong brickwall, and put the flood Phryg●● between him and his enemies.  
Domitius being desirous to try the fight by himself, passed the flood very boldly, and going within two mile and an half of Antiochus, encamped there four days together. Either of them set their men in order before their Camps, neither of them beginning the fight. The fifth day, Domitius set in order again, and came forth very proudly, and when Antiochus came not against him, he removed his Camp nigher to him. One day being passed, he proclaimed in the hearing of the enemies, that he would the next day fight, whether Antiochus would or no. He 
Antiochus provoked to fight.  being troubled again, changed his purpose, and where he might have kept within his Camp, or manfully resist these, till Publius had come, he thought it a shame to refuse the fight, being more in number: wherefore he took order for the battle, and both of them came forth at the last watch, being yet night, and either of them thus arrayed themselves. Ten thousand of the Roman footmen held the left wing at the very flood, and with them were other ten thousand Italians, in three several bands.  
With the Italians, the army of Eumenes was placed, and the target men of Achaia, about three thousand. This was the left 
The order of the Romans.  battle.  
The right, was the horsemen of the Romans, Italians, and Eumenes, and they no more but three thousand. There was mixed with them all the light armed, and the archers. And about Domitius was four bands of horsemen. All these made thirty thousand.  
Domitius led the right battle. In the middle he placed the Consul.  
The left battle he committed to Eumenes▪  
The Elephants that he had out of Libya, he thought to be to 
Elephants of Libya less than of India, and afraid of the greater.  no purpose, for they be less that be at Libya, and afraid of the greater, and they were but few, and therefore set them last of all. This was the Romans order.  
Antiochus' army was. l●x. M. of the which, the surest was the Macedonians battle, called Phalanx, containing xuj M. men 
The Phalanx of Macedonia  first appointed by Alexander, and Philip. It standeth in the midst, divided by a thousand and six hundred into ten parts, and of every part of these in the front, were fifty men, and in the midst two and thirty, and in the side of either part two and twenty. The sight of this Phalanx was like a brickwall, & the Elephants seemed like Towers. This was the mid battle of Antiochus.  
The Horsemen were on either side of it. The men of arms of the Galatians, and the choice horsemen of Macedonia, called of them Agema. These were equally on either side the great 
Agema signifieth the exercised battle of horsemen or footmen that went before the Captain. Tro●mi people of France, that did inhabit Asia. To●●●, by that went out of Galatia to Bythinia.  battle. There were wings beside these. In the right wing were light armed soldiers, and other Horsemen with silver shields, and archers on horseback two hundred.  
The left wing held the nations of the Galatians, Tectosagans, Trocmans, and Tolistovians, and certain Cappadocians, whom Ariarathes sent, and other strangers mingled.  
To these were joined another company of men of arms, and of his confederates with light armour. This order made Antiochus, seeming to put his trust in the Horsemen, whom being many, he placed in the front, and very unskilfully he thrust the great battle in a straight place, in the which, he aught to have put his trust, being most strong.  
There was also a great number of ●●ingers, archers, darters, and target men, of Phrygians, Lydians, Pamphylians, Pisidians, Cretes, Trallians, and Cilicians, all armed after the manner of Creta. There were other archers on horseback to these, Daceans, Museans, A●lymeans, and Arabians, which being set upon most swift Camels, they shoot easily from high, and when they be 
Arabians fight upon Camels.  at hand, use long and narrow swords. The armed Chariots were placed at the beginning in the first flout, and were commanded when they had given the first push, to give back. The fight was like two armies, the one to begin the battle, and the other to lie in wait. Either of them being made to as much terror as could be, both in number and form. Antiochus himself led the horsemen of the right wing. The left side, his ●onne Seleucus governed. Of the Phalanx, Philip the master of the Elephants had the charge. Of the forward, Medis and Z●●x●●. The day being cloudy and dark, the sight was taken away of 
Shot hindered by moyst●ayre.  this preparation, and all the bows were the worse, as in the air moist and thick. Which, when Eumones considered, he passed not of all the rest, only he feared most the violence of the armed Chariots. Therefore he gathered together the archers and dariers, and other light harness, commanding them to go against the Chariots, and to shoot against the Horses, and not the men, for the horse in the Chariot striving with his yoke, the rest of the Chariot is made unprofitable, and many times breaketh the other battles, men being afrayne of the scythes, as it came then to pass. For when the Horses were strike so thick, and the Chariots carried back of the horses, the Camels felt the disorder first, being next the Cartes, and after them the men of arms, whose horse for the weight of the armour, 
The Chariots were armed with ●ythes.  could hardly escape the danger of the scythes. Great was the trouble, and the confusion divers, which began chief of these, and went through the whole battle, and for ignorance, was more than it needed. For in a long row and thick multitude of men, with a divers cry, and great fear, the truth was not perceived of them that were next the hurt people, and suspicion made every man think the thing greater than it was.  
When Eumenes did see the first succeed happily to him, and the forward, with the Chariots, that the Camels did cover, to be naked, he set his own horsemen, and as many as he had of the Romans and Italians against the contrary part of the Galatians and Cappadocians, and the other rout of strangers, exhorting than with loud voice to dispatch these ignorant men, being destitute of their defence. They were ready, & giving a fierce onset upon them, they made th● turn, and the men of arms that were joined to them, which were disordered before of the Chariots, & because these could most hardly flee or turn, by reason of their weight, they took them, and killed them. And this was done at the left battle of the Macedonians. In the right wing, where Antiochus 
Antiochus at biside putteth the Romans to flight.  was, breaking the battle of the Romans, he made them flee, and followed them. The great battle of the Macedonians being set with the Horsemen in a straight place and guadrate, and void of Horsemen on either side, received the skirmishers that fought at the front of them, dividing themselves, and closing again. Domitius with his Horsemen, and light harness, easily compassed them, as a thick square, neither fit to give onset, nor enlarge themselves being so broad. They manfully abode much force, and were grieved, that for all their experience they could do no good, but stand to receive the stripes & wounds of their enemies on every side. Only they stretched forth their pikes in square manner, and challenged the Romans to try their manhood hand to hand with them, for the which they had so much praise: yet did they not march forth, being on foot & heavy harnessed, and seeing their enemies with horse, chief that they should not dissolve their sure array. The Romans came not upon them, nor would fight with them, fearing the experience and strength of so valiant men, but running about them, did shoot and dart at them, and never miss, so many being closed in so little room, for neither could they avoid the darts, nor approach to them that threw upon them. Wherefore when they had endured a long time, of very necessity they gave back, and turned their way with threats, very orderly, and fearful to the Romans, for neither than dared they set upon them, but hurt them as they could go about them, till the Elephants broke upon the Macedonians battle, which would not be ruled by 
The main battle is difordred by the Elephants.  their guides, and then there orderly retiring, was altered. In this, Domitius had the upper hand, and passing to the Camp of Antiochus, forced them that kept it. Antiochus chased the 
Domitius entereth the kings Camp.  Roman legions a great way, which had neither horsemen, nor light harness to guard them, Domitius thinking they should not need because of the flood, till he came to the Romans Camp, 
Antiochus chacern one part of the Romans to their Camp.  where the Captain that had the charge with fresh Soldiers resisted his violence, and to them joined they that ●edde, and were the more bolder. So the king returned, being very proud and halt for this victory, nothing knowing yet of that was happened on the other side. Attalus brother to Eumenes, with many Horsemen encountered with the king, through the which he passed, and hurt them, keeping his course with the loss of a few, not caring for them. But when he did see the loss, and all the field full of his dead people, men, horse, and Elephants, and his Camp taken by force, he fled without ceasing, in he came to Sardeis, about midnight, and from Sardeis, to Celaena, which 
Celaena.  they call Apamea, whither he understood his son was fled.  
The next day he went from Celaena to Syria, leaving his Captains at Celaena, to receive and gather together them that fled, and sent Ambassadors to the Consul for to cease war, who was burying his dead soldiers, and spoiling his enemies, and gathering the captives. Of the Romans that were of the City, there was slain, four and twenty horsemen, and three hundred footmen, chief of them whom Antiochus slew. Eumenes' lost no more but fifteen horsemen. The kings loss with his confederates, was judged to be fifty thousand, which could not well be numbered for the multitude: all the Elephants were slain, save fifteen, which were taken. After this victory so noble, & beyond all reason, as some thought, not being like, that so few, in a strange Country, should overcome so many, especially, where the Macedonian Phalanx was furnished full of men, which for the valiantness, was terrible, and thought invincible, the friends of Antiochus accused his rashness, in falling out with the Romans, and his unskilfulness, and foolishness from the beginning, that he left Cherronesus and Lysimachia out of his hands, full of munition and money, before the 
The errors of Antiochus.  Romans came aland to try it, and neglected the guarding of Hellespont, the which the Romans thought they could not easily pass by force. They blamed also his last oversight, making his chief strength unprofitable, by plaeing it so straight, putting his trust more in mingled multitude of men that were fresh soloures, than in men, that for experience and time, were acquainted with the war, and by the continuance of the same, were endued with valiantness and courage. These speeches were made of Antiochus.  
The Romans increased encourage, and thought nothing too hard for them, both for their virtue, and the favour of the Gods. This did make to the opinion of their felicity, that being so few against so many, in an expedition, and in the first fight, & in a strange land, they should overcome in one day, so many nations so princely a power, both for the virtue of the hired soldiers, and the glory of the Macedonians, and for the great dominion of the King, as he had got the surname of Great: For in their speech and talk, King Antiochus the Great, was a great word among them. The Romans thus gloried of themselves. The Consul, after his brother Publius was come recovered from Elaea, answered Antiochus Ambassadors, which required to learn, what Antiochus should do to be a friend to the Romans, Publius answered thus unto them.  
Antiochus hath been the cause both of these and former troubles 
Answer to the king's ambassadors.  thorough his ambition, who having a great Kingdom, and the Romans suffering him to have it, took from Ptolemy his kinsman, and friend to the Romans, Caelesyria, and invaded Europe, where he had nothing to do: he subdued Thracia, he fortified Cherronesus, and builded Lysimachia. He came into Grecia, & made the Grecians bond, whom the Romans had made free, till he was overcome in battle at Thermopylei, from whence though he fled, he left not his ambition, but being overcome diverse times of us by sea, when we were passed Hellespont, he desired peace: The conditions whereof, through pride, he contemned, and gathered a mighty army, and with great preparation he made war again against us, and by compulsion was brought to try it with his betters, till he was overcome, to his great loss. It were fit that we should set a greater punishment upon him, that so many times hath violently dealt with the Romans, but we will not be insolent for our felicity, nor aggravate others calamity. Therefore we give the same conditions that we appointed before, adding a few more which be profitable for us, and shall be commodious for his safety in time to come.  
That he refrain from all Europe and Asia on this side Taurus, 
The conditions of peace.  and to these, limits shall be appointed.  
That he deliver all the Elephants he hath, and as many ships as we shall command.  
That hereafter he have no more Elephants nor more ships, than we shall appoint.  
That he deliver xx. pledges as the Precedent shall prescribe.  
That he give for the expenses of the war, begun by him, five hundred talents of Euboea; presently, and when the Senate 
The lest talon was lx. ●i.  shall approve the league, ij. M u C. talents, and in twelve years after, other xii. M u C. talents, part whereof to be brought to Rome every year.  
That he giveth to us all the prisoners and bondmen.  
That he restore to Eumenes all that he ought to do, by a league between Attalus his father and him.  
If Antiochus will faithfully perform this, we give him peace and friendship, when the Senate shall ratify it. Thus did Scipio determine, and the Ambassadors accepted it, and paid part of the money in hand, and delivered twenty pledges, whereof, Antiochus the King's younger son was one, whom the Scipioni 
Antiochus' son i● sent to Rome.  sent to Rome with the Ambassadors.  
The Senate agreed to the conditions, and subscribed to the confirmation of the peace made by Scipio, and of some things that were not determined, they made a little addition.  
That two forelandes called Calycadnum, and Sarpedon should 
These be i● Cilicia.  be the limit of Antiochus Kingdom, and that he do not pass them to niake war.  
That he keep twelve armed ships only to rule his subjects in obedience and if war be made upon him, to use more.  
That he harborowe no Romans, nor receive fugitives.  
That he change his pledges every iij. years, his son only excepted.  
This was written and set up in a table of brass in the Capitol, where other covenants of peace be placed, and a copy was sent to Manlio Volsoni, successor to Scipio. He gave oath to 
Manlius Volso.  Antiochus Ambassadors, at Apamaae in Phrygia, and Antiochus to Thermo a Tribune that was sent to him. And this was the end of the war between the Romans and Antiochus, that was called Great. And it seemed that he obtained it only for the kindness he showed to Scipio in restoring his son: and some there were that accused Scipio for it: and the two Tribunes noted him of corruption and prodition, he despising 
Scipio i● accused  and contemning the accusation, after he was come to the Court that day, that afore he had overthrown Carthage, sent to make sacrifice in the Capitol, and came himself into the Palace of Judgement with goodly show, and not sad or mourning, like an accused man, every man wondering at him, and favouring him as a worthy man, and of great courage being clear in conscience. 
The courage of Scipio.   
When he began to speak, he said nothing of the accusation, but made a rehearsal of his life, his service and all his acts, how many wars he had finished for his country, whom he had overthrown, how oft he had victory, in so much, as it was a pleasure to the ●earers, for the noble declaration of his history. And when he came to the war of Carthage, most of all he delated the manner thereof with great vehemence, and audience of the people, saying: This day, Romans, did I conquer, and made Carthage to obey you, which till then, was most terrible unto you. This day do I go to sacrifice in the Capitol, and as many of you as love your Country, accompany me in the sacrifice that is made for you.  
Having said thus, he went forth to the Capitol, not passing of his complaint.  
The people followed him, and so did many of the Judges, praising him with open voice, and said the like, while he was sacrificing. The accusers were discouraged & dared not prosecute the cause, as of no purpose, nor blame the people's favour, perceiving that his life was of more price, than their suspicion and calumniation.  
Scipio seemeth to me more wise, in the stout behaviour and contempt of this accusation, than Aristides, being accused of 
Aristides not so constant as Scipio. Socrates.  fraud, and Socrates, in the things whereof he was charged, neither of them answering in the like discredit, saving that Socrates speaketh as pleaseth Plato: Yea he was more courageous than Epiminondas that was ruler of the Booetians, with Pelopida and an other. The Thebans had sent them, giving either of them an army to help the Areadians and M●senians, that were at war with the Laconians. And because things 
〈◊〉 ●●.  were not done as they intended, they were accused and called home. They delivered not their armies to their successors in six months, in the which time, they expelled the Lacedaemonian garrisons, & placed other of the Arcadians, Epaminondas compelling his companions to do it, promising that the doing thereof should not be hurtful to them. When they were come home, their accusers prosecuting the matter against every of them, they were condemned to dye. For the Law judged him to die, that by violence would rule in an other man's office. The other escaped, using lamentation and many words, and laying all the blame in Epaminondas, for so he willed them to say, and he would affirm it.  
He being condemned to dye, said: I confess it is against the law, to rule this time, and that I compelled them, whom 
Epaminondas m●ne: of answer.  you have delivered now. I do not desire to be pardoned, having transgressed the law, but I beseech you, that for the service I have done, you would wr●ie thus.  
This is he, that got the victory of L●nitra, and that brought his Country to Sparta itself, which before could not abide those enemies, nor no stranger that ware a Lacedaemonian hat, he is condemned of his Country, offending the Law for the benefit of his Country. Having said thus, he came from the Tribunes, and offered his body to them that would take it.  
The Judges, by the reproach of this speech, and marvel of the answer, and reverence of the person accused, durst not abide the trial, but ran out of the Court. These every man may judge as he listeth.  
Manlius the successor of Scipio, went to the land that was taken from Antiochus, and gave order for them, and the Galathians 
Tolestovij were people that came out of Spain to devil in Bithynia.  that aided Antiochus, called Tolestovians, fléeing to Mysios' Olymp●●. He followed painfully through the Mountains, and killed them in the chase, with such a slaughter and bloodshed, as it could not be numbered for the multitude. He took prisoners forty thousand, he burned their armour, and sold their bodies to the next Barbarians▪ because he could not carry such a company, about in the war.  
The Tectosagans and Trocmans put him in danger by deceit, 
Mo●ius in danger.  from the which he escaped. And returning again upon them, remaining and staying, because they were so many, he brought his shot, commanding them to discharge upon them, neither all together, nor too nigh the enemy, and where no arrow was shot in vain, for the thickness of the enemies, he slew eight 
Aly● a flond running out of Taurus.  thousand, and chased the other to the flonde Alys.  
Ariarathes King of Cappadocia, and a confederate of Antiochus, being afraid, and praying peace, and with his prayer sending two hundred talentes, he did not overrun his land, but went to Hellespont, with great riches, and infinite money, 
The error of 〈◊〉.  much spoil, and army laden: And surely he did very unwisely, that being Summer, he would not go by sea, not regarding the weight of the carriage, nor how he could lead his army to continue and abide so long a journey, not marching to war, but going home with spoils.  
He went by Thracia, a straight, long, and hard way, in the hot Summer, neither did he send to Philip of Macedon to conduct him, neither divided his army into many parts, that they might go the lighter, and be the more ready for all purposes, nor distributing the burdens into several bands, that they might be the better kept, but carried all together on an beape, so long a way, & that in the midst, so that neither they that went before, nor they behind, could help in time for the lenath and straightness of the way. Wherefore the Thracians setting upon the flanks of him every where, he lost great part of the pray, and of the common treasure, and of his army, and with the rest, he saved himself in Macedon. And then was it well perceived, how much pleasure Philip showed the Scipions, and how much Antiochus e●●ed in leaving Cherronesus. Thus Manlius went from Macedonia to Thessaly, and from Thessaly to Epirus, and from Epirus sailed to Brunduse, where sending his army every man home, he went to Rome. The Rhodians and Eumenes king of Pergamus, advancing themselves for their service against Antiochus▪ Eumenes went to Rome, and the Rhodians sent Ambassadors.  
The Romans gave to the Rhodians Lycia and Caria, the which, 
Rewards' g● to the Rhodians  not long after, they took from them, because, when they had war with Perseus of Macedon, they seemed more inclined to him, than them. To Eumenes they gave all the rest 
Reward to Eumenes. Rewards to the Greeks.  that they had taken from Antiochus, except the Greeks there: and to them that paid any tribute to Attalus his father, they commanded to pay it to Eumenes. The tribute that they paid before to Antiochus, they forgave them, and granted them to live free.  
Thus the Romans divided their conquest, and when Antiochus 
Antiochus the great dieth.  the Great was dead, Seleucus his son succeeding him, he sent for his brother Antiochus that was pledge at Rome, and put his son Demetrius in his place.  
When Antiochus was come to Athens, Seleucus was killed of one Heli●d●rius that was about him. And Eumenes and Attalus drove Heli●d●rus out of the Kingdom which he usurped, 
S●leutus killed.  and restored it to Antiochus, to have his friendship, for now they were grown into some suspicion with the Romans.  
Thus Antiochus the son of Great Antiochus was king of Syria, who of the Syrians was called the Notable, because when 
Antiochus the Noble.  his kingdom was ravished by others, he showed to be their natural king. Making league with Eumenes, he reigned over Syria, and the nations about it mightily. He made Tymarxus lieutenant of Babylon, and Heraclides his treasurer, being brethren, and in great favour with him. He made war upon Artaxes King of Armenia, whom, when he had taken, he 
Antiochus the second dieth.  died, leaving Antiochus his son of nine years of age, whom, for his father's virtue, the Syrians called Eupater Lysias brought 
Antiochus' Eup●ter.  up this child.  
When the Romans herded that Antiochus was dead so soon, who in a little time had got great fame, they were glad. Demetrius, the son of Seleucus, brother to Antiochus the Notable, nephew to Antiochus the Great, & cousin to this child, being pledge at Rome and of three and twenty years of age, required to be admitted to the Kingdom, as more near to him, but it was denied him, not thinking it good for them, that a lusty young man should reign in a child's place. And understanding that there were many Elephants in Syria, and more Ships than was agreed, they sent Ambassadors to kill the Elephants and burn the Ships. It was a grievous thing to see those 
The ships and Elephants b●rned.  beasts tame and rare killed, and the ships to be set on fire. With the which fight, one L●ptines in L●●dicia, being offended, finding Cneus Octavius that was chief of this Embassage in a 
The Roman Ambassador is killed.  School house, killed him, and Lysias buried him.  
Demetrius coming again into the Senate, desired only to be released of his Ostageship, being put there for Antiochus, and now Antiochus being dead.  
The which when he could not obtain, he fled away 
●●●etrius flieth from Rome.  privily, and being received gladly of the Syrians, he took the Kingdom upon him, and killed the child, and Lysias, and drove away Heraclides, and killed Timarchus resisting him, and evil using the Babylonians, for the which the Babylonians gave him the 
●●●●ou●.  name of S●ter, and of them it had the beginning.  
Demetrius having the rule, sent a Crown of ten thousand Crowns to the Romans, to thank them for the time he was pledge with them, and also, Leptines, that killed Octavius. They accepted the Crown, but would not take Leptines, reserving that quarrel against the Syrians.  
Demetrius' drove Ariarathes out of his kingdom, and put 
Demetrius putteth out Arisrathes.  in Ol●fernes, that was accounted his brother, for a thousand talentes, the Romans thinking it good, both brethren should rule together.  
These being go, and Ariobarzanes afterward overcome of Mithridates' king of P●nt●●, the war of Mithridates followed 
Occasion of the war with 〈…〉. bridals.  of this and other occasion, the greatest and most variable, made with so many nations, and continuing forty years in the which time, there were many Kings of Syria in a little time, yet all descended of the royal blood. There were many changes and tumults in that kingdom. The Parthians revolting from the 
Seleucides, the royal blood. Parthians.  rule of Seleucide took from them Mesopotamia, that was wont to obey them.  
Tigranes, the son of Tigranes' King of Armenia, took certain 
Tigranes.  nations about him that had their proper princes, thinking to be their King, and overcame Seleucides subjects that would not obey him. Antiochus the Good, not able to resist him, he got all Syr●a to Euphrates, and all the generation of Syria to Egypt. He goat also Cilicia that obeyed the house of Seleucides, making Magadates Lieutenant, who ruled them fourteen years: but when Lucullus the Roman General did follow Mithridates, fleeing to Tigranes, Magadates went with this army to help Tigranes, and so Antiochus, son of Antiochus the Good, was brought into Syria, whom the Syrians obeyed with good 
Lucullus favoured the ancient Kings. Pompey seeketh cause to put the king! from Syria.  will. And Lucullus that first made war against Tigranes, and put him from the lands he had won, did not envy the ancient kingdoms. But Pomp●yus that followed Lucullus, and overcame Mithridates, and compelled Tigranes to rule in Armenia, did cast out Antiochus from the kingdom of Syria, having not offended the Romans in deed, because it was an easy thing with such an army to spoil a king that had no army, but in pretence, because the Seleucidians were expelled of Tigranes, it was not reason they should rule Syria any longer, Tigranes being overcome of the Romans. And thus the Romans got Cilicia and Syria the mid region, and Caelosyria and Phoenitia, and Paphlag●nia, and all other parts of Syria, from Euphrates to Egypt, and to the Sea coast, without any fight. The nation of the jews 
jews conquered.  only remaining, Pompey conquered, and sent their King Aristobulus to Rome, and beat down their greatest and holiest City Jerusalem, which Pt●lemeus the first King of Egypt did overthrow 
Vespasianus.  also, and Vespasianus again destroyed it, after it was re-edified, and in my time Adrianus, and therefore the jews 
Adrianus.  have a greater tribute set upon every body, than their substance is worth. The Syrians, and the Cilicians also, paid every man the hundred part. And Pompey put several kings and Princes in 
Pompey maketh Kings and Tetrarches.  the realms, that obeyed the blood of Seleacus, as he did to the Galathians in Asia. To these Princes he confirmed the jurisdiction of a fourth part, that served him against Mithridates. And not long after, they fallen to the Romans in Caesar's time, and chief to Augustus as the case stood. Pompey appointed Scaurus to rule Syria, who had been a treasurer in his camp. And after Scaurus 
Scaurus. Philippus. Marcelinus, Lentulus.  the Senate sent Philippus Marcus, and after Philippe, Marcelinus Lentulus, being of the degree of Praetors. Both these spent their time in subduing the Arabians that were tumultuous. And for this cause Lieutenants were sent afterward into Syria, of them that ruled in the city, that they might have power, both in peace & war, as the Consuls had. The first of these was Gabinius that 
Gabinius banished for making war upon Egypt.  came with an army to make war. And Mithridates king of Parthia being driven out of his kingdom by Herodes his brother, came to Parthia again by the Arabians. And Ptolemy the eleventh King of Egypt, being also put out of his kingdom, obtained by much money, that he would invade Alexandria in stead of Parthia: and so Gabinius making war upon them of Alexandria, restored Ptolemy into his kingdom, wherefore he was banished of the Roman Senate, for that he made war without commission, that was thought unlucky to the Romans. For it was forbidden by Sibylla. After Gabinius, I think, that Crassus ruled Syria, & making war upon the Parthians, received a great loss. And 
Crassus. L. Bibulus. Sax●. The race of the ●ings of Syria.  Lucius Bibulus governing Syria after Crassus, the. Parthians invaded it. And Sax● ruling after Bebulus, they ranged as far as jonia, the Romans being molested with civil wars one against another. But this shall be declared perfectly in the book of the Parthians war. In this book, being of Syria, shall be showed how the Romans got Syria, and held it, as they do now. It shall not be amiss to show how the Macedonians got Syria, and reigned there before the Romans. For Alexander the King had Syria beyond Persia, and was king of all that he wone. When Alexander was dead, leaving children, one very young, another in his mother's womb, the Macedonians for the love of Philip's house, chose Arideus to be their king, that was Alexander's brother, although he was thought not to be well in his mind, calling him Philip in stead of Arideus, Alexander's children being yet with tutors, & the mother with child diligently kept. The friends divided the nations, & Perdiccas was the divider, under king Philip. And the kings being 
Perdiccas.  dead not long after, the great men were made Kings. The first Prince of Syria was Laomedon of Mitilene, set in by Perdiccas, and 
Laomedon the first prince in Syria. Ptolemy taketh jaomedon. who escapeth.  after by Antipater that were kings. Ptolomeus sailed to Laomedon that was ruler of Syria, and persuaded him by much money, to let him have Syria, being an entry to Egypt, and a defence to Cyprus, the which he denying, he took him. And he deceiving his keepers, fled to Alcetas into Caria. And a certain time Ptolemy had Syria, and when he had left garrisons in the City, he sailed into Egypt. Antigonus was prince of Phrygia, Lycia. & Pamphilia, being left overseer of all Asia, of Antipater, when he sailed into Europe, to make war upon Eumenes, that was Prince of Cappadocia being judged to be an enemy of the Macedonians, he fled and got Media for himself. But Antigonus followed and killed him, and proceeding, was royally received of Seleucus prince of Babylon. But when Seleucus had punished one of the Captains, & not made Antigonus of counsel, being present, he was angry, and called him to account both of money and substance. He being too weak for Antigonus, fled to Ptolemy into Egypt.  
Antigonus strait after the fleeing of Seleucus, removed Blitora 
Blitora  from his office, that ruled in Mesopotamia, because he furthered Seleucus in his departure, and took to himself Babylon, Mesopotamia, and other nations of the Medeans to Hellespont. Antipater being dead, he was by and by suspected to all the other provinces, having so much land. Therefore by the persuasion chiefly of Seleucus, Ptolemy, and Lysimacus Prince of Thracia, and Cassander, son to Antipater and ruler of Macedonia after his father, they confederated together, and sent a common embassage, requiring him to divide the land and money, that he had got, among them and the other Macedonians that had lost their provinces.  
Antigonus laughing at the matter, they made a common war 
A common war against Antigonus.  against him. He prepared against them, and threw onte all the garrisons that Ptolemy had in Syria, and seized to himself, Phoenitia and Cael●syria that yet obeyed Ptolemy. Then he went to the straits of Cilicia, and left his son Demetrius, two and 
Gaze a City ●●. Perside.  twenty years of age, in Gaze with an army, to resist Ptolemy's invasions from A●gipt. But Ptolemy overcame him at Gaza in a great fight, and the young man fled to his father, Ptolemy sent Seleucus by and by to Babylon, to recover his rule, and gave him a thousand footmen, and three hundred horsemen.  
And with these few, Seleucus went to Babylon, where he was gladly received of the inhabitants, and in short time had a mighty dominion.  
Antigonus was revenged of Ptolemy, and overcame him in a great fight by sea, at Cyprus in the which Demetrius his son was Admiral, by the which being much renowned, the army called them both Kings, Antigonus and Demetrius, the Kings being dead, Arrideus Philip's son, and Olympiad's, and Alexander's children. And Ptolomeus army called him King, that he should seem not to be inferior to them that had the victerye: and thus a like effect followed of a contrary cause. The other strait followed these, and of rulers they were made Kings. So was Seleucus king of Babylon, and King of Media, Nican●r being killed of him, who was left governor of Media by Antigonus: he made many wars against the Macedonians and Barbarians, and two chiefly against the Macedonians. The last whereof was against Lysimachus king of Thracia, 
Ipsum.  and the first, against Antigonus at Ipsum in Phrygia, where Antigonus, being four score years of age, played the part both of a Captain and Soldier, and being slain at that field, as many Kings as took part with Seleucus against Antigonus, 
The valiantness of Antigonus an old prince.  divided his kingdoms between them.  
Now had Seleucus all the rule of Syria beyond Euphrates, to the sea, and of the mid land of Phrygia. And ever he laid for the nigh nations, and being able both by force to compel, and by word to persuade, he got Mesopotamia, Armenia, and Cappadocia called Seleucida, and Persia, and Parthia, and Bactuae, and 
The great dominion of Seleucus.  Arabia, and Tapyria, and Sogdia, and Araxosia, and Hyrcania, and all other nigh nations to the flood Indus, which Alexander overcame, so that he, after Alexander, had moste regions in Asia. For, from Phrygia to the flood Indus, all the high lands obeyed Seleucus, and going into Indus, he made war upon Sandracoto 
Sandracoto.  king of those Indians that dwelled about it, till alliance being made, they came to peace. Some of these things he did before the death of Antigonus, and some after his death. They say, that being a soldier, and following the King into Persia, he sought the Dracle in Didumaeo, to know of their return into Macedonia, and it was answered. Make no haste to Europe, Asia is much better for thee. And in his father's house in Macedonia, 
Tokens of Seleucus his kingdom  the hearth did cast forth a great fire, no man touching it, and his mother had a dream, to give a ring that she should find, to Seleucus, for he should be a King where that ring should fall from him, and she found a ring of iron, with an anchor graven in it, and he lost his signet at Euphrates, and it is said also that going to Babylon an other time, he stumbled on a stone, and the stone being removed, an anchor was seen: and where the Soothsayer contended that it was a token of delay, Pcolomeus Lagus that went with him said, an Anchor was a token of 
Anchor, token o● safety.  safety and not of delay. And for this cause, Seleucus being a king, used an Anchor for his Signet, some think also, that Alexander being alive, and beholding it, another token was showed to Seleucus of his kingdom. As Alexander returned from India to Babylon, and sailed the Fens of Babylon, because Euphrates had overflown that land of Syria, a sudden wound did blow off his Diadem into 
Alexander's Crown blown off his head.  a place full of reeds, where was a Sepulchre of an old king, which was a token also of Alexander's death. And that a mariner did swim to it, and set it upon his head, to bring it dryt to Alexander, and for his good service, the King rewarded him with a talon of silver, the Soothsayers counseling Alexander to kill him, and some say Alexander did so, and some say no. And some affirm, that the Mariner did not swim for it, but Seleucus, and that he put it upon his head, to bring it dryt, and that it was a token of both their fortunes. For Alexander died at Babylon, and Seleucus had the greatest part of Alexander's lands of any of his successors. Thus much have I understanded of the tokens of his felicity.  
Immediately after Alexander's death, he was made captain of the Guard of horsemen, which Ephesteon had in Alexander's time, and after him, Perdiccas. After this office of horsemen, he was Governor of Babylon, and of a governor was made a King, and because he was victorious in his wars, he was called Nicator, and therefore (I think) he had this name, rather than 
Nicator is a conqueror.  for kill of Nicator. He was of a great and mighty body, in so much, as when a wild Bull did break his bands at a sacrifice that Alexander made, he only stopped him, and with his hands only stayed him, therefore they put horns upon his Images. He builded Cities all over his kingdoms, sixteen, named Antiochia, 
Cities builded by Seleucus.  of his father, and five Laodicea, to his mother, nine of his own name, four for his wives, three named Apamea, and one Stratonicea, of the which, two remain most noble to this day, Seleucia at the Sea, and Seleucia at the flood Tigris, of his own name, and Laodicia in Phoenitia, and Antiochia at the hill Libamo, and Apamea of Syria. He named other of Greece and Macedonia, either of some feat, or in the honour of Alexander the King, whereby there be in Syria, and in the barbarous Countries beyond them, many Cities of the Greek and Macedonian names, as Berroia, Aedessa, Perinthus, Maronaea, Gallipolis, Achaia, Pella, Orotos, 
Greek names to divers Cities.  Amphipolis, Arethusa, Astacos, Tiegea, Chalcis, Ecatompolis, Achaia, in India, Alexandrinopolis, in Scythia, Alexandrescata, and after his victories, Niceporaeon in Mesopotamia, Nicopolis in Armenia that is next Cappadocia.  
They say, that when he builded Seleucia at the Sea, there 
Seleucia at the Sea.  was a token of a lightning, therefore now they sacrifice, and sing Hymns to the lightning, because it was then sent as a token from God.  
When he builded Seleucia at Tigris, he commanded the 
Seleucia at Tig●●s.  Soothsayers to appoint a good day, and an hour of that day, when the work should begin. The Soothsayers told a false hour, because they would not have that work to prospero, and Seleucus sat in his tent, tarrying for the hour, when the army of themselves, on a sudden, having tarried with silence for the hour that Seleucus appointed, began the work at the happy hours in deed, thinking some man had commanded them, and wrought so vehemently, as no Proclamation 
The wonderful chance in building a City.  could call them back, till they had made an end.  
Seleucus being very sorry, asked the Soothsayers what should become of this City: they craving pardon said: O king, the destiny that is appointed, be it good or bad, neither man nor City can avoid. For there is a destiny of Cities, as well as of men. And this City shall be of most long continuance by the appointment of God, being begun at this hour. We, fearing this building would have been a bridle to us, went about to put by the destiny: but that is of greater force than either the subtlety of the Soothsayers, or the ignorance of the king: For god gave the happy time to the army, and by that only, you may learn, and think we can not now deceive you. For thou the king didst set with thine army, and thyself didst command they should tarry. And where they have always been most obedient to thee in perils and pains, they could not now hold nor stay at thy commandment, but went to it, not by parts, but altogether with their captains as they had been commanded, and they were commanded in deed, for when thou commaundedst to the contrary, they would not hear it: what is there then greater among men, than a king, but God, 
God guideth kings.  who is the ruler of thy will, and thy guide of this city in stead of us, and being offended with us, and all our nation here about, for how can our things stand, when a stronger generation rises upon us? This city shall be happy, mighty, and long continuing. Confirm thy pardon to us, that have erred for fear of the loss of our private goods. When the wisemen had said thus, Seleucus was glad and pardoned them. And this much have I learned of Seleucia.  
Seleucus being alive, made his son king of all the high lands. And although this may appear a princely and royal act, yet more princely and moderate was the taking of his sons love, and the tempering of the affection thereof.  
Antiochus loved Stratonica wife to Seleucus and mother in law to him, and had born a child to Seleucus. Antiochus being ashamed of this strange passion, neither prosecuted so evil a thing, nor uttered it, but was sick, pining away, & gladly procured his own death.  
The notable physician Erasistratus, of counsel with Seleucus in 
The marvelous love of Antiochus  most weighty affairs, could not conjecture the disease, till he had perceived that his body was sound in all parts, than he judged the disease to be of the mind, by the love or affection of the which, the body is afflicted. Sorrow, anger, and care, be commonly discovered, but love is kept secret in a modest mind. Of the which, Antiochus would utter nothing to him, though he used all gentle means to learn it secretly. He sat by him and observed all the mutations of his body, how they stood when any came in, and finding that at all other his body was quiet and feeble in like sort. But when Stratonica the Great came in, to see him, his mind was vexed with shamefastness and conscience, and he then most disquiet and silent, and his pulses of itself, more lively and moving, and when she was go, feeble again. The Phifition therefore told Seleucus that his son was sick of an incurable disease.  
The King ask how, and crying out for grief, he said, the sickness was Love, and the love of a woman, but it was impossible to have her. Seleucus marveling, that there should be any, that he, being King of Asia, could not persuade to marry with his son, either for favour, for money and gifts, and for his whole Kingdom, which should descend to the sick prince, the which he would give him presently, if any would preserve his health, and only prayed him to tell him whose wife it was. Then said Erasistratus, it is my wife that he loveth. Then Seleucus spoke thus: O good Erasistratus, for the friendship and benefits 
A singular Physician.  that thou hast received of us, for the rare wisdom and virtue that is in thee, wilt thou not save a young man and a King, and the son of thy friend and a King, unfortunate and temperate, hiding his evil, and more ready to dye? will't thou so little pass of Antiochus? wilt thou so little regard Seleucus? He framing still his matter, said, It is a thing by reason, that cannot be avoided, for though you be his father, you would not let him have your wife, if he loved her.  
When Seleucus herded this, he swore by all the kingly Gods, that he would willingly and gladly let him have her, and be a noble example, of the love of a good father to a son, sober, and continent in affliction, and unworthy such adversity. Speaking many such things, he began to be grieved that he could not be a Physician to the sick man, but that he must have need of ●rasi●tratus in the matter.  
When he perceived the King to be so earnest in deed, and not to dissemble, he declared the case, and showed how he found it out, for all his hiding of it. Seleucus being marvelous glad, had yet two things to do; the one to persuade his son, and the other to persuade his wife. When he had so done, he called the 
A rare example of a princely fatherly love to an afflicted modest son.  army together, which peradventure had herded somewhat of the matter. He rehearsed unto them the acts that he had done, and the great dominions that he had got above any of Alexander's successors, he set out at length. And because it was too much for an old man to govern, I will (quoth he) divide the greatness of it, for your better assurance in time to come, and I will give part to them that I love best. It is reason that all you do join with me in all thing, who have been increased to so great rule and power under me, after Alexander. The chiefest things that I have, and most worthy my kingdom, is mine elder son and my wife. They shall not be long without children, being young, and so shall you have more stays of this state. In your presence I join them together in marriage, and I send them to be kings into the upper regions. And I institute, that not rather the custom of the Persians', or other nations, be a law among you, than a common law to you all, that it is ever just, that is ordained among you by the king Thus he said. The army made acclamations, that he was the most noble King since Alexander, and the most worthy father.  
When Seleucus had said as much to Stratonica and his son, he celebrated the matrimony, and sent them to their kingdoms, 
A most glorious act.  an act more glorious and victorious, than all that ever he had done in the wars. He had under him threescore and twelve Princes, of so great a Country was he king. Having given the most part to his son, he kept only the sea coast at Euphrates. The last war that he had, was with Lysimachus in Phrygia, next Hellespont, in the which he overcame Lysimachus that was killed in the fight. He passing Hellespont and going to Lysimachia was killed. For Ptolemy following killed him. He was called 
The noble king Seleucus, is killed by treason, of Ptolemy C●r●●●●o, whom he kept from his father's fury.  Ceraunus, the son of Ptolomeus S●teros, and Eurydices, daughter to Antipa●er. He fled out of Egypt for fear, because he suspected that Ptolemy would give the Kingdom to his youngest son. And Seleucus received him and kept him, as the son of his friend, and led him about with him that should kill him.  
Thus died Seleucus at lxxiij years of his age, and. xltj. of his reign. And I think the saying was meant of him. Make no haste to Europe, Asia is better for thee: for Lysimachia is in Europe, and this was the first time that he sailed into Europe since he followed Alexander in the war. They say that ask once of his death, it was answered by Oracle:  

