THE ANALYSIS OF CHIRURGERY, Being the Theoric and Practic part thereof. Briefly composed for the benefit of all those who desire the knowledge of this worthy Profession. BY The pains and industry of Ed: Edward's Doctor in Physic. LONDON, Printed by Thomas Harper. 1636. TO HIS WORTHY Friends Master Alexander Read Doctor of Physic, and the rest of the Brethren of the Worshipful Company of Chyrurgians, of the City of London: Ed: Edwards, Doctor of Physic, wisheth prosperity; and good success in their Art, with increase of knowledge to God's glory, and the great good of the Weal public, etc. WOrthy Friends: having considered the great labour, industry, and study, required in the thrice worthy, excellent and needful faculty of Chirurgery; which God of his great love to Mankind have ordained to preserve us. By comforting us in curing our infirmities laid upon us sinful wretches; whereby he will be glorified: How ought we then to use our best endeavours by all means possible to seek to attain to the highest degree of knowledge herein, that we may, whereby God may be glorified, the patiented relieved, and the Artist rewarded. And not to rest satisfied, as too too many do only in what they have learned, by tradition from their Masters; looking only what Medicines their Masters used: for tumors, Wounds, Ulcers, etc. whose Masters (no doubt) knew the differences of those Infirmities with the varieties thereof, and all other circumstances thereto belonging; and how to change, add, or diminish in the use of their Medicines, and considering the times, how, where, and when to approve each thing in order and in due time: which I hearty wish that all the younger sort that intent to practise this worthy Faculty may seriously follow, and consider well that they are called hereto; not only for their own gains, as the most sort (I doubt) do persuade themselves, but let them strive to use the best means chief to stir up God's glory, and then he will bless our labours with reward, and send good success in our practice; for if we begin first with him, and make a conscience of what we do, he hath promised to guide and bless our labours, who will not fail in his part if we do ours faithfully, and my soul is grieved to see the daily abuses and errors committed in many of this Profession! Chief in the Country, of many wicked wretches, not only men but infinite Petticoat Surgeons, that swarm in every Town, Parish, and for the most part in every Village: that take on them to practise this worthy Faculty; having neither conscience, learning, art, nor fear of God; nor never had good Tutor to instruct them. Yet like blind Bayards boldly adventure on that precious subject of Chirurgery; promising to perform, and cure all things that come under their unfortunate hands: yet neither know method nor any means rightly to use for to cure it; but for a show to get money, they will apply some thing be it right or wrong they make little care; they will be sure to get by the bargain. But for the care and love that I have of those that are trained up (under the true and worthy Professors of this needful and worthy profession) that they should be such as the World expects; and seeing they daily see the use of the practice part at the hands of their worthy Masters, so I admonish them all to be very careful to use all means possible to attain the theoric part of their Faculty, and to be very well seen therein; that they may persevere with the light of true knowledge in that Art, to guide them the perfect way or path of perfection. For he that worketh without the perfect rules of the theoric parts of this Art, doth work but as a blind man that carrieth a Picture: cutting sometimes too much, sometimes too little, as well, where he should not, as where he should, and so mars all. Wherefore for the better instruction of the younger sort that intent to follow and practise this needful and worthy Faculty; I have set forth these brief instructions, for their better memory: as a Loadstone to draw them from one degree to another, both in the parts theoric and practic, with many other needful passages, to be known of them, for their further good herein, with a brief tract of Anatomy thereto annexed; all in analised Tables, in the which if they will diligently bestow a little labour, and study therein, I think they shall learn more in one mouth, than they shall do in five, in any other, formerly written in our vulgar tongue, and if they desire further knowledge herein, they may find many great Uolumes written at large concerning all those things (that are herein touched, but in brief) for their further satisfaction. Mean time accept my love, and zeal herein towards the true professors hereof, and the good of my Country; and having this collection, I have been entreated by diverse of my good Friends, to publish it: and for the benefit of others I am very willing to bestow it gratis; for the good of many: and shall be ready if this be well accepted, to set forth diverse other things worthy observation; although it have been and will be something troublesome to mine old years, being now 81 and six months. Yet willing to labour to do good to posterity, and to give my best directions to any that endeavour to do good in the fear of God. For which cause I do here put forth this Introduction to the public view of all; hoping that the judicious, will herein censure the best, and herein accept my good meaning in setting it forth: weighing the imbecility of old age, from whom none must expect to have a thing so exactly done, as in the flourishing years and vigour of riper wits. Therefore I hope you will censure all the best way, and accept it as friendly, as I bestow it faithfully and lovingly; seeing that it cometh from a mind which much regardeth your company, though acquainted with few: yet I desire, and wish much happiness, deep knowledge, perfect ability in your Faculty, in all the Brethren of the whole Society: with my hearty Prayers unto Almighty God, that they may all receive as much fruit by the reading of this Introduction, as I hoped they would do when I penned it. And so with my love I salute you all, and commend you to God's blessed protection. Valete in Christo. Nec pudet vivere. Nec piget mori. TO THE READER. GEntle Reader, I do not write to fill thy fancies with fables or fruitless lines to fill papers, but I present unto thee a fruitful garden full of comfortable flowers. I consider we that live in this iron age, (where so much impiety overwhelmeth the world, being so full fraught with an inundant deluge, or overwhelming flood of malice and disdain) that men go to hard edge one with another, must not care for the reproachful taunts of envious snarlers, which wicked imps in these our days, swarm so abundantly, that few professions are free of such wretches, whose like informer ages was never seen; with such diabolical devices, as impudent boasting, disdainful mocking, complainers, false accusers, dissembling hypocrites, being part of the errors of that brood of sycophants of this age; which declare their base low prized conceits, ever showing themselves squint eyed in all good things; who out of malicious, poisoned, and cankered disdain, seek ever to abuse such as mean well: for who is more wicked than those which oppose themselves against virtue, finding fault with others, yet do no good themselves? like the dog in the manger, which will neither eat hay himself, nor suffer the horse to eat: but I wish all such as seek the advancement of God's glory, and their Country's good, never to be dismayed of such spiteful wretches. If the heathen held it odious to conceal any thing that might either preserve health, or cure diseases; then how vile may we account those, that make show to be religious Christians, to omit it, nay, not only so, but do use all their endeavours to hinder such as desire to perform it. A lover of the truth ought to hide nothing secret, that he hath found out for health, saith Hippo, and Galen, vide Gal. de Compos. but to reveal it to God's glory, and the good of the public weal: wherefore forasmuch as every man is bound by the laws of God and nature, to live under the title of some honest and godly calling, and therein to endeavour himself to the uttermost of his power, so fare forth as God shall enable him, wherein he must above all, remember that he study and labour to advance in all his attempts and actions, first the glory of God, and then the good of his Country and Commonweal, which duty is not performed by such as do omit, either to reveal, or otherwise leave behind them in writing, such secrets as God hath bestowed upon them, for the advancement of his glory, and to leave it to posterity, but the envions' sect I think are drenched in the forgetful hellish lake of frozen oblivion, out of whose peevish brains no good can be expected, and small comfort had, but rather a scoff or a frump. I speak it with grief of conscience, to think that there should be such a frozen hearted crew of godless caitiffs, infected with that incurable poison, unworthy the name of Christians, having their conscience (if any) seared up with a hot iron, that nothing can open it, not considering that he which hath the means, and doth not cherish, shall with the hider of his talon perish: these neither love God in his mercy, nor fear him in his justice, therefore not excusable in the day of vengeance, odious to God and christian charity, who with restless rage do manifest their godless minds, holding nothing tolerable, but what they like and allow. In what they loathe, every mite is made a monster, every trifle a trespass, and every Gnat a Camel; so untunable is it to their ugly ears. I think these persons lovingly link in league with the devil, having obstinate wills, and barren fruitless hearts, senseless, except in things that feed their filthy fancies, only they swell with intolerable pride and envy; they live Foxlike, these participate not with that worthy renowned Knight, Sir Philip Sidney, who said, love them that do some good, because there be many that do none at all: let such take heed that they perïsh not with such as hide their talon, therefore according to my bounden duty herein (with that poor mite which God hath endued me withal) I do here leave some fruits of my labours to posterity. We read that the poor Widow's mite, was more accepted because she gave all, than the great gifts that were given by the mighty ones out of their superfluities. Alexander accepted a cup of cold water at the hands of a beggar, so do I bestow these rude lines, as a token of my love, not ambitiously for vain glory, or as one that goeth about to instruct the learned, but the ignorant, nor to impair the credit of any good meaning professor of this worthy faculty, for (God knoweth) I love and reverence them, and although this work be to me very tedious and toilsome in this mine old age, yet will I not deny the importunate request of my faithful loving friends in satisfying their desire herein. Furthermore for my part, I hold it neither fit nor lawful for every ignorant person that practiseth Chirurgery, being unskilful in that deep thrice worthy learned faculty of Physic, to undertake, or once offer to give inward medicines to any Patient, without the counsel of the learned Physician: let them consider how precious the subject is on which they work, (viz. the body of man) being the image of God: yet many of these homicides (chief in the Country) having neither fear of God, learning, art, nor honesty, do daily like brazen faced monsters, boldly adventure on all the parts of physic, wherein they have no skill, to the great disbonour of God, the utter ruin and spoil of their unfortunate Patients, and infamy to both these worthy faculties, being as unfit thereto, as the Ass to play on the Harp: which careless crew of abusers deserve sharp punishment, as deceitful malefactors and murderers. A most lamentable thing that it should be suffered: and here for the avoiding of tedious circumstances, I do abreviate my speeches, discoursing no further, till a more fit opportunity be offered. Vale in Christo. The whole art of Chirurgery both theoric and practice, is accomplished by the exact knowledge and perfect operation of these six things in general following: as to know. 1 The 13. principal points belonging to a Surgeon. 1 1 a Surgeon is Surgery what 2 3 subject of surgery. next way to learn this art. the 4 5 conditions are required in a Surgeon. 6 Instruments be fit 1 medicinals manuals. both 2 ever to carry with him 7 medicines ever to have in readiness, method is best to use, conditions the Patient should have, in how many things the contemplation of the Surgeon do consist, 6 7 what 8 9 10 11 the six things to consider before you take charge, that the operations of the Surgeon ingeneral are but 3 2 3 4 5 9 10 11 12 13 2 That this art is generally divided into two parts, i. 1 Theorica, learning, 2 Practica, practice. 3 That the Surgeon worketh generally upon five indispositions against nature, as 1 Tumours against nature, 2 Wounds, 3 Ulcers, 4 Fractures, 5 Dislocations. 4 That the Surgeon accomplisheth his intent generally by 3 things, as by 1 taking away things 1 hurtful, 2 divided, 3 displaced. 2 joining 3 reducing 5 That the Surgeon taketh his indications curative generally of 3 things, as of things 1 natural to preserve them. 2 not natural to restore with 3 against nature to destroy 6 That the 3 operations above said are accomplished generally by these two instruments or means, as 1 medicinals which do either bind lose alter the property. 2 manuals Brief answers to all the aforesaid questions, and first to the thirteen principal points aforesaid, as to know that 1 A Surgeon is nature's servant to help nature in things pertaining to surgery. 2 Surgery is both art and science. 3 The subject of surgery is man's body being sore, etc. 4 The next way to learn this faculty, is to begin at things general, and so come to particulars. 5 The conditions required in the Surgeon are generally 2. i to be 1 virtuous & religious 1 theoric 2 practic. 2 expert in his prof. both 6 his instruments 6 generally are but two, i medicinals' manuals 7 ever fit to carry with him are 6. i. 1 probs, 2 needles & stitching quill, 3 mullets with spatula, 4 incision knife, 5 cysors, 6 launcets. 7 8 Medicines ever to have in readiness are generally 6. i e 1 restrictives to stop 1 blood, 2 afluxion that runs to other parts 2 Basilicon to cause matter, 3 Apostolorum to cleanse, 4 Aurinum to incarnate flesh. 5 Album to cease dolour and heat, 6 Desiccativum rubrum to dry and skin. 9 The best method to observe is generally to note well the 1 disease, cause and symptoms, next way to cure it 1 speedily, 2 surely, 3 not to make false promises for money, & promise no more than may be performed. 10 The conditions required of the Patient, are generally 3 i e. to 1 hope with 1 assurance 2 diligence, 3 patience. 2 obey 3 endure 11 The contemplation of surgery do consist generally in the perfect knowledge of things, 1 natural, 2 not natural, 3 against nature. 12 He should observe before he undertake any cure, generally six things, i. 1 whether lawful before 1 God, 2 Man. 2 temperature of the 1 Body, 2 Members, 3 the sickness 1 and nature thereof, 2 if curable or not, 4 5 medicines proper for the disease, 6 right way of application. 13 The operations of the Surgeon are generally but three, as are before mentioned. The two general parts of this art follow, i 1 Theorica, i the learned part by rules, showing the perfect ways to work herein, gotten by reading, etc. being Science, and is divided generally into four parts, as things 1 natural being 7. as 1 Elements, 2 Temperaments or Complexions, 3 Humours, 4 Members, 5 Powers or virtues, 6 Operations of those virtues, 7 Spirits. 2 not natural, being 6. as 1 Air, 2 Meat and drink, 3 Sleep and watch, 4 Fullness and emptiness, 5 Moving and rest, 6 Affections of the mind. 3 against nature being 3. as the 1 Disease, 2 Cause of the disease, 3 Accidents that follow the disease 4 judical, as to judge of diseases, what 1 they be, 2 nature they be of, 3 cure or not, and the reason why they may or may not be cured, 4 medicines and method is best. 2 Practica, i practice showing how to order, prepare, and to work with the hand according to the precepts of the theoric, done by these three means, as by 1 Diet, or the right use of the 6 thing, not natural above said, in 1 health to preserve with things like, 2 diseases to cure with contraries. medicines, which is in two sorts used, either 1 inwards, 2 outwards. 3 Manual operation, or hand-working, as by 1 Incision, 2 Stitching, 3 Rolling. 4 Reducing, 5 Cauterising, etc. Now followeth the tract of the part Physiologia, or the seven things natural aforesaid, as they lie in order. 1 Elements of which consider generally four things, i. as 1 what an Element is, it is 1 A body most pure and simple, unmixed, 2 The least part not dividable into any other kind. 3 That whereof all things natural have their original. 2 their 2 Numbers which are four, i▪ 1 Fire, 2 Air, 3 Water, 4 Earth. 3 Qualities be 4. i. 1 Fire, is 1 hot and dry, 2 hot and moist, 3 cold and moist, 4 cold and dry. 2 Air, 3 Water 4 Earth, 4 operations are generally 2. i 1 Active, i. to do as is 1 heat and 2 cold, 2 passive to suffer to be done, as doth 1 dryness, and moistness. Note that these two active qualities of heat and cold, do work into the two passive qualities or dryness and moistness to alter them. 2 Temperaments or complexions, wherein consider generally four things, i. e. that they are 1 generally 2. i 1 well tempered, 2 evil 2 Particularly 9. 