THE castle OF health, Gathered, and made by sir Thomas Elyot knight, out of the chief authors of physic, whereby every man may know the state of his own body, the preservation of health, and how to instruct well his physician in sickness, that he be not deceived.  
M. D. XXXIX.   

❧ TO THE right honourable THOMAS lord CRVMwell lord privy seal, Thomas Elyot knight wyssheth long life in honour.  
HE giveth TWYSE THAT 
Bis dat, qui clto dat.  giveth quickly( saith Senek). the griete, which I had for your lordeshypes disease, with the desire that ye might live long, without sickness, caused such speed in building the castle of health, that therein lacked some parte of perfection, but yet the promptness in giving that thing, which I thought necessary, to declare mine affection, I doubt not, was no lasse esteemed of your good lordship, than afore is rehearsed. Notwithstanding when I had eftsoons perused that little fortress, and found here and there some thing that lacked, I took my pen in the stede of a truell, & amended the faults, and added somewhat more, where I thought it convenient: And yet perthaunce some things might happen to escape, which were as needful to be corrected: mine attendance on the parliament, I being a member of the lower house, withdrawing from me leysur convenient, to finde in this work all the faults, which might be amended. May it now like your good lordeshype to take in good part, not e●tsones the castle, which I already haue given you, but my good will and diligence in amen dynge or repayryuge the same, which is also printed in a much better letter, considering that I no lasse do behold you continuelly with mine eye of remembrance, than they which at dynuar and supper do daily look on you, the cause I will not repeat for suspicion of flaterye. Frendeshype( as men say) should be requyted, but yet crave I none other thing, but onely equal benevolence, and faith without any suspicion: whereunto actual demonstracion is so much requysite, that without it they both, seem to be drowned, sens among us that be mortal, things are most judged by outward tokens. And yet also in them men be sometime deceived, Hypocrisy having in this world so great a pre-eminence: but in amity is one rule, which seldom faileth. He that liveth moderately, doth love alway faithfully: for over him affections and passions haue left authority: and he that standeth just in the middle, standeth most surely. Also in the world there is no more folly, than to cheese friends of them, which do follow fortune, like as swine do follow the maiden, which beareth on her head a pail full of milk. And yf the pail fall, or happen to be empty, they will follow no longer. The moderate person, where both authority and virtue be in his friend equal, because that virtue was the onely cause of his love, that remaining, his mind is in such wise thereunto joined, that although authority happen to flyp, yet that love & virtue may never be severed. I haue spoken of friendship perchance more than needeth, but who will not wish( yf it might happen) to haue such a treasor, as neither the mountains of Ethiope, nor the rivers of ind do contain in them, to be thereto compared. Callimachus an ancient port saith, Puyssance is dredeful: Richesse is honourable: but love for surety is most incomparable. Who perceiveth herein more than your good lordship, which besides the abundant knowledge of histories & natural wit, also concerning this matter in your own sundry experiences, I dare say without flattery, are equal to any noble man living. Yet this my long tale is not superfluous, which is told not to teach you, but only to renew your lordships remembrance, which is not alway present, specially where the brain is choked with worldly matters of wayghty importance. In such as I am, having little and little to do, remembrance standeth more at liberty, and therfore we may more often think on that, which we haue both herde and sene, and in chesinge friends, be the more circumspectly. But leste I shall make the name of frendeshyp tedious, by often rehearsal, I now conclude, that I leave this little work a monument of the long continued affection by me born toward your lordship, & a perpetual witness, that I haue deserved, so much of your favour, as in mutual friendship is of reason required: which may be as easily payed, as it 〈◇〉 granted, yf in place, where it ought to be shewed, ye do not forget it, In the mean time I shall pray to God to add to your good fortune and health, continuance, with his grace and favour, wherein onely is most resolve surety.   

❧ THE TABLE  
IT MVSTE BE remembered, that the number in the Table, doth sygnify the leaf, and the letter A, doth signify the first page. or side, the letter B, the second page. or side.  

A  
ANnexed to things natural. fo. i. b.  
Ages. fo. xi. a. &. xxxix. b.  
air. fo. xii. a.  
Appuls. fo. xx. b.  
almonds. fo. xxi. b.  
anise seed. xxiiii. b.  
Ale. fol. xxxii. b  
Abstinence. lv. b.  
affects of the mind. lxiiii. a.   

B  
blood. fol. viii. a.  
Beetis. xxiii. b.  
birds. xxix. a.  
brain exceeding in heat. fol. iii. b.  
brain exceeding in cold. ibidem.  
brain moist. ibid.  
brain dry. iiii. a.  
brain hot & moist. ibi.  
brain hot & dry. ibid.  
Brain could & moist. iiii. b  
Brain cold & dry. ibi.  
beans. xxiiii. b.  
breakfast. xliiii. a.  
blood suckers. lxiii. a.  
Borage. xxvi. a.  
Breadd●. xxvii. b.  
black bird. xxix. b  
buzzard. xxx. a.  
Byttour. ibidem.  
brain of bestis. xxxi. a.  
Butter. xxxii. a.  
bier. xxxv. b.   

C  
considerations of things belonging to health. fol. i. a.  
Complexion of man. ii. a.  
choleric body. ii. b.  
collar. viii. b.  
collar natural. ix. a.  
collar unnatural. ibid.  
Colour. xi. a.  
Colour of hear. xi. b  
custom. xvi. b  
Cucumbers. xix. a  
cherries. xx. a.  
Chestnuttes. xxi. b  
Capers. xxii. a  
coleworts and cabbages. xxii. b  
Cykorie. xxiii. a  
Cheruyle. xxiii. b  
considerations in abstinence. lvi. a  
cloves. xxvii. b  
Conye. xxviii. b  
Capons, hens, and chickens. xxix. a  
Crane. xxx. a  
cheese. xxxii. a  
cider. xxxv. b  
confortatives of the heart. lxx. a  
crudity. lxxvi. b   

D  
DAtes. xix. a  
duck. xxx. a  
diversity of meats. ●●uii. a  
digestives of choler. lix. a  
digestives of fleme. ibi.  
dominion of sundry complexions. lxx. b  
diet of sanguine persons. lxxii. b  
diet of choleric persons. lxxiii. a  
diet of fleumatycke persons. lxxiiii. a  
diet of melancolycke persons. lxxiiii. b  
diet of them, which be redy to fall into sickness. lxxx. a  
diet in time of pestilence. lxxxviii. b  
drink between meales. xliii. b  
drink at meals. xlvi. b  
Digested. lv. a   

E  
EXementes. fol. i. b  
Endyue. xxiii. a  
eggs. xxxii. a  
Exercise. xlviii. a. &. l. a  
evacuation. lv. a  
excrements. ibidem.   

F  
FLematik body. ii. b  
Fleume. viii. b  
Fleume natural. viii. a  
Fleme unnatural. viii. b  
fruits. xviii. a  
figs. xix. a  
fennel. xxiiii. a  
filberts. xxi. b  
flesh. xxviii. a  
pheasant. xxix. b  
feet of beasts. xxxi. b  
fish. ibidem.  
Frycasyes or rubbynges. xlix. a   

G  
GEnitors hot. vii. a  
Genitors could. ibi.  
genitors moist. ibid.  
genitors dry. ibid.  
Genytoures hot and moist. vii. b  
genitors hot and dry. ibidem.  
genitors cold and moist. ibidem.  
genitors cold and dry. ibid.  
gourds. xix. a.  
Grapes. xx. a  
garlic. xxv. b  
ginger. xxvii. a  
Goose. xxx. a  
Gysar of birds. xxx. b  
Gestation. li. b   

H  
heart hot distempered. iiii. b  
heart cold dystempered. v. a  
heart moist dystempered. ibidem.  
heart dry dystempered. ibidem.  
Hart hote & moist. ibid.  
heart hot and dry. v. b  
Hart could & moist. ibid.  
Hart cold and dry. ibi.  
Humours. viii. a  
herbs used in pottage, or to eat. xxii. b.  
Hare. xxviii. b  
heron. xxx. a  
Hart of beasts. xxxi. a  
Heed of beasts. ibid.  
honey. xxxvii. a  
Hemorroides or piles. lxiiii. a  
heaviness or sorrow. lxvi. b   

I  
I soap. xxvi. a  
joy. lxx. b.   

K  
¶ kid. xxviii. a   

L  
liver in heat dystempered. vi. a.  
liver cold dystempered. ibidem.  
liver moist dystempered. ibidem.  
liver dry distempered. ibidem.  
lettuce. xxii. b.  
Lekes. xxv. b.  
lamb. xxviii. a.  
lark. xxix. b.  
unbelievers of birds and beasts. xxx. b  
Lungis of bestis. xxxi. a  
Letting of blood. lxi. a.  
leeches or blood suckers. lxiii. a  
Lassitude. lxxviii. b. and lxxix. a   

M  
MElancolyke body. fol. iii. a.  
melancholy. ix. b.  
Members instrumental. ibidem.  
Meate & drink. xii. b  
meats making good juice. ibidem.  
meats making ill juice. xiii. a  
meats making choler. xiii. b.  
meats making fleme ibidem.  
meats ingendrynge melancholy. ibidem.  
meats making thick juice. ibidem.  
meats hurting the teeth. xiiii. a.  
meats hurting the eyen. ibid.  
meats making oppilations. ibidem.  
meats windy. xiiii. b.  
Melons. xviii. b  
Medlars. xxi. a  
mallows. xxiii. b  
Mutton. xxviii. a  
Moderation in diet. xli. b  
Meales. xlii. b  
Maces. xxvii. b  
Members of birds. xxx. b  
Melt or spleen. xxxi. a  
marrow. ibidem.  
milk. xxxv. a   

N  
¶ Nutmigges. xxvii. b   

O  
official members ix. b.  
Operations. x. b.  
waves. xxii. a.  
oranges. ibid.  
onions. xxv. b.  
Order in eating and drinking. xlv. b  
Opylations what they are. xli. a  
old men. ibidem.  
Ordure. lv. a.   