If thou avoydest Argos, thou shalt have thy natural age,  
But if thou goest to Argos, thou shalt dye before thy time.   
There is Argos in Pelloponeso, and Argos Amphilochion, and 
Argos.  Argos in Orestiade, of the which come the Macedanians called Argeades, 
Diomedes.  the which Diomedes did build when he fled into jonia. And whatsoever Argos was named in any place, he fought for it, and took heed of it. But when he went to Lysimachia from Hellespont, there was an Altar in his fight great and goodly, and when he understood the name was Argos, he did ask if the Argonants made it, when they sailed into Colcheses, or the Achaians', when they went to the battle of Troy, and, if therefore the inhabitants call the Altar Argos, or for that the ship was perished there, or for that it was the Country of Atrida. And while 
Ceraunius is a name given for boldness and swiftness of wit. Ph●leterus bought the dead body of Seleucus to bury it.  he was ask these questions, he was killed of Ceraunus coming behind him and dispatching him. Philet●rus ruler of Pergamo, did bring Seleucus, buying his body of Ceraunus for a great sum of money, and sent the ashes to his son Antiochus, who did make a Sepulchre for him at Seleucia next the Sea, with a temple and a Chapel, and named the Chapel Nicat●rio. We learn that Lysimachus was one of Alexander's guard 
Token of Lysimachus reign.  and on a time running by him a great while, as fast as he road, being weary, he held his horse by the tail, and ran on, and being hurt in the forehead with the end of the kings spear, and bleeding, the King, for lack of other clot, stopped the wound with his Crown, whereby the Crown was full 
Aristander soothsayer.  of blood: and that Aristander, that was Alexander's prophet, seeing this chance of Lysimachus, said, he should be a King, but he should reign with great difficulty.  
He reigned xl years, with them that he was a ruler, and reigned with great pains: and being lxx years of age, fought a field and was s●aine, Seleucus that killed him, living not long after him. His body lying on the ground, a dog of his kept a long 
Thorax.  time, defending it safe from fowls and beasts, till Thorax of Pharsali● found it and buried it. Some say that Alexander his son, did bury it, fléeing for fear to Seleucus, because Lysimachus had killed Agathocles an other son of his, long seeking his body that was 
The faithfulness of a dog.  kept of the dog, & finding it putrefied. His bones were buried in a Temple of Lysimachia, & called it the temple of Lysimachus. This end had either of these Princes, most valiant of mind, and 
Two noble princes. The succession of Seleucus. Antiochus Sot●r that is saviour.  big of body, the one being lxx years of age, and the other three more, fight with toeir own hands to the death. When Seleucus was dead, his children succéeded him in the Kingdom of Syris, after this sort. First this Antiochus that loved his mother in law, who was called Soter, driving away the Galatians that came out of Europ● into Asia, the second, another Antiochus, got in this marriage, whom the Milesians called first a God, 
Antiochus Deus.  because he killed Timarchus their Tyrant. But this God his wife killed with a potion. He had two wives, Laodice, and Berenice, 
Laodice. Berenice.  being despoused for love, both the daughters of Ptolemy Philadelphos. Laodice killed him, and after him Berenice and her child. And Ptolomeus the son of Philodelphus in revenge, killed Laodice, invaded Syria, and took Babylon. And the Parthians did begin to revolt from the Kingdom subject to the Seleucid●ns, because it began to be molested. After him that was called God, reigned Seleucus his son by Laodice, named Callinicos.  
After Seleuc●●, two children of Seleucus in order, Seleucus and Antiochus. Scleucus being weak and feeble, and having a disobedient 
Seleucus, Calinicus.  army, was poisoned of his friends, after he had reigned two years. Then Antiochus the Great, of whom I have written, 
Seleucus Antiochus M●gnus.  who was overcome of the Romans. He reigned xxxvij. years. Of him and his children I have spoken before, both being kings, Seleucus and Antiochus, Seleucus twelve years weak and doing nothing for his father's misfortune: Antiochus not fully 
Artaxia king.  two years, in the which, he overthrew Artaxia of Armeni●, and invaded Egypt against Pt●lomie the sixte, who, with his brother, were left Orphans. And while he was in camp at Alexandrîa, Popilius the Roman ambassador came, bringing a decree, 
The Senate of Popil●●s.  in the which was written, that Antiochus should not make war upon the Ptolemy's, which when he understood, he said he would take deliberation. Then Popilius made a circle with a rod, and said: In this take thee advisement. He being afraid, broke up his camp, and spoiled the Temple of Venus of Elymaea, after the which he died of a consumption, leaving 
Elymaea at the coast of Eupat●r,  a son of nine years of age, Antiochus Eupat●r, of whom I have spoken, and of Demetrius his successor, who being pledge at Rome, fled and was King, and called also Sotor of the Syrians, the second after Seleucus Nicator● son. Alexander counterfeiting 
Alexander the counterfeit getteth the kingdom of Sy●i●, ●●ca●●●.  himself to be of the house of Seleucides, rose against him, whom Ptolomeus King of Egypt maintained for hate of Demetrius. And Demet●ius losing his kingdom by Ptolemy, died, but Demetrius, son to him that was called Sotor, expelled Alexander, & because he did overcome a bastard by birth, he was called Nicator of the Syrians, the second after Seleucus. He also, after Seleucus, made war upon the Parthians, where being Captive, he lived with Phraarta the King, whose sister Radogine, he married. For want of a king Diodotus a servant of the kings, brought 
D●odotus bringeth in the ●astards son R●phon  in Alexander, son to Alexander the bastard, & Ptolemy's sister, & made him king, than he killed the child, & reigned himself, changing his name into Tryphon. But Anti●chus, brother to Demetriu● the captive, hearing of his captivity at the Rhodes, with much add killed Tryphon, after he was come into the Country. Then he made war against Phraartes, requiring his brother, Phraartes was afraid of him, and deli●●ered Demetrius. Antiochus nevertheless 
Antiochus ●●●leth him 〈◊〉 D●metrius is ●●●led o● his wise. Selencus is killed o● h●● mother.  fight with the Parthians, was overcome, & killed himself. And when Demetrius was returned to his kingdom, Cleopatra his wife killed him, for jealousy of his other wife Radogine, for the which cause he was married to Antiochus Demetrius brother. She had two children by Demetrius, Sele●thus and Antiochus called Grypus: by Antioch●s, she had A●tiochus called ●izicenus. She sent G●ypus to Athens, Cyzicenus to Cyzic●, to be brought up, Seleucus, that succeeded after his father, she killed with an arrow, either fearing the revengement of his father, or that she used a furious hate in all things. After Seleucus, Gripus was king, who caused 
Grypus killed his mother to save himself. Cyzicenus driveth ou● Grypus. Seleu●us driveth out Cyzicenus. Mopsus is a ●ree City in Cilicia which S●●a●o calleth Mopsu●●●● E●sebes good or dutiful.  his mother to drink the poison that ●he had prepared for him. Thus was she punished. Gripus was a fit son for such a mother, for he laid wait for Ciziceno, though they were both of one mother, which, when he perceived, he fought with him, & drove him out of his kingdom, & reigned in his steed in Syria. But him did Seleucus the son of Grypus overthrow, though he was his uncle, & because he was a very cruel tyrant, he was burned in a schoolhouse at Mops●estia, Cilicia. Antiochus, some of Cyzicenus succeeded him, who the Syrians think escaped the trains of his cousin Seleucus, for his goodness, therefore they call him the God. But his woman sau●d him, b●ing in love with his person. Yet I think the Syrians gave him this name in derision. For this Eusebes married Selene, 
Pompey taketh the kingdoms of Syri●.  that was first his father's wife, & then Gripus his uncles wife. Therefore by the will of God, he was expulsed his realm by Tigranes, who sent his son that he had by Selene, to be brought up in Asia, and therefore was called Asiaticus, whom Pompey put from the Kingdom of Syria, as we have said, being y●, xvij. K. of Syria of the house of Seleucus. For I leave out Alexander, & Alexander's son as bastards, & their servant Diodotus, reigning but one year, while Pompey was about other business. The rule of Seleucus race continued 270. years. And if a ma● look from Alexander to the Romans time, he must add to these 270. years. 14. of Tigranes.  
This I thought good to writ of the Macedonians, ruling in Syria, as in a treatise by the way.  
The end of the R●●●●●s war●e with Antiochus the Great, King of 〈◊〉   

¶ The Romans' wars with the Carthaginenses: by Appian of Alexandrîa.  
THe Phoenitians did build Carthage in Libya, fifty years after the taking of Troy, the builders of it, Xorus and Carchedon. But as the Romans and the 
The proper name of Dido, was 〈◊〉 who killed herself rather than she would marry with a Barbarian king Tyrus is now called P●●●●●●●●. It was ●● Island. Alexander joined ●● to the land. Pygmaleon son to 〈◊〉 kin of Tyrus, killed Sycheas his sister's 〈◊〉.  Carthagineans themselves think, Dido a woman of Tyria, whose husband Pygmaleon a Tiran of Tirus had killed, and kept the act secret. She knowing it by a vision, ●●edde with a great deal of money, and as many as hated the Tyranny of Pigmaleon, and sailed to Libya, where now is Carthage, and being driven away by the Libyans, they desired so much place to inhabit, as they could compass with the hide of a Bull. A laughter was made of this trifling speech of the Phoenitians, who were ashamed to deny so little a matter: but chief they marveled how a City could be made in so little a space, and being desirous to see the subtlety, by oath they promised to give it. They cut the hide into one thin thong, and compassed that part, where now the castle of Carthage is: and of this it was called Birsa. In time ro●●ng from thence, and fight with their neighbours, for whom they were to good, and by the use of their ships, keeping the sea after the Phoenitian manner, they builded the City that is without Birsa, and waxed so mighty, as they were Lords of 
Byrsa is an ●yde or a skin.  Libya, and a great part of the sea▪ Then they made wars in far Countries, in Sicily and Sardinia, and other Isles, that ●ée in the sea, and in Spain. They sent out many inhabitations, and 
Ph●●i●●● is in Syria next the I●w●. In●●entrice of letters and navigation, they● two chief c●●●●● were Tyrus and Syd●●.  had a dominion in power comparable to the Grecians, and in riches to the Parthians 700. years after the beginning, the Romans took from them Sicily & Sardinia, and in the second war Spain also. Thus they invading one another with gr●● armies, they by the con●●●● of Annibal, xuj. years together wasted Ital●e, the other Cornelius Scipio the elder being Captain, afflicted Libya, t●● they took from Carthage, rule, navy, and Elephants, and appointed them to pay ●●ny by days. Then the second peace ●●ing made between the Romans & them, continued. 50. years, till being broken, they made the third & last war between them. In the which, the Romans overthrew Carthage, Scipio the younger being 
The Greek word is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which signifieth accursed or a place that may not be inhabited The habitation was ●edde by ●. Grac●●us and Flaccus, when the city was troubled for the ●aw of lands but not then allowed.  General, & determined it should never be inhabited. Yet they sent an habitation thither of their own people, very nigh the former place, to be a fit defence against Libya. The matters of Sicily, be told in that Treatise: The doings of Spain, in the Spanish History: And what Annibal did, when he invaded Ital●e: in the war of Annibal. This book doth comprehend all that was done in Libya from the beginning. The Romans entered this war, after that of Sicily, & with u C. & thirty. ships, sailed into Libya, and took many cities, & left Attilius Regulus with a power▪ General there, who took two C. ●ities more, which being weary of Carthage, yielded to him & he went on, & wasted their land. The Carthagineans sent to the Lacedæmonians for a Captain, thinking that they were overcome for lack of a good leader, they sent Zantippus unto them. Attilius encamped at a Fen▪ & in the hot time, went about the Fen against his enemies, laden with heavy harness, 
●●e ●arthagi●● sand to Lacedemonia for a Captain.  and vexed with thirst, heat, and hardness of way, & beaten with the shot from the ●igh places. When it was almost night, he drew ●igh & a flood did divide them▪ therefore he passed the flood, that so he might afray Zantippus. But he having set his army in order, brought it forth of his camp, thinking to overmatch 
Santippus is sent from Lacedemonia.  them that were hot & weary, & that the night should help his victory: and he was not deceived of this hope, for of xxx M. men which Attilius ●ed, a few hardly escaped to the city of Aspis, the rest were all slain or taken, & with them Attilius the General & Consul was captive. The Carthaginians being weary, sent him not long after, with their Ambassadors to Rome, to work their 
Aspis or Cl●●●● of the likeness of a buck●er, is a City in Affric● in the promont's▪ rye of Mercury. Regul●● di●●●ad●●th peace in Rome, and is tormented to death at Carthage. The ingratitude of the Carthaginians toward Santippus.  peace, or to return, & he, in secret, with the best of the Romans, persuaded them to continued the war earnestly, & returned willingly to the sea. The Carthaginians put him in a Cave beset with iron pricks, & killed him. This felicity of Zantippus, brought his own calamity. For the Carthaginians, pretending to sand him home honourably with man●e gifts to Lacedemonia, in certain galleys, commanded the Captains to drown him and them that sailed with him. This reward had he for his well doing. And these were the good and evil haps that the Romans had in the first war in Libya, till the Carthaginians gave place to them in Sicily: and how they gave place, it is declared in the wa●re of 
After 24. years war, the Cartha g●●s were driven out of Sicily C. factotum Catullus being Consul.  Sicily, after the which there was peace between Rome and Carthage.  
The Libyans that were under Carthage and served them in Sicily, and the French, that were hired, had a quarrel against the Carthaginians, for withholding their ways, and made them sharp war. They of Carthage sent for help to Rome, as to their friends. The Romans only granted them to gather men of Italy for this war. For this also was doubtful in the capitulations: and they sent some to pacify the matter, whom the Libyans would not hear, but would make their City's subject to the Romans if they would, but they did not accept them. The Carthaginians with a great navy molested their Cities, and 
The Carthagies kill the Roman merchants.  kept victuals from them by sea, and being in want also by land, as is wont in war, the Libyans were overcome, and the merchants that passed, were spoiled of the needy sort: and such of the Romans, as they killed they thre●● over board, ●hat it should not be seen: and it was not known a great while: and when it was known, devying to make recompense, wa●re was decreed against them by the Romans, in the which they gave Sardinia for a pain, and it was written in the former conditions. Not long after the Carthaginians invaded Spam, and got it by little and little, till the Saguntines, fléeing the Romans, the limits of Carthage in Spain, was not passed the flood Hi●eris. These 
●●erus now ●●b●●is a flood in Spaine ●at divides Ar●●on.  agréements the Carthaginenses broke, and went beyond, Hannibal being their captain, leaving Iberia to be kept by other Captains, he went into Italy.  
The Romans Captains in Iberia, P. Cornelius Scipio, and C. Cornelius Scipio, being brethren, and having done many noble 
An openion of divine iuspu●●●ō in Scipio.  a●●e●, were both slain of the enemies, and the Captains after them did but ●uill, till Scipio, the son of Publius Scipio that was slain in Iberia, sailed th●ther, and putting an opinion in all men, that he went in god's name, and used a divine counsel in all his do●●●s, he had a glorious victory, and being therefore of great renown, hedelivered his army to them that were sent to be his successors, and went to Rome: he obtained an army to be sent 
Contention in the Senate for Scipio going to Carthage.  into Libya, to drive Annibal out of Italy, and to plague the Carthaginians in their own country. Some of the rulers of the city, spoke against it, that because Italy was troubled with so great war, Annibal yet wasting of it, & Mago in the sides of it, hiring strange soldiers in Ligurie & France, it was not good to make war upon Libya, nor to invade another Country, till the present hurt were healed at home. Some thought that the Carthaginians, which now without fear, did overtunne Italy: because they were not vexed at home, if war were made upon them, would send for Annibal. Thus it was obtained to send Scipio into Libya, not suffering him to gather men in Italy, being yet wasted by Annibal, but granting him to lead such, as would willingly go with him, and to use them that were yet in Sicily, giving him leave to prepare ten galleys, and to make supply for them, 
The slender setting forth of Scipio to so great a war.  and to take them that were in Sicily. Money they gave him none, except any man for friendship would contribute unto him. So slenderly began they this war at the first, which after redounded to their great honour. Thus Scipio, inflamed as from God, against Carthage, and gathering vij thousand horse and footmen at the most, sailed into Sicily, having with him 
The policy of Scipio to arm 300▪ Italians.  for his guard three hundred choose young striplings, whom he commanded to follow without armour. He appointed three hundred of the wealth Sicilians, to come at a day assigned, furnished with as good armour and horse as they could. When they were come, he granted them, if they would, to give other to serve in their place: where with being all content, he brought forth the three hundred that were unarmed, and willed them to change with them, they willingly delivered both horse and harness: & so Scipio had 300. Italians, for as many Sicilians, very well furnished with goodly horse and armour, who gave him great thanks, and he had them continually most ready in service.  
The Carthaginians hearing this, sent Asdrubal Giscanes son, 
Ligurie is that part of Italy which now be longeth to the Genowais.  to hunt for Elephants, and sent to Mago, that made men in Liguria, six thousand footmen, eight hundred horse, and seven Elephants, commanding him with as many more as he could, to scour the Tuscan sea, and to keep Scipio from Libya, Mago made no haste, because he could not join with Annibal being so far of, & also for that he ever foresaw the end. Asdrubal coming ●r● the hunting, gathered of the Carthaginians and Libyans six thousand footmen of either &, 600. horse, and he bought 500 slaves, to row in the galleys, and 2000 horsemen of the Numidians, and hired strangers, and trained them all, 200. furlongs from Carthage. The Princes that were in Libya, were of several dominions, of all the which, Syphax was of greatest honour with all men. Massinissa also the son of a noble king of high blood of Massulia, was nourished and brought up in Carthage, of goodly body & 
Massinissa is made sure to Sophinisba.  good behaviour. Asdrubal G●sgo, inferior to none in Carthage, had dispoused him to his daughter, though she were of Carthage and he a Numidian: when he had insured them, he carried the 
Syphax in love witin Sophoniba maketh war upon the Carthaginians and allieth with Scipio. Missinissa allieth with Scipio. Sophinisba is given to Syphax.  young man with him into Spain, where he was Captain. Now Syphax that was in love with ●●● ma●de, m●●ded the Carthaginians, and made league with 〈…〉, 〈…〉 from Spain to invade Carthage. The Carthaginian hearing of it, and thinking it a great furtherance to the ●●●anes war, to have Syphax aid, they gave the Virgin to him, unknown to Asdru●al & Massinissa, being in Spain. Massinissa disdaining at this, did also confeder with Scipio in Spain, keeping it secret, as he thought from Asdrubal. Who understanding of it, was grieved at the injury that was made to his daughter and the young man, yet thought it best for his Country, to dispatch Massinissa, and where he should go into Libya from Iberia after the death, of his father, he sent some to conduct him, commanding, as secretly as they could, to kill Massinissa. He perceiving it, fled, and got his 
Massinissa escapeth trains.  father's kingdom, and gathered horsemen with continual exercise day and night, using them with much shot on horseback, to give onset and retire, and to charge again, all their fight consisting in flying and chase. And having gathered twenty 
Massinissa trayneth his men.  thousand of them, he led them to huntings or prays of other nations, by the which he thought to make them endure pain 
The hardness of the Numidians.  and labour. For the Numidians can abide hunger, and use herbs in stead of corn, and drink water altogether. Their horse never tastbarley, but always eat grass, and drink but seldom.  
The Carthaginians and Syphax, thinking this exercise that this young man made, was against them, for they were not ignorant wherein they had offended him, determined first to make war, and overcome him, and then to meet with the Romans. Syphax & the Carthaginians were many more, with chariots and carriage for abundance. Massinissa would himself begin 
The manner of Massinissa in the war.  the labour, having only horsemen, no carriage nor forage, that he might the more easily fly and turn again upon his enemies and retire to strong places, and being many times circumvented, divided his army, that they might the better flee by parts, he hiding himself with a few, till they might come to him by night or day, as was appointed. He being the third man, did once lie hid in a have, the enemies camping about it. We never stayd in camp, but ever led his army, to be unknown where he was, so as the enemies could not come to hands with him, but only keep him back, when he came to them. His food was every day, what he could get at night, were it in field, town or City, catching and spoiling every thing, and dividing it to his companions. Wherefore many Numidians came unto him, no wagies being appointed, but to take the gain, that was much better. Thus did, Massinissa war with the Carthaginians. When Scipio had made all thing ready in Sicily he sacrificed to jupiter & Neptune, & came toward Libya with. 52. long ships 400. ships of burden, and many pinesses and foists followed. He led an army of sixteen thousand footmen, a thousand six hundred horsemen, he carried also much armour and munition, and much victual, and sailed ●●. The Carthaginians and Syphax hearing of it, purposed to de●●●ue, Massinissa, and to 〈…〉 him to society, till they had overcome 〈…〉. He not being ignorant of their deceits, 
Utica was the fayre●● city in Aff●●c● next Carthage, thirty miles of, in the which Cato killed himself when Caesar followed him.  laid the like for them▪ & communicated all with Scipio, & as he had ●in reconciled, came to Asdrubal with his horsemen. And being all ●●● camp not ●●rr● asunder at the ●itie of V●i●● unto the which, 〈…〉 being brought by the 〈…〉 〈…〉 ●●●●mpe there also.  
Hasdrubal'S camp was not much from him, having twenty thousand footmen vij thousand horsemen, and a hundred sixty Elephants. Syphax either afraid, or being disinherited of 
Syphax goeth from the camp  bothpretending his kingdom in diverse parts to be molested of his neighbours, went to his country. Scipio sent to skirmish with Asdrubal, and took some of his Cities. In the night Massinissa came secretly to Scipio's camp, and giving him his hand, wished him the next day to sand u M. to lie close at a place xxx 
Agathocles was Tira●●● of Syracus● and built this tower when he made war against the C●●thagi●s.  furlongs from Utica, where is a tower, that Agathocles Tiran of Syracuse did make, and by day he persuaded Asdrubal, to sand Hann● the Capytaine of his horsemen, to espy the number of the enemies, and enemies, and to ride to Utica, that they made no mutation when the enemy should be at hand, and he, if he would so command, would follow. Hanno took a thousand choice horsemen of Carthage, and a number of Lybians: and Massinissa led his Numidians. When they were come to the tow●, and Hanno road toward Utica with a few: part of the ambush appeared, and Massinissa then commanded him that had the charge of the Carthaginian horsemen, to set upon them being but few, and 
Scipio getteth▪ a day by the policy of Massinissa.  he followed strait as to help them. The Libyans being in the midst, and still more of the trains appearing, they were all killed on both sides, of the Romans, and Massinissa, except ii●j. C. which were taken prisoners. When this was done, Massinissa 
Massinissa taketh Hanno and claimeth him for his mother.  went to Hanno as his friend, and took him, and brought him to Scipio, and changed him for his mother, that was with Asdrubal. Scipio and Massinissa spoiled the land, and delivered the Romans that were bond, and digged the fields, being sent of Annibal, from Iberia and Sicilia, and from Italy itself. They besieging a great City called L●cha, & had much a trouble at it, 
Locha is spoiled by soldiers fury.  when the assault should be given, the Lochaians', signifying to yield upon conditions. Scipio called the retire. The soldiers for anger of the business they had about it, would not hear it, but mounting the walls, killed women and children. Scipio let them go safe that were left, and ●oke the spoil from the soldiers, & the Captains that had ●●●ended, he took by lot out of all, and three he punished with death, and this done, wasted the country.  
Asdrubal had trains for them, sending Mago with the horse 
A secon● victory ●● ●●●pi●.  before, he following behind with the rest. The Romans being in the midst, divided themselves, and either of them giving charge upon the other, they killed five thousand Numidians, and took a thousand eight hundred prisoners, the rest they drove to the ground headlong.  
Now Scipio besieged Utica both by sea and land, and set a 
The si●ge of V●●c●  Tower upon two galleys, from the which he threw darts of three cubits, and great stones upon the ennim●es. Much did he an●y them, and was much annoyed himself: his ships being crushed, he made great trenches, and beaten the walls with his 
These hooks were like s●th●● to pal the sto●●● out of the wa●●.  rams, and pulled with his hooks all the hides and leather covertes that they had upon the walls. They within undermined the rampires, and caught the hooks with strings, and broke the force of the rams, casting beams against the breasts of them, and sallied out against the engines with fire, when the wind bore the force to them. Wherefore Scipio despairing so to get the City, determined to win it by long ●●●ge.  
When Syphax heard of this, he came with his army, and lodged 
Syphax cometh again to the field.  not far from Asdrubal, dissembling to be friend to both, and delaying the war of purpose, till the other ships that were come, were arrived at Carthage, and the hired Souldi●rs of Liguria and Lumbardi● were come also, and practised a peace, thinking it just, neither that the Romans should war upon Libya, 
Siphex dealeth for peace.  nor the Carthaginians upon Italy. That the Romans should have Sicili●, Sardinia, and the other islands, and Iberia. And them that did consent hereto, he would help●, and be against them that did not. He practised also to win Massinissa unto him, offering, 
The practice of Syphax.  to confirm him in the Kingdom of Massilia, and of his three sisters, to give him which he would in marriage. He that was the messenger,▪ carried gold with him, that if he could not persuade him, he should give it to one of his servants, that would promise' to kill him: When Massinissa had refused 
A pract●●e to ●●● Massinissa.  these offers, the messenger gave the gold to one to kill him. He that took it, showed it to Massinissa, and bewrayed the giver. Syphax, thinking he could not any longer delay, openly aided the Carthaginians. He took a city in the upland called Tholunta, having the Romans munition and victuals by treason, and killed 
〈…〉 taketh 〈…〉, ●n the which was the Romans pro●nion. The determination of the enemy against the Romans.  the keepers of it, because they would not go away upon trust, and he sent more great a●de of the Numidians.  
Now were the Merceanrie soldiers come, and the Ships well appointed, when they agreed of the battle that Syphax should set upon them that were at the ●●ege, that Asdrubal should force Scipio his camp, and Ships should fight with ships, and all at once the next day, that the Romans, because they were so few, should not be able to resist. At night Massinissa understanding of it by certain Numidians, told it Scipio. He being 
Massinissa saveth the Romans from a great danger.  in doubt and afraid, lest, if his army were much divided, it should be too weak in all points, he called the Captains that night to a counsel, and when he saw them in some doubt, he said:  
Boldness and speed, (O friends) and fight of desperation, 
The oration of Scipio, touching the sudden assalting of the enemy.  now beseemeth us. Let us go and set upon our enemies. What we shall win thereby, now learn. Our sudden coming upon them, shall amaze them, and the strangeness of the feat, that a few would adventure upon so many. We shall not divide our army into many parts, but use it all together. Nor we shall not set it against all the enemies, but against▪ the first that we shall choose. They are lodged severally, and we shall be equal to every part of them. ●et us only prevent them with boldness and good luck, and if God grant us to overcome the first, we shall contemn the rest. But who be first to be set upon, and what time and manner of our assault we shall take, if you think good, I will tell you mine opinion. When they all agreed to him: The time is (said he) to do the matter, as soon as we go from this meeting, being yet night, by the which, the thing will be the more fearful, and they the less prepared, and ne'er of their confederates able to help them in the dark. Let us prevent their purpose in invading us to morrow all at once. And where they be three Camps, their ships are far off, and it is no fight with Ships by night. Asdrubal and Syphax be not far asunder. Asdrubal is the head of the war. Syphax shall dare do nothing in the night, a man barbarous, full of daintiness and fear. Then let us go against Asdrubal with all our army. We shall appoint Mas●inissa to ●ye in wait for Syphax, if he hap to come forth, contrary to our opinion. Let us go a foot to Hasdrubal'S camp, and assault it round about, with good hope and lusty courage: This for the present, is most ●it for the horsemen, for we cannot use them in the night: I will place them far off, to compass the Camp of our enemies, that if we be driven back, they may receive us, and we flee to our friends, and if we do overcome them, they may chase and destroy them.  
Having thus said, he sent away the Captains to arm the host, and he sacrificed to Boldness, and Fear, and that no sudden 
This ear is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 such as cometh of a cause vnk●owen, and can not be stayed, as Iu●●t●r put among the Ti●●a●s.  fear without cause should hap, but his army continued bold. The rest of the third watch, was signified with the Trumpet, and with a marvelous deep silence, so great an army went, till the horsemen had compassed the enemies. The footmen went to their Trench. Then a broken shout being made, and many sounds of trumps and horns to make the more terror, they drove the watch from their place, they took the Trench, and pulled down the rampire. Some of the boldest ran in, and set the Tents afyre. The Libyans being waked of 
Fear in the Carthagies camp.  their sleep with terror, and running out of order, to their order, and taking their armour, and not obeying the commandments for the confusion, neither the General himself certainly knowing what was done, the Romans took them that leapt out, and were arming themselves in great turmoil, they set many Tents on fire, & killed some of them as they came, and some being made afraid with the cry of the enemy, and with the fight and most fearful business, being in the night, and ignorant of the evil indeed, thinking the Camp had been taken, and fearing the fire of the burning Tents, leapt of themselves from them, and went into the field, as into a more sure place, where as they came by parts, they were miserably killed, and as they fallen into the Roman horsemen that had compassed all, they were dispatched.  
Syphax hearing this cry in the night, and seeing the fire, 
another victory of the Romans.  came not forth, but sent certain horsemen to help Asdrubal. Upon whom Massinissa came suddenly, and killed out of hand. When day was come, and Syphax had learned that Asdrubal was go, and that part of his army was destroyed, and part taken of the enemy, and some dispersed, and that the Romans had his camp with all the munition, he departed and fled to the mid land for fear, leaving all behind him, thinking that 
Syphax fleeth.  after this overthrow of the Carthaginians, Scipio would follow him: so his Camp and all the furniture Massinissa took. Thus the Romans, in a little part of one night did take two camps, and overthrew two armies greater than themselves. There died of the Romans about an hundred, and of the enemies, little less than thirty thousand: and of prisoners, two thousand six hundred were taken, and six hundred horsemen yielded to Scipio as he returned. The Elephants, some were wounded, and some were killed. Scipio, of the gold, silver, armour, and much ivory, and horses, as well of the Numidians as other which he 
Scipio rewardeth his soldiers.  had got, and by one victory most noble, casting the Carthaginians on their knees, gave gifts to the soldiers, and sent the most precious things to Rome, and exercised his soldiers cheerfully, thinking that Hannibal would shortly come out of Italy, and Mago from Liguria. And this did Scipio.  
Asdrubal the General of the Carthaginians in the fight by 
Asdrubal fleeth and is condemned, and riseth against his Country. Anea.  night, being hurt, fled to Anea with five hundred horsemen, where he gathered some of the hired souldieures that were escaped from the fight, and the Numidians, and called bondmen to liberty. And when he herded the Carthaginians had determined his death, as an evil General, and had choose Hanno, Bomilchares son, in his place, he made an army of his own, and received all malefactors, and led them where he might have relief, and trained them, having three thousand horse, and eight thousand footmen, as having his trust only in fight. In doing this, he kept it long hide from both from the Romans and Carthaginians, Scipio led his army to the walls of Carthage, and boldly called them to fight, but none came forth.  
Amilchar Admiral of Carthage, with an hundred ships came upon the navy of Scipio, thinking to destroy it in his absence, hoping easily to take twenty galleys with an hundred.  
When Scipio saw him under sail, he sent to shut the mouth of the port, and that the great Ships should lie at anchor with a distance one from another, that the galleys might come by them, as out of a gate, when need should require, and that they should fasten and tie the ships together with their sail yards, that they might be as a brickwall: and he came to them and furthered their work.  
The Carthaginians were received both by sea and land, and 
Scipio saveth the Roman ships.  from the brickwall with shot and artillery, their ships were bruised, and other being weary, went away at night. And when they were going, the Roman galleys went out of the spaces, as was appointed, and set upon them, and when they were too weak, they retired, one they took void of men, and brought her to Scipio. Then they went both to their wintering harbours. The Romans had plenty from the sea: the Vticenses and Carthaginians being in want, rob the Merchants, till other Roman ships were sent to Scipio, which, in set places, kept the enemy from robbing. They were more and more in hunger. Toward the end of Winter, Syphax being near, Massinissa desired the third part 
Massinissa and the Romans against Syphax.  of the Romans army to be joined to his, the which he received, and by the leading of Lelius, pursued Syphax, he fleeing till he came to a flood, and there stayed to fight.  
The Numidians (as their manner is) made shot very thick one against an other. The Romans being covered with their shields, went to the fight. Syphax came with fury upon Massinissa, 
The fight between two Kings, Syphax and Massinissa.  who went cheerfully against him, and the fight being great between them, Syphax men fléeing, he passed the fioude, whose horse being hurt, overthrew his Master. Then Massinissa ran 
Massinissa taketh Syphax.  upon him, and took him, and one of his sons, and sent them strait to Scipio. There were slain ten thousand of Syphax side: of the Romans. lxxv. of Massinissa three hundred: of Syphax four thousand were taken prisoners, whereof two thousand five hundred were Massulians, which fled from Massinissa to Syphax, Massinissa desired them of Laelio, whom, when he had received, he killed. Then they overran the Massulians and the land of Syphax, part whereof they appointed to Massinissa, part they received by submission, and the disobedient sort they destroyed. There 
Cyrtis, now Constant, where Iug●rth killed Adh●●b●●.  came Ambassadors to them from Cyrtis, to deliver the Palace of Syphax to them. And some came privately to Massinissa, from Sophonisba, Syphax wife, to excuse the necessity of that marriage. Massinisse receiveth her gladly, and went again to Scipio, 
A privy message ●●om Sephoni●b● to Massinissa.  leaving her at Cyrta, to see what was best to be done hereafter. Scipio said to Syphax: What Spirit took thee, when thou wast a friend to me, & praying me to come into Libya, to break thy faith with God, by whom, thou didst swear, & after God to break it with the Romans, & to choose to make war for Carthage, against the Romans, seeing the Carthaginians not long before were thine enemies. He said: Sophonisba the daughter of Asdrubal, whom I loved to my loss, she loving her Country so deatly, & able to persuade a man to what she list, turned me from you, to her country, and from so great felicity, hath brought me to so great misery. Therefore I counsel thee (for now being yours, and put from 
Syphax biddeth Scipio beware of Sophonisba.  Sophinisba, I aught to be sure unto you) to keep Sophonisba, lest she turn Massinissa to what she will: for it cannot be hoped that she will take the Romans part, so greatly doth she love her City: This he spoke either truly, or for controversy of Massinissa, to hinder him as much as he could. Scipio perceiving Syphax to be wise, & 
Scipio useth Syphax friendly as Cyrus Croesus.  expert in that country, led him about with him, & made him privy of his mind & counsel, as Cyrus used Croesus' king of Libya. When Laelius was come, & said he herded as much of Sophonisba to be of many reported, Scipio commanded Massinissa to deliver Sophonisba Syphax wife. He refusing it, & excusing that was done afore, Scipio 
Massinissa is loathe to leave Sophonisba.  commanded him more sharply not to withhold by violence a Roman prisoner, but to bring her forth, & then to allege and say what he could. Then went Massinissa with the Romans to deliver Sophonisba. But privily he came first to her, & brought her a poison, & told her she must presently drink it, or remain a slave to the Romans: speaking no more, he took his horse. She showing the cup to her nurse, prayed her not to bewail her noble 
She dieth l●●e a noble hearted Lady.  death, and drunk the poison. Massinissa showed her to the Romans, and when he had buried her honourably, he returned to Scipio. He praised him, and told him he was rid of an evil woman, and crowned him for his service against Syphax, and gave him many gifts. When Syphax was come to Rome, some thought 
Syphax is sent to Rome.  good to save him, because he had been a friend to the Romans, in Iberia: some thought to punish him, because he had made war against his friends: but he being sick for sorrow, died. Asdrubal having well exercised his soldiers, sent to Mago that was general 
Syphax dieth in prison.  of the Carthaginians, that he would make him his fellow in the war, she wing that there were many Iberians with Scipio, whom if a man would corrupt with gold & promise, they might burn Scipio his Camp: and he, if the time were prescribed, would be at the feat. When Hanno herded this, he wrought wiles against Asdrubal, yet he did not refuse the enterprise, but sent a faithful 
Practise against Scipio.  man with gold, as a runaway into Scipio's Camp, who persuading such as he found, corrupted many, & the day being appointed, he returned to Hanno, who sent to Asdrubal of the day. When Scipio sacrificed, evident danger of fire was signified, who sent about 
Sacrifices signifying fire.  the camp, to see if there were any great fire, and to put it out. And thus he sacrificed many days, and always the sacrifice showed fire: wherefore he was grieved, and determined to change his camp. An Iberian, servant to a horseman of Rome, being told of the conspirators, feigned as he had been made privy, & so learned al. & told it to his master, who brought him to Scipio, & 
The conspira●● bewrayed.  bewrayed al. Scipio killed them, & threw their heads out of the camp. Hanno percevued it soon, being so nigh, & came not at the day appointed. But Asdrubal being ignorant, came, & when he see the number of the dead, he suspected the matter & retired. Then 
Asdrubal is accused falsely.  did Hanno greatly accuse him to the multitude, that he should come to Scipio to betray him, & he would not receive him. And Asdrubal after this was in more hate at Carthage.  
About this time, Amilchar secretly sailing upon the Roman navy, took one galley, and six ships. 
Roman shi●● taken.   
Hanno came upon them that besieged Utica, and was repulsed. Scipio having been so long at the siege of Utica, and doing no good, 
Scipio leaveth ●h●: siege at Utica  dissolved his camp, and sent his munition against the City of Hippon, and doing no good there, burned his unprositable engines, 
Hippon, this socmeth to be the country of saint Aosten.  and ranged the Country, some he received to amity, and some he destroyed.  
The Carthaginians being weary of so many displeasures, made Annibal General and sent an Admiral with a navy, to haste his coming, and in the mean time, they sent Ambassadors to Scipio for peace, thinking to obtain one of these either to have peace, or delay of time, till Annibal came. Scipio gave them a truce, and taking the costs of his Camp, gave them leave to 
Exp●n●●●.  send messengers to Rome. They sent and yet kept ward in the City, as they had been still enemies.  
Being brought into the Senate, they desired forgiveness of their fault. The Senatoures partly accused the Carthaginians of their infidelity, which they had so often made and broken, and what hurt Annibal had done the Romans, and their confederates, 
A●●catie of peace. D●eise opin●●s ●n the Sen ●●e.  the Iberians and Italians. Part of them thought this peace was as profitable for them, as for the Carthaginians, Italy being wasted with so many evils, and uttering their fear of things to come, Hannibal sailing out of Italy, and Mag. from Liguri●, and Hanno from Carthage, with great armies against Scipio. Upon the which, the Senate doubting, sent counselloures to Scipio, with whom, he might from hencesorth confer, and do that should seem expedient. He made peace with Carthage with these conditions.  

1 That M●go should sail from Ligunia out of hand, and ●● am henceforth leaden● strange armies.  
2 That they should have no more but thirty gal●tes▪  
3 That they should not meddle beyond the ●●●ch● called Ph●●●ti●●.  
4 That they should deliver all the prisoner's and run awaics to the Romans.  
5 That they should pay them in tyme. 1600. talents of silver.  
6 That Massiness should have the Mas●lians, and what he could get of ●●●hax land.   
These were the conditions, and ambassadors sailed to Rome to swear to them before the Consuls, and so did some from Rome, to have them sworn at Carthage.  
The Romans rewarded Massinissa, with gifts of confederacy: they sent him a crown of gold, and a signet of gold, and a Chair of Juori●, and a purple garment, and a rob of Rome, and a horse trapped with gold, and an armour for his whole body. When this was done, Annibal sailed to Carthage against 
Annibal in Africa.  his will, suspecting the unfaithfulness and disobedience of the people to their ralers, and thinking the peace would not be made, and if it were made, would not long hold, he went to a City of Libya, Adrumete, and gathered victual, and bought 
Alrumeta is so fat from Carthag● as Annibal road in post, two days and two nights. Areacides. Masi●la●. Vermina.  horses. And he made friendship with a prince of Numidia, called Areacides. Four thousand horsemen that fled unto him, from Massinissa, that had been Syphaces, as suspected he shot to death, he divided their Horse to his soldiers. And Mesorulos another Prince, came unto him with a thousand horsemen, and Vermina one of Syphax sons, having the most part of his father's kingdom.  
The Cities of Ma●●inissa he got, some by yielding, and some by force. Narces he got by treason after this sort: having 
Annibal getteth Narces by t●●as●.  want of victuals, he sent to them as his friends, and when he saw it frame, he sent many with secret weapons, commanding to deal justly with the sellers, till they herded the trumpet's, then to kill every man, and keep the gates▪ and so was Narces taken.  
The people of Carthage, lately making peace, and their ambassadors 
People of Carthage do spo●●e the Romans ●● time of peace.  not yet come from Rome, and Scipio still present, spoiled the victual of Scipio, that was driven to Carthage by winds, and bond the bringers o● it, the Senate of Carthage sore threatening th●●, and warning them not to break the league lately made. They blamed the league, as unjustly made, and said there was more fear to be had of famine, than of breaking league. Scipio would not begin war again, after the peace, but de●●red, as of his friends, that the offenders might be punished.  
They would have stayed the ambassadors also, till theirs came from Rome. But Hanno Magnus, and Asdrubal Eriphus, d●● take them from the multitude, and sent them away with two galleys: other perswade● Asdrubal the admiral, to go to the ●●wer of Apollo, and when the galleys did return, to set upon Scipio's ships, and be was persuaded. So some of the ambassadors were shot to death, other wounded of them, got to the port of their power, and leapt out of the ship, ready to be taken: so near were they to be taken prisoners. When the Romans in the City herded this, they commanded the ambassadors, that yet were there about the peace, to departed as enemies. They in their journey were driven to Scipio's navy. When the admiral asked Scipio what was to be done with them, he said, not as the Carthaginians have done with us, and let them go untouched. When the old men of Carthage see this, they rebuked the people of their rashness, and counseled them to desire Scipio to keep the league, & to receive punishment for their offence of the Carthaginians. They being offended with the Senate for the long 
Modesty of Scipio.  evil government, & being stirred of the common sort, as not looking well to that common profit, & being deceived with vain hope, called Annibal with his army. He considering the greatness of the war, caused them to call home Asdrubal with his power. Thus Asdrubal being quit of his offence, delivered his armour to Annibal: yet ourst he not appear at Carthage, but hide himself in the city. Scipio placing his ship before Carthage, kept victual from them by sea. At this time was a fight of horsemen between▪ Scipio & Annibal at Zama, in the which, Scipio had the better: & there was 
Zama.  daily skirmishes berwixt them, till Scipio herded that Annibal was in great want, & looked for his foragers to come, & in the night sent Thermus against the bringers of it. Thermus took an ●il in a straight 
A fight of horsemen. Victual taken from Annibal.  passage & killed 3000. Libyans, & took as many, & brought the victual to Scipio. Annibal being driven to extreme want, & ●●●ising how he might help the present necessity, sent ambassadors to Massinissa, 
Annibal maketh mean to Massinissa to escape present fami●●.  remembering to him his norishirg & bringing up in Carthage, & desiced him to move Scipio to come to accord again, for the offence was of the people, & of the foolisher sort of the people. Massinisa sa remembering in deed, that he was brought up in Carthage, having the worthiness of the city in reverence, & many friends yet there prayed Scipio, and brought them again to accord after this sort.  

