A PLAIN PATHWAY TO PLANTATIONS:  
That is, A Discourse in general, concerning the Plantation of our English people in other Countries..  
Wherein Is declared, That the Attempts or Actions, in themselves are very good and laudable, necessary also for our Country of England. Doubts thereabout are answered: and some means are showed, by which the same may, in better sort than hitherto, be prosecuted and effected.  
Written For the persuading and stirring up of the people of this Land, chiefly the poorer and common sort to affect and effect these Attempts better than yet they do. With certain Motives for a present Plantation in Newfound land above the rest.  
Made in the manner of a Conference, and divided into three Parts, for the more plainness, ease, and delight to the Reader.  
By RICHARD EBURNE of Hengstridge in the County of Somerset.  
Printed by G. P. for john Marriot. 1624.   

TO THE RIGHT REVEREND FATHERS IN GOD, AND HONOURABLE LORDS, ARTHUR, LORD BISHOP OF bath and Wells, and ROBERT, Lord Bishop of Bristol, RICHARD EBURNE wisheth all health and happiness external, internal and eternal.  
COnsidering, (Right Honourable) and not without grief of mind, & sorrow of heart, viewing the great misery & encumbrance of this our goodly country, the Country of England (which heretofore admirably flourished in plenty & prosperity) by reason of the excessive multitude of people, which therein at this present do swarm and superabound, the many fair Opportunities which God, in his gracious Providence, often hath, and at this instant doth offer unto it, for a present, a speedy, and an infallible remedy thereof: and yet the notorious neglect and wayward unwillingness of the people of this Land, our English Nation, to regard and accept such Offers, and to seek and take their own good: I thought I might do a work worth the labour, and (in all likely hood) grateful and useful to my Country and Countrymen, to write something, (and the rather, for that none that I know, hath yet traveled this way) that might stir and encourage them, specially the common and meaner sort of them, as whom chiefly, and most of all it doth concern, to make better use of these fair, worthy and necessary opportunities.  
Whereupon I have in a plain and familiar manner, (as one that intended to submit himself to the capacity and understanding, even of the meanest, 
The sum of he whole Treatise.  for whom specially this my labour I intended.) First, declared and justified these kind of Attempts, Plantations, to tend notably to the glory of Almighty God, the enlargement of the King's Majesty's Dominions, and the manifold and inestimable benefit of this whole Land, the Realm of England; and to be in their own nature lawful and just, ancient and usual. Secondly, I have showed some particular means, or inferior courses, how and whereby, both men and money, the two principal things that must plentifully be had for Plantations, may easily and speedily be raised and procured in and out of our Land for this purpose. And thirdly, I have given and set down some particular Instructions and observations touching these Actions, not unworthy happily the Notion and Consideration of many such as yet are little acquainted with them; and added some special Motives, for a present Plantation in Newfoundland, before and above any other place of Plantation yet attempted. Withal, in every of these passages, I have answered all such, either real (or rather Regionall) or personal Objections, as commonly are made against the erterprises themselves, why they should not be regarded, or by persons that should employ themselves in the erterprises, why they should not adventure therein?  
These plain, but I hope plausible and profitable Labours of mine, I am bold, and humbly desire your Lordships both, that I may be bold to present to the open view and consideration of this Land, under the Patronage & protection of your Honourable Names: The one of you being my much & worthily honoured Diocesan; the other my worthy and favourable Patron: both special Fautours of all good Learning, and furtherers of all goodly Endeavours; and therefore, such as I hope and presume will vouchsafe these Labours of mine, and these worthy, pious, and religious (if they be worthily, piously, & religiously handled) these notable Attempts, and for our Land at this present most necessary and expedient, your best furtherance and countenance: not doubting but that thereby both my Endeavours shall the better be respected and received, and the Actions themselves the more advanced and followed, I shall be shielded from the malicious envy of the carping Caviller, that takes more delight, and can be content to bestow more labour and time in depraving what others have done, then in setting forth and publishing, I say not any better, but any like and as good of his own: and they (the Actions) shall be shrouded from the canine unkindness of those lazy Lurdans that will neither take the good of them themselves, nor suffer, by their good will, any other to do it.  
One reason more particular hath moved me to tender to your Lordships these my Labours, and that is, for that the one of you is resident in that City, as in his proper and Episcopal Sea: the other in the next neighbouring both City and Country, which either by itself in general, or by a certain number of the worshipful Citizens thereof, in particular, hath already begun, and at this present continueth a Plantation in Newfoundland: which I therefore hope will be an occasion that may move your good Lordships both, this way to do to the Places of your own abode (which truly by reason of the number of people, wherewith they are cloyed and overlaid, do as greatly need these helps, as any Cities or Counties in England) much good and benefit. Which thing, I am persuaded, you may easily and greatly effect, if you will be pleased, but to show yourselves in countenancing and assisting me and others, that do and will employ ourselves in them, to approve and favour, to allow and like of these kind of Labours and Endeavours, and namely, that wherein your own people and so near Neighbours are already so far interessed and proceeded.  
The Lord jesus, the high Bishop of our Souls, vouchsafe unto your Lordships, whom he hath called to be Principal Pastors in this his Church of England, such plentiful store of his Heavenly gifts, and so guide you by his Holy Spirit, that you may sincerely set forth his Gospel, and seek his Glory in this World, and in the World to come be crowned by him with Celestial and eternal Glory. Amen.  
Your Honourable Lordship's ever to command in the work of the Lord, RICHARD EBURNE.   

TO THE CURTEOUS AND Christian READERS, especially the Common-People of this Realm of ENGLAND.  
OTher men, diverse, have laboured severally in describing and commending, one this Country, another that: as Captain Whitbourne, Newfoundland; Captain Smith his New-England; Master Harecourt Guiana; and some others, more than one or two, Virginia And every of these hath used sundry Motives for the advancement of a Plantation, in the place by him most affected; all tending to this main end: To move our people of England, to plant themselves abroad, and free themselves of that penury and peril of want, wherein they live at home. But none that I know hath handled the point in general, viz. to show the benefit and the good; the lawfulness and the ancient and frequent use; the facility and necessity (that is indeed, if I may so speak, the Doctrine) of Plantations. That task therefore, have I undertaken, which how I have performed, I leave to others to judge; requesting this at your hands (benevolent and courteous Readers) that you observe and consider: First, That I am the first that hath broken this Ice, and searched out this way; and that therefore it must needs be to me more rough and rude, then if I had passed a smooth water, and gone along in an usual and beaten path. Secondly, That my whole purpose and intent is, principally and specially to do some good this way, for and with the meaner sort of our people: to whose capacity therefore, it was fit, and more than fit, necessary, that I should fit and frame my speech. That observed, I doubt not but you will, not only bear with, but also approve of my plainness, as best befitting my purpose to work; and my subject to work upon: the more learned and judicious sort, I freely and ingeniously acknowledge myself more desirous to have my Teachers and directours in this kind of Learning, than my Readers and Followers.  
If any think it a point beyond my Compass, for a Divine by Profession, to deal with an argument of this Nature, viz. to entreat of Plantations, which are commonly taken to be a matter altogether of Temporal and Secular right. Let him be pleased to know: First, That I am not alone, nor the first in this attempt, but have for my precedent the precedent examples of some far before me in Learning and Knowledge; as Master Hackluit, who long since wrote a great Volume of English Voyages, Master Crashaw in England, and Master Whitaker in Virginia; who have both employed their Pens and pains for that Plantation.  
Secondly, That Plantations are Actions wherein we also of the Clergy are as far interessed as any other. They are as free for us, as for others: and, if men will have any hope that they shall prosper in their hands, we must have a distinct part, a certain share, and Cleargie-like Portion in them, as well as men of other places and qualities have theirs. And therefore, to write and discourse of, and for them, it behoveth, and becometh us of the Clergy, as well, and as much as any other.  
Thirdly, That one proper, and principal end of Plantations, is, or should be, the enlargement of Christ's Church on Earth; and the publishing of his Gospel to the Sons of Men: and therefore in that respect, it cannot but properly and directly belong unto them, to whom Christ hath given commandment and authority above others to take care of his Flock, to seek the furtherance of the Gospel, and to sound forth the glad tidings of Salvation to all Nations, to be principal Agents therein, and special furtherers thereof.  
That my proofs and examples are most out of the Bible and Sacred Histories, I have done it of purpose, not only because they are with me most familiar and of best authority, but because they should be so with all Christians; even the Lay sort likewise. As I am not of the Papists opinion, that is, to care little for the Scripture: so I like not to be of the Popish fashion, which is, to fill the people's ears with sound of the Names of Fathers, Counsels, and others-like, which they nor are, nor can be acquainted with but to let them hear little and see less the Word of God, in which they easily might, and certainly should be ripe and ready, and well both seen and read.  
Besides, for this present argument, it is so frequent in the Scriptures, that there is not any substantial point thereabout, for, or of the which (because the practice thereof was very much in those times) there is not some, either precept or precedent to be found.  
If I have any where dissented from the common practice, and showed some dislike of the ordinary proceedings in these Projects, I desire but so far to be borne with and accepted, as I bring good reason for it, and declare or intimate some just and reasonable cause thereof.  
Though I have not presumed to set down any certain and regular platform of a good and right Plantation which happily to have done, would have seemed in me too much either boldness or rashness: yet thus much I presume to affirm of that I have written, that if any will read and consider it well, he may, without any great labour, collect and find out a true and good platform of such an Action.  
I have so answered many and most of the common Objections made against and about these attempts, that out of, and by the same, an answer may likewise be shaped to any other objection that lightly can be made there-against.  
The whole I have so drawn unto certain heads, and sorted again into several parts, as I thought might best accord with the matter haudled, and be most likely to yield ease and delight to the Reader.  
Wherein that I have digested all into the form of a Conference or Dialogue, having so many examples for it, and most of them from the best of all Ages, I am so far from fearing lest thereby I should offend any, that I presume rather, that in that point and pains above the rest, howsoever I be a little the larger, because of the Interlocution, I shall be the better accepted, my meaning and drift the sooner perceived, and my Labours and Lines the oftener looked upon and perused.  
And nowj that I may revert my speech to you my countrymen and friends, you, I say, of the meaner sort, for whose sake chiefly, out of the abundance of my ardent love and fervent desire to do you good, I have put myself to all this pains, I have undertaken this work. Be pleased, I pray you, to perusej that is, to read, and cause to be read to you, over and over this book, which I have written to you, and for you. The Argument whereof I entreat therein, is, of Plantations, which howsoever attempted by many worthy, great, and honourable Personages, yet seem little to be accepted and respected of you, for whom, of all other, they are most necessary, and to whom properly they are intended.  
look upon the misery and want wherein you do, and abiding in England, you cannot but live. Look upon the plenty and felicity, wherein going hence, you may live. Prefer not poverty before riches, nor your perpetual evil and wretchedness, before perpetual good & happiness. Now is a time wherein you may do you and yours good, for ever, if you will. Now God doth offer you that opportunity with choice of place, to rid yourselves from your present misery and distress, which if you neglect to take, and refuse, as hitherto you do, to make use of and embrace, will never, happily can never be had again.  
Believe not the idle tales and vain speeches of such, as knowing not, and caring not to do, either themselves or other good, persuade and tempt you to abide at home, that is, to dwell (as many of you do) in famine and penury, and to die in need and misery. Hearken unto me, read, hear, and consider what I say for your better information, and to stir up and animate you to accept your good, while you may, and to establish your Happiness, while Opportunity serveth. Never can, or shall you do it with less labour and travail, with less charge and expense, with less peril and hurt, with less trouble and encumbrance then now you may. My words and speeches are plain and familiar, my reasons and arguments are strong and evident, and my answers to the vain Objections of the contrary minded are sound & solid. Let truth take place within you, let reason move, and let evidence of the cause sway and settle you.  
Be not too much in love with that country wherein you were borne, that country which bearing you, yet cannot breed you, but seemeth, and is indeed, weary of you. She accounts you a burden to her, and encumbrance of her. You keep her down, you hurt her and make her poor & bare, and together with your own, you work and cause, by tarrying within her, her misery and decay, her ruin and undoing. Take and reckon that for your Country where you may best live and thrive. Strain not no more to leave that Country wherein you cannot prove and prosper, than you do to leave your father's houses, and the parish wherein you were borne and bred up, for fitter places and habitations.  
And if you will needs live in England, imagine all that to be England where English men, where English people, you with them, and they with you, do dwell. (And it be the people that makes the Land English, not the Land the people.) So you may find England, and an happy England too, where now is, as I may say, no Land, and the bounds of this Land, of England, by removing of yourselves, and others the people of this Land, to be speedily and wonderfully removed, enlarged and extended into those parts of the world, where once the Name of England was not heard of, and whereon the foot of an English man (till of late) had not trodden.  
Be not so vaine-minded or weakhearted as to think or believe that you shall do better in this England with little or nothing, then in any other with something: here with an house and a backside, than otherwhere with forty or threescore, with one or two hundred acres of ground. It is the means and not the place that keeps and maintains men well or ill. And Englishmen above many others are worst able to live with a little.  
Know and consider, that as it is the same Sun that shineth there, as well as here, so it is the same God, (that God in whose name you are baptised, in whose Church you have, and do, and shall live, whose servants you that remove are, shall, and may be as well as they that remove not) that God, I say, that ruleth and guideth all things there as well as here. And doubt ye not, but that if you fear and serve him there, if there you keep his commandments and walk in his ways, as here you have been, and there you shall still be taught and directed. (For the Ark of God, and the sons of Aaron and seed of Levi, must and will go over with you) The hand of his all-guiding Providence, will be stretched out unto you, and the eye of his all-saving mercy, no less there then here will look upon you. For, God is nigh unto all those that call upon him, yea, all those that call upon him faithfully, Psalm. 145. 38. wheresoever it be. Read over and peruse often (good Brethren) the 107. Psalm. and the 139. They will teach you most plainly, plentifully and comfortably, that by Sea and Land, far off and near, in one part of the world as well as in another, the Lord is at hand, (for he is Lord of all) he seeth and beholdeth all the sons of men, and defendeth and provideth for all that be his. To whose fatherly tuition, and merciful protection, betaking and commending yourselves, fear not to follow him whither soever he calleth, and defer not to accept his bountiful riches and goodly gifts wheresoever he presenteth and offereth them unto you, no more than did Abraham and Sara, Isaac and Rebecca, jacob and many other famous, godly, and holy patriarchs and persons, when God commanded them, to forsake their kindred and their father's house, and to go into that land which he should show them: whose sons and daughters you shall be made, if you also walk in their steps, doing well, and not being dismayed with any fear. But of these things, I have spoken more at large in my Book, to the reading whereof I will now remit and leave you.  
Your Companion in one or other Plantation, if the Lord will: RICHARD EBURNE.   

The Sum or principal Contents of the whole Book.  

The first Part.  
WHere in is declared 1. What profit may come by reading such Books as concern Plantations. page 2. See also part 3 page 90.  
2 That Plantations are Actions very commendable and necessary. p. 3  
3 That by them the Church of Christ may notably be enlarged, partly by the Addition of other Countries to Christendom. p. 4  
And partly by the Conversion of infinite heathens to the Christian faith. Ibidem.  
To whom the Gospel must be preached before the end can be. p. 7  
The Papists have endeavoured much this way. p. 4  
4 That by Plantations the Dominions and Majesty of the Kings of England may much be augmented. p. 8  
5 That the good of this I and may notably be thereby procured. p 9 viz. In the 

1 Easier supportation of the regal estate. ibid.  
2 Ridding out of the Land the over great and superfluous multitude thereof. ibid.  
3 Abating the excessive high prices of all things to live by. p. ibid.  
4 Enriching the poorer sort hence removed. p. 10  
5 Amending the Trade and Traffic of Merchants. p. 11  
6 Rooting out Idleness out of this Land. p. ibid.    
The fruits of Idleness. p. 16  
An Objection answered of Idlers. p. ibid.  
Another of Idlers removed hence. p. 14  
6 That the practice of making Plantations, is a thing very lawful. p. 1.  
And very usual and ancient. p. 176  
7 Certain Objections commonly made against Plantations are answered. as,  
1 Of the distance of the place. p. 18  
2 The wildness and desolateness of the Countries. p. 19  
There that Tents may serve for housing for a time. p. 20  
3 The badness and barrenness of the soils. p. 21  
There, against the spoil of woods in those Coutnries. 〈◊〉  
4 The countries are full of wild Beasts. p. 24  
There, what means may be used for profitable cattle to be had and transported thither. p. 26  
5. The people there, rude and barbarous. p. 28  
6 The Adventures very dangerous. p. 29. 30. 31  
7 That small profit, no wealth is there to be had. p. 32. 33. 33.  
There, what great riches and livings by all likelihood, are there to be had. p. 34 35  
There, Normandie and Aquitaine lost in France, and when. p. 36  
8 That it will be long time and much expense spent, Before any thing there to any purpose can be effected. p. 37   

The Sum of the second Part.  
Wherein is showed. 1. That the best course to be taken for Plantations, is by Act of Parliament. pag. 46  
2 Two things being principally necessary to the working of Plantations, viz. Men and Money. What Inferior courses might be taken for the raising or procuring of both plentifully: that is, Of Money. 1 By Voluntaries. p. 47  
2 By personal Adventurers. p. ibid. 2 By general Collections. p. ibid.  
4 By Hospital Mony. p. 48. By moneys given to the use of the poor. p. ibid.  
6 By Moneys given to the use of the Church. p. 49. 7 By Lottery. p. ibid.  
8 By some ratable Imposition. p. 50  
9 By base moneys for those purposes and places to be stamped. p. ibid.  
10 By Gold and Silver coins altered. p. 52. 11 By frugal expenses. p. 53  
An Extravagant. p. 54.  
By godly parsimony of the richer sort at home. p. ibid.  
Then of Men. 1 By Proclamation. 2 & 3 By good order for removing. p. 56  
4 By provision supplied. p. 57  
5 By Vagrants. 6 By Prisoners. p. 59  
7 Maimed Soldiers 8 Cottagers. 9 Inmates. p. 60.  
10 Soldiers and Servants. p. 62  
There what sort of persons are fittest for a Plantation. p. 63  
11 Ministers of the Word. p. 64  
There how they may be provided for. p. 64. 65  
12 Schoolmasters and other Scholars. p. 66  
There, what means may be used for procuring such men to be go over. p 67  
A notable History of the Conversion of certain Indians in the time of Athanascious. p. 67  
13 By men of name and note to be Governors. p. 68  
14 And that in the State Ecclesiastical as well as Temporal. p. 69  
15 That his Majesty would entitle himself to that Country in which any Plantation shall be. p. 70  
Certain Objections answered: as, 

1 The greatness of the expenses. p. 72  
2 The removing of so many at once. p. ibid.  
3 The weakening and impoverishing of our Land. p. 73  
4 The waist of the revenues of the Crown. p. 78     

The sum of the third Part.  
1 Causes why Plantations proceed no better in England. viz. 

1 The want of a general resolution thereto. p. 90  
2 The want of some good course for it. p. 91  
3 The great idleness of our people, & lack of industry. p. ibid.  
4 The immoderate love of their natural Country. p. 92    
2 How many Plantations there be now in hand. p. 93  
3 Whether all of them can be finished. p. 94  
4 Which of them seemeth to be best to be set forward. p. 95  
5 How many ways to make a Plantation. p 96  
There Planting by invasion disliked. p. ibid.  
6 That Plantation and Invasion are somewhat like in some things, and how. p. 100  
There, what Celerity is needful in making a Plantation. p. 101  
7 Whether better to plant in an Island or a Continent. p. 104.  
8 Certain motives gathered out of Captain Whitburne's book, why  
Newfound land may be thought fittest for a present Plantation. p. 104. 105. 106.  
9 Certain personal Objections usually made by such as are unwilling to go in a Plantation, answered, as, 

1 Of Agedness. p. 109.  
2 Unusual for old men. ibid.    
There whether old men and married, or young single men be fitter for a Plantation. p. 100 

3 Hard Travelling by Sea. p. 111  
4 Of them that have some good livings here. p. 112  
5 That such men do not usually go. p. 114  
6 That women, men's wives are not willing. p. 116    
10 To go into one or other Plantation, the Author intendeth. p. 19   
The end of the Contents.   

Errata.  
Page 6. line 4. for barren read barbarian. page 15. line 5. for idle r. such. p. 19 l. 6. for Island r. Ireland. p. 24. l. ult. for employed r. enpeopled. p. 59 l. 19 for stealing r. filching. p. 61. l. 10. for poory r. poor. p. 62. li. 32. for of r. to. p. 64. l. for informed r. enforced. p. 65. l. 2. for distinted r. distincted. p. 110. l. 27. for her r. hurt. p. 114. l. 7. for willingly r. willing. p. 115. l. 19 for approve read prove.   