P,  
PRyncipalle members. ix. b  
Partes similares. ibid.  
Powers natural. x. a  
Powers spiritual. ibid.  
Powers animal. x. b  
Peaches. xx. a.  
pears. xxi. a  
Pourselane. xxiii. b  
parsley. xxiiii. a  
Purgers of collar. lix. a  
Purgers of fleme. lix. b  
Pourgers of melancholy. ibidem.  
precepts of Diocles. lxxxv. b.  
Pomegranates. xxi. a  
Prunes. xxi. b  
Peason. xxiiii. b  
Parsnepes. xxv. a  
Penyriall. xxvi. b  
Pepper. xxvii. a.  
Partryche. xxix. b  
plover. ibidem.  
Pygeons. xxx. a  
Pourgations by siege. lvi. b. and. lvii. b.  
Precise diet. xlvii. a   

Q  
QVantite of meat. xv. b.  
quality of meat. xv. b. and. xviii. a.  
Quynces. xx. b  
quail. xxix. b.   

R  
raisins. xx. a.  
Rapes. xxiiii. b  
radish. xxv. a.  
rocket. xxvi. a  
repletion. liii. b.   

S.  
sanguine body. ii. a  
stomach hote. vi. b.  
stomach cold. ibidem.  
stomach moist. ibidem.  
stomach dry. vii. a  
spirit natural. x. b  
spirit vytall. ibidem  
spirit animal. ibidem.  
shovel. xxiiii. a  
Sauge. xxv. b  
stomach in the which meat is corrupted. lxxxvii. b  
sleep and watch. xlvi. b  
savoury. xxvi. a.  
Saffron. xxvii. a  
Swynes flesh. xxviii. a  
sparrows. xxix. b  
Shouler. xxx. a  
supper. xliii. b.  
Sugar. xxxvii. a  
Scarifyenge. lxii. b  
sicknesses appropred to sundry seasons & ages. lxxx. b  
Significations of sicknesses. lxxxii. a   

T.  
things natural. i. a  
things not natural. ibidem.  
things against nature. ibidem.  
things good for the heed. xiiii. b  
things good for the hart. ibidem  
things good for the liver ibidem  
things good for the lungs. xv. a  
things good for the eyes. ibidem.  
things good for the stomach. ibidem  
Temperature of meats. xvii. a  
Turnyppes. xxv. a  
time. xxvi. b  
Townecresses. ibidem.  
Trypes. xxx. b  
tongue of beasts. xxxi. b  
time. xxxvii. b. and xxxviii. b  
times appropred to every humour. lxxi. b.   

V  
Wyndes. xii. b  
Walnuttes. xxi. a  
veal xxviii. b  
Venyson. ibidem.  
woodcocks. xxx. a  
udder. xxxi. a  
Water. xxxii. b  
wine xxxiii. b  
Whaye. xxxv. b  
Vociferation. lii. b  
vomit. lvi. b  
urines. lxxxiii. a  
virtue of meats. lxxxvii. b   
¶ Thus endeth the Table.   

TO THE CONSERVATION of the body of mankind, within the limitation of health( which as Galene saythe) is the state of the 
De ●uenda sanitate lib. 1.  body, wherein we be neither grieved with pain, nor let from doing our necessary business, doth belong the diligent consideration of three sorts of things, that is to say, 

things natural,  
things not natural, and  
things against nature.    
¶ things natural be .vii. in number. 

elements.  
Complexions.  
Humours.  
Members.  
Powers.  
Operations and  
Spirites.    
¶ These be necessary to the being of health, according to the order of their kind: and be alway in the natural body.  
¶ things not natural be syxe in number. 

air.  
Meate and drink.  
sleep and watch.  
Meuyng and rest.  
emptiness and repletion and  
Affections of the mind.    
¶ things against Nature be three. 

sickness.  
Cause of sickness.  
Accident, which followeth sickness.    
¶ Annexed to things natual. 

Age.  
〈◇〉.  
figure, and.  
〈◇〉 of kinds.    


¶ THE elements be those original things vnmyxt and vncompounde, of whose temperance and mixture all other things, having corporalle substance, be compact: Of them be four, that is to say, 

earth.  
Water.  
air and  
fire.    
¶ earth, is the most gross and ponderouse element, and of her proper nature is cold and dry.  
¶ VYATER is more subtle and light joanne earth, but in respect of air and fire, it is gross and heavy; and of hir proper Nature is cold and moist.  
¶ air, is more light and subtle than the other two, and being● not altered with any exterior cause, is properly hot and moist.  
¶ fire, is absolutely light and clear, and is the clarifier of other elements, if they be vy●●a●e or out of their natural temperance, and is properly hot and dry.  
¶ IT IS to be remembered, that none of the said elements be commonly se●e or felt of mortal men, as they are in their original being: but they, which by our sences be perceived, be corrupted with mutual mixture, and b● rather erthy, watery, airy, and fyr●; than ●bsolutely earth, air, & fire.   

¶ Of the complexion of Man. Cap. 2.  
COMPLEXION is a combynation of two dyvers qualities of the four elements in one body, as hot and dry of the fire: hot and moist of the air, cold and moist of the Water, cold and dry of the Erth. But although all these complexions be assembled in every body of man and woman, yet the body taketh his denomination of those qualities, which abound in him, more joanne in the other, as hereafter inseweth.  
¶ The body, where heat and moisture haue souerayntie, is called Sanguine, wherein the air hath pre-eminence, and it is perceived and known by these signs, which do follow, 

Sanguine.  
Carnos●tie or flesshynesse.  
The veins and a 〈…〉 large,  
heat plenty and red.  
The visage white and ruddy.  
sleep much.  
dreams of bloody things, or things pleasant.  
Pulse great and full.  
Digestion perfect.  
Angry shortly.  
Siege, ur 〈…〉, & sweat abundant.  
falling shortly into bleeding.  
The v●in● red and gross.    
¶ Where cold with moisture prevaileth, that body is called Fle●matike, wherein water hath pre●minence, and is perceived by these signs, 

phlegmatic,  
fatness, quauyng and soft.  
veins narrow.  
hear much and plain,  
Colour white.  
sleep superfluous.  
dreams of things watery or of fish.  
slowness.  
dulness in learning.  
cowardice,  
Pulse slow and little.  
digestion weak.  
Spyttell white, abundant, and thick.  
urine gross, white or pale.    
¶ choleric is hote and dry, in whom the fire hath pre-eminence, and is discerned by these signs following. 

choleric,  
leanness of body.  
Costyfenesse.  
hear black or dark aburne curlyd.  
visage and skin read as fire, or sallow.  
hot things noyful to him.  
little sleep.  
dreams of fire, fighting, or anger.  
wit sharp and quick.  
Hatdy and fighting.  
Pulse swift and strong.  
urine byg● coloured and clear.  
voice sha 〈…〉 e.    
Melancolyke is could and dry, over whom the earth hath dominion, & is perceiuid by these signs. 

Melancolyke.  
leanness with hardness of skin.  
hear plain and thin.  
Colour duskysh, or white with leanness.  
much watch.  
dreams fearful.  
likewise in opinions.  
Digestion slow and ill.  
Tymerous and fearful.  
Anger long and fretting.  
Pulse little.  
seldom lawghynge.  
urine watery and thin.    
besides the said complexions of all the hole body, there be in the partycular members, complexions, wherein if there be any distemperaunce, it bringeth sickness or grief into the member. wherefore to know the distemperature, these signs following would be considered. Forsene, that it be remembered, that some distemperatures be simple, and some be compound. They which be simple, be in simple qualities, as in heat, cold, moist, or dry. They which be compound, are in compound or mixed qualities: as heat and moisture, heat and dryth, cold and moist, cold and dry. But now first we will speak of the simple complexions, of every principal member, beginning at the brain.  
The brain exceeding in heat hath 

The heed and visage very red and hot.  
The heat growing fast black and courlyd.  
The veins in the eyen apparent.  
superfluous matter in the nostrils, eyen, and ears.  
The heed amnoyed with hote meats, drinks, and savours.  
sleep short and not sound.    
The brain exceeding in could hath 

much superfluity running out of the nose, mouth, ears, and eyen.  
hear straight and fine, growing flowly, and flaxen.  
The heed disposed by small occasion to pooses and murres.  
It is soue amnoyed with could.  
It is cold in touching.  
veins of the eyen not sene.  
Sleapy somewhat.    
moist in excess hath 

hears plain.  
seldom or never bald.  
wit dull.  
much superfluities.  
sleep much and deep.    
The brain dry hath 

No superfluities running.  
wits good and redy.  
Watchefull,  
hears black hard and fast growing.  
bald shortly.    

Complexions compouned.  
brain hot and moist distempered hath 

The heed aching and heavy.  
full of superfluities in the nose.  
The southern wind grievous.  
The Northern wind holsom.  
sleep deep, but vnquyete, with often wakynges, and strange dreams.  
The senses and wit unperfect.    
brain hot and dry dystempered hath 

None abundance of superfluities, which may be expellyd.  
Senses perfect.  
much watch.  
Sooner bald than other.  
much hear in chyldehoode and black or brown, and courlyd.  
The heed hot and ruddye.    
brain could & moist disten{per}ed hath 

The senses and wit dull.  
much sleep.  
The heed sone replenished with superfluous moisture.  
Distillations and poses or murres  
Not shortly bald.  
soon hurt with cold.    
brain could & dry distempered hath, 

The heed cold in feeling and without colour.  
The veins not appearing.  
soon hurt with cold.  
Often discrased.  
wit perfect in chyldhode, but in age dull.  
Aged shortly and bald.     