1 That the Carthaginians should deliver the ships, menand victuals, that they had taken of the Romans, and all that they had taken beside, or the price of it, as Scipio should value it.  
2 That they should pay a. M. talents, for a sine, for the fault.   
This was agreed, & tr●ce taken, till the Carthaginians should 
Annibal escap●●● fam●●e.  hear them, & so Annibal escaped beyond all hope. The Senate of Carthage, allowed well of the accord, and exhortet the people to stand to them, remembering the long adversity that they had, had, and the present need in the army both of meat and money: 
The rude people of Carthage  but they, as rude people be wont, soolishly thought their governors agreed with the Romans for their own commodities, that by them they might rule their country, as Hannibal did now, and Asdrubal had done afore, betraying the army to y●●nimies in the night, not long after meaning to yield to Scipio, & then coming to the camp, and now lurking in the city, upon 
The malice of the people against. Asdrubal. Asdrubal killeth himself. The spite of the people against him.  the which, a ●●ye and tumult being made, some of them went out of the assembly to seek Asdrubal round about. He prevented them, flying into his father's Sepulchre, and killed himself with a poison: they dragged out his carcase, and cut off his head, and put it upon a spears point, and bore it about the City. Thus Asdrubal, first uniuslly injuried, and secondly falsely accused o● Hanno, & then thus brought to death by the Carthaginians, was spyted after his death in this wise. They sent to Annibal to break the truce, and to make war upon Scipio, & to try it out by speedy fight, because of want. He broke the truce. 
The pea●● broken. Parthos. Scipio c●●● let Annibal● espies ●o be led about his army.  And Scipio taking a great City called Parthos, camped near to Annibal, and he removed, sending three spies to the Romans, whom Scipio took, and did not kill them according to the law of arms, but commanded them to be led about the camp, to see the store of armour & munition, & then let them go to tell Annibal of everyething. He desired to come to talk, which being granted, he said the Carthaginians were grieved with the first 
Talk between Scipio and Annibal.  peace, for the money, if that might be remitted, & the Romans contented with Sicilia, Iberis, & the Isles which they have, the peace should be sure. Scipio answered Annibal should get a great reward, by flying out of Italy, if he might obtain this of Scipio and forbade him to send any more to by ●.  
And so threatening one another, they departed to their several ●ampes. There was a City nigh called Cilla, at the which 
Cilla. Annibal in straights.  was an hill, fit for the camp, the which Annibal perceiving, sent to take it up, and followed with his army, but finding it taken before of Scipio, he was left in the plain field without water, and spent that night in digging of water pits. The army picked out the heaps of sand, and drank little water full of sand, and was grieved without meat or rest, and some were 
The order of Annibals' battle.  in their armour all night. Which Scipio perceiving, came upon them by day, they being weary of their way, watch and thirst.  
Annibal was loath to come to fight, yet because he should want water if he tarried, and, if he fled, his enemy would take courage and set upon him, considering all this, he thought it good for the necessity, to try it. He put in order fifty: M. and lxxx. Elephants. He placed them before the battle with spaces between to make them most terrible. After them was the third 
Gym●a●i● be the islands called ●a●eares now Ma●●●c● and Nicorea. E●camas.  part of the army, the Celtians and Ligurians: with these were mired archers and slyngers of Maerrusia and Gymnasias: after them was the second army, which was of Carthagians and Libyans. The third were of them that followed him out of Italy, in the which, he trusted most, because they feared their case. The horse men were about the wings. And this was Annibals' order.  
Scipio had about xxiij thousand, and horsemen of Italy and 
Scipio his order.  Rome, a thousand five hundred. Massinissa was there with many horsemen of Numidia, and Lacamas another prince with six hundred horse. He set his footmen in three battles as Hannibal did: he made a partition between the bands, that the horsemennes might pass easily by them: he made to every band a defence at the front with strong pertches laid over with iron of two Cuvits long and very thick, to keep back the Elephants as an engine, and he warned them and the other footmen, to give place to the fury of those beasts, and to cast their darts upon them as fast as they could, and when they were nigh, to cut their sinews if they could. Thus were they placed of Scipio. The Numidian horse he placed in the wings, being acquainted with the fight and fury of the Elephants. The Italians horse, because they were not used to them, he set last of all, to be ready to pass by the distances, when the footmen had bidden the first violence of the Elephants. Both sorts of horsemen, had companies of shot joined to them, to annoyed the beasts. Thus were his horsemen set. The right wing he gave to Laelius: the left, to Octavius: in the midst, was both he and Annibal, to keep their glory, having horsemen attending upon them, to help where need should be. Annibal had three thousand, Scipio had two thousand, and the three hundred Italians, whom he armed in Sicily. When all was ready, both of them encouraged their men. Scipio called the Gods to witness, before his army, against whom the Carthaginians had offended, as oft as they broke their promise, 
Scipio to his soldiers.  and required his army not to look to the number of their enemies, but to their own virtue, whom, being more in number they had overthrown even in that land: and if they that overcome, have any fear or doubt, much more of necessity must they have that have been overcome. Thus did Scipio encourage and stir his few number. Annibal recorded to them the feats that he had done in Italy, as an enterprise of most 
Annibal to his soldiers.  great renown, not among the Numidians, but among all the Italians in Italy, and showed how few the enemies were now, and exhorted them, not to be worse than a few they being more and in their own country. Both of them did declare unto their soldiers the danger and greatness of the present fight.  
Annibal showed that Carthage and all Libya was to be tried in this fight, whether they should be slaves being overcome, or rule hereafter over all they had won. Scipio told his, that if they were defeated, they had no safe return: if they did overcome, a great dominion should fall unto them, and a rest of their present pains, a going home to their country, and a renovine for ever.  
Thus either of them encouraging other, they went to the fight: Annibal sounded first: Scipio commanded to answer him.  
The Elephants began the fight in most terrible manner, being spurred with pricks of the riders. The Numidian horsemen 
The Elephants put back at the wings.  ran about them, and threw their darts thick upon them, so as being wounded, they fled, and troubled their own part, that their keepers led them away: and this was the first 
The Elephants trouble the Romans footmen, in the battle  enterprise with the Elephants at the wings of the army, but in the mid battle of the Romans, they trod down the footmen, being unacquainted with this fight, and so heavy harnised, that they could hardly give place, or go forward, till Scipio 
Scipio leaveth his horse to fight with the B●ephan●s.  brought forth the Italian horsemennes that were placed behind, and with them the shot, commanding them to leave their horses that were afraid, and to go about and shoot at the Elephants. He was the first that alighted, and wounded the Elephant that came afore.  
The other soldiers encouraged thereby, and hurting the beasts, made them also to go out of the battle. The fight being cleared of the beasts, and now only of men and horses, the right wing of the Romans which Laelius led, put to flight the Numidians that were against them, when Massinissa had wounded Massintha their prince, and Annibal coming 
Massinissa woundeth Massintha.  quickly unto them, set them again to fight.  
The left battle▪ which Octavius governed, had very much ado with their enemies, the French and Ligurians.  
Scipio sent Thermus to help them with choice men. Hannibal, having stayed his left battle, road to the Ligurians and Frenchmen, bringing another band of Libian and Carthaginians. Which when Scipio saw, he came against them 
Scipio and Annibal fight.  with another band.  
When these two most noble captains did thus contend, there was evident emulation and care on both sides, no diligence was left on either part: the labour was no sharper, than their exhortations were vehement. The fight being long doubtful, and the Captains having pity of their weary soldiers, coupled together, that by them, the end might be the shorter. They threw one at another, Scipio hit Annibals' shield, Annibal stroke Scipio● Horse, and the Horse, for the wound, overthrew Scipio. He was mounted again, and threw at Annibal, but miss him, and hurt the Horse was next him.  
Massinissa understanding, came thither, and the Romans 
Massinissa cometh to the danger that Scipio was in.  seeing their captain fight like a Soldier, took the more courage against their enemies, and put them back, and chased them, Hannibal riding about in vain, praying them to stay, and persuading them to turn again to the fight.  
Annibal being in great doubt, brought the Italians 
The Romans skill in ●ight.  that came with him, and not yet stirring from the place of succour, into the fight, hoping to break the Romans array the more easily, because they were following the enemy: but they seeing that devise, called one another diligently from the chase, and put themselves again in order for the fight. Now having no Horse, and their shot being spent, they fought together with their blades. Great was the slaughter, and many were the wounds and the groans of them that fallen, and the shouts of them that did kill, till the Romans put them back and made them fly also.  
Then was the victory evident. Annibal seeing the 
Annibal reneweth the fight.  Numidian Horsemen stand still, ran to them, and prayed them not to forsake him, whom when he had persuaded, he brought them against them that chased, thinking to do a notable feat again.  
first he met with the Massulians and fought with them: 
Massinissa and Annibal fighteth.  and this fight was only between Massinissa and Hannibal. They fiercely going to it, Massinissa stroke Annibals' target, he hit Massinissa's Horse, who being a foot, flew upon Hannibal, and killed his Horse, coming upon him before all other. The darts of the other he received upon his shield, and drew one of them that stuck upon it, and threw it at Annibal, missing him, and killed the next Horse.  
Then drawing out another, he was wounded on the arm, and went out of the battle for a while. When S●●pi● heard 
Scipio cometh in relief of Massinassa.  of it, he was afraid of Massinassa, and came to the fray, and found Massinissa horsed and going to the field again, having tied his wound.  
The fight was equal again, and very sore on both fides, either being afraid of their captains, till Annibal did see the Iberians and Frenchmen ne staying upon an hill, and 
●rrour in the battle.  road to them to bring them forth again. They that fought, not knowing the cause, thinking his going had been a flying, left the fight willingly, and fled disorderedly, not looking toward Annibal, but every man where he could. Thus they broke, and the Romans, as the field had been fully got, pursued them out of order, neither they understanding of Annibals' purpose, who returned with the Spaniards and Frenchmen.  
Wherefore Scipio called his men again from the chase with speed, and set them in order, being more than they that came from the hill, wherefore he might the more easily resist them. 
Annibal ●yeth.  Annibal being deceived of this last hope, fled, now utterly despairing of all things.  
Many horsemen followed him, specially Massinissa, being grieved with his wound, ever at hand, and desirous to have brought him prisoner to Scipto: but the night divided them, and 
Annibal flieth to Thonne.  Annibal in the dark, with twenty horsemen, that could follow him, fled into a City called Thonne, whither, when he understood that many horsemen of B●utia and Iberia were come from the field, and fearing the Iberians as barbarous and cruel, and doubting the Brutians being Italians and country men to Scipio, lest they would lead him to Scipio, to be forgiven their fault against Itali●, privily he fled with one horseman, whom he trusted best, and running three thousand furlongs in two nights 
Annibal cometh in haste to Adrume●●.  and two days, he came to a City at the sea called Adrumet●, where part of his army was for victual, sending about, and gathering them that fled, he made armour and munition.  
Scipio having got so noble a victory, burned the unprofitable 
Scipio ●e●deth Lal●●● with the news to Rom●  spoil, being girded, as the Romans Generals be went. He sent to Rome ten talents of gold, and two M u C. of silver, and wrought ivory, and the most noble prisoners, L●lius being the messenger of the victory. The rest he took to honour his soldiers, and gave gifts to them that did best, and to Massinissa a Crown, and then he went, and took the Cities. And this was the end of Annibal and Scipio's fight in Libya, and the first time that they fought together. There died of the Romans two thousand five hundred, and of Massinissa's, more: of the enemies, five and twenty thousand: of prisoners were taken eight thousand five hundred: of the Iberians three hundred yielded to Scipio: of the Numidians eight hundred to Massinissa. Neither the Carthaginians, nor the Romans yet hearing of it, they of Carthage sent to Mago, gathering yet Frenchemen, to invade Italy if he could, or to sail into Liby● with his hired soldiers. The Romans intercepting these letters, sent to Scipio an other army of horse, and footmen, and ships and money. Scipio sent Octavius 
Carthage sendeth to Scipio for peace.  by land to Carthage, and himself went by water. When they of Carthage understood Annibals' overthrow, they sent Ambassadors in a pinnace, of the which Hanno Magnus and Asdrubal Haedus were chief. They set up a banner of peace on the stem, and held up their hands to Scipio, desiring pardon. He 
Carthage ●ueth for peace.  willed them to go to the Camp, where he being placed upon an high seat, gave them audience.  
They, with tears fallen to the ground, and being taken up of the officers, were commanded to say what they would. Then Annibal 〈◊〉 spoke.  
It is my part (O Romans,) and this Hanno, and as many, as be wise in Carthage, to clear ourselves of this fault that you put upon us. For your Ambassadors, whom our people, being driven by hunger offended, we saved and sent home, yet we must not blame all Carthage, for some desired peace first, and 
People in free cities disobedent.  they had it, and kept it firmly. Cities be soon drawn to the worst, & that which is pleasant, prevaileth ever with the multitude, which we have proved, being neither able to persuade them, nor to stay them. For they that did accuse us, and take free speech from us, do not judge us (O Romans) of our obedience or counsel: but if it seemeth a sault to be slow to obey, blame hunger and the necessity that drove us to it, for it was not a constrained act of them, so desire peace before, and give so much money, and to deliver all our long ships, save a few, and to yield a great part of our dominion, and to swear to them, and to sand our oath to Rome, our Ambassadors being yet with you, and willingly to offend. But a man may blame God chief, and the storm that drove your corn to Carthage. Beside the storm, hunger took you, (that cannot consider well of other men's things) being in need of all things, nor require good reason of a rude and miserable multitude. But if you judge us to do unjustly, & not to be in misery, we confess and pray forgiveness. Justification 
justification. Submission●  is of them, that do not offend, and submission of them that do offend, to the which, the mercy of them that be in prosperity aught to be the readier, beholding the chances of men, and considering the sudden mutations, that now we do cry for pardon, that yesterday were able to do hurt: as the city of Carthage, the greatest and mightiest of Libya, both in ships, money and Elephants, and in army of foot and horsemen, & many subjects have flourished these. 700. years, and ruled all Libya, and other nations and Islands, and so great a part of the sea, & coming against you many times in contention, and now neither in ships nor Elephants, nor horse, nor subjects, (all the which you have taken from us) have any hope of help, but in you, whom we have evil used before. The which you considering, and marking the alteration of them, aught to use your felicity the more temperately, and do that shall seem worthy for your magnanimity (O Romans) and the fortune that Carthage sometime had & to put the mutations of ●ate in our misfortunes void of envy, you may be without blame afore God, and deserve praise of all men. There is no fear now that the Carthaginians will rebel, whom so great repentance and pain of their former folly, doth fall upon. Good counsel is the keeper of innocency to wise men, to offendoures to repent them, for that they have suffered, whom, it is like to be the more constant in their duties, than they that had never such experience. Neither is it fit for you to follow the Carthaginians, whom you accuse of cruelty, and wickedness. For in them that be in misery, want and calamity, is the beginning of offence: to them that be in prosperity, it is at their pleasure to use humanity. It shall be as honourable, as profitable for your authority, rather to save than to kill so great a City: you be now the better Judges of your commodities. We bring but two things to the assurance thereof: the worthiness of dominion that Carthage sometime hath had, and your moderation toward all men, which being joined with arms, hath brought you to so great Empire and power. What conditions you will give us of peace, we will take them, of the which, we can say no more, committing all to you.  
When Haedus had said thus much, he ceased. Scipio willing them to avoid, conferred with the officers a while, and when he had determined, he called them, and said:  
You be worthy no pardon that so ●ste have broken peace, 
Scipio to the Ambassadors of Carthage.  and lastly de●●ied our Ambassadors, so manifestly and wickedly offending against us, that you can neither purge yourselves, nor show any matter to the contrary, but that you are worthy extreme punishment. What need I to accuse them that confess? you flee to prayer, that would not have left the name of Rome, if you had got the victory: but we have done no such thing to you, your Ambassadors being yet in Rome, after you had broken the league, and violated our Ambassadors, our City delivered, and being driven to mine army, I sent unhurt to you, when you made war on us. Therefore you aught to think it gain, whatsoever you receive, having condemned yourselves. I will say what I think good, and the Senate shall determine what shall please them.  
We give you peace once again (O Carthaginians) if you give all your long ships unto the Romans, except ten, and all the Elephants you have, and those you took before, and pay for them that be lost, I being judge of the doubts, and all the prisoners and run aways, and so many, as Annibal brought out of 〈…〉 and thus within thirty days after the peace is made. And that in threescore days Mag● shall depart out of ●●g●●●, and that you take your garrisons out of the Cities, which be without the ●●●●he of P●●●nicia, and deliver the pledges you have of them.  
And that every year you shall bring two hundred talentes, of Euboea, for fity years.  
That you shall h●re no more Frenchmen or Ligurians.  
That you shall make no war upon Mass●●●ss●, nor any other friend of ours, nor any of Carthage war against them by the common consent.  
That you shall have your city, and so much land, with the Phoenicians ditch, as you had when I sailed into Libya.  
That you shall be friends to the Romans both by sea and land, if the Senate do confirm it: and if they do confirm it, that the Romans shall go out of Libya in a hundred and fifty days, and if you will have truce, to sand to Rome.  
You shall give us out of hand, an hundred and fifty Hostages, of such children, as I shall choose.  
And you shall give to the expenses of the war, a thousand talents more, and victual for the army, and when the peace is concluded, you shall receive your pledges.  
When Scipio had said thus, the Ambassadors bore the faults to Carthage.  
The people resorting many days to the counsel, the best sort thought it good to accept the conditions, and not to put all in hazard, in sticking for somewhat.  
When the corn should go away, the people not considering 
People resist peace.  more the present peril, than the taking away of that they had, did resist, and were grieved, that the rulers should take away their corn for the Romans, in their famme, and give it them in stead of Citizens, during the truce. They stood about every of them, and threatened to burn their houses, and spoil them.  
In the end knowing that Annibal had gathered six thousand footmen, and five hundred horsemen, staying at a City named Marthma, they called him to be of counsel in these matters. He came, and the sober sort being afraid, that he, being a man of war, would have stirred the people. He persuaded very 
Annibal pursue. sa●deth peace.  gravely to receive the peace. The people outrageously spoke evil of him, and threatened all, till the noble men fled, some to Massimssa, and some to the Romans willingly, despairing of the City. The Carthaginians understanding that Annibal had gathered corn plentifully into a Storehouse, they made much ado for it, till they got it, and divided it among them.  
In this mean time, was news come to Rome, of the new 
In this place the Greek text is unperfect.  peace, that Scipio had made with them of Carthage. And the matter being debated in the Senate house, one of the Senatoures said thus:  
If we should not agree to this peace, it were both injurious 
Discord in the Senate house touching the peace.  and vniuste●o Scipio, the which he suspecting, as it seemeth, when he had declared his mind unto us. He added: That if we made delay, he would make peace. It is like that he considereth the matter better than we, and seeth more in it, because he hath all before him: if we do otherwise, we shall offend his estimation, a good Citizen, and a noble captain, who provoked us unwilling to send into Africa, and having no army of us, did get one himself, and hath promoted us so far as we could not hope. Therefore it is to be wondered, that you that were so faint at the beginning in the war, are now so earnest and vehement. Now if any man thinketh all to be well, and yet fears that the Carthaginians will break this league, it is now most like they will keep the peace, being so oft afflicted for breaking of it, and that henceforth they will keep Justice better, being fallen on the knee, by unrighteousness. It is not a like counsel, now to despise the Carthaginians, as of no power, and again to fear, that they might rebel. It is more easy for us to keep them, that they shall no more rise, than to destroy them presently. For now they will fight of desperation, whom we might keep under with fear. They have evils enough without us, with whom all their neighbours are grieved for their cruelty. And Massinissa a man most faithful to us, shall ever lie in wait of them. But if any man do contemn all this, and thinketh only how he may succeed Scipio, and of his own commodity, and to have the like success that he hath had in the end, what shall we do with the City if we hap to take it? shall we destroy it utterly, because they spoiled our ships and victuals which they are content to deliver with much more? 
Contention in Rome for peace with Carthage.  but we will not do this, to avoid the anger of Gods, and hate of men. Shall we give it to Massinissa? though he be our friend, yet is not he to be made too strong, but to let him and them contend together, for the common weal of Rome. Will we make a rent of the Country? The army that we shall keep there, 
What is to be considered in war.  will spend all the revenne, for we shall stand in fear of many of the nigh nations, and of all the Barbarians. But we will sand inhabitants in the midst of the Numidians, they being most strong of the Barbarians, will always work our woe, and if they get the better hand, they shall be terrible and hateful to us ever after, having so great a land, and much better than ours. The which Scipio, as I judge, perceiving, thought good for us to hear the prayers of Carthage, therefore let us consent to their prayers, and our General. Thus he said.  
P. Cornelius, Cornelius Lentulus kinsman, being then Consul, 
P. Cornelius speaketh against the peace that Scipio offered to the Carthaginians.  and thought good to succeed Scipio, spoke against it in this sort.  
In wars only profit is to be considered: and because it hath been declared, that this city being yet of power, is to be maintained, we aught to take away their unfaithfulness, together with their power and might: but their unfaithfulness we shall never take away. There is no time so fit for us to be delivered from the fear of Carthage, as this present, in the which they all be poor and weak, before they grow to strength again: yet do I not serve from consideration of Justice, nor think our City shall seem to deal ●ute of reason with the Carthaginians, who when they be in weal, do injury and despite to all men: in their woe, they fall to prayers: if they obtain, they forsake their agreement again: neither have they regard of promise, nor respect of oath, whom we must save for the fear of God and envy of men. I think the Gods themselves have brought the Carthaginians to that point, to suffer for their wickedness, which violating the peace they made with us in Sicily, Iberia, and Italy, and in Libya itself, and with all other have wrought great mischief and trouble to us, of the which I will show some examples of strange nations, before I come to ours, that you may see that all will agree that Carthage should be punished. They destroyed Sagunt a noble city of Iberia, confederate 
Sigunt is now called Mur●edre  to them, and a friend to us, sparing no age without cause.  
When they had taken Nuceria, a City subject to us, upon 
Examples of the Carthaginians cruelty and unfaithfulness. Nuceria, now Nocera. Acerra. one in ●mb●●a, an other in Campania.  conditions, and swearing that every man should depart with two garments, they shut the chief of them within the Baths, and set the Hothouses afyre, and killed them, and when the people went forth, they shot them to death. They put the Senate of Acerra, after they had given their faith, into pits, and overwhelmed them with earth. They brought M. Cornelius our Consul, upon their oaths, to see their Captain that was sick, and carried him out of Sicily into Libya with xxij ships. They killed Regulus with torments, an other Captain of ours, returning to them to keep his oath. What Annibal hath done, by force, by deceits, by perjury, against our Cities and armies, and at length against his own confederates, overthrowing cities, 
Four hundred cities destroyed in Italy by Annibal.  kill his confederates, it were too long to tell. They defaced four hundred of our cities, our prisoners they put in ditches and rivers, and used them for bridges: some they threw to their Elephants, foam they commanded to fight together, matching brethren against brethren, & fathers against sons. Shortly after this, they sent hither Ambassadors for peace, they made request, and gave their oath, and they spoiled our ships in Liby●, and put our soldiers in prison, while their Ambassadors sadoures were here present, to so great inadnesse did their cruelty drive them. What pity or moderation is to be used, with them of others, that use modesty or courtesy with none, who, if they might overcome us (as 〈…〉 sa●eth) would not leave the name of Rome? But Faith and Promise' ●● sure. What faith? what promise? what oath have they not broken? what covenant or pardon have not they violated? but they say we may not followed them. What covenant do we break, which yet have made none? but we may not follow their cruelty, therefore we must make most cruel men, our friends and confederates: neither of these is convenient. But let them yield unto us after the law of them that be overcome, as many have yielded themselves. We will consider of them, and what we give them, let them thank us, and not think it to come of agreement, for those two differ thus: As long as they covenant with us, they will break, as they have done afore, always making some pretence for their purpose, as not well used in the conditions, for there are ever devices to be made to call a matter in question. When they give themselves, we shall receive them and their armour, and their bodies shall be with us, they shall suppose nothing to be there's, and so their pride shall fall. They shall love whatsoever they shall receive of us, as of a thing not there's. If Scipio thinketh otherwise, you have to judge by s●●●ce: if he agreeth with the Carthaginians, without us, why sendeth he unto us? I have said my mind to you that be Lords, which I think fit for the City. This said P●●●●us. The Senate gave their voices severally, and the more part agreed with Scipio.  
Thus the third league was made between the Romans ● 〈…〉 give 〈…〉 io seemed to move the ●●man●● her●to●ether for 
Causes that ●●de S●●pio to make peace with the Car●●a g●●ans.  y● rea●●● declared▪ ●●●●●●use he thought y● R●m●ne● felicity to be ●now, if they took away the rule of Ca●thage. There be y●●hink, that he would have this nigh City, and an enemy to be left to 〈…〉 h● ●●man●● in good temperature, lea●● then should grow 
〈…〉 ● goodly 〈…〉 in the 〈…〉 an sea, adjoining to Ca●●a.  〈…〉 through great 〈…〉▪ ● 〈…〉 e. ●●e which conside 〈…〉 of Scip●●, not long after, Cato rehearsed to the Romans, being grievedy ● they were incensed against the Rhodians. When Sc●●●o had set order, he sailed to Rome with all his army, and entered with a triumph, more goodly than bade been before time. And the manner of it, which they now use also, was this:  
All aware garlands. The trumpetours go before, and the wagons laden with the spoil. Towers are born with the Images of the Cities taken, and pictures and figures of the things done. Then the gold and silver uncoined and coined, and other things of that sort, and so many Crowns as the City's confederates, or armies, had given the general for his virtue. 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉▪ The Greek word sometime signified pypers but here it is S●●●● after the T●sc●●● manner.  Then the white kine and the Elephants. Then the Carthaginians and N●midians that were taken. Before the general, the Macebearers went in purple garments, and a company of musicans & satires, after the Tuscan manner, being girded and wearing a Crown of gold, they go in order again with song and dance. They call them, Ludi, because as I think, the ●hoscanes be an inhabitant from Lydia. In the midst of them▪ one in a rob of purple, decked with rings & bracelets of gold, maketh diverse shows to move laughter, as flouting of enemies. After him a multitude of Perfumers, and the general among these Perfumers in a chariot, diversly garnished, for it was set with gold and stone of great price. He was clad with a purple rob with bars of gold, after his Country manner, and a Sceptre of ivory, and a laurel, which the Roman thinketh 
Laurel or Bay, dedicated to triumphs and to the gates of emperors houses.  a token of victory.  
In the same Chariot be carried boys and girls, and on either side going men that be of kin. Then follow they that have been scribes, ministers, and pages in the war. After them the army in bands and companies, with garlands and Laurel, every man with his gifts according to his worthiness: some of the rulers they praise, some they mock, and some they taunt. For the triumph is privileged, and lawful to say what 
Privilege of triumph.  they will.  
When Scipio was come to the Capitol, the triumph ceased, and he feasted his friends as the manner is, at the Temple.  
This end had the second war between the Romans and Carthage, begun in Spain, and ending in Libya, with these conditions, about the hundred forty four Greek olympiad.  
Massinissa falling out with the Carthaginians, and trusting to 
Massinissa falls out with the Carthagies.  the Romans, took a great part of the Carthagies land, as belonging to him.  
The Carthaginians desired the Romans to agree Massinissa 
Partiality of the Romans.  and them. They sent arbitrours, with instructions to help Massinissa as much as they might. So Massinissa had the land, and a league was made between them for fifty years, in the which, the Carthaginians having peace, grow into great power and wealth by the plenty of their ground, and traffic of the sea: and again, as men be wont in prosperity, were divided, some for the Romans, some for the people, and some for Massinissa. Of every of these the chief in fame 
Factions in Carthage.  and virtue governed: for the Romans, Hanno Magnus: for the people, Amilchar Sān●●, and Carthalon: for Massinissa, Annibal called Opsar.  
They waiting the Romans being at war with the Celtiberians, 
Celtiberia is that part of Spain which now they call Arragon. ●o●●●rch was an office of the state highest as appeareth in Plutarch.  and Massinissa at debate with other Iberians, persuaded Carthalon the Bo●tarche, and for that office going about the country, to make a fray upon such as kept the land for Massinissa. He killed some of them, and chased the other, and stirred the Libyans of that Country against Massinissa, and many conflicts were between them, till the Romans sent other ambassadors to agree them, to whom was said the like, that 
The Romans partial.  they should secretly favour Massinissa: & they confirmed to Massinissa all that he had taken by this craft. They said nothing, nor they herded nothing, lest Massinissa should have had the worst: but being in the midst between them both, they held up their hands: and this was the commandment, and the Atonement. 
To hold up hands in the greek phrase is to decide and determine. Tysca a country of ●i●tie Cities.  Not long after, Massinissa called into controversy the great land and plains, of fifty Cities, which they call Tysca, in the which the Carthaginians fled again to the Romans. They promised to send ambassadors, and deferred so long, till they thought Massinissa had the better. Then they sent the Ambassadors and Cato. They coming to the bateable land, 
Cato, Arbiter.  required both parts to stand to their arbitrement. Massinissa was content, b●cause he trusted the Romans and got by them. The Carthaginians suspected, as them that before had judged not rightly. They said the league made by Scipio needed no judgement nor correctors ●, because there was no breach of them.  
The ambassadors not allowed to judge of part, went their way, and diligently marked the ground, very well laboured▪ with great preparation, and when they went into the City, perceived of what strength it was, and how the people was increased since Scipio had overcome them, which was not long. Being come to Rome, they said they had not suspicion enough of Carthage, a City adversary, and a neighbour, that was exceedingly increased. And Cato chiefly said, 
Cato against Carthage.  that Rome could not be sure, nor in liberty, till Carthage was destroyed. The Senate understanding it, minded to make war on the Carthaginians, but tarried for an occasion, and kept their judgement close. And Cato continually from that time, said in the Counsel, that Carthage must not stand. But Scipio Nassica said the contrary, that Carthage 
Scipio contrary to Cato.  must be suffered, to keep the Romans in fear and good order.  
The people's part prevailing in Carthage, put out the friends of Massinissa, about the number of sourtye, and they 
Tumult in Carthage.  made a decree of banishment, and swore the people, that they should neither receive them again, nor suffer any speech to be had of their restoring. They being banished, fled to Massinissa, and provoked him to war.  
He sent his two sons, Galossa and Missipsa, to require them 
Two sons of Massinissa sent to Carthage. Amilchar Sa 〈…〉  to receive the banished men. The ruler shut the gates against them, lest the kinsmen of the banished, might move the people with their tears.  
And Amilchar Samnis lay in wait for them, and set upon Gelossa, and killed some of his men, and made him afraid. Wherefore to give occasion of war, Massinissa took the City of ●●scopa, coveting it above the conditions. 
Oroscopia.   
The Carthaginians, with five and twenty thousand footmen 
Captains of Massinissa ●euolte to the enemies.  and four hundred horsemen of the City, the ruler of the provision being Captain, made war against Massinissa, and encamping nigh Asasis & Sybas, Captains of Massinissa, contending with the king's children, fled from him, and led away six thousand. Asdrubal encouraged by this, camped nearer Massinissa, and in the skirmishes had the better. Massinissa to deceive him, went back by little and little, as though he had fled, until he had brought him into a desert field full of hills and rocks, and void of victual. Then he turned and camped in the plain, and Asdrubal ran to the hills as the more surer, and then intended to come the next day to fight.  
Scipio the younger that afterward took Carthage, serving under 
Scipio the younger.  Lucullus in Celtiberia, came to Massinissa to desire him to sand Elephants, Massinissa preparing his body for the fight against 
The age, strength and valtantnesse of Massinissa.  the next day, sent horsemen to receive him and diverse of his sons. He, by break of day, ordered his army being. ixxxviij. years of age, riding yet very strongly, and leaping upon the bore horse, as the manner is of the Numidians, being a good captain, and a fight soldier.  
The Numidians be most strong, and among them that live 
Numidians of long life.  long, of most long life. The cause is peradventure, that they have no sharp winter, by the which every thing is destroyed, nor the summer so hot as the Aethiopians and Indians, therefore this region bringeth forth most strong beasts, and the men be always in the air and in labour, they drink little wine, and their diet is very simple and thin.  
Massinissa on horseback, directed his army, and Asdrubal brought his people, which were very many, against 
Scipio beholdeth the fights between the Carthagies and Massinissa.  him, for many were come to him out of the Country.  
Scipio beheld the fight from an high place, as from a Theatre. He was wont to say that he had seen many fields, but never none with such pleasure, for he alone without care saw a hundred and ten thousand men fight together, and he said that only two beside him, had seen the like 
Id● an hill in Troade.  war at Troy. jupiter from Ida, and Neptune from Samothracia. This fight continued from morning till night, and after many slain on both sides, Massinissa seemed to have the better. Scipio met with him as he returned, and rejoiced with him: he received him as an ancient friend, and showed him all pleasure he could.  
When the Carthaginians herded that Scipio was come, they 
Scipio is made ●mper betwixt Massinissa and the Carthogies.  prayed him that he would make an end between Massinissa and them: he brought them together, and for the agreement, the Carthaginians offered Massinissa the land they had at Empurium, and to give him two hundred talents of silver presently, and eight hundred in time: and when he desired the outlaws to be restored, they could not abide to hear it. And so they departed doing nothing. Scipio returned to Spain, with his Elephants. Massinissa lay about the hill of his enemies, waiting that no victual should be brought them. There was none nigh hand, and to himself, a great way off, it was brought with much 
Partiality of the Romans.  ado, and very little. Asdrubal at the first, might have passed thorough his enemies, his army being strong and sound: but because he was better stored of victual than Massinissa, he thought he would have sued for peace: and he tarried also, hearing 
Privy instructions given the ambassadors.  that Ambassadors came from Rome to make peace: To whom it was said: That if Massinissa were overcome, they should end the matter, but if he had the better, they should encourage him. And so they did.  
The famine consigned Asdrubal and the Carthaginians, who 
Famine in the Carthagies camp.  were so weak in body, that they could not force the enemy. First they eat their beasts, than their horses of carriage, than they sodde their horse gyrthes and eat them. Many diseases took them, as well for their evil sustenance, as for their lack of labour, and heat of the year. For a multitude of men in a camp was thronged together in a little space, and heat of Libya, and when wood failed them to seeth their meat, they burned their Targets. The dead men were not carried away, for Massinissa would not suffer it, nor they were not burned for lack of wood. The pestilence was great amongst them, and danger, for the savours and corrupted bodies. The most part of the army died, and the rest had no hope of lise. Therefore 
The Carthegies yield to Massinissa.  they promised to restore to Massinissa his runaways, & to pay him 5000, talents of silver in fifty years, & to receive their banished men contrary to their oaths, & they to pass through one gate, by their enemies, only in their coats. Celossa, being yet grieved with them for the injury they did him, whither by his father's consent, or of himself, sent the Numidian horsemen upon them as they went away, to be revenged of them, they neither having armour to defend, nor strength to fly, so that of. 58000. 
The Carthagies slain.  men few came safe to Carthage, and with them Asdrubal the captain, and other of the noble men. This was the end of the war between Massinissa and the Carthagies. Then followed the third and last war of the Romans in Libya. When the Carthaginians were thus weakened by the overthrow of Massinissa, 
The third war with Carthage.  and their City in most feeble state, they were afraid of Massinissa, being at hand with so great an army, and of the Romans, ever their heavy enemies, and seeking occasion, for that was done against Massinissa, in neither of the which they were deceived: for as soon as the Romans heard of it, they appointed an army over all Italy, not showing to what use, that they might be ready when they should be called. The Carthaginians thinking to put away this occasion, condemned Asdrubal 
Asdrubal is condemned. Boetharch was a chief office in Thebes, and Boeotia. Ambassadors from Carthage to Rome.  that was Captain of the war against Massinissa, and Carthalone the Boetharch, and all other that were occasions of it, putting the blame of the war upon them. They sent ambassadors to Rome, that accused Massinissa, and also accused these men, that so rashly and suddenly made the business, and brought the City into danger of enmity. One of the Senators asked them, why they did not punish the authors of the war at the beginning, but after they were overcome, and had good will to make war again upon us, and sought occasion of it: to him they answered, that the Carthaginians in deed had not yet satisfied the Romans. Therefore being troubled again, they asked if 
The doubtful dealing of the Senate with the Carthagies.  they were thought to offend, what they might do to make amendss? They said thus, to this word: If you shall satisfy the Romans. Some thought, in debating what this satisfaction should be, that the Romans would add more money to that Scipio had appointed. Some thought to grant Massinissa the land that was in controversy. Then they sent ambassadors again to Rome, to know expressly, what would satisfy the Romans, to whom it was answered, that the Carthaginians known well enough, and so sent them away. Then they were in doubt and fear of this matter. Utica was the greatest City in Libya next Carthage, having fair ports, and a country plentiful to sustain an army, lx. furlongs from it, & fit to make war against them: being in doubt of Carthage, & uttering their old hate 
Utica is given to the Romans.  against them in time, sent ambassadors to Rome, to yield Utica to the Romans. The Senate that before was inclined and prepared to this war, by the coming of so mighty and convenient a City unto them, opened their mind, and being assembled in the Capitol, where they were wont to consult of war, decreed the war against Carthage. They sent out of 
The third was with Carthage is determined.  hand the Consuls, Marcus Manilius with the footmen, and Lucius Marcius Censorinus with the navy, to whom was given in secret, that they should not leave the war, till Carthage were taken.  
When they had sacrificed, they sailed into Sicily, to go from thence to Utica. They had fifty galleys, a hundred foists, & many Crayers, Barks and Hoys. They had an army of xc thousand footmen, and four thousand horsemen, all of the best sort, every citizen & confederate, being desirous to go to so noble a voyage, and many willingly put their names 
Wat made without proclamation.  in the roll. Warning, and war itself was given the Carthagies by one messenger. For he carried the decree of war, and showed the ships that sailed against them. They were amazed & in despair, for want of ships, & so great a loss of their youth, neither having confederates nor hired soldiers, nor victuals to endure a siege, nor any thing else in war sudden & not proclaimed, nor being able to resist the Romans and Massinissa too. They sent other ambassadors to Rome with full authority, to satisfy for the present, as well as they could. The Senate said to the ●●●●f 
The Senate sayeth one thing and means another.  the Carthaginians within xxx days shall deliver to the Consuis that be yet in Sicily, three hundred of your most noble children for pledges, and shall do in other things as they shall will them, it is lawful for Carthage to be free and of itself, and have all their land in Libya. Thus they decreed openly, and gave the 
●●ident deuble dealing of the Romans.  Carthaginians the decree, to carry to Carthage: but in secret they sent to to the Consuls, to keep their former instructions. The Carthaginians suspected this determination, that the peace would not be firm, though they delivered their children: but beingin such a danger, nor having where to put their trust, but with diligence to show their readiness, they carried their children to Sicily, their parents and their friends lamenting, specially their mothers, the which, like mad women followed their children and the ships, and held the soldiers and the Anchors, and pulled the tackle, and stopped the Mariners, and stayed the sails: some followed swimming a great way in the sea, weeping that they were taken from their children. Some upon the land, did tear their hair and beat their breasts, as they are wont in a funeral. For it seemed in word, a delivery of children, for a conformity, but in deed, it was a very yielding of the City, their children being delivered upon no certain condition: and many did prophesic in the delivery of th●ir children, that it should not profit the City. This was the manner of the conveying of the children at Carthage. When they were come to Sicily, the Consuls sent them to Rome. And there it was said unto them, that they should hear the end of the war in Utica. 
The Romans ●ri●● at Utica.   
The Romans being come thither, lay with their army, where Scipio did before, their navy harboured in the ports of Utica. The ambassadors being come from Carthage, the Consuls sat on high seats, the Colonels and Marishals standing about them. The army on either side in a great length, appareled with fair armour, their ensigns they hold up, that the Ambassadors might see the multitude of them. Then the 
Firba●●● lo●●es of Cartha●●●●●, the Con●●●s at Utica.  Consuls commanded silence with a Trumpet. The Trumpet called the Carthaginians to come near. They were led through the long army, not very nigh the sear of State but at a bar in the midst. The Consuls commanded them to say their message. They spoke much to move pity, and divers things, touching the leagues made between them and the Romans, & of Carthage, a City of so long continuance, of people and power, & both by sea and land of most great dominion, which they spoke not, (they said) to extol themselves, for in adversity it is 
Adversity.  no time to vaunt: but you (O Romans) may be moved toreason and modesty by our sudden mutation. They be best that pity them that fall, for they make their own hope the better, 
Mutation of Fortune.  that do not deal evil with them that be in misfortune. This is a thing fit for you & your modesty, to have chief consideration of men, But if we have found you sharp enemies, the misfortunes we have suffered, may satisfy you, which are spoiled of the power, vie had by sea and land, and have given our ships to you and made no more, and have refrained from hunting and possessing of Elephants, & have given our best pledges both before and now, and have paid our tribu●es truly, which were wont to receive of other. And this was sufficient to your fathers, 
Ancient Romans kept cove nauntes.  with whom we made war, who, when they had made peace with us, used us as friends and confederates. The oath 
Oath in league.  that is made in a league, is alike to both: and they were faithful to us in peace, after we had made an end of war. But you, with whom we have not contended, what can you allege for breaking of covenants, or that you should so suddenly decree war, & come upon us, before it was proclaimed? have we not paid you our tributes? have we ships or Elephants to be envied? are we not to be pitied, that of late lost fifty thousand men by famine? but we have made war upon Massinissa, who is increased by it, and all we have suffered for you, for being rigorous and injurious to us, and to the soil in which he was nourished and brought up. He goat from us our land at Emporio, which 
Empori●.  when he had, he invaded more, till agreement was made between him and us, by you: if this be the pretence of this war, we condemned the offenders of him by proclamation, and sent Ambassadors to you, that might purge us, and others after that, with full power to make peace, as you would, What needeth then, ships, and navy, and army against men, not only confessing to have offended, but yielding themselves unto you? That we meant no deceit to you, nor refuse to suffer any pain that you would put upon us, it appeareth plainly, when we sent our best children in pledges to you, as you required, and that within xxx days, as the decree commanded. The tenot of which decree is, that if we deliver our pledges: 
Decree, if pledges were delivered.  that Carthage should be free, and of itself, and enjoy the land we have. Thus said the Ambassadors. Then Censorinus stood up 
The Roman Consul to the Carthaginians.  and said: What need we show the causes of war to you (O Carthaginians) sending Ambassadors to Rome, and learning that of the Senate? what you said untruly of us, that I will reprove. For the decree is manifest, and we said before unto you in Sicily, when we received your pledges, that you should have the rest of our commandments at Utica. For the choice and speedy bringing of your pledges, we praise you. What needeth armour to them that keep peace purely? Deliver all your public and private armour that every man hath: Bring to us your shot and munition. Thus he said. The Ambassadors said, that they would obey this also, but were afraid, that Asdrubal being condemned by proclamation, and leading twenty M. men, and encamping at Carthage, would reunst it. The Consuls said, that the Romans would see to that. Then they promised to deliver 
The Carthagit. nians deliver the ● armour.  this also: There was sent with them Cornelius Scipio Nasica, and C●eus Cornelius Hispalus: they brought forth two C. M. harnesses, arrows, & darts an infinite number, & slings that threw headed arrows, and stones. 2000 The sight of this carriage was fair & strange, so many wagons being carried of the enemies. The Ambassadors followed them, and the best of the ancient sort in the City, the priests and other of estimation, and all to move the Consuls to change, or to mercy. Being brought with that order to the Consuls, Censorinus that was more eloquent than his fellow, stood up, and with a severe countenance, said thus: 
The Carthaginians are commanded to forsake the City.  We praise you of Carthage for your obedience, and readiness in delivering both your pledges and your armour. To men in necessity, short speech behoveth. Forsake you Carthage, and dwell where you will, four score furlongs from the sea, for we be determined to deface Carthage. While he was saying this, they held up their hands with a cry to the heavens, and called upon the Gods, as men deceived, and wished all evils upon the Romans, as men that would die, or were beside themselves, or provoke the Romans into hate of the Ambassadors. They fell upon the earth, and with their hands and heads did beat it, some tore their garments, and defiled their bodies, as driven beside themselves. When the passion was passed, a great silence and astonishment appeared, as though they had been dead. The Romans were amazed, and the Consuls known they were strike with the strange commandment, & would be in that passion for a time, 
So ●aine passion  perceiving very well, that greatest griefs do strike most vehemently at the first, but in time, necessity causeth boldness to obey.  
Thus were the Carthaginians asflicted, and with their silence feeling greater matter, they ceased their disdainfulness, & fell to weeping and lamenting themselves, and their children, and their wives by name, and their Country, as though it had heard them, as a man, speaking many lamentable things. The priests called upon their holy things, and their Gods, as though they had been present, laying their destruction upon them. There was a confused and miserable mourning of them that brought both public and private things, that it made the Romans themselves to weep. The Consuls were also strike with such humane mutation, and with severe manner abode the fullness of the matter,  
When they had ceased weeping, they waxed silent again, considering that their city was naked and unarmed, having neither ship, sword, dart, nor engine, nor men sufficient to resist l M. being destroyed of late: strangers aid had they none, nor friend, nor confederate, nor tyme. Their enemies had all, their children, their armour, their land, and came armed against their City with ships, footmen, engines and horse. 〈◊〉 another enemy, was at their sides. They refra●d from rage and choler, as nothing profiting in calamities. They turned again to reason. And Hanno that is called Gylla, obtaining 〈◊〉 to speak, said thus:  
If there be any regard with you, (O Romans) of our former 
〈◊〉 Gylla, to the 〈◊〉.  speeches, we would speak, not as they that can bring forth any thing to ●usti●e us, for there is no resistance in time to the afflicted, but that you may learn, it is not without reason or cause that you should have pity of us. We having dominion in Libya and the sea, have many times contended with you for the sovereignty, and a● length gave place to Scipio, when we delivered our ships and Elephants to you, and agreed to give you tribute, and gave them in time. Then forth Gods ●h●t be judges, spare us, spare us also for the oath that Scipio made us, that the Romans should be friends and confederates to the Carthaginians. There is not, wherein we have offended: we have neither ships nor Elephants, nor have left our tributes, but we have taken your part against iij. Kings, and it aught not to displease 
Ph●●●pp●s. 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉. Misery cause of much spea●●●●.  you, if we said this before, when we delivered you ●●r armour. For misery maketh men speak much: nothing is more strong in supplications▪ than covenants made, nor we have any other thing for our refuge but words, seeing we have delivered to you all our strength. Of these former things, 〈◊〉 (O Romans) was our assurance. Of the present, you Consuls 
Misery.  be ●●●●ours and witness with us. You required pledges, and he brought them to you of the best sort. You required armour, and you have it all, which they that are t●ken with ●iege, will not willingly deliver: we have trusted the Roman custom and manner, for the ●●●nate commanded us, and you when ●●u required pledges, ●a●●e that 〈◊〉 should be free, when you had them, but if it were added, that we should receive the rest of the commandments▪ it is not right that you, affirming in plain speech, that ●ure City should be free after the re●●it of the pledges, to appoint the overthrow of Carthage itself. If you think you may desiroy it, how can you give it liberty, or to be of itself, as you say? This we have to say of the former league, and of that yourselves have don●. If this will not be accepted of you, we give over all, and that which is only left to men in misery, we flee to complaint and prayer: Much prayer is requisite for the multitude of evils. We béeseeche you for the ancient City, inhabited by the Oracle of the Gods, and for the great glory that it had, and the name that is spread over all the earth, and for the holy things that be so many in it, and for the Gods that have not offended, whose solemnities, pomps, and feasts do not spoil, nor the sepultures and funerals, since none of the dead men have done you any injury. If any pity be in you, saying, you pity us, if you suffer us to have dwelling place, spare the place of public assembly, spare the Country Ceremonies, spare the God of Counsel, and all other that to them that be alive be fruitful and honourable. What need you have any fear of Carthage, when you have our Ships, armour, and our Elephants that be envied? Touching our habitation, if you will so comfort us, is it impossible for men that have lived in the sea, to dwell in y● main land? of them an infinite number doth occupy the sea. We give you a choice more for our contentation, and your glory. Suffer the City to stand▪ that hath hurt none of you, and kill us, whom you would have remove. So shall you seem to be angry with men, and not with holy things, Gods and Sepulchres, and the City that hath not offended. You Romans have had regard of good fame, and rightwiseness in all your works, and you show modesty in prosperity, add this you use toward all that you take. Remember jupiter and the other Gods, that yet have Carthage, and do not bring evils upon you and your children, do not blot your good fame first upon us, nor deface your glory with such an act, evil to be done, and evil to be heard of, and begun first of you afore all other living. There have been many wars between the Grecians and the Barbarians, and many between you Romans and others, yet was there never any that defaced a City, giving their hands afore fight, and delivering their armour and children, and if there be any hurt in the world, to sufer it patiently: Bringing to you the Gods sworn, the fortune 
Revengement belongeth to God.  of man, and the most fearful Gods of revengeance, to them that be in felicity. We beseech you not to dishonour yourselves upon our state, that hath prospered, neither to bring your felicity into infamy: give us leave, if you will not suffer us to have our City, to send Ambassadors again to the Senate, to make intercession. You see a little distance of time, but bringing an heap of long torments in a short while, for the duty of the thing to come: For it is in your power to do what you will, either now or shortly after: Let pity and humanity be present with you. This said Hanno.  
The Consuls evidently seemed sad all the while he spoke, because they could grant them nothing, and when they had made an end, Censorinus said.  
Of that the Senate hath commanded, what need we 
The Roman Consul to the Carthaginians.  speak much? for that it hath commanded, it must be obeyed, neither can we stay that they have commanded to be done. For what we command our ennimyes to do, we do but speak it, and it must be done. And because the common profit is in talk, both ours, and much more yours, (O Carthaginians) I will not refuse to speak to you by reason, if you can be persuaded rather than compelled. The Sea putting you in 
Sea occasion of offence.  mind of your power and dominion, stirreth you to offend, and by that to fall into adversity. For by that, you have overcome 
Sicily. Spain.  Sicily, which being done, you sailed into Spain, and took it, in the time of truce: you rob all merchants, and chief cures: and that it might not be known, you drowned them, till you were taken, and paid Sardinia for a penalty. So you lost Sardinia, by the Sea, which naturally provoketh all men to covet too much, because of the speedy commodity of it. The Athenienses by being Seamen, did win much and lost all. For the Sea is like merchants gains, it hath great increase, and is lost 
Sea like Merchants.  at once. You know that they whom I now named, dilating their dominion from the Ionian sea, to the isle of Sicily, did not cease of coveting more, before they had lost all their power, 
Athenienses ●ost all by covering too much by sea  and given Ports and Ships to their enemies, and received a garrison into their City, and pulled down their long brickwall, and then were made to devil upon the high land, the which saved the most part of them. Surer is the life (O Carthaginians) upon the land, labouring the earth with quietness, 
Gain upon ●●nd, less, but more sure.  peradventure the gain is less, but surer. And less dangerous certainly is husbandry, than merchandise. And to me, a City 
A City in the sea like a ship  in the sea seemeth rather a ship than a land, having much tossing of business and mutability. In the Inland, the profit, is without peril, as upon the ground. And for this, the ancient Kingdoms for the most part were in the midst, 
The great Monarchies on the land.  and of it, were the greatest made, as of the Medians, the Assyrians, and the Persians', and others. But I will cease off examples of Kings, which do not agree with you. Look upon your own Libya, in the which you shall have neighbours, as you will choose, that you may take away the sight and memory that stir you to the things that now trouble you, when you look to the Sea, void of ships, remembering the number of Ships you have had, and the prays you have taken, and to what Ports you brought them plentifully, and filled your storehouses both of Ships and Treasure-houses of all preparation. Whereto serveth your walls, the receit of your armies, horses and Elephants? Whereto is the memory of them to you, but grief and a stirring, to come again to the same, if you can? It is the affection of man, by the remembrance of former fortune, to hope to come again to the like. The best remedy against evil fortune, 
Forgetfulness remedy against misery.  is forgetfulness, which you cannot have, except you take away the sight. And this is a manifest proof, that beingmany times pardoned for the breach of your promise, you have broken it still, if you yet covet rule, & bear us evil will, that have taken it from you, & wait your time: then have you need of such a city, of such ports, & Arsenalls and walls to be made to receive your army. And why should we pardon you, since we find you such adversaries? If you will leave your dominion in deed, not in word, rather than in sentence, being content with the land you have in Libya, and mind to keep without dissm●lation with us, do it & show it in deed, go devil in Libya, which you have, and leave the Sea, which you have los●●. Neither counter●a●te pity by holy things, country Gods, common place, and sepulchres. Whose sepulchres shall remain untouched, and to make the ceremonies to them, you may come and sacrifice to your holy Gods if you will. The rest we will take away. For you do not sacrifice in Arsenals, nor you make no yeare-minds upon the walls, Altars, houses, and Palaices, you may build where you go, and they shall forthwith be your Country: as you 
Carthaginians con●e of Tyrus.  left Tyrus and came into Libya, and that you possessed here, you call your country. And to be short, learn, that we do not 〈…〉 you this for evil will, but for sure agreement, and public concord. 
Alba.  If you can remember, that Alba, not an enemy, but a mother-city, not of evil mind, but willing inhabitance, for the common profit, we translated to Rome, and it was profitable to both people. But you say there be many with you, that 
Sea men.  work for their living by the sea. This we have foreseen, that you may have easy traffic by sea, and may carry and receive very commodiously: for we put you not far from the Sea, but four seore surl●ngs. We that do command you this, be a hundred surlongs from it: we give you a place, choose it yourself, and when you are there, to be of yourself. This is it we said before, that Carth●ge should be free, i● she obeyed us. We think you to be Carthage, and not the ground. 
Men be the city, and not houses.  When Cens●●inu● had said this, he ceased. The Carthag●es being astonished, said nothing. Then he said again. I have spoken what I thought might persuade you, and comfort you. But the Senate's commandment must be done, and that out of hand. Therefore go your way, for yet you be Ambassadors. Thus he spoke, and they were removed by the Sergeants▪ And foreseeing what might follow of it at Carthage, they desired leave to speak again, and being brought in, they said:  
We see your commandment must be obeyed, for you will 
Carthag●e● speak against.  not let us send to Rome, we do not hope to return to you, for we shall be killed of the Carthaginians, while we tell them your commandment: we be●●●ch you, not for ourselves, for we be ready to suffer all things, but for Carthage, if i● may be driven to su●●er calamity by ●●are, send your ships thither, while we go, that hearing and seeing your▪ commandment, they may bear it if they can. Into such extreme necessity, we are driven▪ as we desire you to send your ships against our own country. When they had thus said, they went their way.  
Censor●nus with twenty galleys, shoared about the City. Some of the ambassadors fled in the way, the more pa●te went on with silence. The Carthaginians looking for the ambassadors coming on the walls, were troubled with their tarriaunce, 
●ro●●le in Carth●g● at the sight ●t the Ambassadors.  and some ●ore their hear, some would not tarry, but went to m●●te them, so desirous to learn the truth. When they saw them heavy, they struck their faces, and did ask some, of them all, some of their friends and acquaintance, and when they had saluted them, and asked them, and had none answer, they lamented, as in an evident destruction: and some that herded them from the walls, lamented with them, not knowing any thing, as in a manifest and great adversity. At the entry of the gates, they had almost thrust one another to death, & almost torn the ambassadors in pieces, but that this saved them, that they must first speak with the Semors. Some le●t them, and some went on with them, desirous to know with the soon. When they were entered the Senate house, the Seniors commanded the other to avoid, and they only remained, the people stood without. The Ambassadors showed the commandment of the Consuls. The Senate cried ●ut, the people without did the like. The ambassadors showing further what they had all●●ged to the contrary, and what prayers they had made to send ambassadors to Rome, the Senate was in a deep silence again, a biding to hear the ●●de, and the people was in silence also, but when they herded, they might not sand 
Fury of the Carthagies▪  to Rome, they were turned into an exceeding shrieking. The people ran into them. Then fallen they to a Syria like mad men without reason, as the ministers of Bacchus be wont, which 
The feasts of ●●cch●● be ●hewed by tunes, for the drunken sort do differ little from mad folk.  they say, show their madness in diverse manners. Some were angry with the Senators, which were the cau●● why the pledgies were sent, and spoiled and tore them, as authors of the deceit: some for letting the armour go: some missused the ambasadours, as tellers of evil news, and dragged them about the City. Some tormented the Italians that were yet there, the 
The ●age of the people of Carthage.  case being sudden and not proclaimed, sundry ways, saying they were revenged of their pledgies and armour. The City was full of anger, fear, and threats. In the way, they called upon their best beloved things, they fled into the temples, as to Sanctuaries, they reviled their gods that could not help them. Other went to the armaries, and cried when they found them empty. Some went into the Arsenals and lamented their ships, as given to men without faith, and called some of the Elephants by name, as they had been present: some rebuked their ancestors and themselves, that should neither have given ships, rents, nor armour, but had died with their armed Country. And the mothers of the pledgies, did most move them to rage, which, like unto tragical Furies', ran to every man with shrieking, and objected the delivery of their children, and their speaking against it, and told them, God did punish them, for their children. A ●ew, that were sober, shut the gates, and filled the walls full of stones in stead of other weapons. The Senate decreed war that day, and gave liberty to bond 
Carthage determined to stand to deffence.  men. They chose generals, Asdrubal for the outward affairs, that was condemned to death, having then together twenty thousand men, and one went to him in haste to desire him not to forsake his afflicted country in extreme p●rils, nor to think now on the injury that was done him for fear of the Romans. Within the walls, another Asdrubal was choose, a nephew of Massinissa by his daughter. They sent to the Consuls for thirty days respite to send to Rome. Being 
The Carthagies are denied to sand to Rome.  denied this also, they fallen into a marvelous change of courage, whither they should suffer it, or leave their City, and forthwith, were filled with boldness, with a new change. The common houses, the public Temples, and all the holy places, and every other work of any strength, they wrought upon day and night, men and women, not ceasing, and gathered victuals by parts, as the time did serve: every day they made a hundred shields, three hundred 
The m●●u●●ous diligence of the Carthagies.  sword, and a thousand arrows to shoot, five hundred spears and pikes, and as many bows and slinges as they could. The women shaved their hair to make strings for them, because they wanted other matter, and continued in this provision. The Consuls, peradventure stayed to begin so monstrous a matter with leisure, thinking to take the city unarmed when they would, and supposed that they would give over for want, as in hard cases men be wont at the first, to be earnest, but with time & reason being persuaded, give place to fear, by the which one of the Carthagies, supposing fear had possessed them, durst come into the common place, as though he would have spoken of some other matter, & said, that they being unarmed, aught 
Of evils the lesser.  to take the meaner evil, even so plainly speaking his sentence.  
Now was Massinissa angry & grievously offended with the Romans, 
Massinissae offended.  that he bringing the Carthagies force upon their knees now he see other run for the title, and came to the thing, not making him privy as they were wont to do in other wars. The Consuls 
Massinissa offended with the Romans.  likewise, had him in some suspicion, and sent to him for aid: he answered, he would sand them aid, when he should understand they had need, and sending not long after, asked if they had any need, They not suffering his pride, and distrusting him as one offended, answered they would send to him when they needed. For victual for the army they had only from Adrumeto, Leptis, Saxo, Utica and Colle. All the the rest of Libya was Hasdrubal'S, from the which, he sent victuals to Carthage. Being victualled for a few days, the consuls marched to the City of Carthage prepared to fight.  
The City standeth, in a great deep gulf, almost as an Island: a place called a neck did divide it from the land, 25. furlongs broad, 
The description of Carthage.  from the which, a narrow piece of ground called a town half a furlong broad, goeth to the west in the ●●●dest of the pool and the sea, with a simple brickwall among the rocks, toward the south land ward, where the old City Byrsa was. In the neck was a triple brickwall. Every one of these, was thirty Cubits high, beside the batlements, and towers, distant two acres asunder, stayed by four planchers, thirty foot deep, at the plancher was the height of every brickwall, and in it, being round and strong, three hundred Elephants were placed below, and the treasure of their store. Upon them was stables for four thousand horses, with granaries for wheat and barley. There was receytes' for men, twenty thousand a foot, and four thousand on Horse: so great provision of war, was appointed to be placed in the walls only. One hook about the narrow part, did bow from the brickwall to the ports, which was only weak and 
One weak place.  low, not regarded at the beginning. They sailed out of one port to another, and from the sea there was one entry lxx. foot broad, which they did shut with chains of iron. The first was for merchants, in the which were many and diverse places of receipt. Within this in the midst was an Isle, and both the isle and the pool was compassed with great hollow corners, the which were full of munition for ships, able to receive two hundred & twenty ships, and Cellars for preparation of ships and galleys furniture: two pitlers of Ionian fashion, stood before every port of ships, like a gallery in the sight of them that passed by the Island and the port. In the isle 
The admiral's port.  was the store for the admiral, from whence the Trumpeter must give warning, and the crier tell the time, and the Admiral see abroad. The Island was right against them that sailed, drawn a great length, that the Admiral might see all in the sea, and they that sailed by, should not see the places of the ports perfectly. Neither could the merchants in their port, see the store for the ships For a double brickwall was set about them, & gates did receive the merchants to go into the City, not passing by the storehouses of the ships. At that time thus stood the City of Carthage.  
The Consuls divided their business and came against their 
The Consuls against Carthage by sea and land.  enemies. Manlius, from the land, against the neck, to fill the ditch, to beat down the little wall, and so to approach to the high walls. Censorinus brought ladders both from the land and the ships, against the part of the bowing brickwall. They both made little account, as of unarmed men: till they sound them to have new armour, and great courage, at the wonder of the which, they gave back, and at the beginning failed of their purpose, thinking to get the City without any fight. The second time attempting, and again rejected, the courage of the Carthagies increased. The Consuls being afraid of Asdrubal, which had his camp at their back not far off, at the pool, defensed both their camps. Censorinus, at the Pool, under the walls of the City, Manlius, in the neck, the way to the land. And thus their camps being made strong, Censorinus with his, passed the Pool, for stuff to make engines, where he lost five hundred workmen, and much armour, Imilco the general 
Imileo. Cesorinus joseth men.  of the horse of Carthage, coming suddenly upon him, who was surnamed Phameas. Yet getting matter, he made engines and ladders, and again they both gave assault, and were repulsed. 
The Romans have three repulses.   
Manlius' beginning a little, and hardly breaking any part of the brickwall, despaired and left it off. Censorinus filling a trench next the narrow earth at the Pool, to make it the more passable, brought two great engines that carried rams, the one was heaved with six thousand footmen, the Colonels guiding it, the other of the Mariners by the conduct of the admirals. And contention being which should do best, both of the Captains and soldiers, a piece of the brickwall was thrown down, and they might see into the City.  
The Carthaginians to repulse them, repaired the breach in the night: and because they could not finish all by night, and were afraid, that that was already done, should be thrown down in the day by the Romans engines, being new made and green, they ran upon the engines of the enemies, some armed, some naked, having only burning lamps. They burned not 
The Carthagies burn part of the Romans engines.  all, because they could not prevent the Romans, but that ●●●y came out: yet they made them all unprofitable, and returned. Day being come, the Romans had bolonesse to assault the place that was fallen & not fully made up: for within appeared a plain fit for to fight, in the front of the which, the armed Carthagies stood, & behind, the unarmed, with stones & staves: & other placed in the next houses, to entertain the approaching enemy, the 
Scipio showeth his wisdom being an inferior officer in the camp.  which, seeing such contempt of naked men, leapt in boldly. Scipio (that not long after destroyed Carthage, & was called Affricane,) being a Marshal at that time, stayed, & dividing his bands into many parts, and standing a distance from the wall, would not let any of his to enter the City, but received them that were driven out by the Carthaginians, and saved them. And this was the beginning of his glory, appearing more wise than the Consul. 
In this place is a want of text.  The army of Censorinus was sick, lying at the Fen full of standing and corrupt water, & not receiving wind from the sea, because of the high walls. Therefore Censorinus removed into the sea.  
The Carthaginians, when the wind blew toward the Romans, 
The Carthagies burn part of the Romans navy.  filled their boats with flax and brush, within the walls, that the enemies should not see it from the ships, and when they came forth and should be seen, they laid on sulphur and pitch, and then set up sail, and threw fire into the vessels, the which being carried with the wind that blewe lustily, into the Roman navy, set the ships on fire and almost burned them all.  
Not long after, Censorinus went to Rome for the election.  
The Carthagies were the bolder upon Manlius, and in the night some armed and some unarmed carrying bridges, assaulted the next trench of Manlius, and began to pull down the rampire.  
The soldiers within being troubled in the night time, Scipio came with his horsemen by a contrary part, where no enemies were, and feared the Carthagies, when he was coming upon them, and they retired into the City.  
In this fight the soldiers disordered by night, Scipio was thought to have saved them once again very nobly, and Manlius kept his camp more sure, making a brickwall where the rampire was, and erecting a tower toward the sea, for the ships that brought him victual. Then turning to the land with ten thousand footmen, and two thousand horse, he wasted the country, gathering wood, corn and victual, and one Tribune after another, did serve the turn. Phameas the Captain of the 
Phameas.  horsemen, being young, and desirous to fight, and using little and light horses, that were fed with grass, when they had none other, and to suffer hunger and thirst, when need was, keeping secret in valleys and woods, when he see them negligent, came forth of the sudden, like an Eagle, and when he had spoiled, he retired, but when Scipio commanded the army, he would not appear.  
For Scipio led his people ever in order, the horsemen keeping 
The circumspection of Scipio.  on horseback, and in his ranging, would not dissolve his order, before he had beset the field which he would spoil, with horsemen and armed footmen. And he road about with other bands, and kept in the foragers, that left their company, or went out of the compass. Therefore Phameas would not come upon 
Envy against Scipio.  him. And this being often done, Scipio had great glory. The other captains envying, gave out, that there was friendship between the ancestors of Phamea, and the grandfather of this Scipio. The Libyans that fled into towers and forts, that were 
Scipio just of promise.  many in the country, the other Tribunes would covenant with them to departed, & assail them as they went, but Scipio would sand them home. Therefore there was such a fame of his valiantness and faith, as they would not trust, except Scipio gave his word, so as he was honoured both of his own & of his enemies. Coming from foraging, the Libyans assaulted the castle of the navy, in the night: & the confusion being great, by the escries that the Carthagies made, to 'cause the more terror, Manlius kept his men within, not knowing the matter. Scipio taking two bands of horsemen, came forth with burning lights, commanding his men not to fight, because of the dark, but only to run about with the fire, to seem the more, & afray the enemy, so as the Carthaginians being made afraid both ways, fled into the city. This also redounded much to Scipio his glory. Wherefore he was well spoken of by every man, and thought a worthy son, of Paulus that conquered Macedon, and of the Scipios, into whose 
The progeny of Scipio.  family he was adopted.  
Manlius going to Nepheris against Asdrubal, Scipio was not 
Nepheris.  content, seeing all woods and hilly places, and the high places got before: and as they were three furlongs from Asdrubal, and coming to a river must ascend to Asdrubal, he stayd then, and counseled him to retire, and that another time and policy should be more fit to match with Asdrubal. The other Tribunes speaking against him for envy and malice, not thinking 
Scipio's Counsel is re●ected.  it good counsel to give place in the sight of the enemy, whereby they might contemn them, and set upon them as flying, he again desired them, to put their camp on the hither side of the river, that if they were put to it, they might have a place to resort, where as now they had none, whereunto they might fly. They laughed at this, and one threatened to cast away his sword, if not Manlius, but Scipio did rule. Therefore Manlius went on, not very skilful in the war. Asdrubal encountered with him, and there was great slaughter on both sides. Then Asdrubal ran into a castle where was no peril, 
The Romans are overthroven by Asdrubal.  and waited to set on them as they went, who repenting that they had done, they retired to the flood in order, but the flood being hard to pass, because of few fourdes and painful, they were forced to break their order. Which, when Asdrubal see, he came down manfully, and killed many, that did not resist, but fled, and three of the Captains were slain, that brought the army to that conflict. But Scipio with three hundred horsemen 
Scipio saveth the Consul and his army.  that he had, and as many as he could get together, divided into three companies, gave charge upon the enemy with great vehemence, by portions darting at them, and retiring then upon them, and again returning. For so he told them, that half of them should assail the enemies, and throw their darts, as being in a circle. This being e●t done, and the Libyans without any stay, being shot at continually, and all turning upon Scipio, the other had the less trouble to pass the river. And Scipio road after them, being stroke at very sore. Four companies at the beginning of the fray being put from the flood by the enemies, ran to an hill, where Asdrubal besieged them, unknown to the Romans, till they stayed. When they knew it, some thought good to go their way and not to adventure many for a few. Scipio told them, that before a 
Counsel before doing.  martyr is begun, good counsel must be had, but so many men and ensigns being in danger, the vtterme●●e boldness must be used. He chose certain troops of horsemen, and said he would return with them, or gladly die with them. He took with him two days victual, and straight went forth, all the army being afraid, lest he also should perish. When he came to the hill where they were besieged, he with great speed took an other hill over-againste it, divided by a little valley. Then the Libyans did give an hot charge upon them that were besieged, thinking Scipio could not succour them, being in so long a journey. But he seeing the bottoms of the hills compassing the valley, did not omit the occasion, but ran and took a place above the enemies. They being now ●eset round about, fled without order, Scipio suffering them to go freely, because they were a great deal more than he.  
Thus Scipio saved these also, that were in desperation. When 
Scipio saveth. 4. bands that were in danger.  the army saw him come a far off, being saved beyond hope, and having saved the other, they made great rejoice, and thought 
Opinion of Gods working in Scipio.  God wrought with him, as he did with his Grandfather, that seemed to know what was to come. Manlius led his army to the City again, putting great fault in them that would not obey Scipio, when he counseled to retire with the army. All 
Grief for ●●● unburied soldiers.  were much grieved, that they that were killed, lay unburied, specially the Tribunes. Therefore Scipio loosed a prisoner, and sent him to Aslrubal, praying him to bury the Tribunes. He sought among the dead bodies, and found them by their rings of gold. For the Tribunes of an army wear gold, and the inferiors, 
Tribunes were rings of gold, the other of y●on.  iron. He buried them, either as an act of humanity, and common among warriors, or reverencing and serving Scipio's glory.  
When the Romans were come from Asdrubal, Phame●● troubled them, being yet afraid of their loss. And some issued out of Carthage, and killed some of their carriage.  
At this time the Senate sent certain men to see the Camp, and to mark every thing diligently. And Manlius and the counsel, and the Tribunes that were left, envy being now extinct by virtue, & all the army, testified what acts Scipio had done for them. 
A general good report of Scipio  The which, the Ambassadors at their return, told the Senate what diligence and experience was in Scipio, and what goodwill of the army was toward him.  
The Senate was glad of it. And because of their many losses, they sent to Massinissa, and required him to sand friendly aid to them against Carthage. But he was not found of the Ambassadors. For being decayed with age and infirmity, and having many base sons, to whom he had given much, and three lawful, of divers conditions, he called Scipio, for the amity that was 
Massinissa maketh Scipio his executor.  between him and his grandfather, to be a counsellor for his children and kinsmen. He went out of hand, but before he came, Massinissa dying, commanded his children to obey Scipio, as he should take order for them. Which, when he had said, he 
Massinissa dieth. A fortunate man.  died, a man in all things fortunate, to whom, God granted to recover his father's kingdom from the Carthaginians and Syphax, and to increase it from a great part of Mauritania by Sea, to the dominion of Cyrene by land, and caused a great portion to 
Cyrene, now Corene, conrayning the province of five Cities.  he inhabited. And many of the Numidians that lived with herbs, and used no tillage, he left them with treasures of money and army well practised. Of his enemies, he took Syphax prisoner with his own hand. Being the cause of the variance with Carthage, he left it weak to the Romans. He had a body big, and streng of nature, to his last age, and tried fight till his death, and would leap on horse without stirrups. And this may be a great conjecture of his good health, for having many children, & 
Massinissa of 900. years of age had a child of four years old.  they sometime dying, he had ten little one's, and left one of four years of age, when he was. 900. years old. Thus Massinissa, of these years and body, died.  
Scipio gave to the bastards, other gifts, to the Legitimate, treasures and revenue, and to have the name of a King common 
The order that Scipio took upon Massinissa's children. Micipsa, Gelossa, and Masta●ab●.  to them, and divided other things among them, as he thought good. To Micipsa that was oldest, and most desirous of peace, he gave the City of Cyrta, and all the royal things in it. To Gelossa that was a soldier, and second in age, he appointed to be the Lord of peace and war. To Mastavaba the youngest, and given to Justice, he gave the authority of judgements and deciding controversies.  
Thus did Scipio divide the kingdom and substance of Massinissa to his children, and presently made Gelossa a companion of the war: and he found out the trains, by the which, Phameas many times vexed the Romans, and stayed them.  
In a winter Scipio and Phameas encamped nigh together, having in the midst a valley that could not be passed, nor do any thing the one against the other.  
And Scipio fearing that some train might be laid before him, went to view it with three friends. When Phameas saw him, he came toward him with one. Scipio thinking he would say somewhat, road toward him with one also. And when they might hear one another, Scipio said: The Carthaginians being go 
The talk between Scipio & Pharmeas.  before why dost thou not consider of thy own health, seeing thou canst do nothing for the common wealth? How can I (quoth he) see for my safety, the Carthaginians standing as they do, and the Romans being so often hurt by me? I promise' thee (said Scipio) if I be worthy to be trusted, safety and forgiveness of the Romans, and to have thanks. He accepting him to be most worthy, said: I think so of thee, and if it be possible thou canst tell, and so they departed.  
Manlius being ashamed of the loss he had of Asdrubal, marched 
A new ●odd● of Manlius to Nepheris▪  again to Nepheris, taking with him xu days victuals, and being at hand, made a trench, and encamped (as Scipio counseled him) in the former journey. And doing no good, he was in a more fear and greater shame, lest Asdrubal should come upon him, as he went away. And while he was in this doubt, 
A letter to Scipio.  one of Gelossa● army brought a letter to Scipio, and he delivered it sealed as it was, to the General. When they had opened it, they found this. Such a day I will take such a place, come thou with as many as thou wilt, and bid the foremost watch, receive him that shall come in the night. The letter without any name said thus much. Scipio thought it was touching Phamea. Manlius was afraid of Scipio, least he should be deceived of a man that was all bent to deceits. But when he saw him have good hope in the matter, he sent him, willing him to give assurance for Phameas safety, but for his thanks, to determine nothing, but to promise' him that the Romans should consider of him. There was no need of such premises. For when Phameas was come to the place appointed, he trusted Scipio for his safety, 
Phameas yieldeth to Scipio.  giving him his right hand: and as for thanks, let the Romans consider it. When he had said thus, he determined to fight the next day, & going before with his Captains, as to consider some other matter, he said: If I could any longer help my country, I am ready: But that standing as it doth, I am to soresee for mine 
Phameas to his Captains.  own safety, having received assurance for myself, I will receive it for you, that will be persuaded by me: now is the time for you to consider for yourselves. Thus he said. Some of the captains with their bands yielded, and were in number. 2200. horsemen. The rest, Hanno, called The White, did retain. When 
Hanno the white.  Scipio came, Phameas army met with him, and extolled Scipio, as in a triumph. Manlius being very glad, not thinking any longer his return to be rebukeful to him, nor afraid that Asdrubal would follow him, he removed straight for want, being now the xvij day, appointing but xu and so must suffer pain for three days Scipio taking Phamea and Gelossa, with their horsemen, and certain Italians, went to a field called the Great Dungeon, 
The great dungeon.  and from thence brought much prey and victual for their camp by night. Manlius' understanding that Calphurnius Piso should come as his successor, sent Scipio and Phamea to Rome afore, and the army 
Scipio and Phameas to Rome.  following Scipio to the ship, praised Scipio, and prayed he might be sent Consul into Libya, as he that only could overthrow Carthage. For it was an opinion among them proceeding from God, that 
The people's opinion of Scipio.  only Scipio could conquer Carthage. And many written so to their friends in Rome. The Senate commended S●p●o, and honoured Phameas with precious gifts of gold and purple, and an horse trapped with gold, and an armour for his whole body, and ten M. silver drams, & an hundred pound wait of silver plate, and a tent & furniture according, and bad him hope for better gifts, if he did his endeavour in the rest of the war. He promised so to do, and failed into Libyi to the Romans camp. At the Spring, Calphurnius Piso the Consul came, & with him, Lucius Manci●us to the 
〈…〉.  navy. They neither did any thing against Carthage nor Asdrubal, but besieged Cities, & were driven from Clup●a, when they had beset it both by sea and land. Piso took another city nigh, & spoilt it, offering to come to accord. From thence they went to Hypozareta, 
Hypozareta. This city of H●p●●, v●●● builded of the horsemen, and was the Country of S. A●●st●●. Another H●●po was builded in the Fen, and called therefore, D●l●tus, builded also by the horsemen. They burn the Consuls' munition. Bythi●● revolteth to the Carthaginians  a great City; well walled, with a Castle, Ports, ships and houses, which Agatbocles the Tyrant of Scicil●e did build very fair. It was in the midst between Carthage & Libya, which rob the Romans provision by sea, & therefore was very rich. Calphurnius thought to punish the same, and to take away the profit, but being at it an whole summer, did no good, & they twice sallying out with the help of the Carthaginians, burned the engines of Calphurnius, and he having done nothing retired to Utica to winter. The Carthaginians having Hasdrubal'S army safe, and they the stronger for the fight, with Piso at Hypozareta, for Bythias Nonias was fled to them from Gelossa with eight hundred horse, & seeing that Micipsa and Mastavaba the sons of Massinissa, did ever promise' the Romans armour and money, and deferred and looked for the end, were increased in their hearts, & went boldly about Libya, winning ground, & speaking evil of the Romane●, in the assemblies of every city, showing their faintness at Nepheris twice, & what they had lately lost at Hyppagreta, & could not yet get Carthage, being unarmed and unprovided. They sent to Micipsa and Mastavaba, and to the free Mauritanians, exhorting 
The Carthaginians procure friended.  them, and also showing them, that they were in danger, if the Romans overcame them. They sent some into Macedonia, to him that was thought to be the son of Perseus, & at war 
The lustiness of the Carthaginians.  with the Romans, and persuaded him to follow the war earnestly, & they should not lack ships nor money from Carthage. And in sum, set not a little by themselves, now that they were armed, but increased by degree, in heart, courage and preparation.  
And Asdrubal for his part, was aloft to, chief of the warr● 
Asdrubal without, accuseth Asdrubal within.  abroad▪ for overcoming Manlius twice, and coneting the rule of the City also, did accuse Asdrubal the General of it, to the Senate of Carthage, being nephew to Gelassa, that he would betray Carthage to him. When he was examined of this matter, and for the sudden, could not answer for himself, he was killed 
Asdrubal within is killed.  with the seats of the house.  
When the small doings of Pis●, and the provision of Carthage, was told at Rome, the people was grieved, and feared that if the war increased, being great, continual and at hand, they could look for no rest, because they had broken faith with them before. And remembering the acts that Scipio had lately done in Libya when he was a Tribune, and comparing them, with the present, & the letters that were sent from the Camp every man to his friends, they required that Scipio might be sent Consul into Libya, for the Election was at hand. But the law forbade Scipio to be Consul yet, because of his age. He desired to be an 
Edises had rule of houses and provision.  Aedile, but they would have him Consul. Which being against the Law, and the Consuls bringing forth the Law, they were grieved and offended, affirming, that by the Laws of Romul●● 
Authority of people.  and Tullius, the people was Lord of the Elections, and might allow and disallow what Law they would.  
In the end, one of the Tribunes said, if the Consuls would not agree to the people, they would take the Election from the Consuls. So the Senate persuaded the people to break the 
Scipio is choose Consul before his time, and the Law broken for o●● year, by example of the lacedæmonians. Pylus a city or two i● Pelope●●so. Scipio is appointed to Libya by the people.  Law for one year, and then to resume it again. As the Lacedæmonians in a necessity dissolved a Law for them that were taken at Pylo, and said: Let the laws sleep for this day. So Scipio desiring to be Aedile, was made Consul, whose fellow Drusus required to allot the provinces, till one of the Tribunes said, that the judgement of provinces, was the people's, the which people chose Scipio.  
An army was given him of ordinary, so many as might supply the number of the dead, and to take as many confederates as he could persuade, and to writ to Kings and Cities in the people of Rome's name, as many as he thought would sand him aid. So had he help from Cities and Kings. He went into Sicily, and from Sicily to Utica, Calphurnius Piso made war in the land, and Mancinus lay at Carthage, a part of the brickwall he perceived to be neglected, where were rocks that could not be attempted. He thinking he should not be perceived, prepared his ladders 
Piso attempteth the wall.  to get the brickwall. He did so, and some of the soldiers went to it boldly.  
The Carthaginians seeing them so few, despised them, and set open the gates that go to the rocks, and ran upon the Romans. And the Romans driving them back, and following them, ran into the City at the gate with them. Then making a cry of victory, Mancinus leaping for joy, and in other 
Mancinus giveth a rash attempt.  things rash and light, with the other multitude leaving their Ships, ran to the brickwall, half armed and naked. The Sun now being ready to set, they took a fort before the brickwall, and rested.  
And Mancinus wanting victual, sent to Piso and the rulers 
Mancinus in danger.  of Utica, to help him in his danger, and to bring him food with speed. So was he in danger, lest by break of day, the Carthaginians should throw him headlong from the rocks. Scipio 
Scipio at his arrival doth a seat.  that night came to Utica, and at midnight, understanding what Mancinus had written, sounded to the battle, & sent the messengers to call the seamen of Italy and Utica. He bade the ancients carry victuals into the galleys, and delivered a prisoner of Carthage, to go tell them that Scipio was coming. And he sent to Piso horsemen after horsemen, to call him away with all speed. When the last watch was come, he commanded to sail, and they to stand right up in the decktes, to seem the more to the ennimyes. Thus he did.  
Mancinus, when the Carthagies, early in the morning fell upon 
Mancinus is ●●●● and beaten.  him, compassed three thousand being naked, with only five hundred which he had armed: being hurt and beaten of them, he was driven into the rocks of the brickwall. Then Scipio's Ships were seen, sailing with all force, & every where full of armed soldiers.  
The Carthaginians hearing it by the prisoner, did not think the contrary, and brought the Romans an help unlooked for. The Carthaginians giving place by little and little, Scipio received 
Scipio. saveth Mansinus.  the Romans that were in danger, into his ships, and by and by sent Mansinus to Rome. Serranus was come to be his successor in 
Ser●n●●.  the navy, Scipio encamped not far off Carthage. The Carthaginians coming five furlougs out of the town, made a trench against him. And to this trencho came to them, Asdrubal the 
Asdrubal Bythias  Captain of the army abroad, and Bythias Captain of the horsemen, leading six thousand footmen, and a thousand horsemen, practised with time and diligence. Scipio perceiving no order, nor good rule among the soldiers, but given to idleness, & spoil, and ravin under Piso, and an other strange multitude among them, that for spoil followed the bolder sort, and ran with them to rob, going without warning, where the law of war 
Law of ●●m●●.  taketh him for a forsaker of the army, that goeth without the sound of the Trump: and what offence they make, is imputed to the whole army: and the desire of spoil to be occasion of other evils and contention among them. Many contemning their fellows for luere, made murders, hurts and mischief against the laws, the which Scipio considering, & thinking never to overcome his enemy, except he could rule his own, called them by an assembly and going up to the high seat, thus rebuked 
The exhortation of Scipio to the soldiers that were out of order.  them: When I was a soldier with you under Manlius, I gave you experience to witness of mine obedience: the which now being General I require of you, having power to punish the disobedient to y● uttermost, I have thought it good to warn you: You know what you do, and what should I speak that I am ashamed of You rob rather than make war: yea, and you scatter; not encamp, and be like séekers of pray, & not s●egers of Cities. You will live delicately, yet being in war without victory. Whereby the enemies power beyond all hope, the little time that I have ●●n away, is grown so great▪ that by this negligence, my labour is grown the greater. The causes, if I did found to be in you. I would punish them out of hand, but because I impute them to another, A ●●●●●forgiue all you have done till this tune. I come not to rob, but to conquer: not to get money before victory, but first to beat mine enemies, Go you all from the army this day that be no soldiers, except them that shall have leave of me to tarry: and they that do go, I will not suffer to come again till they bring some victual at for the camp & good. A time shall be appointed, in the which they shall place their things, & the price of them, I, & the treasurer, shall appoint. And this he said to the superfluous. But to you that be my soldiers, let one commandment be common to you all, in all affairs, that is, my manner & labour. For if you follow them, you 
Example● good lesson.  shall not err in your enterprises, nor be void of thanks. For now we must labour where peril is. Let luere alone, till a fit time may serve us to be merry. Thus do I command and the law. and they that will be obedient shall be partakers of much good, and they that be disobedient, shall repent. Thus Scipio said, & by and by put away all y● multitude of unprofitable men, & with them, all things that were superfluous, vain, and delicate. His army being purged, & with reverence ready to do his commandment, he attempted a place called Megara, in two places 
Megara one of the strong places of Cartbage.  in one night. Megara is a very great place in the City, joining to the brickwall, into the which sending other about, he went with pike axes, ladders & bars, unséen, & with silence. When they above herded them come near, they made a cry from the brickwall, he made the country cry first, & after him the army, & in diverse parts it was made very great. This was the first fear the Carthaginians had, so many enemies in the sides of them, so suddenly being come upon them. He could do no good against the brickwall, though 
Scipio gaynerh a Tower.  he proved all ways, but he got a Tower, of a private Citizen, void, without the brickwall, & as high as the brickwall, by the courage of his young men which drove away ●●e: watch from the brickwall with their darts, & laying bridges & plan●es the space between, got into Megara, and breaking down the gate, let in Scipio. He entered with ●●●●en & the Carthaginians stead into Byrsae, as the rest of the City had ●●● taken. There was a strange cry and 〈…〉, 
Great alteration in Carthog●.  some were taken, 〈…〉 their camy without, & ●a● with other into By●●●▪ 〈…〉 was, ful● of ●● harded & groves of fruit, divided with hedges, and sets and briars, and with rivers running diversely, fearing lest the army following him, should find a troublesome passage without way, and ignorantly going in the night, might haply fall into some trains. blew the retreat. When day was come, Asdrubal being angry with the taking of Megara, as many prisoners as he had of the 
The cruelty of Asdrubal.  Romans he brought them to the brickwall, where the Romans might see what should be done, he pulled out their eyes, their tongues, the sinews, and privy members, with hooks of iron: of some he pulled of the skin of their body: some he cut the soles of their feet: of some he cut of the fingers, and threw them down being yet alive, showing there was no hope of concord between the Romans, and the Carthagies. Thus did he stir them to have their hope only in fight. But it came otherwise to 
Cruelty out of time.  pass than he thought, for the Carthagies, by conscience of these horrible acts, were made fearful in stead of blood, and they hated Asdrubal that had taken away hope of pardon, and specially the Senate who exclaimed against him, as one that committed too cruel and proud déebes, in the country's calamity. But he took certain of the Senate and killed them, and being waxen fearful toward all, was rather a tyrant, than a Captain, as he that had his safety only in this, to be terrible unto them, and therefore warred intolerable.  
Scipio burned the camp of his enemies, which they left when 
The Carthaginians fles into Byrsa.  they fled into Byrsa, and having got the ground between the water, he trenched it from sea, to sea, separate from the enemy, as far as they might cast a dart. They resisted it, and the work was from the head, five and twenty furlongs, and was fain to work and fight at once: When he had finished this, 
Works of Scipio.  he made another ditch equal to it, not far from the former, drawing it toward the land, and after that, two more, that his whole trench was a quadrate. He made it strong with pale sharp at the end, and at the pale, he made other ditches. That part that was toward Carthage, he fenced with a brickwall five and twenty furlongs, in height twelve foot, beside towers & holds, which were set with a distance on the wall. The breadth was half so much as the height. The tower in the midst was highest of all, and in it a keep of wood four square, from the which he might see all that was done in the City. This he did in twenty days and nights, all the army labouring, and working, and fight by turn, and not greatly passing for 
The great trench that Scipio mad●  their victuals. He brought the army within the trench, which served both as a long brickwall against the enemy, when he would, & to take the relief that was brought to Carthage by land also: for except this part that was called the neck, the water did beat on Carthage every where. And this was the chief cause of their hunger and destruction. For what the multitude of the 
Straightness of victual in Carthage.  City had from the field, neither could it be brought for this flege, nor strangers coming to them, for the war, only they had their victual of Libya, a little, and by sea, when wind would serve, the rest came by land, the which way after it was stopped, they were sore vexed with famine. Bythias that was the Captain of horsemen, and was sent for victual a long time, neither dared come near, nor pass Scipio's trench, but seldom and slowly sent them food by ship, albeit the Romans navy, lay at the town, not continually, nor many at once, because the sea was dangerous and tempestwos, and they could not approach the City, the Carthagies being on the walks, and 
The only way to victual Carthage.  the waves being great there, because of the rock. Therefore the Hoys of Bithyas, or if any merchant came for gain caring nothing for peril, they observed when the wind was great, and made full sail, the galleys not being able to follow them, when they were blown in with such vehemence from the sea. And whatsoever these ships brought, Asdrubal distributed it, 
Asdrubal feedeth his soldiers.  upon thirty thousand, which he had for the war, little regarding the other people: wherefore they were soar troubled with famine.  
When Scipio perceived this, he purposed to shut the mouth of the port toward the west, and not far from the land, he made a long Trench, beginning from the straight between the Fen and the Sea called the Longue. He wrought in the sea, and stopped the passage, making it sure with great & thick stones, that it should not be broken of the billow. And the breadth of she trench, 
Scipio stoppeth the part of Carthage.  was four and twenty feet, and square in the botte●●e. The Carthaginians at the beginning con●emned the work, as a thing 
The Carthagies make a new port, and new ships.  ask long time, and peradventure, impossible to be done. But the army applying it earnestly, ceasing neither day nor night, they were afraid, and digged out another mouth on the other side of the port, into the mid sea, where no trench could come for the depth and vehement winds: Women and children digged within, and were not perceived: and they made ships of old stuff, both great and little galleys, leaving for no want of courage and boldness. They kept all so secret, that never a prisoner could tell Scipio what they did certainly, but that there was a noise within their ports day and night not ceasing, but to what use, they could not tell: till all being ready, the Carthagies broke open the mouth by dauning of the day, and then issewed with fifty galleys, Foystes and Brigandines, and many other small vessels, well set forth for terror.  
The Romans were so amazed at the sudden opening of the mouth, and at such a company of ships, that if the Carthagies 
Carthagies come forth with a new navy, and loose their occasion. Fate unresistible  had then set upon the Roman navy, the men being occupied at the brickwall, and neither Mariner nor other present to defend it, they might have got all the fame. But it was now come, that Carthage must perish. They made a show only, with a bold countenance, and returned. The third day after, they came forth to fight, when the Romans had their ships and other things prepared to resist. The cry and call being made on both sides, and courage showed both of Mariners and masters, 
The fight on the sea by the Carthagies.  the Carthagies, for their lives, and the Romans for the full victory, there were many hurt and slain on both sides, till it was mid day. In this fight, the little boats of the Carthagies, ran under the great ships sides of the Romans, and now broke at the stemines, and now, the sternes and the oars, and did 
Carthagies give place and confound themselves.  much other hurt, easily flying, and easily returning. The fight being doubtful, and toward night, the Carthagies thought it good to retire, not as overcome, but to prepare themselves against the next day. The small vessels fled first, and shut the mouth, being altogether, so as the great ships were put from the mouth, and fled to the trench, which was made for the merchants before the brickwall, large to receive the packs of the occupiers, and a little bray was made in this war, that the enemies should not plant in so plain a place. To this trench, the Carthagies ships fled, for lack of a port, and sto●e with their stems against their enemies, whom some resisted from the ships, some from the trench, and some from the bray. The Romans easily gave onset upon them, because they fought with ships that stood: but their departing, for the turning of their long ships, was slow and hurtful, so as they had little advantage, for when they turned, they were beaten of the Carthagies.  
Five ships of the Sidents that accompanied Scipio for good 
A feat of the Sidents.  will, renewed the fight in this wise: They let fall their anchors aloof off in the sea, and weighing their longest Cables, being fast moored, charged their enemy, and when they had encountered them, shortening up their Cables, retired back, and so haled forward and backward, always fight with their faces upon the enemy.  
The rest of the navy, seeing the devise of the Sidents, followed it, & did their enemies much hurt, night making an end. The rest of the Carthage ships fled into the City. Scipio by day took the trench, for it was a place fit to annoyed the port. Therefore bea●ing the bray with his rams, and bringing many engines, he took part of it. The Carthagies, although they were afflicted with famine and diverse evils, they ran upon the Romans engines in the night, not by land, for there was no way, nor by ship, for the sea was shallow, but naked, with links not light, that they should not be seen a far off. They came by sea where no man would have thought, some to the breasts waded 
The Carthagies run upon the Romans munition with desperateness.  in the shalows, some swam, till they came to the engines, they threw the fire, and were perceived, receiving much hurt, because they were naked, and did much by their boldness, for being stroke on the breasts and faces, with darts and spears, they would not give place, as wild beasts offering themselves to the strikers, till they had set the artillery on fire, and driven the Romans away that kept, them with confusion, as there was 
Fear in the Romans Campe. Scipio is forced to kill his own solliors to keep them from flying.  such fear and trouble in the Camp and whole army, as had not been before, and all by the fury of naked enemies. Wherefore Scipio being afraid, came forth with his horsemen, and commanded to beat them down that would not leave their flight, And some he bear down and killed, till they returned to the Camp, for necessity to save themselves, and watched that night in arms, fearing the desperation of the enemies, who when they had burned the artillery, swam home again.  
When it was day, the Carthaginians being sure from the engines, builded up the fore part of the brickwall again, and made many Towers upon it, by a certain distance. The Romans made other engines, and erected a trench against the Towers. 
The Carthagies trench got.  making fire work of pitch and sulphur, and threw them upon the enemy. And when they had burned many of the Towers, they chased the Carthaginians that fled. But where the ground was slippery with blood and mire, they left the chase of themselves. 
Scipio end miageth the Carthaginians by land.  Scipio having got all the trench, compassed it with a ditch, & with a brickwall of stone, not very near, nor far off the enemies. And when the brickwall was up, he put in four thousand, which did not much pass of the enemy, throwing darts and weapons upon them with contempt, and because they were of like height, they were sure to hit them. And thus the Summer was spent. Winter being come, Scipio determined to take from the Carthaginians, all the power and friends that they had by land, and sent some one way, and some another, & he himself went to Nepheris by water, where Diogenes that favoured Asdrubal, lay in camp, and sent C. Lalius thither by land. When they were come, they encamped two furlongs from Diogenes. There he left Gelossa to molest 
The asiaulte at ●●pheris.  Diogenes continually, and returned to Carthage, & so used to go between Carthage and Nepheris, to see the doings. Two of Diogenes Towers fell, wherefore Scipio went and laid a. M. choice seuldiors behind in an ambush, and brought. 3000. tried men against the front, & willed them to give the assault at the broken towers, not all at once, but by ranks, still following one another, that the former being put back, should not hinder them that followed.  
The Cry being great, and the fray hot, all the Libyans turned to the defence, them the thousand, as was appointed them, came forth, and were not seen: and when the first were entered they were soon perceived: wherefore the Libyans fled, not seeing how many they were, but thinking they had been many mo● than they were. Celossa set upon them with his Numidians & Elephants, and made great slaughter, so as there were killed, lxx. M. with 
Nepheris tak●● with a grea● slaughter.  them of the country, & 10000 taken, and 4000 fled Then was the City of Nepheris taken, in xxij. days with great difficulty, for the winter and the moist place: & this feat did chief 'cause the destruction of Carthage. For this army sent them victuals, & by this camp, the Libyans were the bolder to come abroad, but when it was taken, the other places of Libya yielded to Scipio's Captains without any business: and victual was to seek at 
Victual kept ●●● Carthage.  Carthage, neither having it out of Libya, being an other man's power, nor by sea, because of the war and winter season.  
In the beginning of the spring, Scipio set upon Byrsa, & the port called Agatho, Asdrubal in the night burned that part of Agatho 
Agatho one of the port of Carthage.  that was quadrate, and thinking that Scipio would have come upon him there, he being ready to resist with the Carthagies, Laelius on the other side, set on that part which was round. 
Laelius assault.  And shout being made as in a victory, they were afraid, and the Romans without dread, climbed up, and set their beams, engines and bridges, upon the broken places, the warders being weak in bodies for hunger, and out of heart. The brickwall that was about Cat●on● being taken, the market place that was nigh, Scipio also took, & because he could not pass further being night, he remained in arms till it was day, which being come he called other 3000. fresh men, & they went into Apollo's temple, & stole his picture, & the roof covered with leaves of gold, weighing a M. talents, cutting it with their swords, their captains for bidding them, till they had divided it, & then went to their business. Scipio was earnestly bend to take Byrsa, which was the strongest place of 
Three streeter to Byrsa.  the City, & the most part was got into it. And where there was three ways from the market place to it, many houses & very high were on every side, where the Romans being shot at, they took the first of them, & there defended themselves from the next, & when they had got them, they laid planks and boards between the streygthes of them, and went as upon bridges. And the battle 
The miserable murder.  was now, as upon chambers, and upon the straits, as they met there. All was filled with sighs, cries, and laments for diverse passions, some being killed at hand, and some thrown down from the lofts to the ground, and some received upon the spears being held up, or sword, or pikes. Nothing was burned, for them that were on the Solares, till Scipto came to Byrsa. 
The attempt against Byrsa.   
Then were three narrow places burned at once, and as they were burned, they were hidden to go to the next, that the army might have an easy way. another sight full of grief there was 
Grievous fight.  of the flaming fire consuming all, of men and houses, not falling by little and little, but by heaps violently overthrown: a great noise followed, for men some dead, some alive, specially old men, women, and children that fallen with the stones, that were hide in the secret places, some, full of wounds, some half burned, making most pitiful cry. Other driven from the solares, fallen with the fire and timber, being broken and torn horiblye diverse ways to behold. Yet was not this the end of the evils. For the masons with their a●es and rammers, & some with the points of their forks, did rake the dead, and the living also, into hollow places of the earth, turning and tossing them like stones and timber. The holes were filled with men, turned upside down. Some were set on their heads, with their legs shaking above the ground. Some with their feet downward, stood with their heads above the ground. The horses treading upon them, broke their faces and their brains, not for that they were put on by other, but of purpose, and the makers of the way, did all things of purpose, the vehemence of the fight, and the glory of the victory that was at hand, and the forwardness of the army, the Trumpets and the criers, making noise every where, the Tribunes and the Captains, going with their men, and encouraging them, made all men furious, and not to pass of that they did see for great desire. This continued in this broil six days and nights, ever fresh men being set in, that they should not be overladen with watch and labour, and slaughter, and grievous fight. But Scipio continued without ceasing, encouraging them, without sleep, and 
Scipio's pain and abstinence.  taking meat as he went about his business, till being tired he stayed and stood above to see what was done. Many being yet slain, and the evil like to continued longer, some the seventh day fled with garlands, such as were used for Aesculapius, who had a temple in the Castle most rich & goodly. 
Aesculapius' temple, Carthagies ask pardon and. 50, thousand go out of Byrsa.  They desiring pardon, prayed Scipio that they that would go out of the Castle might have their lives only. He granted it, the fugitives only except, and there came forth by & by fifty thousand men and women, being thrust together in a marvelous straightness, whom he commanded to be kept. The runnawayes 
Renawayes of Rome.  of Rome which were about nine hundred, being without all hope, fled into Aesculapius' temple, with Asdrubal, his wife & two male children, from whence they fought fiercely, although they were but few, from the high and rocky places of the temple, to the which, in time of peace, men went up three score pair of stairs. But when hunger, watch, fear, and pain of the evil at hand beset them, they left the low part of the temple, and fled to the top of it, in the which time, Asdrubal 
Asdrubal flieth to Scipio.  fled secretly to Scipio with branches of Olive. Scipio put him at his feet, and showed him to the runnawayes, which when they see, they desired a silence to be given them, which being done, they reviled Asdrubal many and diverse ways, and then burned the temple and themselves. And they say that 
The fugitives set themselves, on fire.  the wife of Asdrubal, when the fire took, being over against Scipio, in as good behaviour as the time would suffer, and showing her children, said in the hearing of Scipio: To thee (O Roman,) there is no revenge of god, for thou dost according to the order of war. But Asdrubal my husband, the betrayer of his country, of the temples, & of me & his children, the gods of Carthage shall punish, & thou, with the gods. And turning to Asdrubal, said: Thou wicked, unfaithful, and most coward of all men, me, and these children, this fire shall bury, but thou shalt honour the triumph, that art the great Captain of Carthage, what pain shalt thou not suffer, by him, before whom thou now knéelest? When she had thus upbraided him, she killed her children, and threw them in the fire, and herself after. Thus 
The death of Hasdrubal'S wife.  they say Hasdrubal'S wife spoke, and died, which had rather have been fit for Asdrubal himself to have done.  
Scipio seeing the City that had continued seven hundredth years, ruling over so many nations about them of such power on the land, and also of ships by sea, and islands in the same, full of armour, navy, Elephants and money, equal with the greatest kingdoms, and in boldness and courage surpassing: the which, when they were spoiled of their ships, and all their armour, yet abode the war three whole years, with so great famine. Then seeing it utterly destroyed by extreme siege, they say he wept, and openly pitied▪ them that were overcome, calling to his 
Scipio wrepeth at the sight of Carthage overchrowne. Mutations of states in the world.  remembrance, and perceiving, that all cities, nations and kingdoms, were subject to mutation, as the destinies of men. So suffered Troy a noble city. So suffered the Assyrians, the Medians, and Persians', which were the great monarchs of the world, & lastly, the most glorious state of Macedon, so that either of purpose, or by chance, this word fell from him.  