A PLAIN PATHWAY TO PLANTATIONS. The first Part.  
The Speakers be Respire, a Farmer. Enrubie, a Merchant.  Respire. 
I Am very glad to see you in health (good Master Enrubie) and hearing of your coming home, I am come to see you, and to salute you.  Enrubie. 
I thank you heartily for it, Neighbour Respire, and am glad to see you and the rest of my good Neighbours and friends here, to be also in good health. I pray you sit down by me in this Harbour.  Resp. 
That I would do willingly, but that I doubt I shall be troublesome to you: for I see you are busy in reading some Book, whatever it be.  Enr. 
That shall be no trouble to me, nor let to us. For it is but to recreate myself withal, for want of better company and exercise.  Resp. 
If it be for Recreation, than I hope it is some matter of delight and special observation.  Enr. 
Yes indeed. It is a new and pretty Discourse of some of our new Plantations; namely, that in N.  Resp. 
I marvel what good or pleasure you should find in such idle Books, fables I think, not worth the looking on.  Enr. 
They are better than you yet understand, I see: and therefore be not you rash in condemning, lest you be hastic also in repenting: for, Ad poenitendum properat, citò qui iudicat. Hasty men (as they say) never lack woe.  Resp. 
Why? But do you indeed find any good in reading such books, which I know of many to be but little regarded?  Enr. 
Yea truly: and that I doubt not but you also shall acknowledge, before you depart from hence, if you have the leisure to stay with me but a while.  Resp. 
I have lost more time than this ere now: and therefore for your good companies sake, I will, God willing, see the event: and any great business to hasten me away at this time, I have not, I pray you therefore tell me, what good you get by those Books?  Enr. 
Besides the delight that comes by the novelty of the contents 
What profit may come by reading such books as concern Plantations.  thereof, and you know that, Est natura hominum Novitatis avida: we are by much nature like the Athenians spoken of in the 17. the Acts of the Apostles, desirous very much to hear News: I do reap thereby unto myself this threefold benefit. First, I do thereby after a sort, as blessed Moses from mount Nebo, Deut. 34. view and behold with the eyes of my mind those goodly Countries, which there God doth (offer to) give unto us and to our seed. Secondly, Thereby I am enabled with joshua and Caleb, Num. 14. to stop the mouths, and confute the malice of them, that in my hearing, like the ten unfaithful spies, shall go about to bring up an evil report upon those good lands, and stay the murmurings of such foolish & ignorant people, as upon every idle hearsay, or any lazy vagrants letter, are ready to believe the worst: & withal, thirdly, I am the better prepared to inform them and others, that are willing to know the truth and certainty thereof.  Resp. 
I see there is good use to be made of such books, if a man will. And therefore I shall from henceforth forbear to think of them as I have done: and I shall desire you to lend me that book of yours for a day or two, that I may read it over also.  Enr. 
I shall willingly lend you this, and one after another, two or three more that I have of the like argument. For I wish with all my heart, that both you and all my friends were as well acquainted in them as I am.  Resp. 
I thank you much for this courtesy. But seeing you make such use & reckoning of those books, it seems that you make more account of the actions themselves, that is, of Plantations, whereof they do entreat, which yet I ever held, and so I know do many else, that be men of good wit and understanding, to be but idle projects and vain attempts.  Enr. 
Without any dislike or disparagement to any other men's 
Plantations themselves are Actions very commendable necessary, etc.  wits or understandings be it spoken, for mine own part I do profess, I estimate & account the Actions themselves to be very good and godly, honourable, commendable, and necessary: such as it were much to be wished might be, and much to be lamented they be not, in far better sort, than hitherto any of them are, followed and furthered, as which tend highly, first, to the honour and glory of Almighty God. Secondly, to the Dignity and Renown of the Kings most excellent Majesty. And thirdly, to the infinite good and benefit of this our Commonwealth. Three things, than which none weightier or worthier, can in any Design or Project be leveled or aimed at.  Resp. 
You make me even amazed, to hear of you, that so great good may be effected or expected out of those Courses, which of many are so much contemned and dispraised. Wherefore for my better satisfaction therein, I pray you, let me hear of you in particular somewhat, how these notable effects might be produced, and namely first, the Glory and Honour of God.  Enr. 
The Glory of God cannot but be much furthered thereby, 
1. By them the Church of Christ may notably be enlarged.  were it but only, that the Gospel of Christ should thereby be professed and published in such places and countries, by those alone, that shall remove from hence to inhabit there, where before, since the beginning of the Gospel, for aught we know, or is likely, it was never heard, at least professed, as it is now of late come to pass, (God be praised) and we hope will be shortly in Newfound land.  Resp. 
Will be, say you? Me thinks you should rather have reckoned that among the first, because that for fifty or threescore years before ever the Summer Lands or Uirginia were heard of, our people did yearly go thither a fishing, and so the Name of, Christ was there long since honoured among them.  Enr. 
But for all that, till there be Christians inhabiting there, we cannot say properly, that the Gospel of Christ is planted there, or that it is any part of Christendom. It must therefore in that respect, give place to the other beforenamed, as which indeed were Christian before it.  Resp. 
I cannot dislike that you say. And indeed any man may 
By the Addition of other Countries to Christendom.  see, that this must needs be a great advancement to the honour of God, when as the Sceptre of his Son is extended so much farther than it was, as is from hence to those remote and unknown Regions. Christendom will then be so much the larger. And it seems to me it will be in a goodly order, seeing that as I understand, from England to Newfoundland, and so to the Summer Lands, and thence to Virginia, all is in one tract, no Turkish, no Heathen Country lying between. But proceed, I pray you.  Enr. 
This is, as you see, greatly to the honour of God, 
And by the Conversion of infinite heathens to Christianity.  but it will be much more, if when and where our people do plant themselves in such countries where already are an infinite number of other people, all Savages, Heathens, Infidels, Idolaters, etc. this in the Plantation may principally and speedily be laboured and intended, That by learning their languages, and teaching them ours, by training up of their children, and by continual and familiar converse and commerce with them, they may be drawn and induced, persuaded and brought to relinquish and renounce their own Heathenismes, Idolatries, Blasphemies and Devill-worships. And if (for that I take it cannot 
The Papists have much endeavoured this way.  be denied) the Papists have done much good that way, by spreading the Name of Christ, though but after their corrupt and superstitious manner, into so many unknown Nations that lived before altogether in the service and captivity of the devil, (for Better it is, that God be served a bad way, than no way at all.) How much more good must it needs be, if the Name of the true God, in a true and sound manner, might there be published and spread abroad?  
To which purpose, I would to God, there were among us, us Protestants, that profess and have a better Religion than they the Papists, one half of that zeal and desire to further and disperse our good and sound Religion, as seems to be among them for furthering and dispersing theirs. Which not found, for our zeal is coldness, and our forwardness, backwardness in that behalf, in respect of theirs, I need not say, we may fear; but rather, we may assure ourselves, that they shall rise against us in the day of judgement, and condemn us. As they have deserved, so let them have the Palm and Praise in this point. For what other ends soever they proposed in their conquests and courses, questionless Religion, the Christian faith, according to their knowledge, was not the least, nor the last, since certain it is, They never set foot in any Country, nor prevailed in any Coast, wherein they did not forthwith endeavour to root out Paganism, and plant Christianisme, or leave behind them at least some Monuments and signs thereof.  
And who can tell? (I speak this to provoke ours the more withal) who can tell, I say, whether God hath even therefore, as to Jehu that rooted out Baal, himself continuing to worship Jeroboam's Calves, 2. Reg. 10. 30, 31. bestowed on them a great part of that success in wars, increase in wealth, and honour on earth, which had we stood forth in their stead, and gone before them, as we should, and might have done; he would more admirably, happily, and abundantly, have conferred on us? For he that is so kind to his enemies, what would he have been to his friends?  Resp. 
I easily perceive that this might redound not a little to the glory of God, if the Conversion of such People and Nations might be accomplished. Lord, How many thousands and millions of souls might so be saved, which now run headlong into hell! It were a glorious work, imitating notably that of the blessed Apostles, which converted the world so long ago, from dead Idols to serve the living God. And in so holy and religious a labour; I am sorry to hear that we should not be as forward as Papists, but that to be verified 'twixt us and them also in this case, which our Saviour said in another: The children of this world are in their generation wiser than the children of light. But as I must needs confess, that the work were a worthy piece of work, if it might be wrought, and that happy were our Land, if the children thereof might be made of God, Agents therein. So me thinks, we had need to have some assurance of the will of God, that it should be done. For as you know better than I can tell you; If the time of their Conversion be not come; or if God, as he hath wrapped them hitherto in unbelief, so he be not pleased nor determined to release them, to call them to the knowledge of his truth, and to manifest his Son unto them at all: our labour then will be but in vain, and our attempt not pleasing, but displeasing in his sight.  Enr. 
That God desireth and willeth his Name, his truth and Gospel by us to be published in those Heathen and barren lands; 
It is Gods will to call them to the knowledge of his truth.  the inclination and readiness alone of those people and Nations may sufficiently assure us, who as it were prepared of God, to receive the Gospel from our mouths, if it might be but sounded unto them, do even of their own accord offer themselves to be taught, suffer their children to be baptised and instructed by us; and, as weary of, and half seeing the grossness of their own abominations, and the goodness of our observations do make no great difficulty to peferre our Religion before theirs, and to confess that it is God that we, and the devil that they do worship.  
For my own part, I am persuaded, that God will instantly have them either by us or by others, if we will not, called to the 
And their conversion must be before the end of the world can be.  knowledge of his Truth, & turned from darkness to light, & from the power of Satan, unto God; that so the words of our Saviour may be fully fulfilled, who, Math. 24. 14. hath foretold us, That the Gospel, before the end shall come, must be preached throughout the whole world: and Mark. 13. 10. be published among all Nations, which, howsoever most hold is long since accomplished, in that it either now is, or heretofore hath been preached to all, or near all Nations of this upper Continent: yet I am now resolved, (let it be my private error, if I do err) that they will not be fulfilled indeed, according to our Saviour's intent, until that unto them also that inhabit that other, the under Continent, it be made manifest, which it seemeth unto me, God doth now hasten to accomplish, in that within our Age alone, a great part thereof hath had the same, though corruptly, though imperfectly, brought unto them.  Resp. 
You do well to say, that this is your own private Opinion, for no man else, I think, is of that mind.  Enr. 
Not many, it may be, but yet I assure you, I am not alone. For there was but few years past, a Preacher in Dorsetshire, of some note and name, that in a Sermon of his entitled, The Magold and the Sun, now extant in Print, page 40. upon these words of his Text, Luk. 1. 79. To give light to them that sit in darkness, etc. saith thus: This light rising first from the jews, as from his East or Orient, is carried over all the world, and hath given light to us (English) that sat in darkness. Of his first rising read Luke 24 47. beginning (saith our Saviour there) from jerusalem. Hence sprung this blessed light first, and thence, besides his dispersion into other parts of the world, was carried over all Greece, Italy, Germany, France, and rose to us also, and is now making day to the Indians and Antipodes. For the world shall not end, till he have finished his Course, I mean, till, as the Evangelist Math. 24. 14. saith, The Gospel be preached in all the world, and be a testimony to all nations: and then shall the end come. Thus he. D. Keckerman likewise, that famous professor of Arts and Learning, divine and humane, in his Manuduction 
D. Keckar. Dantiscan.  to Theologie, of late translated into English by my worthy friend Master T. Uicars Bachelor in Divinity, pag. 94. writes of this matter in this manner: And doubtless towards the end of the world, the true Religion shall be in America: as God is now preparing way for it by the English and Low-countries Merchants, that, that of Christ may be fulfilled, Math. 24. 14. This Gospel of the Kingdom shall be preached through the whole world, for a witness unto all Nations, and then shall the end come. For God in all his works is wont to effect a thing successively, and therefore first he sends to those Nations some light of his Essence and Truth by the Papists, and afterward will make these things shine more clearly unto them by the true and faithful Ministers of the Gospel. Thus far he.  
So that in their opinion, as well as mine, this is a work that must be done before the end can be. Wherefore since it is a work, and a most holy and necessary work, which must be done, before the day, the great day of the Lord can come, I see not how we can, without sin (having any thing to do in those parts) withdraw our shoulder from this burden, or withhold our hand from this plough. And so much the more will the sin be, by how much it is far more easy for us this to hold and undergo, than it was for those that did undertake the like task for us, I mean, the Conversion of our Ancestors and predecessors in this land, a people as rude and untractable, at the least that way, as these now, in as much as they were to preach and not to subdue: but we may plant as well as preach, and may subdue as well as teach, whereby the Teachers shall need to fear no loss of goods or life, no prison nor sword, no famine or other persecuting distress for the Gospel's sake. Whose steps, if our Nation now, if our Countrymen in their intended Plantations among those Infidels would in any measure follow, how many souls might they save alive? How many sinners might they convert from going astray? How much might they ampliate the Kingdom of Christ in earth? advance the name, glory, and worship of our, the only true and everlasting God? and prepare for themselves an abundant, or rather a superabundant heap of glory in heaven, according to that which is written, Dan. 12. 3. They that be wise, shall shine as the firmament: and they that turn many unto righteousness, shall shine as the stars for ever and ever?  Resp. 
That these courses tend to the glory of God, I plainly see and acknowledge: But how may they be to the renown and benefit of the Kings most excellent Majesty?  Enr. 
These could not but much augment and increase the Majesty 
2. By them the Majesty and renown of the Kings of England may be much augmented.  and renown of our dread Sovereign, if thereby his Dominion be extended, as it were into another world, into those remote parts of the earth, and his kingdoms be increased into many more in number, by the Addition and Access of so many, so spacious, so goodly, so rich, and some so populous Countries and Provinces, as are by these Beginnings offered unto his hands.  
We see the Evidence and certainty of this Assumption as clear as the Sunshine at high Noon, in the person of the King of Spain, whose Predecessors and Progenitors accepting that which others did refuse, and making better use of such Opportunities, than any else have done; he is thereby become Lord, not only of Territories, almost innumerable, but also of Treasures and riches in them inestimable.  
Whose Right thereto, and to the rest of that Continent, be it what it may be, cannot, I suppose, in any equity or reason, be any sufficient Bar to any Christian Prince, why he should not yet, by any lawful and good means seize into his hands, and hold as in his own right, whatsoever Countries and Lands are not before actually inhabited or possessed by him the Spaniard, or some other Christian Prince or State. Of which sort, since yet there are many, it were much to be wished, That his Majesty might in time, while Opportunities serve, take notice and Possession of some of them, whereunto these courses of Plantation (being rightly prosecuted) are a singular, if not the only means.  Resp. 
All this is most apparent: but may the like be said for your third point, The good of this land likewise?  Enr. 
Yes verily. Whosoever shall but lightly consider the 
3. By them the good of this Land may notably be procured.  estate thereof, as now it stands, shall plainly see, and will be enforced to confess, That the prosecuting, and that in an ample measure, of those worthy Attempts, is an enterprise for our Land and common good, most expedient and necessary. For,  
First of all, whereas toward the Supportation of their Regal 
1. In the easier supportation of the Regal state.  estate, for many and urgent Necessities, the Kings of this Land are oft occasioned to demand and take of their Subjects, great sums of money by Subsidies, and other like ways, which to many of the Subjects, specially the Clergy (who for the most part, to such payments, as things now stand, pay eight or ten times as much proportionably, as other Subjects do) is somewhat hard and heavy to endure. This Burden would be more easily borne, and could not but become much the lighter, if by the accession of more kingdoms to their crown, store of treasures being brought into their Coffers, the same were borne by diverse other lands and Subjects, as well as of this, and the rest, yet under their subjection.  
Secondly, Whereas our Land, at this present, by means of our 
2. In ridding out of the land the great and superfluous multitude thereof.  long continued both Peace and Health, freed from any notable, either war or Pestilence, the two great devourers of mankind, to both which in former Ages it was much subject, even swarmeth with multitude and plenty of people, it is time, and high time, That like Stalls that are overfull of Bees, or Orchyards overgrown with young Sets, no small number of them should be transplanted into some other soil, and removed hence into new Hives and Homes.  
Truly, it is a thing almost incredible to relate, and intolerable to behold, what a number in every town and city, yea in every parish and village, do abound, which for want of commodious and ordinary places to dwell in, do build up Cottages by the high way side, and thrust their heads into every corner, to the grievous overcharging of the places of their abode for the present, and to the very ruin of the whole Land within a while, if it be not look unto; which if they were transported into other regions, might both richly increase their own estates, and notably ease and disburden ours. 
3. In abating the excessive high prices of all things to live by.   Resp. 
These be motives of some weight and likelihood: but let me hear more to these, if you have them.  Enr. 
Next. Thirdly, Whereas at this present, the prices of all things are grown to such an unreasonable height, that the Common, that is, the meaner sort of people, are even undone, and do live, in respect of that they did for thirty or forty years past, in great neediness and extremity, that there is neither hope, nor possibility of amending this evil, but in the diminution of the number of people in the land. Which, if men will not, by departing hence, elsewhere effect, we must expect that God, (they having first eaten out one another) by war or pestilence do it for them.  
I know, that much help in this case might be had, if our Magistrates and great ones did take some good course (cum effectu) for the increase of Tillage. But neither thereof is there any (great) hope, nor therein a sufficient help, since it is out of all doubt, that unless it be in an extraordinary fruitful year, and of them now a days, God for our sins, sends but a few, our land is not able to yield corn and other fruit enough, for the feeding of so many as now do lie and live upon it. And when it which was wont to help feed other countries, must, as of late we have to our cost both seen and felt, be fain to have help and food from others; how can our state be for the commons, but woeful and ill? Likewise, if some good course might be taken for restraint of excessive Fines and Rents, whereby Landlords now a days, grind the faces of the poor, and draw into their own hands all the sweet and fat of the land, so that their poor Tenants are able, neither to keep house and maintain themselves, nor (as anciently such houses did) to relieve others, then could not the prices of all things but much abate and come down. Yet this were but an imperfect Cure. The true and sure remedy is, The diminution of the people, which reduced to such a competent number, as the land itself can well maintain, would easily cause, not only the excessive height of Fines and Rents, but also the prices of all things else, to fall of themselves, and stay at so reasonable a Rate, that one might (which now they cannot) live by another, in very good sort.  
4. Consider also the great riches, wealth, and good estate which 
4. In enriching the poorer sort hence removed.  such who here live, and cannot but live parcè & duriter, poor and hardly, might by Transplantation, within a while rise unto: while as they may have otherwhere, for their bad cottages, good houses; for their little gardens, great grounds; and for their small backsides, large fields, pastures, meadows, woods, and other like plenty to live upon.  
5. The benefit that might that way accrue unto Merchants, 
5. In amending the Trade and Traffic of Merchants.  and all kind of Adventurers by Sea, is infinite. For Traffic and Merchandise cannot but by means thereof wonderfully be bettered and increased. And withal, which is not the least point in Observation, most commodious and delightful must merchandizing and traffic needs be, while it shall be exercised for the most part, between one and the same people, though distant in Region, yet united in Religion, in Nation, in Language and Dominion. Which surely is a thing likely to prove so material and beneficial, as may turn the greater part of our Merchant's voyages that way, and free them from many of those dangerous passages which now they are fain to make by the Straits and narrow Seas; may find them out their rich and much-desired commodities, and greater store, and at a better hand than now they have them other where, and vent them many a thing, which now do seldom, or not at all pass their hands.  
But of all other, I need speak little of the Merchants good, as who can, and I am persuaded, do so well know it of themselves, and thereupon affect the enterprise so much, that if other men's desires and endeavours were correspondent, it would take both speedy and condign effect.  
6. The last benefit to our Land, but not the least, is the curing 
6. In rooting out Idleness out of this Land.  of that evil Disease of this Land; which, if it be not looked unto, and cured the sooner, will be the Destruction of the Land, I mean, Idleness the Mother of many Mischiefs, which is to be cured, and may be rooted out of the Land, by this means, yea by this only, and by none other, viz. by Plantation.  Resp. 
Idleness is a naughty vice indeed, but commonly it doth hurt none but them in whom it is, and yet except that fault, many that be idle be honest men, and have in them diverse good qualities: and therefore me thinks you speak too hardly of it; to call it The Mother of Mischiefs. There be worse vices a great many in the Land, as this Drunkenness and unthrifty spending of their goods, which are every where so common.  Enr. 
I perceive by you, it is a very bad cause that cannot get a Proctor. That which I have spoken against Idleness, is but little to that I could speak, and which writers both humane and divine ●…aue spoken of it, to whom I will refer you, le●…t we protract this our Conference overlong. But for the vices you speak of, if they be, as you say, worse than Idleness; yet, as sometime of a bad mother, there may come worse daughters; I assure you, 
The fruits of Idleness.  they and many more, as filching and stealing, robbery and cozenage, adultery and incest, fornication and all kind of wantonness and uncleanness, beggary and roguery, profaneness and idolatry, and a number more, that upon the sudden, I cannot call to mind, and with which this Land of ours is defiled and filled, be none other (for the most part) than the fruits and of spring, the brood and increase of Idleness; which alone taken away, and weeded out, these all would fall away and vanish with her. For, Sublata causa, tollitur effectus, saith the Philosopher, The cause of any thing taken away, the effect is also taken away with it, and must cease.  Resp. 
A happy work indeed were the doing thereof. But do you think, or is there any probability, that this might be done by so speedy and easy a means, as Plantation?  Enr. 
Questionless, The best and the only Cure thereof by the hand of man, is this way, and none other. The diminution of the people of the Land unto a due and competent Number will do it. This is apparent by Experience. For, look we back to the state of our Land for 40. 50. or 60. years ago, before it did thus exceed in multitude, and we shall see, that few or none of these vices did then abound, nothing in Comparison of that they do now, as which have since sprung up out of Idleness, that since that time, together with the multitude and increase of the people, is risen and increased.  Resp. 
Indeed I remember well, when I was a young man, there were no such swaggering Youths, potting Companions, and idle Gamesters as be now in the Country: little fornication, bastardy, quarrelling and stabbing, and other like wicked facts, in respect of those that be now, howsoever it be that the world is so much altered. But that these evils may be amended by Plantations, yet I see not.  Enr. 
I will make you see it, and confess it too. You have yourself a great many of Children, if you should keep them all at home, and have not wherewith to set them to work, nothing to employ them in (for all the work you have to do ordinarily, is not enough for above two or three of them) must they not needs fall to Idleness? what will most of them prove but Idlers and Loiterers? Now, to prevent and avoid this, what other remedy have you, but either to get work for them into your own house from other men, if you can have it, or else perforce to place them forth of your own house into other men's, one to this trade or occupation, another to that, where they may be set a-work, and kept from Idleness.  Resp. 
This is true. But what is this to our purpose?  Enr. 
Very much. For the cases are very like. Thereby you may plainly perceive, that, as the only way to rid Idleness out of your house, having no work for them at home, is, to place abroad your children into other houses, as it were, into Colonies, where they may be set a-work; so the only way to rid Idleness out of a whole parish, town, county or country (the same being not able to set those that are idle therein a-work. And it is a thing so evident, that for the idle people of our Land, what by the great number of them, which is almost infinite; and what by the present damp and decay of all Trades and employments, the Land is not any way able to set them a-work, that it needs no proof, is to place abroad the Inhabitants thereof, which therein be not nor can be set a-work, into other parishes, towns, counties and countries.  Resp. 
If this Course should be taken, it would touch very near a great many of the best livers in the Country, who, both themselves, and their children be as idle as any can be, and yet would be loath, having so good means here to live by, to be removed into Plantations abroad.  Enr. 
These might be brought from Idleness, and yet abide at home too. For, if the superfluous multitude of our Land were removed, those which you speak of, would for their own need fall to work, and leave Idleness, because that multitude removed, they should have none to do their work for them, as now they have, while they go to playing, potting, and other like vain and idle courses.  
The Magistrates of our Land have of late made many good statutes and provisions, for the beating down of drunkenness, for setting the poor and idle people to work, and other like: but how little effect hath followed? Drunkenness increaseth daily, and laughs the Laws to scorn. Povertie more & more ariseth, and idle people still do multiply. Other sins and disorders are sometimes punished, but yet they still remain, and, as it were, in despite of Laws, they spread more and more abroad. The reason is, (if a man may be bold to give the reason of it, They strike at the boughs, but not at the Roots.) If there were the like good Orders taken for the rooting out and beating down of Idleness itself in our Land, which can be done no other way, but by Plantations, both Idleness itself, and all the rest of the Evils beforenamed, and other like that arise out of it, would vanish away as smoke before the wind, and melt as Wax against the Fire.  
Then, these blind and filthy Alehouses, which are none other 
Ale houses.  than the Devil's Dens, wherein lurk his beastly slave's day and night, which all the justices in the Country cannot now keep down, would sink of themselves to the ground.  
Then, these Tobacco-shops, that now stink all the Land over, 
Tobacco-shops.  would shortly cease to fume out their infernal smokes, and come to a lower rate and reckoning by an hundred fold.  
Then, the many idle Trades, which of late are risen up in the 
Idle Trades.  Land, under colour to keep people from idleness, and to set the poor on work, such, I say, as the former Ages knew not, and our present Age needs not, as which serve to nothing, but to the increase of pride, and vanity in the world, would quickly grow out of request.  
Then, the Prisons, and Sheriffs Wards, would not be one 
Prisons.  half so full of Malefactors and Bankrupts, as now they are. And last of all, (but not the least; for, who can reckon up all the benefits that this one Remedy would bring unto our Land?) then should not one half so many people of our Land be cut off, 
Violent deaths.  by shameful, violent, and untimely deaths, as now there are.  Resp. 
Your speeches are very probable: but by this means, so many idle people of our Land, as you intimate, being removed, the Plantations will then be pestered with them there, as much and as bad as we are here; and so, those good works be discredited, and haply everthrowne thereby. It is but the removing of evil from one place to another.  Enr. 
Howsoever, such a Removal made, our Land (which is the point in question) shall be cleared and cured. But of that extreme hurt to the Plantations that you forecast, there is no fear. For, whereas there are in our Land at this present many idle persons, some are such as gladly would work, if they could get it. They are idle, not for any delight they have in idleness, but because they can get no body, nor means to set them on work. Some are idle indeed, as may work and will not. They have wherewithal to keep themselves from idleness, that is, work enough of their own to do, but, delighting in idleness, and counting it a disgrace to men of their means, to work and labour in their vocation, they will have and hire others to do their work, to be their servants, and labourers, which they needed not, and which other men of like quality and ability, that are thrifty, and good Commonwealth's men indeed, do not, nor will do, and they themselves the while live idly, spend their time vainly, lie at the Alehouse, or Tavern, bibbing and bowzing beastly, sit at Cards or Tables loosely, haunt idle and lewd company shamefully, and give themselves to no good practice or exercise commendably, but run on from ill to worse, to the shame and discredit of themselves and their friends, and many times to the utter undoing and overthrow of them and theirs miserably. A third sort there are, as it were a mixed kind of people, neither altogether idle, nor yet well and sufficiently set a-work. Of these, some work at a low and small rate, many times glad to serve for any thing, rather than to beg, steal, or starve: and some of them set up idle and pelting Trades, as it were shifts to live by, for lack of better employment, that so they may have one way or other somewhat to live upon.  
Of all these, if the first and third sort were removed into Plantations, where they might have either good livings of their own to live upon, or good employment by others to labour upon, it is no doubt, but that the most part of them, would be glad of the exchange, and prove laborious and industrious people, to their own good, and the good, not the hurt, of the Country into which they shall be removed. And then for the second or middle sort, it is not much to be doubted, but that the occasions of their idleness taken away, as I said but now, they also will leave to be idle, fall to do their own work as they should, learn to thrive and become profitable to themselves, and this our Country, wherein they remain, and be at length as much ashamed to be idle and vain henceforth, as heretofore they were to work and labour.  
If any continue their former lewd and disordered courses, being but a few, so many of their wont Companions being severed and gone from them, there is hope that a little severity of the Laws, which easily reclaimeth a few, when on a multitude sometimes it can do little good, will and may bring them also to a better course.  
And thus I hope you see, That it is not impossible the idleness that is in our Land, to be notably cured and expelled: and that this may be done either only, or at lest no way so sound, readily, and speedily, as by Plantations. And therefore, the slate of our Land considered, if there were no other benefit that might arise of Plantations, yet this alone, viz. the rooting out and destroying of idleness out of the Land, which else viper-like, will in time root out, and destroy the Land itself, wherein it is bred, were cause all-sufficient, and reason enough, why such attempts should be undertaken, and by all possible means furthered and hastened.  Resp. 
I cannot but like well of all that hitherto you have said, touching the goodness and necessity of these Actions. But yet, me thinks, there may be a Question, Whether they be lawful or not? For, me thinks, it should neither be lawful for any people to forsake the Country wherein God hath placed them, and in which they and their Progenitors, for many generations have remained: nor to invade and enter upon a strange Country, of which they have no warrant nor assurance that God is pleased, they should adventure upon it.  Enr. 
If any will make question of the lawfulness of such Actions, 
Plantations be lawful.  Nature itself, which hath taught the Bees, when their Hive is over-full, to part Company, and by swarming, to seek a new habitation elsewhere, doth evidently inform us, That it is as lawful for men to remove from one Country to another, as out of the house wherein they are borne, or the parish wherein they are bred, unto another. If humane reason satisfy not, (for some will make doubts in cases most clear) there is divine warrant for it that may. For it was Gods express commandment to Adam, Gen. 1. 28. that he should fill the earth, and subdue it. By virtue of which Charter, he and his have ever since had the Privilege to spread themselves from place to place, and to have, hold, occupy, and enjoy any Region or Country whatsoever, which they should find either not pre-occupied by some other, or lawfully they could of others get or obtain.  
Upon which clause, we Englishmen have as good ground and warrant to enter upon Newfoundland, or any other Country hitherto not inhabited or possessed by any Nation else, Heathen or Christian, and any other that we can lawfully, (I say lawfully) get of those that do inhabit them, as to hold our own native the English soil.  Resp. 
But this, though I see it to be lawful, seems yet to be a very strange course, the like whereof, in former Ages hath not been used.  Enr. 
That this course hath been in former times both usual 
Plantations no new nor strange course: but both usual and ancient.  and ancient, and not as you seem to imagine, new and strange, though I might prove by conjecture only: For, how else had it been possible, so many, so diverse, so distant, and so great Countries to be peopled, but by removing from one Country to another? or refer you to humane Histories, which are full of such Narrations, and of them, above all to the Roman state, which from their very first years, ab urbe condita, after that Rome itself was builded, fell apace to that practice, and had ever in hand, one or other Colony. One of good Antiquity, and therefore not partial, and of great Observation, and therefore regardable, 
Tully.  doth tell us expressly, That as other things common by nature, so Lands, so Countries, (for they also are a part of his omnia) have become private, from time to time, aut veteri Occupatione, aut victoria, aut lege: either by ancient usurpation, men finding them void and vacant, or by victory in war, or by legal condition or composition in peace. But what need I care what such say, or say not, when as holy Writ itself tells us very plainly, Gen. 10. 5. That whereas after Noah's flood, there were no more 
Gen. 10. 5.  alive on earth, of all the posterity of Adam, but Noah, and his sons, and their wives, eight persons in all, Of them only were the Isles of the Gentiles divided in their Lands, every man after his tongue, and after their Families in their Nations? And again, verse 32. Out of these were the Nations divided in the earth, that is, These, as they increased, dispersed themselves, and inhabited, and replenished, first one Country, and then another, as we see at this day. And this upon warrant of that Grant which Adam had, being renewed and confirmed unto Noah, and his sons, Gen. 9 1. Replete 
Gen. 9 1.  terram, Replenish ye the earth, or fill it up again. Lastly, let such but look back and think, How at first we, the Inhabitants of this Land, came hither. Were all Indigenae? or rather Terrigena? Did they at first spring up here out of the earth? Are we of the Race and offspring of Noah, or his sons? and therefore per conseq. undeniable, (as all our Histories do accord) have come from otherwhere? Why then should that seem so insolent to us, and in our time, which have been so usual at all times, and in all Ages?  Resp. 
You have, me thinks, well justified this course in general: Now, if you can as well clear it in some particulars, I shall haply at length be of your mind also, for the main.  Enr. 
Object your particulars, and I doubt not whatsoever 
Certain Objections answered.  they be, but I shall be able reasonably to satisfy you in them.  Resp. 
The places, the Countries to be planted and inhabited by us, 
1. Objection.  are very far off from hence.  Enr. 
To that I say, first, If nearer places cannot be had, better 
Answer.  a good place, though far off, than none at all.  
Secondly, others, as the Spaniards, have and do remove and plant further off, by a great deal.  
Thirdly, Abraham, jacob, and other good men, have been content in less need, save that GOD so commanded to depart far from the places of their birth, as we may see, Gen. 12. 4. Acts 7. 3. and otherwhere.  
Fourthly, When God calls, and as with us now, necessity doth so require, good men should be indifferent to dwell in one Country, as well as in another, accounting, as one said well, Ubibenè, ibi patria: wheresoever a man is, or may be best at ease, that is, or should be to him (as) his Country. A very Heathen man could say:  