Of the heart.  
The heart hot distem pred hath 

much blowing and puffyng.  
Pulse swift and busy.  
hardiness and manhood much.  
promptness activity and quycknes in doing of things.  
Fury and boldness.  
The breast hairy toward the left side.  
The breast broad, with the heed little.  
The body hot, except the liver do let it.    
The hart could distempered hath 

The pulse very little.  
The brethe little and slow.  
The breast narrow.  
The body all cold, except the liver doth inflame it.  
fearfulness.  
Scrupulosite, & much care.  
curiosity.  
slowness in acts.  
The breast clean without hears.    
The heart moist distempered hath 

The pulse soft.  
Sone angry & sone pacified.  
The body al moist, except the liver disposeth contrary.    
The hart dry distempered hath 

The pulse hard.  
Not lightly angry, but being angry, not sone pacified.  
The body dry, except the liver doth dispose contrary.    
The heart hot and moist 

The breast & stomach hairy.  
promptness in acts.  
soon angry.  
Fiersnesse but not so much as in hot and dry.  
Pulse soft, swift, and busy.  
breath or wind according.  
Shortly falleth into diseases caused of putrefaction.    
The heart hot and dry. 

The heart pulse great and swift.  
The breath or wind according.  
The breast and stomach all heatye.  
quick in his doings.  
boldness and hardiness.  
swift and hasty in moving.  
soon stirred to anger, and tyrannous in manners.  
The breast broad, and all the body hot and dry.    
The heart cold and moist 

The pulse soft.  
fearful and timorous.  
slow.  
The breast clene without hear.  
Not hastylye angry, nor retaynynge anger.  
The breast natowe.  
All the body cold and moist.    
The heart cold and dry hath 

The pulse hard and little.  
The wind moderate.  
seldom angry, but when it happeneth, it dureth long.  
The breast clean without hear and little.  
All the body cold and dry.     

¶ Of the liver.  
The liver in heat distempered hath 

The veins great.  
The blood more hot than temperate.  
The belly hairy.  
All the body hot exceeding temperance.    
The liver cold distempered hath 

The veins small.  
Abundance of fleume.  
The blood cold.  
All the body could in feeling.  
The belly without hear.    
The liver moist distempered hath 

The veins soft.  
much blood and thin.  
All the body moist in feeling except the heart disposeth it couttary.    
The liver dry distempered hath 

The veins hard,  
The blood little and thick.  
All the body dry.    
¶ THE complexions compound, may be decerned by the said simple qualities. And here 
Galenus in arte par ua. lib. 2,  it is to be noted, that the heat of the heart may vanquish the cold in the liver. For heat is in the heart, as in the fou●tayne or spring, and in the liver, as in the river.   

Of the stomach.  
The stomach hot distempered 

He digesteth well, specially hard meats, and that will not be shortly altered.  
light meats, and soon altered, be therein corrupted.  
The appetite little and slow.  
He delytethe in meats and drinks, which be hot, for every natural complexion delighteth in his semblable.    
The stomach could dystempered 

He hath good appetite,  
He dygesteth ill and slowelye, specially gross meats and hard.  
could meats do ware sour, being in him undigested.  
He delytethe in meats and drinks, which be could, and yet of them he is endamaged.    
The stomach moist distempered 

He thyrsteth but seldom, yet he desireth to drink.  
With superfluous drink he is hurt.  
He delighteth in moist meats.      

¶ Of humo●rs.  
IN THE body of Man be four principal humours, which contynuyng in the proportion, that nature hath limited, the body is free from all sickness. Contrary wise, by the increase or diminution of any of them in quantity or quality, over or under their natural assignment, inequall temperature cometh into the body, which sickness followeth more or lasse, according to the lapse or decay of the temperatures of the said humours, which be these following. 

blood,  
Fleume.  
Chole●,  
melancholy.    
¶ blood hath pre-eminence over all other humours in susteynynge of all living creatures, for it hath more conformity with the originalle cause of living, by reason of tempera●●●es in heat and moisture, also nourisheth more the body, and restoreth that which is decayed, being the very treasure of life, by loss whereof, death immediately followeth. The dystemperature of blood happeneth by one of the other three humors, by the inordiuate or su{per}fluous mixture of them.  

¶ Of fleume.  
Fleume is of two sorts, 

natural and  
unnatural.    
¶ natural fleume is a humour cold & moist, white and sweet, or without taste, engendered by insufficient decoction in the second digestion of the watery or raw partes of the matter decocte called C●ilus, by the last digestion made apt to be converted into blood. In this humour, water hath dominion most principal.  
¶ Fleume unnatural is that, which is mixed with other humours, or is altered in his quality: And therof is .viii. sundry kinds, 

Fleume.  
Watty, which is found in spettyll of great drynkers, or of them, which digest ill.  
slimy or raw.  
Glasy, like to white glass, thick, viscouse like bird lime and heavy.  
Plastry, which is very gross, and as it were chalky, such is found in the joints of them, which haue the gout.  
Salt, which is mingled with collar.  
sour, mixed with melancholy, which cometh of corrupt digestion.  
harsh, thick and gross, which is seldom founden, which tasteth like 
〈…〉 cum  green crabs or sloes.  
styptic or binding, is not so gross nor could, as harsh, and hath the taste like to green red wine, or other like, straynynge the tongue.     

¶ Choler  
doth participate with natural heat as long as it is in good temperance. And therof is also two kinds, natural and unnatural.  
natural collar is the foam of blood, the colour whereof is red and clear, or more like to an orange colour, and is hot and dry, wherein the fire hath dominion, and is light and sharp, and is engendered of the most subtle parte of matter decocte, or boiled in the stomach, whose beginning is in the liver.  
¶ unnatural choler is that which is mixed or corrupted with other humours, whereof be four kinds, 

Citrine or yellow choler, which is of the mixture of natural choler, and watery fleume, and therfore hath less heat than pure choler.  
Yelky, like to yolks of eggs, which is of the mixture of phlegm congealed, and choler natural, and is yet lasse hote than the other.  
green like to lekes, whose beginning is rather of the stomach, than of the liver.  
green like to green canker of mettall, and bourneth like venom, and is of exceeding adustyon of choler or phlegm, and by these two kinds nature is mortified.    
¶ melancholy or black collar is divided into two kinds. natural, which is the dregs of pure blood, and is known by the blaknes, when it issueth either downward or upward, and is verily cold and dry. Vnnaturalle, which proceedeth of the adustion of colerik mixture, and is hotter and lighter, having in it violence to kill, with a daungerous disposition.    

¶ Of the members.  
¶ There be diversities of members, that is to say.  principal members. 

The brain,  
The heart,  
The liver,  
The stones of generation.   Offycialle members. 

sinews, which do serve to the brain.  
Arteries or pulses, which do serve to the heart.  
Vayns, which do serve to the liver.  
Vessels spermatike, wherein mans seed lieth, which do serve to the stones.   

Bones.  
Gristell.  
calls betwixt the uttermost skin and the flesh.  
Muskles or fylettes.  
fat.  
flesh.   Members instrumental. 

The stomach.  
The raynes,  
The bowels.  
All the great sinews.   
These of their virtue do appetite meat & alter it.   

¶ Of powers.  

Anymall,  
spiritual,  
Natural.   natural power, 

which doth minister.  
To whom is ministered.   which doth minister, 

Appetiteth,  
retaineth,  
Digesteth,  
Expelleth.   To whom is ministered, 

engendereth,  
nourisheth,  
Feedeth.   Power spiritual. 

warking, which delateth the heart and arteryes, and eftsoons strayneth them.  
wrought, which is stirred by an exterior cause to work, whereof cometh anger, indignation, subtility, and care.   Power animal. 

That which ordaineth, discerneth, and composeth.  
That moveth by voluntarye motion.  
That which is called sensyble, whereof do proceed the five wits.   Of that which ordaineth do {pro}cede. 

Imagination in the forehead.  
Reason in the brain.  
Remembrance in the nodell.   

Operations.  
Appetite by heat and dryth.  
Digestion by heat & moisture.  
Retaynyng by cold and dryth.  
Expulsion by cold and moist.   
¶ spirit is an airy substance subtle styringe the powers of the body to perform their operations, which is divided into  natural, which taketh his beginning of the liver, and by the veins, which haue noo pulse, spreadeth into all the whole body. natural, which proceedeth from the heart, and by the arteries or pulses is sent into all the body. Anymalle, which is engendered in the brain, and is sent by the sinews throughout the body, and maketh sense or feeling.   

¶ Annexed to things natural.  

Ages be four. Adolescency to .xxv. yeres, hot and moist, in the which time the body groweth. Iuuentute unto .xl. yeres, hot and dry, wherein the body is in perfect growthe. Senectute, unto .lx. yeres cold and dry, wherein the body beginneth to decreace. Age decrepit, until the last time of life, accidentally moist, but naturally cold & dry, wherein the powers and strength of the body be more and more minished.   

¶ Colour.  

Of inward causes.  
Of outward causes.   Colour of inward causes. 

Of equality of humours, as he that is red and white.  
Of inequalytie of humours, whereof do procede, black, sallow, or white onely.  
red,  
black, do betoken domi  
sallow, nion of heat.  
white, cold of fleume.  
Pale cold of melancholy.  
red, abundance of blood.  
sallow, choler citrine.  
Black, melancholy or collar adust.   Colour of outward causes. 

Of cold or heat, as english men be white, Mories be black.  
Of things accidentalle, as of fear, of anger, of sorrow, or other like motions.   Colour of hear. 

black, either of abundance of collar inflamed, or of much incendynge or adustion of blood.  
read hear of much heat not adust.  
Gray hears of abundance of melancholy.  
White hears of the lack of natural heat, and by occasion of fleume putrefied.   
¶ All the residue concerning things natural, contained in the Introduction of Ioannicius, and in the little craft of Galene, I pourposely pass over for this time, forasmoche as it doth requyrē a red●●, having some knowledge in philosophy natural, or else it is to hard and tedious to be understand. moreover this, which I haue written in this first tables, shalbe sufficient, to the conservation of health, I mean with that which now followeth in the other Tables.    