The day shall come when mighty Troy must fall, 
The words of Scipio.   
And Priamus and his warlike nation all.   
Polybius that was his Schoolmaster, did ask him freely, what he meant by that speech, and that he said, not for bearing to name his own country plainly, of the which he was afraid for the 
Polybius was schoolmaster ●● Scipio born in Arcadia.  alteration of men. Thus doth Polybius writ of him that heard him. When Carthage was taken, Scipio gave the soldiers leave for certain days to spoil it, only excepting gold, silver, and holy things. Then he gave gifts to all, except to them that had 
Scipio giveth the spoil to the soldiers. Scipio giveth n●o gifts to them that spoilt Apollo.  spoilt Apollo's Temple. Then he sent a swift ship laden with spoils, to signify the victory at Rome. He sent into Sicily, that all the sacred & public things, that the Carthagies had taken from them in the war, which they could challenge & know, should be restored, which got him great love of the people, as one, that with 
The goodness of Scipio.  authority used humanity, dividing the spoil that remained to be sold, he sacrificed the unprofitable ship-armes and engines, to Mars and Minerva, girded after the Roman manner. They at Rome seeing the Ships, and learning the news, in the evening, 
The Roman make feasts of the report of the news.  came into the streets, and spent all that night in joy and embracements, as now made free of fear, now ruling other with safety, not having their City firm and sure, & having such a victory, as they never had the like, Many noble feats came to their remembrance, what their fathers had 
Remembrance of former war in Rome.  done in Macedonia, in Iberia, and against Antiochus the great, and in Italy itself: but no war was so fearful unto them as this at their own doors, for the manhood, policy and boldness of the enemy, and the more dangerous for their unfaithfulness. They rehearsed what they had suffered of the Carthagies in Sicily, Iberia and Italy itself, sixteen years, when Annibal took three hundred Cities, and overthrew in fight only three hundred thousand men, many times approaching to the City, and putting that in great fear: for all the which, they were like men beside themselves, for the victory, that was beyond their hope. And again, they asked one of another, if Carthage were taken in deed? They spent all the night in talk, how the armour was taken from them, and how they, beyond all hope, made more. How their ships were taken from them, and how they made a new navy of old matter: how the mouth of the port was shut, and how in few days they opened another, and how high the walls were about the mouth, and the greatness of the stones, and the fire which many times they brought against the Engines: and set out a plat of all the war, as though they had then seen it done, and expressed the fantasies of their minds with the motions of their bodies, thinking they saw Scipio with the scaling ladders, with the ships at the gates, at the fights ever occupied. Thus did the Remains spend the night.  
When day was come, sacrifices & feasts were made to the 
Supplications made at Rome. Ten men sent into Libya.  Gods by the companies, & plays with them, & divers shows. The Senate sent ten of the best of them into Libya, to appoint that country with Scipio. They commanded that Scipio should destroy 
The inhabitant of Carthage forbidden.  that was left in Carthage, and forbade any man to dwell there. They accused all them that should dwell in Byrsa, or in the place that was called Megara. But to come thither they did not forbidden. 
Puni●hments.  So many cities as holp the enemies, they commanded to destroy, 
Rewards.  & to give to cities that were friends to the Romans, the land that was conquered: and chief to Utica, that, which was as far as Carthage and Hippo, on both sides. The other they made tributary, aswell lands as bodies, men and women alike, and determined to sand every year a Precedent to them from Rome. When they had done this, they sailed to Rome. Scipio having done all things accordingly, finished the sacrifices, and the plays for the victory. And things being ordered, he sailed home, and made as 
〈…〉 tri●pheth.  passing a triumph, as ever man did, full of gold and monuments of holy things, which the Carthaginians in so long time, and so oft victories had brought from all the world into Libya. 
Pseudophilippus Andrs●u● counterfeited to he Philippe● son King of Macedon. Mummius was Corinth. C. Gracchus was brother to Sempro●us Gracchus. The pla● of the habitation at Carthage is confounded.  This happened when they triumphed of Macedonia the third time. Andrisco that counterfa●ted himself to be Philip's son being overcome, & the first of Grecia by Mummius. And this was about y● CLX. olympiad. afterward, when Caius Gracchus was Tribune in Rome, and Insurrection being made for want, he thought good to sand. 6000 to inhabit in Libya. And when they had drawn the plat about Carthage, the Wolves destroyed all the plat, & confounded it. So the Senate refrained from séding that habitation. But again in time, when Caius Caesar, who was made the second Dictator, after his victory, had driven Pompey into Egypt, & Pompe● friends from Egypt to Libya, they say, when he encamped 
A vision that Caesar had, caused a new city to be made, not fa●re from the old, by his successor Octavius. The Author calleth Augustus julius Caesar.  at Carthage, a mighty army appeared to him in his sleep, weeping, which troubling him, he called to remembrance, and made a note, that Carthage should be inhabited. And not long after, the poor soldiers requiring land of him at Rome, he gave order that some should be sent to Carthage and some to Corinth, but he being shortly after killed in the Senate house of his enemies, his son Caesar, called Augustus, finding three remembrances of his father, sent an inhabitation of that Carthage, that now is, as nigh the old as might be, to avoid the old execration. The Romans sent thither. 3000. to inhabit, & to place the rest in the country about. Thus Libya, that was under Carthage, was conquered of the Romans, and Carthage destroyed, and inhabited again after the destruction two hundred and two years.  
The end of the Roman wars with the Carthaginians   