Omne solum forti patria est, ut piscibus aequor: 
●…id.   
Ut volucri, vacuo quicquid in orbe patet. that is,   

Unto a valiant-minded man, each Country good is his:  
As is wide world unto the Birds, and broad Sea to the Fish.   
And, another being asked, Cuius esset Vrbis? answered, Orbis: as who would say, The World at large were his Seat or City.  
Fifthly, Sister-land, or as it is yet commonly called, Newfoundland, which for the present seemeth to be the fittest of all other intended Plantations, is not very far off. It is not with a good wind, above fourteen or fifteen days sail. As easy a voyage in manner, the Seas and passage considered, as into our next Neighbour-Countrey Island, whither of late years many have out of England, to their and our good removed.  
Sixthly, Our Merchants, in hope of present but uncertain gain, do yearly and usually travail into farther Countries a great deal: and why, then should any for his assured, certain, and perpetual good, think it intolerable or unreasonable to make one such a journey in his life?  Resp. 
The Countries themselves are wild and rude: No towns, 
2. Object.  no houses, no buildings there.  Enr. 
Men must not look still, in such a case, to come to a 
Answ.  Land inhabited, and to find ready to their hands, as in Israel, in Canaan, great and goodly Cities, which they builded not: houses full of all manner of store, which they filled not: wells digged, which they digged not: Uineyards, and Orchards, which they planted not: as Moses speaketh, Deut. 6. 10. It must content them, that God prepareth them a place, a Land, wherein they may build them Cities, Towns, and Houses to dwell in, where they may sow Land, and plant them Uineyards and Orchards too, to yield them fruits of increase, as the Psalmist writeth, Ps. 107. 39  
2. Think they it is no bodies lot but theirs? And do they imagine, that in any Country wheresoever, where now there are Castles and Towers, Houses and Habitations of all sorts settled, there was not a time when none of these were standing? but that the ground was as bare and naked thereof, as wild and void of Coverture, as any of our Plantations are. For, according to our English Proverb, Rome itself was not built in one day.  
3. They that shall at first come there, may account it a benefit to find the places unbuilt, in that they may thereby choose them seats, and divide the Country at their own will: That they may enter large Territories, and take to themselves ample possessions at pleasure, for them and theirs for many Generations: That they may be freed from these extreme Fines, and overracked Rents, which make their old Neighbours and native friends behind, to groan, and may well make them weary of the Land itself: For, who can bear them?  
4. And if they can be content here to build up houses upon the highway-side, though there be not the fourth part of an Acre of ground lying unto it: or think themselves bountifully dealt with, if any Gentleman would give to any of them, three or four acres of ground, for their own time, at a reasonable rent, (and yet few be the Landlords that be so liberal) so as they would build a House on it; why should they not rather go where they may have an hundred, five hundred, or a thousand Acres of ground, to them and theirs for ever, at the like rate?  Resp. 
But what, and how shall men do the while, for houses and dwellings, till they can build, & c?  Enr. 
They may and must for a time dwell in Tents and Pavilions, 
Tents may serve for a time.  as Soldiers do now in the Field, Tradesmen in a Fair, and as in ancient times men of good and great account, from time to time, from place to place, many years together have done, as appeareth, Hebr. 11. 9 The particulars whereof you may read at leisure, Gen. 12. 8. and 15. 5. and 18. 1. and 24. 67. and 31. 33. So dwelled all Israel in the Wilderness, full forty years, as you may find, Leuitic. 23. 42. and Numb. 14. 33, 34. Yea, was not GOD himself content to dwell in a Tent, in the midst of Israel, till the days of David, and reign of Solomon, who found that favour in his eyes, that he might build him an House? as it is written, 2 Sam. 7. 63. and Act. 7. 45. The like did the Family of the Rechabites, as appeareth at large, jerem. 35. for the space of three hundred years together, when as all Israel beside dwelled in houses, and in walled Towns and Cities, and saving for the commandment of jonadab, the son of Rechab their Father, so might they have done. So that it is neither unnatural, unusual, nor impossible to take pains this way for a time, and that a long time, if need be.  Resp. 
Your examples I must needs yield, are all good, because they be so authentical. But yet I see not that the use of Tents can be any thing serviceable, for that being made, as commonly they are, but of raw cloth or canvas, besides that they are very cold, they are not able to keep off any rain or wet an hour to an end.  Enr. 
Well and artificially made, they are more serviceable than you take them to be. Read but Exod. 7. and 14. and to confer it with 2. Sam. 7. 2. and you shall find, That they may be made very durable: and that to the well making of Tents, there may go a Covering or two of skins, or other stuff, so dressed and fitted, as nor wet nor cold can easily pierce them.  Resp. 
I see it well: I pray you proceed.  Enr. 
Besides these, Men may, having once gotten place certain for their abode, soon erect some Cabins and small houses, which may for a time, some years if need be, serve for habitation, and afterward when they can build better, may be converted to inferior uses, as for corn, cattle, etc. Men must be contented at first with low and plain buildings. England hath been inhabited two or 3000. years at least, and yet what poor, what homely houses be there many till this very day, and within your remembrance and mine, many more there were? If the Living be good, though the house be but bad, it is no great matter, good Husbands will say.  Resp. 
The Countries themselves are scarce habitable and good: and 
3. Objection.  the Soil thereof but barren and bad.  Enr. 
Experience itself, the surest teacher, showeth altogether 
Answer.  the contrary. For, if any credit be to be given to those that have set us forth their own knowledge, and trial thereof by the constant testimony of them all, not one of those Countries intended or attempted to be be planted by us, but is found to be exceeding good and fruitful. In every Country to be inhabited, three things are specially to be respected; The Temperature of the Climate, the goodness of the Air, and the fatness of the Soil. All and every of these in those Regions (a thing seldom found in many of this upper Continent,) in comparison of many of our Northern parts, are in the superlative degree, viz. The Soil most fat and fertile, the Air most sweet and healthy, and the Temper most mild and dainty. If those that lie near (or under) the Equinoctial, seem at first to be somewhat of the hottest, yet since they are inhabited with Naturals of many sorts, and our men by their abiding there some years together, have found that they can inhabit them, there is no doubt, but that that excess of heat, whereby as Spain, England, they exceed these our Northern Climates, will by use and time become very tolerable and kindly to men of our Constitution, as well as of others.  
The healthiness of any Country, by plantation and inhabitation must needs be much increased. For, the ridding of grounds, casting of ditches, and watercourses, and making of fires, together with the destroying of wild and filthy beasts, all which, and other like, do necessarily accompany any good Plantation, further much to the cleansing of the air, clearing of fogs, and so ridding of much corruption and unhealthinesse from the place.  
Add to these the two much-desired Commodities in all good Habitations, I mean, Wood and Water, (the former whereof so fast decays with us, that very want of it only, within few years is like to prove exceeding hurtful to our Land, and can be no way repaired, but by transplanting the people) and it is out of all question, That neither England nor Ireland, nor any country else in this part of Christendom, can at this present compare with those, much less exceed them. All which considered, what need any doubt, but that The Sun, as the old Proverb is, doth shine there, as merrily as here? and that a little good husbandry will make the dwelling there, as commodious as healthful, as gainful, and every way as good, as any otherwhere.  Resp. 
Your words do sound somewhat pleasing: But yet I have heard some say somewhat otherwise, as namely, Those countries are very barren and unfruitful.  Enr. 
I believe you; For I have heard say too, Evil will, will never say well. Many idle wretches, when they come into such places, because they cannot have the plenty without pains, not find those golden mountains they dreamt of at home, though many things be notable and very good, yet will cavil at, and blame every thing.  
Suppose it be somewhat as they say, that is, The ground not so fruitful as some places here in England, yet doth it follow therefore, it is not worth the having? If I be not deceived, There be few Countries in Europe that can compare with England for richness of the Soil, and fatness of the earth; yet we all know, they are not therefore forsaken. Again, in England itself, all places are not alike good. As there be some of excellent mould, so there be barren, heath, and hungry Soils a great many: yet we see, people are glad to inhabit them. Be it then, that some of those parts be no better than our worse grounds, our heaths, Mendip hills, Wiltshire downs, Salisbury plains, and other like; yet I hope they are better than none. A great deal of such ground together, I think, may be as good, as a little good ground. If any man will thus consider of such complaints and murmurs, he shall see no great cause to regard them. These therefore thus satisfied, if you have any thing else to say, say on.  Resp. 
Some say also, That those Countries are so over grown with wood, trees, bushes, and such like, that there is no room for building, no ground for pasture and tillage, or at least, not without excessive labour and charge, or intolerable and pitiful spoil of the woods and timbor to no use.  Enr. 
It cannot be, but that those countries, having either not at all, or but little as yet been inhabited, must needs be much overgrown with woods, and no small part thereof to be a very Forest and Wilderness, yet certain it is, that there are (a thing very admirable, and almost beyond expectation:) there are, I say, in them to be found many goodly parts of those Countries, that are very clear of woods, fair and goodly open champion ground, large Meadows and Pastures many hundred, sometimes thousands of Acres together. So that besides the wood-lands there is abundantly room, and ground enough to build and inhabit upon, for more people, I believe, then will hastily be gotten over to dwell there: and more ground open and clear already rid for pasture and tillage, than yet there will be people and cattle enough had thither to such uses, the same to convert and employ.  
And therefore there needs not, either that Complaint which 
The spoil of woods in those countries not sufferable.  they make, of the excessive store and encomberment of woods, nor, which is worse, of that present and hasty spoil, and burning up of woods on the sudden, for making of room, that some do talk of, and would have to be made; and, as it is reported, have already made by burning up thousands of Acres together. This, truly in my opinion, is a thing very wicked, and such as cannot but be displeasing to Almighty God, who abhorreth all wilful waste and spoil of his good creatures. Gather up that which is left, saith our Saviour, joh. 6. 12. that nothing be lost: and a thing that in common civility, and humane policy, should not be suffered to be done, or being done, not pass unpunished.  
We may know by our own present want of wood here in England, what a precious commodity wood is, and be warned by our own harms, to make much of it, if we have plenty thereof, and no further nor faster to cut it down, then present use and good occasions from time to time shall require. We should not be so blind as not to foresee, that if the countries come once to be inhabited, there will be so many, and so great occasions of cutting down wood and timber trees, as will quickly cause infinite store thereof necessarily to be employed, and so the grounds from, time to time speedily enough to be made clear and rid for other uses.  
For, first, the very building of Houses, to which add the necessary making of fences about houses and grounds, will use an infinite deal of Wood and Timber.  
Secondly, The store that will daily and yearly be spent in necessary uses for fire, which at the first specially, till houses be warm and dry, and the air corrected, will and must be more than ordinary, cannot but, if once any number of Inhabitants go over, be exceeding great.  
Thirdly, The building and making of Ships and shipping, will require and consume very much there. And such order may be taken, that by the woods there, great spare (a thing very needful) may be made in England, of our Woods here for that use.  
Fourthly, To these places may be transplanted, the making of Glass and Iron, as well for England, as for the same Countries: two things, that as it is well known, do devour (yet upon necessary uses) wonderful store of Wood continually.  
Fiftly, The Trades of Potters for earthen vessels, and of Coupers for treen Vessels, both very necessary, specially at the first, will and must still from time to time spend up much Wood and Timber.  
Sixtly, And little behind them in expense of Wood, will be that very necessary Trade of making of Salt, considering how great use there is and will be thereof there, for the fishing voyages, besides all other uses thereof, both there and elsewhere.  
Seventhly, No small quantity thereof likewise may be cut up and transported into England, for our Buildings, for Coupers, joiners, and Trunk-makers trades here, which now at a daerer hand, we buy and fetch out of other Countries.  
Eighthly, Besides, the Woods standing are of themselves, and by industry more may be made, a great fortification for the Inhabitants against man and Beast, till the Countries be, and can be better employed and fortified.  
These, and other like necessary and great uses of wood considered, which either must, or may be made thereof, little reason or cause is there, why, as if it could, like the waters in the rivers, never be spent while the world stands, there should any sudden and needless spoil by fire or any other wasteful havoc be made thereof: and severely deserve they to be punished that shall make it, and sharply the rest to be restrained, that none like hereafter be made.  Resp. 
These Countries are full of wild Beasts, Bears, etc.  Enr. 
1. Some of them, as the Summer Lands, have no such at 
4. Objection. Answer.  all. No harmful thing in them.  
2. None of them, especially Newfound Land, as far as I hear, have any, or at least, any store of noisome creatures, as of Serpents, Crocodiles, etc. as have many parts of this Continent, which yet long hath been, and still be inhabited.  
3. It is well, there are some beasts there, wild at least, if not tame. That is an argument undeniable, that tame beasts may there be bred and live.  
4. Better wild than none at all. For of some of them, some good use may be made for the present, viz. for labour, for food, and for apparel, till better provision can be made. To which purpose such infinite store and variety of beasts, birds, fishes, fruits, and other like commodities, as in them all are already found, and do abound, ought rather to provoke people to go thither, assured they cannot, if they will be anything industrious, want necessaries ad victum & amictum, for back and belly, where such plenty is, and to praise God that hath, as for Adam in Paradise, before he placed him there, Gen. 1. so for them, before he bring them thither, provided so well, rather than the want of some better or other, should move them like the Israelites against God, Exod. 16. to murmur and repine, or which is worse, wholly to refuse and forgo the places.  
5. Have not other Countries, think you, or at least, have had the like? Is England? is Ireland? is France altogether free? was Canaan, even that blessed land, without them, yea good store of them? I take itno, and that not at the first only, as one may gather, Deut. 7. 22. but also many ages after, there were Lions. judg. 14. 5. and 1. King. 13. 24. Bears, 2. King. 2. 24. Foxes, judg. 15. 4. Hornets, Deut. 7. 20. Serpents, Esay 30. 6. etc.  Resp. 
Among other means in these Plantations requisite, the having thither of tame cattle, as horses, kine, and sheep, seemeth hard to be compassed, and yet most needful, and that with the very first, to be provided, considering those Countries, howsoever they abound in other, are altogether destitute and unprovided of these. And it will be objected, That, besides the difficulty of Transportation, our Country is not able of them to make any spare.  Enr. 
But if I be not deceived, It were easy to take such 
What means for profitable cattle to be had and transported.  a course as might at will furnish that want, and yet leave us far better stored then now we are: and that is,  
1. For horses, if all Transportation of them into France and other vicine parts beyond Sea, were restrained, that so all such as were wont to pass out of the Land that way, might now go this.  
2. For Kine and Sheep, our Land is well stored of them, or rather pestered with them, that if of the one sort, some hundreds, and of the other, some thousands yearly were thither sent, our Land should have thereby no loss nor lack, since it is a rule infallible in husbandry, howsoever it seem to some a Paradox in sense, The more Kine, the dearer White; The more Sheep, the dearer Cloth. And therefore we must never look to have those two Commodities (White and Cloth) at any reasonable hand, till the Number of those two kind of cattle be, and that in a good measure too, diminished in our Land. It is also a Maxim undeniable: The more Cows, the fewer Ploughs, and The more Milkings, the fewer Weanlings. And therefore till those cattle (Kine) be diminished, and that in a good Number, we must not look to have Corn and Flesh plenty, Bread and Beef cheap in England again. But (alas) Narratur fabula Surdo. For whose hands be deeper in this sin, than theirs that should redress it?  
3. If a strict course might be taken (and for a public good, why should not our wanton appetites be a little dieted?) that in England, from the third of February, till the first of May, or happily but from Septuagesima Sunday, till the first Sunday after Easter, the chief time for breed, no Calves whatsoever should be killed, but all to be weaned and kept for store; within a year or two, without all doubt, we should have Beef better cheap in our market a great deal, than now it is, or for many years past it hath been, and yet many hundreds, haply thousands, of fair yeerelings to be had for those our new Countries which now have none.  
Where, if any good course be taken, and well observed for preservation of every kind, I doubt not but they would faster there increase and fill the Countries, than the inhabitants should be able to make room for them, by destroying and killing up those wild and untamed beasts, which now do so there abound.  
4. It were good too, our Fish days all the year long, were better kept. For it is certain, The more fish is spent, the more flesh is spared: and as both flesh and fish will be thereby the better cheap: so Beefs, young Bullocks will be the more saved, for the help and use of those which to store their Plantations, shall want them.  
5. Besides, Wales, and here of late, God be thanked, Ireland seem by the great droves which yearly they send over, so well stored, that thence alone, though England helped not, Provision enough might be had, for more kine and young cattle of that sort, then easily there can be Transportation had for.  
6. Lastly, As they that write of these Discoveries do relate, There be also some countries nearer to some of our Plantations then either England or Ireland, from which if men will seek for them, all sorts of tame and profitable cattle that we can or do want, may at a very reasonable hand be had.  
If it seem hard and strange to any, to make Transportation of cattle, and, that in the Countries themselves are none naturally to be had: Let them be pleased to understand that to be no new thing: and that where now they are most plentiful, time hath been, None, not one was to be found: but that such cattle, as well as men; (for all came out of Noah's Ark, Gen. 8. 17.) were brought and conveyed from place to place. And if they will but a little inquire of elder men & times, they may learn; It is but as it were the other day since some countries near unto us had no sheep, other no kine, other few horses, & that at this very instant, France is willing to have from us our horses, we from Wales their Burrs, & from Ireland their Cows. All which do pass from one country to another by Transportation. And therefore men must be contented, as themselves, to dwell where before they have not done, so to get thither cattle, profitable cattle, where before they have not been.  Resp. 
The people of those Countries are rude and barbarous. 
5. Object.   Enr. 
They that like to dwell alone, may. There are countries 
Answ.  found, and more to be found, I doubt not, not yet inhabited and actually possessed by any people, nation, or state whatsoever.  
2. They with whom we have to do, are not so rude as some imagine, I believe. Most, if not all of them, specially they of Guiana, do show themselves, their breeding considered, exceeding tractable, very loving and kind to our Nation above any other: industrious and ingenious to learn of us, and practise with us most Arts and Sciences: and which is most to be admired and cherished, very ready to leave their old and blind Idolatries, and to learn of us the right service and worship of the true God. And what more can be expected from them in so small time and means? or what surer probability or hope would we have, that we shall or may easily, and within short time, win them to our own will, and frame them as we list? Verily I suppose, if all things be considered well, and rightly compared, we have nearer home worse neighbours a great deal.  
3. The Spaniard hath reasonably civilised, and better might, if he had not so much tyrannised, people far more savage and bestial than any of these.  
4. We ought to consider, that time was, the old Britons the ancient Inhabitants of this Land, were as rude and barbarous as some of these of foreign parts, with whom we have to do. And therefore considering, Quâ sumus Origine nati, (for we are also their Offspring) we ought not to despise even such poor and barbarous people, but pity them, and hope, that as we are become now, by God's unspeakable mercy to us-ward, to a far better condition, so in time may they.  Resp. 
The Adventures are very dangerous, and liable to losses 
6. Object.  of life and goods, to troubles manifold, so that they may well be called Adventurers, that will hazard themselves in them.  Enr. 
Good words, I pray you. 
Answer.   
1. Many forecast perils where they need not: and so, many times are more afraid than hurt. As Solomon observed long ago, Prou. 22. 13. The slothful saith, A Lion is without, I shall be slain in the streets.  
2. Our life and state is not without perils at home: and I tell you, if these Adventures, as you call them, be not better followed than yet they are, they will, and cannot but more and more increase.  
3. No Action of such a weight and worth as these are, can be without some perils, hurts, and losses, which yet must be adventured and endured in hope of a greater good, and ampler recompense another way.  
4. He is not worthy to receive such benefits as these Adventures may yield him, that for fear of every inconvenience and danger, is ready to fall off, and disclaim them. Neque mel, neque apes, saith the old Proverb. No Bees, (for fear of stinging) no Honey.  
5. Of perils and misadventures, some are merely Casual, and not to be avoided, some are altogether needless, and might have been prevented. The former of these must be borne with, as a part of that common calamity, whereunto the life of man is subject, and of those crosses and afflictions wherewith God doth either try his Children, as Gold in the fire, or afflict and punish them and others. For these, no man ought to be troubled and dismayed in these courses, more than for the like in any other, nor dislike them one jot the worse.  
We find, when God would bring his own people the children of Israel into that good Land, the Land of Canaan, which so oft & so solemnly he had promised to them and to their Fathers, he did it not without letting them pass, and feel some perils by the way; as the stopping at the red Sea, the pursuit of Pharaoh, one while the want of flesh, another while of water in the Wilderness, the terror of fiery Serpents, and the assault of many and mighty enemies, with other like. We find also, that he was much displeased with, and sharply sometimes did punish those of them that murmured because of those things, and would have returned back into Egypt, regarding not to proceed, and accept that Land, that good Land, which the Lord their God had given to them and their seed. And may not this teach us, That we must not look to have the hand of God's providence extended unto us without some dangers and encumbrances: And that the Lord is not pleased with those that for fear of every mishap and trouble, will be discouraged themselves, or will dishearten and discourage others from such Attempts?  
Christ likewise the Son of God, sending abroad his Apostles to preach the Gospel, is so far from securing them of all troubles and dangers in their endeavours thereabout, that he foretelleth them, He doth send them forth as Lambs among wolves. That they should be hated, persecuted, and put to death for his sake, etc. But were the Apostles by this dismayed? Did they therefore refuse to undertake their charge, and proceed in the work of the Lord? We know the contrary. Notable to this purpose is the protestation of the Apostle Saint Paul, 2. Cor. 6. 4. and 11. 23.  Resp. 
I pray you recite the very words, for I desire to hear what so great an Apostle hath said to such a purpose.  Enr. 
With a good will. Speaking there both of himself, and the rest of his fellow Apostles and Labourers in the Gospel, thus he saith: In all things we approve ourselves as the Ministers of God, in much patience, in afflictions, in necessities, in distresses, in stripes, in prisons, in tumults, in labours. By watchings, by fastings, by purity, by knowledge, by long suffering: and a little after, By honour and dishonour, by evil report and good report, as deceivers, and yet true: as unknown, and yet known: as chastened, and yet not killed: as sorrowing, and yet always rejoicing: as poor, and yet making many rich: as having nothing, and yet possessing all things. And in the same Epistle, Chap. 11. 23. opposing and contesting against false apostles of those times, that sought to debase and disgrace him, thus he writeth of his own particulars: In labours more abundant, in stripes above measure, in prison more plenteously, in Death oft. Of the jews five times received. I forty stripes save one, I was thrice beaten with rods: I was once stoned: I suffered thrice Shipwreck. Night and day have I been in the deep Sea. In journeying I was often: in perils of waters, in perils of robbers, in perils of mine own Nation: in perils among the Gentiles: in perils in the City, in perils in the Wilderness: in perils in the Sea: in perils among false Brethren. In weariness, and painfulness, in watchings often, in hunger and thirst, in fastings often, in cold and nakedness. Beside the things which are outward, I am cumbered daily, and have the care of all the Churches. Who is weak, and I am not weak? who is offended, and I burn not? You have heard abundantly of the sufferings, hear also the invincible constancy and magnanimity of this admirable Champion of the Lord, expressed with his own mouth, Act. 20. 22. And now behold, I go bound in the Spirit unto jerusalem, and know not what things shall come unto me there, save that the Holy Ghost witnesseth in every City, saying, that Bands and afflictions abide me. But I pass not, (for it) at all, neither is my life dear unto me, so that I may fulfil my course with joy, and the Ministration which I have received of the Lord jesus, viz. to testify the Gospel of the grace of God. And Chap. 21. 13. I am ready not to be bound only, but also to dye at jerusalem, for the name of the Lord jesus. Having such Lights and Leaders for our example, shall we grudge and utterly refuse to suffer any thing, to hazard any troubles, and to bear any crosses at all, (And it is not possible we should meet with such a measure and heap thereof, as they did by many degrees,) for the Gospel's sake, and, besides all other good that may come thereof, that we may help to enlarge the Kingdom of God, and his Christ on earth? And thus much of the first sort of evil accidents and mis-haps.  
The other sort, which I called needless or wilful, by which I mean such as men wilfully, through their own fault do cast themselves or others into, by their evil managing of any such business, by rashness, disorder, oversight, or the like, ought not to be imputed to the Actions themselves, as which do not necessarily draw any such after them, but to the Authors and Actors of the same. As if men meet with dangers at Sea, by setting forth at unseasonable times, in the Winter, in foul weather, or other like: If they be surprised by an Enemy at Sea or Land, they going without sufficient forces, both of men, and munition, for such an enterprise: If they be distressed with want of victuals, and other provisions, when they set forth slenderly, poorly, and ill provided, with other like.  
6. These Actions, our Plantations, I mean, properly and in their own nature, are liable to as few hazards and mishaps, as any such lightly can be.  
For, first, Our Passage to any of the places intended, is very easy, open, and clear, Sea-room at will, and, if we take time and season convenient; as navigable and pleasant as need to be desired. Few Pirates on those coasts, and fewer it is probable there would be, if some good course were taken for their repulse and dissipation.  
2. Our Access and Entry is free and facile for the most part. No man once offereth to forbid or hinder our landing there.  
3. The people of those Countries, if any be, ready either for love and hope of good from us, kindly to receive and entertain us, or for fear and weakness of their own accord to fly from us, and betake themselves to more remote and inland parts of those Regions, or to submit themselves tractably to live under us.  
4. The Countries themselves free, for the most part, of any noisome or very dangerous either beast or Serpent: not infected nor infested, as some of this Continent, which yet are, and long have been well inhabited, with the most dreadful of these sorts, that the world doth yield.  
5. We need not make way for ourselves into any one of them at all with fire and sword, as either our progenitors the Saxons and Normans did into this Land, or our later forefathers the English, into both France and Ireland. So that every thing considered, We cannot well wish or expect, in these days to find out, to have and gain any Country or Place for Plantation with less troubles, fewer losses, and smaller dangers, if things be well handled, than these we may. Nor is it likely, if we neglect and overslip the so fair and many opportunities now offered us, that ever we shall have and find the like again.  Resp. 
The profit is small, and little the good that is like to arise 
Object  of so great labours, dangers, and expenses. For whatsoever you, and some others talk of great riches there, and that way to be had, we hear of none that prove rich and wealthy there.  Enr. 
It may be so, and there are many reasons for it. 
Answer.   
For, first: It is not long that any have been in any of these Plantations, and there must be a time for every thing. They that will have corn from the ground, must tarry the ripening of it. It is not one years' work or two, to get a good state in Lands, and to get some store of wealth about a man in the same likewise. They that go over to such a business, have many things to do first, before they can have time to gather wealth about them; as to build, to rid their grounds, to make fences to destroy wild and hurtful beasts, to get over good and profitable cattle, to plant and sow their grounds, and the like: All which be matters of great labour, time and expense. We see in daily practice with us, a man that is a Purchaser, till he hath recovered his Fine, and stocked his Living, cannot be aforehand and get wealth about him: nor can they there, till they have done those and other like things, which are to them, as it were, their Fine and Income. It is well if seven, or ten, or twenty years hence, happily in the next generation, men can attain unto riches. It is enough for the fathers to take in the grounds, and settle the lands and livings for them and theirs against the time to come, though for the present, and for their own time, they hardly stand up, and meet with some difficulties.  
2. Men there, can, making nothing of their grounds yet, farther than any can themselves employ them to pasture or tillage. It is not there as in England, where, if a man have little stock or employment of his own for his grounds, yet he may let them out at a reasonable rent; but there, more than a man can stock and till himself, lies still, and will yield him nothing at all. Make it your own case. If you had the best Living in this parish in Fee simple, and had little to put upon it, nor could get any to rend it, at your hands, could you grow rich in haste? This is their case.  Resp. 
Your speech is very reasonable, I must confess: but go on, I pray you.  Enr. 
3. All in manner that have gone over hitherto into any of these parts, are poor men, men of small means, and therefore with little or nothing, it is not possible they should in a little time attain to any store of some thing: And the less possible, for that the benefit of their labours redounds for the most part, not to themselves, but, as in regard of their great adventures and expenses, reason is it should, to the benefit of rich men here, that have sent them thither.  
4. divers of them that have gone over, have been Bankerutps and Spendthrifts, Idlers and Loiterers, who, as they thrived not in England, (for how should they thrive that run thriftless and heedless courses?) so will they not commonly in any Land. Coelum non animum mutant, qui trans mare currunt: as saith the Poet, Weeds will be weeds, wherever they grow.  
When men of fashion and means do go over, that are able to set up themselves and others, and that will be industrious to take the benefit of the time and place, than I doubt not but it will soon appear what good may be done in those places, and that men may, if they will, easily and quickly prove rich and wealthy there. Then, and not till then, if riches arise not, let men blame the places from whence it was expected they should arise.  
6. The manner of proceeding in these attempts, may also be a great cause, why men attain to riches there more slowly, than they might and should, if they were otherwise managed.  
As, First, If the Plantation begin with a small number, far too little for such a business. For than neither can they be able to extend themselves far into the Countries in a long time, and so not to find out the goodness, sweetness, and benefit thereof: nor to set up all kind of necessary trades and faculties among themselves, whereby they may be able to assist and set one another a work.  
2. If they that remove hence, go sparely and ill provided of cattle, corn, and other necessaries for Plantation and Habitation, which those countries afford not: impossible it is for them to make that profit, and get that increase by their Lands and livings there, which they might, if they were well and throughly provided of such things at the first.  
7. This is the only way which men in ancient time did find out and observe to get riches and wealth withal, to increase and amend their estate by, when as by multitudes of people their country was, as ours now is, so overlaid, that they could not thrive and prosper therein. Neither were they ever lightly deceived, but the event and computation did answer their intent and expectation. And no doubt, if the like courses be now attempted, they may and will, if they be well carried, produce the like, or rather better and speedier effects to us then to them. For we have many helps for peace and war, for shipping and navigation, for defence and fortification, for traffic and negotiation, for building and habitation, for religious and civil conversation, for skill in many needful arts and occupations, which they had not, to further us withal.  
8. Of all other means to get wealth and riches by, Husbandry (which of all courses of life is that, which in those places must chiefly, and most of all, be followed and employed) hath anciently and worthily ever been accounted the chiefest, best, and surest. Wherein, though it be somewhat more chargeable, cumbersome, and for a time, uncomfortable, to enter into a void and desolate country, overgrown with woods, thickets, and other like, yet who knows not, what great odds and advantage to the getting of riches and wealth there is: first, between the breaking up of such grounds as were never yet employed, but having lain waste, untouched, and untilled from the beginning, have all their sweetness and fatness in them, and the tillage and usage of poor and hungry soils, that from time to time have been turned up and worn out to the uttermost: and then betwixt the having of great and goodly Lands, (for there one man may easily have as much as ten or twenty have here) and of small and simple Tenements?  
9 When Brutus came first into this Land, who would have imagined it would have proved so goodly, so plentiful, so fruitful, so rich, so excellent and happy a Land, as we (God be praised for it) do find, and all the world about us doth know it is? And who but sailing along the Coasts of any of those new Countries, or but going ashore here and there, not above a mile or two, happily within the Land, can imagine, or conceive, much less, know and understand what wealth and riches, what goodly fields and pastures, hills and valleys, mines and metals, woods and waters, what hidden treasures and sundry commodities are to be found, and had therein?  
10. The name of a Kingdom is very great: and what should not, or heretofore, what would not men do, to gain a Kingdom? By these means opportunity is offered unto our Land, to our English Nation, to get and gain, to possess and take, to have and enjoy, together with Plantation and Habitation for thousands, and hundred thousands thereof, more than one or two Kingdoms, great and goodly Provinces, that by God's blessing and providence towards us, may in time be united to the Crown, the Imperial Crown of this Land. Which by consequence, (for what infinite store of riches and wealth, how many places of peferment and honour, for hundreds and thousands of particular and inferior persons is there contained and comprehended within a Kingdom?) must needs bring with every of them severally, riches and wealth of great, and in manner infinite value and estimation.  
The English lost in France in the time of Henry the sixth, two several parts of that spacious Country, that had been English near about three hundred years before, that is Normandy and Aquitaine, in the former whereof (saith a English History, 
Normandy and Aquitaine in France lost, and when.  as minding to express the greatness of the loss by the particulars) there were (then) an hundred strong towns and fortresses, one Archbishoppricke, and six Bishopprickeses, besides some other towns destroyed in the wars: and in the latter, four Archbishopprickes, fifteen Earldoms, two hundred sixty and two Baronies, and above a thousand Captainships and Bailiwicks.  
Suppose we now the same had fallen out in our times, (and I hope I may without offence make use of former and foreign things) would we not, or should we not (think you) account it an inestimable loss and damage to the Crown and Country of England, worthy to be redeemed with hundred thousands of our money and goods, and to be recovered (if it were possible) with thousands of the lives of our men, and no small effusion of Christian blood? If now chose, we may in our days, not lose, but get; not hazard, but assuredly have and gain, and that sine sanguine & sudore, even without blood or blows, and without any waste or spoil of our treasure and state, (I will not say the same that we had lost, but in stead thereof) some other Regions and Countries, Territories and places for Habitation, as great, and (likely in time to prove) as good as they, might not this be justly accounted a gain and good, an enlargement and increase to our Nation and Kingdom inestimable and exceeding great?  
If the name of a Kingdom shall be thought too high and excellent, 
Note this.  too great and glorious for Countries so vast and waste, so remote, and obscure as those of our Plantations yet are, let them be vouchsafed the name but of Dukedoms, as those I last mentioned, or Lordships, as Ireland for a long time was, or by whatsoever other titles, parts or members of a kingdom, he shall be pleased to style and nominate them, Quem penes arbitrium est, & ius & norma loquendi, as one saith, for so we have the thing, it is no great matter for the name: yet, if there may be had, as the probabilities, possibilities, and opportunities already had and made us, do plainly declare there may in one place, a Country as great, at the least, as that of Normandy, in another place, as that of Aquitaine, in a third, twice as much as they both, that is, such a one wherein there may be in time erected, constituted and made (speaking somewhat, thought not altogether according to the former proportions) forty Earldoms or Counties, four Archbishopprickes, six and thirty Bishopprickeses, three or four hundred Baronies, five or six hundred towns and fortresses, one or two thousand Captainships and Bailiwicks, ten or twelve thousand parishes, and four or five hundred thousand families, shall it notwithstanding be thought, that there is no wealth or riches, no place of preferment, no hope of dignity or good there to be had?  Resp. 
If there be such Possibilities, yet before the Countries 
8. Object.  themselves can be reduced to such a state, and such divisions settled therein, as you speak of, great store of treasure and wealth must be spent, and many years of time be overpast.  Enr. 
1. For Expense, not so much happily, as one lingering 
Answer.  war, the event whereof is most uncertain must and will consume.  
2. The Countries themselves will yield means and money enough, if they be well handled, to defray or repay whatsoever shall be needful for the effecting of all these with advantage.  
3. The hazard and loss of life and limb is this way wonderfully saved and avoided.  
4. And for time, sooner happily this may be thus effected, at least, in some tolerable measure, than a Country lost can be recovered and quieted. As we may observe, by the children of Israel, who setting upon the Land of Canaan, and that with a mighty army, not so few as an hundred thousand men of war, and with more than ordinary, even admirable success, The Lord being ever with them, yet were scarcely settled therein all the days of joshua: and near home too, in our neighbour Country. The Netherlands, which being revolted from the Spaniard long ago, he hath not been able in all our time, to reduce to his obedience again.  
5. And you know, a country being gotten by the sword, may be lost again by the same. For, Non minor est virtus, quam quaerere parta tueri: There is more ado to keep, then to get such a thing Of the which there is little or no fear in the attempts that we talk of.  
6. In a word, both the expectation and the expense for reduction of those Countries to such effects, will, and may be speedily and abundantly recompensed in the facility, liberty, and security of the getting, settling, and keeping of them.  
Wherefore, Rumpantur Ilia Codro: Let froward Envy herself swell till she burst again, and detracting Malice, or timorous Ignorance speak the worst they can, yet all that will not be blind, may see, and whosoever will understand the truth, may know, that there are Riches and Preferment, much for the present, more for the times to come to be had, if men will but take them; and to be gotten and gained, if they be but laboured and searched for, in the places and precincts of our present intended Plantations.  
And now I think good neighbour Respire, I have for the satisfaction of you, or of any not perversely minded, sufficiently justified 
The Sum of this first part.  these Projects and Attempts of Plantations for the general, to be in themselves honourable, needful, gainful and lawful: and for the particular, to be neither so dangerous or difficult, nor so strange or incommodious, as at the first show they may seem to be.  Resp. 
You have indeed, in mine opinion, spoken exceeding well to those purposes. Your latter words bring to my mind that worthy saying of Solomon, Eccl. 11. 4. if my memory fail me not. The words, I am sure, be these: He that observeth the winds, shall not sow, and, he that regardeth the clouds, shall not reap: and your whole discourse makes me fear to urge you with any more Objections concerning these matters, as which I see by your ready, plain, and plentiful answer to these already moved, be to little purpose, and will vanish, when they come to be sifted, as smoke before the wind. And if you can yield me the like satisfaction in some other points, that I conceive very necessary to be considered about these Actions, I shall like of them a great deal better than ever I had thought I should; and be as ready to praise and commend them, as I have been to dispraise and blame them. But therewith I will not trouble you at this present, but defer it to another meeting, which God willing, shall be shortly. For I shall not be in quiet, till I have heard the uttermost that you either can say, or I am desirous to hear touching these matters.  Enr. 
I am glad truly, that our little Conference hath so much prevailed with you. And I shall be ready, and because I find you so tractable and reasonable, the readier, to give you the best satisfaction I can in anything else, whensoever you shall be pleased to that end to come hither again.  
The end of the first part.   