1 1 simple, as 1 hot, 2 cold, 3 moist, 4 dry, 2 compound, as hot and 1 dry, 2 moist, cold & 3 dry, 4 moist, 2 3 4 1 four 2 3 4 2 one temperate by Equality of all these in perfect proportion, rara Avis, as hard to find as a black Swan. 3 Either 1 simple, qualities of some or all the four Elements, either 1 hot, 2 cold, 3 moist, 4 dry, 2 compound, 4 To no end known by the differences of temperatures, if we know them not by their signs also: for the which read and consider well those rules, which are set down by Levine Lemnie, written in his book called the Touchstone of Complexions, where you may be sufficiently instructed, which in this place is too tedious to relate at this time. 3 Humours be generally two, i 1 Natural being 4. as 1 Blood, Natural and profitable. 2 Choler, 3 Phlegm, 4 Melancholy, 1 Blood being either too 1 thin, by 1 heat, 2 cold. 2 thick, 2 adust & so the 1 subtle, parts 1 choler, 2 melancholy become 2 gross, 3 distempered by mixing of other humours, as of 1 choler, 2 phlegm, 3 melancholy, etc. 2 Choler either 1 Vitiline, like yolks of eggs, 2 Eruginous, like verdegresse, 3 Prassyne, like juice of herbs, 4 Azure or blue. 2 Unnatural, and are of diverse sorts, as 3 Phlegm either 1 Vitria, like melted glass, 2 Acide, sour like vinegar, 3 Salt, like brine, 4 Gypsum, like white mortar. 4 Melancholy being of two sorts either of brent 1 blood, 2 choler, and is the worst, Note that of these three things aforesaid, i. as 1 Elements, all the members of the body are made. 2 Temperaments, and 3 humours, 4 Members are generally two, i 1 Simple, being 11. as 1 Bones, 2 Cartilages or gristles, 3 Ligaments, 4 Veins, 5 Arteries or heart pipes, 6 Nerves or sinews, 7 Cords or tendons, 8 Panicles or felmes, 9 Simple flesh, 1 substance, 2 use or office, 3 temperatures, 4 utilities. 10 Fat, 11 Skin, in all these consider these four things, i. their 2 Compound, as are the 1 Head, 2 Heart, 3 Liver, 4 Lungs, 5 Legs, 6 Arms, 1 Brain, 2 Heart, 3 Liver, 4 Testicles or stones, 7 Hands, etc. Whose other diversities are generally five, whereof some are 1 Principals being 4. as the 2 serving the principals are 4. as the 1 veins, to carry the spirit 1 natural, 2 vital, 3 animal 4 sperm or seed. 2 arteries, 3 nerves, 4 spermatick vessels. 3 Proper of themselves and others, as the 1 Belly, 2 Kidneys, 3 Matrix, etc. 4 Excremental and not proper, as 1 Hair, 2 Nails. 5 Neither governed, nor do govern others, as are the Bones, Gristles, Glandles, Fat, Simple flesh, etc. 5 Of the powers, virtues, or faculties, being three, of which proceedeth the actions, being the 1 Animal, whose actions generally are double, i. 1 sensitive being also double, as, 1 Externall or outwards, as, 1 Seeing, and are called the five senses. 2 Hearing, 3 Smelling; 4 Tasting, 5 Touching, 2 Intern or inward, called the virtue principal or common sense as 1 imagination, 2 reason, 3 remembrance. 2 Motive done by the sinews and muscles, being their instruments of voluntary motions all these proceed from the brain by the nerves. 2 vital, which 1 have two motions, as 1 Active to dilate the heart and Arteries, as in 1 joy, 2 hope, 3 mirth, etc. 2 Passive, the heart and arteries, and to bind them, as in 1 care, 2 fear, 3 sadness, 4 sorrow, 5 revenge, 6 melancholy, etc. proceedeth from the heart by the arteries, and serveth to carry the spirit vital & lively heat, to all the members, which arteries or heart pipes do spring from the heart. 3 natural, 1 proceeding from the liver, sending nourishment to all parts of the body by the veins that grow out of the liver 2 hence proceed the four natural virtues, i. as those four virtues do their operations thus by degrees one after another, i. as 1 attractive, wrought by 1 heat, & drith, 2 cold, 3 heat, & moisture. 4 cold, 2 retentive, 3 disgestive, 4 expulsive, 1 attraction is made, 2 retention till the disgestive virtue have altered it fit, 3 digestion to alter the property by heat, as aliment into Chyle, Chyle into blood, and blood into flesh, etc. 4 expulsion to expel & cast out the excr. &c by this faculty we do 1 nourish our bodies, 2 increase and grow, 3 engender more of the kind, etc. The sixth of the operations done by the foresaid three virtues. 6 The virtue 1 Animal moveth 1 Apprehension, in the two former ventricles of the brain. 2 Fantasy, 3 Imagination, 4 Opinion, 5 Consent, etc. 1 judgement, in the middle ventricle of the brain. 2 Esteem, 3 Reason, 4 Resolution, 5 Disposing, 6 To discern, 1 Remembrance, in the hinder ventricle of the brain. 2 Knowledge, 3 Calling to mind 2 Vital moveth, 1 Mirth, by vital heat stirred up in us either 1 moderate, 2 immoderate 2 joy, 3 Hope, 4 Trust, 5 Humanity, 6 Victory, 7 Glory, 8 Boldness, 9 Mercy, 10 Fear, 11 Sadness, 12 Despair, 13 Envy, 14 Hatred, 15 Anger, 16 Mildness, 17 Stubborness, 3 Natural, moveth, and 1 Altereth 1 Aliment into Chyle, 2 Chyle into blood and humours, 3 Blood and humours into flesh, etc. 2 joineth. 3 formeth. 4 engendereth. 5 nourisheth. 6 increaseth. These actions proceed from the faculty or virtue, being cause of the action, & not contrary, i. the action is not cause of the faculty, for the actions are certain movings and affections as abovesaid, stirred up by those three virtues or faculties, i. 1 animal, 2 vital 3 natural. The seventh are Spirits proceeding from the three virtues aforesaid. Spirits, wherein consider these five things, which are 1 An airy substance, i. 1 subtle, 2 stirring the powers to perform the office and operations. 2 Bred of the most pure and thin parts or vapours of the blood and humours sent to each part of the body, whereby each member may do his office. 3 Principally, seated, i. the 1 animal, in the 1 brain, to stir up 1 moving & feeling, 2 heat & life, 3 nourishing, 2 heart, 3 liver, 2 vital, 3 natural, 4 sent from those four principal members to all parts of the body i. the 1 animal, by the 1 nerves, 2 arteries, 3 veins. 2 vital, 3 natural, 4 5 As a Prince do move his Council, and the Council the subjects, so every one according to his vocation as it is appointed by nature, so that every inferior must be ready to serve his superior. Remember diligently, seek ever to preserve these seven things natural aforesaid, by the right use of the six things not natural, following. note that we 1 preserve health, by things 1 like in quality. 2 contrary 2 cure diseases, Note the spirit 1 Vital, is engendered of the vapour of the vital blood in the heart and arteries. 2 Animal, is engendered of the spirit vital, carried up to the head by the arteries, and there more digested, for which purpose nature hath the Rete mirabile in the brain, as a manifest changeable maze. 3 Natural, infuseth and breatheth its nutritive vapours and spirits to nourish the parts of the body. Also in these seven things natural, consider these nine things following, whether you meant to preserve health, or to cure diseases. Of the nine things that are to be considered in things natural. Consider these nine, i the 1 Strength of the patiented, if that fail, medicine is used in vain, 2 Complexion, which must be countergarded, although it be evil, as a thing of custom, for custom is like another nature. 3 Members whether 1 simple, 1 principal or noble, 2 serving to the 3 not able at all▪ 2 compound, 3 organic, as 4 sensible, because 1 the 5 insensible, 2 whose form or figure may be unfit in 1 magnitude, 1 eye cannot endure so strong a medicine as the flesh, etc. 2 nerve cannot endure so strong a medicine as the lygament, etc. 2 number, 3 figure, 4 situation, etc. 4 Habit; i, a body either 1 fat and fleshy, 2 lean, 3 delicate, 4 rustic, etc. 5 Age, for often youth is curable, when the aged cannot in the like case, and the strong sooner than the weak, etc. 6 Sex or kind for 1 Eunuches, cannot endure medicines so strong as men. have bodies 1 weaker, than men of like temperament. 2 moister, 3 softer, 2 Women, 3 Children, 7 Time of the 1 year, for some medicines are fit in the Spring, and others in other seasons in the like disease, used, i. A. 2 Day to observe order. 3 Disease as 1 beginning, every one must have medicines according to the time: where the time is unknown, the cure is unknown. 2 augmentation, 3 state, 4 declination, 8 Region, 1 The order of cure must differ according to the region. 2 hot, cause humour, 1 subtle & thin, their use, 1 coolers to thicken it 2 heaters to make it thin 2 gross & thick 3 cold, 9 Custom 1 must be observed as the proper temperature, as 1 citizens, must be used according to their custom 2 courtiers, 3 easy livers, 4 rustics, 5 carters, 2 brings properties, example if they eat or drink either Ptisan, either they 1 vomit, 2 scour, 3 be very sick therewith. Apples, Milk, Cheese, Partridge, etc. Things annexed to things natural, are four, fit to be considered. These four are 1 Ages be generally, as from the 1 birth to 25 hot & moist, all which time the body 1 groweth, & is 1 sanguine, 2 choleric, 3 melancholic. 2 is in perfect growth, 3 beginneth to decrease 2 25 to 40. hot and dry, 3 40 to 60. cold and dry, 4 60 to the end of life, 1 accidentally cold & moist diminishing the strength of the body, and all the powers and faculties thereof. 2 naturally cold & dry, 2 Colour, and is in two sorts observed of the 1 body caused two ways, i. 1 inward, i according to the humours abounding, climate for country, 1 hot make 1 sallow, 2 black, 2 cold make 1 white, 2 pale, etc. 2 outward in two sorts, i. 2 here be generally 4 sorts, i. 1 black, hair signifieth, 1 either abundance of 1 choler inflamed 2 blood adusted, 2 too much heat, not adust, 3 excess of melancholy, 4 lack of natural heat, caused of putrified phlegm. 2 red, 3 grey, 4 white, 3 Figure or habitude of body, as 1 good proportion of the four humours, causeth good temperature, and comely proportion of body. 2 thick and tall, showeth excess 2 heat and moisture, Sanguine 3 heat & dryness, Choleric 4 cold and moist, Phlegmatic. 3 thin and lean, 4 fat and gross, 4 Diversity of kinds are generally 3. i the 1 male is hotter, than other kinds of the same complexion, as the male is hotter than the female, 2 female is colder Epafroditus' is 1 both male and female, 2 temperate in heat and cold. Age must not be accounted according to the number of years, but rather after the temperature of the body, for some are 1 old at 40. as those 1 cold and dry, soon wax old. 2 hot and moist, are long young and lusty. 2 young at 60. Now of the second part of the Theoric, called Hygiena, or res non naturales, i things not natural, being six, as followeth in order, as 1 Air that do environ us, in which consider six things, i. the 1 The temperature of its own nature is hot and moist. 2 Difference is of two sorts, i. 1 good and temperate to our bodies▪ 2 evil and distemperate 3 quality is altered by three things, i. by the 1 Region either 1 well tempered. 2 evil 2 winds being four, as 1 East is hot and dry attractive, 2 West, cold and moist expulsive, 3 South, hot & moist putrificative, 4 North, cold and dry retentive. 3 wind is the body and spirits altered. 4 Situation of the place, as 1 stony, cold, and dry 2 sandy, hot, 3 marish, cold, 4 woody, hot and moist, 5 fatty, 5 body may alter by the air three ways, i. by the 1 quality in three sorts, i. by the 1 region, 2 winds, 3 situation of the place. 2 substance, 1 gross and thick, 1 cloudy or troubly is worst, make the 1 body fat and strong, 2 wit dull and slow. 2 pure and clear, 1 thin is best, 2 makes men 1 lively and nimble, 2 sharp wits, 3 sudden change, for nature cannot away with sudden changes. 6 Utilities are these, it 1 engendereth the spirit animal, 2 is the matter of our respiration, 3 Author of 1 life to mortal men. 2 diseases 3 death 2 Meat and drink herein consider six things, i. the 1 quantity must be according to the 1 substance either 1 gross and hard of digestion. 2 fine and easy 2 quality either 1 hot, moderate, or immoderate. 2 cold, 3 dry, 4 moist. 3 Complexion of the eater, etc. 2 quality some 1 are either 1 hot, and that either temperately in degree. meanly extremely 2 cold, 3 dry, 4 moist, 2 nourish 1 much, 2 little. 3 make juice either 1 gross and thick, 2 watery and thin, 3 mean and temperate: 4 be 1 good, 2 evil. 3 custom 1 in feeding must be well regarded, 2 it is like another nature, 3 makes bad meats by use better to some, than better meats, 4 of such meats and drinks as best like the eater, are oft best, 5 if it must needs be left, do it by little, in health, if it may be. 4 order 1 eat 1 not that first that should be last, 2 first things that 1 mollify 2nd lose the belly, 1 except it be lose, 2 as 1 broth, 2 milk, 3 rear Eggs. 4 all that properly lose 2 be styptic if you will bind a lose belly. 3 not 1 slippery meats first lest they hastily draw down other meats undigested. 2 restrictives, lest they let the descending of other meats. 2 Drink. 1 not till some thing be eaten at meals, 2 the strongest first, and smallest after, 3 moderately helps 1 digestion 2 to mingle the meat, 3 the meat the better to pass its juice 1 Liver, 2 Veins, 3 Arteries, etc. 4 Parts for to nourish. 5 Time in it observe three things, i time of the 1 age, as in my golden Key you may observe. 2 year, 3 day 6 Age 1 children should eat meat hot and moist moderately, drink no wine it hurts them. 2 young men 1 may eat 2 must 1 Salads of cool herbs. 2 Meats more drink little Wine, use all these moderately, fit to the 1 colder, and of grosser substance. 2 moister, complexion, exercise, custom. 3 Old folks must use meats 1 hot and moist, do 1 make the humours thin, 2 purge and cleanse the blood by urine. 2 easy to digest, 3 and drinks that Place this before Folio 17. Of Fullness and Emptiness, i. Repletion and Inanition. 3. Repletion or fullness in it consider generally these eight things in the 1 substance it is either 1 aliment either 1 profitable, 2 hurtful. 2 spirits being either 1 gross and thick, 2 thin, subtle and pure. 3 humours either 1 good, 2 bad. 4 Excrements being diverse. 2 kinds are in 2 sorts, i. in 1 quantity and in 2 sorts, i. of 1 Aliment, and is also in two sorts, as sacietas quoad 1 vasa, 2 vires. 2 humours and is in 2 sorts, i. of 1 Plenitudo, i. when all the humours abound equally in the 1 Veins, 2 Arteries. 2 Cacochyma▪ i. when one humour alone aboundeth as 1 Choler, 2 Phlegm, 3 Melancholy, etc. 2 quality the humours being either 1 hotter, than is fit and are then called also Caerochymiall. 2 colder, 3 thicker, 4 thinner, 5 salt, 6 sour, etc. 3 Differences i. 1 universal, possessing 1 all the body. 2 some part or member. 2 particular. 4 Place is diverse according to the matter offending, be it 1 aliment, 2 spirits, 3 humours, 4 excrements. 5 cause is either 1 general as of 1 meats being either 1 in the way of digestion. 2 utterly forsaken of natural heat, and so do corrupt. 2 humours being either 1 Plenitudo, 2 Cacochymia. 2 particular, i. either of 1 Spirits, 2 Excrements. 6 Signs are according to the cause and diversity of fullness. 7 cure must be 1 according to the 1 matter offending, 2 place offended, etc. 2 fit evacuation, S. A. 1 either 1 general, 2 particular. 2 in 1 Plenitudo by bleeding, etc. 2 Cacochymia, by purges, etc. 8 accidents are diverse according to the 1 cause, 2 place wherein it is contained, etc. Now of Inanition or Emptiness. 3 Inanition, i Emptiness, in it consider these six things, i. the 1 Definition, it is 1 emptiness and lack either of 1 aliment, 2 spirit, 3 humour natural, etc. 2 a diminishing or let of any of those either 1 general, 2 particular. 2 kinds are either 1 general, where either 1 all the body waxeth thin & weak, slender and empty. 2 some particular part, 2 particular, 3 Differences are generally two, i 1 universal in all the body. 2 particular in some part of 4 causes are either by 1 nature, the body or member so made, 2 Art so done, i. by 1 purging, 2 bleeding, 3 sweeting, etc. 3 accident as either by 1 obstruction either stopping the passage of by excrement, etc. 1 vital heat, 2 nutritive, etc. 2 a flux either 1 washing the natural substance, etc. 2 exhibiting the juice nutritive, or the spirits from the place. 5 Signs are Atrophia, which is a 1 wasting of the body or part, etc. 2 consuming 6 Cure is by Removing the cause, s. A. 2 restoring the lost substance, etc. (if it may be done.) Of sleep and watch. 4 Sleep and watch, in it consider generally seven things, i sleep. 1 what it is 1 sleep is rest and quietness of the 1 virtue animal, i. 1 sense, and 2 motion. 2 body and mind, 3 spirits. 2 the image of death, 3 Death's eldest brother, saith Galen. 2 the cause is 1 a sweet vapour of nourishment sent up to the brain, 2 the coldness of the brain that turns those vapours to humour which 1 close the conduits of the nerves 2 stop the ways of the 1 sense, 2 spirits, 3 prohibit the spirits. 3 times of sleep are generally 2. i sleep in the 1 day, chief after noon, is hurtful to health, and utterly to be disliked for the most part. 2 night, it fit to sleep 7 or 8 hours, as cause requireth. 4 the manner of it is either, 1 long, according to the 1 temperature of the body, 2 disease and time of it, 3 custom. 2 short, 3 mean, 5 the differences are generally two, i the 1 moderate, whose effects are showed in my golden key. 2 immoderate, 6 and watch the utilities, these two being 1 fitly used, comfort much, 2 moderately used, they 1 refresh 1 the memory and all the senses 2 chief the 1 spirits, 2 animal faculty. 2 quicken and refresh the spirits, 3 help digestion, expel excrements, etc. 7 or watch the Hurts of either of these abused as immoderate, 1 watch 1 makes giddy brains, 2 engenders rheum, 3 postmes, 4 troubles the spirits, 5 causes rawness and crudities, 6 idle brains and idiots, etc. 2 sleep 1 dulleth the senses, 2 cause much superfluous excrements, 3 makes gross spirits in 1 old folks, 2 children, 4 it retains excrements, 5 it fills the brains with crudities. Look more of these in my Golden Key. Of Exercise and Idleness, i. moving and rest. 5 Moving and rest. 1 Exercise, i. moving, 1 is either of the 1 body, or both. 2 mind, 2 in it consider generally these two, i the 1 Differences being generally two, i 1 moderate, i neither too 1 much, 2 little. 2 immoderate, i. 1 vehement, 2 excessively. 