¶ Appianus Alexandrinus, of the Roman wars with the Parthians.  
AFter them that followed Pompey to rule Syria being overcome, Gabinius an officer of the Romans, was sent to govern the same. He marching against the Arabians, Mithridates King of Parthia, 
Part●●●, a Region of Assyria, the inhabitance, of the which came out of Syria.  ●eing driven out of his kingdom by brodes his brother, turned him from the Arabians to the Parthians. But Ptolomeus the eleventh King of Egypt persuaded him by money, to leave the Parthians, and make war upon Alexandrîa. And he overcoming them of Alexandrîa, 
Gabinius is banished for making war●e upon Egypt.  restored Prolomeus to his kingdom, but being banished of the Romans, because he made war against the Egyptians, which they accounted unjust, because it was forbidden by Sybyllas' books, he fled. After Gabinius, I think, Crassus governed 
Crassus.  Syria, and making war upon the Parthians, was overthrown 
Bibulus.  with great calamity, after whom Bibulus being precedent, the Parthians invated Syria. And in the time of Saxa ruling after Bibulus, 
Saxa.  they ran as far as jonia, the Romans being at debate among themselves. They ●idde no great thing worthy of writing, rather like robbers than warriors. These things followed after the overthrow of Crassus, by the which they took so great boldness, which was repressed by Antony. How Crassus made his voyage against them, we think it meet to show.  
When the day of election of chief officers was come, there were three Competitors of the Consul●hippe, Caius Caesar, Pompey the Great, and Crassus called Marcus. These rejecting Cicero, & 
Caesar▪ Pompey▪ Crassus.  Ca●● and other resisters, by force got the office, and gave Caesar slew years more, to be Lieutenant of France. C●ssius & Pompey casting lots for the provinces of Spain and Syria, Spain fallen to 
Pro●nces by lot.  Pompey, and Syria to Cr●ssus. The lot fallen acceptable unto both. For the people would have Pompey from the City, and Pompey 
Pompey, Vxorius.  loving his wife, was desirous to farrye most there. Crassus' showed openly that he was glad that the lot had so fallen, thinking 
Crassus' proud of his province.  no greater felicity could hap unto him than this province, insomuchas he could not be quiet, but made great avauntes and brags among his friends otherwise in all his life being a very small boaster or setter forth of himself. But now being puffed and exalted, he had not only an hope to get Parthia to Syria, and 
The Parthians were not in the decree. Lucullus. Tigranes. Pompey.  up make it the bounds of his Dominion, making but a play of that Lucullus did against Tigranes, or Pompey against Mithridates, but also to win Bactria and Indus, and all beyond the Sea. Yet in the decree of war, the Parthians were not contained.  
Every man did fear that Crassus would meddle with it. And Caesar written letters, praising his purpose, and provoking him to the war.  
But when Atteius the Tribune did stop his voyage with threats, and many consented to him, being grieved that any man should make war upon men that had offended nothing, but also were in league, Crassus was afraid, and prayed Pompey 
Caesar stirreth Crassus to the war of the Paribians.  to help to set him forward: For great was the people's opinion of him. notwithstanding, when he saw many ready to resist and exclaim, then with a gentle look & countenance he appeased them, that they were quiet, and suffered them to pass. Yet Atteius stopped them first with voice, forbidding and protesting not to go. Then he commanded the officer to lay hands upon his body and detain him: which when the other Tribunes would not suffer, he let go Crassus.  
Atteius ran to the gate, and set there a burning hearth, and as 
Execrations again●ste Crassus.  Crassus came with insense and sacrifice, he pronounced sharp execrations, & horrible, calling and naming cruel and strange 
Curses not to be used.  Gods therewith. The Romans think that these curses secret & ancient have such a power, as no man can avoid them against whom they be made, and that they do naught that use them. Therefore they be not used unadvisedly, nor in many cases. And 
Atteius bla●ed.  many blamed Atteius, that by this cursing of Crass●s he brought the City into misfortune. Crassus' for all this went to Broadwise, the Sea being yet unnavigable for the winter▪ and would not tarry the time, but took the Sea, and lost many ships.  
And receiving an other power of footmen, he led them alongst Galatia, and finding King 〈…〉 a very old man, 
Galatia is Asia the less.  building of a City, he jested, saying: O King, you begin to build at twelve of the clock. The King laughing said: And you (O Gen 〈…〉 as I can see, go not against the Parthians 
A jest between Deiotarus and Crassus▪ Age of Crassus.  very early▪ For Crassus was threescore years of age, when he went, and older to see to, than he was indeed. Marching forth, matters at the first tell ●●te according to his hope. For easily he made a bridge over Euphrates, and conveyed over his army safely, and got many Cities in Mesopotamia, by yielding unto him. In one of them, Appollonius was Tyrant, who had slain one hundred soldiers. He brought his power thither, and wan it, took the money, and sold the men.  
The Greeks call the City Zenodotium. By taking of this, 
Zenodotium a ●●tie of Osr●●ne.  he would needs be called Imperator of his soldiers, which caused much discredit unto him, and was the less esteemed, as one that disinherited of any great victory, taking occasion of so little matter.  
He set garrisons in the Cities that were taken, the number whereof, was seven thousand footmen, and one thousand horse. And he went into Syria to winter, where his son 
Crassus' son from Caesar.  came to him from Caesar out of France, rewarded with the great honours of a souldioure, bringing one thousand picked horsemen. And this was the first great error of Crassus, after the great offence of leading his army, that where he ought 
Error of Crassus.  to have go to Babylon and Seleucia, Cities ever enemies to the Parthians, he gave the enemy's time to prepare themselves. 
Babylon the chie● city of Chaldea.  His tarrying in Syria was blamed, being rather like a receiver of Rents, than a Captain of soldiers.  
He did not search the number of his soldiers, nor use them with exercises, but he gathered the revenues of Cities, and spent many days in weighing and peysing the Gods money, in the 
Hierapolis is ●●ec● against L●odici●.  holy City, appointing Cities and Princes to find him soldiers, and after sending them away again for money, whereby he came into contempt and disdain. The first token he had of this Goddess, which some call Venus, some Iun●, some name ●ir 
The god ●● of H●e●apolis. N●t●●re.  Nature, the beginning and seed to all things ministering cause by moisture: for going onte of the Temple, first young Crassus fallen at the doors. Then the old man fallen upon him.  
Now gathering his power from the 〈…〉 places, Ambassadors came to him from Arsaces, with a brrefe speech, for thus 
The Parthians message to Crassus. Arsaces' King of Parth●●, for whose good rule, the Parthians call all their Kings Arsaces. Sele●cia, one in Syria Antiochena other at E●phra●es, third at Belu●.  he said: If the army were sent against them of the Romans, the war was made contrary to the league, and never would end. But if he, without authority of his country, and for his own gain, (as they heard) did come in arms against the Parthians, and take their land, Arsaces would temper himself, and pity Crassus' age, and let the Romans go, that were rather like a garrison, than an army. Crassus' swelling at this, ●ayde, he would make an answer at Seleucide.  
Then the most ancient of the Ambassadors Vagise, she wing the bore palm of his hollow hand, said: Sooner shall hairs 
The Italian text varieth.  grow here, than thou shalt see Seleucia. Thus he bold●lye spoke, signifying, that Orodes must first be overcome.  
They ●f the Roman garrisons in the Cities of Mesopotamia, escaping with much danger, did tell fearful matter, that they 
A sharp answer  saw the multitude of their enemies and their exercises, & how they had fortified their Cities, and some of purpose telling all things to the uttermost, that they were v●r● suitable when they came to ●●gh●, and unrecoverable when they fled. 
Report encrea▪ Eng fear.   
Their arrows ●●●●●te would prevent the sight, and before they could see the shooter, he would be at hand to strike them thorowo. The men of arms beat down all afore them, and could not be resisted. When the army heard this, they began 
A●meni● is between I●●rus and 〈…〉. Capa●●●● a Region o● Pontus. called Leucosyri●.  to faint, thinking the Parthians had differed nothing from the Arn●●nians or Cappodocians, whom Lucu●lus overcame without any resistance, therefore thought all the pain should be in the long journey. But when they should come to blows, the enemies would not abide them, whereas now otherwise than they supposed, they had a great travail and danger in hand, insomuch, as some of the officers of the Camp, thought it good to stay Crassus, and to take a new advise of all the matter, and secretly the Masters of the Sacrifices, showed that many evil and hard tokens appeared to Crassus in the Sacrifices: 
Sacrifices show evil tokens.  But he, neither would hear them, nor no other, but them that exhorted him to go forward. Among the which, Artabases King of Armenia did not let to provoke him, who 
Art●base● King of Armenia ●nd dued with all le●●●ng, whom Antony too by treason, and carried him in triuniphe at Alexandria to please Cleopatra. Crassus refuseth good counsel.  was come to the Camp, with six thousand horsememe, and these were called the Guard and Defence of the King promising other ten thousand men of arms, and three thousand footmen at his charges. He persuaded Crassus to invade Parthia by Armenia, whereby he should lead his army not only safely, he ministering all things for him, but also thorough Mountains and continual hills, places cumbersome to the Parthian horsemennes, wherein consists all their strength▪ Cr●ssus praised the good will of him, and his goodly preparation, yet he said he would enter by Mesepotan●ia, where he had left many good Roman Soldiers, and the Armenian went his way.  
Crassus ●●dde his army over a bridge, when many terrible 
●●i●● tokens to Crassus.  thunders broke out, and great lightnings flashed in the faces of the Soldiers, and a wind mixed with a cloudy perry arose, and broke and consumed much of the matter of the made bridge. And the place that was appointed for the Camp, was twice strike with lightning. An borse of the Generals, very fair clad, carrying a way the rider by violence, was or owned in their sight. And they say that the chief Standard being first taken of the bearer, did turn back of itself. Beside this, it chanced, that after▪ a journey, when meat should be given the Soldiers, first of all, they had L●ntilles and Sops, which the Romans think 〈…〉 and be used at burials. And when Crassus made his Oration, his voice failed him, which the army took heavily. He said he had cut down the bridge, that no man should return over it. The which word being uncomely spoken, where 
A foolish word pasteth Crassus.  he should have repeated it and declared it to them that were made afraid by it, he would not do it for very frowardness. At last when he had killed the sacrifice to make the sol●mne view of his army, and the minister given him the bowels, they fallen out of his hands: at the which, they that were present being most grieved, he smiled, saying: These ●e the incommodities of age, but my weapon shall never fall our of my hands. 
Crassus excuseth ●●s weakness.  Then he led his army by the flood, having seven legiens, and little less than four thousand horse, and a number of shot, equal to them.  
The skoutes that went to see the way, returned and brought word, that the country was void of men, but that there were prints of horse feet, that were go back. Whereat Crassus took good hope, and all the soldiers began to 
Crassus' in a vain hope. Seleucia, a plentiful place.  despise the Parthians, as afraid to come to hands: yet Cassi●● and others spoke to Crassus, persuading him to stay his men in some City where a garrison was, till he was better instructed of the enemies force, if not, that he would go to Seleucia by the flood, where he should have abundance of 
The Counsel of Cassius not followed.  victuals, for the soldiers to be sold, and also a defence and safeguard for the army, not to be environed, for the flood▪ being ever equal to fight with the enemy at the face.  
Crassus' considering and pondering these things: there 
Acbar●s useth craft with Crassus.  came to him a precedent of Arabi●, Acbaros by name, a subtle and dissembling man, the greatest provoker of evil fortune, that was ●ente to their destruction. Some of them that had served under Pompey, knew him, receyviug some humanity at his hand, and showing to be a friend to the Romans. He was sent to Crassus, by the consent of the king's counsel, to turn him, if he could, from the flood and foot of the hills, into the plain field, where he might be compassed. For they devised to do any other thing, rather than to come to fight ●yth she Romans at hand.  
This Acbarus came to Crassus, and said probably, first of the praise of Pompey, that was his benefactoure, then of Crassas, blaming him, that having so great a power 
Acbarus deceyneth Crassus.  he lost time in delay and preparation, as though he had need of armour, and not rather of hands and ●ooif●e f●●te, against men that already seek and gather their most precious riches, to carry them into S●ythia and Hyrcania: but, said he, if you will 
S●ythia in Asia. Hir●ania, a play ● region most abundant.  fight, you must do it quickly, before the whole power be gathered, the king taking heart to him again. And now Sureness Sillaces, cometh to make the war against you, but the king will not be seen. All these were lies.  
For the king went straight with his power to invade Armenia, 
The Fa●●bian king invadeth Armenia and sendeth Surenas against the Romans.  and punish Artabaze●, and sent Surenas against the Romans, not in contempt of them (as some say) for it was not like, that he would contemn Crassus sent against him and one of the chief Romans, and go against Artabazes to destroy the towns of Armenia. But, I think he was afraid of the danger, and lay in wait to see the end, and appointed Surena, being otherwise expert and acquainted with the war. For Surenas was none of the common sort, but in riches 
Surena● is sen● against Crassus.  and glory, and blood, next the King, and the chief of Parthia: in strength and youth, in beauty and goodliness of the body, inferior to none. He carried always with him a thousand laden Camels, and two hundred chariots of Concubines, and a thousand men of arms, and more light horsemen. So as he had of his tenants and servants, no less than ten thousand horse.  
And as touching his blood, it was given him from the beginning, 
The nobility of Surenas.  to set the Crown upon the king's head▪ when a new king was made▪ He called Orodes out of exile into his Kingdom: 
Orodes is brought out of exile, by Sureness.  he took the great city of Seleucia, & was the first that s●aled the walls, and with his own hand repulsed them that resisted, and was not yet thirty, years of age, yet had the greatest glory for wisdom and experience, by the which, he did not a little beguile Crassus, first through his pride and boldness, and after 
The text varieth.  by his fear and adversity, easily to be entrapped.  
Acbarus that had brought Crassus from the flood into the plain fields, without wood and water, and without any end to rest as it appeared, and not only traveled with thirst and difficulty, but also with an uncomfortable prospect to the eye, seeing neither tree, nor river, nor appearance of hill, nor growing of grass, but a very shape like a sea of fearful deserts, did beset the army. And then the craft began to be espied.  
Furthermore, there came messengers from Artabazes the 
Artabazes signifieth he is invaded.  king of Armenia, showing how he was detained with great war, Orodes having invaded him: and that he could send no help to Crassus. Yet he wished him, in any wise to turn, and make his way by Armenia, that they together might go against 
Orodes king of Part●●●.  Orodes, if not, always to march and encamp so, as he might avoid the horsemen, and to go by the hills. Crassus' writing nothing again, for anger, and strangeness, answered, 
Crassus maketh a froward answer.  that now he had no leisure to deal with Armenia, but when he returned, he would punish Artabazes for his treason. Cassius and they, were again grieved, and leaving Crassus, that would not hear good Counsel, they plainly rebuked Acbarus. 
Crassus mis●iketh the journey.   
O you naughty wight, O you most wicked man, who brought thee to us: with what passion or witchcrafts hast thou made Crassus to lead his army by deserts and ugly wilderness, fit for an Archtheefe of Numidia, than a chief general of the Romans?  
Arbarus a crafty man, did speak them fair, and comforted 
Arbarus deceiveth him and all the rest.  and exhorted them, to endure a while, and riding among the soldiers, he i●sted at them. You think you were going by Campania, by fountains, rivers, shadows, brooks and brays, and ostanes, all the ways.  
Do you remember that you go by confines of Arabia and 
Arabia is two parts baronne. Assiria the furthest part of Sy●●●.  Assiria. Thus did Acbarus play the scholar among the Romans, and before his craft was perceived, he road about not unknown to Crassus, but agreeing to it, as though he would provide and defeat the enemies. It is said, that Crassus that 
Moore tokens of ●uil.  day came not abroad in purple, as the manner was of a Roman General, but in a black garment, the which he changed again, when he perceived it. Some of the ensignebearers could not without great labour pull up their ensigns, they stuck so fast. Crassus' laughing, went the faster, and bad the legions follow the horsemen. But than came some of the espies that had been abroad, in haste, showing that their fellows were killed of the enemies, and they only escaped, and that the enemies came on, with great power and speed. This troubled them all, and Crassus most of all, so as he set his men in order, not very orderly. But Cassius moved him to s●t his legions as thin as he could, to fill the plain, for fear of compassing, and divide the horsemen into wings. Then he altered and made the same to serve both ways, and a square battle, and every of the ●●des going on with twelve bands, and with a troop of horsemen, that no part should be void of the help of horsemen, but on everyside be a like defended for the fight. He appointed one wing to Cassius, and an other to young Crassus, and he went in the midst▪ Thus marching, they came to a river, which they call Balissus, not very great, nor full of water, but acceptable to the 
Balissus.  soldiers, in that hot and dry journey, with so great pain and p●●●rie of water.  
Many of the Captains thought it good to stay there, till certain knowledge were come▪ of the enemies force and purpose, and when day was come, to go against them.  
But Crassus commanded his son and the horsemen with him to go on, and to be ready for the fight. He bad them that did ●a●●▪ to eat and drink as they kept their order, and before all was well done, he led on, not with leisure, nor pausing▪ as they that should fight, but with much speed and haste, till they saw their enemies, not in so great a show, neither appearing many, nor fearful to the Romans. For Sir●●●● had put the multitude behind, and hidden the brightness of the●●●arne●●●, with their ●lo●●s and skins. After they were come nigh, and a token given of the Captains, first they filled all 
The Parthians manner in going to fight.  the plain with barbarous noise and fearful shouts. For the Parthians go not to battle with horns and trumpets, out with drums, in many places at once, made of leather, and hollow▪ stretched with iron bars, and beaten upon continually. This maketh a noise hollow and deep, like the roaring of wild beasts, intermeddled with the sharpness of thunder, as nothing could be hard for the sense of hearing, bringeth most trouble to the mind, and by it is soon moved, and most troubleth the understanding. The Romans being astonished at this noise, they of Parthia threw away the covers of their harness suddenly, and appeared shining with ●at● and armour made of the best steel and bright, and the horsemen barded with Caparison likewise. The goodliest and the greatest was 
Surenas.  Surenas, he being in finesse of his womanish array not like the glory of his valiantness, but rather decked after the Median fashion, in the trimming of his person, and division of his hair. The other Parthians being ugly of purpose, to the terror sh●dding of their hear. First they gave the onset with their spears, to divide and break the fore ward. But when they saw the firmness of the battle, and the stable abiding of the men, they went back, as though they would have scattered and divided their order: and they compassed the battle in a circle, and went about it. Crassus' commanded the light h●r●●sse to give charge upon them. They went not far, but they were overlaid with shot, and they turned again, and thrust among the 
The beginning of disorder in the Romans Campe.  legions, and gave the beginning of disorder and fear, to them that see the might of the shot, and the continual course, breaking harness, and bearing down alike the unarmed and well armed. The Parthians distant a little, began to shoot at all ●●●ntures, not directing their shot, for the Romans battle was so thick, as they could not miss though they would, giving continual hurt and wounds with their strong and great bows, and with their violence of the drawing, driving the arrow the stronger. This was the undoing of the Romans, for continuing in their order, they were strooken, and trying to go upon their enemy, or to keep close again, they suffered alike.  
The Parthians, when they shot, fled, and this they think 
The Parthians manner in the wa●●e.  the best ●eate according to the Scythians, being a most wise part, to hurt other, and save themselves, and hide the shame of their fléeing, by this pretence. So long as the Romans hoped, 
The Parthians re●●e their shot.  that their shot being done, they would have come to hands, they abode it: but when they see numbers of Camels come laden with new shot, ●o the which, they that first spent their arrows, went to receive more, than Crassus himself thought it would have no end. Wherefore he sent messengers to his son, that he should set upon the enemy, before they were enclosed, for they were most busy upon him, and road about him, to come upon his back. The young man took xiij C. horse, whereof a thousand were Caesars, and ●ight bands of the next footmen, and bad them set upon the●r enemies. The Parthians that were foremost, either because they were in miry ground, (as some say,) or because they would draw Crassus by policy, as far as they could, turned and fled. Then young Crassus ●rying, as though they 
Young▪ Crassus with Censorinus and M●gaba●●us  would not have turned again, gave them the chase, and with him Censorinus, and M●gaba●●us: these passed in valiantness and strength, Censorinus being of the order of a senator and eloquent, friend to young Crassus, and of like age. The horsemen going on, the footmen followed with courage and fearfulness of hope, for they thought to have the victory by the chase. They had not go far, but they perceived the deceit. They that seemed to ●●ée, turned again, many ●● coming to them. Then they stayed, thinking they would have come to hands with them, because they were so few: but they set the men of arms upon the Romans, and with their other horse, confusedly road upon them, troubling the plain, raising heaps of Sande, and making all full of dust, that the Romans could neither see nor speak. So being driven and thrust 
The Romane● killed.  together, they were overthrown and died, not easily, nor a short death, but with shrieking & sorrowful manner, labouring to break the arrows in their wounds, proving by violence, to pull out the forked heads that were enited their veins and stnowes, they fore and lamented themselves. When many were thus dead, they that were alive were unprofitable to help, and 
Romans unable to help.  when as Publius exhorted them to set upon the men of arms, they showed their hands nailed to their shields, and their feet fastened to the ground, that they could neither fly nor fight. Then he brought his horsemen fiercely upon them, but he was too weak, striking and defending both at once, with weak and little spears, upon the strong armour of steel, and his Galatians being stricken with long spears upon their unarmed bodies: in them he trusted much, and by them he did marvelous feats. For they took the spears, and bore down the men from their horse, which could not be moved for the weight 
The valiantness of the Galatians.  of their harness. Many left their horses, & struck their enemies horses in the bellies, the which for pain threw off their riders, and trod upon them and their enemies, till they died also. But the heat and thirst, most troubled the Galathians, being accustomed to neither of them, and many of them having left their horses, with their staves, fought with the contrary. Therefore they did what they could to have got to the legions, having 
Publius Crassus sore wounded.  Publius among them, being evil bestadde for his wounds: and seeing an hill of sand not far off, they went thither, putting their horse in the midst, and defending the outward parts with their Targets, they thought they might easily put back the Barbarians: but it came otherwise to pass, for being in the plain, the former kept the hindermost from hurt: but when they went to a mounting ground, and all was in the danger, and they that came behind most of all, there was none escaped, but all were shot indifferently, lamenting their deaths void of revenge and glory. There were about Publius, 
Carria the great▪ in Asis. Irna.  two men, both Grecians, dwelling in Carria, jeronimus and Nichomacus. They moved him to go with them, and fly to Irna, a town that held of the Romans. He answered, there was 
A noble answer of a young man.  no death so grievous, for fear of the which, Publius would leave them that died for him. Therefore he prayed them to save themselves, and gently sent them away. He could not use his hand, for it was hurt with an arrow. Therefore he commanded his page to take his sword, and run him therowe the side. 
The death of P. Crassus' his two friends.  Censorinus died after that sort. Magabactus' killed himself, and so died the most noble of the other.  
The rest, the Parthians killed with their spears, fight for themselves; and only five hundred were taken alive.  
When they had cut off the heads of Publius and his 
Crassus' in hope.  company, they turned toward Crassus. He stood after this sort. When he had sent his son to encounter the Parthians, and one had told him that there was a great fléeing, and a sore chase of the enemies, and saw that they came no more upon him, for they went also from that part, he began to take comfort, leading his army to a rising place, thinking his son would have come strait from the chase. They that were first sent of Publius to tell in what danger he was, were taken of the enemies and slain.  
The other hardly escaping, showed that Publius was undone, 
Crassus' perplexed.  except speedy and great help were sent. Now was Crassus dynersly troubled, he could not see by reason, how to use his matters: on the one side, fear of the whole, on the other, desire to save his son, doubting if he might help him, or not help him, yet in the end, went forward with his power. Now were the enemies come, with terribleshewt declaring Victory, and striking many Armenians, and feared the Romans, looking for an other battle. They brought the head of Publius upon a spears 
The Parthians show their spite.  point, approaching nigh, and with despite ask, who was his parents and kindred. For they could not think that he was the son of Crassus so cowardly and lewd a man, being a young man of so noble a renowned virtue. This fight most of all was grievous to the Romans, directing and breaking their hearts, not to anger and revenge, as it ought, but utterly to fear and dread. And then did Crassus show himself most noble, as in such a case, (as they say) he went about the host and cried: This, 
Crassus showeth himself noble.  (O Romans) is my proper loss. The great glory and fortune of Rome, is in you to keep unbroken and untouched, and if you have pity of me, that have lost so good a son, show your anger upon your enemies, take away this joy from them; revenge 
The words of Crassus to comfort his soldiers.  the cruelty, be not dismayed with that is done, for they that do great feats, must sometime suffer. Lucullus overcame not Tigranes without bloudeshed, nor Scipio, Antiochus. Our Ancestors lost a thousand Ships in Sicily. In Italy many Capitames and armies would not let for their loss, but to get the victory again. The Romans have not come to so great dominion by fortune, but by sufferance and manhood in calamity. When Crassus had said this, to encourage them, he did not see 
A declaration of the Romans faintness.  many willingly hear him, therefore he bad make a noise, the which, bewrayed the faintness of the army, for they made a séeble and weak cry, which was answered of the Barbartans, with cheerful and bold sound. Coming together, the shot of the enemies, troubled the Romans on the sides. The other coming upon them with their spears at the face, drove them into a little roomth, yet some fleeing death by the shot, came out to fight at hand, to little purpose, being so dispatched with great 
The fight.  and mortal wounds, many times the sharp and long spears passing thorough horse and man.  
Thus the night broke the battle, they saying they would 
The Parthians rest. Arsaces'.  gratify Crassus with one night to bury his son, and to consider with himself, whither it were better for him to go to Arsaces, or to be led to him. They thus going to a place nigh hand, were in great hope. But the Romans had an heavy night, neither burying the dead, nor healing the hurt, some dying, and all lamenting themselves, for all things appeared without help.  
They remembered the day would bring more care: if they should go away in the night by those huge plains, and carry the hurt soldiers with them, it would be a let unto them: if they left them behind, they would cry and disclose their going away.  
And although they thought Crassus to be the Author of all this evil, yet they desired to see him and hear him speak. He was by himself with his face covered in the dark. An example to the common sort of fortune, and to the wise, of want of wisdom, 
Crassus' an example of Fortune's mutability.  and ambition, by the which, he was not content to be one of the chief & greatest among many thousands such as he was, but because he was judged inferior only to two men, he thought himself the lest of all. octavius his Legate and Cassius, raised him, and bad him be of good cheer.  
But when they saw him in utter desperation, they called the officers and captains, showing it was no tarrying there, but to depart without sound of trump and secreately, which being done, and the hurt men perceiving they were forsaken, a great lamentation with sorrowful cry was made in the Camp, which staid them, with trouble and fear, as though the enemy had come upon them.  
Then resting to take the wounded men, and to bestow them, and carry them, it was a let unto them, saving to three hundred 
Egnatius. Carras. Coponius.  which Egnatius led to Carras at midnight, and speaking latin to the watch, he willed to tell Coponius, that was captain them of the garrison, that a great field was sought between Crassus and the 
Egnatius evil. thought of, thought he saved his band.  Parthians. Moore he said not, nor they asked what he was, and so he went to the bridge and saved his band: yet he was evil thought of, because he forsook his General: Notwithstanding, that word spoken to Copenio, did good to Crassus. For he thinking that all was not well, because of the sudden and strange speech, gathered his men together, and went to meet Crassus in the way, and receive his soldiers into the City. The Parthians hearing the going away by night, did not follow them.  
But when day was come, they killed them that were left, 
Romans killed.  which were no less than four thousand. In the plain they overtook many with their horsemen and killed them. Four bands that Vergunteius led in the night, losing their way, were 
Vargunteius, his bands slain.  slain, not without resistance, except twenty.  
They breaking thorough with their naked sword, the enemies 
Twenty soldiers are suffered to pass the enemies.  marveling at their manhood, they suffered to pass a soldiers march to Carras.  
A false tale was told Surena, that Crassus with the chief, was fled, and the common sort were received at Carras. He thinking the victory was not yet got, standing in doubt, and coveting to learn the truth, that either he might besiege the 
Suren● useth an other 〈◊〉 to 〈◊〉 Crassus.  City, or follow Crassus, or let him go, he sent one of his men that could speak both tongues, to the walls, commanding him to speak Latin, and to call Crassus or Cassius, and to tell them that Surenas would speak with them. He doing so, and it being told to Crassus, the message was received.  
Shortly after came certain Arabians that knew Crassus and Cassius, having been in their camp before the fight.  
They seeing Cassius upon the brickwall, said, Surenas would make them friends with the King, and save them, so they would depart with Mesopotamia, for so it were better to do, than try the uttermost.  
Casius accepting if, and requiring a time and place for Crassus 
The deceit of Surena.  and him to meet together, they answering so to do, departed.  
When Surenas heard this of the messengers, being glad that they were in a place as besieged, he willed the Parthians the next day to go with a great cry, and require, that if the Romans would have peace with the Parthians, to send Crassus and Cassius bound to the King.  
They were grieved that they were deceived, and counseled Crassus to leave the long and vain hope of Armenia, and to save himself, and to let none of the Carrenans know it. But he made it known to Andromachus a very false fellow, whom he trusted, 
Crassus' deceived by Andromachus.  and made him guide of the way, so as nothing was kept from the Parthians, all being told by Andromachus. And where it is not their custom to fight by night, nor no sure thing to them, and where Crassus went out by night, that they should not be too far off in following the fléeing Captains, Andromachus led the Romans this way and that way, and at last put them in a fenny and marish place, which should be hard for the footmen to follow. Some thought not well of Andromachus turning & compassing & followed not. Therefore Cassius went again to Carras, 
Cassius returneth  when the guides which were Arabians, willed him to make haste, before the Moon were passed Scorpion, but I, (said he) fear more sagittary, and then went into Syria with five hundred horses.  
They having got good guides, went by the hilly places, which are called Synacha, and they were safe, and before day had 
Sy●●cha, 〈…〉.  overtaken about five thousand, Octavius a good man, was leader of them. The day being come, Crassus had a weary journey by the Fen and strange way, led by Andromachus. He had four bands of Legatemen with him, and few horse, and five Sergeants, with whom having this weary journey, and scarcely staying for rest, the enemies were at hand. He had a mile and half to join with Octavius, and therefore to an other little hill, not able to keep the horse back, nor otherwise sure, but joining to Synaces, and stretching with a long space thorough a 
Octavius cometh to help Crassus.  large field, that was nigh it. They with Octavius might see in what danger he was, and first Octavius went with a few to save him. The other reproving themselves followed, & kept the enemies from the hill, and compassed Crassus in the midst, and defended him with their Targets, so as the shot of the Parthians should not hurt the General, before, they all fight for him, were slain. When Surenas saw the Parthians slowly doing their feat, & if the night came on, that the Romans by going 
New wyle● of Surenas.  in hilly places, should not be overtaken of them, he wrought wiles with Crassus. He caused talk to be in the Camp, so as same Roman captains might hear it, that the King would not 
Crassus' continually deceived.  make war continually with the Romans, but would be glad of their friendship. And use Crassus gently. And they went and told it.  
The Barbarians ceased from the fight. Surenas with the chief went quietly to the hill, he unbent his bow, he offered his right hand, and called Crassus to truce, saying: It was against the Kings will, that he had proved his force and power, & now he should willingly feel his clemency and mildness, and being confedered, suffer all to go safe. When Surena had said this, the other were glad of it, and would have it followed. Only Crassus did not credit it, and thought this sudden change was not to be taken, therefore he thought it not good to do it, but to take advice: yet the soldiers cried, and were angry, objecting he would cast them to be villainously slain of the enemies, to whom he dared not go to talk, they being unarmed. He began 
The soldiers compel Crassus to take the worst way.  to desire them to abide the rest of the day, & in the night to pass by the hills and safe ways, and showed the way, and prayed them not to cast away the hope of health, which was at hand. But they reviling him, and bending their weapons against him, compelled him: So he being afraid, went, and turning him, said thus. Octau●●s and Petron's, and you other Captains of the Romans 
Crassus' to the army.  that be present, you see the necessity of my going, and you can tell being with me, the soul violence that I suffer. Therefore tell all other men, if you escape, that Crassus being deceived of his enemies, died, and not forsaken of his citizens. octavius soldiers did not tarry, but came from the hill. The Macebearers Crassus put away.  
The first that came to him of the Barbarians, were two half Greeks, who alighting from their horses, honoured him, and saluting him in Greek, wished him to send some, to whom Surenas might show that he, and they that were with him, were without armour and weapons. To whom Crassus answered, that if he had any little hope of this life, he would not go to them 
〈◊〉  at all. Yet he sent Riscous two brethren, to learn to what, and how many should come, whom, being me, Surenas detained, and with the chief he came down on horseback.  
What means this (said he) the Roman General afrite? and we mounted? and commanded an horse to be brought for 
A 〈◊〉 of Surenas.  Crassus. Crassus' answered, that neither he nor they did offend: For they came to talk after the manner of their Country. Then Surena said, that from henceforth, good peace should be between 
Surenas without says.  the Romans and the King. But the conditions must be written at the flood, whither they would go. For you▪ Romans 
A●aunt to the Romans.  (said he) are not mindful of your covenants, and hold forth his right hand to him. When Crassus called for an horse, it shall not need, (quoth Surenas) for the King giveth thee this, and by and by an horse was brought to Crassus trapped with gold. They setting him up, went about him, and struck the horse to go away 
Crassus ●●●sed and led away.  with him. Octavius was the first that took the bridle, and with him, Petronius a Tribune, and then the rest stood about him▪ the one striving to make the horse to go, and the other to keep them back, and to stay the horse, by the which a tumult and fray, began between them.  
Octavius drawn his sword, and killed one of the Barbarian horsekéepers, 
octavius slain.  an other killed Octavius, thrusting him thorough behind. Petronius had no weapon, and being stroke on the Curet, he escaped unhurt. Maxarthes' a Parthian killed Crassus: they say an other 
Maxarthes'. Crassus' killed.  killed him, and that he did cut off his head, and his right hand. This is rather conjectured than known. For they that were present, fought about Crassus, and some were killed, and some fled again to the hill. The Parthians went away, saying, 
Miserable end of Crassus and the Romans.  that Crassus had his worthy punishment, all the other, Surenas bad come down boldly: some yielded, and some fled by night, of the which, very few were saved. The other were chased by the Arabians and killed.  
They say twenty thousand were slain, and ten thousand 
The number of the Romans slain.  taken. Surenas sent Crassus' head and his hand to Orodes into Armenia. He spreading rumours at Seleucia, that he brought Crassus alive, sent messengers to prepare a mocking sport, in jest calling it a Triumph. For one Caius among the captines most like 
Caius. Spite done to Crassus after h●: death.  to Crassus, was clad with a queens rob, and commanded that whensoever he were called Crassus and General, he should answer, and was led on horseback. Before him were certain Trumpeters and Macebearers, riding on camels. Purses were tied to the rods, and the heads of the Romans that were cut off to the axes. There followed a great company of harlots, and Bawds of Seleucia, speaking many opprobrious and laughing matter against the effeminate cowardice of Crassus, and all the other followed them.  
Then calling the ancients of Seleucia together, he showed the 
Ballads found and read in spite Aristides of Milesi. Rescius.  wanton writings of Aristides of Milesia, and therein he did not lie, for they were found in the carriage of Rescius, and ministered great matter to them to reprove and blame the Romans, that even in their wars do not refrain from such fond manner of writing.  
To the Seleucians', Aesopus seemeth a wise man, seeing Surenas blame a bag of the Milesian ballads before him, and bringing the 
Aesopus a writer of verses, by the which, Surenas taketh occasion to rai●e upon the Romans. Sybaritida is the word signifying them that follow all wantonness. Arsacidas the kings house of Parthia cometh out of Milesia. League between▪ the Kings of Armenia and Parthia. Barbarian kings learned. Pacoro.  wantonness of Parthia, with so many wagons of Concubines, behind him, a certain show of a new form of strange fight mortal and dangerous, though the fore part were fair, fearful and cruel, carrying spears, bows, and horses, at the tail of the host, ending with dancing, singing, and saying, with women, and all kind of lewdness. Rustius was to be blamed, and the Parthians shameless, that rebuke the Milesians, of the which, some of their Kings, called Asacides, have come of the Milesian or Ionian strumpets. This being done, Orodes made league with Artabazes the Armenian, and gave his sister to wife, to his son Paecoro. There were many feasts between them, and other friendships, insomuch as they came to Greek pastimes. For Orodes was not to learn the tongue nor the doctrine of Greece And Artabane● made Tragedies, and written Histories, of the which, some are saved.  
When Crassus' head was brought to the doors, the tables were spread. Then the setterforth of Tragedies, called jason of Trallia, 
Agave in her fury killed her son. A play at the bringing of Crassus' head. Silaces bringeth Crassus' head. Pentheus' was the son of Agave.  showed Bacchus of Euripides, touching Agave. He being well liked, Sillaces came into the dining Parlour, and making reverence, threw Cassius head into the midst. The Parthians making a rejoice with a shout of joy, the Ministers put by Silaces, the King commanding it, and jason delivered the preparation of Pentheus, to one of the dancers, and taking Crassus' head, he sung these verses of it, like a man caught with a fury.  