¶ The second Table.  
things not natural be so called, because they be no portion of a natural body, as they be, which be called natural things, but yet by the temperance of them, the body being in health, so consisteth. By the dystemperaunce of them, sickness is induced, and the body dissolved.  


¶ The first of things not natural is air, which is properly of itself, or of some material cause or occasion, good or ill.  
¶ That which is of itself good, hath pure vapours, and is odiferous.  
¶ Also it is of itself, swift in alteration from hot to could, wherein the body is not much provoked to sweat for heat, ne to chylle for vehemency of cold.  
¶ air among al things not natural, is chiefly to be observed, forasmuch as it doth both enclose us, and also enter into our bodies, specially the most noble member, which is the Hart, and we can not be separate one hour from it, for the necessity of breathynge and fetchynge of wind.   
The causes, whereby the air is corrupted, be specially four. 

Influences of sundry stars.  
Great standing waters never refreshed.  
Carayne lyenge long above ground.  
much people in small room living vnklenly and sluttysshely.    winds bringing wholesome air, 

north, which prolongeth life by expoulsynge ill vapours.  
East is temperat and lusty.   winds bringing ill air. 

South corrupteth, and maketh ill vapours.  
West, is very mutable, which nature doth hate.    

Meate and drink.  
¶ In meate and drink we must consider syxe things. 

¶ substance,  
¶ quantity,  
¶ quality,  
¶ custom,  
¶ time,  
¶ Order.    
¶ substance, somme is good, which maketh good juice, and good blood: some is ill, and engendereth ill juice, and ill blood,  

meats and drinks making good juice.  
BReed of pure flower somewhat leavened, well baked, not to old nor to stale.  
eggs of fesantes, hens or partridges new laid, poched, mean between rear and hard.  
milk new milked, drunk fasting, wherein is sugar, or the leaves of mints.  
Fesauntes.  
partridges or chikens.  
Capons or hens.  
birds of the fields.  
fish of stony rivers.  
veal sucking.  
pork young.  
beef not passing three yeres.  
Pygeons.  
Venyson of read dere.  
Pease pottage with mints.  
feet of swine or calves.  
figs type, before  
raisins, meales.  
Borage.  
Languedebiefe.  
parsley.  
mints.  
rice with almond milk.  
Letyse.  
Cykorie.  
Grapes ripe.  
wines good moderately taken, well fined.  
Ale and bier six dayes old, clean brewed, and not strong.  
mirth and gladness.  
The liver and brains of hens and chickens and young goose.   

meats and drinks making ill juice.  
old beef.  
old mutton.  
goose old.  
swan old.  
ducks of the kanell.  
inward of beasts.  
black puddynges.  
The hart liver and kidneys of all beasts.  
The brains and inary of the backbone.  
wood culuets.  
Shell fish, except crevyse deaudoulce.  
cheese hard.  
apple and peers much used.  
figs and grapis not type.  
All raw herbs, except letyse, borage, & cikory.  
Onions, immoderately  
Garlik, used, specially  
Lekes, in choleric stomachs.  
Wine in must or sour.  
fear, sorrow, pensyfenesse.   

meats ingendrynge choler.  
garlic.  
onions,  
rocket,  
Kersis.  
Lekes,  
mustard,  
Pepper,  
honey,  
wine much drunken.  
sweet meats.   

meats ingendryng fleume.  
¶ All slymye and cleaving meats.  
cheese new.  
All fish, specially in a phlegmatic stomach.  
cowards of beasts.  
lambs flesh.  
The sinew partes of flesh.  
skins.  
brains.  
lungs,  
Rapes,  
Cucumbers.  
repletion.  
lack of exercise,   

meats ingendrynge melancholy.  
¶ beef,  
Gotes flesh.  
Hares flesh.  
Bores flesh,  
salt flesh,  
salt fish.  
coleworts.  
All pulse, except white peason.  
brown bread course.  
thick wine.  
black wine,  
old cheese.  
old flesh.  
Great fishes of the see.   

meats making thick juice.  
¶ Rye bread,  
must,  
bread without leaven.  
Cake bread,  
See fish great.  
Shelle fish.  
beef,  
The kydneys,  
The liver of a swine.  
The stones of beasts.  
milk much sudden.  
Rapes.  
All round roots,  
Cukumbers,  
sweet wine,  
deep red wine.  
garlic.  
mustard,  
Origanum  
hyssop,  
Basylle,  
Fenelle,  
Cheese,  
eggs fried or hard,  
Chesten nuts.  
Nauews,  
figs green.  
Appuls not ripe.  
Pepper.  
rocket,  
Lekes, much used.  
onions,   

meats which do hurt the teeth.  
¶ Very hot meats.  
nuts,  
sweet meats & drikes.  
radish roots,  
hard meats.  
milk.  
bitter meats.  
much vomit.  
leeks.  
fish fat.  
Lymones,  
coleworts.   

meats which do hurt the eyes.  
¶ drunkenness.  
lechery.  
must,  
All pulse.  
sweet wines, and thick wines,  
hemp seed.  
Very salt meats.  
garlic,  
onions.  
coleworts,  
radish,  
Reedynge after supper  
immediately.   

making great oppilations.  
¶ thick milk.  
All sweet things.  
Rye bread.  
sweet wines.   

meats inflatyng or wyndye.  
¶ beans.  
Lupynes.  
Cicer,  
mill,  
Cucumbers.  
All juice of herbs.  
figs dry.  
Rapes,  
Nauewes raw.  
milk.  
Hony not well clarified.  
sweet wine.  
must.   

things good for the heed.  
¶ Cububes.  
Galyngale.  
Lignum aloes.  
Matoram,  
balm mints.  
gladden.  
Nutmygges,  
musk,  
Rosemarye,  
Roses,  
Pionye.  
hyssop,  
Spyke,  
camomile,  
Mellylote,  
rue,  
Frankincense.   

things good for the heart.  
¶ cinnamon.  
Saffron.  
Coralle.  
cloves,  
Lignum aloes.  
pearls,  
maces.  
balm mints.  
Myrabolanes,  
musk.  
Nutmygges.  
Rosemarye.  
The bone of the heart of a red deere.  
Maioram,  
bugloss.  
Borage.  
Setuall.   

things good for the liver.  
¶ Wormewode.  
Wythwynde.  
Agrymonye.  
Saffron.  
cloves.  
Endyue.  
Lyuerworte.  
Cykorie.  
plantain.  
Dragons,  
raisins great.  
Saunders.  
Fenelle.  
violets.  
rose-water.  
lettuce.   

things good for the lungs.  
¶ Elycampane.  
hyssop.  
Scabiose.  
Lykorise  
raisins.  
Maydenheare.  
Penidies.  
almonds,  
Dates,  
Pystaces.   

things good for the eyes.  
¶ Eyebryght.  
Fenyll.  
Veruyn.  
Roses.  
Celandyne.  
Agrymonye.  
cloves.  
cold water.   

things good for the stomach.  
¶ Myrabolanes.  
Nutmygges.  
Organum,  
Pystaces,  
Quynces,  
Olybanum,  
Wormewode,  
Saffron,  
Coralle,  
Agrymonye,  
Funytorie,  
Galyngale.  
cloves.  
Lignum aloes.  
Mastix,  
mint.  
Spodium.  
The innermost skin of a hens gysar.  
Coriander prepared.      

❧ THE second book.  

¶ Of quantity. Cap. 1.  
THE quantity of meate must be proportioned after the substance and quality therof, and according to the complexion of him that eateth. first, it ought to be remembered, that meats hote and moist which are qualities of the blood, are soon, turned into blood, and therfore much nourisheth the body. Some meats do nourish but little, having lytteil conformity with blood in their qualities. Of them, which do nourish, some are more gross, some lighter in digestyon. The gross meate engendereth gross blood, but where it is well concoct in the stomach, and well digested, it maketh the flesh more firm, and the official members more strong, joanne fine meats. wherefore of men, which use much labour or exercise, also of them, which haue very chorike stomachs here in england, gross meats may be eaten in a great quantity: and in a choleric stomach beef is better digested than a chickens leg, forasmoche as in a hot stomach. fine meats be shortly adust and corrupted.  
contrariwise in a cold or phlegmatic stomach gross meate abideth long undigested, and maketh putrefied matter: light meats therfore be to such a stomach more apt and convenient. The temperate body is beste nourished with a little quantity of gross meats: but of temperate meats in substance and quality, they may safely eat a good quantity. foreseen alway, that they eat without gourmandyse, or leave with somme appetite. And here it wolde be remembered, that the cholerycke stomach doth not desire so much as he may digest: the melancholy stomach may not digest so much as he desireth. for cold maketh appetite, but natural heat concocteth or boileth. Not withstanding unnatural or supernatural heat destroyeth appetite, and corrupteth digestion, as it appeareth in fevers. More over, fruits and herbs, specially raw, wolde be eaten in a small quantity, all though the person be very cholerycke, forasmoche as they do engender thin watery blood, apt to receive putryfaction, which all though it be not shortelye perceived of them that use it, at length they feel it by sundry diseases, which are long in coming, and shortly slayeth, or be hardly escaped. finally, excess of meats is to be abhorred. For as it is said in the book called Ecclesiasticus, 
Eccl. 37.  In much meate shall be sickness, and inordinate appetite shall approach unto collar. semblably the quantity of drink wolde be moderated, that it exceed not, nor be equal unto the quantity of meate, specially wine, which moderately taken, aideth nature, and comforteth her, and as the said author of Ecclestasticus saith, wine is a rejoicing to the soul and body. And Theognes saythe in Galenes 
Eccl. 31.  work, A large draft of wine is ill. A moderate 
Calen. de 〈…〉 en. sani.  draft is not only not ill, but also commodyouse or profitable.   