2 effects, i. the 1 moderate, do 1 stir up natural heat, 2 quicken the spirits, 3 open the pores, 4 waste excrements of the third digestion, 5 make the 1 body, strong, 2 spirits, 3 senses, 6 comfort all the members, 7 profit nature much. 2 immoderate do 1 hurt the body and parts, 2 wast the body and spirits, 3 dry 4 consume 5 weary 6 overthrow natures actions. 2 Idleness and rest the 1 Differences be two, i 1 moderate, not excess, 2 immoderate and excess. 2 Effects i the 1 moderate do 1 comfort nature. 2 refresh 3 maintain health, 1 senses, 2 body and parts, 4 fortify & strengthen all the 2 excess 1 dulleth the 1 mind, 2 senses, 3 principal instruments, 2 causeth 1 great 1 cruditi 1 humours, 2 excrem. 2 plenty of evil 3 and cold sicknesses, 2 infinite infirmities. 3 hasteneth old age, 4 causeth deformity. Affections of the mind are generally of two sorts. 6 Affections of the mind are generally two, i 1 Content, 1 as in 1 hope, 1 effects these 1 dilate the heart & arteries, 2 bring out the 1 vital spirits, 2 natural heat. 3 do comfort and strengthen all the parts of the body and mind, in all their actions. 2 differences are generally two, i 1 moderate, which do 1 comfort, 2 hurt 2 imoderate, body and mind. 2 joy, 3 love, 4 mirth, etc. 2 wherein consider their 2 Discontent, 1 as in 1 anger, 2 hatred, 3 fear for things to come, 4 care for things past, 5 sorrow, 6 grief of mind, etc. 2 whose effects are, i. 1 that diverteth the vital heat and spirits into the centre of the heart, and thereby consumeth and drieth the 1 vital spirits, 2 body, & causeth leanness 2 these are the 1 fore runners of body and mind 2 destroyers 3 overthrowers 4 murderers 3 hastners of old age, death, by extinguishing and drying, or consuming vital heat and moisture. 4 observe more of these six things called res non naturales, in my book called the Golden Key. consider how to use these six things not natural, before said, both to 1 preserve health, which is done by like quality and nature, for every thing is maintained by its like, & so must the 7 things natural aforesaid be preserved & maintained 2 cure diseases, which is done by things of contrary quality, for every disease being a thing against nature, must be cured by its contrary. Of the third part called Pathologia, i. res contra natura, i things against nature, being generally three, as followeth. 3 Part. Things against nature are generally 3. i the 1 disease being of three sorts, i. intempary of the similar parts in 1 quantity being either too 1 much, 2 little, 2 quality being either too 1 hot, 2 cold, 3 dry, 4 moist, 2 evil confirmation, this hurts organicks in 1 figure, 2 number, 3 magnitude, 4 situation. 3 solution of unity in both, 1 simple and organic parts. 2 Cause being three, i 1 primative, i. 1 outwards, as 1 wounds, 2 contusions, 3 fractures, 4 dislocations, etc. 2 or by some outward hurt or means. 2 Antecedent, i. of evil humours, etc. being either 1 hereditaries, i. bred in the mother's womb, by some infection, etc. from the parents, or weakness, or ill form of some part or member. 2 after the birth by 1 evil diet, disorder, &c 2 accident or abuse, etc. 3 Conjunct, which appeareth after the collection of the matter offensive, in some part or member, & never else, & is ever present in the body or part offended. 3 Accidents or symptoms 1 are called Insulsum, i. a brag or reproach of the whole body, or part, saith Jerimeus Thriverius. 2 do follow the disease, as the shadow doth the body 3 do offend 3 ways, wherein the action is either 1 abolished 1 hurting the quality either by vehement 1 heat, 2 cold, 2 any accident or cause. 2 changing 1 the natural heat into inflammation, 2 scabs into lepra, etc. 2 diminished. 3 depraved or wholly lost. Of the fourth part called Semotica, i. the judging part or judicial part, i. the Prognosticke part. This fourth part how to judge of diseases. 1 What 1 they be 1 hot, 2 cold, 3 simple, 4 compound, 5 infectious or not, acute or coronicke. 2 nature they be of either 3 danger, or none like to follow. 4 cure, 5 time of cure long or short. 6 the cause is and to prove that it is either 1 to be cured, and by what means, 2 not to be cured, and the reason why. 7 medicines in quality & operation are fit to be used. 2 whose judgements are taken generally of four things, i. of the 1 Disease itself, 2 Nature of the part, 3 Symptoms or accidents, 4 Excrements voided by nature. Note that these four parts aforesaid, are the contemplative parts of this thrice worthy faculty of curing, which ought to be first exactly known of any professor herein, before he enter into the practice part; for upon these four pillars, was this worthy art built, and is as necessary to the Artist, as the head to the body: for as the body that hath all other members, and wanteth the head, can do nothing for want of knowledge, so it is with the Artist that wanteth these four Theoric parts, which in him are required: for he is ever ready to maim, kill, or spoil his unfortunate Patient, that enters under his hands, sooner than to help or cure him, for lack of the knowledge of these four parts afore mentioned. Of the Therapeuticke, i. the practice part, being the second general part of Chirurgery, of some called the fifth or curative part. 2 Part, Theraputica, or Practica, i. practice. 1 sheweth the 1 method of curing diseases. 2 manner or way 2 is triple, that is, 1 diet, i. the right use of the 6 things not natural. 2 Pharmacopia, i. the use of medicine either 1 inwards, 2 outwards. 3 manual operation, i. hand working. Note ever, where one of these three will serve, use no other. All operations agreeable to the rules of the Theoric part aforesaid, which the skilful Artist must follow effectually in his practice. These unfortunate people that seek to the unskilful for cure of their infirmities, may well be compared to a foolish man, who having a garment to make, will not put it to a Tailor to do it, but to a Smith or a Carpenter to make it, and though it be not his profession, yet peradventure for lucre of gain, he will undertake to do it, but how well (every man of judgement may conjecture) but now commonly, most people in these our days, seem to have more care of making their garments, than the cure of their maladies. To make a garment, they will look out the best workman, but to cure their infirmities (though it stand on life or limb to be lost,) they as soon choose a silly woman, or an ignorant fellow (chief if they have gotten a little applause of the vulgar) before the learned and skilful Artist, and why? because those idle brained wretches that neither fear the wrath of God, nor make conscience of their ways, will not only adventure, but make sure promises to cure any that they take in hand, though it be unpossihle to be cured by the art or skill of man; for how can they foreshow the danger, that know it not, but to get money? and some thinking to get praise of others for their work, will undertake any cure, so bold and impudent are they, yet neither know the disease, nor any perfect way to cure it, but as the blind man shot the Crow; but the more unwise those that employ them, as woeful experience daily showeth too much, and were perfect knowledge herein gotten so lightly, as these Ignorants seem, then vainly were all those great volumes made, and so great study employed thereon. The end of this worthy art or faculty. promise no more than you may with a good conscience perform, and consider 1 That health lieth not in thy hands to give, therefore promise and perform only thy painful diligence and industry. 2 There belongeth to every cure generally, these four things, i. the 1 Determination of God, 2 Good industry and skill of the Artist. 3 Honest act of the Apothecary, 4 Obedience and good usage of the Patient. 3 Of these four parts abovesaid, there is but one in thy hands to use, or two at the most. 4 The end of this worthy art is either to 1 preserve, so fare forth as art and nature may afford. 2 cure, Four special things to be considered of every man that will practise this famous worthy art of medicine. These are the four things to consider, i. 1 First, let your honest manners be equal to your excellent knowledge, therefore be 1 faithful to your diseased Patient. 2 true 3 trusty 4 honest, of life and conversation. 5 sober 6 comfortable in words, 7 not deceivable in deeds, 8 ever serving of God, love and pray unto him daily for his grace and assistance, and consider the end wherefore thou art called to use this worthy faculty, it is not only for thine own gain, as too too many do now abuse it, but you ought with all diligence to search out the secrets of nature, and endeavour chief hereby to stir up God's glory, showing his great goodness towards us, by comforting and curing the sore, sick, and diseased people. 2 Before you take charge, foresee these six things, i. whether it be 1 honest before God and man, 2 profitable to the Patient, 3 easy to be done, and the reasons how and why it may, or may not be done. 4 hard 5 possible, 6 impossible 3 to admonish and urge the Patient to observe the three conditions of a Patient, i. to 1 hope with assurance, 2 obey with diligence, 3 endure with patience, consider also that medicine was not ordained for disorderly persons, saith Hypocrates. 4 There be three causes why you should refuse the cure, i. where the 1 disease is uncurable by its own nature, or the party so weak, that he cannot endure fit remedies. 2 cure of one disease causeth a worse. 3 Patient is disobedient, and will not observe fit order in all things as is requisite for the cure, for medicine, saith Hippocrates in his Aphorism, was not ordained for disorderly and disobedient persons. Brief instructions for the Artist to consider, being called to a Patient, both generally and particularly. First when thou seest the Patient, consider well 1 generally two things, i. what is 1 done, 2 to be done. 2 particularly these eight things, i. to know perfectly the 1 disease whether it be either a 1 tumour against nature, 2 wound, 3 ulcer, 4 fracture, 5 dislocation, etc. 2 kind, i. whether 1 simple, 2 compound. 3 Differences wherein they differ the one from the other. 4 causes. i. whether 1 primitive, 2 antecedent, 3 conjunct. 5 Signs, 1 general, 2 particular. 6 Prognostication what is like to follow, i. 7 Accidents that follow the disease as the shadow doth the body. 8 cure, in which consider the 1 perspectation, i. 1 what must be done first, and so to proceed, s. A. 2 to foresee what may cross your cure, & how to prevent it. 2 intentions fit to use in 1 diet, 2 preparation of the matter, 3 evacuation, 4 corroboration, 5 preventing or removing of accidents, 6 cure at all times, 7 manual operation. Of Tumours in general being but three. Tumours in general be three, i 1 according to nature, as the 1 balls of the cheek, 2 brawns of the 1 arms, 2 legs, etc. 3 muscles, etc. 2 Above nature which 1 causeth deformity only, 2 hurteth not the action, use, nor office of the member, but can do things without let or hindrance. 3 against nature, are generally three, i 1 Humoralis being generally two, i 1 simple be generally two, i 1 hot being two, 1 Phlegmon, of blood, 2 Erisypilas, of choler. 2 cold, being 2, 1 Oedema, of phlegm, 2 Scirrus, of melancholy. 2 Compound of many humours mixed together, being generally two, 1 equal when 1 when all four humours be equally mixed, 2 two are equally mixed, 2 unequal, as two parts of one, and but one part of another. 2 Flatuosus, i. a windy tumour of spirits or vapours, as are 1 Timpanites, 2 Priapismus, 3 Hernia Ventosa, etc. 3 Varicosus is sometimes of 1 Spirits, 2 humours, 3 both spirits and humours. Now of the several branches that spring of the tumours aforesaid. From 1 Phlegmon springeth these ten branches following, i. 1 Phygithlon, i Emunctory tumours inflamed, 2 Bubo, tumour of the groin inflamed, 3 Phyma, a hot push, as a Fungus, 4 Fornuculus, a fellow or whitflowe, 5 Antrax, a Carbuncle, 6 Gargareon, uvula inflamed, 7 Paristhma, Tonsilla inflamed, 8 Anurisma, an artery delated, 9 Gangrena, an inflammation not mortified, 10 Sphacelus, mortification confirmed. 2 Erisypelas, springeth these 5 branches following, i. 1 Herps 1 Miliaris, i. pustles that eat. 2 Excedence, 3 Formica, 2 Phlictene, blisters, 3 Epinyctides, blew pustles, 4 Hydrea, pustles, i night galls, 5 Dracunculus, crimson veins. 3 Oedema, whose branches are nine, as followeth, i. 1 Atheroma, a soft tumour of the head, etc. with matter like oatmeal or pap, without pain. 2 Steatoma, with matter like grease, with hardness, i. Napta, 3 Meliceris, i great softened, with gravelly hard matter, 4 Hydrocele, Hernia aquosa, or humoralis, 5 Ascites, a hot dropsy, 6 Leucophlegmata, a cold dropsy, 7 Chyradis, Serophulus, the King's evil, 8 Bronchocele, i. Bocium, a great tumour about the throat, 9 Hydrocephalea, a watery tumour in a child's head. 4 Scirrhus, whose branches are ten, as followeth, i. 1 Cancer, i. an unequal 1 Occultus with 1 out ulceration, 2 an 2 Vlceratus 2 Elephantiasis lepra, i. an universal Cancer, 3 Psora, dry scabs, itch, and is not lepra. 4 Enchymoma, contusions, i black and blue, 5 Varices, swollen veins, 6 Sarcocele, Hernia Carnosa, flesh growing to the testicle, 7 Polypus, spongy flesh growing in the nose, 8 Verruca, warts, 1 Acrochordonis, hangs by a thread, 2 Myrmeciae, broad, allow, sharp, above, 9 Cornua, Corus and hard 1 feet, with labour. 2 hands, Callus on 10 Calbo, 5 Flatus as is before mentioned with many more. 6 Varicosus, whose branches are fourteen, i as 1 Vitilig, i morphew, 2 Exanthemata, i small pox or measles, 3 Parotides, tumours behind the ears, 4 Mentagra, i scabs on the chin, 5 the 5 rupturs 5 Entercole omentum, i. the carl falls down into Serotum. 6 Epilocele, the testicle 7 Enteroepiplocele, when both 8 Bubonocele, a tumour of the flank, 9 Exomphalos, a tumour of the navel, 6 7 8 9 10 Arthritis, all gouts, 11 Chiragra, hand gout, 12 Sciatica, huckel bone gout, 13 Genugra, knee gout, 14 Podagra, feet gout, etc. Of Wounds. A wound is solution of unity new, bloody without matter or putrefaction, whose difference is generally taken of three things, i▪ of the 1 nature of the parthurt being either 1 simple i. in parts, 1 soft in the 1 flesh, 2 fat, etc. 2 hard, i. in 1 bones, 2 joints, etc. 3 mean, as 1 veins, 2 arteries, 3 tendons, etc. 2 organicks which are three, i 1 principals, i. the 1 brain, 2 heart, 3 liver, 4 testicles, 2 servants to these principals are 1 veins, 2 arteries, 3 nerves, 4 vessels spermaticke 3 proper to themselves, as 1 belly, 2 kidneys, 3 matrix, etc. 2 the wound itself is either 1 simple without & healed by the first intention, i. conglutination, 1 loss of substance, 2 accident, 2 compound 1 with accidents, as 1 lost substance, 2 contusion, 3 dolour, 4 tumour, 5 inflammation, 6 convulsion, etc. 2 requires intentions to cure it. 3 differences are diverse, some are 1 great, 2 little, 3 easy to cure, 4 dangerous, 5 mortal, etc. the utilities by the perfect knowledge of these above said things, we have four special utilities, for thereof is taken the 1 Prognostication, 2 intentions curative, 3 invention of fit medicine 4 perfect manner of applying of medicines most fit. Of Ulcers. An Ulcer is solution of unity, with matter differing in substance, and every Ulcer is either 1 simple without accidents whose names and differences are taken of five things generally, either of the 1 disease being either 1 simple, 2 compound. 2 cause being either 1 primitive, 2 antecedent, 3 conjunct, 3 kinds which are diverse, as 1 plain, 2 hollow, 3 fistulous, 4 filthy, 5 sanious, 6 virulent, 7 cancrous, 8 corrosive, 9 putrifactive, etc. 4 Sanies either 1 good, 2 evil, 5 accidents as with 1 dolour, 2 tumour, 3 inflammation, 4 induration, 5 Callus, 6 evil flesh, 7 hard lips, 8 distemper, 9 varices, 10 worms, 11 bones corrupted, etc. 2 compound, without accidents Of Fractures. Every Fracture of the bone is either 1 simple without any other malady, and are generally three, either it is 1 rift, that cleaveth the bone long wise, 2 overthwart, broken short off, 3 obliqne, whose sharp ends hurts the flesh, and causeth dolour, etc. 2 compound, either with 1 a disease, as with 1 a wound, 2 contusion, 3 gangrena, 4 a mortifying tumour, etc. 2 accidents, as with 1 dolour, 2 itch, 3 inflammation, 4 tumour, 5 hard legature, etc. 1 old folks because they be 1 hard, and 2 dry, 2 choleric persons 3 the ribs with 1 inflammation, 2 spitting of blood, 4 joints and heads of the bones, 5 the scull, how little soever be dangerous, 6 which 6 be many broken pieces, 7 is a wound because of the binding, 7 8 bones with much marrow. 1 hard to cure, are these in 2 easier and less dangerous to cure, are all simple fractures of the 1 ribs, 1 arms, 2 legs, 3 fingers, etc. 2 middle of the bones of the 3 younger, soft, and moist persons. 3 join in 1 head in 35 days, 45 40 16 20 2 thigh in 3 legs in 1 the 3 arms 4 nose in 5 ribs in 6 jaws 7 shoulder 8 cannell 9 hands 10 feet 11 haunch and point of the shoulders in forty days, 2 all according to the nature of the 1 bone, 2 age, 3 air or region, 4 time, constit. etc. Consider Fractures Of Dislocations. Every dislocation is either 1 simple, and is either 1 perfect, i. an absolute Dislocation. 2 imperfect, i. a luxation not altogether out, i. either the 1 wrench is 1 forwards, 2 backwards, 3 side ways. 2 ligaments, be over stretched or broken. 3 tendons, 4 n●●es, 2 compound, and is either 1 perfect, then is the bone displaced either with 1 Dolour, 2 Tumour, 3 Wound, 4 Fracture, 5 Contusion, 6 Induration, etc. 2 imperfect Now having briefly discoursed both of the Theoric and practice parts of Surgery, I will briefly touch some other needful things for the Artist not only to know, but also to be very expert in the use thereof. The three operations of the Surgeon aforesaid, i. to 1 separate things hurtful. in these operations, consider these six things, i. to work 1 safely, without hurt, 2 speedily, not detracting time, 3 easily, with little pain as may be. 4 Doing as you would be done to in the like case. 5 for competent reward, and not only for lucre, ungodly. 