We bring from the circuit of the Mountains a new killed game,  
A blessed happy hunting.   
This did all they repeat. And when it came about again, that the Quyre should sing this, Mine, Mine is the reward, Maxarthes' leapt forth, for he was set at the Table, and took the head, saying, it appertained more to him, than he that had it. The King was glad, for it was to be given to him with reward 
The killers of Crassus rewarded.  after the Country manner, & to jason he gave a talon. After this manner of play did the travail of Crassus' end as a Tragedy.  
Both Orodes for his cruelty, and Surenas for his perjury, had worthy punishment. For not long after, Orodes killed Surenas 
Surenas is killed of Grodes, and Orodes of his son Phraartes.  envying his glory. Phraartes, Orodes son, after Pacorus was slain of the Romans, and Orodes sick of the dropsy, gave his father poison, which when he understood it would be consumed by a lask, he left poisoning, & took a readier way, by choking him: and the Parthian army being go to Mesopotamia, the king's Captains made Labinius the Roman their General, 
Labinius.  meaning to invade Syria, or to go with him as far as Alexandria, and he leading the Parthians from Euphrates and Syria to Lydia & jonia, wasting Asia, Antony hearing of it, prepared to 
Antony.  go against the Parthians, but being called home by the letters of his wife Fulvia, sent to him with weeping, he turned into Italy, and being at accord with Caesar and Pompey that ruled Sic●lie, he sent again into Asia, Ventidius, to repress the Parthians coming 
Ventidius.  forward, and for favour, was made the holy minister of the former Caesar. Other things they did in common and friendly, 
Antony is made minister of divine Caesar.  in civil▪ and moste great matters. There was a prophet with him of Egypt, that was cunning in men's nativities: he either to gratify Cleopatra, or to tell the truth, spoke to Antony 
A Soothsayer.  freely, saying. Thy fortune that is most noble and great, is overlayed of Caesar's, and counseled him to be as far of, as he could from the young man. For thy Angel, said the wise man, fears his Angel, and it appeared that Antony gave credit 
Antony's Angel, afraid of Octa 〈…〉 us Angel.  to it, and thought the better of the Egyptian. So committing his things to Caesar, he sailed into Grecia. And whilst he was at Athenes, the first news came of Ventidius good proceedings, 
Ventidius hath good luck in Parthia.  that he had overcome the Parthians, and slain Labinius and Phraartes, the chief Captains of king Orodes. After this, he feasted the Grecians, & was made ruler of the Athenians school. When he went to the war, he ware a garland of holy Olive, and according to an oracle, carried with him a vessel full of the fountain of Clepsidra. Then was it told that Ventidius had overthrown Pacorus 
Clepsidra was well in the castle of Athens.  the king's son, with a great army of the Parthians invading Syria again at Cyristica, and that many were slain, among 
Pacorus slain.  the which, Pacorus was one of the first. This act was one of the noblest, in the which she Romans revenged the misfortune of Crassus, and drove the Parthians again into Media and Mesopotamia, being overcome in three battles together. Ventidius 
Ventidius leaveth to do further against the Parthians for fear of Antony's envy. Samosata bringeth forth an earth that setteth water afire, in that part of Syria, that is called Comagene  refrained to follow the Parthians, any further fearing the envy of Antony. Them that revolted he recovered again, and besieged Antiochus Comagenus in the City of Samosatis, offering a thousand talents, and to do what Antony should command him. Ventidius bad him send to Antony, for he was at hand, and Ventidius would have Antiochus make his peace there, that this act might redound to his honour, least all should seem to be done by Ventidius. But the siege continuing longer, and the inhabitant for desperation of peace, turning to courage 
Antonius is deceived of his hope and returns doing nothing. Ventidius triumpheth of the Parthians. Octavius and Antony more fortunate by their Lieutenaunts, than themselves. Sosius. Canidius. Phraartes killeth his father Orodes  of hearts, Antony was content to let▪ Antiochus go for three hundred talents. And when he had tarried a while in Syria, he returned to Athens, and rewarding Ventidius, as he was worthy, sent him to triumph. He only to that day, did triumph of the Parthians, a man of base birth, coming to so great an estimation of weighty matters by Antony's friendship, which he using wisely, made the saying of Caesar & Antony to be found true, that they were more fortunate by other Captains, than by themselves. For Sosius, Antony's Lieutenant in Syria, did many things, and Canidius left of him in Armenia. He overcame the Hiberian and Albanian Kings, and drove them as far as 
* This Iberia is nigh the hill Caucasus, full of venible, from whence, they came, that now inhabit Spain. Antony would give reward comparable to the kings of Persia. Larissa, there be many of that name. One in Asia, nigh Tralus. Arethusa, one in Syria, another in Lubaa. Hierapolis in Mesopotamia.  Caucasus, whereby Antony's name was renowned among the Barbarians. After that Phraartes had killed his father Orodes, and taken the Kingdom, many Parthians fled away, & Monesius a noble and a mighty man, fled to Antony. There he weighing this man's fortune with Themistocles, and comparing his power, with the kings of Persia, gave him three Cities, Larissa, Arethusa, and Hierapolis, whom before they called Bambyce. But when Monesius was called home again by the king, he did let him go, meaning so to deceive the King by hope of peace, and being desirous to recover the ensigns of Crassus, and the captives that were alive, he sent Cleopatra into Egypt, and went into Arabia and Armenia, to gather his power and the confederate kings, for they were many. But the greatest was Artabazes of Armenia, giving six thousand horse, and seven 
Forces of Antony. Bactrians, people in Scythia of Assia.  thousand footmen. When he mustered his men, there were lx M. footmen, and of the Romans ordinary horsemen, and the Iberians and Frenchmen, ten thousand. Of other nations there was thirty thousand with horsemen and shot. This so great preparation and power, that made the Bactrians and Indians afraid, and all Asia to shake, they say, that Cleopatra made to come to 
Cleopatra is cause of the decay of a great preparation.  little profit, for making haste to winter with her, he took not due time for the war, using all things confusedly, not as one that had his wits, but abused with his sorceries and witchcrafts 
Antony abused by Cleopatra.  of her, that he thought more to make haste to her, than to get victory of his enemies. For where he ought to have wintered 
Eight furlongs maketh a mile.  in Armenia, and rested his weary army that had go eight M. furlongs, and before the Parthians had come from their wintering, to invade Media in the beginning of the Spring, he would not tarry the time, but so led his army, as he had Armenia on his left hand, and when he came to Atropatea, he wasted that region. 
Atropatea is part is a part of Media.  Then having engines necessary for to overthrow cities, which followed the camp with three hundred Chariots, in the which, there was one called a Ram, of the length of four 
Ram an engine to beat walls of a city. Antony leaveth his artillery behind him. Phraata besieged.  score foot, which if it were broken, could not be made again, because he led the army in a Country plain and barren of wood of any length or hardness, he left them behind him, as impediments to his haste, appointing a ●and and a Captain, to keep the same, and he besieged Phraata a great City, in the which, the wife and children of the King of Media were. And then 
Antony's error.  feeling the want of the engines, he knew he had erred in leaving them behind him; and therefore would win the City by mounts, which was a great labour, and a slow device. Now came the King Phraartes with a great army, who hearing of the 
The artillery is taken, and the keepers killed.  leaving of the carriage of the engines, sent many horsemen for them, of whom Statianus being chief of the Romans, was killed, and ten thousand with him. 
Statianus and Polemon be killed.   
The Barbarians took the engines, and destroyed many people, in the which was Polemon a King. This made Antony's army afraid, as it might, to receive such a loss at the beginning. Artabasses the Armenian king, dyspayring of the Romans, returned 
Artabazes forsaketh the Romans.  home with his army, albeit he was the cause of the war. They that were besieged, trusted upon the Parthians so much, as they used spiteful language. Antony, not thinking good his soldiers courage should be abated, by lying ydly there, look ten legions, and three bands of the guard, and all his horsemen, and went to forage, thinking so to provoke his enemies to fight, and to deal with them orderly. Being go one only days journey, when he saw the Parthians fetching their compass, and seeking to stop his way, he commanded the token of fight to be given, and the camp to be levied, not as though he would fight, but march. He passed by the Barbarians, who were set like a crescent, commanding the horsemen, that when the footmen were so nigh as they might fight, that the horsemen should turn upon them. The Parthians 
The Parthians marvel at the good order of the Romans.  did judge the Romans order to be better by reason, and beheld them marching with equal distance quietly, and with silence, shaking their weapons. When the token was given, and they went on with shout, the horsemen turned upon the enemy, who received them with defence, although they were within the shot. But when the footmen came with cry & clashing of armour, the horsemen of the Parthians gave place 
The Romans have a victory of small account.  with disorder, and fled before they came to hands. Antony followed the chase, having great hope to make an end either of the whole war, or of a great part of it, when they had followed the chase, the footmen six miles, and the horsemennes thrice so much.  
They found no more taken but thirty, nor no more slain but four scour, every man thinking it an hard case, that they having victory, should kill so few, and losing their Engines with so many. When they were overcome, they fallen into a great discourage and doubt of themselves.  
The next day they passed to Phraartes' Camp, and by the way, found first a few enemies, then more, at last all, & as invincibly, and not to be hurt, they provoked him, & every where set upon him, so as hardly, and with much ado, the Romans went to their Campe. And where they of the City had 
The Romans hardly get to their Campe.  mace a sally, and put some of the Romans from their trench, Antony was so angry, as he punished every tenth man by death, 
The Romans punished by lod.  according to the desert, taking every tenth by lot, that had forsaken his place, and to the other instead of wheat, he gave barley. The war was painful to both, and the continuance more fearful, Antony perceiving hunger would follow, for he could get no forage without death and hurt of his soldiers. Phraates knowing the Parthians had rather do any thing, than to lie in field, and in an other land, in the winter, was afraid, that 
Autumn. A crafty practice.  if the Romans did hold out and tarry, that they would leave him, the air beginning to change, and the time of equal day and night being at hand: he devised this craft. The best of the Parthians, used the Romans more gently in their foraging and other encounters, suffering them to carry away some things, and praising their virtue, as of men most valiant in war, and in great estimation with their king, as they were well worthy. And by this mean coming nearer together, and suffering the horsemennes to pass, spoke evil of Antony, because Phraates would gladly have peace, and spare so good and so many men, that had given none occasion, but that he would tarry and abide two great and hard enemies, that is, Winter and Hunger, from the which, 
Winter and Hunger twogreat enemies.  they could hardly escape, though the Parthians would suffer them.  
Many declaring this to Antony, and he deceived by this hope, 
Antony deceived.  deferred to send an herald to the Parthians king, till he knew of those well willing Barbarians, if they spoke so much with the King's consent. They affirming and promising, that he aught not doubt nor dread, he sent one of his friends again, requiring to receive the ensigns & the Captives, that he might not be thought altogether to save himself, and to escape. The Parthians answering, be should not pass of that, but if he did depart, he should have peace and safete ●● and by wherefore within few days he broke up and went his way. And whereas he was eloquent in persuading, and was went to 〈…〉 the people, and the army by his orations, now for shame and heaviness, he omitted to 
Antony committeth thee, speech to his soldiers, another, contrary to his wont.  speak to the multitude, and commanded Domitius Aenobarbus to do it. Some were angry as though he despised them, but the more part were content and perceived the matter, & therefore thought the rather to grant and obey their General.  
Being about to lead them the plain and barren way, a 
Mardi be people in Hyrcania. Mardus taketh upon him to lead the army the best way.  man that by kind was called Mardus, acquainted with the Parthian fashion, faithful to the Romans, and at the field of the engines, came to Antony, and willed him to flee on the right hand of the hills, and not to cast his army laden with harness, and weary with journeys, to such a might of horse and short, and that Phraates under show of benevolence, went about to ent●a● him, and that he would lead him a shorter way, in she which he should have sufficiency of all things.  
When Antony herded this, he took counsel, and said he would not seem too distrust the Parthians, touching the peace, but for the shortness of the way, and the plentiful Towns inhabited, he 
Mardus bound.  praised Mardus, and required says of him. He offered to be be and till he brought them into Armenia. Being bond, he led them two days very quietly. The which done, Antony not looking for the 
The Parthians come upon Antony on the sudden.  Parthians, and going negligently because of his boldness, Marred saw the bank of the flood new broken, and much water enterunning the place where they should pass. He knew it was the Parthians work to make their way the harder, and to set that flood as an impdeiment unto them, and willed Antony to 〈…〉 about him, for the enemy was not far off. While he set his men in order, and commanded the shot to encounter with thee, behold the Parthians appeared, and came as they would have compassed and dissolved the army. The shot coming upon them, and hurt being done on both sides, they retired, and after 
French horsemen.  came again. Then the French horsemen encountered with them, and put them back, so as that day they did no more attempt.  
By this, Antony learning what he should do, he placed many shot, not only at the taile● out one she sides, leading the army in a square, commanding the horsemen to put back the enemies, but not to follow them too far. So the Parthians in these four days having done no more hurt than received, waxed flow, and intended to go their way, making Winter 
Flavius Gallus.  their pretence. The fifth day, Flavius Gallus a good Souldioure and a forward in feats of war, required Antony to give him some shot for his rearward, and horsemen for his fore ward, and he would do a good service. He gave him, and he kept back the enemies. But now not returning to the footmen as he did before, but following and fight with more courage, when 
The ●a●hencite of Gallus. The soberness of Titius.  the leaders of the ●aile see him go too far, they called him back, but he would not. They say Titius did take the Ensign to turn him back, and rebuke Gallus, that would loose so many, and so good men, and that he rebuked him again, and bad him meddle with his own matters, and so Titius went his way.  
Gallus setting upon the face of them, was compassed at the back, and being beset round about, sent for more help.  
They bringing the footmen, among the which was Canidius, 
Canidius committeth a great error.  a man in great favour with Antony, who seemed to commit a great error, for he ought to have brought forth the whole battle, and to have sent them forth in bands, one ready to help another, which being too weak, to have supplied more, they perceived not that it wanted but little that the whole army was not put to the worst, and to flight, if Antony had not by and by brought the legions, and set them in the face of them, and the third legion had not passed among them that fled, and stayed the enemy from further chase. There was slain no less than 
A slaughter of the Romans.  three thousand, and there came to their tents wounded five thousand And Gallus among them, shot thorough with four arrows, could not be healed of his wounds. The other Antony went about and comforted, and with tears bade them be of good 
Antony comforteth his men, and they him.  cheer, but they cheerfully taking him by the hand prayed him to comfort himself, & not to be diseased, calling him Chief General, saying they were well, if he were whole: for generally, 
Antony a very good Captain.  there was no captain that led a more noble armi▪ neither in strength nor in patience, nor in boldness, in those days, than he, nor more reverence and obedience, with benevolence of all indifferens lie, noble, unnoble, Rulers, and private men, was ever given to any Captain, than to Antony, preferring him before their own lives and health, where in he might compare with the aunt●ent● Romans. divers causes were of this▪ (as we have said) gentleness, 
Causes of the soldiers love toward 〈◊〉.  eioquen●e, plainness▪ liberality, and magnificence, & courtesy in mirth and speech, and for that he would pity and comfort the sick, and give what they needed, he made the sick and the hurt, the more assured to him.  
The enemies for this victory, were in such a pride, though they were weary and almost refusing the fight, contemning the Romans, as that night they encamped hard by them, thinking strait to have spoilt the void tents, and sacked the money of them being fled.  
When day was come, they were many more, and they say they were not less than forty thousand horsemennes, the King sending still more unto them, as to a sure and certain victory, but he was not with them, whither they won or lost.  
When Antony should speak to the soldiers, he would 
Antony discouraged.  have a black garment, that he might the more be pitied, but his friends not suffering it, he came in a captains purple rob, and spoke unto them, praising them that had done well, and dispraising them that fled, of the which, some prayed him to be of good comfort, some confessed their fault, and offered to be punished every tenth man, or any other way to chastise them, only they 
Antony's prayer  prayed him to cease his sorrow and grie●e. Then holding up his hands, he prayed the Gods, that if ther● were any revenge toward, for his former felicity, that it might light on him, and that the rest of the army might have health, and victory.  
The next day, they marched better guarded: and the Parthians that followed were much deceived of their purpose▪ for where they thought to come to spoil and pray, and not to fight, being resisted with great cheerfulness of the souldieures▪ they were weary again. And as the Romans went down certain hills, 
The manner of the Romans against the Par 〈…〉.  they came upon them, and they made a sharp shot▪ The Target men turned upon them, and covered their shot with their shields, for the Targets hide them easily, they kneeling on their knees. They that stood behind, defended them with their armour, and so did the other. This manner of form, bowing alike every way, made a figure of a Theatre, and it is the surest way to avoid shot, the arrows sliding away. The Parthians thinking 
The Parthians deceived. The fight at hand  the stooping of the Romans upon their knees had been for hea●e and thirst, unbent their ●owes, and with their spears came nig●▪ them than the Romans rising suddenly with a cry set upon them, and wring their weapons out of their hands, killed the foremost of them, and made all the other to run away. The like was done other days. They giving little way, and famine falling into the army, little mea●e being had, because of their often 
The misery of the Romans.  fights, wanting▪ miles to grind their corn, being lost with the engines, for they were left behind, and because many of the beasts were killed, the sick and wounded men were born. So as they say, a Athens bushel of wheat was worth fifty drams, 
Chani● atti●● containeth. 2. Sextarij. and Sextarij, is the sixte part of Corg●o. Dragm● was as much as a Roman Penny. Herbs hurtefu● vvl●che▪ the soldiers eat. An herb making men mad.  and barley was worth the weight in silver.  
Then being driven to herbs and roots, some they ●ound of the usual sort▪ but being compelled to prove them that were unknown, they first lighted upon an herb that brought death with a madness. For he that eat it remembered nothing, nor known nothing. Only one thing they did, move and turn a stone, as a thing of great weight to be done. The field was full of them that stowped to the ground and digged, and removed stones.  
At length vomiting their choler, they died, when wine, which was the only remedy, was spent, many being dead, and the Parthians not ceasing. They say the Antony many times cried (O 
Ten thousand Grecians passed from the field of their lost Captain without hurt.  the ten thousand,) praising them that with Xenophon did go a far longer way from Babylon, and fight many battles saved themselves.  
The R●●thians could not draw them asunder, nor break their order, and being divers times put to the worse, they ●●ed, waxing quiet again: then they got among them that went for forage, & showing the strings of their bows lose, they said they would retire and make an end of their chase. A ●ewe Medians followed ●et a day or two, doing no hurt, but only guarding the towns of Media. By these words they gave salutations and went o● with gentleness, in so much as the Romans were cheerful again: 
Antony soon led to hope.  which when Antony heard, he said he would go by the plain, rather than the hills, where was lack of water. And minding thus to do, one named Mi●hrid●ies came from the enemies, being cousin to Moneso, that had been with Antony, and had the three Cities given him, and desired some might come to him that could speak the Parthian or Median tongue. And Alexander of Antiochia, in cred●●● with Antony, being sent to him, he said, that he was come to yield thanks for 
Mithrida●es sent by Mon●s●● giveth Antony warning.  Monesus, and asked Alexander, if ●ee saw those high and long hills before him, and when he said he did, under them said he, the Parthians lie in wait for you, with all their army. This great field stretcheth to those hills, and they think that being deceived by them, you will leave the way by the hills, because there is thirst and labour: but if Antony go● this way, let him know to fall in Crassus' calamity.  
Antony being troubled, when he hard this, conferred with 
Antony grieved.  his friends, and Mardus the guide of the way, who thought no less, he knew that though there were none enemies, the journey by the plainness was wayless, uncertain, hard and strange to find. The way by the hills, had none other difficulty, but want of water for one day. Being turned to this, he commanded to go by night, and to carry water. There was 
The Parthians come ●by night.  want of vessels, therefore they carried water in their headpéeces, and some in skins. Their going being known to the Parthians, they came upon them by night contrary to their manner, and by the rising of the Sun, they molested the tail, now weary with watching and labour, for they had go that night two hundredth and forty furlongs, & not thinking their enemies would have come so soon, they were discouraged, for neither had they drink, and must fight a● they went.  
The former chanced to meet with a blood whose water 
Water ●●●tful  was cold and clear, but salt and venomous. The which ●eing drunk did wring the belly with torment, and inflamed their drought▪ And though Mardus gave them warning of it, notwithstanding, they ●eate them off that would have stayed them and drunk it. Antony came among them, and prayed them to be content for a while, for there was an other floud●e of good water not far off, and that the residue-of the way was sharp and not for horsemen, at the which, their enemies would leave them.  
Then blowing the retreat, he commanded to pitch their tents, that at the least▪ the Soldiers might repose them in the shadow. The tents being set, and the Parthians going their wa● as they were want▪ Mi●hr●d●●es came again, and wil●ed 
A new wa●ni●g.  Alexander that came to him▪ to see that the army should take little rest, but go and make haste to the blood, because the Parthians would go no further, but i●yther they would follow them.  
This being told to Antony, Alexander brought from him▪ cups and vessels of gold, of the which Alexander taking so many as he could carry under his ●●●ke, went his way. They removed, and w●nt the rest of that day, without any trouble of their enemies. But the night, they made to themselves most unbegot and fearful, for they killed them that had any 
Disorder in the Romans camp among themselves.  Gold ●● Silver▪ and they spoiled the money that was carried, and in the end ●●nfacked Antony's carriage, and took away his vessel and tables of Gold, and divided them amongst them.  
There was great fear & confusion in the whole army, for they thought the enemies had turned and spoiled their people. Antony called one of hys●g●rde, whise name was Ram●n●●, and 
Antony in despair.  made him to 〈◊〉, that when he commanded him, he ●shoulde 〈◊〉 his ●●●rde through him, and cut off his head, that it might neither ●ee taken alive of the enemy, nor known wh●● he was dead●. His friends weeping, Mar●●● ●omforted Antony, that the ●●oudde was near at hand, for a moist breath was felt, and a cold air came unto them, that 
A cold air declareth a flood to be at hand.  made the breathing sweet: and the time (quoth he) of our journey, doth agree with the measure, for there was but a little of the night left. And then came other and said the tumult did rise of injury & spoil among themselves. Therefore bringing the multitude from confusion and fear, to order, he commanded to encamp.  
Now day began to show, and the army beginning to take a little rest, the archers of the Parthians, fell upon the hindermost: wherefore token of fight was given to the shot. The armed men covering themselves again with the shields, stayed to ●ou●e with the enemy. The fore ward going on, a little after the flood appeared, and the horsemen keeping the enemies off, they carried over the sick men first, and while these were fight, they had leisure and quiet to drink.  
When the Parthians see the flood, they unbended their bows, and bad the Romans go on boldly, commending much their virtue. When they were passed with quiet, they gathered together again, for they had no great trust in the Parthians, as they went. The sixte day after the last fight, they came to the flood, 
Araxes cometh out of the hill that Euphrates doth.  Araxes, dividing Media and Armenia, it appeared both deep and swift, and it was said that the enemies came to set upon them in the passage. But when they were quietly passed and come into Armenia, as though they had seen that land from the sea, they knéeled down, and with tears and embracings one of another for joy, they ran together.  
But now going by a plentiful Country, and all using superfluity 
The rejoicing of the Romans being come into Armenia.  after their want, they fallen into dropsies, and Chollycke diseases.  
And when Antony made his muster, he found twenty M. footmen 
This war was not accomp●ed, for lack of Armenian horsemen.  and horsemen to be slain, not all of the enemies, 〈…〉 over than half of diseases. They were going from ●h 〈…〉 sea●●● and twenty days, and they overcame the Parthians in eighteen battles, but their victories had no substanunce nor surety of them that made oft and small chases. It was well perceived that Artabazes the Armenian, was the cause why Antony could not bring this war to end. For the sixteen thousand horse that he led out of Media, might have done best service against the Parthians, being armed like them, and accustomed to fight with them: and when they ●●ed from the Romans fight, they should have chased them, that being so overcome, they could not have been bold to set upon them again so often. All the army for anger moved Antony to be revenged of the king. He using discretion, did neither blame his defection, nor change any of his wont humanity and honour to him, his army being yet weak and needy, but afterward being come again into Armenia, and with fair words and promises persuading him to come to his hands, he took him, and carried him bound to the triumph at Alexandrîa, which most grieved the Romans, that the goodly 
Antony taketh the king and maketh a triumph of him at Alexandria which grieveth the Romans.  and comely things of their country, should be translated to Alexandrîa for Cleopatra's sake. Thus he did. Between the kings of Media and Parthia fallen a variance, begun as they say, for the Romans spoil: and the Median king being in danger thereby to lose his kingdom, he sent to Antony, promising to make war with him with all his power. Therefore Antony was brought into greatehope, for he supposed, he wanted nothing to overcome the Parthians, but horsemen and archers, the which he see was now offered him to gratify him without any ask. He prepared to go again into Armenia, & to join with the Median at the flood Araxes, and there to move the war, but being called back by the intercessions of Octavia and Cleopatra, he deferred the Median till the next summer, although the Parthians were at division: yet going to him once again, he made league with him, & when he had married one of his daughters with a son of Cleopatra, he returned again to Civil war.  
The end of the Romans war with the Parthians.   