A PLAIN PATHWAY TO PLANTATIONS:  
That is, A Discourse in general concerning the Plantation of our English people in other Countries.  
The second Part.  
LONDON, Printed by G. P. for john Marriot.   

TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE AND VERY WORTHY, SIR GEORGE CALVERT, Knight, principal Secretary to the Kings most excellent Majesty, Peace and Prosperity temporal and eternal.  
Right Honourable,  
THe fame of your Honour's most excellent and praiseworthy endeavours in attempting, following, and applying of a Plantation of some of our English Nation in that remote, and yet obscure, and desolate Country, the Country commonly called Newfoundland, hath encouraged and emboldened me, a stranger to your Honour, but a well-willer to all such worthy works, to present unto your Honour, and to publish under your Honour's Name, some part of my plain and impolished Labours, which for the furtherance and hasting on of those most worthy, and at this present for our Country of England, most necessary attempts of Plantations in far and foreign parts, but specially and namely in Newfoundland, above the rest, I have adventured to offer to the common view, in hope and desire somewhat thereby to move and stir up our people, chiefly the poorer and meaner sort, (which, for want of Plantation abroad, are ready, by want and penury, to pine and perish at home) in better sort to affect and addict themselves to the same.  
Which work of mine, though rude and mean, if your Honour shall, in consideration of the matter and substance thereof vouchsafe to accept, and think not unworthy of Passage abroad, as it shall notably protect my Labours from the envious minds of the malicious, and the carping tongues of the captious, so shall it stir up myself with all hearty affection, to rest devoted to your Honour's service and these employments, and to pour out my devoutest prayers to the Highest, the Lord of all, for your Honours all and ever health and happiness.  
Your Honours humbly to command, RICHARD EBURNE.   