¶ Of quality of meats. Cap. 2.  
QValitie is in the complexion, that is to say, it is the state therof, as hot or could, moist or dry. Also some meats be in winter could in act, and in virtue hot. And it wolde be considered, that every complexion temperate and untemperate, is conserved in his state, by that which is like thereto in form and degree. But that which exceedeth much in dystemperaunce, by that which is contrary to him in form or quality, but like in degree moderately used. By form is understand grossness, fynenesse, thickness, or thynnesse, by degree, as the first, the second, the thyrde, the fourthe, in heat, cold, moisture, or dryth.   

Of custom. Capit. 3.  
CVstome in feeding is not to be contemned, or little regarded: for those meats, to the which a man hath been of long time accustomend, though they be not of substance commendable, 
Hippocra tes aphorismo. 2.  yet do they sometime lasse harm than better meats, whereunto a man is not used. Also the meats and drinks, which do much delight him that eateth, are to be preferred before that, which is better, but more vnsauerye. But yf the custom 
Galenus.  be so pernyciouse, that hit needs must be left, joanne wolde it be withdrawn by little and little in time of health, and not of sickness. For yf it should be withdrawn in time of sickness, Nature should sustain triple detriment, first by the grief induced by sickness, second by receiving of medicines, thirdly by forbearing the thing, wherein she delighteth.   

¶ Of the temperature of meats to be received. Capit. 4.  
TO keep the body in good temper, to them, whose natural complexion is moist, ought to be given meats, that be moist in virtue or power. contrariwise to them, whose natural complexion is dry, ought to be given meats dry in virtue or power. The bodies untemperate, such meats or drinks are to be given, which be in power contrary to the distemperance, but the degrees are alway to be considered, as well of the temperance of the body, as of the meats. For where the meats do much exceed in degree the temperature of the body, they annoy the body in causing distemperance, As hot wines, pepper, garlycke, onions, and salt, be noyful to them, which be choleric, because they be in the highest degree of heat and dryth, above the just temperance of mannes body in that complexion. And yet be they oftentimes hol some to them, which be phlegmatic. contrary wise, cold water, cold herbs, and could fruits moderately used, beholsom to choleric bodies, by putting a way the heat, exceeding the natural temperature: and to them, which be phlegmatic, they be unwholesome, and do bring into them distemperance of cold and moist.   

¶ what distemperaunce happeneth by the excess of sundry qualities in meats and drinks. Capitu. 5.  

meats.  
cold, do congele and mortifye.  
moist, do pntrifie and hasten age.  
dry, sucketh up natural moisture.  
Clammy, stoppeth theissue of vapours and urine, and ingendrethe tough fleume and gravel.  
fat and oily, swimmeth long in the stomach, and bringeth in lothesomnesse.  
bitter, doth not nourish.  
salt, do frette much the stomach.  
Harryshe, like the taste of wild fruits, do constipate and restrain.  
sweet chauffeth the blood, and causeth oppilations or stoppynges of the pores and cundytes of the body.  
sour cooleth nature, and hasteneth age.    

¶ what commodity happeneth by the moderate use of the said qualities of meats and drinks. Cap. 6.  

meats.  
could assuageth the burning of collar.  
Moist humecteth that which is dried.  
Dry, comsumeth superfluous moisture.  
Clammye, thycketh that, which is subtle and percynge.  
bitter, cleanseth and wypeth of, also mollifieth and expelleth fleume.  
salt, relenteth phlegm clammy, and drieth it.  
fat and unctuous, nourisheth, and maketh soluble.  
styptic or rough on the tongue bindeth and comforteth appetite.  
sweet, doth cleanse, dyssolue, and nourish.    

¶ Of fruits. Cap. 7.  
FOr as much as before that tillage of corn was invented, and that deuouryng of flesh and fish was of mankind used, men undoubtedly lived by fruits, and Nature was therewith contented and satisfied: but by change of the diet of our progenitors, there is caused to be in our bodies, such alteration from the nature, which was in men at the beginning, that now all fruits generally are noyful to man, and do engender ill humours, and be oft times the cause of putrefied fevers, if they be much and continually eaten. Not withstanding unto them, which haue abundance of collar, they be sometime convenient, to repress the flamme, which proceedeth of collar. And some fruits which be styptike, or binding in taste, eaten before meales, do bind the bely, but eaten after meales, they be rather laxatine. Now shall it not be vnexpedient, to writ of some fruits particularly, declaring their noyful qualities in appairyng of Nature, and how they may be used with leste detriment.  

¶ Of gourds.  
gourds raw be unpleasant in eating, ill for the stomach, and almost never digested, therfore he that will needs eat them, must boil them, toste them, or fry them, every way they be without savour or taste, and of their proper nature, they give to the body could and moist nourishment, and that very little, but by reason of the slyppernes of their substance, and because al meats which be moist of their nature, be not binding, they lightly pass forth by the belly. And being well ordered, they will be meetly concoct, if corruption in the stomach do not prevent them: they be cold and moist in the second degree.   

¶ Of Melones and Pepones.  
MElones and Pepones be almost of one kind, but that the melon is round like an apple, and the innermost parte therof, where the seeds are contained, is used to be eaten. The Pepon is much greater, and somewhat long, and the inner part therof is not to be eaten: They both are very cold and moist, and do make ill juice in the body, if they be not well digested, but the pepon much more than the melon. they do lest hurt, if they be eaten afore meales. Albe it, if they do finde in the stomach fleume, they be turned in to fleume, if they finde choler they be turned into choler. Not withstanding there is in them the virtue to cleanse & to provoke urine, they be cold and moist in the second degree.   

¶ Cucumbers.  
CVcumbers do not exceed so much in moisture as melons: and therfore they be not so soon corrupted in the stomach: but in some musics, 
Galen. de alimen. fa. 2.  being moderately used, they do digest well: but if they be abundantely eaten, or much used, they engender a cold and thick humour in the veins, which never or seldom is turned into good blood, and sometime bringeth in fevers. Also they abate carnal lust. The seeds as well therof, as of melones and gourds, being dried, and made clean from the husks, ar very medicinable against sicknesses proceeding of heat, also the difficulty or let in pyssynge, they be cold and moist in the second degree.   

Dates,  
¶ Be hard to digest, therfore being much eaten, and not well digested, they annoy the heed, and cause gna wing in the stomach, and make gross juice, and sometime cause obstructions orstoppynges in the liver and spleen. And where there is inflammation or hardness in the body, they ar unwholesome, but being well digested and temperately used, they nourish and make the flesh firm, and also bindeth the belly: old dates be hot and dry in the first degree: new gathered are hot and moist in the first degree.   

¶ Of figs.  
figs eaten, do shortly pass out of the stomach, and are soon distributed into all the 
Aetius. 1.  partes of the body, and haue the power to cleanse, specially grauelle, being in the raynes of the back, but they make no substantial nourishment, but rather somewhat louse and wyndye, but by their quick passage, the wind is sone dissolved. Therfore if they be ripe, they do masspriest harm of any fruits, or almost none. Dry figs and old, are more hot and moist than new gathered, but being much eaten, they make ill blood and juice, and as some do suppose, do engender lice, and also annoyeth the liver and the spleen, if they be inflamed, but having the power to attenuate or make humours currant, they make the body soluble, and do cleanse the raynes. Also being eaten afore dinner with ginger or pepper, or powder of time, or penny royal, they profit much to them, which haue oppilations or hard congealed matter in the inner partes of the body, or haue distillations or rheums falling into the breast and stomach. New figs are hot and moist, old figs are hot in the first degree, and dry in the second.   

¶ Of grapes and raisins.  
GRapes do not nourish so much as figs, but being ripe, they make not much ill 
Galen. de alimen. 2.  juice in the body: all be it newly gathered, they trouble the belly, and filleth the stomach with wind, therfore if they be hanged up a while, er they be eaten, they are the lasse noyful. sweet grapes are hottest, and do louse somewhat, and 
Diosco. 5.  make a man thyrsty. sour grapes are could, and do also louse, but they are hard of digestion, and yet they do not nourish. They which ar in taste bitter or harryshe, be like to them that are sour. raisins do make the stomach firm and strong, and do provoke appetite, and do comfort weak bodies, being eaten afore meales, they be hot in the first degree, and moist in the second.   

¶ Of cherries.  
cherries, if they be sweet, they do soon flyp down into the stomach, but if they be sour or sharp, they be more wholesome, and do louse, if they be eaten fresh, and newly gathered, they be cold and moist in the first degree.   

¶ Of Peaches.  
PEaches do lasse harm, and do make better juice in the body, for they are not so sone corrupted being eaten. Of the juice of them may be made a syrup, very wholesome against the distemperance of collar, whereof proceedeth a stinking breath, they be cold in the first degree, and moist in the second.   

¶ Of apples.  
AL apples eaten sone after that they be gathered, are could, hard to digest, and do make ill and corrupted blood, but being well kept until the next winter, or the year following, eaten after meales, they are right wholesome, and do confirm the stomach, and make good digestion, specially if they be roasted or baken, most properly in a choleric stomach. They are beste preserved in hony, so th● one touch not an other. The rough tasted appuls are wholesome, where the stomach is weak by distemperance of heat or much moisture. The bitter appuls, where that grief is increased. The sour appuls, where the matter is congealed or made thick with heat. In distemperature of heat and dryth by drinking much wine, they haue ben found commodious: being eaten at night, going to bed, without drinking to them: they be could and moist in the first degree.   

¶ Of Quynces.  
QVynces be cold & dry, eaten afore meal, they bind and restrain the stomach, that it may not digest well the meet, except that they be roasted or sudden, the core taken out, and mixed with honey clarified, or sugar, than they cause good appetite, and preseruith the head from drunkenness: taken after meate, it closeth and draweth the stomach together, and helpeth it to digest, and mollifieth the belly, if it be abundantly taken. they be cold in the first degree, and dry in the beginning of the second.   

¶ Of Pomegranates.  
POmegranates be of good juice, and profitable to the stomach, specially they, which are sweet: but in a hote fever, they that are sour, be more expedient and wholesome. for than the sweet do incende heat, and puff up the stomach.   