6 not warranting the cure, but fly uncurable things as much as may be; promise no more than art may perform, and perform that faithfully. 2 join things divided, 3 reduce things displaced To perform these abovesaid three things the better, he must know the perfect manner and exact ways to accomplish his intent, both in 1 things 1 medicinal, 2 manual as follow. 2 stitching of wounds, 3 fit ligature or rollings. 4 making of 1 tents, 2 splints, 3 stupes, 4 bolsters, etc. Instruments and means in general which be in common use to work by manual operation to accomplish this great work in Surgery, are 11. as 1 stitches are generally three, as 1 conglutinate, or incarnative are five in particular▪ 2 compressive, 3 reservative. 2 Tents, whose sundry sorts are eight. 3 Bolsters, whose sundry sorts are six. 4 ligatures be three sorts, i. 1 conglutinate or incarnative, 2 expulsive, 3 retentive. 5 bleeding artificial be generally four, as 1 Phlebotomy to open a vein, 2 Arteriatonica to open an artery, 3 Ventose with scarification, 4 Sansugium or horseleeches applied. 6 Cetous, 1 active by fire, 2 potential by burning medicines. 7 Cauteries are two, i 8 Baths are generally two, i 1 natural, 2 artificial. 9 Frications are three sorts, i. 1 soft, 2 hard, 3 mean. 10 Sweats are generally of two sorts, i. 1 natural, 2 artificial. 11 To do all the operations with all its instruments, the 1 medicinals are generally 11. i 1 anodynes, 2 Repercussives, 3 Attractives, 4 Resolutives, 5 Mollificatives, 6 Suppuratives, 7 Mundificatives, 8 Incarnatives, 9 Conglutinatives, 10 corrosives, 11 Cicatrizatives. 2 manuals, under which is comprehended the use of his 1 Instruments in general, s. A. handy work, i. to 1 reduce 1 fractures, 2 dislocations. 2 separate things hurtful, 3 join things divided, 4 use frications, etc. Now to begin with stitches, tents, bolsters, etc. and so to proceed in order as they are before mentioned, a brief touch of them all as followeth. Stitches in general are of three sorts, so named by their effects, as 1 Conglutinative, and is of five sorts, i. the 1 first, ordinary in wounds, thus, 2 secondly, with the Needle left in the place, as in stitching the hareshorne lip, etc. with the thread wound about the needle, thus, 3 thirdly, with quills or leather, etc. 4 fourthly with hooks, 5 fifthly, the dry stitch. 2 compressive is 1 that stitch which Skinners use, 2 used to 1 stop great flux of blood, 2 wounds of the 1 guts, 2 panicles, etc. 3 Reservative, i. 1 as other stitching, but not drawn so strait together as the other. 2 good in wounds, 1 rend, 2 turn, 3 ruptured, etc. Also there be other stitching wherein I refer you to the beholding of the cunning doer of them, with many of the abovesaid also. consider in stitches these thrce things, i. the 1 Divers sorts of them, 2 Divers manner of their doing, 3 utility which is either to 1 unite, 2 retain. Of tents, when, how, and to what end they are used, whereof they are made, and of their diverse forms. Tents, of which consider generally these four, i. they 1 serve to eight sundry uses, i. to wounds, 1 Deep, to enlarge and mundify, 2 needful to keep open, 3 with filthy matter, altered by the air, etc. 4 contused, 5 bitten, 6 rend, 7 venomous, 8 8 sores where the bone must be handled, 9 fistulas, 10 sores that must be kept open. 9 10 & 2 are made some of 1 soft old linen cloth, 2 tow, cotton, flax, wool, etc. 3 gold, hollow, 4 silver, 5 lead, 6 sponge, 7 eldern pith, 8 gention roots, etc. 3 are of diverse forms, i. 1 some are 1 long, as need requireth. 2 short, 3 big, 4 little, 5 hollow, 6 massive, 2 all are taper wixt, the better to enter in. 4 are applied sometimes 1 dry, 1 unguents, 2 waters, 3 powders, etc. 2 dipped in consider of tents generally these four things, i. their 1 substance whereof they are made, 2 forms, 3 manner of application, 4 sundry uses as abovesaid, being eight. Of Bolsters or Plumatioles. Bolsters they are made either of 1 flax or tow, 2 cotton, 3 wool, 4 fine linen 1 cloth, 2 rags, 5 sponge. 2 for the most part of six sorts, which take their names of their uses, as bolsters, 1 retentive to stop blood, 2 conglutinative, or incarnative, 3 expulsive, 4 restrictive, 5 confortative. 6 conservative. 3 applied, some, 1 wet, 2 dry▪ 4 some to 1 compress the member divided, 2 nourish natural heat, 3 conserve 4 keep the member from pain of rolling, etc. Consider in bolsters these four things, i. their 1 substance, 2 six sorts, 3 manner of application, 4 sundry utilities. Of Ligatures or Rouling. Lygatures or Rouling are of three sorts, i. 1 Conglutinative or Incarnative, used in 1 green wounds, 2 fractures, etc. 2 Expulsive used in hollow 1 Apostomes, 2 Wounds, 3 Old ulcers, 4 Fistulaes', &c. 3 Retentive, being common, used only to keep on medicines, being applied, etc. herein consider six things, i. the 1 substance 1 woollen, 2 linen, etc. 2 length, 3 breadth, 4 sort which is best for your purpose, 5 manner of doing it, 6 utilities, etc. Of bleeding, and the manner thereof in general. Blood is evacuated generally three ways, i. either by 1 nature, as by 1 Menstrua, 2 Hemoroyds. 2 Art, done either by 1 Phlebotomy, i opening a vein, 2 Arteriatomia, i. opening an artery, 3 Ventose, with scarification, 4 Leeches or bloodsuckers applied. 3 Accident, as by eruption by 1 nose bleeding, 2 vomit, of blood. 3 spitting, 4 dysentery, or bloody flux, 5 pissing of blood, 6 Varices, 7 Anurisma, or ruption of an artery, 8 Erosion in ulcers, etc. 9 Wounds, 10 Divers other casual means. Note that we bleed either by 1 Evacuation, i. to bleed abundantly, 2 Eventation, when humours boil and bubble in the veins by evil quality, and done by little at once to vent the vapours. 3 Revulsion, to divert or pluck back, or opposite the humour to the opposite part in full bodies, etc. 4 Derivation, derive the matter from one part to another, flowing before it be fully settled or congealed, as in Pleurisy, etc. Of Phlebotomy, with diverse observations to it belonging, it is an artificial incision of veins. The Artist that must be admitted to let blood, must 1 1 sharp sighted, 2 steady, strong, and nimble handed, 1 good 1 launcets, 2 flemes, etc. 3 ligatures. 2 bands, 3 cotton, i. lint, 4 bolsters, 5 restrictives to stop blood, etc. 3 much used to this operation, 4 furnished with things necessary, as 2 3 be 4 5 5 number of veins usually opened, which are thirty nine, i in the 1 head 15 2 arms 6 3 hands 6 4 fundament 4 5 legs 8 6 true place of the veins, that he mistake not. 7 right way to open them, which differ according to the 1 place, 1 little, 2 great, 3 deep or aparent. 2 veins, either 3 blood, either 8 manner how to do it, i. 1 first, to make 1 frication, 2 ligature▪ 2 secondly, 3 thirdly, the vein being found stir it with your thumb or finger, that it slip not, then open it, s. A. 4 fourthly, after the evacuation, 1 remove your ligature, 2 close with wound. 3 apply your lint & bolst. 4 then bind it up, s. Ar. 2 know perfectly the 6 7 8 9 never let blood without the counsel of the learned Physician, and do it as he appointeth, i. 1 open the right vein, 2 draw the just quantity of blood, if possible. 10 observe these three orders very diligently, what is to be done, 1 before, bleeding. 2 at the present time of 3 after Of him that giveth counsel to let blood. The Artist that giveth counsel to let blood, must consider that it is done with an intent 1 generally either to 1 preserve health, in which he must consider in all persons, these eight things following, i. as 2 remove diseases, 2 particularly either to 1 Evacuate, 2 Draw out, 3 Restrain, 4 Altar, 5 Disburden nature, The 1 Age, if to 1 preserve, do it not to 1 children before fourteen years old, 2 old folks after seventy 2 remove diseases, do it to all ages, s. A. 2 Strength, if 1 strong, bleed largely, 2 weak, bleed more sparingly, 3 Habitude if 1 good, with great veins, bleed largely, 2 ill, bleed less. 4 Country, if 1 hot, bleed the 1 more, 2 less. 2 cold, 5 time, if to 1 preserve, do it in the Spring, chief in the morning, 2 cure sickness, do it at all times when need is, s. A. 6 Custom, being done either to 1 prevent some disease, 2 avoid excrements that hinder health, as 1 menstrua, 2 Hemoroyds, etc. 7 Signs and rules of astronomy, are of some 1 observed, 2 omitted chief of the most learned, 3 nay, of all in extremity neglected. 8 orders to be observed are generally three, as how to use the Patient. 1 before, bleeding, followeth 2 at the present time, 3 after What to do before bleeding. Before bleeding, consider generally these eight things, i. 1 first, who may 1 bleed, 2 not bleed. 2 why we bleed, it is for two causes, either to 1 preserve health, & prevent sickness 2 cure diseases. 3 four ways to bleed, it is done either by 1 evacuation, to empty 1 much, 2 little, 3 and draw back, 4 near hand. 2 eventation, 3 revultion, 4 derivation, 4 four things put back bleeding for a time, till they be remedied, 1 crudity in the 1 stomach, 2 veins. 2 Compaction of filthy humours, hurtful in any part, 3 costiveness with dried excrements, 4 weakness of the mouth of the stomach. 5 that Egestion be voided before bleeding. 6 The strength 1 of the party, either 1 strong, 2 weak. 2 to consider thereby the quantity fit to draw. 7 The veins if it 1 appear not, how to help it, 2 be small, bleed after meat, s. A. 1 Also have all needful things for your use, ready in place before you begin. What is required at the present time of bleeding, there is required in the Artist and Patient, generally two things. At the present time of bleeding, there is required in the 1 Artist in general, these six things, i. to 1 have clear and perfect 1 sight, 1 day, 2 candle, 2 light either by 2 prepare the member, 1 first, by friction, 2 secondly, by ligature, 3 thirdly, to stay the vein that it slip not, 4 fourthly, to open it, s. A. 3 consider which is the best way of the three to open it, either 1 long wise, 2 overthwart, 3 obliqne. 4 know 4 when to make the orifice, 1 large, or 2 small. 5 6 how to 5 govern the patiented in time of bleeding. 6 redress any accidents. 5 6 2 Patient in general, these three things, as 1 quietness both of 1 body, and 2 mind. 2 willing obedience, 3 bold and stout of courage, void of fear. After bleeding. After bleeding there is required in the 1 Artist these five things, i. to 1 remove the ligature. 2 close the wound, and bind it up, s. A. 3 place the member fittest from bleeding, etc. 4 Instruct the Patient how to govern himself in 1 Diet, 2 Exercise, 3 Sleep, 4 Venus acts, etc. 5 discern and judge of the blood, what and how it is by the 1 colour, 2 substance, 3 contents, 4 taste, etc. 2 Patient diligently to obey, and not to omit the precepts of the cunning Artist, lest he repent his folly too late, saying had I witted. Of Arteriatomia or opening of an Artery. This is an artificial opening of the artery, used chief but in two places, i. 1 on the temples, whose 1 manner of opening is 1 first, shave the place, 2 secondly, rub the place with a napkin, etc. 3 thirdly, make small incision, 4 fourthly, having drawn sufficient, stop it. 5 apply either 1 a plaster of Mastic, 2 half a Bean slit in two 6 then bind it fast. 7 some cut 1 the artery, through 2 not the artery 2 utilities are for 1 great flux of Catarrhs to the 1 eyes, 2 breast, etc. 2 sickness of the head caused of 1 hot flux inveterate, 2 vaporous spirits contained in those arteries. 3 long dolour of the sides. 4 all dolours that proceed of a hot pituitous substance. 5 swimming of the head, 6 giddiness 7 long fluxion of the eyes. Of Ventosing or Boxing. Ventoses are applied in two sorts, either with 1 scarification, in these consider these eight things, i. 1 what it is, 2 for what intent you do it. 3 which sort is best to use for your purpose, either with scarification or without. 5 what places are fittest to apply them, both general and particular. 6 requisite 6 before the application, 7 the manner how to apply them, 8 after the application. 7 8 2 out scarification, Of the differences between 1 Phlebotomy draweth blood deeper than 1 boxing, 2 bloodsuckers. 2 Ventoses purge more the 1 thin blood than the thick, 2 utter parts than the inner parts. 3 Leeches or bloodsuckers draw deeper than Ventoses. we apply Ventoses with 1 scarification, 1 to the 1 neck behind near the head, for diseases of the 1 face, 2 head, 3 eyes, 4 palsy, etc. 2 mids of the shoulders in 1 coughs, 2 difficulty of breath. 3 sides of the neck and chin, in defects of the 1 mouth, 2 gums, 3 teeth, etc. 4 shoulders for the 1 breast, 2 shoulders, 3 pleurisy, etc. 5 reines, for apostoms of the 1 reines, 2 liver, etc. 6 arms 1 pained 1 stead of blood-letting, 2 young and old. 2 used in 7 Os sacrum for 1 fistulas, 2 Hemoroydes. 8 thighs, good in 1 strangury 1 matrixe, 2 reines, 3 bladder, etc. 2 ache of the 9 legs, 10 ankles, 2 it is 1 somewhat painful 1 divert 2 evacuate 2 done either to 2 out scarification to the 1 mould of the head to 1 stay rheums, 2 draw up the uvula. 2 Hypoconders to divert bleeding at the nose: if the right nostril bleed, apply it on the liver, if the left, on the spleen, so in all other parts: Galen. 3 beginning of the nerves in the paul for Palsy. 4 parts under the Paps to divert 1 menstrua, 2 livers ventosity. 5 ribs to reduce them. 6 Navel for the 1 matrix fall'n, 2 wind colic, 3 dolour after purgation. 7 Flanks, for ventosity of the spleen. 8 Vritories to draw down the stone and gravel into the bladder. 9 Ears to draw out 1 a thing contained therein, 2 venom or poison, 3 matter, etc. 10 orifice of ulcers 11 tumours to draw matter that lieth deep to the utter parts, etc. 12 neck in squinsy, etc. 13 biting of venomous 1 beasts, 2 worms, etc. Things to be considered before you apply Ventoses. Before you apply them, consider these six things, i. 1 the time of the 1 Moon, do it 1 in the full, 2 not in the wane, 2 day is best about 2 or 3 after noon, 3 being of the glasses, etc. on the place is half an hour. 2 in plethoric bodies do it with scarification. 3 if the blood be 1 thick, 1 scarify the deeper, 2 and gross, foment the place with hot water, and rubbe it well with a hot cloth. 2 thin, 1 scarify lightly, 2 rub the place with the hand first. 4 If you will scarify, then apply first, ever a dry Ventose, and then scarify, and then set on the Ventose again, s. A. 5 Rub well the place first all about with your hand very well to disperse the blood and humours, before you apply your Ventose. 6 Apply your Ventose an hour or two after the bath, and never in the bath. The manner of applying Ventoses. If they be of 1 Horn, etc. to suck, prepare the place, and apply them without scarification, then suck them with your mouth. 2 Glass, etc. put wax or some sticking plaster within, in the bottom, then put in your tow that it stick fast to it, than fire the tow with a candle, and clap the mouth of the glass close on the place, s. A. 3 any sort, 1 draw sufficient, 2 remove them often if need be, and new scarify it, and wipe it dry, and then apply it again. 3 if it bleed not well after the first scarification, then rub the place with the mouth of the glass, or thryp it with your nail, and garse it anew, and set on the glass again. 4 Let it remain a reasonable time to draw out sufficient, if not at one time, reiterate it two or three times, and ever scarify it new. If wind or evil blood, gross and thick do it, after that dry the place scarified with a soft cloth, and then anoint the place after the use of the Ventose with oil of Roses, fresh Butter, etc. After the ventosing is finished. After ventosing, consider these four things, 1 dry the place either with a soft 1 cloth, 2 sponge. 2 next, anoint the place either with 1 oil of roses, 2 fresh butter, etc. 3 he may sleep within an hour after it. 4 if done with scarification, govern them as those let blood. Ventoses 1 must not be set on 1 women's breasts lest they enter too deep. 2 other soft places 2 if they will stick fast being applied, foment the place. 3 must not be kept on long, chief 1 about the principal parts or members, 2 behind the 1 neck, 2 shoulders, on the right Hypoconder, etc. Of application of Horseleeches. In the use of these consider 1 make good choice of your worms, some be 1 good, and are 1 found in 1 clear waters, 2 ponds with sandy ground or gravel. 2 with little heads and small bodies, 3 round red bellied, 4 rayed on the back like threads of gold, 5 kept a day or two in clean water to 1 cleanse them, 2 draw the better. 6 by some kept a year in a glass, and change the water once in 10 days, with crumbs of bread. 2 malign or venomous, i. 1 bred in filthy pools with carrion, etc. 2 with great heads, 3 greenish colour with blue rays on the back, with black bodies. 4 these cause 1 tumours venomous, 2 inflammations, 3 ulcers. 5 Messalinus died by putting one on his knee. 2 these are used where ventoses cannot, as on the 1 lips, 6 legs, 10 old ulcers, 11 apost. 11 venomous, 12 emunctory, 12 13 places bare of flesh. 7 fundament, 8 matrix mouth 9 parts empty of flesh, 2 nose, 3 groin 4 fingers 5 toes, 3 Diseases wherein they are most used, i. 1 morphew, 2 ring worms, 3 great itch in any part, it's fit than scarification, 4 set to the hemeroyds, they evacuate from all the members, and excellent for melancholy. 