THE PATHWAY TO PLANTATIONS. The second Part.  
The Speakers be Respire, a Farmer. Enrubie, a Merchant.  Respire. 
GOD bless you, good Sir: according to your courteous Offer, I am come again, in hope to be further satisfied by you, touching the Conference we lately had in hand.  Enr. 
You are very welcome, Let me hear therefore, what it is that you desire to be further satisfied in.  Resp. 
The Enterprises themselves (Plantations I mean) you have well showed me, to be in themselves very commendable and good, and for our Land and Nation, at this present exceeding necessary: yet, as I suppose, there cannot, or there will not, sufficient and convenient means be had for the expedition and performance thereof, as is requisite: as may appear by the null success, the giving over, or slow proceeding of such Actions heretofore from time to time, to the notable hindrance of the Gospel, the great dishonour and reproach of our Nation, and the extreme loss and disadvantage of the Undertakers and Adventurers: and then to what end is it to take in hand impossibilities?  Enr. 
You say well: and therefore for speedy and due remedy in this behalf, especially and above all other things, as wherein 
The best course to be taken for Plantations, is by Act of Parliament.  alone, the true and perfect cure of those evils doth consist, it were to be wished, that by Act of Parliament, some good courses might speedily be taken throughout the Land, by which it might effectually be accomplished. For Plantations indeed are properly a matter of public and general, and not, as the practice is with us, of private and particular Action.  
If it seem to any a matter too mean, and unworthy a Parliamentary consideration, for my part I protest, I can in no wise be of their opinion, unless I may plainly be taught, and informed, that it is no part of a Father's care, to place abroad his Children, as they grow up, but to keep them still under his own Roof, till they eat him out of House and home: or of an Householders providence to foresee, that his Meyny exceed not his means: or of the shepherds duty, when his Flock is increased, to provide them larger pastures: or of the Gardiner's charge, when his plants and sets are over thick, and do encumber the ground, to remove & disperse them into other plots, where having more room, they may bigger grow, and better prosper.  Resp. 
Till that may be obtained, which all men know, cannot possibly be on a sudden, and those attempts being now begun, do necessarily require speedy and much supply, and continual furtherance, lest else, besides all other evils that befall on us, which is written in the Gospel, Luk. 14. 29. viz▪ having laid such foundations, and being not able to perform them, all that behold them, mock us, saying: These men, these Englishmen, began Plantations here and there, and now are not able to make an end of any one of them; what courses might there be taken for the speedy effecting of them in some tolerable measure and commendable manner?  Enr. 
Till some good course that way, a thing in mine opinion much to be desired, may be obtained and provided, if I might be bold to speak my mind (and toward a common good, why should it not be free, and without offence for any man as a well willer to so good a work to speak, since as it hath been well and of old observed, Aliquando est olitor opportuna locutus, A mean man may sometime speak to the purpose?) I could be willing to acquaint you or any other, with what inferior courses I have conceived might the mean while be taken and followed, for the bringing of the same to some tolerable estate and reasonable good effect.  Resp. 
I pray you let me hear them: for I hope, no man will dislike with any man to put to his helping hand to do any good in this great work, which so much concerneth all: specially, when as you intent not to urge or bind any man to your words, but leave it free to all men to accept or reject, as it pleaseth them.  Enr. 
Trusting then of favourable acceptation I will speak 
What inferior courses might be taken to further these attempts.  what I think. Two things there be above all other most material and necessary for such a business to be provided, that is, men and money, People to go to the Plantation, and Provision to set them forth. Both which howsoever to some they may be thought impossible to be had, I am persuaded, if good courses for them might be used, though not without some difficulty (And what high and worthy enterprise is there, that ever hath without some difficulty been achieved?) may sufficiently be obtained.  
1 For Money: well known it is, that many Honourable and 
Money to be had.  other worthy Persons have this way employed much, and no 
First, By Voluntaries.  doubt intend to proceed accordingly.  
2 It cannot be, but that some of those that adventure in person 
Secondly, By personal Adventurers.  intending there to inhabit, do and will go some of them sufficiently and many of them somewhat provided that way. Few will go with an empty purse.  
3 For procuring what farther shall be needful, it seemeth unto 
Thirdly, By general Collections.  me, it were very requisite, and a thing not very hard to be obtained by some or other, that some Letters Patent under the great Seal of England, or other like course might be set forth for some general and Yearly Collection or contribution to that purpose: and the Briefs (Books rather) for it to be directed either to the Lord Bishops of every Diocese, or to the Sheriff of every Shire, by them to be dispersed into every Parish. For likely it is, that many well-disposed able men would give to this great and worthy work more liberally, then to others many of far less importance (and yet good sums of Money, have thus been oft collected) specially, if men may perceive, by the removing and departure of any, it redounds indeed, as is pretended, to the common good.  
4 Probable also it is, that the justices of every Shire, upon 
Fourthly, By Hospital Money.  good intimation of the cause unto them, would be pleased to bestow some part of that Money which quarterly at their Sessions is received by the name of Hospital Money, toward the setting forth of some maimed Soldiers, or some other poor of the said Country, yearly, into some or other of those Plantations.  
5 Neither is it improbable, that the Churchwardens and 
Fifthly, By Moneys given to the use of the Poor.  Overseers for the Poor, that have (as in sundry Parishes within this Land they have) several portions and sums of Money by well-disposed people in their last Wills or otherwise, given and bequeathed for and toward the relief of the Poor in their Parish, committed to their charge and custody, may be persuaded and drawn, or otherwise caused to confer and lay out the said portions or sums of Money or the greatest part thereof in this sort, to the setting forth of some of the Poor of their Parish, Children or other, that else must within the same continually be relieved and maintained.  Resp. 
That were very unreasonable and evil too, I think: for what conscience were this, to sulsifie the trust reposed in them, and to defraud their Poor of their relief?  Enr. 
No evil, no wrong, no defrauding at all, howsoever you upon the sudden do so take it: but rather this were a ready way to employ it indeed to their use, to whom by the Donours it was properly intended: whereas now, for the most part, you shall find, if you observe it well, such moneys and the profit thereof arising, are converted to the ease of the Rich, and not to the relief of the Poor. And at the best hand you can reckon it, if the Poor be thereby any thing relieved, it is but ad diem, for the very present: but being laid out in that manner which I mean and mention, the Poor and their posterity too, yea, and the whole Parish from whence it is taken, shall thereby be relieved, bettered, and benefited for ever.  
But not to make a long answer to so short and shallow an Objection, whatsoever any shall pretend against that I say, so long as I have the example of that most holy and famous Doctor of the 
Ambros. de Offic. lib. 2. cap. 27.  Church, S. Ambrose, on my side, who for redeeming of Christian Captives, broke the very Vessels of Gold and Silver that were in his Church, and making money thereof, employed it to that use, saying, The Sacraments need not Gold, which were purchased for us without Gold: And Aurum Ecclesia habet, non ut seruet, sed ut eroget: The Church hath Gold not to keep it, but to lay it out to good and pious uses. I shall not fear to answer the same. I will infer, if S. Ambrose did well to employ Bona Ecclesiae, even the Treasures of the Church upon redemption of the Poor, they cannot be proved to do ill, that shall employ Bona Pauperum, the Goods of the Poor, their own Money, upon the Poor, and to their own uses.  Resp. 
I see now I did mistake, and not you: and I hope you will bear with my ignorance and rashness.  Enr. 
Your words offended not me any thing at all: for by your opposition no hurt hath risen to the cause. Truth is never better cleared, then when it is somewhat oppugned and contradicted.  Resp. 
It seemeth so in this very case: for by your former speeches 
Sixthly, By Moneys given to the use of the Church.  and example me thinks I do now see, that it were no fault, but a good and pious fact, if such Moneys also as do belong to Churches, as here and there somewhat to that use remaining, is yet to be found, were likewise employed to this use we speak of, as which in good probability would be more acceptable to God, to be bestowed in such a necessity, as this is, upon the Temples of the Holy Ghost, then upon Churches made of Lime and Stone, which without these Moneys are and may be sufficiently repaired and adorned.  Enr. 
Your collection is good and religious. That must needs be true piety which is coupled with pity, for God will have mercy rather than Sacrifice. But let us go on.  Resp. 
I harken when you will speak of the Lottery, which you know was set up in London, and in many places abroad in the Country many times for Uirginia, as it was said.  Enr. 
7. I dislike not the Lottery neither, so as it were well 
Seventhly, By the Lottery.  used, and people had the wit, not to run out by it, to their undoing. But I know it hath lost the love of the Country, both for that it robbed the Country of her Money wonderfully: for out of our Shire only, when it was here but a few years ago, it is thought to have carried away many hundred pounds, so that Money was never plenty here since, and for that we never heard of any good that was done with it. If they that had the employment of it, had made known unto every County (though severally) what had been gotten out of it by the Lottery that year, and offered to employ it on so many of the Poor of the said County (if they could be gotten to go) as it might conveniently suffice unto, it would have yielded the County good content for the present, and have gained a better welcome to itself another time. But the matter being used as it was, if any yet do like of it, they may adventure it again, if they list: who, if they would give voluntarily, but the fifth part of that some of them lost desperately that way, (for I know some myself that, by their own reports, lost ten, twenty, yea, thirty pound a man) might be counted good Benefactors.  Resp. 
Of the Lottery enough: but beside, if you have any more to say, I pray you proceed with it.  Enr. 
8. If the former courses suffice not, I see not but that 
8. By some ratable imposition.  some ratable Imposition might be procured to be laid upon the abler sort, as in time of war, for setting forth of Soldiers, to be employed upon such as shall be transported, from those parts (the Parish, Tithing, or Hundred) where it is raised. And I am verily persuaded there is not a Parish in the Land, that would not willingly be at any reasonable charge for the setting forth of any such poor body, as should either voluntarily offer himself, or by authority be taken up, to go in that Action from time to time. In truth I have heard men of good sense and substance say, they would be very willing to bestow out of their Parish twenty nobles or ten pounds a year, towards the apparelling and setting forth of some of their poorer sort, so as they might be assured they should not, after a year or two, as from the Irish some have done, come home again, and encumber them worse than before.  
9 Besides, if it might be thought fit and obtained, that for 
9 By base moneys for those purposes and places to be stamped.  those Plantations some store of base Moneys, as of Brass, Copper, or little better might be stamped (all English Coins and Plate of Gold and Silver, being there and thence prohibited, unless and until the Countries themselves do or shall hereafter yield Metal for them) I conjecture, how probably let others judge, the use thereof would prove exceeding beneficial to this purpose.  Resp. 
That were a strange course indeed, and is it possible any good this way might be wrought?  Enr. 
Very much I think. For thereby, first, The wealth of 
The use and benefits of such money.  all such as pass over (any reasonable proportion in the Exchange both for value and valour thereof being held) should instantly, among themselves, be much increased. A thing so material as nothing more, for without infinite store of Money can be no good Plantation any where.  
Secondly, Such as pass over, should be occasioned to lad away with them store of our English commodities for building, for household, etc. which happily they would not have done, if they might carry with them their English Moneys, and once having such things there, they will do them more pleasure and good, then till they come there, they could presuppose.  
Thirdly, Such as are there, should be the more occasioned to use all industrious means to get up the commodities of those Country's, to barter and truck withal for such things as shall merchantwise be brought to them from hence, knowing well that their Money will not much be regarded nor received of our men.  
Fourthly, It would make them delight the more in Tillage and breed of cattle, because Silver and Gold Coins the very begetters of hoarding covetousness wanting, their chiefest riches must needs consist in Corn and Cattell.  
Fifthly, They being rich within themselves (for such Money while it holds value, is as good, where it is currant, as any other) should yet be poor to others-ward among whom it is not currant, which would make them the less desired of, and the less to fear any such as seek for spoil and prey.  
Sixthly, By this means, we should oft receive from them good store of foreign Coins, received by them for Fish and other commodities sold to such as come to trade there.  
Seventhly, Moreover, Hereby the great hurt that some imagine is to be feared by those Plantations in carrying away of our Gold and Silver, would easily, and that both to our and their great advantage be avoided.  Resp. 
And in truth, many do complain of the carriage away of our Money out of our Land, and I perceive by you, that it is likely a great deal of it goes this way.  Enr. 
It must needs be so, if the works go forward in any sort: and then note, whatsoever is gone over Sea that way, never returns again. We receive back but either nothing at all, or else but some commodities of those Countries, as Fish, Timber, Salt, etc. And therefore this is a thing in mine opinion that must timely and carefully be looked unto, or else the Coin and Treasure of our Land will, by these Plantations, if once they go well and roundly forward, within a while be extremely spent and exhausted For say for a trial or example, there should go twenty thousand, and each of them to carry but ten pounds a man (a small reckoning and poor stock to begin withal) yet that comes to in the whole, to two hundred thousand pounds. Now by this, guess of the rest  Resp. 
This is very plain: yet men will hardly hear of this base money, because of the strangeness and novelty of the matter.  Enr. 
If any think this matter strange, let him but inquire, and he shall be informed at full, that at the first in all Lands, such coin was either only, or most common. That it is not yet much above one Age ago, that in England itself it was in use: that in our time Ireland had it: and, that at this day, if Travellers tell true, Spain itself, for all her Indian Silver mines and Golden mountains, upon good policy, is not without it. And if it were as strange and new a course, as it is old and common, yet if necessity so require, better it is, I think, to be used then some other more usual and less profitable. But leaving that to judgement and consideration of the wise and judicious, I profess, that for my own part, I do rest resolved, There can no good Plantation be made by us any where, without the use, and great store of such base moneys.  
10. Yet I say further, if the continuance of Gold and Silver 
Tenthly, By Gold and Silver Coins.  coins shall be thought more necessary for these employments, than I conceive them to be, that such a course may be taken (the like whereof hath oft been practised in sundry kingdoms and and dominions upon less occasion than this) that both our present coins may remain safe within our Land, and yet many thousands of pounds in gold and silver may be conferred on those that shall dwell and inhabit in those new Plantations, without any pound or penny charge almost to those that shall the same, on them, for their enriching and encouragement there, confer and bestow.  Resp. 
I do not well understand you in this: by better thinking on your words, it may be I shall: but for your base moneys, I preconceive one very great inconvenience of it, whensoever it shall be called in. The fall of money, as Experience hath proved in England many times here to fore, will be a great prejudice and impoverishment unto all them on whom it doth alight.  Enr. 
1. That need not to be feared (unless the Countries 
An objection of the fall of base money answered.  themselves happen to yield better metals) for many generations yet to come. 2. That loss will be recompensed by the use thereof an hundred fold, before any such fall do, or can come. 3. And it may, whensoever it doth come, so equally be divided by times, that it may so easily be borne, that the posterities may have little cause thereby to complain, that they bear some part of the burden of their Progenitors. Commodit as quaequè sua fert incommoda secum. No commodity but hath his discommodity with it, which must be borne with for a greater good.  Resp. 
I cannot dislike that you say: Proceed, I pray you.  Enr. 
If, either order might be taken, or people be persuaded, 
11. By frugal expenses in Diet, etc.  that they which go over might leave behind them, that (I will not say Superfluity and Excess, which both the place and plenty wherein we live (God be thanked) do, and happily may afford us, but that) variety, costliness, Stateliness, Delicacy, Bravery and Abundance in Apparel, Diet, Building, and all other Provisions, which here many do use, it cannot easily be estimated, how much it might avail to the speedy furtherance, and cheap setting forth of these worthy works. Frugality and Parsimony, like that of ancient times, will better befit the infancy and uprisings of any commonwealth which ever have been, and necessarily must be, or else they will never frame well, rude and plain. It was never better with Rome itself, (whose best men, saith one of their best Authors, in privatis rebus, suisque sumptibus minimo contenti, tenuissimo cultu vivebant, etc. In private estates, and matters of their own charges, contented with a very little, did live with very slender provision) than when her Consuls and Dictator's were taken from the plough, and her Senators served at the table in earthen plate: and never merrier in England, then when Farmers would wear none other than their own home-made cloth; when Gentlemen delighted to have plenty, rather than dainty, at their tables, and the best Housekeepers held them rather to their own country yield, then to foreign and far fetched provision.  
Some be of the mind. That though all other means failed, if they alone that roist and riot out their goods and wealth in 
An extravagant.  pride and vanity, in drunkenness and gluttony, and other like disordered courses: And many there be, (woe be to them therefore, as witnesseth the holy Ghost, Esa. 5. 11. and 22. and cap. 22. 13. Ezek. 16. 40. Luk. 16. 19 and other places more.) that indeed do so lavish and waste that they have, by such intemperate and devilish courses, as if they were nati consumere fruges, had no other thoughts but how to havoc and spoil, and made that the very end of their life here, to see the end of all before they go hence: If these, I say, could be either persuaded or compelled to bestow that, or but half that, (so luxurious is our land become) which so prodigally and profanely they profuse and spend upon this pious, good, and necessary use, that that alone, would abundantly suffice to supply all the wants of this work, and to bring it to a speedy and an excellent end. But since there is little hope that they which will not see their own shame, and foresee their and theirs undoing and overthrow, should have any mind or care of others (of the common good) I will not vouchsafe the Observation thereof any number in my Account, but leave it as an Extranagam, to themselves and others, not denying yet, but that sometimes, Quo minimè credas, Gurgite piscis erit: where is least hope, there may be some help. 
12. By the godly parsimony of the richer sort at home.   
12. But if the richer and better sort of our people, men of good place and fashion, whom God hath blessed with plenty and abundance of worldly wealth, and great store of riches, could be pleased and induced out of their gratuity to God, and love to their country and poorer brethren therein, to pair off a little of their superfluities and delicacies, which from their tables, and their apparel, etc. might well bespared, and bestow and employ it upon such good uses as these, the helping and setting forth of the poorer sort, the ridding and clearing of this their own country, which they see over-laid with mulritude, and the planting and inhabiting of other Countries, I suppose without any damage and want to themselves, they might do a work acceptable to God, beneficial to many, and to these works of Plantations much available and helpful. I have read of the Lacedaemons, a people among the heathen of special note for their virtuous and good conditions, that understanding 
Lacedæmonians.  some of their neighbours in a time of famine to be in great want, pitying their distress, and having no other ways where with to relieve them, they did by a general consent save one meal apiece, and sent that to their needy neighbours, who found themselves thereby wonderfully refreshed. I would not wish that any should pinch his body, and eat a bit the less, or wear a garment the worse for this matter: it would abundantly suffice, and rise to a great account, if those that are able, and do abound, would spare, I say not one meal in a week, not two in a month, but and it were, but the value of one week's expenses in a whole year, which without any feeling or sign at all, as it were, might easily be deducted from the whole, and their bellies nothing the less fed and filled, nor their bodies any thing the worse clothed and covered. Saint Paul in his time found the Macedonians so ready to well doing, that in their poverty, yea their extreme poverty, their rich liberality abounded even to strangers, and I hope it is not out of hope that our rich English people in our time may be induced and moved out of their superfluity and great abundance, to confer somewhat this way on their near neighbours and native countrymen.  
Some of these, or rather all these courses put in practice, for Singula si valeant, iuncta necesse iweent, it cannot be there should want in common purse, money and means, (for what can want, where money wants not?) for thespeedy and ready expedition and accomplishment of these worthy exploits.  Resp. 
Your conceits for raising of money seem to me, to be exceeding good and sufficient: but I think, you cannot as easily conceive like means for getting of people to go to these Plantations.  Enr. 
For getting of people to be transplanted, the intended 
To procure people to go, what means might be used. 1. By Proclamation.  Project I see, is, That none be constrained thereunto, but only such admitted, as of themselves be willing, and do offer themselves unto it. Which holding, it seemeth to me it were good.  
That either by some Proclamation, or Escript in print, notice of the intended Plantation, together with some 
a There is a precedent of this form set forth by Robert Harecourt Esquire, in the end of his Deseription of his voyage to Guiana.  declaration of the benefits, commodities, and privileges which they of every quality, that will go over to inhabit there, specially the three first years shall receive & enjoy, were given throughout the Land, as well in every 
b This I see is now reasonably well performed by Captain R. Whitbourne who hath obtained his Books to be dispersed into all parishes: saving that his project is for one only plantation, viz. Newfound Land, but that I intent should be for all, or one after another successively, as they go on, and with more Authority.  parish Church, as in every market town, to try who will be willing. For now many hear not of it at all, many, because it is but a Rumour, believe not the report thereof, and in a manner all, because they have no certain intelligence, either of the present state of the Country to be planted, or of the benefit there to be had, and of the manner of proceeding therein, regard it not. This way present trial would be made, who would give in their names, to that end: and if the Inland do not, yet the Seacost towns like enough would somewhat hearken unto it.  
2. Thereto it would also further much, I suppose, if therewithal some good order might be settled in every City and Haven town within the Land, whether they that dwell near thereto might repair, for Conditions and Agreements about their habitation otherwhere, & Transportation thither. When men must seek for very notice only of these matters 100 miles or more, it makes them weary to think of it. All the helps that can be had, for easy, safe, certain, and commodious notice and removing, will be all little enough, and exceeding requisite and behooveful.  
3. Likewise, if order could be taken that the removing of those that depart hence, might be principally made in some parts of the Land one year, and in some another, that so all that upon good notice thereof had and taken, be fet therehence to be removed, might be removed all together at once, or at twice at the most: This, probable it is, would cause many to be more willing, then otherwise they will be, to depart hence, while they shall see some good store and company of their kinsfolks, friends, neighbours, and acquaintance, to go away together with them. For, going into a strange place, men cannot but as it were naturally desire both to go, and to be there with such as they know before and are formerly acquainted with, rather than with mere strangers; and be fearful to commit both themselves and all that they have, wholly, to those that they never saw before.  
Fourthly, This could not but be a good motive and encouragement 
Fourthly, By provision supplied.  to many, but a far greater this, if special order shall also be taken, that those that shall depart hence, be supplied most carefully and sufficiently with all kind of provisions fit and necessary for the life of man, which those parts and Countries yield not; as Food and Apparel, Corn to sow and plant, cattle great and small for breed and other uses, Iron, edge-tools, Armour, etc. that so having all such necessaries duly and ordinarily brought unto them, they may have every thing in their Markets to be bought and sold, somewhat like as they were used to have them here in England.  
And this must be continued not for once or twice only, nor at an Harbour or two, but in every part of the Plantations, and from time to time, till the Plantations shall be able of themselves to stand up, and continue without them. If people may perceive such order to be settled, and like to be carefully observed; as it will well comfort the friends of the departed that remain here behind; so it will both comfort and encourage those that shall depart hence, seeing themselves well to be provided for, and not left, being once removed, to all adventures and uncertainties.  
This matter is of that moment, that it is the first thing and the greatest that troubles the mind of any, when speech is made to them of departing hence into any new Country, of dwelling in a foreign Land: What they shall do there? How they shall live when they come thither? And it takes that deep impression in the heart of many, that unless they may foresee a clear and evident resolution thereof, there is no more possibility to persuade them to remove, then to run themselves into the Fire, or cast themselves headlong into the Sea. This doubt therefore being once well cleared, and people made to see that they shall not need to fear this way, people will be three times more willing to go then yet they are.  
It is not all one for men to go into any of the present Plantations, as it hath been to go into Ireland, whither if any could go provided of Money in any measure, he needed nothing else. For there he was sure to have any thing he needed for his Money, at a better and cheaper rate than in England. But in these places he must have all things either carried along with him, or brought thither after him, and that at a dearer price and higher reckoning then in England.  
People of our breed cannot live as the Saluages and Natives there do, that is, more like beasts than men. Whatsoever therefore those Countries yield not, and people in these have been used to have, must most carefully be provided them, lest left destitute that way, they seem as cast out into wild and forsaken wildernesses, and exposed to famine and other miseries too grievous to them to bear.  Resp. 
I have heard, that our men have in some of our Plantations felt much extremity this way.  Enr. 
If any such disastrous accident have befallen any, I wish the notice thereof buried in the Gulf of Oblivion: and for my part I neither will revive the memory of any such, nor by my good will, hear it recited by any, because I know, it will inflict such a wound in these actions, as will not be healed again by the plaster of five times as many good events.  Resp. 
I think so too: For except a man be of a very dull apprehension, he will quickly thence conclude, that men were better to abide and live in poverty, yea in beggary at home, then to perish and dye by penury and misery abroad. And indeed, no man can say, but that better it were, that men were not removed at all, than not seconded and supplied at all. Bona benè, Good actions be then good, when they be handled and acted in a good sort. But hoping that future times may bring forth fairer events, and former perils (if any have been, for more may be told, then is true) produce greater carefulness and diligence, for your courses mentioned, though, I like them well, yet I cannot believe they will be sufficient to work your intended effect.  Enr. 
5 If these courses suffice not, as I believe also that 
5. By Vagrant Persons.  they will not (for so are men, Englishmen especially, and of them, most of all the Inland sort, wedded to their native Soil like a Snail to his Shell, or as the Fable is, A Mouse to his Chest, that they will rather even starve at home, then seek store abroad) me thinks it might be good, that strict order were taken, to take up all such vagrant persons, as now contrary to the Statute wander about the Country loitering, begging, etc. of which sort many are strong and able persons, such as could and would work and labour well, if they were well ordered and employed. And that such, I mean the strong and able ones, were set forth at the common charge of the place, either where they are apprehended, or aught to be relieved.  
Sixthly, To these might be added such as are imprisoned and 
6. Prisoners.  convicted for any small offences, not deserving death; as for picking, and stealing, Sheepe-stealing, etc. and some too of an higher degree, if the Magistrate shall see it good. Of these many commit such crimes, for very need and pure hunger (For what will not Necessity, which knows no Law, and Hunger, which breaks stone walls, enforce men unto?) who no doubt being first chastised, and then well governed, and of better means provided, may prove honest and good men and women afterward. Let no man despair, no not of such, remembering and considering well what the Apostle saith of and to the Corinthians, 1. Cor 6. 9, 10, & 11. and Tit. 3. 3, 4. and Gal. 6. 1. And what is written of those that followed David, before he came to the Crown, 1. Sam. 22. 2. which for brevity's sake, to recite and apply, I purposely forbear. These of both sorts, might be kept in some Houses of Correction next adjoining, till they can conveniently be shipped away. This course well observed and continued two or three years, would so purge the Land of evil weeds, as Galen never better purged his diseased Patients, nor Hercules the Augean Stables.  Resp. 
I harkened when you would reckon up maimed and aged Soldiers, of whom the Romans in their Colonies, as I have heard, made great reckoning.  Enr. 
7 It may be: but the state of our Plantations and 
Seventhly, Maimed Soldiers.  their Colonies be very different. They provided in theirs liberal maintenance for such as could not labour, but we provide room in ours for them only that can labour Maimed Soldiers are oftentimes not serviceable, and therefore will be a burden to the whole where they come. If any of them be fit for labour, and able to do themselves and the Undertakers good, I doubt not but that they which are to provide for them allowance at home, will be as willing and ready to provide it for them otherwhere also, if they may perceive it to be more beneficial for all parties. And in this time of our long continued Peace, God be thanked, the number of them is not increased, but decreased to a small account. When occasion doth so require, and opportunity serve, there is no doubt but that way, they also may be provided for, and help to make up the number.  Resp. 
Proceed, I pray you, with the rest.  Enr. 
8 There is yet a better course and a readier than any 
Eighthly, Cottagers.  of the former, and that is, Whereas there be infinite store of houses, erected in corners and waste plots under Hedges, and by the highways sides, contrary to the Statute of 31. Eliz. 7. if due order might be taken, that by a certain day in every year (for all, as evacuation in dangerous Apostumes, cannot be done at once) a certain number, as a third or fourth part of them, designed for the purpose, by time, by lot, or other like means, might be quite taken down, and utterly razed for ever, the Inhabitants enjoined by that day to provide for themselves otherwhere, such Houses as by Law ought to stand, or else to depart the Land, to some or other of the places to be inhabited, assured there to be provided for in a far better sort.  
9 To these aught to be added another sort no less cumbersome 
Ninthly, Inmates.  to the Land, viz. Inmates, I mean such, as being in no possibility of the reversion of the house wherein they dwell, or of any other legal Tenement, do, contrary to the Statute likewise, thrust into houses with and under the right Tenants. Of both which sorts, together the Land doth so superabound, that in many parishes, I speak but what I know, they are half or more than half so many as the right Tenants, and legal Inhabitants are. The riddance of them, would be an inestimable clearing of the Country of many an untoward generation, and a notable disburdening of many a parish of intolerable and annual expenses.  Resp. 
These, above any other, I could wish were rid out of the Country: I and such other poory husbandmen, do live much the worse for them. And our Land, I am persuaded, can never thrive, so long as these Drones do encumber it.  Enr. 
Indeed they are a superfluous Multitude, and fittest of all other to be rid away: as who, not only in regard of their personal estates, have for the most part little here to trust unto: but also, are for their bodies and breeding, best able, a thing very necessary in these intendments, to endure any hardness or labour by Sea or by Land, within doors or without. Whom therefore it were no reason, either foolish pity of the Governors on the one side, or covetous favour of greedy Landlords on the other side, should any longer here retain, to their own, and the whole countries great hurt and encumbrance.  
The States of our Land, in making of that Statute, do show sufficiently that they both found then, and foresaw, that much hurt did and would accrue unto this our Land by this superfluous crew, who if they had as prudently taken order for their placing elsewhere, from time to time, as they grew up, as they did providently enact the not placing of them here, long or this we should have had some or other New England filled with thousands of them, made as rich and happy by transplantation, as now they are poor and needy subjects to our King by their commoration: and we should not, as now we are, be pestered with their abode among us.  
To forbid them to build here, and not to appoint them place to build and plant in elsewhere, unless they could have forbidden them to be bred and to breed and increase any where, was to as little purpose, as for a Physician to show his patient the disease, but to prescribe or give him for his disease no remedy.  
10. If all these courses sufficed not, and yet I am persuaded 
10. Soldiers, in garrisons.  verily the former yield might quickly be of young and old an hundred thousand at the least, I see not any sufficient let or just cause, why beyond all these both Soldierlike, a good great press might not be made of some thousands yearly of persons fit to be removed, which being once transplanted thither, as soldiers into Garrison, might so be severed, as might seat them for habitation, and set them (being not loiterers and thriftless fellows, but men of employment, handicrafts, labourers, etc.) while wars let not, to service and employment for the common and their own private good: and also Servant like, a good 
And servants.  number of poor men's children, both boys and maids, but maids especially of nine or ten years old and upward, be taken up, which according to the Statute of 43. Eliz. 2. and 1. jam. 25. might be placed as servants or apprentices with such as go over to inhabit there.  Resp. 
If there should be so great a number, and such kind of persons as you intimate, it cannot be but that many idlers and unprofitable persons will go among them likewise, which likely it is will do more harm then good: would you then have no respect to be had to some rather than other to go?  Enr. 
It is true that as it is here at home, so it will be abroad. In a multitude there will ever be some that are but unprofitable, yet would I have none to be left out (so as they be serviceable and not maimed and utterly unable) that can be had, because there is some hope that Necessity, Occasion and Opportunity may make many of them to leave loitering there, that here happily have nothing else to do: and for that their very presence and number cannot but be some comfort & strength of the Plantation.  
But withal, and above all, special regard ought to be had, to draw thither (as I have before once or twice insinuated) men of special and present employment, that is, men of such Trades, Faculties, Sciences, Handicrafts, Occupations and Employments, as are most necessary for a present and uprising common wealth; such, as without whom, there can be no commodious or good dwelling or living at all for men, men of our breed & manner of Living any where. For man's life you know is such as cannot stand in any good sort without the help and supply of many very many other men besides himself.  Resp. 
What sort of persons are those whom you take to be so necessary, that without them there can be no good Plantation or Cohabitation for men, men of our breed any where?  Enr. 
They are these, and the like. Armourers, Bakers, Barbers, 
divers sorts of men necessary for a Plantation.  Bookesellers, Butchers, Bowmakers, Brewers, Bricklaiers. Carpenters, Chandler's, Clothiers, Cooper's, Cutlers. Dyer's, Draper's Feltmakers Fishers, fletcher's, Fowlers, Fuller's. gardiner's, Glasmakers, Glasiers, Glover's, Grocers. Hatters, Horners, Husbandmen, Innkeeper's, joiners. Labourers, Lymeburners, Linnen-weavers'. Masons, Mariners, Merchants, Millers, Mill-wrights. Nailers, Netmakers. Parchment makers, Pewterers, Physicians, Apothecaries, Pointmakers, Printers. Ropers. Saddlers, Sailors, Saltmakers, sawyer's, Siveyars, Shearmen, Shipwrights, Shoemakers, Smiths, Soapemakers, Soldiers, Surgeons. Tailors, Tanners, Thatchers, Tilers, Turner's. Vintners, Upholsters. Wheele-wrights, Wherrymen, Wollen-weavers', &c Of all these sorts of persons there must go some. Some of other sorts, as in a common wealth furnished there are many, may be expedient likewise: but these are all so necessary, that it is hard to say, which of them all can be spared, and need not presently to be had.  Resp. 
But most of these sorts of people are so well set a work here in England, and so necessary for our commonwealth, that few or none of them will be induced to go hence, and seek their fortunes other where.  Enr. 
Nay, rather they are so ill set a work here, that many of them have as much need as any other to seek work, employment and dwelling otherwhere. For there be so many of all Trades, Sciences, and Occupations, that one cannot live for another. They that be workmen do often loiter for lack of work many days & weeks together: and when they can have work, are fain to do it better cheap than they can afford, and were wont to do. So it is with Shopkeepers, they hardly can find any place where to set up Shop, all places being already full and overfull. Little utterance of their ware can they make, and are oft informed to take money so much underhand, that they can hardly get or save thereby.  
2. If their own distress and present evil state will not prevail sufficiently with men of these qualities to move them to go, considering that such must be had, and of some sorts of them great store: (for without them no Plantation at all can any where be made:) such courses may, and must be taken, partly by the bettering of their estates there, with promise and assurance of some good portions of lands, houses and benefits, if they will go, and partly by impairing of their estates here, with less work, and worse utterance, if they will not go, as may make them either willing or at least content to go.  Resp. 
You have spoken much concerning people to be had for a Plantation, that for this matter, I think you have no more to say.  Enr. 
Yes, very much. For all these hitherto mentioned, though they be a multitude indeed, and enough to make a very large Plantation out of hand, yet without others conjoined with them, will they be for the most part, but a rude and silly multitude. You have forgotten it seemeth & so had I too almost, & no marvel, for I find them of others but little remembered, one sort of people most needful of all others to be had; I mean Ministers of the word of God. For whom, if care be not taken, 
11. Ministers of the word.  that they may be had, and being had, that they may forthwith and condignly be provided for, which is, after the example of God himself, who in dividing the land of Canaan, laid out the Lot of Levi with the first, and that a fair and goodly one too, as you read Num 18. and 35. in vain may we look for any notable blessing from God upon the Attempts. If they be altogether omitted and neglected, or shifted off for the present with fair words, or led on a little with beggarly stipends, (a profane kind of pay, and not made partakers, and that in ample sort, with their people, of such means as they do live upon, viz. Trade, 
How they may be provided for.  Turf, and Tithes, farewell good Ministry there for ever: Their portions once seized and settled in the hands of lay men, as too much experience shows here at home, will never in good and due manner and measure be gotten out again. Wherefore as it is necessary and fit, that the countries be presently distinted into parishes, so withal, and more than so necessary and fit it is, that the Ministers part be allotted and laid out with it. A thing at first, before proper and private rights be settled, as easy (I hope) to be had, as to be asked for: which how much the better it is effected, so much the better, and the more, be we well assured, shall the work, the main work prosper and please God.  Resp. 
But do you think it not lawful to provide for the Ministers of the word, otherwise then by tithes, which many will hardly yield, now in the time of the Gospel, to be due to them by God's law.  Enr. 
Whether Tithes be due, De iure divino, I leave to Divines. But taking that only which all be agreed upon, that is, that the Minister must have a very competent, liberal, and certain Maintenance, which cannot be less than the Tenth. For allotting thereof whether they shall like better to follow the example of our own Progenitors, the ancient Inhabitants of this Land, who imitating God himself in his practice before touched, as we may see with our eyes every where, though a great part thereof be now taken from the Church by impropriations, and abridged to the Church by Customs, Prescriptions, and other like, did not account the Church to be sufficiently provided for, unless, besides Tithes and Oblations, it were endowed with some fair portion of good and convenient ground called the Glebe, or in stead of both, both Tithes and Glebero allot and allow the Church a full Tenth of Ground only, I mean the tenth part of every man's Tenure, as he that hath a thousand Acres of ground, to allow an hundred of them to the Church, and so to pay no tithe at all, as which would be more troublesome to the Minister to gather, and more grudging and laboursome to the parishioner to lay out, as we find by daily experience here in England, I see no great cause why any should refuse or dislike it. For either way the Minister may have a very sufficient stable and certain maintenance.  Resp. 
This latter way, Ministers of Churches shall be too much encumbered with husbandry, and distracted from their studies.  Enr. 
They may easily avoid that, if of the whole, they reserve out for their own Table, a reasonable quantity only, as their Glebe here in England, and divide the rest into Tenements, which they may let to other men, that may yield them rents and fines, as do Tenants here in England to their Landlords: after which sort also there be in England, some lands belonging to Benefices with Cures.  Resp. 
I have made you digress a little too much happily, by my so many questions. I pray you, therefore, now return to that you were saying.  Enr. 
Besides these, Ministers of Churches, whether it shall not be requisite, that as great a number almost of other Scholars, 
12. Other scholars for teaching of youth.  for the teaching of children, and training up of youth, as well in the Languages, as in all other good Literature, be likewise procured and sent forth: (for as it is not fit, so indeed it is not always possible, the Ministers alone should undergo this charge also.) I leave it at large, to every man's consideration.  Resp. 
That such men, viz. Ministers and Schoolmasters should be had, it must needs be granted to be most requisite and necessary: but I believe it will not be very easy to procure them. For Scholars now a days are most of them of a tender breed, and such as will hardly brook the Seas: and England is provided of many good means of Maintenance for them, and therefore they will be loath to seek after less, and worse otherwhere.  Enr. 
To furnish the Ministry and Schools, the Universities of our Land, solicited thereunto, cannot do less than send 
Means that may be used for procuring such men to go.  forth either of them yearly some few, and it be but two or three apiece. And there are few Dioceses in the land beside, which having in them diverse sufficient and able men in those functions, not yet in any measure competently provided for; may not also do the like. And fit and necessary it is, that for the encouragement of men at the first, to these employments, there should somewhat more than ordinary shares, as I may say, that is, some what more than what will hold but while their breath holds, be proposed and offered to men of that rank? For in them also the old saying happily will be found true, Ducimur omnes praemio.  
2. If neither desire to further Christ's kingdom, nor to seek their own preferment, can prevail with any so far as Sua Sponte, to give themselves to so good a work, I see not why, the Church itself, or, the Bishop himself, should not be thought to have authority and power enough to thrust forth Labourers into this Harvest, and to lay this charge upon such as shall be fit for it, enjoining them to go in the Name of God, as was done,  
Act. 8. 14. and 13. 2. and 15. 22. and Galat. 29.  
3 Such course and care may also be had at the first in division of parishes, that all parishes being made of a competent largeness (& not as here in England too too many are, so little that theyyeeld the Minister neither one quarter of a comfortable & goodly congregation, or auditory nor one half of a competent and honest maintenance) both the fewer Ministers may suffice, and they that be, may have competent and commendable allowance to live upon for them and their families.  
4. Also it must be considered, that if Scholars, that is, Graduates, and men of note for learning, cannot be had, it may suffice sometimes that such be invited to the Ministry, as are of mean knowledge, so as they have good utterance, and be of sound and honest life and conversation.  Resp. 
I did little think that you would have thought any such fit for that place.  Enr. 
Why not? In England itself we are fain sometimes to receive such into the Ministry, & I believe so it will be as long as England is England: much more may it be borne within the infancy of a Church, where neither Schools, nor other means for learned and able men are yet planted Better such than none. 
Ruffian hist. Eccles. lib. 1. cap. 9   
I have read in an ancient Ecclesiastical History, that on a time there were two lay men that made a voyage unto the Indians, and remaining there a good while, they did in the best 
Socrat. hist. Eccl. lib. 1. cap. 15.  manner they could, inform and persuade many of them to the Christian faith, and found the people very tractable. At length returning home, one of them, whose name was Frumentius, coming to Alexandria his city, goeth unto the Bishop of the place, which at that time was Athanasius, that renowned Clerk surnamed for his great learning & sincerity in faith Oculus mundi, the eye of the world, & acquaints him with the matter, praying him withal, that he would send a Bishop and other Teachers thither, that might go forward with that work of the Lord, of which he said, there was great hope. Athanasius having called together for that purpose the Clergy of his city, considering a little of the matter, stands up and saith; And where shall we find such a man, so fit for this employment, as yourself (Frumentius) are, in whom is the spirit of our God? and thereupon presently all the rest approving it, he made him a Minister, and a Bishop, and sent him back (with others) forthwith to furnish what he had begun, and the Lord made the work to prosper in his hand, confirming the word with many signs and wonders following, saith the History.  
By this story you may see, that holy men of God, even in the primitive Church, did not stand much upon it, to admit mean men, and not professed scholars only into the Ministry, where they saw other gifts correspondent: and withal, that Bishops used in those times, and had power and authority, to send forth men into foreign countries, to preach and plant the Gospel. And of these kind of men let this suffice.  
13. But then farther, besides these last mentioned, and above 
13. Men of name and note to be Governors, etc.  all these hitherto spoken of, I add, there must be, by some means or other, drawn and induced to go, as Governors and Leaders of the rest, some store of men of Name and Note, men by whose power and authority, greatness and gravity, purse and presence the multitude afore mentioned, may be encouraged, ordered, and guided. Common sense and reason can sufficiently inform every man, that no body can consist without a head, nor Army without a General, no company without a Conductor, and no society without a Ruler. And Nature herself teaching the Amazonian Bees, not to swarm without their Lady, and the Cranes not to fly without their Leader, may easily teach us, that we shall transgress the very order of Nature, and neglect that instinct which is ingraffed in all, if we shall make such a removal without the conduct of such men, as for their place and power, birth and breed, may be fit to order and rule, to support and settle the rest And if men of this rank would once roundly set their foot to this way, and their hand to this work, as Moses did with the Elders of Israel towards the Land of Canaan, Aeneas and the noble Troyans' into Italy, and Brutus and his Allies for this Land, it were not to be doubted, but their example and industry would more prevail in one year or two to draw multitudes with and after them, than all the projects hitherto, without such attempted, have procured.  Resp. 
If men of place and authority in the Temporal State (for of them only you seem to speak) be so necessary unto such a work, as you seem to imply, me thinks it should be as necessary likewise, that there should go some, that may carry like authority and place in the estate Ecclesiastical.  Enr. 
I am of the same mind also. It cannot be but requisite 
14. And that in the Ecclesiastical estate as well as in the temporal.  and necessary, that as well for the governing of Ministers themselves already made, as also for the ordering or making of more where need is, for the Institution of them to Churches, for the Division of Parishes, the endowing, erecting, and consecrating of Churches, and other like Episcopal and Ecclesiastical duties and employments, which must be followed and exercised instantly, if we mean to make a Christian and Religious Plantation indeed, there should go some one or more, according to the greatness of the Plantation, to be Bishop there, and some others besides, that shall exercise under him or them Ecclesiastical authority and jurisdiction, lest faction and confusion, like Tares among the Wheat, grow faster there, then Religion, Order, and Peace of the Church.  Resp. 
Now I suppose, you have said enough for this matter more it is I am sure, then ever I heard in all my life, and so much as makes me think certainly, that if in such a sort, as you have employed, and with such persons, a Plantation were set forth, than it would prosper indeed.  Enr. 
You think I have said all in all, that can be said: but I tell you, there is one thing yet unsaid, which (in mine opinion) is more material than any one thing whatsoever hitherto mentioned. That indeed which must and would give life to all the rest, and without which, the whole attempt wheresoever it be, seems to me, to be like a building on the sand, which you know will in the end have a fall and the fall thereof will be very great, Mat. 7. 27.  Resp. 
I long to hear what that should be, for I can conceive nothing to be so much yet wanting to this work. I pray you hold my thoughts in suspense no longer.  Enr. 
This it is▪ That his Majesty would be pleased to entitle 
The fifteenth and chiefest of all, is, That his Majesty would entitle himself King of that Country in which the present Plantation shall be.  himself King and supreme Governor of that Country, wherein the Plantation shall proceed, as at this present of Newfoundland; that so they that plant and dwell there, may know directly and expressly under whose dominions they dwell, and so rest thereby assured of his Regal protection and defence upon all occasions as well as if they remained in England. This, this obtained, would encourage and embolden many that now doubt and fear, to go willingly, and to adventure goods and life therein resolutely. This would make them joyful and jovial to proceed, who now are doubtful and fearful, as those that cannot tell in whose Land, and within whose kingdom it is that they shall dwell there, and that would be loath to dwell but within his Majesty's Dominions.  Resp. 
That is known sufficiently by his Majesty's Letters Patents, granted to sundry honourable Personages and other, that send thither.  Enr. 
It is known to them that have the Patents, but it is not known to all them that should go under the Patentees. It is also well known by common fame and rumour, but it is not so well known, as if by Proclamation it were published in every Town and City; not so well, as if in every Church, he were prayed for by the Name of King of that Country, as well as of England, France, and Ireland.  Resp. 
This must be a matter of great moment, out of doubt. It puts me in mind of somewhat that I read a great while ago in our English Chronicles, in the time of King Edward the third, viz. How that when he made claim to the Crown of France, to which he was the next lawful heir and successor, yet all his certain right and just claim notwithstanding, some of his Allies and Confederates beyond Sea (being but voluntaries) refused to assist him in Arms, unless he would first, and until he did take on him the style and Title of King of France.  Enr. 
By that you may perceive, there is something in this particular, more than many do conceive. And now touching these two main points before mentioned, viz. the procuring of Men and Money to such a business, as we entreat of, let this suffice.  Resp. 
And well it may: For unless it be, as you said before, by Act of Parliament, which alone is able to settle an absolute course for these excellent designs, this is as much, I think, as by most inferior courses can well be effected: but yet for my further satisfaction, let me, I pray you be bold to move unto you, a doubt or two more, that come to my mind.  Enr 
Do you so: I shall do the best I can to put you out of 
Certain objections answered.  your doubts.  Resp. 
The course you intimate, is a matter of great expense. 
1 Object.   Enr. 
It is indeed: But thereof say I, First, Many a particular 
Answ.  will bear and discharge his own: othersome, a great deal of his own part.  
Secondly, A great part of the expenses will soon be repaid again: some, in the Commodities thence returned: some, in the easement and disburdening of their wont charge and encumbrance here at home.  
Thirdly, People cannot live any where without expense.  
Fourthly, Be it a matter of some good quantity, that must arise out of the Common Purse, is not our whole Land able to bear it? Suppose there should go ten or twenty thousands yearly for a time unto our Plantations, what were that, with the help of particulars, to England's Purse? If in time of war, it were able without any grievance, almost any feeling, to maintain six or seven, yea, ten or twelve thousand Soldiers in the Field the whole year, from year to year for a time; as easily might it be able, or else I am much deceived, to transport, and that with very competent provision yearly, twice as many thousand persons at the least, into those Plantations.  Resp. 
The removing of so many, may seem superfluous. 
2 Object.   Enr. 
I will not say, but I may be deceived: But surely in my 
Answ.  conceit, It were necessary that there should go rather more than fewer than I have said. My reasons are:  
First, The multitude that aboundeth in our Land, is so exceeding great, that without great riddance, the benefit thereof at home, will be little seen, and less felt. For more will yearly arise then are removed. To draw out a proportion somewhat fit in this case; there are in England only at this present, eight thousand Parishes at the least, as I conjecture, and certain it is, as all the Church Registers in England, I think, will justify, there are more borne every year, then buried. Say, but two in a Parish one with another, and that is with the least, I am sure, yet that amounts to sixteen thousand in one year. The increase being such, what decrease there had need be made to bring the whole to abide somewhat equal, may soon be perceived. Farther, let men look back to the beginning of the late Queen's reign, or thereabout, and see in what state the Land stood then for people, and he shall perceive, that even then it did begin to exceed: so that unless it may again be reduced to that mediocrity at least, and there stand, it can be in no tolerable estate. This cannot be effected, but by such a number at least, removed as I have intimated.  Resp. 
Indeed within my remembrance, that is, within these forty or fifty years, our Parish is increased in such a sort, that there be now almost twice as many Houses in it, as once there were, and these newly increased, but Cottages most of them set up in waste places of the highways: the Inhabitants whereof, are nothing but a burden unto us, and do very much trouble and annoy us, that be the ancient Tenants, and true Householders: and I perceive that the removing of one or two of them, were to little purpose. The greatest part of them, or rather all, if it were possible, must be rid away, or else we shall be little the near for it. And so it had need be, in your understanding, the whole Land over.  Enr. 
You conceive me aright. Secondly, Farther, the Plantations now in hand are diverse: these all cannot be settled in any form, nor brought to any good estate, without the like numbers transported, whereby they may be enabled in every of them: First, To occupate or take in forthwith, such a large continent of ground, as may be fit for settling the bounds of their Plantation there. Secondly, That they may be able to begin their Cities, Towns, and Parishes, in such reasonable spaciousness, as may become so worthy an attempt: which cannot be, unless their number be such, that they may have to begin withal, for every City they build, a thousand; for every Market Town, an hundred; and for every Country Parish, twenty or thirty Households at the least. Which begun with such convenient distance, and sufficient ampleness of ground annexed, may admit in time, a double or treble increase. And thirdly, To have and set up among themselves, all manner of Sciences, Trades, Handicrafts, and Employments necessary and convenient for the cohabitation and life of Man.  Resp. 
This would require a greater number than yet you have 
3 Object.  spoken of, I think: so great out of all question, as in all England is not to be had.  Enr. 
I am not of your mind: Few men do well consider 
Answ.  what a number for such a purpose in all England, is to be had, if there were once good courses taken for the having of them. For my own part truly, I am fully persuaded, That there are few Towns and Parishes in England, but have in them of all sorts 
How great a number in England may be spared for Plantations.  one and other that might to such a purpose be spared, enough to make and plant in such a sort as I have said before, as great a Town and Parish in some new Plantation, as that within England, in which at this present, they do dwell and abide. A number I suppose sufficient presently to furnish at large, more than all any one Plantation that is now in hand.  
Thirdly, The attempts, at the beginning specially, cannot but be liable to some dangers of the Enemy. If then their number be but small, and they go forth, as hitherto by scores or hundreds, Alas, what strength can they be of, either to subdue the Borderers, or resist the Invaders? The Adversary may wait a time at his best leisure, when they are grown a little worth the rifling, to displant them of their seats: and as to the French, in Terra Florida, the Spaniard did, to dispatch them of their lives. Whereas, if they go out by thousands, or ten thousands, as all good Plantations should, and ever have done. First, They shall be able to withstand, and (if need be) to subdue the Naturals adjacent: and then within a few years, partly of themselves, and partly by the assistance of their Confederates, which the stronger they see ours to be, the firmer no doubt will they be unto them, they will by God's blessing and aid, be so well fortified by Land, and provided by Sea, that they shall as little need to fear any foreign forces there, as we, God be praised, do here: and happily, grow no less famous for martial and civil policy both, in that Continent, than our Nation is in this.  
Fourthly, Now it is a fit time, and we are well at leisure for such a purpose, to attend such an employment, whereas, if any trouble, if any wars, by Sea, or by Land, should arise us here, (And do we think, or are we sure, these Haltion days will ever hold?) we should have neither time, nor means to spare, to prosecute any such business abroad. As therefore, a man that will build a great House, must follow it closely, while the Summer lasteth, and the weather is fair, lest the Winter come on, which will both hurt and hinder his work: so, it is good for us, in this fair time of Peace, and Summer like weather of leisure and liberty, to follow these businesses with speed, lest in time we say: Had we thought this. We know, Pòst est occasio calua. This is a point of that worth, and weight, that it alone, me thinks, should be enough to stir up all England, to take heed that she do not sit still, judg. 18. 9 and let it slip out of her hands. For, as saith the Poet:  