¶ Of pears.  
pears ar much of the nature of apple, but they are heuyer, but taken after meate, roasted or baken, they ar not unwholesome, and do testrain and knit the stomach, being ripe: they be could and moist in the first degree.   

¶ Medlars.  
Medlars ar could & dry, & constcictife or strainig th● stomach, & therfore they may be eaten after meals as a medicine, but not used as meat, for they ingē der melancholy, they be could & dry in the second degree.   

¶ Wallnuttes.  
Wallnuttes, if they be blanched, are supposed to be good for the stomach, and somewhat lousynge the belly, mixed with sugar, they do nourish temperately. Of two dry nuts, as many figs, and .xx. leaves of rue, with a grain of salt, is made a medicine, whereof if one do eat fasting, nothing which is venomous, may that day hurt him. and it also preserveth against the 〈◇〉 ●hee, and this is the very right Mithridate. they be hot and dry in the second degree, after some opinions hote in the third degree, dry in the second.   

filberts and hasyll nuts.  
They are more strong in substance than wall nuts, wherefore they are not so easily or sone digested, Also they do inflate the stomach, and cause heed ache, but they engender fat. And if they be toasted, they are good to restrain rheums. Also eaten with pepper, they are good against torments of the belly, and the stopping of vri●e. they be hot and dry in the first degree.   

Of almonds.  
They do extenuate and clease without any bindynge, wherefore they purge the breast and lungs, specially bitter almonds. Also they do mollyfye the belly, provoke sleep, and causeth to piss well. five or syxe of them eaten afore meat, keepeth a man from being drunk: they be hot and moist in the first deg●●e.   

Chestyns.  
They being roasted under the ymbers or hot ashes, do nourish the body strongly, & eaten with hony fasting, do help a man of the cough.   

Prunes.  
Of the garden, and type, do dispose a man to the stool, but they do bring no maner of nouryshement. To this fruit like as to figs, this property remaineth, that being dried they do profit. The damask prune rather bindeth than looseth, and is more commodious unto the stomach. they be could and moist in the second degree.   

waves.  
Condite in salt liquor, taken at the beginning of a meal, doth corroborated the stomach, stireth appetite, and looseth the belly, being eaten with vinegar. They which be type, are temperately hote: they which be green, are cold and dry.   

Of Capers.  
They nourish nothing after that they be salted, but yet they make the belly louse, and purgeth fleume, which is therein contained. Also stireth appetite to meat, and openeth the obstructions or stopping of the liver and spleen, being eaten with oximell, before any other meate: they be hot and dry in the second degree.   

oranges.  
The ryndes taken in a little quantity, do comfort the stomach, where it digesteth, specially con dite with sugar, and taken fasting in a small quantity. The juice of oranges, having a tost of bread put unto it, with a little powder of mints, sugar, and a little cynamom, maketh a very good sauce to provoke appetite. The juice eaten with sugar in a hot fever, is not to be discommended. The rind is hot in the first degree, and dry in the second. The juice of them is cold in the second degree, and dry in the first.    

herbs used in pottage, or to eat. Cap. 8.  
GEnerally al herbs raw, and not sudden, do engender could & watery juice, if they be eaten customably, or in abundance: albeit some herbs are more comestible, and do lasse harm unto nature, & moderately vsid, maketh meetly good blood.  

¶ lettuce.  
A Monge al herbs, none hath so good juice as lettuce: for some men do suppose, that it maketh abundance of blood, all be it not very pure or perfect. It doth set a hot stomach in a very good temper, and maketh good appetite, and eaten in the evening, it provoketh sleep, all be it, it neither doth louse nor bind the belly of his own property. It increaseth milk in a womans breasts, but it abat●th carnal appetite, and much using therof, hurteth the eye sight. It is cold and moist temperately.   

¶ coleworts and cabbages.  
BEfore that avarice caused matchauntes to fetch out of the east and south partes of the world, the traffyke of spice and sundry drouges, to content the vnsaciablenes of wanton appetites, coleworts for the virtues supposed to be in them, were of such estimation, that they were judged to be a sufficient medicine against all diseases, as it may appear in the voke of wise Cato, wherein he writeth of husbandry. But now I will no more remember, than shal be required, in that which shall be used as meate, and not pure medicine. The juice thereof hath virtue to purge: the whole leaves being half sudden, and the water poured out, and they being put eftsoons into hot water, and sudden until they be tender, so eaten, they do bind the belly. Some do suppose, if they be eaten raw with vinegar, before meate, it shal preserve the stomach from surfettynge, and the heed from drunkenness: all be it much using of them dulleth the sight, except the eyes be very moist. finally the juice that it maketh in the body is not so commendable, as that which is engendered of lettuce. It is hote in the first degree, and dry in the second.   

¶ Of Cykorie or suckorie.  
IT is like in operation to lettuce, and tempereth collar wonderfully, and therfore in all choleric fevers, the decoction of this herb, or the water therof stilled, is right expedient. semblably the herb and root boiled with flesh, that is fresh, being eaten, keepeth the stomach and heed in very good temper. I suppose that Southystel & Dent delyon, be of like qualities, but not so convenient to be used of them, which are hole, because they ar wild of nature, and more bitter, and ther fore causeth fastidiousnes or loathsomeness of the stomach. It is cold and dry in the second degree.   

¶ Endyue and Scariole.  
¶ Be much like in their operation to Cykorie, but they are more conuentent to medicine than to meate. All be it Scariole called white End●ue, having the tops of the leaves turned in, and laid in the earth, at the latter end of summer, and covered, becometh white and crisp, like to the great stalks of cabbage lettuce, which are in winter taken up and eaten. And to them that haue hote musics and dry, they be right holsom, but being to much used, or in very great quantity, they engender the humour, which maketh the colike. they be cold and moist in the first degree.   

mallows.  
Are not cold in operation, but rather somewhat warm, and haue in them a slyppernesse: wherefore being boiled and moderately eaten with oil 
Galen. 2. de alim ●tis.  and vinegar, they make meetly good concoction in the stomach, and causeth the superfluous matter therein easily to pass, and cleanseth the belly: It is hot and moist in the first degree.   

white betes.  
Are also abstersive, and looseth the belly, but much eaten, annoyeth the stomach: but they are right good against obstructions or stopping of the liver, yf they be eaten with vinegar or mustard. likewise it helpeth the spleen. It is cold in the first degree, and moist in the second.   

Pourslane.  
doth mitigate the great heat in al the inward partes of the body, semblably of the heed and eyes: also it represseth the rage of Venus, but yf it be preserved in salt or brine, it heateth and purgeth the stomach. It is cold in the third degree, and moist in the second.   

¶ Cheruyle.  
Is very profitable unto the stomach, but it may not sustain very much boiling: eaten with vinegar, it provoketh appetite, & also urine. The de coction therof drunk with wine, cleanseth th● bladder.   

shovel.  
Being sudden, it looseth the belly. In a time of pestilence, if one being fasting, do chew some of the leaves, and suck down the juice, it marvelously preserveth from infections, as a new practiser called Guainerius doth writ. And I myself haue proved it in my household. The seeds 
Dioscorides lib. 2. ca. 106.  therof brayed and drunk with wine & water, is very wholesome against the colic, and fretting of the guts. it stoppeth fluxes, and helpeth the stomach annoyed with repletion. It is could in the thyrde degree, and dry in the second.   

parsley.  
Is very convenient to the stomach, and comforteth appetite, and maketh the breath sweet, the seeds and roote causeth urine to pass well, and breaketh the ston, dissolveth winds. the roots boiled in water, and therof oximell being made, it dissolveth fleume, and maketh good digestion. It is hot and dry in the third degree.   

fennel.  
Being eaten, the seed or root maketh abundance of milk: likewise drunk with ptysane or ale. The seed somewhat restraineth flux, provoketh to piss, and mytigateth freattynges of the stomach and guts, specially the decoction of the roote, if the matter, causing fretting be cold, but if it be of a hot cause, the use thereof is dangerous, for inflammation or exulceration of 
Ga●●. ●●m. de medicamen. li. 3. ca. 74.  the taynes of bladder. It is hot in the third degree, and dry in the first.   

¶ anise seed.  
Maketh sweet breath, provoketh urine, and driveth down things, cleaving to the raynes or bladder, styrreth up courage, & causeth abundance of milk. It is hot and dry in the thyrde degree.   

¶ beans.  
They make wind, howe so ever they be ordered: the substance, which they do make is spungye, and not firm, albeit they be abstersive or clensyng the body, they tarry long or they be digested, and make gross juice in the body, but yf onions be sodden with them, they be lasse noyful.   

¶ Peasyn.  
Are much of the nature of beans, but they be lasse windy, and passeth faster out of the body: they be also abstersive or cleansing, specially white peason, & they also cause meetly good noryshing, the husks taken away. And the broth, wherein they be sudden, cleanseth right well the raynes and bladder.    

Rape roots and Nauews. Ca. ix.  
THe juice made by them, is very gross: And therfore being much eaten, if they be not perfitly concoct in the stomach, they do make crude or raw juice in the veins. Also if they be not well boiled, they cause winds, and annoy the stomach, and make sometime frettynges: If they be well boiled first in clean water, and that being cast away, the second time with fat flesh, they nourish much, and do neither louse nor bind the belly. But Nauews do not nourish so much as rapes, but they be even as wyndye.  

¶ Turnepes,  
being well boiled in water, and after with fat flesh, norysheth much, augmenteth the seed of man, provoketh carnal lust. Eaten raw, they stir up appetite to eat, being temperarly used, and be convenient unto them, which haue putrefied matter in their breasts or lungs, causing them to spit easily, but being much and often eaten, they make raw juice and wyndynesse.   

Parsnepes and carets,  
¶ They do nourish with better juice than the other roots, specially carets, which are hot 
Gal. ●●●p. med. li. 7.  and dry and expelleth wind. Not withstanding much used, they engender yl juice: but carets lasse than parsnepes, the one and the other expelleth urine.   