4 how to apply them 1 first, let the place be very clean, else they will not bite, 2 then rub the part till it wax red, 3 then apply them, hold it near the head with a cloth, then prick the place that it bleed, or put a drop of blood on the place, and then put the head of the Leech to it. 5 how to 1 make him draw 1 much 1 cut off his tail, 2 or strip out the blood with your fingers, 2 little, leave him whole, and being full, will fall of himself, 2 remove him, put on his head either 1 salt, 2 vinegar, 3 cinders or ashes, separate him with a hair. 6 being fallen, if he bleed too much, apply either 1 lint, 2 brent cloth, 3 a cloth wet in cold water and vinegar, 4 Hyssop stamped, etc. Of Cetous and the use of them, etc. Cetons', in it consider in general six things, i. 1 Quid, it is usually a little cord either of 1 hair, 2 thread, 3 silk, 4 cloth, 5 woollen yarn, etc. 2 the intent why we use them is either to 1 divert fluxes, 2 draw out humours, etc. 3 manner of applying is 1 with fit Instruments, 2 either with 1 fire much used in old time, 2 out fire, now most in use. 4 the places commonly of their application, are generally four, i the 1 neck behind, between the first and second vertibers to divert & draw 1 fluxion, 1 head, 2 eyes, 3 gums, 4 jaws, 5 loins, 6 back, 7 haunches, 8 joints, 2 cattars, etc. from the 3 rheums that fall from the head to the 1 stomach, 2 lungs, etc. 2 Navel swollen with watery humours, etc. 3 cod or scrotum for 1 watery humours, 2 Hernia aquosa, etc. 4 wounds 1 through the 1 legs, 2 thighs, 3 arms, etc. 2 the better to purge the matter. 5 the utilities are to 1 revel or turn a flux to the contrary part, 2 derive or draw from the place conjunct, 3 evacuate, 4 intercept, prevent or stop a flux, that it fall not to a place to hurt. 6 the order to govern him after it is done, i. 1 first dress it presently with a disgestive two or three days, and so proceed, s A. to other intentions, 2 secondly, put in a new Ceton when need is, 3 thirdly, after the Ceton is taken away, purge the Patient, and so do before you apply any. Of Cauteries in general with their use, etc. Cauteries in general are of two sorts, i. 1 Actual done by metal in instruments, in the applying of which, consider generally three things, i. what to do 1 before, in which consider 1 the differences, 2 which sort is best for your purpose, 3 their effects, 4 how they further your intent, 5 who is fit thereto. the 6 complexion of the body, 7 nature of the part, 8 disease, and how it may benefit, 9 time of application, 10 places usual thereto. 2 at the time present, i. to 1 to comfort the Patient with good words, 2 know how to apply the cauteries 3 prepare the place, f. A. 4 to be careful in doing it, and do it with good consideration, 5 do it boldly and effectually, not regarding the clamour or cry of the Patient, but do what must be done, yet be not butcherly, 6 bind him fast if need be. 3 after it is done, consider how to 1 Dress the place, 2 continue the issue, and how long, 3 remove the accidents, and what they be that usually happeneth thereby. 2 Potential done by burning medicines applied, Of the actual Cauteries. In actual cauteries consider these five things in general, i. 1 it is very profitable in many diseases. 2 it's made 1 either of 1 gold, 2 silver, 3 iron, 4 steel, 5 lead, etc. 2 in diverse forms, as the work and place requires. 3 places to apply them are diverse, i. 1 to the coronal future 1 at the end of the null's future, 2 for 1 megrim, 2 other pains of the head, 3 to draw gross vapours from the brain, 4 Epilepsia to breath out venomous vapours at the part. 2 as cause is to 1 revel, 2 derive, 3 intercept, 4 evacuate. 4 the utilities it is 1 without venomous quality, more 1 healthful, 2 suddenly done 3 sure operation. 2 enemy to all 1 venom, 2 corruption, 3 free from causing any accident, 4 to preserve the part from putrefaction, 5 wonderful to consume a malign quality hid in the body or member, applied to the place grieved 6 excellent to 6 correct a cold weak distemper, 7 consume & dry superfluous moisture, 8 good in 1 tooth ache, 2 ears pained, 3 squinsy, 1 almonds, 2 columella, 4 inflammation of the 5 rheums 6 polipus 7 aegilops 8 ulcers corosive maling all these following in 9 sciatica, 10 gangrenes, 11 great flux of blood, 12 mortification, 13 carbuncles malign 14 bubons 15 corrupt bones to sep. 16 venomous bitings, &c 5 after removing of them, apply a fit disgestive to remove the asker, and then use other things, s. A. Of the potential Cauteries. The potential Cautery is 1 Medicines which by extreme heat do burn the part like fire, 2 of these be diverse kinds both 1 simple, 2 compound, 3 natural, 4 attificiall. 2 Carefully to be considered the nature & temperature of the 1 person that its applied to, if 1 strong and rude, use strong 2 delicate and tender use weaker medicines. 3 lean 4 nervous, 5 tendous, 6 to the heads of Muscles, 2 great 1 Veins. 2 Arteries. 3 body , than first bleed, purge, etc. 2 place 3 Applied to diverse parts for diverse causes, i. 1 chief to the 1 Head, 2 Arms, 3 Legs, etc. 2 To the head in 4 places, the hair first shaved 1 oftenest to the forehead where the sagital and coronal Isutures meet, it must penetrate to the bone, good for Flux of the Eyes, Megrim, Headache, Epilence, Difficult breathing, Obthalmia, Red face, Tooth- ache. Ears squinsy, Vuula, fall'n. Almonds, 2 also 2 behind the ears on each side of the head. 3 above 3 at the end of the Suture Lamdoyd, not on the Muscle Cratophit, to be sure hold your finger on the place, and cause him to open and shut his mouth, to and fro, so may you perceive the Muscles end, 4 to the neck 1 between the first and second vertiber, 2 for 1 inveterate flux of the eyes, 2 catters to stop them from falling to the breast 3 distillations 3 Item, in the inside of the arms about the midst of it near the 1 Veins, but touch them not. 2 Arteries, 4 on the leg three inches from the knee either in the 1 outside between the two bones, 2 inside near the Veins. 4 Applied to diverse other parts 1 of the body to issue out matter contained 2 as in 1 vehement dolour, 2 humours malign, 3 vaporous fumes. 4 Emunctories 1 to expel 1 vapours, 2 humours. 2 do it before perfect suppuration▪ Of Baths. Baths are either universal or particularly used and are generally of two sorts, i. 1 Natural in the use of which consider generally five things i. their 1 Qualities either 1 hot, 2 cold. 2 Effects as to 1 bind. 2 lose. 3 open the pores. 4 restrain. 5 make thin. 6 heat. 7 cool. 8 dry. 9 moisten. 10 cleanse. 11 evacuate. 12 resolve. 13 appease dolour, etc. 3 Utilities, i. as to 1 preserve health. 2 cure diseases. 4 Order, i. the 1 Preparation of the body before. 2 Manner 1 of bathing. 2 to hot 1 closeth the pores. 2 stops excrements. 3 heats the blood. 3 Time 1 to bathe is either 1 in the morning fasting. 2 at 4. afternoon. 2 stay- 1 in it the 1 day half an hour. 2 next one hour or two. 2 ing into long hurts. 5 Hurts being ill used, i. 1 immoderately 1 drieth the body 2 weakens 2 go not in with a full stomach it hurts much. 3 also not to dry the head well after a Bath doth very much hurt. 2 Artificial Of Frications or Frictions. Frictions in it consider these six things, i. their 1 Definition, it is a rubbing or friction of the utter parts of the body, or part either 1 general on all the body. 2 a particular part as 1 Head, 2 Arm, 3 Leg, etc. 2 Kind's are three, i 1 hard. 2 soft. 3 mean. 3 Times 1 it may be done at all times, chief in the mornings. 2 are either 1 long. 2 short. 3 mean. 4 Effects it 1 hard and 1 long it 1 fasteneth, constraineth, makes the flesh hard. 2 extenuateth, dissolves, makes revulsion. 2 short it 1 makes the skin red for a time. 2 leaveth the flesh moist, and very little hard. 3 mean, increaseth and filleth with flesh, but hard. 2 soft and 1 long 1 evaporateth and breatheth out. 2 diminisheth the flesh. 3 openeth the pores of the skin. 4 leaveth the flesh soft and moisteneth. 2 short makes little alteration. 3 mean 1 makes thick 1 soft, 2 foggy. 3 moistish 2 agments and filleth with flesh, yet 3 mean and 1 long diminisheth and leaveth the flesh neither 1 hard. 2 soft. 2 short 1 warmeth a little. 2 leaveth the flesh in a mean. 3 bring so in 1 quality agments the flesh neither to 1 hard. 2 soft. 2 quantity 5 manner of doing it 1 either with a 1 warm hand. 2 sponge. 3 course linen cloth warm, etc. 2 in this order 1 soft and easy till the place become red. 2 begin below and so ascend upwards. 6 utilities it 1 disperseth 1 humours. 2 spirits. 3 excrements. 2 warmeth and exciteth natural heat. 3 looseth and openeth the pores of the skin. 4 mollifieth or hardeneth, used accordingly. 5 diverts Fluxes, Rheums, etc. 6 canseth free passage of blood and humours in the fleshy parts. 7 prevents or removeth 1 Scabs. 2 Itch. 3 tumors. 4 Cramps. 5 Cold. 6 Dolour of diverse parts. 7 Discusseth winds and crudities, etc. All the Applicative Medicines which the Chirurgeon useth, their operations are generally but eleven as followeth. These are those eleven as 1 anodynes to appease pain are of three sorts done either by 1 Attractives, 2 Evacuatives, 3 Narcotticks. 3 Repercussives be three sorts done either with things either by 1 cold and moist, 2 cold and dry, 3 hot and astringent to corroborate. 3 Resolutives are of two sorts, i. 1 Rarificatives, 2 Disgestives. 4 Mollificatives done by strong heat and little 1 Dryness, 2 Moisture. 5 Attractives three sorts done either 1 elemental quality, i. heat and thin substance, 2 hidden property as Purges work, 3 accident. 6 Suppuratives, i two sorts done by 1 things hot and moist, 2 accident. 7 Mundificatives they 1 separate out excrements by hidden property 2 draw 3 scour 8 Incarnatives scour and dry moderately to increase flesh. 9 Conglutinatives be 1 drier than 1 Incarnatives. 2 Cicatrizatives. 2 less dry 10 Cicatrizatives be hot and astringent, some 1 proper by nature. 2 Artificial. 11 corrosives are of three sorts, i. 1 Vesicatories, 2 Caustics or ●uptories. 3 corrosives. More of all these shall follow in order to show more at large particularly. Of anodynes to appease pains. These be generally of two sorts, i. 1 Proper and are all that contrary the cause of pain, which is either 1 distemper of 1 heat, for heat or cold cause sharp pains, & cause sudden change 2 cold, 3 dry do cause mean pains. 4 moist cause little dolour. 2 solution of unity. 2 all that 1 open, of matter either thick, viscous, windy, vaporous, sharp, cold, etc. 2 purge, 3 rarify, disburden nature 4 digest, 5 attenuate, 6 evacuate, 3 done so that it exceed not above one degree of temperature, of the distemper that causeth the pain in either 1 heat, do all S. A. 2 cold, 3 drith, 4 moisture, 4 used 1 first to contrary the disease, 1 inflammation, 2 fluxion, 3 tumour, etc. 2 in pains that be not very stubborn or rebellious, to resist either in 2 Improper and are 1 Narcotticks, stupifactive, i. to astonish the sense of the part. 2 Seldom used before purging in weak parts, or near noble part. 3 Most commonly cold in the fourth degree. 4 Such 1 as stop the passages of the Animal spirit from the part, and so deprive the sense thereof, 2 as neither removes the 1 cause do stupefy and be numb the part. 2 pain 5 Done by accident, as by 1 hard legature. 2 compression. 6 Used in bitter pains 1 that resist all other Medicines, 2 sometimes first, lest the patiented perish. 7 Seldom used 1 without addition of 1 Castorium. 2 Myrrh. 3 Saffron, etc. 2 without those correctives for fear lest they 1 extinguish the natural heat 2 cause 1 mortification. 2 blackness of the part etc. Herein consider the 1 cause of pain also consider, some Medicines remove the cause, pain and not the cause. neither 1 cause but stupefy. 2 pain 2 pain itself 3 part pained Note intolerable pains by 1 inflammation are sooner mitigated by 1 bleeding then by other 1 anodynes 2 Narcotticks. 2 purging 3 scarifying the part Dolorsit medicina doloris, 2 gangrena Of Repercussives. Repercussives be generally of 2 sorts either by 2 Nature being also of two sorts, either 1 watery, cold and moist without any astriction, and 1 therefore weak as 1 Purslane, 2 Lettuce, 3 Melons, 4 Houseleek, 5 All Narcotticks, etc. 2 Do expel and drive back by cold, etc. 2 Earthy and astringent of which some be 1 cold 1 gross 1 and of earthy parts, 2 be truly Repercussives. 2 and more effectual mixed with 1 lenitive things, 2 Vinegar in cold gross matter. 2 Hot and corroborative and keep back Fluxes. Simple 1 legiture, 2 compression, 3 rolling, 1 bleeding opposite. 2 friction 4 revultion, by 5 ventoses, etc. Compound 2 Accident without quality as Consider 1 Well to remove your Medicine before 1 the part wax black, 2 it extinguisheth natural heat. 2 To respect herein the 1 Complexion of the 1 body. 2 part pained. 2 Medicine to be made fit to the 1 grief, 2 part offended. 3 Nature of the part grieved, for all parts may not endure liker● percussion. 3 By no means apply repercussives 1 to the 1 Groynes, 2 Arm pits, 2 Glandles behind the Ears. 2 strong to 1 Women, 2 Children, 3 Eunuches. 3 on 1 bodies 1 plethoric before purging. 2 full of ill humours 2 make 1 gross but use rather attractives. 2 sharp 3 venomous 4 critical 4 Weak repercussives in great 1 inflammations, as Lettuce, etc. avail little. 2 disease, 5 Put no strong repercussive on a small defluxion, for it 1 straightens the skin, 2 stops the passages, 3 increaseth the inflammation, 4 often causeth 1 Scirrus, 2 Induration, etc. 6 To repel carefully according to the 1 magnitude of the disease. 2 strength of the patiented. 3 nature of the 1 flux, 2 member offended. Of Resolutives. Resolutives are of two sorts, i. 1 Rarifactives 1 work by heat and thin substance they do 1 dry little, 2 open the pores of the Skin. 3 relax 4 attenuate humours, 5 dissipate by evaporation things shut up under the Skin, and do case the pain as anodynes do. 6 discus are 1 simple as 1 Sage, 2 Ebulus, 3 Melilot, 2 compound as 1 Dill, 2 Camomile, 3 Lilies, etc. 2 called weak resolutives used in the 1 increase of superficial humours. 2 state 2 matter 1 windy. 2 hot and moist. 2 Digestives. 1 called Diaphoreticks, or relaxes 2 some be 1 simple, as these & such like, i. 1 Brioni, 2 Galbanum, 3 Thus, 4 Amomacum, etc. 2 compound as 1 Oil of 1 Bay, 2 Tiles, 3 Nardinum. 2 Diapa●ma, 3 Oxycrotium, etc. 3 be hotter 1 than Rarifactives. 2 to divide insensible matter compact. 3 often then Attractives, for oft an Attractive applied to a hard body is resolutive, but used to some other, it draweth from within. 4 Are not used in the increase of tumors, except Astringents be added, lest thereby they draw and increase the fluxion. 5 Used 1 only in the declination of tumors. 2 where the 1 Skin is thick and hard. 2 Humour 1 is cold and gross after incisines lest it 1 mollify the subtle part 2 harden the gross 3 lieth deep in the body or part grieved. 3 in part of least sense, because these be strong workers. 6 Are not used to 1 A part oppressed with fluxion 1 for fear of 1 Grangrena, 2 Sphacelus. 2 There leave resolution, and use scarification, etc. 2 the 1 Liver, but with Astringents added. 2 Spleen, 3 Stomach, 4 Bowels, 7 Are applied to a part more 1 dull, use the stronger, etc. 2 sensible as the 1 Eye weaker. 2 Nerves Also in cold and gross matter use 1 incifines to cut and make thin the matter first. 2 next mollificatives. 3 after by degrees to digestives, lest you resolve the thin matter and harden the gross and thick part. Of Mollificatives. These are 1 soften and relax hard parts 1 and to bring them to their natural estate. 2 hardened either by 1 consolation, cure it by things hot and dry. 2 dryness cure it by things hot and little moist, as in Scirrus. 2 Temperately hot without manifest show of 1 dryness, for if heat and dryness join together, it causeth attraction. 2 Moistness such are putrifactives, for if the heat cannot overcome the moisture, it causeth putrefaction. 3 To work more by strong heat 1 to moisten as the Sun dissolves Ice, etc. 2 but are temperate in 1 drying, 2 moistening. Some 1 simple and weak as 1 Lilies, 2 Mallows, etc. 3 Butter. 2 compound as oils of 1 Lilies, 2 Almonds Dole. 3 Camomile, etc. 5 Many of them are hot in the first, and dry in the second or third degree, The better to 1 disperse the congealed matter, consuming a little of the humidity, contained within the part affected, but not drawing it by violence of heat and drith, thereby would follow greater hardness. 2 diffuse, 6 Some 1 weak as 1 Butter, 2 Lanasuccida. 2 strong as 1 Amoniacum, 2 Galbanum 3 to mollify 1 Scirrus tumors of the musculous parts, etc. 2 Hard lips of Ulcers. 3 the 1 Belly hardened by cold gross matter and viscous either of 1 Phlegm, 2 Melancholy, etc. 2 Bowels, 3 Limbs, 4 Glandles, that work by stronger heat than Suppuratives. 4 Melancholy tumors be exasperated with mollificatives, & turn to Cancers. 7 Hurt full to 1 Cancers, 2 Malign tumors. 8 Herein considers 1 in the use of them three things, i. 1 the 1 greatness of the 1 corruption, 2 part. 2 nature 2 whether you must add incisines or no. 2 how much the part differs from its own temperature, the better to use fit Medicines. 3 to distinguish the nature of the disease and parts how it must be done, whether to mix with the mollificatives either 1 discussives, 2 mundificatives to deterge. Note 1 many desperate Scirrus tumors that resist all mollification do grow hard and senseless, and become smooth without hear by stopping the pores. 2 sometimes the part becomes cold in excess, so that the native heat shows plainly to decay, then use an Iron Stove, etc. to restore the heat, heat again as Ambrose Parrey describeth. Of Attractives. Attractives. 1 Are generally two, i 1 Simple as Amoniacum, Galbanum, Euphorbium, etc. 2 Compound. 2 Must neither 1 Burn. 2 Discuss. 3 Must be hot with thin substance the better to pierce. 4 Draws to the utter parts, offensive matter that works within the parts 5 work effects by three means either by 1 Elemental quality of heat and thin substance. 2 Hidden property, as 1 The 1 Loadstone draweth Iron. 2 jet draweth a straw. 2 Vomits works their effects. 3 Purges 4 All Antidotes against venom, etc. 3 Accidents, as 1 Stercus onimas. 2 Leven. 3 Old Cheese. 4 Sharp things applied that do cause 1 Dolour. 2 Inflammation 3 Blisters. burning, etc. 5 Ventoses. 6 Suckings. 7 Horseleeches. 8 Hard Friction. Legature, etc. 9 6 If 1 Weak add Oil of Bay, etc. to strengthen them. 2 Strong and sharp, add Oil of Roses, or other lenitives. 7 Utilities are to 1 Open. 2 Draw out 1 Heat to cold parts. 2 Thorns. 3 Splinters of 1 Wood 2 Bones. 