Nec quae praeterijt, cursu revocabitur unda:  
Nec quae praeterijt, hora redire potest.   
That is:  

Nor can the tide that's ebbed and gone, int's proper course revoked be:  
Nor can the time when once it's past, return again, we plainly see.   
Fifthly, If this work should be intercepted by any unexpected accident, before it be brought to some perfection, that is: That the present Plantation may, if need be, for a time subsist of itself; in what a misery should they be (poor wretches) that have adventured the first attempt? And (which God forbid) who can tell, if we dally and delay, and make not greater speed thither, and thereabout, then yet we do, whether some other Nation, of better spirit, and worthier resolution, may not, to our great shame and confusion, step in before us, and stop the gate against us?  
Sixthly, Besides, the setting forth by great numbers, is no small encouragement unto them that do go forth for the present, and a notable inducement to others, as unto a hopeful business, to second them from time to time hereafter: whereas, on the contrary (as experience plainly proves) this going forth by handfuls, discomforts them that be sent away, emboldens the Adversary, discredites the Action, and (But who can reckon up all the evils thereof?) discourageth every one that heareth thereof, to adventure either his person, or his purse in it; as doubting lest the attempt come at length, as other-like heretofore have done, to just nothing: and that they which are thither gone, are, as banished or condemned persons, but cast away.  
These causes and reasons considered, I rest confident that it is necessary, there should into these Plantations be removed, yearly for a time, ten or twelve thousands at the least.  
Whom these satisfy not, I might send to the Bee-hives, where they may observe, that the smallest swarms do seldom prosper, but the greatest never lightly fail: or to the Locusts of the Earth, in whom Solomon, Prou. 30. 37. noteth this for a point of their excellent wisdom, that they go forth by heaps, or great troops. But not resting thereon, though these natural experiments are not to be despised, I will remit them to one of the greatest Politicians that ever was among men, I mean Moses, a man full of the Spirit of God, and all wisdom, who conducting the Children of Israel to the Landward of promise, a Land formerly inhabited, a Land already builded and planted, a Land reasonably well cleared of Woods and wild-Beasts; yet tells them (whose number was not small, as this one instance may declare, viz. that when they came out of Egypt, there were of them, men, besides Children and Strangers, Six hundred thousand, and this withal, that when they passed into the Land, forty years after, under the hand of joshua, out of two Tribes and an half, that dwelled on this side jordan, there went, forty thousand men of war to assist the rest) that therefore the Lord would not destroy their Enemies all at once, but by little and little, lest the wild-Beasts of the Field should increase upon them, Deuter. 7. 22. Whence they may gather, That if so great a multitude were, in Moses opinion, with the least, to inhabit an empty Land, of no greater Continent and spaciousness then that was, and it were but for fear of the increase of the wild-Beasts against them, and therefore upon good policy, and for a time, it were better some of the men of that Land, the former Inhabitants, were suffered to remain among them, till themselves were more increased, then may not so small a number, as we commonly send into our Plantations, suffice thereto, and that some greater number than any yet I have intimated, rather than a less (all things considered) were rather more requisite and necessary.  Resp. 
This, the removing of so great a number, will be a great 
4 Object.  weakening and impoverishing to our Land.  Enr. 
No, none at all. For first, The strength of a I and, consisteth 
Answ.  not so much in the number of people, as, in the aptness, and ableness of them unto service. Now, whoso will not be blind, cannot but see, that this multitude, whose removal should chiefly be intended, is neither apt, for want of education, being of the ruder sort; nor able for want of means; being for the most part, of the poorer sort, to strengthen us. There may be more doubt of them rather, lest in time of Peace they raise tumults, and fall to uproars for their bellies sake, and in time of War lest they join with the Enemy, and take parts against us, for our pillage and livings sake: then hope that in Peace, they will enrich and benefit; or in trouble, assist and strengthen our Commonwealth and Country.  
2. If Number only be respected, it will no whit be impaired, but rather bettered, not diminished, but augmented, in that so great a Multitude of us being planted otherwhere, shall become, as it were, mother England, ready, and able upon, all occasions, to join with this. Indeed, if such a number and multitude, as is needful to be removed, should either die in our Land, or be translated out of our Land, into some other Prince's dominion, the want of them might happily be some loss and lack unto our Land: yet when for forty or fifty years ago it was not so overcloied and pestered with multitude, as now it is, it was not found, God be thanked, to want strength: but abiding still subjects to the same king and members of the same dominion, being made by the benefit of Plantation more available to the one, and serviceable to the other, then before, so far is it off, that the absence and want of them shall weaken, that out of all doubt it shall notably strengthen our Land.  
3. As for the impoverishing of the Land this way, there is thereof, nor probability, nor possibility, seeing the greatest number of them, whose Transplantation is most necessary, are they that above all other, do for the present, by their abiding here impoverish and beggar it. For on them is bestowed yearly, the greatest part of all that money, the sum where of is almost inestimable, which is by Overseers and Churchwardens, in every several parish of the Land collected and distributed. And whereas, of this sort of people, this superfuous number, there are increased among us, out of all doubt, here in England alone, within these fifty years, not so few as an hundred thousand (I say not persons, but) families, I presume, if view thereof were made, it would appear, that among them all, there would hardly be found one thousand of subsidy men, as you may perceive by the state of our own parish and others neere-adjoining, wherein if there be now any more subsidy men than were in the Queen's time, they are such only, as are of the ancient inhabitants, and tenants, and not one, or scarce one of the late and new increase.  
4. If there do remove hence any of the better and richer sort that shall, and may carry some store of wealth with them, as there must, if ever there be any good Plantation indeed any where, yet the number of them, both will, and need be but few in respect of the rest: and whatsoever the Land is damnified by that they carry with them, it will soon be recompensed, partly by their absence, partly in the estates of those which shall be, by having their livings and some other of their means enriched & bettered by their removal, and lastly, by the commodities and benefits which from and by such cannot to this Land but redound again out of the Plantations.  Resp. 
But the revenues of the Crown must needs be, by this means, extremely spent and diminished.  Enr. 
That the revenues of the Crown of England should thereby be exhausted or impaired, seemeth in mine eye so improbable, that altogether chose, it seemeth, and must needs be, the readiest way, and surest course that can be, exceedingly to augment the same, both at home and abroad.  
At home, in that they which remain behind, shall (the Land being thus disburdened and cleared) the better reap to themselves the benefit of the Land, and so grow and increase in wealth, that they may be enabled to pay to his Majesty with the more ease and alacrity, & in more quantities his dues, and impositions: whereas now, what by the great charge they be at for relieving many of these, that now encumber their parish on the one side (a charge not so small in many parishes yearly, as their part of one whole Subsidy to the king) and what by the extreme fines and rents whereto their livings, and the high prices whereto all things to live by, through the excessive multitude of people in our land, are racked and raised on the other side, even they that have reasonable good livings and means, are so kept down, and, as it were, eaten out, from time to time, that they are worse able now, then either they, or their predecessors, for thirty or forty years past, either to keep house, or pay impositions and duties required.  
Abroad, while as probable it is, that by the good of Plantation, they which go away from hence very poor, may within a little while become very rich: they that here were but needy & of mean estate, may there arise to be, as we term men of substance and good ability, Subsidy men themselves, and so yield profit, and pay to the King's Coffers in such store and plenty, that, by God's blessing attending on men's endeavours, the income thereto from such only, (that I speak nothing now of what may in great probability arise by those great hopes of pearl, metall-mines, etc.) may within a little time equal, if not surmount the present revenues which now all England yield, whereby, by the help of God; (for of the event, if the fault be not in ourselves, there is no doubt) his Majesty shall have less cause than hitherto, to be either chargeable or beholding to his subjects at home, and yet be as rich in treasure, and as well stored in money and means for wealth, as any Monarch in Christendom.  Resp. 
I have heard some men better learned than myself say, That the truth is never better cleared and manifested, then when by adversaries of the truth seeking to darken it, it is oppugned & contradicted, which I see verified in our Conference. For the longer we talk, the more I find mine error and ignorance; and the more I object against you, the better appears the soundness of your opinion about the things we have talked of.  Enr. 
Whether you spoke as you did, of Ignorance, or for trial, to prove what I could, or would say in these cases, it is not greatly material. I have spoken nothing, I hope, but what is fit and probable in the cause, and the same in such sort, as may suffice to satisfy you, or any other that will with verity and probability be satisfied in these points; & therefore I trust, that you will take all that I have spoken in good part, as proceeding from a mind that would willingly gratify all, but offend none.  Resp. 
You have in truth satisfied me to the full, concerning those 
The sum of the second part.  things of which I desired a Resolution, and did somewhat doubt with myself, that it was not to be had. For now I perceive, that to make a good Plantation, store of people to inhabit, and store of Provision to enable them to inhabit it, are necessary. I perceive also, that our Land is able to afford both, both People and Provision plentifully, if good courses might be taken for procuring them. Wherefore, as I cannot but acknowledge myself much beholding unto you, for that you have brought me out of error into the truth, as out of darkness into light: so I cannot but profess, that I now wish with all my heart, that I might live to hear and know these or some of these worthy, commendable, and necessary Projects brought to some good effect, and will from henceforth be as ready to encourage and persuade others thereunto, as I have been heretofore to discourage and dissuade them therefrom.  Enr. 
If you be so well minded, whereof I am very glad, than you have done contradicting, and I shall not need to bethink myself of any further answers.  Resp. 
I have done objecting and opposing: for I perceive, it is to no end: but if there do come any thing into my mind concerning these projects, wherein, I shall need some better information than I can gather to myself, I will make bold to come unto you once more, but that shall be, not as an opposite and gain-saier; but as a Scholar that desireth to learn, that so I may have mine own mind and understanding so well informed and prepared, that I may be able to confer with, and, if need be, to inform others.  Enr. 
Come and welcome, whensoever you see it good.  
The end of the second Part.   

A PLAIN PATHWAY TO PLANTATIONS:  
That is, A Discourse in general concerning the Plantation of our English people in other Countries.  
The third Part.  
LONDON, Printed by G. P. for john Marriot.   