¶ radish roots,  
Haue the virtue to extenuate, or make thyn, and 
Paulus Eginera. Dioscorides.  also to warm. Also they cause to break wind, and to piss: being eaten afore meales, they let the meare, that it may not descend, but being eaten last, they make good digestion, and looseth the belly, though Galenus writ contrary. For 
Lib. 7. de alimentis.  I, among diuers other, by experience haue proved it: not withstanding they be vnholsom for them, that haue continually the gout, or pains in the joints.   

garlic,  
It doth extenuate and cut gross humours, & slmy, dissolveth gross winds, and heateth all the body, also openeth the places, which ar stopped, generally where it is well digested in the stomach: it is 〈…〉 om to dyvers purposes, specially in the body, wherein is gross matter, or much could enclosed. If it be sudden until it looseth his tartnesse, it so mewhat nourisheth, and yet loseth not his propetie, to extenuate gross humours: being sudden to 〈◇〉, it profyceth much against distyllations from the heed into the stomach.   

onions,  
Do also extenuate, but the long onions more than the round, the read more than the white, the 〈…〉 than they which be green: also raw more than sudden, they stir appetite to meate, and put away loathsomeness, and louse the belly, they quicken fight: and being eaten in great abundance with meat, they cause one to sleep soundly.   

leeks,  
Be of ill 〈…〉 ce, and do make troublous dreams, but they do extenuate and cleuse the body, 
Galen. 7. cap. 138.  and also make it soluble, and provoketh urine. More over it causeth one 〈◇〉 spit out easily the fleume, which is in the breast.   

Sauge,  
It heateth, and somewhat bindeth, and therwith provoketh urine, the decoccion of the leaves and branches being drunk▪ Also it stoppeth bleeding of wounds, being laid unto them. More over it hath ben proved, that 〈◇〉, which haue ben long time without children, and haue drunk .x. ounces of the juice of sauge, with a grain of salt, a quarter of an hour before, that they haue companied with their husbands, haue conceived at that time. It is hot and dry in the thyrde degree, the using thereof is good against palsies.   

hyssop,  
doth heat and extenuate, whereby it digesteth slimy fleume: being prepared with figs, it purgeth fleume downward, with honey and water up ward, boiled in vinegar, it helpeth the tooth ache, if the teeth be washed therwith, it is hot and dry in the thyrde degree.   

Bourage.  
Comforteth the heart, and maketh ◇, eaten raw before meales, or laid in wine that is drunk: Also mollifieth the belly, and prepareth to the stool. It is hot and moist in the middle of the first degree.   

Sauerye.  
purgeth fleume, helpeth digestion, maketh quyck s●ght, provoketh 〈◇〉, and stirreth carnal appetite: It is hot and dry in the third degree.   

rocket,  
Heateth much, and increaseth seed of man, provoketh courage, helpeth digestion, and some what looseth. It is hot and moist in the second degree.   

〈…〉 me.  
〈…〉, breaketh the stone, expellyth urine, and ceaseth freattynges. It is hot and dry in the third degree.   

¶ Penyryall,  
doth extenuate, heat, and decocte, it refouemeth the stomach, oppressed with fleume, it doth recomforte the faint spirit, it expelleth melancholy by siege, and is medicinable against many diseases. It is hot and dry in the third degree.   

¶ Townecresses.  
¶ Paulus discommendeth, saying, that it resiteth concoction, and hurteth the stomach, and maketh ill i●yce in the body, taken as medicine, it helpeth many diseases. It is hot and dry in the third degree.   

¶ Rosemarye.  
〈…〉 to heat, and therfore it dissolveth 〈◇〉 〈◇〉 congealed with cold: It helpeth against palsies, falling sickness, old diseases of the breast, 〈◇〉 or fretting, it provoketh urine and sweat: it helpeth the rough taken with pepper and hony, it putteth away tooth ache, the roote being chewed, or the juice therof put into the tooth: being burned, the fume therof resysteth the 〈◇〉: the rind thereof sudden or burned, & the fume received at the mouth, stoppeth the ●●ume, which falleth out of the heed into the cheeks or throote: which I myself haue proved, the green leaves bruysed, do stop the hemorroides, if they be laid unto them. this herb is hot and dry in the third degree.    

¶ spices growing out of this realm used in meate or drink. Cap. 10.  

¶ Pepper.  
black pepper is hottest, and most dry, white pepper is next, long pepper is most temperate. The general property of al kinds of pepper is to heat the body: but as Galene saith, it pierceth downward, and doth not spread into the veins, if it be gross beaten. It dissolveth fleume and wind, it helpeth digestion, expulseth urine, and it helpeth against the diseases of the breast, proceeding of cold. It is hot in the first degree, and dry in the second.   

¶ ginger.  
Heateth the stomach, and helpeth digestion, but it heateth not so soon as pepper: but afterward the heat remaineth longer, & causeth the mouth to be moister: Being green or well confection 〈…〉 in syrup, it comforteth much the stomach and heed, and quyckeneth remembrance, if it be taken in the morrow fasting. It is hot in the second degree, and dry in the first.   

Saffron,  
Somewhat bindeth, heateth and comforteth the stomach and the heart specially, and maketh good digestion, being eaten or drunken in a small quantity. It is hot in the second degree, and dry in the first.   

cloves,  
Hath virtue to comfort the sinews, also to comsume and dissolve superfluous humours. They be hot and dry in the third degree: sudden with milk, it comforteth the debility of nature.   

Maces.  
Dioscorides commendeth to be drunk against spitting of blood, & bloody fluxes, & excessive lasks. Paulus Egineta addeth to it, that it helpeth the colic: they be hot in the second degree and 〈…〉 in the third degree. It is to the stomach very commodious, taken in a little quantity.   

Nutmigges,  
With their sweet odour comfort and dissolve, and sometime comforteth the power of the sight, and also the brain in cold dyscracies, and is hote and dry in the second degree.    

Of bread. Cap. xi.  
bread of fine floure of wheat, having no leuyn, is flow of digestion and maketh flymy humours, but it nourisheth much: if it be leuyned, it digesteth sooner: bread having much bran, filleth the belly with excrements, and nourisheth little or nothing, but shortly descendeth from the stomach: The mean between both sufficiently leuyned, well moulded and moderately baken is the most wholesome to every age. the greatest loues do nourish most fast, for as much as the fire hath not exhausted the moisture of them. hot bread, much eaten, maketh fullness and thirst, and slowly passeth. Barley bread cleanseth the body, and doth not nourish so much as wheat, and maketh colder juice in the body.   

¶ Of flesh. Cap. xii.  
beef of england to Englisshemen, which are in health, bringeth strong nouryshinge, but it maketh gross blood, and engendereth melancholy: but being of young oxen, not exceeding the age of four yeres, to them, which haue choleric musics, it is more convenient, than chikens, and other like fine meats.  

Swynes flesh.  
above all kinds of flesh in nouryshyng the body, Galene most commendeth pork, not being of an old swine, and that it be well digested of him that eateth it. For it maketh beste juice, it is most convenient for young persons, and them which haue sustained much labour, & therwith ar fatigate, and become weak. young pigs are not commended before that they be one month old, for they do breed superfluous humours.   

lamb,  
Is very moist and phlegmatic, wherefore it is not convenient for aged men, except that it be very dry roasted, nor yet for them, which haue in their stomach much fleume.   

Mutton,  
Galene doth not commend it, not withstanding experience proveth here in this realm, that 
De alimē. lib. 3.  yf it be young, it is a right temperate meate, and maketh good juice: and therfore it is used more than any other meate, in all diseases. And yet it is not like good in all places, nor the sheep, which beareth fynest wool, is not the sweetest in eating, nor the most tender. But I haue found in some countries mutton, which in whytenes, tenderness, and sweetness of the flesh, might be well nigh compared to kid, and in digestion haue proved as wholesome.   

kid and veal,  
Of Galene is commended next unto pork, but some men do suppose, that in health and sickness they be much better than pork, the juice of them both being more pure. And here it is to be noted, that of all beasts, which be dry of their nature, the youngest be most wholesome: of them that are moist, the eldest are lest hurtful.   

Hate, Conye,  
Maketh gross blood, it drieth and stoppeth, but yet it provoketh a man to piss. coney maketh better and more pure nourishment, and is sooner 
Hippo. de ratione vi ctus lib. 2. cap. 19. Plin. 28.  digested than hare. It is well proved, that there is noo meate more wholesome, or that more clean, firmly, and temperately noryssheth than tabettes.   

Dere red and fallow.  
Hippocrates affirmeth the flesh of hartes and hyndes, to be of ill juice, hard of digestion and dry, but yet it moveth urine. Of fallow dere, he nor any other old writer doth speak of, as I remember. I suppose, because there be not in all the world so many as be in England, where they consume a good parte of the beste pasture in the realm, and are in nothing profitable, saving that of the skins of them is made better leather, than is of calves: the hunting of them being not so pleasant, as the hunting of other venery or vermyne, the flesh much more unwholesome and unpleasant, than of a red dere, engendering melancholy, and making many fearful dreams, and disposeth the body to a fever, if it be much eaten: not withstanding the fat therof, as some learned men haue supposed) is better to be digested, than the lean.   

¶ Of birds.  
THe flesh of al birds, is much lighter than the flesh of bestes in comparison, most specially of those fowls, which trust most to their wings, and do breed in high countreys.  

Capons, hens, and chickens.  
¶ The Capon is above all other fowls praised, for as much as it is easily digested, and maketh little ordure, and much good nouryshment. It is commodious to the breast and stomach. hens in winter, are almost equal unto the capon, but they do not make so strong nourishment. Auycen saith, if they be roasted in the belly of a kid or lamb, they will be the better. Chickens in summer, specially if they be cockrelles, are very conuement for a weak stomach, and nourisheth a little. The flesh of a cock is hard of digestion, but the broth, wherein it is boiled, looseth the belly, and having sudden in it c●l●wortes, Polypodium, or C●●tamus, it purgith yl humours, and is medicinable against gouts, joint aches, and fevers, which come by courses.   

pheasant,  
exceedeth all fowles in sweetness and holsomnesse, and is equal to a capon in nourishyng, but he is somewhat drier, and is of some men put in comparison, mean between a hen & a partriche.   