3 Iron. 4 Things fixed in the flesh or parts, etc. 4 Matter and filth from malign Ulcers, etc. 3 Restore cooled parts to life by drawing thither the spirits vital. 4 Hasten Critical tumors. 5 Draw life into parts. 1 Benumbed. 2 Consumed and withered. 3 Cooled by restoring vital heat and spirit into it by Attractives. Of Suppuratives. Suppuratives. 1 Shut the pores, and 1 prvent transpiration by 1 consistence. 2 Emplaistic to hinder evaporation. 2 so increaseth the heat, & turns the matter into 1 pus, etc. 2 sanis, etc. 2 are 1 Hot and moist, so that the heat cannot subdue the moisture. 2 Little exceeding the natural heat of the member with moisture. 3 By natural heat, turns the blood and humours superfluous into matter. 4 Differ from molificatives, it being hot, but according to the native heat of the part affected. Or else Emplaistic to augment the natural heat by closing the pores 1 Unable to evaporate, in which they differ from molificatives 2 And so the matter being kept in, converts to pus. 5 are generally of two sorts. 1 Proper and are 1 All that heat, having any moisture. 2 Rightly prepared if they little exceed the natural heat of the member with moisture. 3 Such as work more by abundance of moderate heat then by sharp quality. 4 Either Simple, as 1 Lilies. 2 Figs. 3 Mysfle. 4 Galbanum. 5 Amoniacum. Compound as Mussalage. Diachilon. Oils of 1 Lilies. 2 Lumbric. 2 Accident. 1 Such are 1 Emplaisticks that stop the pores. 2 Repercussives, that by cold also 1 Astringents by their earthy and thick parts do suppurat as ungue. de bowl. Nutritum. 2 Such as to keep in the heat, and shut the pores, for which Sorrel is highly commended, to generate pus, for by keeping in the heat, it increaseth its effects, to thicken the rotten matter, and also it overcommeth other rebellious qualities. 3 Ripening are used in great inflammations whose increased cannot be hindered procured with Repellents. Resolutives. Discussives. 6 Are used in 1 Great contusions. 2 Wounds contused. 3 Phlegmon which will scarcely 1 Repercusse. 2 Resolve. Of Mundificatives. These 1 Cleanse ulcers, etc. and are hot and of thin substance. 2 Purge a double excrement, i. 1 thick, i. sordes & draws from the bottom of ulcers. 2 thin and watery, i. sanies, done by drying Medicines. 3 so every ulcer must be cleansed and dried. S. A. 3 Are some 1 simple & are either. 1 sweet as Licoris. Hony. Sugar, etc. 2 sower as Vinegar. Tender tops of Vines. All sour things, etc. 3 bitter as 1 Aloes. 2 Absinth. 3 Scabeos. 2 Compound as 1 Lixivium. 2 Apostolorum. 3 Praecipitate, etc. 3 Weak. 4 Strong. 4 Separate and draw excrements from ulcers, etc. 5 Are used. 1 to cleanse ulcers, etc. before the use of incarnatives. 2 But first, consider these 4. i the 1 Whole body, whether it be 1 Healthy. 2 Plethoric. 3 Cacochimiall. 2 Part which is 1 Moister. 2 Dryer. 3 More 1 Exquisite. 2 Dull or senseless. 3 Accidents. 1 Callus. 2 Dolour. 3 Induration 4 Flux of humours as 1 Hot. 2 Malign, etc. 4 Ulcers whether, 1 New. 2 Old. 3 In which consider in 1 all the foresaid medicines they must differ in 1 Quality. As the cause requireth. 2 Quantity. 2 an ulcer. 1 Dry and painful, none will agree but a moist abstersive, etc. 2 moist, none will agree but dry powders, etc. Of Incarnatives. These 1 By moderate drying 1 get flesh in hollow Vleers. 2 helps Nature to remove superfluities. 2 Differ 1 According to the 1 Temperature of 1 Body, 2 Part affected. 2 Quality of the blood. 3 Quantity 2 For 1 Nature is the efficient cause of this work. 2 Good blood is the material cause. 3 The Medicine. 1 The assisting cause, by consuming the Excrements, 2 Without which it cannot be done. 3 Removes the cause that hinders nature. 3 Must be mixed according to the affects which passeth the Ulcer. 4 Have double virtue to 1 Scour and dry without biting or corosion, 2 Dry the thin Sanies jest it cause 1 Sordes. 2 The Ulcer to be more filthy. 5 Must dry in the first degree 1 Saith Galen, 2 Forbearing to dry, it consumes the moisture of the blood that causeth the flesh. 3 I mean a degree drier than the body or part, if it be 1 More dry it causeth either 1 Inflammation. 2 Dolour. 3 Asker, etc. 2 To moist it breeds 1 Matter of filth, 2 Hollowness for want of drying 4 For 1 It is 1 on thing to 1 add that which lacketh, which is done with things like, 2 diminish & done by contraries 2 another 2 Every thing is 1 Maintained by its like, 2 Destroyed by its contrary. 6 Are some 1 Weak, 2 Strong, Simple as 1 Thus, 2 Arabic, 3 Sarcocole. 2 Compound as 1 Vnguentum aurum, emplasters, Powders, etc. fit thereto. 7 To speak truly, no Medicine can properly be called Incarnative. 8 Ought to be more liquid in deep Ulcers or Wounds. 9 Not to be used before the ulcer be 1 cleansed 2 free from 1 Pain, 2 Inflammation, 3 Fluxion, 4 Hardness, 5 Distemper or any accident that may hinder the cure. 10 Drying to 1 little cause filthy ulcers because the 1 Drieth not enough. 2 Its Acrimony do cause fluxion, etc. 2 much Also consider some parts be less dry by nature, and so require a Medicine 1 More drying then other that are more dry, as the Glandels must be more dried than the proportion, though the Glandell be less dry. 2 Stronger Incarnative These must be diligently examined and very well considered. Of Conglutinatives. These 1 Are between Incarnatives and Cicatrizatives 2 Dry 1 less than Cicatrizatives. Incarnatives. 2 more 3 in the second degree. 3 Let the Flux by its astringent faculty, being free from detertion, and so joineth the parts divided. 4 Do conglutinate some by 1 their proper nature as 1 All the 1 Consolidaes'. 2 Plantaines, etc. 2 Saincle. 3 Elder. 4 Sopewoort. 5 Balsam. 6 Aquavitae. 7 Turpentine. 8 Clowns wound-woort. 9 All things acerba, etc. 2 Accident as 1 stitching. 2 rolling. 3 binding. 4 rest. 5 all that hinder fluxion, and bind the parts, etc. 5 joineth parts distant and helps nature, who is the chief agent in this work. 6 Herein consider whether the 1 Body be either 1 hard that is, how 1 robust. 2 tender. 2 soft, 2 Ulcer be 1 New, Hence take your Indications what the 1 quality, of the Medicine ought to be. 2 quantity, 2 Old, 3 Great, 4 Little. 7 Herein consider before you apply them. 1 Whether the skin be 1 but divided. 2 clean gone. 2 That all knit difficulties if the skin be gone by any means. 8 Are used to 1 New Wounds. Because they let and hinder the flux of humours from flowing to the place, etc. 2 Greene 3 Bloody 4 Fistuloes. 5 Ulcers old malign. Of Cicatrizatives, i. to procure skin of sores. These 1 Dry without Mordication. 2 Astringe, bind, thicken, harden the flesh into a skinny substance called a Cicatrise or scar. 3 Are also the work of Nature, except something hinder it, which Art must amend. 4 Consume superfluous moisture. 5 Thicken and bind the next adjoining flesh, and must dry more than Incarnatives. 6 Assist Nature to cause a scar in stead of skin. 7 Are of three sorts, the 1 Only dries and binds, and be true Cicatrizes. 2 Be sharp biting to waste proud flesh, use such sparingly, and that only in hard and rustic bodies, chief to dry and consume superfluous moisture. 3 Only dries moderately without astriction. 8 Are used when the ulcer is near filled with flesh, equal with the skin. 9 Herein consider, 1 The body, if 1 Tender. Here such things as Cicatrise in rustics, will prove corrosives in these tender bodies. Soft. Delicate. 2 Rustics and hard, to these use Cicatrizes more drying. 3 Plethoric, such do not easily admit Cicatrizes. 4 Cacochymiall, i. of ill juice, these hinder Cicatrizes until the body be freed from that evil disposition, & brought to a good habit by the help of physic, etc. 2 Well 1 To remove all such lets as hinder your intent, and then proceed S. A. 2 Whether the ulcer be fed by the present defect of any part evil affected. As the 1 Liver. 2 Lungs. 3 Spleen. 4 Varicks finding it, etc. 2 For that must be first cured before it be Cicatrized. 3 If hard typs of an ulcer do let then scarify or soften the hardness, else it will not Cicatrise. 4 Too 1 much drying leveth the scar too 1 hollow or low. 2 high raised up. 2 little Now of simple Medicines with their qualities and effects. All simple Medicines have one or many of these four Elemental qualities, videlicet, either to 1 Heat. 2 Coole. 3 Dry. 4 Moisten. Heat. 1 Moderate 1 Heats. 2 Attracts. 3 Rarefies. 4 Opens the passages and conduits. 5 Digesteth. 6 Suppurats. 2 Immoderate 1 Drieth. 1 Violent attraction. 2 Rubification. 3 Consumption. 4 Pining of the parts. 5 Askers. 6 Mortification. 2 Inflameth. 3 Burneth. 4 Biteth whereof ensueth. Cold. 1 Moderate. 1 Cooleth. 2 Stoppeth. 3 Restraineth. 2 Immoderate. 1 Congealeth. 2 Stupifieth. 3 Mortifieth. Moist. 1 Moderate. 1 Moisteth. 2 Lubrifieth, i. makes slippery. 3 Mittigateth and sweeteneth. 4 Makes smooth. 5 Glueth. 2 Immoderate 1 stops or obstructeth. 2 lifts up. 3 breeds flatuous, chief if the moisture be vaporous. Drieth. 1 Moderate. 1 Drieth 2 Rarifieth. 3 Attenuateth. 2 Immoderate 1 Binds. 2 Contracts and shrinks. 3 Causeth chaps or fissures. 4 Causeth dry scales, dandruff, furfuration, etc. The effects of these qualities be set in certain order called degrees, because they should be applied by a certain measure or proportion. Example. A disease hot in the second degree, the Medicine must be cold in the like degree, or little exceeding, and for your better instruction consider. That all simple Medicines be either hot, cold, dry, or moist, either in the 1 beginning, either of first degree. second third fourth 2 middle, 3 end, The heat, cold, drith, or moisture of the first degree is 1 obscure and insensible, 2 manifest and apparent. 3 vehement or violent. 4 very immederate or excess. second third fourth Example. Water only Warm is temperate, 1 A little horter, is hot in the first degree. second third fourth 2 Manifestly hot, 3 Vehemently hot, Scalding hot. judge the like of all other qualities, as of cold, drith, and moisture. How to deal in all diseases of every Complexion, for either the disease and the commplexion agree in quality, or be contrary to each other. Example. These agree when both the complexion and the disease be either 1 Hot, Such require more gentle and weak remedies or Medicine. 2 Cold, 3 Dry; 4 Moist, Examples of these similes. If the Complexion and the disease be both 1 hot, there use things 1 Mild and least cooling is best, 2 Meanly hot not extreme brings rest, 3 Lest moistening best please. 4 That d●y least, bring best ease. 2 cold, 3 dry and hard, 4 moist & soft, Remember still to countergard the Complexion. Example of Contraries. If the complexion & the disease be contrary as the complexion. 1 hot with 1 cold, disease the 1 hottest, remedies or medicines are best, it must surmount the temperature of the Complexion, otherwise the Complexion itself would effect it. 2 coldest, 3 driest, 4 moistest. 2 hot, 3 Moist, 4 dry. 2 cold 3 dry & hard 4 moist and soft Observe due regard of all the above said things, otherwise you hurt or destroy, and not preserve or cure, for want of the true considerations hereof, great errors are daily committed, as well in many Professors of Physic, as in Surgery a very common fault in many fit to be redressed. How to work with contraries by accident, and their effects. Divers have showed the 1 proper nature of Medicines drawn by their true effects. 2 qualities 3 effects 4 operations Yet have they other operations which be 1 not by Elemental quality, 2 done by accident. Example. Heat extern 1 cooleth the inner part by accident, by opening the pores, and so the heat evaporates out with the spirits, and so diminisheth both appetite and digestion. 2 Environing us, moisteneth by accident, by lubryfying, or moistening, scattering and spreading the humours congealed and settled with cold, so is Venery thought to moisten. Cold extern 1 heateth 1 the bodies inwards 1 not by it proper nature, 2 by accident. 2 by accident, example of cold in Winter with outward cold closeth the pores, let's the expiration of vapours, and issues of natural heat, and repels that heat to the inner parts. 2 Doubleth the inward heat, as they that handle snow, feel after very great heat by like reason. 3 furthers concoction. 4 strengtheneth the appetite, and for that cause the appetite is greater in Winter then in Summer. 5 Dries by accident, by repelling the moist matter that was ready to flow down to any part. Example. By immoderate use of repercussives by repelling matter 1 phlegmatic, They harden the matter collected & turns it into Scirrnes, hardness from a gross viscous phlegm. 2 gross, 3 viscous, Dryness, because they be qualities passive, show not their operations as heat and cold do in their force. Moistness, Of the second faculty of Medicines, it's that which ensueth the effect of the first elemental quality, and is as followeth. Heat do 1 rarify, Cold do 1 stop, 2 repel, 3 confirm or shut up, 4 congeal or thicken, 5 heap together, 6 restrain fluxes. 2 attenuate, 3 open, 4 attract, 5 mitigate, 6 cleanse. Moist do 1 soften, Drith do 1 harden, 2 stiffen and withhold. 2 relax. These Medicines following, have their names from their Effects. We call those 1 anodynes, Which do 1 appease or mitigate pain, 2 repel, or dry back, 3 resolve, rarify, & open the pores, 4 mollify, soften hardness, 5 draw out, 6 turn tumours, etc. to pus, or sanies, 7 cleanse filthy sores, etc. 8 increase flesh in sores, 9 glue together new wounds, 10 cover a raw sore with skin. 11 gnaw or eat the flesh. 2 repercussives, 3 resolutives, 4 mollificatives, 5 attractives, 6 suppuratives, 7 Mundificatives, 8 Incarnatives, 9 Conglutinatives, 10 Cicatrizatives, 11 corrosives. Of the third faculty of Medicines. These for the most part are drawn from first and second faculty sometimes by 1 joining, 2 separating, 3 coupling two qualities together. 4 on quality only of the first faculty proceeds the 1 anoidine proper of itself by a moderate heating faculty to ease pain. 2 anodine to evacuate the matter causing pain. 3 anodine by narcotticks to 1 Astonish the sense by cold, simply cause rest. 3 Provoke sleep by cold moisture. 5 Neither of these faculties but by an occult property, as the Loadstone draweth Iron, for which no reason can be showed: Also when by touching the Needle of a Dial, it shall make that end to stand to the North always is by occult property. 2 the effects and operations of the said faculties as some be 1 anodynes, 2 Repercussives, 3 Incarnatives, done by two faculties, as by moderate 1 drying. 2 cleansing. 4 Cicatrizatives, dry and astringe 4 more than 1 coglutinates 2 Cicatrizes. 5 less, 5 Conglutinatives, 6 To move or stay 1 Urine, 2 Sweat, 3 Vomit, 4 Milk, 5 Stool, 6 Menstrua, 7 Hemoraids, etc. 3 A hot and attenuating faculty, such 1 move 1 Sweat, 2 Urine, 3 Menses, etc. 2 cause Milk, etc. 4 The contrary facultties, keep back and stop the same. 5 Occult cause, as vomit comes neither from the first faculty, but second from an occult or hidden property, naturally planted in any vomitory Medicine, etc. Of the fourth faculty of Medicine. In these consider their 1 dependency, i. they work only by an occult property found out by experience, and no reason to be showed why it doth so. 2 Difference is 1 It works not by Elemental qualities of 1 Heat. 2 Cold. 3 Drith. 3 Moisture. 2 Also this, we see that diverse being hot, cold, dry, or moist in on and the same degree, yet produce not the like effects. 3 Manner of working their effects is 1 More in on part then in another. 2 Such that they purge humour more than another. 3 Known only by experience. Thus that some hot and dry in the second degree do cause either 1 Vomit, all by an occult property for which no reason can be given why or how they do so. 2 Egestion, 3 Sweat, 4 Urine, 5 Milk, 6 neither 5 As 1 Agaric, draw 1 Phlegm from the 1 head & joints, 2 liver & reines. 2 Choler 2 Rhubarb, 4 Medicines are furnished some with 1 on simple faculty alone. 2 More and those contrary, of which the taste will manifest it unto you. 5 Means are partly taken, from the parts they most respect in their operations, as 1 To work more on this part then another, and none can find out the reason, but only experience. humour 2 Cephalicks, These respect the 1 Head, 2 Lungs, 3 Heart, 4 Liver, 5 Spleen, 6 Reins, 7 joints. 3 Pulmonicks, 4 Cordials, 5 Hepaticks, 6 Spleniticks, 7 Diuriticks, 8 Arthriticks, Now of the Tastes, in which consider these things following. The 1 Definition, it is a decoction of humidity into dryness, first giving a taste on the tongue, according to the variety of the matter. 2 Kind's 9, i 3 Hot as 1 Actide, 2 Bitter, 3 Salt. 3 Cold as 1 Acerbe, 2 Austeres, 3 Acide. 3 Temperate as 1 Sweet, 2 Oily or fat, 3 Insipid. 3 Differences are according to the degrees of concoction it is 1 great in hot taste 2 lesser in cold 3 mean intemperate 4 Cause 1 Is heat, 1 That turns moist into dryness. 2 Which is diverse by degrees of concoction. 2 Of taste is in these two i 1 complexion being either 1 hot, 2 cold, 3 dry, 4 moist, 5 temperate. 2 Substance being either 1 thick, 2 thin, 3 mean. 5 Signs are 1 Known by applying on the tongue well disposed by the nerves. 2 Taste which is 1 strongest of hot taste. 2 lest of cold 3 mean of temperate 3 Complexion 1 Hot causeth five tastes, 1 sweet, 2 bitter, 3 Oily or unctuous, 4 Salt, 5 biting taste. 2 Cold causeth four tastes, 1 sour, 2 less sour, 3 yet less sour, 4 insipid, waterish without taste. 4 substances are 3. i. 1 thick substance causeth taste either 1 sweet, 2 bitter, 3 sour. 2 Thin substance cause taste either 1 biting taste sharp, 2 Oily, 3 sowrish. 3 Mean substance cause taste either 1 sharp biting. 2 salt, 3 waterish. Nature observes this order in concoction of most bodies. The order of this concoction. 1 The Acerbe taste should take place. 2 The Austere. 3 The Acide. 4 The next instruction of concoction ariseth thus, 1 without taste. 2 Oily. 3 Sweet, perfectly, concoct, and temperate. 