¶ The Romans war with the Illyrians: by Appian of Alexandrîa.  
THe Grecians think them to be Illyrians, 
Illyria now Slau●●●● Chaonia, part that is mountains. Thesprotia, that is next to Chaonia▪ Paeonia is a part of Macedonia. The breadth & length of Illyria.  that have their dwelling beyond Macedonia and Thraecia from Chaonia & Thesprotia to the flood Hister. The greatness of it, reacheth from Macedonia and the mountains of Thracia, to Paeonia and the Alps, three days journey. The length of it, is much greater by three parts, as the Grecians think. The Romans measuring the ground, think it is six thousand furlongs in length, and a thousand two hundredth in breadth. And they affirm that country to have the name and beginning of Illyria, son to Polyphemus. For Polyphemus 
Illyrius son to Polyphemus. Celte, by that part of France that is about Lions. Taulantij, went from Illyria to Macedonia, and builded A●●iss●. Per●hab● fled into Aetolia. A●hillai Islanders. Autarians were most warlike people of Illyria first subdued of the Scordiscians', and last o● the Romans. Parthene of Macedonia. Da●aretians of Thracia.  had by Galatia, Celtes, Illyrius, and Gallus: And that they came out of Sicily, and gave name to the Celtians, Illyrians, and Galatians. And this I like well of the opinions that have been taught hereof. Then they say that Illyrius had these following: Achilles, Autarius, Dardanus, Medus, Taulantius, & Perrhebus: and these daughters, Partha, Daorta, and Dasera, with others, of the which came the Taulantians, Perrhebians, Achilleians, Autaricans. Dardavans, Parthenians, Dasaretians, and Darsians: Autarius had Pannonius or Paeonius, and Scordiscus: Paeonius, had Tribalus, of the which these nations have their names. And these be the ancient beginnings of the great country of Illyria, in the which were the Scordiscians', and Triballians, of so great possession, as they fought so long together, till the Triballians, that were left, fled to the Celtes beyond Hister. This nation was thought mighty till the time of Philippe and Alexander, and now so destroyed, as it hath no man left: and the Scordiscians' become to nought 
Scordiscians'. Paeonians.  also, for they being overcome by the Romans, came at length to dwell in the islands of Hister. And in continuance of time, some of them went abroad again, and invaded the uttermost part of Paeonia, wherefore the Scordiscians', be now among the Paeonians. Likewise the Ardeians, when they had invaded the best part of the Autarians grounds next the coast, they being seamen, they drove them away. After them, the Liburnians had 
L●burn●. Light ships.  the name to be good with their ships, another nation of Illyria, robbing jonium and the Islands with their swift ships. Wherefore the Romans call the ships of speed, Liburnians. There is a saying, that the Autarians came to utter destruction, by the wrath of Apollo. For they and the Celtians with the Cymbrians, did encamp at Delphos, and by and by all were 
Cymbri came from the north of Saxon into N●●●onne in France where Marius overcame them. Punishment of God.  dispersed and fled, and many of them before the fight, being strooken with rain, tempest, and lightning, and when they that were left came home, they found such a corruption made by frogs in their waters, that they all perished. The vapour of the which so infected the Country of Illyria, as the Autarians being most plagued with it, fled: and because no man dared receive them, they went on xxij days together, coming to a fenny ground unhabited, and builded a City next to Basternia. 
●asturn●, ●e at the flood B●risthenes in Scythia.  They say also, that Apollo did destroy the Celtians and their Cities, & did not end the plague before they fled and left their houses, and came into Illyria, that had offered with them, whom being we●ke for sickness, they soon overcame, and by handling 
●irene, is the hill that divideth France and Spain.  of their things took the infection, and fled to Pirene. And when they moved toward the east, the Romans being afraid of them with whom they had once fought an exceeding battle, sent the Consuls against them, lest they should pass the Alps and come into Italy. And the Romans having the 
Syllenus ●●i●lius and C●p●●, Consuls overthrown by the Cymbrians. etc.  loss of all their army, the name of the Celtians struck all Italy with fear, till they chose Marius their general, which before had overcame the Libyans, Nu●●dians and Marusians, very valiantly, and overthrow the Celtians, and did them many times 
Marius overthroweth them.  destroy as I have showed in the book of Celtian. And this end had the Celtians and Illyrians for their wickedness, yet they did not withhold their wicked hands from holy things, but the Scordiscians', Medans, and Dardanans, ran over Grecia and Macedonia, and spoiled temples, and once again besieged Delphos, losing many of their men being then slain, two and thirty year after the war between the Romans and the Celtians, who for their late sacrilege made them war L. Scipio being Captain then, being Lords of Macedonia and Grecia. An they say their neighbours that were their fellows in this wickedness, than not aiding them, left them to Scipio, remembering the plague of the Autarians which were utterly destroyed through all Illyria. And that Scipio did overthrow all the Scordiscians', 
Corruption one ●●use of civil discord at Rome.  and they that could escape went to Danubi● and the islands thereof, and that he being corrupted with a covenant of holy gold, made league with the Medans and Dardanans, by the which, as many Italians do show in their writings, the state of Rome was strooken with civil discord, until it came to the rule of one. These things of Illyria found among the Grecians, I have written at large. The Romans call not only these Illyrians, 
Rhae●ia is at the Alps, part of the which is now Gusoni. Noricia now Ba●●nis My●●a now josua and Ceruia.  but also the Paeonians beyond them, the Rhetians, the Noricians, and Misians that dwell in Europe, and all other nigh that inhabit the right hand of Hister, by a common name, although they do separate the Hillirians from the Grecians, and call every of them by their proper names. Being led with this opinion at the first, they changed afterward, and would have the end of 
The sea of Pontus from Maotis to Tenedo. Agron. The Illyrian king having overcome the A●●olians, ●ranke so much wine that he died presently. Agron. Py●rbus. Epirus, C●●●ra or Albania. Corcira, Cor●u. F●●d a●●●s. D 〈…〉 sso. Pharus, is an ●land in the Adriaticals●●.  Illyria at the beginning of Hister, to the sea of Pontus, which is tributary unto them. How the Romans brought them to obedience, when we written of the Celtians, we showed that we did not well learn neither the beginnings nor occasions of the wars.  
And therefore we have exhorted them to writ, that have more understanding of the matters of Illyria. But as much as we know, we will declare it.  
Agron was king of a part of Illyria, that is at the coast of jonia which Pyrrus king of Epirus, and such as came of him, had sometime. And he taking part of Epirus, and Corcyra beyond that, & Epidamnus and Pharus, as a keeper held them still. When he sailed the rest of the Ionian sea, an Isle called Essus did revolt to the Romans, and sent their ambassador to them, to declare what wrong Agron had done them. The Illyrians sailing again to them, killed Calemporus the Ambassador of Essus, and with them Coruncaenius, 
Cal●mp●●●●. Coruncanius Ambassadors slain Ambassadors killed, the cause of Illyrian war. Pine.  the Roman, (as some say.) For this cause the Romans invaded Illyria both by sea and land.  
Agron died, leaving an infant behind him called Pine. He left the government of the country to his wife, that she might bring up the child, although she was not his mother. Demetrius that had Pharus belonging to Agrons' dominion, and after, getting Gor●●● betrayed both to the Romans. They made amity 
Pharus and Cors● delivered to the Romans.  with the Epidam●ans, and sent an army to help them against the Illyrians that besieged them: wherefore the Illyrians raised their siege, and some of them called Atintani, yielded to the Romans. 
Atintani.   
The wife of Agron sent Ambassadors to Rome, delivering the prisoners and captives, requiring pardon for that was not done of her, but of Agron. The Romans said that Cor●u, Pharo, Essio, and Epidamno, and the Illyrians that be called Atintani, were 
Peace w●●● Pine.  of their jurisdiction, and if Pine would hold the other Region of Agron, he might use the Romans friendship, if he would refrain from the rest, nor the Illyrians should go to the Essians, but with two boats, and them unarmed, all the which they admitted. And this was the first doings of the Romans and the 
Appolonia now Vallona.  Illyrians, after the which, they gave liberty to Corcyra and Appolonia.  
They gave also rewards to Demetrius for his revolting, yet 
Demetrius.  d●spi●●ng his infidelity, that came from him afterward. For the Romans contending three years with the Celtians about the 
Eridanus, now P●, the great flood of Italy.  flood Eridanus, Demetrius not now passing of the Romans, because they were troubled with war, goat Histria, an other nation of Illyria, and compelled the Atintanes, to revolt from the 
Atintanes.  Romans. When the Romans had made an end with the Celtians, they went by and by into Illyria, and took the robbers that had joined themselves with Demetrius and the other Illyrians. And they killed Demetrius, that fled unto Philippe of Macedon, and returned with an navy, and spoilt the Gulf of jonia, and utterly overthrew his Country Pharus, conspiring with him, and 〈◊〉, and pardoned the other Illyrians, that did agree with Pine.  
This was the second war and truce with the Illyrians. The rest be described of me not in order and time, but by the nations as I have found them. The Romans invaded Macedon when Perseus reigned after Philippe. Gentius an other king of Illyria, alured 
Gentius imprisoneth the Roman Ambassadors.  with money, joined with Perseus, & stirred the Illyrians against the Romans, and did cast the Roman Ambassadors into prison, alleging that they came not as Ambassadors, but as espials. Wherefore Anitius the Roman Lieutenant took divers 
Anitius.  of Gentius ships, and invading the land, overcame him when he had shut him in a place, and he asked forgiveness, he counseled him to yield to the Romans: he desired three days respite, which being granted, and in the mean time his subjects 
〈◊〉 contrary to promise' taken.  forsaking him, he desired he might come to Anitius. Which when he did, he knéeled on his knees with great shame, and spoke for himself. The Roman Precedent took him by the hand, and bad him be of good cheer, and took him to a banquet, from the which as he was going, he was taken and made prisoner, and carried to Rome in triumph with his son.  
This war of Gentius was finished in twenty days. Aemilius 
Aemilius Paulus 〈◊〉 lxx. cities in a day. ●y cra●●●.  Paulus that took Perseus, and sent him to Rome, spoilt lxx. of his Cities after this sort. Going privily to Rome, with great speed, and returning, he promised the people forgiveness, if they would bring in all their gold and silver. They agreeing to it, he brought part of his army to every City, then commanding the Captains of the army, at a day in the morning, to charge the Citizens by Trumpet, that they should bring all their gold and silver within three hours space, which being done, he gave the rest to his soldiers for spoil. So Paulus in one hour spoilt lxx Cities.  
The Ardeans and Palerians, an other nation of the Illyrians, invaded 
Ardeans. Palerians.  that part that the Romans held, to whom the Romans for other lets sent Ambassadors to affray them. They would not obey, wherefore the Romans sent an army against them of 10000 footmen, and▪ 600▪ horsemen. They not being ready, sent Ambassadors to ask pardon for their offences. The Senate commanded them to recompense them, whom they had mi●ried, the which thing, when they left undone, Fuluius Flaccus 
Fuluius Flaccus.  goeth against them with a great army. The war consisted in Rhodes, and was not fully ended. 
S●m●. Tuditanus. Tib. Pandusius. 〈…〉.   
Sempronius Tuditanus, and Tiberius Pandusius overcame the japodes within the Alps. Likewise the Segestanes did yield to Lucius Cotta and Metellus, all the which shortly a●ter forsook the Romans.  
The Dalmatians, an other nation of the Illyrians, invaded them 
〈…〉 by se●. M. 〈…〉.  that obeyed the Romans, and would not admit the Roman Ambassadors that came to them for that purpose: wherefore I think the Romans made war upon them, when M. ●igulus was Consul. As soon as Figulus cante, they set upon the former, and drove them from the army, into the field, so as they fled to the flood Nar●, and then they retired, for Winter was at hand.  
Figulus then thinking he might of the sudden disperse them, 
Romans dry●● to the flood. Narus. Delminium. Den●●  he drove them all from their places, till he came to the City of Delminium, whereof the Dalmatians have their name. And where he could do nothing against that City of the sudden, nor raise engines for the height of the brickwall, he went abroad again, all being destitute and unfurnished. For the wasting about Delminium, he made certain perches of two cubits long, laid over with pitch, sulphur and tow, and with his slings, threw them into Delminium, the which being fired by the violence, and 
Devise of Figul●.  like lamps fléeing in the air, did set on fire whatsoever they touched, so as many were consumed by fire. Whereof ended the war of Figulus.  
In time following, Cecilius Metellus being Consul, when the 
Cecilius Metellus triumpheth for nothing.  Illyrians had offended nothing, he would needs make war to triumph of them, of whom being received friendly, and remaining in Salon their City that winter, he triumphed of nothing. 
Salon of the Assyrians Pollig called his son Salonus Promo●●   
Caesar when he made war upon the Celtians, the Dalmatians flourished and took a City from the other Illyrians called Promont, which belonged to the Lyburnians, The Lyburnians gave themselves to the Romans, & fled to Caesar. Caesar sent Ambassadors to them, exhorting them to restore ●om●n● to the Lyburnians. They 
Caesar's army overthrown of the Illyrians.  despising it he sent an army which was overthrown of the Illyrians▪ Caesar being occupied with other cares, the sedition of Pompey following, did nothing to them, but sailed with his whole army, in a contrary tempest, to try the matter with Pompey in Macedonia. The rest of the army Antony brought to Caesar by Macedonia. Then in 
The Illyrians destroy the army that Gabinius beingeth to Caesar.  a great tempest, Gabinius assayed to being to Caesar. xl. bands of footmen, & three M. horsemen by Illyria, whom the Illyrians for fear of that he had done, & thinking the victory of Caesar would be their confusion, resisted Gabinius, & slay all save a few, that fled with him, & got a great deal of money, & infinite spoil. Caesar dissembled at this for the necessity of the war with Pompey. When Pompey was overcome, & Caesar went about to dispatch all the rest, he returned to Rome, & determined a war against the Gates, & the Parthians. When the Illyrians herded of this, and feared that Caesar would take them 
●●te, be people of Sey●●ia in Europe, of some called Daci, but divided, that Daci be they that are next Germany, whom some call D●●●, which for their servile behaviour be used for names of servants in Comedies.  in his way to Parthia, they sent Ambassadors to Rome, to ask pardon of their faults, and extolled the worthy nation of the Illyrians, and would become friends.  
Caesar being minded to go against the Parthians, answered them sharply, that he would not have them for friends, that had used him so unfriendly, yet he would spare them, if they would pay tribute, and pledges. They promising both, he sent Atinius to them with three legions, and a great band of horsemen, to take pledges and small tributes. When Caesar was dead, they thought that the power of Rome would die with him, & so refused to obey Atinius, neither paying tribute, nor giving hostages. Atinius sending u bands against them, they overcame them, and their leader 
Bebius overcome Durazzo. Provinces to M. Brutus and C. Cast●us.  Bebius a Senator. Atinius with the rest, fled to Epidamno. Then the Senate appointed to M. Brutus and C. Cassius that killed Caesar, Macedonia and Illyria, with Syria. So they making war with Antony & Caesar that was called Augustus, the Illyrians had 
Paeone. Pannonia now ●●●g●rie.  no quietness. The Paeones, a great nation inhabiting alongst Hister, stretcheth from the jaepodans, to the Dardones. They are called Paeones of the Grecians, and of the Romans Pannonians, and of them, (as we have said) they be called part of the Illyrians, of the which now I will speak somewhat, being about 
Agrian●.  to show the Illyrian state. They glory much in the Agrians which were Macedonians coming out of Paeonia, & did great service under Philip & Alexander. And after Cornelius was overthrown of 
Cornelius overthrown of the Agrians.  them with all his army, the fame of the Paeonians waxed very great, & made Italy afraid. Therefore of a long time after, the Consuls would not take upon them to war with the Paeonians. And these great things have I found of the Illyrians. But in Caesar's 
Commentaries of Augustus of his own acts.  Commentaries, that was called Augustus, I find no ancient matter of the Paeonians. It should seem, there was an other part of Illyria, that did obey the Romans, but what the name was I can not tell. For Augustus did not writ other men's acts, but his own, how he brought them that revolted from the Empire, to Tributes, and overcame other that lived under their own laws: and lastly how he conquered the barbarous nations, that devil in the height of the Mountains, that were next Italy, and used by stealth to molest it. And surely I marvel, that so many armies passing from Rome over the Alps, did contemn these nations. For Caius Caesar so happy a man in war, and leading so many armies against the Celtes and Iberians, did likewise little pass of these nations, when he lay every Winter, not far from them, by the space of ten years. But I think these men, making haste only to that they purchased, did care for no more, but for passage over the Alps. C. Caesar being long about Celtica, thought it enough to end that, the civil war of Pompey calling 
Caesar did not pass of Illyria.  him from the rest. And where he seemed to choose both Celtica and Illyria, he took rule not of all, but of them that belonged to the Romans. But Caesar Augustus got all, & when he accused the idleness of Antony to the Senate, he showed how he had made the fierce 
Caesar Augustus talketh of his conquest of the Illyrians. Nation of Illyria subdued by Augustus.  nation of the Illyrians, so often rebelling, tame: he subdued with great experience, the Oxeans, Perthenetans, Bathiates, Taulantians, Cambians, Cinambrans, Merromen●ns, and Prisseans. And then that rebelled, which were the Docleatans', Carinians, Interfrurians, Narisians, Clintidions, & the Tauris●ans, which he compelled to pay their tributes after they had denied them, the which being overcome, the next, that is, 
Melita, Malta, Corcyra, Corfu▪ cruelly used of Augustus.  Ipp●sinans and Bessians for fear, did yield unto him. And he overcame the Corcyrians & Melitinans with great fight by sea, because they were rovers on the sea. The children he killed, the other he sold. And took the ships from the Liburnians, because they also rob on the sea. Of the japodans that dwell within the Alps, 
Moentines, Aedetians. Aurupians.  the Moentines, and Aedeatians yielded to him when he came. The Aurupians, which were many and warlike, of the japodan kind, went out of the countries into their City, and when he came they lurked in woods. He took their City, but would not set it afyre, thinking they would yield to him at length. Which being 
Salas●i, japodes. Segestan●. Dalmatia. Daisi●, Paeones. The Alps.  done, he gave them their city to inhabit. Of all other, the Salassans and japodans, that devil beyond the Alps, made him to have most to do, with whom the Segestanes, Dalmatians, Daisians, and Paeonans joined. They keep the tops of the hills, that be mountains unpassable, an hard and narrow way, leading to them, by trust whereof they live of themselves, and take toll of 
Veterus.  them that pass. Veterus coming suddenly upon them, got the straights of the place by policy, and besieged them two years.  
They wanting salt, whereof they had most need, received garrisons. 
Want of salt.  After rebelling from Veterus, and casting down the desences, they got the straits, and laughed at them that Caesar sent, because they could do little against them. Therefore Caesar beginning war against Antony, let them live as they would, and forgave them that molested them that obeyed the Romans, till 
Messala corvinus.  Messala corvinus sent of Caesar to subdue them, overcame them by famine. And so the Salassians came into the Romans power. The japodans that inhabit beyond the Alps, a most fierce nation; and almost wild, did reject the Romans twice in twenty 
Aquileia, is now o● the Venetian jurisdiction. Torgius.  years, and ra●nged to Aquileia, and spoiled the Romans land called Torgius. When Caesar went against them, they were the more fierce against him, and cut down wood to stop him. And when Caesar went to an other wood, they fled, and as he followed 
Caesar Augustus defeateth the japodans.  they laid trains for him. Caesar suspecting it, sent some of his, to the tops of the hills, to set upon them on both sides. He coming easily, and cutting the woods, they suddenly appeared from the trains, and hurt many. But when the other were come from the tops, they were destroyed. The rest flodde into the woods again, leaving their City, whose name was Terponus. 
Terponus.  Caesar took it, but did not burn it neither, thinking they also would tender, as they did. Then he went to an other City, which they call Metulio, which is the chief City of the japodans. 
Metulio.  It is situate upon two hills, in a woody place, between the which, a little valley goeth. And the youth to the number of three thousand well practised in arms, did easily repel the Romans from the walls. The Romans set upon a mount, the which they within, and the other without, running day and night, did much hinder, having some engines, which they had got in the war, whereby they made the Romans to lie further off. For they had got their engines 
Engines taken at the place where Brutus & Cassius fought with Caesar and Antony.  in that place where Brutus fought with Caesar and Antony.  
But when the Romans had beaten down part of their walls, they made forts within, and when they were weary, they leapt into them that they had now made.  
The Romans taking the brickwall that they had left, burned 
bridges made from mounts to the walls, break.  it, and set two mounts against the other, from the which they made also four bridges to the walls.  
When all was ready, Caesar bad some go to the other side of the City, to draw the Citizens asunder, and willed the other to go upon them on the bridges, and he stood and looked upon an high Tower what was done. The Barbarians came to resist them that gave the assault at the brickwall. The other laying trains behind, beating the bridges with their long spears, waxed more fierce.  
And when two of the bridges were broken, and the third like to fall, the Romans were in such a fear, as none would go to the fourth.  
Caesar rebuked them from the Tower, but they would never 
The boldness of Caesar August●.  the sooner go. Wherefore he took a shield and ran to the bridge, & with him Agrippa, Hierom and Lucius, that were Captains, & Volas one of his Guard, only these four▪ and few other Tergatebearers went on the bridge. When Caesar was on the bridge, the soldiers being ashamed, ran straight unto him, by the reason whereof, the bridge being ouerladen, brake, and many fallen to the ground, of the which some died. Caesar being hurt 
The fourth bridge breaketh Caesar ●urte.  on the right leg, & the arm, went to the tower again, some of the chief following him, that he might show himself evidently to be 
Prudence of Caesar Augustus.  alive, lest some tumult might be made for his death, or the enemies think he had fled, and by & by commanded an other bridge to be made, which thing chief made the Metulians afraid. The next day sending Ambassadors for peace, they promised to deliver u C. pledges, & receive a garrison. And leaving the higher hill, they all went into the other. When the garrison commanded than to leave their armour, they were grieved, & putting their wives & children in their Senatehouse, & receiving the garrison, they told the Romans, that if they required of them any unreasonable thing, they would burn that place, & set upon the Romans for desperation. 
Desperate at Metal●o.  Which when they had said, they all went from the low place to the higher. Then the garrison set the house afyre, many of the women killed themselves, & their children, some brought their children alive, & threw them into the fire. So all the youth of the Metulians perished with battle, & the unprofitable sort with fire, & the city was so burned, that as great as it was, there was not a token left of it. The Metulians being overcome, the rest of the japodans yielded to Caesar. Thus the japodans beyond the Alps, become subject to the Romans. When Caesar was go, the Possemans' 
Possenians▪ Metulians.  rebelled, whom Marcus Elbius overcame, & killed them that were cause of the rebellion, & made the rest slaves. The Romans having go twice against the Segestanes, neither took hostages nor 
Paeonians in the way to the Segestanes.  any thing else from them, wherefore they were the more boldened. Caesar went against them, through the Paeonian land, who were not yet obedient to the Romans. Their land is woddy, & stretcheth along from the japodans to the Dardanans. The Paeontans have no cities, but lands & houses together, nor any common Justice, 
Paeonians have no Cities nor common place of justice. Much people without a head. Caesar burneth the villages.  or Princes, to rule over them. They had an. C. M. fight men of the best years, but because they had none to command them, they came not together. When Caesar came, they ran into the woods & if they found any straggling, they killed them. Caesar thinking they would have come to him, did neither burn their fields nor their villages but because they came not, he set all on sire, and eight days together, did them much harm, and so passed to the flood Sa●us, 
Saeunus runneth by the mountains of 〈…〉 into Danubius.  in the bank of the which was a City strong by the flood, and a great ditch. Wherefore Caesar assaulted it as a store house for the war, against the Daceans & Bastarnans, which devil beyond Hister. This flood in that place, is called Danubius, and going to other lower places, hath the name of Hister: Sa●us runneth 
Hister. Danubius.  into it. Caesar had ships in the flood, that might bring victual to the army by Danubio: for this Caesar would have the city of Segesta, as he went forward. The Segestanes sent Ambassadors 
Segesta.  unto him to know what they should do, he willed them to receive garrison and deliver pledges, that he might have 
Daci be Scythians of Europe, now Vallachia.  their city, as a store house, for his war against the Daceans, & as much corn as they could bring. The chief men thought good to do it, but the people began to rage, and cared not for the 
The people of Segesta, refuseth the garrison.  hostages, because they should be of the great men: but when the garrison came, they could not abide to see them, but ran upon them furiously, and shut the gates, and showed themselves again upon the walls. Wherefore Caesar made a bridge ever the blood, and raised trenches & ditches about it. And when he had shut them in their city, he erected two mounts, which they hindered as much as they might: but when they could not defeat the mounts, they threw fire and burning links upon them from an higher place. Aid was coming to them, from an other nation of the Paeonians, against whom Caesar laye ambushes, and so killed part of them, and part fled, so as there came no more help to the Segestans. They enduring the siege very valiantly, were overcome the xxx day at a hard fight, and then learned to make supplication, whose for we 
Caesar spared the Segestanes for their valiantues.  Caesar marveling, and moved with pity of their prayers, did not kill them or otherwise molest them, but punished them by the purse, and placed them in an outward part of the City, and put in thirty bands for their garrison. This done, he went 
False rumour causeth Caesar to have a winter journey.  to Rome, to return again into Illyria. When it was told, that the Segestanes had slain the garrison which was in the City, he came again with all speed, though it were winter. Then hearing the rumour to be false, he understood of truth that they were in danger: That the Segetanes had suddenly set upon 
Segestanes, destroyed of the garrison.  them and killed many, but that the next day the soldiers had given an onset upon the Citizens, and got the City. Wherefore 
Taulantians lea●●●g their land, went to 〈…〉 that part of Macedonia, that is next the Gulf of ●enise, not far from Durassa, & 〈…〉 a City Ar●●sse. Dalmatians now Slavonians overthrow, Gabinius. Versus captain.  he turned his war to the Dalmatians, an other nation of the Illyrians, next the Taulantians; The Dalmatians after they had given an overthrow of five bands under Gabinius, and taken five ensigns, they were proud of their prosperity, & were in armour ten years together, and when Caesar came, decreed to help the Segestanes. They were above 12000. good fight men, & had made one Versus, their captain: He invaded again Pomona, a city of that Liburnians, & defensed it with trench & ditch, & got other strong places of that country. For it is all hilly, the tops whereof stand up like pynacles. The greater part of them were in the City, and the rest kept the hill tops, so as they might easily see the Romans army. Caesar dissembled as though he would enclose them all in a brickwall, but privily bade the bold sort to go to the mountains, & to espy what was to be done there. They going by the woods secretly in the night, set upon the keepers, whom, being yet asleep, they killed, and signified to Caesar that they were at the end of their journey, and must have more men to get the City, and let some go from the hills to tell others that were in other mountains. Wherefore the Barbarians were put into great fear, when they see themselves beset on every side, & chief they that were in the higher hills, for lack of water, 
Lack of water.  & fearing the ways would be shut on all sides, they got them into Pomona. Caesar enclosed the City, & two of the highest hills that were yet held of the enemies xl. furlongs about, & in the mean season gave an onset upon Teutinus another captain of 
Teutinus.  the Dalmatians, & put him to flight, and chased him by the mountains, & took the city in his sight. For the Citizen's coming out before the preparation was finished, they had a repulse, and the Romans, in the flight, got into the City with them, & when they 
Pomona taken.  had slain the third part of the Citizens, they drove the rest into the Castle. There was one band of the Romans that kept the gates, upon whom, when the Barbarians issewed the fourth night, they were afraid and forsook the gates, but Caesar came & repulsed the enemies, and the next day they yielded to them. Of 
Augustus' punished● his soldiers.  the band that offended, he punished every tenth man by lot. Of the captains of that bands, he chastised two of every ten, the other, at the summer, he commanded to eat barley in stead of wheat. Thus was Pomona taken.  
Teutinus had divided his army into diverse parts in the hills, 
Teutinus.  wherefore the Romans did not follow them far, being ignorant of the way, and fearing the unknown and confounded paths. For there is no entry into the woods by any plain way, and the Dalmatians did lurk between two hills, when they laid wait for Gobinius, in the which place they set also an ambush for Caesar: but he burned the woods on either side the way, and 
Caesar hurneth woods.  sent his army by the hills, and himself went up the valleys, cutting down the woods, invading the Cities, and burning what so ever was in his way. He besieged the City Setovia, into aid 
Setonia.  of the which, came a great number of Barbarians, with whom 
Augustus' hurt.  Caesar met, and would not suffer them to pass. Being hurt in that fight in the knee, he lay sick many days. Being recovered, he went to Rome for the consulship; which he took with Bar batio 
Barbatius Tullus. Statilius Taurus.  Tullo, leaving Statilius Taurus to end the war, he entering his office at the beginning of the month. That day, Antony being 
The authority of three men renewed in Rome.  appointed to his charge, he went again against the Dalmatians, keeping yet the power of the three men, for now the second five years were expired, the which they took of themselves, & the people confirmed it. Therefore the Dalmatians being in want of victuals on every side, they came of themselves to Caesar, humbly 
Seven hundred Hostagies.  yielding, and delivering seven hundred hostagies of their olune children. Caesar commanded them to bring the ensigns that they had taken from Gabinius, and to pay the tribute, which 
Ensigns re●●couered.  they promised to Caius Caesar, and had deferred to this tyme. And so they were made the more obedient to the Romans ever after. Caesar set these ensigns in the Gallery that is called Octavia. When the Dalmatians were overcome, the Derbanes 
Derbani.  came to yield themselves, and to deliver pledges, and pay tributes, which they had so long omitted. Then Caesar came nearer to them, and they delivered their pledges, which in his absence being sick, they refused to do. These are thought to be the last, which Caesar brought to obedience, which before had revolted and were not acquainted with others rule. Wherefore the Senate appointed him to triumph of the Illyrians, which he did when he had overcome Antony. 
Caesar Aug. trium heth of the Illyrians▪ R●et●●n●, be they in the hills that be called Gr●●●●es. Noritia, some think to be Ba●●ria, some S●●ria and Carinthi●. Mysi●, now ●os●a and Sernia nigh Hungaria.  The other Illirians that the Romans had before the Paeonians, were the Retians, N●rigians, & Mitians', which inhabit at the Euxine sea. I think C. Caesar did subdue, the Retians and Noritians, when he made war upon the Celtians, or that Augustus did conquer them, when he invaded the Paeonians, for they have their habitation between both, I find no war made against them of purpose, wherefore I think they were overcome, with their neighbours. For M. Lucullus, L. Lucullus brother, that overcame Mithridates, did overrun all the region of the Mytians, and held his course to the flood, in the which place there be four Greek cities next to the Mytians, that is, Histr●s, Dionisop●l●s, 
Istri, Dionisopolis, Odisus, Mesembria, now Mesembler.  Odisus, and Mesembria. Then he brought out of Gallia that great Apollo that standeth in the palace. I do not remember that any other that ruled that common wealth, did bring the Mytians to tribute, or Augustus, but Tiberius which reigned after 
Tiberius.  Augustus, had them. But these things are showed of me in their place. Before they had Egypt, what the Emperors did after Egypt was won, or how they sped in war, we have showed them, as their proper acts, after these common enterprises: in the which many things be also contained of the Mysians. Now seeing the Romans take the Mysians to be Illyrians, this book shallbe named of me the Illyrians, the which I written, that it might be an absolute matter, For Lucullus ruling in the people's 
Lucullus.  time, did overrun the Mysians, and Tiberius did receive them under his Monarchy.   

¶ The Romans war with the Celtes.  
THe Celtes did first invade the Romans, and took 
Celta be those Frenchmen that inhabit from the flood S●me to Gatona. Camillus.  Rome without the Capitol, and burned it. Camillus did overcome them, and drive them away, and when they came again another time, he did overthrow them, and triumphed of them when he was fourscore years of age.  
The third time they came into Italy, when they were destroyed by the Romans, under Ti●us Quintus their General.  
After them, the Boians, a most fierce nation of the Celtes, came 
Bo●● were part of the French about Byons. C. Sulpitius his policy.  upon the Romans, and Caius Sulpitius Dictator, went against them, and used this policy. He had the Souldyoures of the front to cast their darts, and straight way to set down, till the second, third, and fourth, had done the like, than every one stooping, when they had done their shot, that the contrary weapons might be thrown in ●ayne, when the last had thrown, then to run all with one force and cry with violence upon the enemy, for so they should affray them, if they came so suddenly to fight with them at hand, after so great 
The French call their darts Gesa, The Macedomans' Larisse, The Romans Pila. Popilius. Camillus. P. Aemilius.  a brunt of strength. Their weapons were not like the darts which they of Rome call Gese, the half of a square staff, with a piece of iron square also, and that soft, beside the point, and even thus these Boyans were destroyed of the Romans, with all their army. Popilius overcame other Celtes, and after him Camillus, son to Camillus, did the same, and Paulus Aemilius set up tokens of victory against the Celtes. Before the Consulships of Marius, a greater number more warlike, and for age to be feared, invaded Italy and Gallia, and overcame some Censuls of 
This Gallia was where now Lombardy is. etc.  Rome, and overthrew their armies, against whom Marius went, and overcame them all. The last and greatest fight with the Galls, was done by C. Caesar, being general, there forty 
C. Caesar.  hundred thousands of fierce nations did he overthrow in ten 
The victories of Caesar.  years, which if a man will put together in one sum, he shall find they were about four hundredth thousand, it is certain that a hundred thousand were slain, a hundredth thousand taken, four hundredth nations, eight hundred Cities, some revolting, & some freely yielding, he brought to obedience. Before 
A●milianus.  Marius Fabius, Maximus A●milianus leading but a mean army, did overcome a hundredth and twenty thousand Celtes, with the loss of fifteen men. And though he were wounded on the knee, yet he rested not to ride about, and encourage his army, instructing them how to fight against the Barbarians, sometime carried in his Chariot, and sometime led by hand. Caesar making war against them, did first conquer the Luctians 
Luctians, Heluetians, Tigrians, now Lurick, put the Romans under yoke. Labienus. Ap. Claudius. Germans pass in greatness despising death in hope to live again. Triconi.  and Tigrians, to the number of two hundredth thousand. For the Tigrians afore time, Piso and one Cassius being leader, overthrew the Romans, and put them under the yoke, as Aspinus Claudius writeth in the old Monuments. Labienus the Lieutenant overcame these Tigrians, the rest Caesar subdued, and the Triconians helping them. Then he conquered the Germans with Ariovisto, whose greatness passed the greatness of all other: they have most fierce manner, hardy in giving battle, not afraid of death, for the hope to rise again. They can abide cold and hunger when need requireth: their horses many times are fed with shrubs, yet they were, as is thought, not very painful in war, nor going to it by order, but in rage like brute beasts, and so they were conquered by the Romans patience and sufferance: for they would run about the Romans battle with great violence, and the Romans keeping order, after the discipline of war, easily overcame them, and at times, killed lxxx thousand of them. After them Caesar 
Belga, is from Scaled to Sequane.  invaded the Belgian▪ with whom he met at a passage, and killed so many of them, as he made a bridge of their bodies. Notwithstanding the Neruians made him once go back, coming 
●●eru●●, be people about Tornay  upon him suddenly, and killing many of his people, for they slew almost all the Captains and Leaders, and besieged him in an hill, where he was driven with his Guard: but when the tenth legion came on their backs, they killed 
Teutones Germans. C●mbrians Danes.  lx. thousand of them, which were of Teutones and Cymbrians. Caesar also did overcome the Allabrogians, nations of the Vsipetans 
Allabrogians Savoyans. Vsipetans, Tantharians. Sicambria Gelderians.  and Tantherians, some of them good in the war, and some not: the Sicambrians with five hundredth horse put to foil five thousand of Caesar's by a sudden onset, but they were plagued for it. Caesar was the first that passed the river of Rhine, and carried 
Caesar had loss● in the low countries, and sailed into England.  his army into Britain, the greatest Isle in the earth, where was no fear of him: he passed at the fleedde, and first had loss by sea, and was tossed with the waters, which were first calm, and after violent, so as he got into Britain by great pain and sufferance.  
There is no more found of this matter.    