THE PATHWAY TO PLANTATIONS. The third Part.  
The Speakers be Respire, a Farmer. Enrubie, a Merchant.  Respire. 
ONce again M. Enrubie I am come to trouble you a little: For by often thinking, and as it were meditating upon these new and notable businesses of Plantation, which I hope will, and wish may take good effect, some things are come into my mind, that need a better wit and understanding than mine, to open them to me. I pray you therefore a little to instruct me therein.  Enr. 
With a very good will. I will do what I may. Ask me what you will.  Resp. 
The great and goodly works that we have talked of, I see to be exceeding good and necessary for our people, and means enough to be had, for setting them forward. What therefore may be the reason they go on no better? 
Causes why our Plantations proceed no better.   Enr. 
There may diverse reasons or causes thereof be conceived. The main or principal whereof, in my conceit is this. There wanteth among us a general and settled resolution to 
First, want of a general resolution.  proceed with them.  Resp. 
What might work such a Resolution?  Enr. 
A like knowledge and persuasion of the Necessity, Ability, and Opportunity that our whole Nation hath thereunto.  Resp. 
I pray you speak somewhat of each of these severally.  Enr. 
I have reasonably well done it already, if you call to mind, what hath passed between us in conference. For in our first day's Labour, I showed you manifoldly, that a Plantation is for our Land, at this present time, very needful. And indeed, it is so needful and necessary, that unless God take away the present necessity thereof by war or pestilence, or both, if it be not this way remedied, this Land cannot but shortly come, for want thereof, to very great misery and evil.  
And at our next meeting, I showed you; that there are both people enough, and means for provision enough, to perform such a business, and that in a large and ample, both manner and measure, if good courses be taken for it accordingly: which can be best done by some Act of Parliament, if the Estates of the Land might be pleased to take this matter into their consideration, as a matter that highly and nearly concerneth the common good at this instant Matters of ten times less moment, are ordinarily vouchsafed the help and authority of that most high and honourable Court, and therefore great hope we may conceive, that in due time, which is even now, this also shall.  
For opportunity I take it, it hath passed between us in our whole conference, as a matter granted, that there is opportunity thereto offered us abundantly, because (as it is most certainly known, and out of all controversy) there are sundry Places and Countries, where Plantations may be made, and our people may inhabit, if they will.  Resp. 
What take you for a second cause?  Enr. 
The want of some good order and course for such a purpose, such I mean, as may be settled generally all the Land 
Secondly, The want of some good course for it.  over, by Regal and Legal authority, and not by private agreements and directions only, which if I be not much deceived, will never effect such a work while the world standeth.  
The ancient Romans well understanding this, never therefore attempted the plantation of any one Colony, or City alone, or of any of those lands they had gotten in war, but that first there was Lex lata, a special Law, or public Decree, much like an Act of Parliament with us, made for it, the titles whereof were, De Colonies deducendis, De Agris diuidendis, and other like.  Resp. 
The King's Majesty permitteth any that will to go.  Enr. 
1. First, that is more than we do know, whatsoever folk do say. 2. Experience doth show, there must be used to the thorough effecting of any such attempt, a Coactiue as well as a Permissive power. It is not an easy matter, scarce to be hoped for in these days, and in our land, to make (if need should be) any great army for the field, much less to get Voluntaries enough for a Plantation, considering that it is easier to get careless young men and single men to go out of their Country unto a warfare, then to get settled Householders, and whole Families, men, women and children, to go into a strange country to a plantation and habitation.  Resp. 
What may be a third cause?  Enr. 
The want of industry and inclination to labour and take 
3. Want of industry in our people.  any pains, in our people: who at this present are so overgrown, as I may say, with that pestiserous weed Idleness, and so given to immoderate ease and quietness, that it is not possible almost to move them to hear of any Plantation, which they conceive cannot be effected, as indeed it cannot, without much labour and pains taking, without industrious endeavours and much diligence. It is reported by Authors of good credit, of 
Plutarc. in Anibal.  Hannibal that Hammer (as I may well term him) of the Romans, That his army and soldiers were more hurt and disabled to martial affairs by his suffering of them to lie and live in Capua, a City of Italy, but one half year in idleness and luxury, than the whole Host of the Romans had done in some whole years before. We must not greatly marvel, if our so long continued rest and peace from wars and warlike employments, our unspeakable idleness and dissolute life, have so corrupted and in manner esseminated our people generally and for the most part, that they cannot endure the hearing, much less the doing of any laborious attempts, of any thing that shall be troublous or any whit dangerous unto them.  Resp. 
What remody may there be for this perilous disease?  Enr. 
None, or at least none better I think, than a Plantation, as I showed you the first day at large.  Resp. 
have you any other cause to allege for our backwardness this way?  Enr. 
Yes. The immoderate love of our own Country. Every 
4. The immodeiate love of their own Country.  man almost is so, as I may say, besotted therewith, that it is almost impossible upon any advantage to get them out of it.  Resp. 
And blame them not. You know (I am sure) the old saying, Fumus patriae igne alieno luculentior: The smoke of a man's own Country is clearer in his eyes, than the fire of another. And you have read bow the children of Israel having dwelt in the land of Egypt, some two or three hundred years, whereby it was to them their native Country, that albeit they were therein most cruelly oppressed by the Egyptians, yet when Moses came to deliver them, they were not easily drawn to go out of it, and that to a good Land, a Land that flowed with milk and honey: and how once or twice, being well on the way, they were ready to make head to have returned. And therefore no great marvel if our English people be so loath to go out of a good land, so good a land as England is, a land to which scarce any in Christendom is comparable, and to go into they know not what wild and desolate Countries.  Enr. 
That you say were somewhat to the purpose, if it were purposed that they should remove which do enjoy and eat the good and fat of the land. But seeing they are either chiefly or only intended to be removed hence, that have nothing here but need and misery: they that have not a foot of ground to rest upon, nor a house to put their head in: they which by the extreme dearth and want of necessaries for man's life are ready to pine and perish; they have little reason to be so in love with that Country, that is so much out of love with them, that she seems rather a stepdame then a mother unto them, and to refuse and forsake that Country which will be to them a kind and loving Mother indeed: that Country that is ready to receive them with both her arms: that Country where they may (if they will) have abundance of that which here they want, that Country which will vouchsafe them such livings and means to live by, as they are sure in England they shall never attain unto as if they had never heard, that vbicunque benè, ibi patria: wheresoever a man is or may be best at ease, it is best to account that for his Country: and that it is but mere vanity for men to prefer the soil of any Region before themselves.  
In a word, all that you say or can say for this point, is as far out of the way, as if you would say, because children have been borne and bred up in their father's house, therefore what need soever they have, and how bad maintenance and keeping soever they have there, yet they ought not, nor have they any reason to go out of that their father's house, and to pass into other elsewhere, tanquam in Colonias, as into new Colonies or Habitations, there to be provided for and to live in far better sort.  Resp. 
I see mine oversight, and that all this hath formerly been touched, but that either ignorant corruption or partial affection so blinded and overruled me, that I could not so well perceive it as now by this your Repetition and Recollection thereof I do.  Enr. 
Of this matter then let this suffice. And if you have any thing else to inquire of, proceed unto it if you please.  Resp. 
I have heard both you and others say, there be diverse Plantations 
How many Plantations now in hand.  now either already in hand, or to be taken in hand, if we will: and I pray you tell me by Name, what, and how many they be?  Enr. 
They are these, as near as I can remember, Newfound land, Summer Lands, Virginia, Guiana, New England, and as I hear of late, New Scotland too.  Resp. 
What so many? Then there cannot want opportunity of plantation for our people, if we be not wanting to it. And God forbid that so great an opportunity, or rather so many, and all so fair opportunities (for that also you have already showed) should be overslipped and neglected. It may be feared if they should, God would not be pleased therewith. For what can be do more for us, then to make us so many and so fair offers for our good from time to time, as one that loveth our Nation, if we will see it, and is willing, by spreading of it into sundry parts of the world, to make it famous and great upon earth?  Enr. 
You say very well. Happy therefore shall we be, if we make use of it.  Resp. 
But now I pray you tell me, what manner of countries those are?  Enr. 
I have already done that also, if you remember well our first day's labour, by showing what good is in them to be had; and by answering your Objections pretended against them, as if they were not worth the accepting.  Resp. 
I remember that well. But my desire is, that you would relate unto me the state of those Countries particularly one by one.  Enr. 
That were an endless and a needless labour. Endless, for that it would require more than one or two day's time thereto: and needless, for that it is already done, better than I can do it again, in several books or descriptions of those Countries set forth by other men, such as have either found out the Countries themselves, or desire to farther our Plantations therein: unto the which let it suffice that I remit you, as by which you may be satisfied for this point at full, and that at your best leisure.  Resp. 
That is a matter of cost to buy such books.  Enr. 
A little money will do it. I do not think but that you spend more a great deal in any one year in idle and unnecessary expenses: which you may spare to lay out on these good uses. The Books are delightful of themselves, as all historical treatises commonly be, and so will be a good recreation when you have been wearied other ways. Also they will often put you in mind of these things, whereas my relation will be but once: and when you have read them over and over, they will serve for your children and others, to exercise them to the reading of English as well as any other books; the sacred Histories and books divine, that season the soul as well as the understanding with piety and godliness, always and only excepted.  Resp. 
The Countries being so many, is it intended that there shall be Plantations in them all by the English?  Enr. 
What is intended I cannot tell. But this I can tell, somewhat to that purpose is or hath been attempted in them all.  Resp. 
But it is not possible, they should all be finished, is it?  Enr. 
Whether it be possible, God knows, but surely in mine opinion, it is somewhat unlikely. It is not good to have many works, great works in hand at once. It were better haply, that some of them were quite given over, or at least deferred till some were either finished or brought to some perfection. Vis unita, the old saying is, fortior. Forces united must needs be the stronger, and dispersed the weaker.  
A time may come for the filling up, and full storing of them all. For if God vouchsafe to continue our health and peace in this land, as now of long time he hath done, there is no question to be made of it, but that were all presently removed, that our Land is able to spare, which doubtless are many score thousands, yet within few years, it will look again for a new removing place for those which out of its yearly increase will be sprung up. And therefore it were not amiss, but a thing to be wished and endeavoured, that though the full finishing of some one or two Plantations be chiefly for the present followed and intended, yet upon a provident, or (if I may so speak) a prevident consideration of our occasions and wants for time to come, some both Possession and Plantation might be continued in all those Countries, which by God's special favour to us ward, do at this present rest, and remain as it were offered to and into our hands.  Resp. 
And which of all these seemeth to be most likely to be the best, to be set forward before the rest?  Enr. 
divers men no doubt will think diversely, as either 
Which of them seemeth best to be set forward.  their affection carries, or their reason persuades them. Disliking therefore of and detracting from no man's, but leaving every man to his own, as I desire they will me to mine, this is mine opinion, that if the Plantation proceed by hundreds, Guiana is the best; if by thousands, New foundland is best.  Resp. 
I conceive not the reason of this difference, which yet I persuade myself, you do make upon good reason.  Enr. 
Any that understands either the state of those Countries, or the true nature of a Plantation, would easily understand me.  Resp. 
Help me to understand it also.  Enr. 
It is this. If we seek for riches, for good Merchandizes, and goodly Commodities to be brought hither, the richest Country, and the wealthiest for the present, that also whence with fewest hands it may be returned, is the best: Such is Guiana. If we seek for room for our over swarming multitudes of people of many sorts to be placed in, the most desolate and emptiest Country, voidest of inhabitants, and nearest and easiest for transportation, is the best: Such is Newfound land. And again, if we plant by Composition, Guiana is fittest: if by Preoccupation, (for a fitter English word on the sudden I find not) Newfound land is best.  Resp. 
I pray you explain yourself again a little better; for what 
How many ways there be to make Plantations.  you mean by planting by Composition and Preoccupation I understand not.  Enr. 
Then are you little acquainted with these courses. The meaning is this; We plant by Composition, when seeking to gain a Country already somewhat peopled and reasonably inhabited, as is Guiana, we do upon fair conditions, as by proffering them defence against their enemies, supply of their wants, namely Apparel, Armour, Edge-tools, and the like, allure and win them to enter league with us, to agree that we shall dwell among them, and have Lands and other Commodities of them to our content. We plant by Preoccupation, when finding a Country quite void of people, as no doubt in America yet there are many, as was the Bermudas, now called Summer Lands, for few years past, and as is at this present, for the most part, Newfound land, we seize upon it, take it, possess it, and as by the Laws of God and Nations, lawfully we may hold it as our own, and so fill and replenish it with our people. In the first manner a few people may suffice, but to the latter, many, very many are necessary.  Resp. 
This is very plain. But why speak you nothing of planting by Invasion, which some men think to be as it hath proved to them that have used it, the richest, the readiest and the speediest course of the three?  Enr. 
First, because we need it not. There are Countries 
Plantation by Invasion disliked.  cnow beside (and such are all those now in hand) in which we may safely plant, either by ourselves, or with others, without any Invasion or war at all.  
Secondly, if we needed it, or any would go that way to work, yet our people generally will not endure it. We see they can hardly, nay, they cannot be gotten to go and plant themselves where they may do it with all ease and freedom that can be, and therefore there is no probability, they will once move a foot, to go and seek out a Country by the sword.  
We read, Ex. 13. 17. that God, when he brought the children 
Exod. 13. 17.  of Israel out of Egypt, would not carry them into the land of Canaan by the way of the Philistines Countries, though it were the nearer way a great deal, lest the people should repent them when they see war, and turn back into Egypt: but God made the people to go about by the way of the Wilderness of the red Sea. Teaching us therein, how fearful people naturally are of war, as willing rather to forgo even an exceeding good Land, as Canaan was, rather than to go into it by the sword: and that God himself dislikes not such a fear.  
Thirdly, that were a double charge. For so our people must go first, they that are men only, as an Army of Soldiers to subdue the Inhabitants and take the Country, and then after to go, men, women and children, to inhabit, and keep it, if they can. For many times in such cases, the event of war proves uncertain, whereas going where needs no Invasion, they may make theirfull remove, young and old at first, and rest secure of settling there.  
Fourthly, and for mine own part, I do not like it. I nor am, nor can be persuaded, that it may be lawful for one Nation to fight against and destroy another in that sort, and upon no better title than the desire of their lands and goods, to bereave each other of their rights and lives.  Resp. 
Indeed the Scripture saith, all the whole Heavens are the Lords, the earth hath he given to the children of men, Psal. 115. 16. 
Psal 115. 16.  By which words I gather that whatsoever Country any people do possess and inhabit, it is God's gift unto them. God hath allotted and bestowed that on them for their portion. Which being so, it seems to me to stand with reason and Religion both, that every people whatsoever they be, should be permitted quietly and peaceably to hold and enjoy their own Country, and that it ought not of any, by violence to be taken from them: we must do to all men, jew or Gentile, 
Mat. 7 12.  faithful or unfaithful, as we would be done unto: and therefore I cannot but like well of your opinion in that point.  Enr. 
Examples there are I grant many in sundry Histories to the contrary, but you know the old rule, Vivitur legibus, non examplis: We must live by laws, and not by examples. And therefore till we find better proof than practice, and further warrant then, Thus and thus others have done before us, I hold it not safe to do the like.  Resp. 
I see that Invasion is neither the best, nor so much as a good course for Plantation. And therefore I marvel how they either are deceived, or do understand themselves, that say, as I have heard some, that seem to be of good understanding this way, Invasion and Plantation are cousin gormen, and so like one the other, that a man may take a pattern for the one from the other.  Enr. 
They that so say, and I am one of them, have very fair probability of that they say, as I suppose.  Resp. 
I am glad then, that I made mention thereof, since you are of that mind also: for now I hope I shall be made to conceive how that may be. I pray you therefore declare it unto me.  Enr. 
I will, but briefly, lest I make you as weary to hear, as 
Wherein Invasion and Plantation are somewhat like.  you seem willing to learn. Thus it is.  
There be five things wherein these two actions do very much accord, and which the one must use as well as the other, or else they cannot prosper. The first of them is Discovery. The party 
1. Discovery.  invading, or they that will invade another Nation or Country, must first of all make a perfect Discovery thereof, that knowing the situation of the place, the largeness or quantity, the state and quality thereof, the alliance it hath with other people, near or far off, weak or strong, and other like, accordingly they may prepare for the attempt. The same must they do, that will plant in another Country. They must know certainly the situation of it, the largeness and quantity thereof, the nature and quality of the Soil, the state of the Climate, the temperature of the Air, the easiness or difficulty of access and entrance unto it, the most convenient places for erecting Cities, Towns, and Fortifications there. Also whether it be inhabited already or not, and how much, and in what sort. What kind of people they be, likewise what Borderers and Allies unto it, what fruits and commodities there, or likely there to be had, what dangers or inconveniences there to be feared, with other like. For according as they have notice of these particulars, they may and must proceed.  
The second is, people to make the attempt withal. They that 
2. Number of people.  will invade others, must be sure to raise an Army so great and good, as in all probability may be able either for number or valour, or both, to match and over-match the party invaded. And they that will plant otherwhere, must raise such a multitude, as in all probability may be able for number and industry, in some measure to take up and inhabit the Country they go to. To go down as jacob did into Egypt with seventy souls, and within a few scores of years, to multiply and increase unto six or seven hundred thousands and above: and to give an onset and prevail, as Gedeon did, with three hundred half armed men, upon two or three hundred thousands of well appointed Soldiers, is a matter of Admiration, showing us what God can do, not of Imitation, what we may or must do.  Resp. 
What number of people, or how many thousands may there 
What number of people may suffice to begin a Plantation withal.  suffer, or be necessary for us to begin a Plantation withal?  Enr. 
That cannot regularly and certainly be determined. For as to invade a Country withal, the Army must be more or less, according to the state and strength of the Country or party invaded: so to plant a Country withal, the multitude removing must be great or small, according to the greatness or smallness of the Plantation, and the facility or difficulty of planting, by reason of either open enemies, or suspected friends, with other like circumstances and occurrents. This is as much as can be said: That without a number somewhat great, no good Plantation 
Roman Colonies.  can be made at all. And though for mine own part, I will speak of no certain number, yet this much I will tell you, That I find that the ancient Romans, who were a people of great policy, and planted many Colonies, when they sent forth any number of people, and it were but for one Colony (that is, but one City) alone, did never send forth a less number than three thousand, more of ten-times. And they were so precise upon the point (as they that knew well, without a number somewhat great, their Colonies could not possibly stand and prosper) that though they planted diverse Colonies in one year, as sometimes they did, yet they failed not of that number, that is, to send forth to every several place three thousand a piece at the least. By which practice of theirs, I leave it to you and others to judge, what it is likely they in their policy could have thought to have been a sufficient number, to send forth to plant a whole Country withal, wherein they were to settle and employ diverse Cities, Towns and Villages at once: and do rest the more confirmed, That I am not in an error when I do intimate or move that into our Plantations, being so spacious and ample as they are, our people should go forth by thousands, and not by hundreds.  Resp. 
What is the third thing wherein these Actions be somewhat like?  Enr. 
The third Resemblance is Provision for the people: 
3. Provision.  They that will invade others, must provide and take such order for Provision for their own side, that they want not necessaries for victuals, for Armour, and other like, which in all men's opinion, are the strength and sinews of war, lest they be enforced to give over the Attempt with loss and infamy, or be pressed with famine, and endangered with sickness and mutinies, which commonly attend the same. And they that will plant otherwhere, must be sure of Provision, both of victuals for themselves, and necessaties for building and other uses, till they be settled and have of their own there.  Resp. 
This is it, as some think, that mars all. For as it is thought, there is no possibility to have Provision for such a multitude or great number of people, as must or need to be removed. And indeed how can it be possible, that ten or twenty thousand removing in one year, they can have along with them a years, or (which is the least that may be) but half a years provision, which may sustain them till the Country itself can succour them?  Enr. 
You and they too are very much mistaken. For as to an Army of thirty or forty thousand Soldiers, Provision must be had for them all the time they are abroad, but it is not of necessity, that they must carry it all with them at the first setting forth; it is sufficient, if order be taken how it may be brought unto them by Sea or by Land, from time to time, weekly or monthly, as shall be fit, and can best be performed: And even so it is for a multitude removing into a Plantation. And this I hope you will grant is possible enough to be obtained and done: and this the sooner, if you understand withal, that into any of the Countries to be planted, our ships may easily make two, three, or four voyages in a year.  Resp. 
I see that as the Proverb saith, There be more ways to the wood then one. Proceed I pray you to your fourth Affinity.  Enr. 
That is Celerity. In making an Invasion, there is nothing 
4. Celerity.  more requisite for many causes, then that it be done, when it is once intended it shall be done, with all speediness and celerity: A point wherein the ancient Roman Captains commonly excelled and overreached all other, and their jul. Caesar them all: and a thing which oftentimes stood them more in stead then any other project or course they could devose. And surely in making of a Plantation, I think it to be none of the least points to be observed, for many questionless, are the commodities thereof. Nothing is more dangerous than a lingering war: and nothing more discommodious than a slow Plantation.  Resp. 
What Celerity think you needful to be used in that case? 
What celerity needful in a Plantation.   Enr. 
Such, that the whole Plantation might in some reasonable measure be finished in two, three, or four years at the most.  Resp. 
That seems a thing altogether impossible.  Enr. 
Why so? Is it not possible (for examples sake) think you) that if we should make a Plantation in Newfound land, there might be sent thither the first year so many as might in habit it all along one side thereof, and ten or twelve miles into the Land: the like on the other side the second year: and the third year ten or twelve miles farther on both sides; the rest remaining void, in the midst, may either be filled up in the fourth year, or (if it be not much, and who hath yet related the breadth of that Country from Sea to Sea?) remain for the spreading of the first number as they do propagate and increase. All which to do, will not require so great store of people as some happily may imagine, considering that the Parishes there cannot at first be half so thick, and need not be one quarter so full, as they be here.  Resp. 
I do not see but that it is possible enough such a thing might be. For we have both people enough and means enough to set them forth withal, for such a speedy Plantation.  Enr. 
Such celerity used, would make a better Plantation any where in three or four years, then is likely to be made by any course that I can hear of yet used in three or fourscore years. 2. It would be marvelous comfortable and profitable to the people removed. 3. It would secure the Plantation from all enemies that shall either envy it, or endanger it. 4. And it would set us at liberty for another Plantation otherwhere: which so well and roundly finished in one place, would be a notable pattern and encouragement to any to participate in some other.  Resp. 
Now proceed, if it please you, to your last Resemblance.  Enr. 
The fifth is Policy: which in both these Cases must much 
5. Policy.  be used. There must be policy for the getting, and policy for the keeping of that which is gotten. For getting victory against those they did invade, good Martial Commanders, whose desire and endeavour hath ever been to perform more Concilio quam vi, by policy and good advice, then by power and force, have used in former times a threefold policy, Honour, Preferment, and Reward. 1. Honour, He that first climbed the walls had his Crown. 2. Preferment, He that showed most valour, was ever advanced to higher place and office in the Camp and Army, and sometimes to encourage them all. 3. For their Reward, they gave them the spoil of the enemy. The whole booty was theirs if they could win the Town. The like must be used in a Plantation. That the better sort, men of dexterity, industry, and understanding, be preferred to places of Pre-eminence and Authority: and that all that will adventure to inhabit the Plantation, be vouchsafed by a liberal distribution of the Lands and Commodities of the Country planted unto them, riches and means for them and theirs abundantly and gallantly to live upon. Such liberality and advancement will encourage men to go, and will quickly make a good Plantation, which Covetousness and neglect of persons will never do.  
2. For keeping of that they have gotten, Martial men do use a twofold policy, viz. to strengthen themselves, and to weaken the enemy. 1. They strengthen themselves by making fortifications and settling garrisons, if need be, to keep the City or Country gotten. 2. They weaken the enemy, by taking from them their Armour, that they shall not be able to resist, though they would, and by taking of them their children and others for Hostages, that they may not dare to resist though they could. And they that will make a good Plantation must (as occasion shall require) use the very like.  
And whereas the people of those parts are all, or for the most part destitute of Armour, and unskilful in feats of arms, by all means it is expedient so to keep and continue them. For seeing they do, for the most part, in number of persons, and strength of body already exceed us, if we suffer them to have armour, and enure them to use it, probable it is that within a little time, they will in valour too excel us, and so beat us with our own weapons. These be the things wherein betwixt Invasion and Plantation, there is so much affinity. To which I might add two more, Equity and Authority, without the former whereof, an Invasion is not bellum, but Latrocinium, not a warfare but a robbery, and Plantation, not a lawful Possession, but a cruel Oppression: and without the latter whereof, neither can an Army be levied for Invasion, nor will a multitude of people be gotten to set forth for a Plantation. But I pass by these, both because of the one I spoke but little before upon another occasion, and of the other, needs no question, seeing it is out of question, that all the places and Countries intended for Plantations by us, are such as in all equity we may, by the Law of God and Nations enter upon.  Resp. 
Your speech hath satisfied me very well: but if you would be pleased for your later point of Policy, to add some particulars how it might well be practised, you should give me much more content. For it is a thing that I desire much to hear.  Enr. 
That would I do also, were it not that I doubt lest howsoever you may accept it, yet some other (hearing hereof) would say unto me, as Apelles to the Shoemaker, Ne Suitor ultra Crepidam: No man should intermeddle but with that which belongs to his own profession: or which is worse, That I have cut large thongs out of other folk's leather. Wherefore for that point, let me desire you rather to hearken as I do, to hear the words or voice of him or them that shall say, Thus and thus it shall be. This and that they shall have that will adventure, and having said it, have power what they have spoken in words to perform and make good in deeds, then to press me to say what may or might be done, that am not able to say or assure any man, that ever any such thing shall be done. Farther, this would require a more large Discourse by far, than the brevity which I promised and intended will admit.  Resp. 
Let that matter go then: and now tell me I pray you, whether 
Whether is better to plant in an Island or in a Continent.  it were better that a Plantation be made in an Island, or in a Country at large, that is no Island?  Enr. 
That I cannot certainly tell you. For in several respects, either of them may be better one than the other. As in respect of certainty, celerity, facility, and security, it is better to plant in an Island, so it be somewhat large, then in a large Continent. But in other respects, as for Opportunity to enlarge the bounds of the Plantation, for variety of Commodities, which a large Continent may rather yield then a lesser Island, for vicinity unto other Countries, and for league and amity with neighbour Nations, and other like, it may be better (Cateris paribus) other things being suitable, to plant in a spacious Continent, then in an Island.  Resp. 