5 If 1 salt, This concoction exceeds the bonds of mediocrity in the highest excess of almost a fiery heat. 2 bitter, 3 acrid, 6 Note that all things that be by nature taste less, do not always ascend to the height of sweetness by the degree of 1 Acerbity, As if by absolute necessity that all sweet things must first pass these three degrees. 2 Austerity, 3 Aceditie. 7 Note that many plants and their fruits being 1 ripe are some 1 sour, 2 bitter, 3 salt. 2 unripe are sweetish which after further concoction become 1 bitter, Which is a perfection in nature by full ripeness and convocation, and not an excess in nature in that species. 2 austere, 3 sour. 8 In many things the sweet and fatty taste becomes so by concoction, as in 1 Grapes. 2 Figs. 3 Pears. 4 Apples, etc. Now it follows to speak of each of these in order, and first of cold tastes. Acerbe taste the 1 Definition, it is a harsh taste as in unripe fruits between bitter and sowrish, being yet all raw. 2 Kind's vary according to the 1 temperature, 2 substance. 3 Difference it is 1 drier than Austere. 2 colder 3 grosser 4 earthier 5 less moister 6 much less moist than Acide. 4 Temperature, it is 1 notably cooling and drying. 2 of cold, gross, and earthy substance being yet all raw and unripe. 5 Effects, it is 1 condensative, i. to 1 thicken. 2 harden. 3 congeal. 2 refreshing. 3 stopping. 4 restraining. 5 repelling. 6 binds chief in the superficial parts. 7 exasperates 6 Some is as the taste of 1 Granat peeles, 2 Galls, 3 Tan or Oak bark, 4 Sumach, 5 Cypress Nuts, etc. 7 Some perform as are said in Austere, fare more powerfully being absolutely 1 earthy, Not partaking of watery moisture. 2 cold, 3 dry, Note that fruits Acerbe before they be ripe, having accession of heat, turn sweet as Chestnuts, do. Of the taste Austere, the second cold taste. Austere the 1 Definition, it is much Acerbe, but milder, not so harsh. 2 Kind's are according to the 1 temperature, 2 substance. 3 Differences 1 It 1 Increaseth a degree in concoction, more towards maturity, than Acerbe. 2 Consists in a medium 1 Not so 1 dry as Acerbe, 2 moist as Acide. 2 Only by heat and moisture either by 1 Air, 2 Water, 3 Moisture only. 3 Having accession of moisture only, and that more gross of Acerbe, and so causeth Austere. 2 Both Austere and Acerbe are in like degree cold, but austere is the moister. 3 It gets sometimes 1 more 1 heat alone 1 airy and passeth 1 sweet taste. 2 Oily 2 watery 2 moisture alone and that either 2 Both together are joined. 4 If the cold remaining in fruits, a subtle humidity grow, it causeth taste Acide. 5 If it have a waterish moisture and fit heat, it turns either to 1 sweet taste, if the moisture growing with heat be Oily. 2 Oily 4 Temperature, 1 Its 1 cold and dry, but not so much as Acerbe, 2 Near in 1 temperature, to acerbe, but less drying. 2 effect, sappy bodies acerbe become sweet by the interposed degree of 1 Austeres, as they get a diverse increase in heat & moisture either 1 conjunctly. 2 separately. 2 Acide, 3 Oilinesse 5 Effects are as they be 1 cold, they expel fluxes. 2 dry and earthy 1 they do 1 condense, 2 thicken, 3 stop, 4 straighten the passages, 5 restrain, 6 conglutinate, 7 cicatrise. 2 such are raw unripe fruits. 6 Some consist in a mean, i. a more earthy body, as it is apparent in 1 Grapes, unripe. 2 Sarvices, 7 Some is changed 1 with further concoction of heat from Acerbe, 3 Gooseberries, 4 Crabs, all fruits. 2 Example. 1 Acerbe fruit, i unripe by 1 heat only augmented become sweet, 2 cold being gross of acerbe turn austere. 2 Cold in fruits augmented, & there retained is turned into Acide. 3 Heat and moisture augment together, if 1 airy, they pass to 1 Oily taste. 2 sweet 2 watery, Of Acide the third and last cold taste. Acide the 1 Definition, it is a sour taste, as is that of Vinegar, Verjuice, Aligere, Sour juces, etc. 2 Kind's are according to the 1 temperature, 2 substance. 3 Differences are 1 According to the kinds. 2 More subtle than any of the two former tastes. 3 The subtler, the more 1 piercing or penetrating. 2 It divides almost as powerfully as the Acride. 4 The 1 thicker in substance, The duller in ooperation. 2 colder the temperature, 4 Temperature 1 is 1 without natural heat, 2 cold and watery, 3 subtler than Acerbe or Austeres, 4 near in effect to Acerbe, but less drying. 5 Effects, it 1 attenuates, 2 insides, 3 divides, 4 penetrates, 5 opens obstructions. 6 cleanseth, 7 repels all fluxions by its deep piercing cold, 8 dries strongly even in its watery consistence. 9 Stays and stops all 1 Bleeding. 2 Haemorthoids. 3 Dissentories. 6 Manifesteth it force in 1 Vinegar, 2 Verjuice, 3 juice of 1 Lemons, 2 Sorrel, 4 Cherries, 5 Barbaries, 6 Sloes, etc. Thus fare of the three cold tastes. Now of temperate tastes, and first of Insipid. Insipid the 1 Definition it is 1 fresh or tastlesse as water, 2 improperly called a taste, 3 rather a privation of tastes. 2 Kind's are according to the 1 temperature, 2 substance. 3 Differences 1 it increaseth a degree in concoction from the former more towards maturity. 2 it 1 inclineth more to warmness then Acide, 2 cooleths and is grosser substance. 4 Temperature 1 it is cold and moist with a little natural heat, but not so much as the two following, yet sweetish, not brackish but waterish. 2 It is without 1 taste, as water simply, 2 smell. 5 its effects, and 1 it draweth together the 1 Pores, 2 Orifices of the veins. 2 repercusseth and restraineth by cooling. 3 constupates. 4 stupifieth and astonisheth the member. 5 Moisteneth and thereby softeneth. 6 cooleth and quencheth heat. 2 Inspisate, that is, it 1 thickneth and congealeth, 2 constipates and stupifies. 6 Some manifesteth its force in 1 Taste 1 Water chief. 2 Melons. 3 Cucumbers. 4 Gourds. 2 All of watery tastlesnesse. The second temperate taste is sweet taste. Sweet taste the 1 Definition it is as Honey, Sugar, Manna, sweet Fruits, etc. 2 Kind's are diverse according to the 1 temperature. 2 substance. 3 Differences it 1 is made by moderate and well growing heat. 2 consisteth in a matter more 1 thin and hot, then Insipid, 2 gross than the oily, from which in the first qualities it do not differ. 4 Temperature it is of 1 hot nature 2 airy 3 temperate 5 Effects 1 very sweet 1 cleanseth. 2 digesteth. 3 concocteth. 4 ripeneth. 5 relaxeth. 6 assuageth pains. 7 glueth. 2 All sweet things work effects according to its differences of their degrees and their 1 temperatures. 2 substance. Some is such as are 1 Milk. 2 Honey. 3 Sugar. 4 Manna. 5 sweet 1 Almonds, 2 Fruits, etc. The third and last temperate taste is oily. Oily taste the 1 Definition it is a taste as 1 Oil, 2 Butter, 3 Grease, 4 Marrow, etc. 2 Kind's are diverse according to the 1 temperature, 2 substance. 3 Differences 1 are diverse according to the kinds. 2 some are made of 1 green unripe Olives. 2 mature, or ripe 3 some be 1 new and pure, 2 old and musty, 3 acrid by nature as that of 1 Lions, 2 Foxes, &c 4 Temperature 1 hot, more than the former sweet taste. 2 moist, 3 airy, 5 Effects, it 1 humacteth, 2 relaxeth, 3 mollifieth, 4 lubryfieth, 5 appeaseth pain. 6 Which are such as 1 Oil Olive, 2 fresh Butter, 3 Greases, 4 Marrows, 5 Divers other 1 Oils, 2 Fats, etc. Thus much of temperate tastes. Now follow the three hot and sharp tastes, as first of salt taste 1 salt. 2 bitter. 3 acride. Salt taste the 1 Definition, the taste is manifest yet of diverse kinds. 2 Kind's as diverse according to the 1 temperature, thereof as 1 common Salt. 2 Sal 2 niter, 3 gemm. 4 armoniac, 5 natural, 6 artificial, 7 Sea-water, etc. 2 substance, 3 Differences are 1 according to the 1 kinds, 2 temperature, 3 substance. 2 some 1 naturally so 2 artificial & be of diverse 1 natures too long here to recite. 2 effects 4 Temperature they 1 are 1 hot, 2 dry, 3 astringent, 4 are less earthy than bitter things. 2 proceed from an earthy dryness. 5 Effects, it 1 contracteth the pores, 2 cutteth, 3 cleanseth, 4 scoureth, 5 restraineth, 6 preserveth from putrefaction, 7 drieth without manifest appearance of great heat, 8 digesteth, 9 shuts up or thrust together. 10 have many strange operations. Salts are either 1 common, Salts. 2 natural, 3 artificial, being diverse and rare secrets. The second hot taste is bitter taste. Bitter taste the 1 Definition this taste is manifest, as Aloes, Absinthium, etc. 2 Kind's are more or less according to the 1 temperature, 2 substance. 3 Differences are diverse according as they differ in 1 temperature 2 substance. 4 Temperature is 1 hot, 2 earthy and gross, 3 drying, 4 abundant heat torrified and dried up. 5 Effects taken, 1 inwards it doth 1 purge 2 void superfluous humours. 3 open 1 the 1 pores, 2 mouths, 3 passages, of the veins oft by their abstergent faculty, & so cause 1 menstria, 2 hemoroids 2 Subtle and thin. 2 outward it 1 cleanseth, 1 the Sanies from Ulcers, 2 superfluous humours from the body. 2 wipeth, 3 scoureth, 6 Some as, such as 1 Aloes, 2 Gentian, 3 Absinthium, 4 Centory 5 Colosinth, 6 fumitory, etc. The third and last hot taste is Acride of sharp. Acride taste the 1 Definition, it is a hot biting fiery taste as Pepper, etc. 2 Kind's are diverse according to the 1 temperature, 2 substance. 3 Differences are 1 According to the 1 kind, 2 temperature, 3 substance. 2 Also to be considered, 1 How and in what manner to use them. 2 Some are 1 venomous. 2 used 1 inwardly safely 1 Pepper, 2 Mustard, etc. 2 outwardly, and not inwards. 3 both inwards and outwards. 3 putrifective as 1 Arsenicum, 2 Realger, 3 and Sublimate, etc. 4 Vesicatores as 1 Cantarades, 2 Sperewort, etc. 5 Caustick as 1 Calx viva, 2 Lixivivum, 3 Oil of Sulphur, etc. 4 Temperature 1 hot. 2 dry. 3 subtle. 4 biting. 5 fires, etc. 5 Effects they 1 heat, prick, bite. 2 open the passages. 3 penetrate. 4 attenuate. 5 draw out gross humours. 6 evacuates and urine. 1 Pepper. 2 Cloves. 3 Greines. 4 Ginger. 5 Garlic. 6 Onions. 7 Squilla. 9 All the abovesaid and diverse others to be used in time and place as occasion serveth. 10 Exceeding the bounds of mediocrity in excess and fiery heat. terms. sweat. 7 sends forth 8 digesteth. 9 inciseth. 10 drieth. 11 purgeth and cleanseth. 12 consumes. 13 liquifieth. 14 cause 1 blisters. 2 asters. 3 rubification. 6 Things fit to accomplish this are— Here follow the things of most note to be considered in every particular Region, part and member of the body. Things of note concerning the head are generally, these two, i the parts contai— 1 ning, be 5. i the 1 Hair. 2 Skin. 3 Membrana carnosa. 4 Pericranium. 5 Craina, or Scull. 2 ned, are 5. i. the 1 Dura matter. 2 Pia 3 Retemirabile. 4 Vermiformis. 5 Cerebrum. Things of note of the parts of the face are these 11. i the 1 Bones. 2 Front. 3 Temples. 4 Kickshaws. 5 Eyelids. 6 Eyes. 7 Ears. 1 Lips. 2 Teeth. 3 Tongue. 4 Vuula. 5 Pallat. 6 jaws. 8 Nose. 9 Cheeks. 10 Mouth, also the 11 Chin. Things of note of the parts of the neck, are these 15 following, i. the 1 Spondels. 2 Legaments. 3 Tendons. 4 Nerves. 5 Veins. 6 Arteries. 7 Nucha. 8 Paxwax. 9 Muscles. 10 Almonds. 11 Epiglot. 12 Isophagus. 13 Ismon. 14 Thachia Arteria. 15 Gula. Things of note of the 4 shoulder and great arm are 14. i. the 1 Bones. 2 Cartilages. 3 Ligaments. 4 Marrow. 5 Tendons. 6 Muscles. 7 Nerves. 8 Veins. 9 Arteries. 10 Panicles. 11 Flesh. 12 Skin. 13 Hair. 14 Nails. 5 Breast are generally two, i the things contay- 1 ning be 12. i the 1 Utter skin. 2 Flesh. 3 Muscles. 4 Panicles. 5 Bones. 6 Cartilages. 7 Nucha. 8 Paxwax. 9 Ligaments. 10 Nerves. 11 Paps. 12 Plura. 2 n be 6 i the 1 Trachia arteria. 2 Oesophagus. 3 Heart. 4 Panicles. 5 Lungs. 6 Midriff. Things of note of the 6 Region of the belly are in general two, i the things contay- 1 ning be 8. i the 1 Myrac. 2 Syphac. 3 Bones. 4 Nucha. 5 Nerves. 6 veins. 7 Arteries. 8 Muscles. 2 n be 12. i the 1 Cale. 2 Liver. 3 Gall. 4 Spleen. 5 Stomach. 6 Intestines. 7 Mesenterium. 8 Reins. 9 Bladder. 10 Spermatick vessels. 11 Matrix. 12 parts below without froth be three, i the 1 Groin. 2 Yard. 3 Cod. 7 Great leg it is 1 divided into three parts, i. the 1 Thigh. 2 Shank. 3 Foot. 2 As in the great arm the Nucha excepted, and so but 13 particulars. A brief Anatomy of the parts of the body in general, and first of the simple Members. Simple members are a 11. besides Hair and Nails, as 1 Bones. 2 Cartalages, or gristles. 3 Legaments. 4 Nerves, or sinews. 5 Cords, or tendons. 6 Veins. 7 Arteries, or heart pipes. 8 Panicles, or Felmes. 9 Flesh. 10 Fat. 11 Skin. 1 Hair, these two be excremental parts. 2 Nails, 1 Bones are 1 Simple. 2 Spermatick. 3 Cold. 4 Dry. 5 Insensible, i. without feeling. 6 Inflexible, i. without bowing. 7 The bearers up of the body. 8 Many for diverse causes. 9 248 in number after Avicen. 10 307. after some other. 2 Cartalages are 1 Simple. 2 Spermatick. 3 Cold. 4 Dry. 5 Insensible. 6 Partly flexible. 7 Ordained for five causes. 8 Next to the bones in hardness. Legaments are 1 simple. 2 spermatick. 3 cold. 4 dry. 5 insensible. 6 flexible. 7 to bind the bones together. 8 resting places to diverse sinews. 9 to hold up diverse members. 10 harder than Nerves. Gristles. 11 softer a substance that springeth out of the bones and gristles Nerves are 1 called sinews. 2 simple. 3 spermatick. 4 cold. 5 dry. 6 sensible. 7 flexible. 8 strong. 9 tough. 10 of two sorts, i. 1 sensatives. 2 motives. the things that give voluntary motion to the cords, &c the instruments to convey the Animal spirits. Cords are 1 called tendons. 2 simple in quality, but compound in substance. 3 spermatick. 4 cold. 5 dry, 1 strong. 2 tough. 6 very 7 partly sensible. 9 made of nerves and legaments for three causes. 10 mean, between legaments and nerves. 6 Veins are 1 simple. 2 spermatick. 3 cold. 4 dry. 5 the vessels to carry the blood nutritive. 6 all begun in the Liver. 7 with on only coat or covering. 8 hollow of a nervous substance. 9 divers whereof two are most principal, i. vena porta, in that hollow part of the Liver. cava, in the bunchy 10 said to be 365 of note, beside the Capillar Veins. 7 Arteries are 1 simple. 2 spermatick. 3 cold. 4 dry. 5 hollow and nervous. 6 all begun at the heart. 7 All with two coats, except Arteria venalis. 8 divers whereof two are principals as Arteria 1 magna. 2 venalis. 9 the Pulse. 10 vessels to carry abroad the vital blood and spirits. 8 Panicles are 1 some 1 simple as 1 periostea, i. the felmes that cover the bones. 2 mediastinae, etc. 2 compound as Diaphragma, etc. 2 spermatick. 3 cold. 4 dry. 5 made some to 1 cover diverse members. 2 divide parts on from another. 9 flesh is 1 some 1 simple. 2 compound. 2 sanguine not spermatick. 3 hot. 4 moist. 5 caused of blood 1 simple and pure. 2 musculous, or brawny. 3 Glandulous, or kernelly. 6 of three kinds as flesh, 10 fat is 1 simple. 2 not spermatick. 3 cold. 4 moist. 5 insensible. 6 made of the subtle parts of the blood. 7 without sinews in it. 8 of three kinds, i. 1 Adeps, i. is that next under the Skin. 2 Pinguedo, i. is that mixed with the flesh. 3 Auxungia, i. that about the Kidneys and Entrails. 11 skin is 1 simple. 2 partly spermatick, 3 temperate. 4 strong. 5 tough. 6 flexible. 7 sensible. 8 of two sorts, i. 1 Epiderims, i. is that true thin utter Skin. 2 Panniculus carnosus, i. the inner fleshy Skin. 9 made 1 temperate the better to judge, 2 of 1 Veins. 2 Arteries. 3 Nerves. 10 of diverse properties in certain places, and varieth according to the place whereon it groweth, for some you may cannot flay. Of the Excremental parts aforesaid. 1 Hairs are 1 Excremental parts and no members. 2 made of gross fumosities. 3 cold. 4 dry. 5 made to 1 to cause comeliness. 2 evacuate fumosities of the third digestion. 3 show by their colour, etc. the temperature of the brain. 6 Superfluities. 2 Nails are 1 Excremental parts and no members. 2 superfluities. 3 cold. 4 dry. 5 softer than bones. 6 Tough like horn. 7 Engendered of earthy vapours. 8 made 1 the better to hold. 2 to 1 claw and scratch. 2 divide things the better. A brief anatomy of the compound members the better to help the memory, for the attaining thereof with Expedition. Things of note concerning the head are generally these two i the parts contay- 1 ning, are in particular 5. i the 1 Hair, 2 Skin, 3 Flesh, 4 pannicle, Pericranium, 5 Scull. 2 ned, are these 5. i the 1 Dura Mater. 2 Pia 3 Retemirabile. 4 Vermiformis. 5 Brains. A further relation of those ten parts, what they are, with their proper places, etc. 1. The 5 parts containing, i. the 1 Hair, crinis, is sufficiently spoken of in the tract of simple members. 2 Skin, i. cutis, is that in which the hair groweth. 3 Membrana carnosa is the hard flesh on the head growing between the utter Skin and Pericranium. 4 Pericranium is the pannicle that covereth the Scull without froth, between the membrana carnosa, and the bones of the Scull. 5 Craina the skull have 1. 7. bones, i. 1. 1. os coronale, i. the bone of the forehead. 2 3. 2. ossa later alia, i. the side bones of the head. 4. 5. 2. ossa petrosa, i. the hard stony bones of the ears whereon they grow. 6. 1. os. Basilare 1 called Paxilla. 2 i. the foundation bone of the head. 7. occiput 1 called lauda, or occipitiall bone. 2 is the bone wherein the hole, afore the Nucha passeth. 3 true 1 Coronale, i. it goeth cross over the mould of the head. 2 Sagittales joineth the side bones to the crown of the head. 3 Jamdoides joineth the hinder ends of the side bones to the bone occipitiall. 2. 2. False, that join the eare-bones to the side bones of the head. 2. 5 future's, or seams, i. The five things contained, i. the 1 Duramater, is the thick hard pannicle within the Scull next under it. 2 Pia matter, is the soft mother, or pannicle, next under Dura matter, in this the brain is wrapped. 3 Rete mirabile, i. the wonderful Net, is set under the panicles, and is composed of Arteries that come from the heart, herein is the vital spirits made Animal, in this Net is the brain enclosed, from this hath the spirit of feeling its first creation, & thence passeth to other parts. 