¶ Faults escaped in the Preface.  
Line. 16. Ma●aea. line. 22. Palaestines. line. 21. Arabians. line. 24. put out 
The first side.  pe●● Mi●aris, and say Palmy●ians.  
Line. 12. Thracius. line. 15. Axenus. 
The second side.   
Line. ● Daoubius'. line. 6. Mnesiae. line. 7. Myrtoo. line. 13. seem. line 
The third side.  22. the sentence beginueth at Two hundred years.  
Line. ●●. the sentence beginneth at But after. line. 27. sentence beginnoth 
The fourth side.  at But they had great. line. 28. sentence beginneth at The dominion. line. 30. you. line. 25. sentence beginneth at, For the.  
Line. 3. Cyprus.  
Line. 10. sentence beginneth at And this Book, for 
The fifth side. The seventh side.    

Faults escaped in the foreign wars.  
FOlio. 1. line. 28. Thraclus. folio. 5. line. 25. make the comma at succeeded. folio. 6. line. 21. stock. folio. 6. line 29. put out and fol. 8. line. 29. Pericles. fol. 26. line. 26. a full point at remaining. fol. 28. line. 2●. Sylla. fol. 29. line. 7. Chalcida. fol. 60. line. 19 Chotenians. fol. 70. line. 20. Magnopolis. fol. 70. line. 28. Triario. fol. 40. line. 8. Col●hians. fol. 61. line 17. alliance. fol. 51. line. 14. Tigranes. fol. 7. line. 14. s●tt●. fol. 73. line vlt put out civil. fol. 74. line. 34. Granata. fol. 76. line. 24. others. fol. 26. line. 32. Zenobius. fol. 87. line. ult. sentence beginneth at A●●●uball. fol. 93. line. 12. Sophonisba his wife. fol. 95. line. 8. precept. fol. 97. lyn. 1 of. fol. 101. line. 15. by. fol. 113. line. 30. and▪ 32. Caepio fol. 98. line. 21. Blesius. fol. 115. line ●en●●. Naughtiness. fol. ●●9. line. 12. companions. fol. 49. line. 25. An●●lyc●●. fol. 119. line. 5. dis 〈…〉. fol. 51. line. 14. Tigranes. fol. 127. line. ●. ●●●●. fol. 15●. line. 2. Ma●lius. fol. 189. line. 12. Adrumentum. fol. 19 line. 29. Dimochetes. fol. 197. line. 28. Asdrubal. fol. ●●. line. 24. Dorilaus. fol. 173. line. 6. she. fol. 129. line. 16. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. ibid. 20. o●e. fol. 131. line. 22. Fum●nes. fol. 137. line. 25. Romans. fol. 141. line. 17. Manius. fol. 140. line 2. one. fol. 149. line. 29. India. fol. 157. line. 18. Leucra. fol. 168. line. 12. Queen. fol. 176. line. 24. add to. fol. 205. line. 10. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that. fol. 224. line. 3. tongue▪ fol. 261 line. 31. deiecting. fol. 265 line. 6. legion. fol. 257. line. 4. roads. fol. 233. line. 29. Hipp●●●retū. fol. 269 line. 3. Phraates. fol. 269. fol. 10. A●sacides. fol. ●82. line. 27. Geteses. fol. 138. line. 14. add at Larilla. fol. 262. line. 10. O●ode●. fol. 3. line. 17. Temples. fol. 280. line 1. put out famine. fol. 289. line. 32. Pyri●●eas. fol. 249. line. 22. was. fol. 223. line. ●1. X●ll●. fol. 256. line. 30. Acha●●s. fol. 175. line. 2. Zantippus. fol. 179. line 15. he. fol 216 line. 28. w●. fol 244. line vir. Crassus. fol. 363. lin. 17. then. fol. 273. line. 3. made. fol. 206. passer fol. 270. line. 25. Phraates fol. 25●. line. 29. Ag●arus. ●o. 285. line. 10 Corfu. fol. 23●. lin. 24. Mastabales. fol. 164. line. 15. Nicator. fol. 295. line ult. put out and fol. 288. line. Promo●a. 294. fo. 64. lyn. 17. X●phares. fo. 72 li 28. Priario. fo. 250 li 24. thou.   

A Table for the Forrene▪ wars.  

A.  
ABsarus flood. 60  
Acirius Manius procureth war. 7  
Acheans came from Troy. 61  
Acts of Mitbridates. 68 69  
Adramittenians cruel. 14  
Adrumetum. 180. 196  
Aemilius seeketh war and is deposed. 117. 118  
Egypt, for born of the Romans. 70. 162  
Aetoes with the golden fleefe. 62  
Aemilius Lepidus reproved. 117  
Aetolia wasted. 141  
Af●r Captain. 103  
Africa, wasted of Scipio. 174  
Africans camps invaded by night. 183  
Agathocles builded Hippo. 233  
Agathocles tower, victory of the Romans. 180  
Agbarus deceiveth Crassus. 255. 256  
Agares physicians. 53  
Agave tragedy, played in contumely of Crassus. 268.  
Agema what. 150  
Agron king of ●●●yrians. 284. 285  
Alexanders sta●e divided. 162  
Alexander the counterfeit. 172  
Amastris. 7  
Amnius, where they first fight against Mithridates. 11  
Amisus Achelous forsaketh Mithridates. 38  
embassage to be laughed to scorn. 5  
amazons what women. 62  
Aminander. 135.  
Amilchar. 187  
Amilchar Barcha. 76  
Amilchar Admiral. 185  
Amilchar Samu●s doth wrongs. 108  
Hannibal. 78. 131. 132. 133. 136. 189. 190. 195. 196. 201  
Antiochus. 130. 133 138 141. 147. 149. 152. 157. 152. 154. 155.  
Antiochus. marrieth his mother in law. 166. 168.  
Antiochus the God, why? 171. 173  
Antigonns. A valiant prince. 163.  
Antip●ter. 163  
Andrisco the counterfeit. 248  
Anchor, what signifieth. 165  
Andronicus conspireth with Nico●●edes. 4  
Antony is called into Italy, is made minister of Caesar that dead is 269. Compareth with kings of Persia. 270. His errors, loss of his artillery, his Lieutenants. 272. His victories. 273. His do●ing on Cleopat●● 2●1. His estimation and conditions. ●76. His despair. 279  
Antarij people plagned. 283  
Antarius, his sons. 282  
Antony's Angel, fedreth Oct●●●us. 269  
Arioha●●an●● restored by the Romans. 7  
Arist●o●, a tyrant. 17.  
Is killed. 23  
Aristo at Carthage. 133.  
Aristides. 156  
Aristides condemned of felony. 156  
Arideus choose king. 163  
Argos in many places. 170  
Aristander, soothsayer. 171.  
A●tocus. 63  
Araxes, greatest flood. 280. 63  
Argonauts visited of Pompey. 63  
Armour delivered at Carthage. 214  
Armed Chariots. 24. 15●  
Archelous overthrown. 25. 29  
Arsaces the royal house of Parthia. 10. 268. 262  
Artabazes cause of the Romans loss. 290  
Archelous fleeth to Murena. 38  
Aruaceans slain of T. Didius. 127  
Aruaceans denieth help to the Numantines. 124  
Aruaceans molested by Lucullus. 100  
Artaxata, royal city of Tigranes. 62  
Asasis revolteth. 208  
Asclepiodotus, against Mithrida. & with him. 28  
Asdrubal killed in Spain. 77  
Asdrubal overthrown by Massinissa. 2●0  
Asdrubal wrongfully injured. 184. 187. He is killed and despited. 191  
Asdrubal called into Italy. 88  
Asdrubal Gisgo, into Spain. 181. 81. 177  
Asdrubal overthroweth Manlius. 128  
Attains. 3  
Attilius killed. 54  
Athens cruelly used of Sylla. 22  
Athenion captain of Civil war. 35  
Attalus giveth his kingdom to the Romans. 36  
Au●●pinans warlike nation. 501  
avarus. 12●  
Augustus useth cruelty. 290. 295. 501  
Autolycus companion of Hercules. 49   

B.  
BAlissus. 257.  
Basyllus. 20  
Barley given for punishment. 233. 295  
Bacchus' Eunuch sent to kill. 40  
Barathrum the great dungeon wasted of Scipio. 232.  
Basitanes hindered by negligence of ●. Pomp. 109  
Bellians injured by Lucullus. 99  
Bebrycia, beginning of Bythinia. 2  
Betis flood. 113  
Benevolence of Spaniards got by Scipio. 86  
Bernice a town of Epirus. 4  
Bythinia given to the Romans. 43  
Blastophenices original. 103  
Blesius killed, of the Coltiberians. 98  
Blesus Roman●▪ 98  
Boetarchus a chief officer. 260  
Boldness of Sylla. 2●. Cruelty. 22  
Bold answer of a wounded Roman. 47  
Bottones revolteth. 140  
Bosphorus. 60. 〈…〉 added. given to P●●●naces son of Mithridates. 60  
Bryttanie, not far from the continent. 74  
Byrsa builded. 174.  
Besieged. 244. Taken with L. M. 245   

C.  
CArthagies deliver their atmour. 214  
Carthagies deliver. 300. Hostagies. 212  
Carus overthroweth Romans. 97  
Cato of an embassage. 5. His manner. 94. 95. Compared to Demosthenes. 94. 140  
Calamities in Asia. 27  
Causeans use the Romans cruelly. 14  
Castor destroyeth Mithridates' children. 65  
Causes of Soldiers love to Antony. 276  
Cassius. 288  
Calidius counterfeit message. 38  
Carthalon. 210 206  
Carthagies kill Roman Merchants. ●70. lend the Romans Ships. 143. Have loss by Massinissa. 200. Break peace. ●89. Kill the Roman Ambassadors. 189. 190. Make peace again. 191. Break it. 191. Their courage. 238 239. Make a new navy. 240. Their error. 241. Their desperation 243.  
Canidius prospereth in Armenia. 270  
Calembrotus Ambassador killed. 285  
Captives killed of Aemilianus. 110  
Captives delivered by Scipio. 86  
Captives deliver by Pompey. 58  
Captives delivered by Mithridates. 12  
Cappadocia invaded by Tigranes. 40●  
Cappadocia given to Ariobarzanes. 63  
Caucasus full of springs of gold. 62  
Caecilius Met ellus. 287.  
Caepio. 113  
Caesar stirreth Crassus to war. 250. Sends his son honourably. 251. his happiness in wa●●e. 289.  
Cae●e hollow part of Syria. ●  
Celtiberius' useth craft. 96  
Cessaro, overthroweth Mum●ius. 103  
Ceraunus. 170. Cynegus. 2  
Chariot with white horses. 41  
Charchedon. 174  
Chians cruelly used. 27  
Cilicians called pirates. why? 55  
Cilicia, how it fallen to the Romans. 161  
Cilicia invaded of Antiochus. 129  
Cimbrians spoil Delphos.  
Clypeia. 175. called Aspis. 233  
Cold air signifieth what. 280  
Coleheans come from Troy. 40  
Comagene. 73.  
Cotta. 43  
Commentaries of Augustus. 299  
Competitors of the Consulship. 249  
Comintus his hardiness. 96  
Crassus his flougth. 251. His answer. 261. His discourage. 262. 263. His abusing. 264. 265. 266. His noble words before his death. 267  
Cruelty of Asdrubal. 238. 239  
Cruelty of Mithridates. 26. 15. 14. 3●. 4●. 64  
Cyrtis chief city of Syphax. 186  
Cyrus useth Croesus, as Scipio Syphax. 186  
Cyzians defendeth valiantly. 44   

D.  
DAdo. 174  
Dalmatia. 287  
Dalmatians deliver. 700. Piedges to Augustus. 295  
D●nubius. 293  
Darius the Median, invaded of Pompey. 63  
Death of Mithridates daughters. 67. of himself. 68  
Deceit noted in the Romans. 10. 39 2●●  
Deceit of Manius with Mithridates. 43  
Delphos spoiled. 283.  
Deruetrius. 159. 160  
Demetrius, why called king. 164  
Demetrius, killed of his wife. 173  
Demetrius invadeth Romans, is killed. 285  
Derbanes deliver pledges and pay tributes. 296  
Description of Carthage. 214  
Desperation causeth fury. 90 293  
Devise of Scipio, to arm. 300. Romans. 177  
Diadem blown off Alexander's head. 155  
Dimochetes. 19 Dori●aus. 28. Capitanes of Mithridates.  
Diodotus usurper, surnamed Triphon. 17●  
Dioph●●es valiant. 145  
Diocles fleeth to Lucullus. 46  
Diogenes, 〈…〉 son, slain. 29  
Diogen●s ●●●nd to 〈…〉 overthrown. 242  
〈…〉 himself. 45  
〈…〉. 60  
〈…〉. 119  
〈…〉 of the Romans. 9 212 21●  
Drea●● of A 〈…〉 nus. 6  
Dre●● of Lucullus. 49   

E.  
EDeates yieldeth to Caesar Augustus. 290  
Eliodorus vsurpe●, killed. 159  
Elephants cause of Romans loss. 99 of Antiochus his loss. 152. Burned in Syria. 160. cause both of gain and loss. 194  
Envy against Scipio. 227. 228  
Ephestans despite the Romans. 13. 14. Kill Zenobius. 27. Punished. 36  
Epaminondas. 157.  
Ensigns recovered. 295  
Erasistratus a good Physician. 168. 169  
Erisana besieged. etc. 110  
Error of Canidius. 275.  
Eating of herbs. 277  
Etrurians descended from the Lydians. 205  
Evil tokens of Crassus. 252. 253. 254  
Evils, the less to be choose. 223  
Euargetes, why so named. 6  
Eumachus erected of the Galatians. 26  
Eumenes refuseth Antiochus. 251. 131  
Eumenes rewarded at Rome.  
Eupater. 169.  
Eusebes. 17●  
Example good, a good lesson. 237  
Execrations against Crassus. 250  
Exiled from Carthage, flee to Massanissa. 207  
Expenses paid by the Carthagies. ●88   

F.  
Fabius' abateth Viriatus. 109  
Fabius overthroweth Mithridates. 53  
Fab. Maximus first tamed Viriatus. 109  
Factions in Carthage. 206  
Faintness of the Romans. 263  
Faith of Carthage. 175. 176  
Famine in Carthagies camp. 209  
Famine in the Romans camp. 118  
Famine compelleth the Donatians to yield. 295  
Famine the way to overcome Lucullus. 501  
Fate of necessity. 167. 240  
Fear of the Romans. 13. 242  
Fear of Mithridates. 17  
Fidelity of slaves to the Romans. 19  
Fight with Mithridates. 12. with Archelous. 25. with the Rhodians. 16. with the Miners. 21. At Orchomeno. 28. French horsemen. 274  
Fights with Scipio and Hannibal. 194. 195. 166  
Fight by Sea. 16. 143. 144. 146  
Fimbrius killeth Flaccus 30. Is killed. 35  
Fire of Mithridates sacrifice, how far seen. 39  
Flaminius malicious. 135  
Flesh of men eaten. 23. 125  
Foresigbt of the Romans. 137  
Forgetfulness remedy against misery. 219  
Fuluius loseth in Spain. 98   

G.  
GAbinius banished for making war wrongfully. 162  
Gabinius forbiddeth Meurena to make war.  
Gabinius refuseth Gold. 39  
Galathians do valiantly. 260  
Galba overcome. 104. Col●tonse. 105  
Generals seek profit. 117  
Gentius king of Illyria. 286  
Getes a nation beyond Hister. 282  
Gift royal of Antony. 270  
Goods got of the Romans. 93  
Golden fleece. 63  
Gold spoiled, saveth Mithridates. 49  
Gold not regarded of Celtiberians. 105  
Gordena appointed to Tigranes. 63  
Gordius captain against Murena. 39  
Gracchus name great in Spain. 96  
Gravity of Scipio. 89  
Greek cities take part with Antioch●●. 132  
Greek letters known to Orodes. 268  
Gulussa Asdrubal killed at Carthage. 234  
Gulussa, Masinissas' son injured. 208  
Guide followed in the mountains. 47  
Gymnasij Islands. Baleares. 193   

H  
HAnno one of the chief of Carthage. 76  
Hanno is delivered to Martius. 90  
Hanno worketh wiles. 187  
Harlot saveth Atoichus the pitiful. 173  
Health most necessary for a general. 47  
Herbs. 277  
Heliodorus killeth Seleucus. 159  
Helepolis an engine to beat walls. 43  
Helepolis an engine against Cyzi●●. 43  
Hellespont, invaded of Antiochus. 129  
Henetnais destroyed of Sylla. 32  
Heniochians of Pontus receive Mithridates. 6●  
Hercules of Tyrus. 74  
Herald of Spain. 99  
Heraclea, won of Lucullus. 49  
Hiber the flood, limit of the Carthag. 176  
Hiberians, now Spaniards which. 60  
Jerusalem, holy city dismanteled. 161  
Histories written by the king of Armenia. 268  
Hippozareta rejecteth the Romans. 233  
Horoscopa, got of Massanissa. 208  
Human things, subject to kings next God. 167  
Husbandry surer than Merchandise. 277   

I  
IAson Trallianus a writer of Tragedies. 268  
jassus taken of Pirates. 37  
japodians overcome. 287. 290  
Iberia now Spain a mighty country. 74  
Idumea won by Pompey. 64  
jews how often overcome. 161  
jews taxed with great tributes. 161  
Ignorant Captains not obeyed. 166. 120. 122  
Ignominy of Soldiers, lewd by hardiness. 20  
Illitinga taken. 99  
Illyria. 282. 283  
Illyrius, what sons he had. 282  
Ilium, Troy, and Carthage had like luck. 299  
Ilius, made fellows of Rome by Sylla. 36  
Ilium. 30.  
Io. 60  
Inconveniences in Asia. 37  
Incommodities by pirates. 55  
Indus a flood. 164  
Indibilis revolteth. 94  
Ingratitude of the Romans. ●●6  
Ingratitude of Carthagies. 175  
Injury done by Prusias. 7  
Injury done by Mithridates. 14  
Injury done by Ambassadors. 10  
joneans, used to obey kings of Asia. 135  
Io turned into a cow. 60  
joy of the Romans. 28  
Ipsuma town of Pluygia, where Antiochus was slain. 164  
Iphe●ia builder of Hercules pillours. 75  
Ippasineans, Interfrurians, yield to Augustus. 289  
Iscadia taken by Aemitianus in Portugal. 116  
Isis honoured of the Rhodians.  
Italians killed in Asia. 14  
Ituraea, won by Pompey. 64  
jugurtha cometh to Scipio. 122  
juno, jealous. 60  
jupiter Fabirins' temple at the Rhodes. 16  
justice of Pompey. 62   

K.  
KIngs ruled by God. 167  
Kingly mind of Mithridates. 47. 64  
Kings in Pompey's triumph. 17  
Kingly sacrifice. 3●  
Kindness of Soldiers. 276  
King Antiochus the God killed of his wise. 171  
Kiing Sele●cus poisoned of his friends. 172  
King Antiocus dieth of consumption. 172  
King Alexander the bastard, killed of Triphon. 172  
King Tryphon killed of Antiochus. 172  
King Antiochus killeth himself. 173  
King Demetrius killed of his wife. 173  
King Seleucus killed of his mother. 173  
King Grypus killeth his mother. 173  
King Antiochus Gripus burned in a school house. 173.  
King Seleucus the great killed of Cerau●us. 170  
King Orodes killed by his son. 269  
King Machares killeth himself. 61  
King Mithridates desireth to be killed. 68  
King Prusias killed in lupi●●●s temple. 5  
King Syphax dieth in prison. ●●7   

L.  
LAbinius made general of the Parthians. 269  
Lacedæmonians sendeth a Captain to Carthage. 175  
Lambrac● won by Caepio. 112  
Lamentable destruction of the Chians. 27  
Lampsacenes, crave help against Antiochus. 120  
Laomedon, first Prince of Syria. 163  
Laodicians deliver Opius. 13  
Larissa besieged of Antiochus and forsaken. 138  
Large commission of Pompey. 58  
Laws sleep for this day. 234  
Laws restored by Sylla in Athens. 23  
Leptines killeth Octavius. 160  
Letters in Laurel. 46  
Lethes the ●looode, first passed by Brutus. 111  
Liberty of Rome not sure, Carthage continuing. 207.  
Lintevon, captain of the Numantines. ●00  
Lisistratus Captain of Cizicus. 43  
Los●e of Romans. 54  
Love of thertie, worketh extremity. 126  
Locha spoiled, against Scipio his will. 180  
Lucia plagued for helping their friends. 125  
Lucia city punished. 125  
Lucullus his diligence. 20  
Lucullus espieth advantage. 41  
Lucullus overcometh Captains. 46  
Lucullus overthroweth Tigranes. 5●  
Lucullus forsaken. 55  
Lucullus doth wrong in Spain. 100 101. 105  
Lusitans make war. 103  
Lusitans, overthrown. 104  
Lycians, given and taken from Rhodes. 30  
Lysimachus. 129. 1●4  
Lysimachia restored by Antiochus. 129  
Lysians admitted fellows to Rome. 1●  
Lysias killed by Demtrius. 160   

M.  
MAchares King of Bosphorus. 50. 61  
Macedome invaded by Mithridates. ●. 34  
Magnesians made fellows of Rome. 36  
Ma●●cus resisteth valiantly. 52  
Marcellus doth little in Spain. ●●  
Marcus Figulus overthrown. 2●●  
Masultan● under King Syphax and Massan. 17●  
Maxaties Parthian, killeth Crissus. 267  
Mastabales and Micipsa moved against Rome. 2●●.  
Mago yieldeth to Scipio. 85  
Massinissa allieth with Scipio. ●3. 178  
Massinissa vexeth Carthage. 1●8▪ his manliue●le and stature. 208. his age, his felicity & end. 230  
Manlius. 157. 158  
Mancinus in danger. 235  
Martius despited. 13. 33  
Marius denieth burial. 36  
Machares killeth himself. 6●  
Manner of the Romans against the Parthians. 276  
Martius against the Hiberians. 90  
Mardus faithful to the Romans. 274  
Man's life subject to mutation. 213  
Meotian Princes receive Mithridates. 61  
Media how it increaseth. 12●  
Me●itini of Illyria subdued. 289  
Menas Ambassador of Prusias. 3. 4▪  
Meromenaus subdued by Augustus. 280  
Menophanes saveth Pharnaces. 66  
Men saved beyond hope. 5●  
Message of Hiberians 9●  
Messala Co●●●inus. 290  
Megata taken. 237  
Mind taken away by Misery. 247  
Mithridates expelled by Orodes his brother. 162  
Mithridates expelleth Ariobarzanes. 7  
Mi●●●h●● overthroweth the Romans. 135  
Minio of Smyrna conspireth. 28  
Mithrobarzanes Captain of Tigranes. 50  
Minerva's Temple burned by Fimbria. 31  
Micipsa sendeth a●d to F. M. Aemilianus. 109  
Misery of the Romans. 217  
Misery maketh much speech. 216  
Minister of Comagena equal to a King. 70  
Mithridates killeth his sons. 64. 38. sendeth to Sertorius 40. is abused. 43  
Mithridates fleeth in a pirates boat. 46. willeth his wines to be killed. 40  
Mithridates overthroweth Fabius. 53. is hurt. 54. 53. fleyth Pompey 50. will not deliver fugitives i●id. conceiveth great things. 60. will not come at Pompey. 64. gathereth forces. 65. his children killed. 65. his army revolteth. 66. his end. 68  
Mithridates Parthian saveth Antony. 278  
Mother's f●●●i● for loss of their children. 212  
Mo●●●●●●. 270 278  
Mo●●●●e is killed. 4●  
Money occasion of mischief. 17  
Malice obtaining pardon unthankful. 60  
Multitude of Rovers. ●5  
Munificence of Tigranes. 63  
Music esteemed of Mithridates. 60  
Mu●●●●● of the Romans. ●●  
Mummius victory and triumph. 104  
Mutation of Kingdoms. 249   

N.  
Narces got by Hannibal. 188  
Name of Kings given to Alexander's successors. 164  
Name of Carthage. 185. 240  
Na●i●●an● overcome by Augustus. 28  
Necessity without la. 234  
Nepheris taken with great slaughter. 243  
Nergobriges use craft. hundred  
Necessity of Numantines. 126  
Neruians overthrow Caesar, and be overthrown. 207  
Nicanor killed of Seleucus. 164  
Nicanor a name, why given to Seleucus. 155. 164  
Nicephorium taken & desaced 3. Nicopolis. 166. 70  
Nicomedes against his father. 4 beginneth war 7. fleeth. 12  
Nonius refuseth to swear. 35  
N●d●● fleeth. 43  
Numidians of long life. 208  
Numantines kill the Romans. 114. 115  
Numantines kill themselves. 126  
Numidians victory. 210   

O.  
Obstinacy of the Aslapians. ●1  
Obo●●a taken. 110  
Ocile pardoned. ●9  
Octavius killed. 160  
Olcabas forsaketh Lucullus. 47  
Opius delivered by the Laodicians. 13  
Oracle of Seleucus death. 1●3  
Oracle of Annibals' death. ●34  
Order of Hannibal. 192  
Order of Scipio. 1●3  
Oraces' King of Albania. 62  
Orodes. 25●. 256. ●70  
Order of the Romans. 276  
Order of the Romans affrayeth the Parthians. 272.  
Oration of ●s●●●l●●ll. 1●7  
Oration of H●●●o. 216  
Oration of avarus. 125  
Oration of Pelopides. 8  
Ornaments of a thousand talents spoiled by Pytats at Samothracia. 3●  
Oration of Mithridates. 4●  
Hostages won by Attalus. 104  
Ostra●a taken. 99   

P.  
PAlladium image of Minerva. 3  
Parthian King crafty. 52  
Parthians deceive Crassus. 256. 264  
Parthians spiteth Crassus. 267 267  
Parthians deceive Antony. 267. 268  
Passion pitiful of Carthagies. 215. 216  
Parthians manner in war. 258. 259  
Pacorus killed of Ventidius. 2●9  
Pallantia. ●●●. 10●  
Paphlagonia invaded of Mithridates. 1. 34  
Pallantines overthrow the Romans. 11●  
Pannonians Paeonians. 288. 202  
Paphlagonia given by Sertorius. 4●  
Paulus Aemilius overthroweth Perseus. 286  
Parthia invaded by Antiochus. 129  
Pausimachus deceived by Polyxenides. 144  
Peace made with Carthage. 188. 77  
Peace with Mithridates. 3●  
Pergameneans use cruelty. 14  
Perpenna. 12●  
Pergamenians cowards. 1●5  
People of the Cities tumultuous. 191. 197. 20●. ●25. 207.  
Peace broken with the Numantines. ●●●  
Peace broken with Viriatus. 11●  
Perdiccas ruleth after Alexander. 6  
Pharnaces against his father. 66. 7●  
Phanagorea. 65. 69  
Phraartes. 271. ●7●  
Phalaux of Macedonia. ●40. 144. 15●  
Phameas yieldeth, and i● rewarded. 2●2. 2●3  
Philip clea●eth to the Romans. 138. 13●  
Philip of Megalopolis prisoner. 1ST  
Phileten●e buyeth a dead body. 17●  
Philip is gratified. 141 14●  
Philosopher's tyrants. 17  
Philoctetes monument. 4●  
Phoenix forsaketh Mithridates. 47  
Pharnaces getteth Phanagorea. 7●  
Phares a Country overthrown. 285  
Pitiful state of the Romans. 263  
Pine committed to his stepmother. 285  
plat of City destroyed by Walls. 24●  
Pompey his diligence. 55. his justice. ●●  
Pompey defaceth Jerusalem. 63  
Pompey dealeth straightly with Antiochus. 64. vi●●teth the monument of Argonantes. 62. appointeth Kings. 70. buildeth Cities. 70. ●● a pleaser of his wile. 250  
Policy of Augustus. 2●0  
Policy of Figulus. 28  
Policy of Paul ●●milius. 286  
Popilius to Antiochus. 17●  
Polybius. 249  
Power of Mithridates. ●. 10. ●●  
Policy of the Iberians. 76  
Poliph●nius and his race. 282  
Poison that Princes can not avoid. 68  
Pray of Sagunti sent to Rome. 86  
Pray of Nergobugo given to the Soldiers. 100  
Pray of Spain allieth the Carthagies. 76  
Prometheus monument visited of Pompey. 6●  
Promona taken from Liburnians.  
Prusias deceiveth the Romans. 3  
Prusias recompenseth Attalus. 3  
Prusias practiseth to kill his son. 3  
Prusias is killed. 5  
Princely word of a King. 47  
P●olomen● called King. 164  
Pusillan●mutie of Hamunus. 135  
Punishment of rebellious Souldy ours. ●2  
Pyrisseans of Illyria subdued. 280  
Pyrenec Mountains. ●4  
Pygn●lcon, Tyrant of Tyrn●. 174   

Q.  
QVintus Fabius against Viriatus. 108  
Quintus Fulutus Nobilis. 116  
Quintus Pompey 114. 115  
Q●●k● saying of Cas●ius. 264  
Quick saying of Tig●anes. 51  
Quick● s●ying of D●●o●●●●s. 251  
Quick saying of C●as●us. 251  
Quick saying of Vergises.  
Qu Sopho●isha dieth of poison willingly. 187  
Qu. N●onima dieth by commandment. 40  
Qu. L●odice killed by Prolomie Philadelph. 171  
Qu. Cleop●tra of Syria killed by his sonn●.  
Qu. Opius taken of Mithridates. 13  
Qu. ●●p●o breaketh p●ace. 110  
Qu. F. M●ximus Aemillanus, against Viriate. 109  
Qu. F. Nobilia against the Sogodan●s. 97  
Qu. Pompe●us against Viriate. 110. 114  
Qu. Sertorius sty●reth Spain. 1●8   

R.  
rashness of Gallus. 275  
Regulus taken. 175  
Report. 252  
Renolt●ng people punished. 36  
Regions im●aded o● Mithridates. 1  
Rhodians valiantness. 15 16  
Rhodians made f●llowes of Rome. 36  
Rhodians join with the Romans. 144  
Rhodians rewarded at Rome. 150  
Rhodes besieged of Mithridates. 15  
Ritogenes act at Nu●antia. 124  
Roman Name saved. 185  
Romans partial. 206. 207. 20●  
Romans s●keth occasi● against Carthage. 210. 211  
Romans in what joy. 247  
Romans overcome. 12  
Romans injured in Asia. 14  
Romans hated. 15  
Romans flee. 48  
Romans fall to spoil. 40  
Romans resrayne from spoil. 5●  
Romans hate Mithridates. 5●  
Romans rejoice at the death of Mithridates. 6●  
Romans defiance of the Carth●gies. 80  
Romans courage increaseth in perils. 84  
Romans killed at Delos. 135  
Rom●nes ●layne. 275  
Romans disordered. 2●●  
Romans fall into disease's. 280  
Rommes afraid of P●●onians. 280  
Ruffu● is helped of Scipio. 121   

S.  
SAcrific● to lightning. 166  
Sacrifice to boldness and sear. 183  
Sacrifices signifying s●●●. 187  
Sacrifice of a black 〈◊〉 44  
Sacrifice of King's. 3●  
Samb●ca an 〈◊〉. 1●  
Sa●●●o the Country of Fra●ce. ●3  
S●●unt dest●●ved by A●●iball. 80  
Sagunt recovered by Sc●pio. 8●  
Sala●●i trouble Augu●●us. ●00  
Sa●●us and Samothraci● taken of Pirates. 27  
Sa●ga●●us the flood where Man●us pas●ed. 12  
Sa●us sloweth into Hister. 203  
Sc●ptons two brothers killed in Spain. 82  
Sc●p●o accounted rash. 83  
Sc●pio showeth modestic. 83  
Scipio getteth new Ca●thage.  
Scipio seemeth to work by inspiration. 87  
Scipio senere. 127  
Scipio killeth hand to hand. 102  
Scipio reformeth the Camp at Carthage. 236  
Scipio is made Consul before his tu●e. 134. 135  
Scipio sent with his brother into Asia. 143  
Scipio is m●de orderer of Mais●cluldrē. 230. 23●  
Scipio is stenderly set forth. 177  
Scipio is accused. ●56  
Scipio killeth not spies. 1●1  
Scipio saneth Romans. 226. 227. 228. 229  
Scipio reformeth the Camp at Numan●●a, and getteth the City. 11●. 121. 122. 123  
Scipio beholdeth the fight between Mass●nissa, and the Carthag●es. 209  
Scipio is made arbitrer between them. 209  
Scipio conte●neth his accusers. 150  
Scoroba, bounds of Cappadocia & Pontus. 12  
Scordis●●ans overthrown by L. Scipio. 284  
Scythians aideth Mithridates. 61  
Sextus shutteth Manceus up. 51  
Sedition at Rome for want. 248  
Seleucidans reign, how long. 173  
Segeda cause of Rebellton in Spain. 96  
Semella sharply handled of Ae●illianus. 110  
Senate of Nucena choked in a bath. 203  
Senate of Acerra buried quick. 203  
Se●torius. 40. 12●  
Seleucus of great dominion. 164. Tokens of his prosperity. 165. lus stature. 166. his building of Cities. 166  
Sele●cia at Tigris, what happened. 166  
Sele●cus giveth his wi●e to his son. 160  
Seleucus is trayterousely killed. 170  
Seleucus son to Ant●ochus killed. 150  
Seleucus buried in a School house. 173  
S●nce saileth in cal●nuti●. 147  
Sense of hearing soonest troubled. 258  
Sea, occasion of offence. 210  
Serpents used in medicine. 53  
S●leucules the royal house of Syria. 173  
Segestanes vali●nt. 203  
Ships burned in Syria. 160  
Sharp speech to Crassus. 252  
Sicel●e recovered by the Romans. 1. 2  
Sign● to help one another by Scipio. 123  
S●●enes se●te at Carthage. 241  
Sino●eg●a a rich Castle of Mith●lda●es. 60  
Sickness strange in the Romans host. 27●  
S●●than● restored by Sc●pio of the goods th●t the Carth●g●es h●d taken from them. 24●  
S●●ne●s resi●● Ant●o●hu●. 12●  
Sorrowful verse rehearsed of Scipio. 240  
Souldyo●es fight taken by lot. hundred  
Sophonisb●. 186. 187  
Sobodacas accused by Olcabas. 47  
Soc●ates condemned. 156  
Soter Demetrius. 160  
Sostus prospereth in Syria. 270  
Socrates Chr●stus invadeth Byth●nia. 7  
Soothsayer to A●●on●e. 269  
Spiritual state of Comagena. 73  
Spite of the Parthians. 267  
Stratonice con●ubiu●, privy to treasure. 64  
Stratonica Queen. 1●7. 64  
Straight interpretation of fight. 64  
Streams of gold. 62  
Suba revolteth from Massanissa. 208  
Suspicions between the Roma. & Antioch. 1●0  
Supplications at Rome for victory against Antio●hus. 14●  
Superstition of the Romans. 250  
Suraenas subtle. 255. 258  
Suspicion between Massinissa & the Roma. 223  
Surer life by land than by Sea. 2●0  
Syphax goeth from the Camp. 180  
Syphax practiseth peace. 181  
Syphax practiseth to kill Massinissa. 185  
Syphax is taken of Ma●sinissa. 185  
Syphax is well used of Scipio. 186  
Syphax dieth at Rome. 187  
Syria ruled by Prolomeus. 163  
Syria how it can ● to the Romans. 163   

T.  
Talk of Hannibal and Scipio. 192 134  
Talk of peace. 3. 33  
Tantalus Captain yieldeth. 113  
Tanginus, a captain of manly th●●ues. 115  
T●gus flood passed by Lucullus. 100  
Ta●tes●us the place of Argonthonius. 74  
Taulentians subdued by Augustus. 28  
Tanuscians' of Illyria subdued by Augustus. 28  
Tau●us the hill pas●ed of Pompey. 6●  
Telling of truth punished. 50  
Te●mantine● distress the Romans.  
Temples rob. 38. 243  
Tempest destroyeth Roman● Ships. 30  
Tempest destroyeth Mithridates' navy. 46  
Temples turned into Shops at Carthage. 223  
Terentius Varro overthrown of the Portugals. 103  
Tentinus Captain of D ●mati●n●. 294. 205  
Tetrarches of G●litia eui●● used etc. 26  
Themiscinans strange fig●●. 46  
Thebes ●enolteth o●t. 18  
Th●●mopyl●. ●●9. 14●  
Themisto●les compared with Mon●●us. 1ST  
Thessa●● cased of enemy's. 1●8  
Th●●u●tes t●ken of Syph●x. 1●2  
Th●u nedde unto by A●●iball. 1●6  
T●be●●us Pandusius. 28  
T●●oth●us Plus●●●a. 54  
T●●e●su●. 20●. Emperor of Rome.  
Tigrane● speech of Lucullus army. 5●  
Tig●anes invadeth Cappadocia. 40  
Tigranes will not see Mithridates. 40  
Tigranes killeth two of his sons. 63  
Tigranes submitteth to Pompey.  
Tigranocerta. 50  
Ti●h●unta part of Thermopyle. 130  
Tithians help the Romans, and be injured of Lucullus. 107. 100  
Torg●●s Captain of the japodians. 200  
Trebling of Mithridates hewrayed. 64  
Tragedies written by Artabazes King. 26●  
Triballi people of Illyria. 282  
Tributes for ●ue years upon Asia. 37  
Tryphon usin per of Syria killed. 172  
Trallians use the Romans cruelly. 14  
Treason greatest poison of Princes. 68  
Trianus overthrown. 53  
Troy cruelly used of Embria. 31  
Triumph of Pompey. ●1  
Triumph of Scipio. 205  
Triumph of Scipio. 248  
Triumph of Augustus. 206  
Triumph of Antony unpleasant. 281  
Triumph privileged.  
Tumult in Carthage. 207  
Tysca a place containing fifty Cities. 206  
Tygranes of Syria expelled by Antony. 270   

V  
Valiantness of the Greeks at Tigranocerta 52  
Vargunteius and four bands killed. 263  
Valiantness better than number. 94. 102  
Valiantness and danger of Augustus. 291. 292  
Valiantness of twenty souldyoures. 20●  
Vacceans overcome by Metellus & Scipio. 114. 1●1  
Varius a Captain sent from Sertorius to Mithridates, is killed of Lucullus. 46  
Vagises sharp answer to Crassus. 25●  
Virtue in Souldyoures better than number. 102  
Virtue of Crassus showed in danger. 161. 266  
Versus valiant Captain of the Dalmatians. 244  
Vermi●a, Syphax son, aideth Hannibal. 189  
Vettiluts slain by Viriatus. 107  
Veterus a Captain of Augustus scorned, & resisted of the Sal●sians. 2●0. and be pardoned.  
Ventidius prospereth in Parthia. 260. 270  
Ve●us Temple spoiled, Antiochus perisheth. 1●2  
Victory of Manius. 140. 141  
Victories of Mithridates. 12. 48. 3●. 5●  
Victory of Sylla. 2●. 25  
Victory of Lucullus. 46. 48. 5●  
Victori● of Pompey. 5●  
Victory of L●uiu● by & ca 142  
Victory of Lucullus by Sea. 146  
Victory of Domitius. 152  
Victory of Manlius. 157  
Victory of Martius. 90  
Victory of Flaccus▪ 95  
Victory of Cato. 95  
Victory of Scipio. 93. 88 190. 196. 180.  
Vision fears Mithridates. 17  
Vision of Caesar. 248  
Viriatus valian: Captain. 105. 106. 107, 108  
Viriatus showeth himself noble. 110  
Viriatus is killed by treason. 112  
Villages. 400 destroyed by Mu●aena. 38  
Vow made to destroy Carthage. 210. 207  
Vow made, not to re-edify Carthage. 247  
Volso giveth oath to Antiochus cu●bassadors. 155  
Utica forsaken of Scipio. 188  
Utica rewarded with Carthagles' land. 248  
Utica resisteth Scipio. 188. is yielded. 211   

W.  
WAnt of Salt. 290. 501 2●0  
Water Venomous. 2●8  
War without Proclamation. 211  
Want of treasure in Rome. 11  
What brought the state of Rome to the rule of one. 284  
Wise of Asdrubal bold. 240  
Winter and hunger two great enemies. 273  
Wiles laid against Pompey. 62  
Wiles of Pompey against Mithridates. 59  
Wiles laid for Ve●●lius. ●07  
Wiles of the Par●lisans discovered. 258  
Wlues of Mithrida. commanded to be killed. 49  
Wind extreme breaketh the fight. 52  
Wise of the father given to the Son. 169  
wives taken out of time. 139. 13  
Wisdom of Scipio. 227. 182 ●2  
Wilsuln ●●● of women of Metulio. 2●2  
Words of Scipio at the taking of Carthage. 249  
Women valiant. 62. 111. 80. 62  
Words of Scipio. 238. 23●. 240  
Wood burned with Barbarians. ●2  
Woods burned by Auguslus. 2●5. 230  
Wonder at Rome at the news of the taking of Carthage. 217   

X.  
XAntippus 157. overthroweth the Romans.  
Xenophon, and his ten thousand. 277  
Xerxes. 139  
Xiphares killed of his father. 64  
Xoras. 154  
Xolla victualleth the Romans. 223   

Y.  
Young Crassus pitifully killed. 261   

Z  
ZAcinthians, ancestors to Sagunt. 77  
Zama, where Scipio fought first with Hannibal. 190  
Zenodotia won by Crassus. 251  
Zenobius spoileth the Chians. 27  
Zenobius killed by the Ephelians● 27  
Zeuxis Captain of Antiochus. 150   
FINIS.