You said but now, of such Countries as are devoid of Inhabitants, you thought New found land the best for a present' Plantation, what moves you to be of that mind? for I hear that some do dislike it very much.  Enr. 
I can give you no reason for it out of my own experience, 
motives for a present Plantation in New found land.  for, as you know, I was never there. For that point therefore, I had rather refer you to Captain Ric. Whitbourne, I mean to his book of the Discovery of that Country, which he hath lately set forth whereby you may for that matter be satisfied at large.  Resp. 
But in the mean time, till I can get that Book, and be at leisure to peruse it, you shall do me a pleasure, if you will in brief relate unto me, what you have observed out of it to that purpose.  Enr. 
That I will do willingly. The sum is this. First, it is the nearest place that now is to be planted, not above 14. or 15. day's sail with a good wind: whereas Virginia, and some of the rest, are twice as far at the least, and more dangerous for passage.  
Secondly, it is the safest place for Plantation, as which is out of the Road, as I may say, both of the Spaniard to his Countries and Plantations, and also of Pirates at Sea, who are most for the straits. And, if need should be, whither soon, [viz. within a few day's warning, they there may have succour from England, and England again from it.  
Thirdly, It is the cheapest and readiest for passage and transportation, both of men and means of all sorts to plant with, both because our ships do yearly and usually, two or three hundred sail of them go thither on fishing voyages, and that most of them but half loaden, and some with no lading at all: and by Plantation no doubt more may and will.  
Fourthly, it may soon be finished, and so we freed again for some other Plantation, because it is but an Island of no great content; not so big as England, but near about the greatness of Ireland.  
Fifthly, the Country itself is healthy and temperate, very agreeable to the Constitution of our English bodies, as which is very near in the same temperature for heat and cold, that England is, rather warmer then colder, as which lieth above four degrees nearer the South then England: and is encumbered with no noisome beasts or vermin whatsoever.  
Sixthly, the soil of the Country is very fat, rich, and good: fit for pasture and tillage, equal to most of our grounds in England.  
Seventhly, the whole Country is rich, viz. the Sea coast with fish beyond measure, as where our Nation and some others have fished these fourscore years, and where there is never like to be an end or want of that Commodity. The Land stored with beasts, birds of the field; fish of the rivers, waterfowl, wood, grass and fruits of the earth, etc.  
Eighthly, the Country, for the most part, is utterly void of all Inhabitants, Saluages or other, so that there is no fear of Enemies in it, nor of Corruption of Language or Blood from it. Little Armour will suffice there for offence or defence.  
Ninthly, It lieth very near unto some parts of America, as near as doth England to France, and therefore may be a good means for our possessing of some other and nearer parts thereof, than any we do yet, and for conversion of the people thereof to the Christian faith hereafter, and for our present and continual having of such Commodities, as those parts may, and do afford.  
Tenthly, it is not far also, viz. not a day's sail from an Island called the Bank, an excellent place for fishing all the year: and not above four or five day's sail from the Lands of Flowers and Azores, which are very rich and well stored with Wheat, Beefs, Sheep, Goats, Hogs, Hens, and many other good commodities for a Plantation, which from those parts may be had, easier, sooner and cheaper than from England.  
11. It is a Country very strong by Nature, as which is stored with many goodly Harbours so well made and fenced by God's handiwork, with Rocks and Cliffs, that a little Fortification will make the whole, being but an Island, and that not great, invincible by Sea.  
12. It may be a means to increase the shipping of our Land, which is as it were, the wall thereof, wonderfully, and withal our Seamen and Soldiers, for services by Sea, and so to gain us in time the freedom, sovereignty and safety of the Seas beyond all other nations whatsoever.  
13. It is likely to yield us many rich and necessary Commodities for our Land, which now our Merchants do fetch as far or farther off, at a dearer rate, or with more danger a great deal, than there or thence they shall.  
14. Being first and forthwith planted by us, it may be a means of the furtherance of the rest of our Plantations intended, which from thence may have many supplies: and which may serve for a resting place for the refreshing of those that go to or from them: this being as it were, in the midway and high way to them all.  
15. It is very necessary for our Land, because if it should (through our negligence and backwardness) be intercepted by any other Nation, it would be as ill a Neighbour to England, as being accepted by us it may be a good. And namely, it would hazard the destruction and overthrow of all the rest of our Plantations, which can hardly stand without this, and the loss for ever of our fishing voyages there, which these fourscore years we have frequented and enjoyed: which loss alone, would be even the undoing of many of our Seacost Towns in England, that do now live much by them.  
16. Last of all, diverse honourable and worshipful persons have already begun several Plantations in that Country, and so laid the foundation of so famous and notable an attempt, as all after ages shall have cause, I doubt it not, to commend their valour, and honour their memory. With whom, if others, or, which were much to be wished, if our whole Land would join, the work could not, by the blessing of God, upon so blessed araction, but luckily and speedily prosper.  Resp. 
Who, I pray you, are those worthy persons that have made the first adventure of planting there?  Enr. 
They are these. First, the right Honourable, Henry 
The names of such as already have begun a Plantation in Newfound Land.  Lord Cary, Viscount Falkland, and now Lord Deputy of Ireland, hath begun a great and fair Plantation there some few years since: and is well pleased to entertain any such as will adventure with him, either in purse or in person, upon very fit and reasonable conditions.  
Secondly, the right Honourable, Sir George Caluert, Knight, and principal Secretary to the Kings most excellent Majesty, hath also a very large and goodly Plantation there, which though it be as yet but in the Infancy, viz. of not above 5. or 6. years undertaking, yet doth it already well flourish in a place well fortified and secured: wherein are some hundred people or thereabout in habiting and employed in building of houses, ridding or clearing of grounds for pasture, arable and other like uses: and in making of salt for the preserving of fish and diverse other services. And his Honour is likewise well pleased to entertain any that will either adventure with him, or serve under him upon very fit and fair conditions.  
Thirdly, Master john Slany of London, Merchant, and some others with him, have maintained a Colony of his Majesty's subjects there for diverse years past.  
Fourthly, diverse worshipful Citizens of the City of Bristol, have undertaken to plant a large Circuit of that Country, and have had people there inhabiting these 5. or 6. years with good and hopeful success.  
Fifthly, Master William Vaughan of Tarracod in the County of Carmarthen, Doctor of the Civil Law, hath also done the like: and hath within these two or three years' last sent thither diverse men and women that do inhabit there, and prosper well.  
Sixtly, some other worthy persons there are that be adventurers in the said Plantation, whose names yet I know not.  
By all which you may understand that there is already a fair beginning of this worthy work: and that they which henceforth shall go thither, shall not be the first that shall adventure to dwell there. Which considered, may be a good Motive to others to follow them and to join themselves unto them, assured by the manifold experiments of those many and worthy persons, as have already adventured their fortunes and means there, and that in several and far distant parts of that Land, that the Country is very habitable and good for a present and speedy Plantation.  Resp. 
These be good Motives indeed, for the advancement and hasting of this Plantation. And I like them so well that if I were but twenty years younger than I am, I think I should be like enough to see it myself: and that now I cannot, yet I shall be willing, if I once see the same well set forward, what I may to animate and persuade others, my Children, Kinsfolk, Friends, Allies and Neighbours thereunto, as unto a place and action that is likely to prove greatly to the good of all them and theirs for ever, that will engage themselves therein.  Enr. 
So doing, and but so doing, you shall do well. For assure yourself, you shall thereby much further the honour and glory of God, benefit your native Country and people, do good service to our renowned King and Sovereign, and highly gratify all those that have undertaken so honourable and excellent, so necessary and difficult an enterprise. But now answer me one question, as I have done many to you.  Resp. 
I will if I can: what is it?  Enr. 
What lets you, notwithstanding your age, but that you 
Excuses and delays for not going into a Plantation answered.  may go also yourself and see it, and inhabit it too, if you please, as well as if you were 20. years younger than you are?  Resp. 
Being so far stricken in years as I am, I am not very willing to travel into other Countries; but am content and desirous too, to end my life at home, and let them that be young, strong and lusty go: for they are fit for it.  Enr. 
You are not so old and broken with age, that you may 
1. Agedness.  say as father Barzillai did to David, 2. Sam. 19 35. when he offered him more than an ordinary favour: I am (said he) this day. fourscore year old. I cannot discern between good and evil: nor hath thy servant any taste in that he doth eat and drink. I cannot hear any more the voice of singing men and women: and I shall be but aburthen to him that would pleasure me. If you be come to this state, you shall by my consent have A placard of ease to abide at home, or Bill of Dotage, to trouble you no farther.  Resp. 
Truly I cannot so say: I am reasonable strong and healthy yet: I could rather say almost as old Caleb did to Captain joshua, josh. 14. 6. As strong as I was for 20. years ago, so strong well near am I yet, I thank God, and am as apt and able for travel and employment. My senses are good, and my eye sight serves me almost as well as ever it did.  Enr. 
Then are you as fit to go in such a business as ever you were, and fitter too in some respect by your age. Your age hath taught you experience and discretion how to behave yourself, and help to manage such a work better then younger men, that have had no time to gather observation in the world. Your age will cause, that for your grey hairs and gravity you shall be respected, reverenced and obeyed far more than young men, who being for the most part unskilful, will get contempt. And lastly, your personal example will five times more prevail to persuade others to go, than any verbal Arguments that you can make. But say once you will go yourself, and which of your children will not be ready to run with you? but as long as you abide behind, you shall not easily get any one of them to go by himself. The like shall you find in other your kindred and acquaintance.  Resp. 
But it is not an usual thing for old men to go in such employments.  Enr. 
Therefore they prosper much the worse. They send 
2. Not usual for old men.  out a few young and single men, that have little or no experience in the world, and so are readier indeed and likelier to overthrow then to uphold a Plantation. But thus it should not be, nor hath it been in former times. Look but into the Bee-hives when they swarm, and you shall find, as one faith well, That the swarm is as old as the stock, that is, that there are in 
Butler in his feminine Monar. cap. 5. Num. 3.  it as well old Bees as young. And if you will have better proof, call to mind the sacred Histories of blessed father Abraham's life, what age he was of, when he left his Country, his kindred and his father's house, and went to dwell in the Land of Canaan, and you shall find I warrant you, that 
Gen. 12. 4. Exod. 7. 7.  he was threescore and ten year old at least, that is elder a good deal than you are yet. And was not Moses fourscore year old, and his brother Aaron fourscore and three when they lead the children of Israel out of Egypt, and joshua 80. year old when he conducted them into the land of Canaan? And we may be sure that in that great multitude of 600. thousand at the least, that removed, there were a number of aged people both men & women. So that you may see, it is no strange thing for those that are well stricken in years, to go and seek new Countries.  Resp. 
Old men be sit to go, but young men me thinks, be fitter, because they have none but themselves to care for.  Enr. 
Therefore are they the less fit for a Plantation, and old 
3. Young men and single not so fit as elder and married men.  men fitter than they, not only because of their better experience in the world, their gravity and authority, as I said before, but also because they have families, and so children under them, which will help to fill the Plantation apace. But young men and single men, besides the want of experience in them, they can do little good to the Plantation but in their own single persons at most. Being unmarried, if they continue so, they will her and hinder the Plantation thereby, which will be no less hindered by the unmarried there, than our land is hindered by the (poor) married here. If they will marry, they shall not easily find with whom, unless it be with the Natives of those Countries, which haply will be nor handsome nor wholesome for them, certainly profitable and convenient (they having had no such breeding as our women have) it cannot be. And when they are married, long it will be before my fruit of their marriage can be up to yield any force or enlargement to the Plantation: whereas if such as be already married go over, they having children, some more, some less, of different ages and growth, they also will be able and ready in a little while, some one year and some another, to enlarge and fill up the Plantation, by addition of new families, as it were little new Colonies, every where. Further, whereas young and single men when they come there, upon any little dislike, will be apt and ready to return and forsake the place, and so coming home again to discredit the Action, married men and housekeepers must and will abide: and if haply upon any occasion, the man himself come over into England now and then, yet he leaves behind him such a pledge and hostage, I mean his Wife, Children, and Family, for his return, as may well assure the Country that he will not fail, because that now is absolutely his home and proper Habitation. Lastly, if any enemy shall assault them, who is likely to stick close to him, the married that fights pro aris & focis, as they say, for God and his Country, for his Wife and Children, with whom and for whom he must and will live and die, or the single man who fights or rather shifts for himself, and therefore will soon either yield or run away, as he shall perceive to be most for his ease and safety? In good policy therefore I suppose, it were good and fit that such, that is, married folks, and such as have families, above others should be procured and invited to go, yea and with some augmentation and reward in Lands or other benefits, above single persons, be induced, encouraged, and as it were hired thereunto.  Resp. 
I doubt, because I was never at Sea before in all my life, that I shall not be able to endure the Seas.  Enr. 
1. The voyage or journey is not long, not above fourteen 
4. Hard travel by Sea.  or fifteen day's sail with a good wind: or if any cross wind come, not above twenty, or one and twenty days commonly.  
2. What hardness or difficulty is there of travelling by Sea, more than at Land? It is rather the easier and pleasanter of the two; unless God send any great tempest, which is not very usual all the Summer season, it is of the two, the more pleasant and easy: For there you may sit in your chair, or lie in your bed at will, and pass along as delieately as, or more delicately, then do our Gentlemen that ride in their Coach: and be at your ways end before you be either aware or weary.  
3. Why should you not endure the Seas as well as do Princes, Noble and Gentlemen and women both, that be of a more tender and delicate breeding and constitution of body than you by far, who yet, as no doubt you have often heard, do yearly and ordinarily pass the Seas to Countries far and near.  Resp. 
I have no need to go: The intendment is for the poorer sort of the Land that have nothing to trust to, and for my part, I thank God, I have a Living that is able reasonably well to help me and mine.  Enr. 
1. The less need you have to go, the more is our 
1. Of them that have livings here.  Country here beholding unto you, if you will go; and the more shall the Country there be beholding to you, if you come thither. For the coming in of one or two that have some good means of their own, to bring with them is better for it, then of five or six that come with little or nothing. 2. The Intendment is for any that will go whosoever. The poorer sort, because they are likeliest to be gotten, though they be chiefly, yet they are not only intended. 3. And the living that you have here, how long will it hold?  Resp. 
As long as my life doth hold, but no longer I grant. But if God give me time to live a while, I hope I shall be able to do somewhat for my children too, and see them all reasonably well provided to live, when I am gone.  Enr. 
But by your own saying, if you should die within a little while, (and what Charter have you of your life more than other men?) You must needs leave them ill provided for, and most of them either to the mercy of the world, which is little, or to the courtesy of their friends, which haply will be less. And what need this, when by your removing you may provide for them yourself, and see them in that good state, that they need not be beholding to any others, but rather able to help others.  
4. Farther, the best provision you can possibly provide them here, if you might live yet these twenty years, can be but for their own time: but removing as you may, it is very probable, having that means which you have now, you may be able to settle both yourself and every one of them, though they be half a dozen, or half a score of them, in as good a Living or better, as your Farm that you now dwell upon, for you and yours, and for them and theirs in perpetuum, for ever.  
5. Consider also. 1. That it is so hard a matter to place abroad a child well here, that the placing but of one of your children, may bring you so far behind hand, that you may not be able to do any thing for any other of them in seven years after, there they may all be provided for in some measure presently. 2. How grievous and reproachful a thing it would be to your children, if having lived well in your time, they should come to live in a poor, needy and beggarly fashion. To arise from a poor estate to a richer, is commendable and delectable: but to fall from a good estate to a worse, of all gricuous things it is one of the most gricuous and misorable. 3. Whether it be not an evil thing and unadvised to put that upon uncertainties, which a man needs not, but may be assured of, and put out of all doubt.  Resp. 
What certainty can I have of my life there, more than here?  Enr. 
None at all. But of good estate and provision for you and yours exceeding much more. For whereas though by the course of Nature and present state of your body, you may haply live yet these ten or twenty years, yet that is exceeding doubtful and uncertain. For of one that lives to that age, there be an hundred that do not: but that you may live yet ten, or twelve, or twenty months to an end, there is great probability by the help of God: and within that time you may have gotten and settled a good estate in a Plantation to you and yours. For if you live in the Plantation but one month more, if you but once remove hence, and be but on shipboard for the Plantation, though you die before you come there, (for I suppose such order will be taken, if ever there be good order taken for a Plantation) you and yours shall enjoy, and be assured of the benefit thereof, as well as if you had lived therein seven years.  
4. Last of all consider you well, that the Apostle and Nature too, (for he speaketh according to the Law of Nature) saith, Fathers must lay up, that is, provide the best they can for their 
2. Cor. 12. 14.  children, against the time to come: and again, He that doth not 
1. Tim. 5. 8.  provide for his own (meaning no doubt, if he may do it, and have good and fit opportunity thereto, as you now have) and specially for them of his own house, he denieth the Faith, and is worse than an Infidel.  Resp. 
You press me exceeding hard upon this point, and do enforce me in manner to consider, which I will do, God willingly, more deeply upon it.  Enr. 
It was necessary to press you hard upon it, for this is a starting hole, out of the which I knew well enough you would not easily be beaten.  Resp. 
You run away upon these points I see, as fast as lusty Horses do with an empty Cart: but I have somewhat yet behind that will lad you better, and find you more to do, or else I am much deceived.  Enr. 
What is that? Let us have it for God's sake.  Resp. 
It is not a thing usual for such to go as have good livings 
6. It is not usual for men that have livings here to go.  here of their own, as I have; but for the poorer sort only, that have none at all, and therefore what reason have I to break the custom?  Enr. 
Is this the point you thought would plunge me, or set me a stand? This something is as much as nothing.  
1. Now adays indeed, and with us, it is not very usual. But in ancient times, when Plantations were better followed then now they are, it was very usual, as you may see in the persons of Abraham, Isaac, and jacob, who were all men of great state, and in the men of joseph, josh. 17. 14. and in the men of judah, ludg. 1. almost throughout. And as I could show by the practice of 
The manner in ancient times, how to raise people for a Plantation.  many Nations, who used when they intended a Plantation, to consider what number it were expedient for them to remove, and that was usually one half, a third or fourth part of the whole, both great and small, and then to cast lots, and as the lot sell so they went away, were they rich or poor, whether they had livings or not.  
2. If the custom be otherwise now, that custom may and must be broken, because it is not good: All good Laws and Policy intending always this, that Customs which are good and landable only, should be kept and continued: The other that are not such, as diseases, though of long continuance out of the body, should be expelled. Now certain it is such a custom, that is, that none but the poorer sort should go over, and none of the better sort that have any Lands or livings here, would prove very hurtful and pestiferous to the Plantation. For who shall be Governors and Rulers in the Country, as I said the last day, and all men know some there must be? What, poor, needy, and ignorant fellows, that have neither learning nor understanding to such a service? Doth not very reason show, that there must go some of better breeding and experience, Gentlemen at the least? And if of them there cannot, as it is likely there will not enough be invited thither for such employments, what supply can there be, unless sundry others of a next degree unto Gentlemen, that is, Yeomen and Yeomenlike men, that have in them some good knowledge and courage be there to be found, who may in defect of better men, be advanced to places of preferment and government there, and haply approve not altogether unworthy thereof?  
Further, what shall the poorer sort do there by themselves without some, and that some store of others better stored in money and means than they, that may employ the poorer sort, and set them on work, whereby they may be able to get money to sustain them and theirs?  
3. And even in our times, it is not so unusual a thing as you seem to understand it to be: for you may soon learn, if you will but a little inquire; That in our time also, diverse men that had reasonable good means and livings here, have removed into Ireland, and planted themselves there to their great good and preferment. And thus you see that the cloak you have made you of usage and custom, will do you as little service to cover your backwardness, as adam's and his wife's aprons made of Fig-leaues to hide their nakedness.  Resp. 
If that be but bad, I have a better. My wife will not bear 
7. Women are unwilling to go.  to go any whither beyond Sea, and therefore for her sake, though I were willing myself, I must be content to abide as home, and end my days in England.  Enr. 
This indeed is somewhat; I harkened for it long since. I know it is a point that pincheth many, and makes them more unwilling than else they would be. Women be unwilling, and their wives will not endure to hear of it. Yet this knot is not so hard twisted, but that it may be untwined I hope. Or, if it be a Gordian knot, yet the sword of Alexander can hew it in pieces. To this therefore I say thus:  
1. Women also have understanding, and many of them do unfeignedly fear God. And therefore being well put in mind of their duty, which is, To forsake father and friends, and to clean unto their husbands, and that so inseparably, That nothing part them but Death, it is not unlikely, but that at length they will yield, and not utterly refuse that which they cannot lawfully refuse, how hard soever at first it seem to them to be, and how loth soever they are to do it, if they might lawfully leave it undone.  
2. They also do naturally and tenderly love their children and posterity, and wish and desire their good. Probable it is therefore, that when they shall thoroughly understand, that such a travail may, nay will certainly be a means to provide good estates for them and theirs for ever, such as by no possibility nor probability are here to be had, they will be persuaded at length to adventure as the hen to save her chickens, and the Pelican to feed her young, if need should be, their life and blood.  
3. When the examples of worthy Matrons, women of 
Examples of Women.  far greater esteem and estate than they, that have done the like, as of the Lady Sara in accompanying Abraham from 
Sara.  place to place till her dying day, and that sometime with the peril of her life and her chastity: of Mistress Rebecca in forsaking 
Rebecca.  her father's house and all her friends, to go out of Mesopotamia into the Land of Canaan, to be wife to a man that she had not seen, to Isaac, the son and heir of Abraham, before named; and of Rahel and Leah, the daughters of Laban, 
Rachel. Leah.  that were ready to go from their fathers with jacob their husband they knew not whither, and others many that in sacred Histories are mentioned, it is likely they will not think themselves too good to do the like, nor be afraid to imitate them in this fashion.  
To these worthy Precedents I could add out of humane Histories not a few, worthy imitation and commendation in this case: as namely, Queen Elinor, wife to King Edward 
Queen Elianor.  the first, King of England, who, her Husband going a long and very dangerous voyage of warfare, viz. into the Holy Land, would by no means be persuaded to tarry at home, but would needs accompany him, saying, Nothing must part them asunder, whom God hath joined together: And, The way to heaven is as near in the Holy Land, as in England. And that, worthy Spartan Dame, the wife of Panteus, a Noble 
Plutarc.. in Cleom.  man in Greece, who being retained by her parents, and other friends by force, that she should not go with her husband into Egypt. within a while after secretly stole away by night, and got shipping to carry her to her husband, with whom she continued there cheerfully, and contentedly till his dying day.  
And it cannot be, but that when they shall see some, and hear of more of their own Neighbours and Country folks, English Women as they are, that do and will go the same voyages, their example and present practice will be such a special Motive even to those that be very unwilling, either to accompany or follow them, assured they shall do no worse than they do, as there will not need many more arguments thereto.  
4. There be also diverse and sundry causes in consideration whereof, as S. Paul, 1 Cor. 7 6. in one case allows, by consent 
1. Cor. 7. 6.  of both parties, some of them may be borne with for a time, and permitted to remain behind, that at the second or third return of their Husbands, all impediments that at first hundred being removed, they may go over with them also, without any farther delay.  
Fifthly, if any be utterly so obstinate and froward or self-willed, that no reason, no persuasion, no example seen or heard of, no respect of duty will prevail with them, there is farther remedy to be had, that is, that on them be inflicted ' Paena Desertricis, such punishment as is fit for those that utterly and wilfully forsake their husbands.  Resp. 
What penalty or punishment is that?  Enr. 
That I leave to those that have authority, as to inflict it, so to appoint it, as they shall see instant and necessary occasion to require. A new kind of sin, may have a new kind of punishment, as oft, Ex malis moribus, bona leges: Of evil manners have risen up good laws.  Resp. 
You have pressed me so far, and by your speeches prevailed with me so much, that I have nothing more to say for myself why I should not go, unless I should say that to you, which some have said to me of late: but I am loath to do it, lest you should be offended.  Enr. 
What is that? let me have it I pray you in any wise: For it shall not offend me, I warrant you.  Resp. 
Seeing you so earnestly and effectually move me to go, Why do not you yourself go also? you that so fame would have others to go, should also go yourself.  Enr. 
You shall have my answer thereunto very willingly: that so you may the better be able to answer those that go about that way to stop your mouth, and make stay or delay for themselves.  Resp. 
That is the end for which I purposely and principally move the question.  Enr. 
My answer is this. First, though it be not of necessity that every one must go himself, that persuadeth or moveth others thereunto: For Plantation is no matter of our Faith and Salvation: There may be as great reasons and just occasions, why he should not go, as why they, others whom he persuadeth, 
The Author himself doth purpose God willing to go into one or other Plantation.  should go: yet because no man shall take any exception at all against me, or my persuasions that way, I say, I do purpose. God willing, to go. And I shall think myself happy, if I may be one of those that may lay the first stones of such a building, and spend and end my days in being one Instrument among the many thousands of our English Natition, that shall betake and bestow themselves in such a manner to the enlargement of God's Church, of the King's dominions, and of our own English habitations. But I say withal: Secondly, I cannot go as yet, because I have not my means and estate so settled and provided, as it is fit for one that will go well. Thirdly, if I go, it shall be (partly) in hope by God's merciful providence toward me and mine, to better mine estate, and to do good, as to others, so specially to those that are mine own, or do otherwise depend upon me. And therefore I have no reason to go, till I see some good likelihood of probability and assurance that it may and will be done. Fourthly, I will not go, by my goodwill, till I find some good course taken for a good Plantation in that place or Country, wheremy desire and purpose is, above any I hear of yet, to plant myself. When some such course shall be taken and followed effectually, I will not (God willing) be one of the last, that shall make use of it. Fifthly, I suppose I ought not either to tempt God, by going without good and necessary means; nor seek my own destruction by running before I am sent in good order: And therefore expecting a convenient and appointed time, it is enough that I do for the present prepare myself to be ready prepared against that time, and having my mind and affection settled that way, do hearken as the good Soldier for the sound of the trumpet to the battle, for the publishing of that decree, that may rouse up all England to such an attempt and expedition.  Resp. 
I like your answer so well, that besides other good uses which I shall make of it the while, by God's help, whensoever you shall go, (for I see you will not go but upon good ground.) You shall have me ready on reasonable warning to bear you company. 
And many will accompany him.  And I do not think, but that you shall have many more of our Neighbours and Acquaintance, that will do the like.  Enr. 
The more the merrier, by the grace of God. And I pray God of his love and goodness to our Nation, and for the furtherance and increase of his Gospel, to vouchsafe to these actions, and to all that shall go in them, a happy and speedy proceeding: and to us in particular, if it be his will that we shall be partakers in the same, a joyful and good success therein.  Respire. 
AMEN.  
The end of the third and last part, Anno Domini 1624.