4 Vermiformiss i the two Wormelike substances in the middle ventricle of the head. 5 Cerebrum is the brains, it 1 is of two sorts, i. 1 Cerebrum is the great marrowy substance in the forepart of the head, etc. 2 Cerebellum, it is the little hard brain in the hinder part of the head. 2 have 3 ventricles, i. the 1 former ventricle. 2 middle 3 hinder Of the Anatomy of the face. Things of most note of the parts of the face are these eleven, i the 1 Bones, 2 Front, 3 Temples, 4 Eyebrows, 5 Eyelids. 6 Eyes, 7 Ears, 8 Nose, 9 Cheeks, 10 Mouth, 11 Chin. A further relation of those parts, for your better understanding hereof. Of those 11. things, i. the 1 Bones called ossa facies, are nine. 2 Front, called frons, i. the forehead. 3 Temples, called Tempora. 4 Eyebrows, called Supercilia. 5 Eyelids, called Palpebrae. 6 Eye, called oculus, each Eye hath 1 A Nerve, called Nervus opticus. 2 Seven Tunicles. 3 Three Humours. 4 Seven Muscles. 5 A kernet of tears in the corner next the Nose. 6 Veins. 7 Arteries, etc. 7 Ears are called Aures. 8 Nose is called Nasus. 9 Cheeks are called Genae. 10 Mouth called Os in the which are these things of note, i. the 1 Lip, i. Labra. 2 Teeth, Dentes. 3 Tongue, Lingua. 4 Vuula. 5 , i. Palatum. 6 jawbones, i- Maxilla. 11 Chin, called Mentum. Of the Anatomy of the neck. This part reacheth from the 1 foundation bone of the head behind, to the neither end of the seventh Spondle. 2 Epiglot to Gula before. Things of note of the neck are 14, i the 1 Spondels. 2 Ligaments. 3 Nucha. 4 Nerves. 5 Veins. 6 Arteries. 7 Paxwax. 8 Muscles. 9 Almonds. 10 Epiglot. 11 Isophagus. 12 Ismon. 13 Thachia Arteria. 14 Gula. A further Relation of these. 1 7. Spondels, or turning joints of the neck. 2 7. Pairs of Nerves of those Spondles. 3 Marrow of those Spondles called Nucha. 4 Ligaments. 5 Veins, Jugular or Guidigi, etc. 6 Arteries. 7 Paxwax called Servisis, i. the white hair. 8 Muscles being 20. 9 Almonds called Amigdales. 10 Epiglot, i▪ called Ligulam, of some Operculuin laringis, is the knot or gristle in the throat at top of the windpipe. 11 Oesophagus, is the gut that carrieth the meat and drink from the mouth into the stomach, etc. 12 Ismon is above between the Oesophagus, and the Trachia arteria. 13 Trachia arteria, i. the windpipe. 14 Gula, is the pit or box, at the neither end of the neck before, at the upper end of the breast between the two furcula bones. Of the Anatomy of the Shoulder and great Arm, the great Arm reacheth from the Shoulder to the tops of the fingers. Things of note of the shoulder and great arm 14. i the 1 Bones, 1 Shoulder are 3. i. the A further relation of these. 1 Os spatula, i. the shoulder blade. 2 Os furcula, i. the Camel bone. 3 Adjutory, i. the bone from the shoulder to the Elbow. 2 Great arm are 30. i. 1 On adjutory. 2. Two focils, i. 1 major, these two reach from the Elbow to the Wrist. 2 minor, 3. 8. Wrist. 1 bones called, Rasseta manus 2 i. 4. 1 above at the ends of the 1 focils 2 Ossa platinis 2 beneath 4. 5. called ossa platinis, i. the bones in the palms of the hands. 5. 14. Ossa digitorum 1. three in each finger. 2. two in each finger. 2 Cartilages, 3 Ligaments, 4 Marrow, 5 Panicles, 6 Nerves, 7 Veins, 8 Arteries, 9 Flesh, 10 Muscles, 11 Cords, 12 Skin, 13 Hair, 14 Nails. 1 Bones of the 2 Cartilages, 3 Ligaments, 4 Marrow, 1 Basilica, called the Liver vein 2 Cophalica, i. the head vein 3 Mediana, 1 The middle vein 2 called 1 Venanigra, of the Arme. 2 Cardiaca. 3 The common vein 4 Fonis Brachii, proceeds from the shoulder Vein, and spreads with diverse branches on the back of the hand. 5 Cophalica oculorum appears between the thumb and the forefinger, and is a branch of Cephalica. 5 Panicles, 6 Nerves, 7 Veins of note to let blood in it are these 6, i the 8 Arteries. 9 Flesh 10 Muscles of note of the great Arm are 13. i. 1 4 no the 1 adjutory 2 Focils. 3 Hand. 4 5 2 3 11 Cords, Of these and all other things herein for brevity herein omitted, I refer you to my next Tract of Anatomy, which shall be more at large, if God permit me time. 12 Skin, 13 Hair, 14 Nails, Note that the great Leg is composed of the like things as the great Arme. Of the Anatomy of the Breast, this part reacheth from Ossa furcula, down to Diaphragma. Things of note of the Breast are generally two, i the things contay- 2 ning are these 12. i the 1 Utter Skin. 2 Flesh. 3 Muscles. 4 Panicles. 5 Bones. 6 Gristles. 7 Nucha. 8 Paxwax. 9 Ligaments. 10 Nerves. 11 Paps. 12 Plura. A further relation of these. 1 Utter Skin, called Cutis. 2 Flesh, Caro. 3 Muscles, called Lacertus, or Musculus, are eighty, and after some Writers, ninety. 4 Panicles, or the Periostea, etc. those that cover the bones. 5 Bones of this Region are 27. i. 1 Twelve Spondels beginning at the last Spondle of the neck, and so reacheth downwards. 2 Three breast bones, called 1 Pectorale. 2 Sternon. 3 Twelve 1 Seven called, Costae verae. 2 Five called 1 Costae spuriae. 2 The short ribs. 6 Gristle, Ensiformis, it groweth at the lower end, of the neither Sternon bone in the breast before. 7 Nucha, i. the marrow of those 12 Spondels. 8 Paxwax. 9 Ligaments. 10 Twelve pair of motive Nerves of those Spondels. 11 Paps of a glandulous substance, or flesh. 12 Plura, i. the pannicle that covers the 1 Ribs within. 2 upper part of Diaphragma. 2 ned of note within the Breast are generally these six, i the 1 Tracha Arteria. 2 Oesophagus. 3 Heart. 4 Panicles. 5 Lungs. 6 Midriff A further relation of these foresaid parts contained. Things of note of the things contained in the Breast being six as aforesaid, i. the 1 Trachia Arteria, i. the wind pipe that brings air to the Lungs and Heart. 2 Oesophagus, i. called Merry. 3 Heart in which note these seven things. 1 It is 1 called Cor. 2 a principal member, the Well of heat and life. 2 it hath two Ventricles, i. the 1 right, 2 left. 3 The two 1 deaf Ears. 1 Venalis, to carry blood to the Lungs, and brings back air to the Heart. 2 Magna. 2 great Arteries of the left Ventricle, Arteria. 5 Into the right Ventricle cometh a Vein into the Heart, to bring it blood nutritive, from vena cava. 6 It is wrapped in the capsula cordis, a thick pannicle like a purse. 7 it hath two motions 1 Diastole, i. opening of the Heart and Pulse. 2 Sistole, i. closing 4 Panicles of note are three i. the 1 Plura aforesaid. 2 Capsula Cordis. 3 Mediastine, i. a pannicle that divideth the breast right down, i. divides the right side from the left. 5 Lungs of it consider these seven things of note 1 It is called pulmo, i. the lights. 2 The temperature is 1 naturally cold and dry. 1 accidentally cold and moist. 3 Their creation is first spermatick. 4 It hath 1 Two parts, i. on each side of the Breast on part. 2 Five jobs, i 1 Three on the right side. 2 Two on the left 5 They were ordained for three causes, i. to 1 draw in Air. 2 purify and temper the Air. 3 receive the fumous superfluities that the Heart doth breath forth. 6 Their vessels of note are three, i. their 1 Veins, 2 Pipes, 3 Arteria venalis, 4 Trachia Arteria. Their ligaments. 7 Midriff 1 called 1 Diaphragma in Greek. 2 Septum transversum, in Latin. 2 Is set at the lower part of the Breast to divide the spirituals members from the nutritives 3 The 1 upper part is made of the pannicle 1 Plura, Peritoneum. 2 neither middle between these 2. Panicles toward the ribs is lacertus flesh. 4 Was made for 3 causes, i. to 1 defend the spirituals that the nutritives oppress them not. 2 keep that the vital heat descend not down too much. 3 defend the Spunals from malign fumes. Of the Anatomy of the Region of the Belly, it reacheth from the Midriff, down to os pubes, i. to the bottom of the belly. Things of note of the Region of the belly are generally two, i the things contay- ning of note are generally these 8. i the 1 Myrac, 2 Syphac, 3 Bones, 4 Nucha, 5 Netves, 6 Veins, 7 Arteries, 8 Muscles. A further relation of these eight things. 1 Myrac. 1 called 1 so in Arab, 2 Abdomon in Latin. 2 Is all the whole substance of the belly from Syphac, outward. 3 is made of these 4, i the 1 utter skin, 2 fat, next under that skin. 3 Carnosus, fleshy pannicle, musculous flesh. 4 in this substance are eight muscles, i. 1. 2. longitudinals, 1 called misculi recti, 2 to draw out 1 wind, 2 urine, 3 egestion. 2 latitudinals 1 called musculi transversi. 2 to retain things. 3. 4. Obliqui 1 called masculi obliqui. to expel 1 ventosity, 2 urine, 3 odours, etc. 2 Syphac. 1 called the Peritoneum. 2 is the inner skin that covereth the belly, and also maketh the neither pannicle of Diaphragma. 3 groweth to Myrac, and seemeth to be part of its substance. 4 is 1 spermatick, 2 cold, 3 dry, 4 nervous, 5 sensible. 5 the breaking of it below is called a rapture. 6 note in large wounds of the belly, such Myrac and Syphack both together. 3 bones are here 13. i the 1. 5 spondels. 1 of the back, called lumbrorum vertebrae, these begin at the lowest rib, and reacheth to ossacrum. 6 lower spondels are all joined with os sacrum by sympathy, but the lowest of those six, is a gristle called os caudae, i. the tail bone. 3. Two pin-bones joined be- hind to os sacrum, fore, and do make os pubes, i. the share bone. 4 Nu●ba, is in all those eleven spondels likewise. 5 Nerves that come from those spondels are a 11 pair, & one odd nerve. 6 Veins, 7 Arteries. 8 Eight muscles are spoken of in Myrac. Things of note in the region of the belly contay- 2 ned, are 12. i. the 1 Call, 2 Liver, 3 Gall, 4 Spleen, 5 Stomach, 6 Guts, 7 Mesenterium, 8 Reins, 9 Bladder, 10 Spermarick vessels, 11 Matrix, 12 The parts below without froth. A further relation of those 12. parts. 1 Call 1 called 1 Zirbus in Greek, 2 Omentum in Latin. 2 is the fat Call that covereth the bowels next within Syphae. 2 Liver, 1 called in Greek, Hepar, Latin, secur, i. massa sanguinis, i. a mass or lump of congealed blood. 2 it lieth 1 under Diaphragma, 2 in the right side under the short ribs. 3 i 1 Spermatick in the first creation, and after become sanguine. 2 a principal member, 3 hot and moist, 4 insensible of itself, 5 the place of the second digestion, 6 Gibbons and round, on the outside, 7 hollow in the inside towards the stomach. 8 the original seat of all Veins, 9 bound to Diaphragma, 10 sensible by accident. 4 have five lobs, 1 Porta, i in the hollow, part of the Liver. 2 Cava, i. magna, in the bunchy Two notable veins, i. vena, 3 Gall, 1 called 1 called vesicula f●llis, 2 the bladder of the Gall. 2 is 1 the receptacle of choleric superfluities, 2 placed in the concavity of the Liver, 3 Spermatick, 4 in most men half a pint. 3 have ●. orifices, i. 1 on to draw in choler, the other to cleanse the blood in the Liver. 2 Two to send choler to the 1 Stomach, to scour out 1 slime, excrements 2 gut pilorum, leen, 4 Spleen is 1 called lienae, i. the Milt or Spleen, 2 Spermatick, 3 cold, 4 dry, 5 the receptacle of Melancholy placed on the left side under the 1 Midriff, 2 short ribs. 7 fastened to the 1 Liver behind to draw away the faith of the blood. 2 Stomach before to cast in a sour juice, to cause the sharper appetite. 8 ordained for three causes, i. to 1 nourish itself, 2 cleanse the blood from Melancholy, 3 sharpen the appetite. Things of note in the region of the belly contay- 2 ned, are 12. i. the 1 called ventriculus, 2 under Diaphragma, 3 lieth between the Liver and the Spleen, 4 compound, 5 Spermatick, 6 Nervous, 7 very sensible, 8 made of two Panicles, i. the 1 inward, 2 utter. 9 the place of the first digestion, 10 narrow above and wide beneath, 11 the first foundation of nourishment to all parts. 12 in quantity three pints. 13 fastened 1 above to Oesophagus, 2 below to the Gut Duodenum. 14 in form 1 much like the bag of a Bagpipe, 2 both ends partly upward, 3 with the neither passage better than the other 3 for causes as shall in the next Tract be declared. And are called the Intestines. 1 Duodenum 1 groweth to the neither mouth of the stomach. 2 is twelve inches long, 3 also called pilorum. 3 2 jejunium 1 The empty or fasting gut is ever more found empty 2 Into this gut passeth choler from the gall to cleanse it. 3 Jlion. the small gut, this is 1 fifteen or sixteen cubits long, 2 called in Latin Tenue. 4 Monocubus, i. 1 The blind gut, called saccus, i. a sack, 2 This gut seemeth to have but one end, 3 There goeth no Mesentery Veins beyond this gut, to draw any juice because all the food is spent before. 5 Colon 1 is the great gut 1 full of wromples, 2 in it is bred the wind Colic, 2 receiveth all the dross being past all nourishment. 3 have no Mesenteries come to it. 6 Longaon 1 called 1 intestinum rectum, 2 the gut of the fundament. 2 is a span long. 3 reacheth near to the Kidneys. 4 have 1 Muscles in the neither end some say Two i. 1 open, 2 close. one to 4 one to 1 open, 2 shut, 3 retain, 4 expel. 5 Hemoroidal Veins that come to it from the Liver and Spleen. Mesenterium. Things of note of the region of the belly contay- 2 ned are 12. i. the 7 Mesenterium 1 called the Megerum, or the Crow of some. 2 is the fat substance that holdeth the guts together. 3 keepeth the guts together, and tieth them in their places. 4 is full of 1 Veins mensetery, i sucking Veins. 2 kernels mixed with the fat thereof 5 groweth fast to the back. 6 The Veins thereof are called meseraiaca vasa, whose innumerable Veins serve to draw the Chylus that is made in the stomach by the digestion, from the stomach and guts into venae porta, in the hollow part of the Liver. 8 Reins are 1 called Renes, i. the Kidneys. 2 lacertous flesh. 3 Two in number. 4 tied fast to the back. 5 like to the Kidneys of a Cow. 6 placed 1 on each side within towards the back of the nethermost or twelfth spondle of the breast, or very near thereunto. 2 the right ever higher than the left. 3 with fat about them, ever to temper the heat made about them, by sharpness of the urine, etc. 7 made 1 to cleanse the blood from watery superfluities. 2 with two fine passages, the one to 1 draw the watery part of the blood from venaekelis, by the emulgent veins to the Kidneys. 2 send the urine to the bladder which passage is called porus ureticus. 8 of harder flesh than any other member for two causes, i. the better to 1 resist the sharpness of the urine without hurt. 2 Altar and cleanse the urine. Things of note of the region of the belly contained, be these 12. i the 9 Bladder is 1 called Vesica. 2 Spermatick. 3 compound with many Veins and Arteries, etc. 4 cold. 5 dry. 6 made of two Panicles. 7 Carnous, or fleshy on the neck. 8 placed 1 Men, between the share bone and 1 Longaon, 2 The Matrix. 2 Women, 9 The receptacle of urine. 10 A pint or more. 10 Spermatick vessels, i. 1 called vasa seminaria, 2 Come from venakelis and arteria magna. Some 1 bring fit blood for it to the resticles, to be there changed into sperm. pass from the testicles to cast the sperm from them, in 1 Men into the yard. 2 Women into the bottom of the Matrix. 11 Matrix 1 the 1 neck is called 1 Cervix uteri, 2 Vulva. 2 port 2 is 1 cold, 2 dry, 3 Spermatick, 4 compound of 1 Veins, 2 Arteries, 3 Nerves, etc. 5 placed between Langaon and the Bladder. 6 much like the Bladder in form. 7 The field of man's generation. 3 Embreon in which the 1 first things shaped are the 1 principal members 2 bones and Cartilages. 3 other members all in general. 2 next 3 last 4 Secundine is the pannicle or Wrapper in which the child lieth. 5 Rest of these things that might be here spoken of, concerning these matters for brevity I omit. 12 parts below. The twelfth of the parts below without froth are the 1 Groins 1 or flanks called Ingunie, or Emunctories, the cleansing place of the Liver. 2 are full of Glandules or Kernels. 2 Yard. 1 called virgam 2 whose 1 he is 1 called glans, 2 true and simple flesh. 2 utter lose skin that covereth over the head of it, is called praeputium. 3 Cod 1 called Scrotum. 2 containeth in them these six things, i. the 1 〈◊〉, i. the hollow string that holdeth the stone. 2 Testicles, i. the stones. 3 Dartos, i. the pannicle that covereth the stone 〈◊〉 within the Dedim. 4 Erythroeida, i. the next thin covering within the Dartos. 5 Epidydimis, is a Glandell that cleaveth to the upper part of each stone. 6 Seminary vessels, that erect the seed from the stones into the Yard. Of the Anatomy of the thigh and great leg, which reacheth from the Pin-bone to the top of the toes. The great leg is divided into 3. parts, i. the 1 Thigh have. 1 one bone 1 called foemora, or coxa, 2 it reacheth from the pin-bone to the knee, 2 the other parts as that of the great arm. 2 Shank have 1 On whirl bone▪ on the knee called 1 ro●ulae genu. 2 The knee pan. 2 bones 1 that reach from the knee to the Ankle. 2 called focile or Tibia, 1 majus. 2 minus. 3 The greatest is the shinbone, whose neither end maketh the inner Ankle, lest standeth on the outside of the leg from the gartering place under the knee I own to the utter ankle, the neither end of it makcth utter Ankle. 3 4. Veins, see ♋. The great Leg is divided into three parts i. the 2 Shank-have 4 Veins to be opened by Phlebotomy, i. Venae. 1 Popletica, i. the Vein vider the ham. 2 Saphena, is on the 1 in side of the Ankle. 2 out 3 Sciatica, 4 Kenalis, i. the vein that lieth between the little Toe and the next to it. 3 Foot have 26 bones, i. 1 Os Talus, i. the bone next under the focils of the Leg, 2 Os Calcis, the heel bone, it is joined behind to os Talus, under it. 3 Os naviformis, i. 1 the shiplike bone, i. the bone of the instep. 2 is joined to Os Talus, under the fore part of it. 4 Ossa Rassita pedis, be 4, i 1 On called Cubiforme, i. the square Dye-bone in the inside of the heart of the foot. 2 Three called Chalcoidea. 5 Ossa planta pedis, be five small bones in the plant of the foot, reaching from the aforesaid four bones to the bones of the Toes. 6 of the Toes are 1 next below joining to those five bones last above said. 2 fourteen i. 1 Two in the great Toe. 2 Three in each other 4 Bones of the great Leg from the hip downwards are 30. i. 1 on in the thigh. 2 one on the knee. 3 Two in the Leg from the knee to the ankle. 4 six and twenty in the instep and foot. 5 Other parts are like those of the great Arme. Laus DEO. FINIS.