Partryche,  
Of all fowls is most soonest digested: and hath in him much nutriment, comforteth the brain, and maketh seed of generation, and reviveth lust which is abated.   

quails,  
Although they be of some men commended, yet experience proveth them to increase melancholy, and a●e of a small nourishing.   

larks,  
Be as well the flesh as the broth, very holsom. eaten roasted, they do much help against the colic, as Dioscorides saith.   

Aplouer,  
Is ●lowe of digestion, nourisheth little, and increaseth mela●colye.   

black birds or ousyls,  
among wild fowle hath the chief praise, for lightness of digestion, and that they make good nouryshement, and little ordure.   

sparrows.  
Be hard to digest, and are very hot, and ●tyreth up Venus, and specially the brayns of them.   

woodcocks,  
Are of a good temperance, and meetly light in digestion.   

Pygeons,  
Be easily digested, and at very holsom to them, which are phlegmatic, or pure melancholy.   

Goose,  
Is hard of digestion, but being young and ●atte, the wings be easy to digest in a hole ●tomake, and nourisheth competently.   

duck,  
Is hotter than goose, & hard to digest, & maketh wars juice, saving the braunes on the breast bone, and the neck is better than the remnant.   

Crane and buzzard.  
Crane is hard of digestion, and maketh ill juice, but being hanged up long in the air, he is the lasse unwholesome. buzzard being fat, and kept without meate a day or two afore that he be killed, to expulse his ordure, and than drawn, and hanged as the crane is, being roasted or baken, is a good meate, and nourisheth well, if he be well digested.   

heron, Byttour, Shouelar.  
being young and fat, be lyghtlyer digested than crane: and the byttour sooner than the heron. And the shoular sooner than any of them: but all these fowles must be eaten with much ginger or pepper, & haue good old wine drunk after them, and so shall they be more easylye digested, and the juice coming of them, be the lasse noyful.     

¶ The partes and members of birds and beasts. Cap. 13.  
THe wings brawns and neck of geese, capons, hens, pheasant, partriche and small birds being fat, are better than the legs in digestion, and lighter in nouryshyng. Of wild foul and pygeons being fat, the legs are better than the wings: the brawns of duck, ●eale, and wygeon except, which is better to digest, than the residue.  

The gysar or stomach.  
Of a goose or hen being fat with bran and milk, being well sudden or made in powder, is good for the stomach, in making it strong to digest, and nourisheth competently.   

The liver  
Of a capon, hen, fesaunte, or goose, being made fat with milk mixed with their meate, is not onely easy to digest, but also maketh good juice, and nourisheth excellently. But the unbelievers of beasts be ill to digest, passeth slowly, and maketh gross blood, but it is strong in nouryshyng.   

¶ The inward of beasts, as trypes and chytterlynges.  
THe flesh of them is more hard to digest. And therfore although they be well digested, yet make they not juice naturally sanguine or clean, but raw juice and cold: and requireth a long time to be converted into blood.   

The lungs or lights,  
Are more easy to digest, than the liver, and lasse nourisheth, but the nourishment, that it maketh, is phlegmatic: albeit the lungs of a fox, is medicinable for them, which haue sickness of th● lungs.   

The spleen or milt,  
Is of yl juice, for it is the chamber of melancholy.   

The heart,  
Is of hard flesh, & therfore is not well digested, nor passeth shortly, but where he is well digested, the juice th● it maketh, is not to be dispraised.   

The brain,  
Is phlegmatic, of gross juice, slow in dygestyng, noyouse to the stomach, but where it is well digested, it nourisheth much.   

marrow.  
Is more delectable than the brain, it is ill for the stomach, but where it is well digested, it norysheth much.   

The stones and udders.  
being well digested, do nourish much, but the stones are hotter with their moistness, the udders cold and fleumat●ke, they both do increase seed of generation but the blood made of the udder is better than that, which cometh of the stones, except it be of calves and lambs. Also the stones of cocks, maketh commendable nourishment.   

The heed.  
The flesh therof nourisheth much, and augmenteth seed: but it is slow of digestion, and noyeth the stomach. but to them, which use much exercise, it is not discommendable.   

The tongue,  
Is of a spongy and sanguine substance, but the kernelles and gristell, which are in the roots, if they be well digested, they make good nourishment: if they be not well digested, they make ●●eme.   

The feet,  
being well boiled and tender, in a whole stomach, dygesteth well, and maketh good juice, and passeth forth easily. Galene commendeth the feet of swine. But I haue proved, that the feet of a young bullock tenderly sudden, and laid in prise two dayes or three, and eaten cold in the euennyng, haue brought a choleric stomach into a good digestion and sleep, and therwith hath also expulsed salt fleme and collar▪ and this haue I found in myself by often experience: alway forsene, that it be eaten before any other meate, with out drinking immediately after it.    

¶ Of fish generally. Cap. xiiii.  
THe beste fish after the opinion of Galen, is that, which swimmeth in the pure see, and is tossed and lift up with winds and surges. The more calm that the water is, the warse is the fish, they which are in muddy waters, do make much fleume and ordure: taken in fens and dyches be warste, being in fresh rivers, and swift, be sometime commendable: all be it generally, al kinds of fish maketh more thinner blood, than flesh, so that it doth not much nourish, and it doth sooner pass out by vapours: to a hot choleric stomach, or in fevers, sometime they be wholesome, being new, fresh, and not very hard in substance or ●lymy. hard fish is hard of digestion, but the nourishment therof is more firm, than that, which is soft: those which haue much gross humours in them, ar best, powdered.   

¶ Of Butter. Cap. xv.  
butter is also nourishing, and profiteth to them, which haue humours superfluous, in the breast or lungs, and lacketh ripynge and clensynge of them: specially if it be eaten with sugar or honey. If it be well salted, it heateth and cleanseth the more.   

¶ Of cheese. Cap. xvi.  
cheese by the hole sentence of all writers, letteth digestion, and is enemy unto the stomach. Also it engendereth ill humours, and breedeth the ston. The cheese which doth masspriest harm, is soft cheese, reasonably salted, which some men do suppose, nourisheth much.   

¶ Of eggs. Cap. xvii.  
eggs of fesauntes, hens, and partridges, be of all other meats most agreeable unto nature, specially if they be new laid: If they and 〈◇〉, they do cleanse the thro●e and breast. If they be hard, they be slow in digestion, but being ones digested, they do nourish much. mean between ●e●e and hard, they digest conue●ently and nourish q●yckely. eggs well poched, are better than roasted. If they be fried hard, they be of ill nourishment, and do make stinking fumes in the stomach, and do cortupt other meats with whom they be mingled. They be most wholesome when they be poched, and most vnholsom when they be fried. Dioscorides saith, If they be souped warm, before any other meat, they do heal the griefs of the bladder and raynes, made with gravel: also soreness of the cheeks & throat, and spittyng of blood: and they be good agei●st cata●●es or ●●illing out of the head into the stomach.   

¶ Of drinks, and first of water. Capi 〈…〉 18.  
Wndoubtedly water hath pre-eminence above all other lycoures, not onely because it is an elem●t, that is to say, a pure matter, where of al other lycours haue their original substance: but also forasmoche, as it was the very natural and first drink to all maner of creatures. wherefore the saying of Pindarus the poet, was ever well allowed, which saythe, water is beste. And one th●nge is well considered, that from the creation of the world, until the vniue●sall deluge or flood, during which time, men lived eight or nine hunderde yeres, there was none other drink used nor known, but water. Also the true followers of Pythagoras doctrine, drank onely water, and yet lived long: as Apollonius and other: and in the searching out of secret and mystical things, their wits excellyd. moreover, we haue sene men and women of great age, and strong of body, which never or very seldom, drank other drink, than pure water: As by example in cornwall, although that the country be in a very cold quarter, which proveth, that if men from their infancy, were accustomend to none other drink, but to water onely, moderately used, it should be sufficient to keep natural moisture, and to cause the meat that is eaten, to pierce and descend unto the places of digestion, which are the purposes that drink se●ueth fore. But now to the qualities of water, after the sentence of ancient philosophers and physicians, The rain water, after the opinion of the most men, if it be received pure and clean, is most subtle and penetratiue of any other waters: the next is that, which issueth out of a spring in the east, and passeth swiftly among great stones or rocks: The third is of a clean river, which sinneth on great hard stones or pebbles. There be diverse means to try out, which is the beste water. For that which is lightest in poised or weight is best. also that, whereof cometh masspriest skymme or froth, when it doth boil. Also that, which will soonest be hot. moreover deape linen clothes into sundry waters, and after lay them to dry, & that which is soonest dry, the water wherein it was deaped, is most subtle. After a great surfete, cold water drunken, is a general remedy. Hippocrates affirmeth, th● in sharp and fervent diseases, none other 
De ratione ●ictus in mor. acutis lib. 3.  remedy is to be required, than water. And Galen will not, that children should be let from drynking of water: but that when they feel themselves very hote, after meales, and do desire to drink water, specially of a clean fountain, they should be suffered. Also Hippocrates saith, In such sickness, where as thou fearest, lest the heed should be vehemently grieved, or the mind perished, there must thou give either water, or white wine allayed with much water. Not withstanding there be in water causes of dyvers diseases, as of swelling of the spleen, and the liver, it also flytteth & swimmeth, and it is long or it pierceth, in as much as it is cold & ●lowe in decoction, it looseth not the bely, nor provoketh urine. Also in this it is vyciouse, that of his proper nature, it maketh none ordure. finally, alway respect must be had to the person, that drinketh it. for to young men, and them, that be hot of complexion, it doth lasse harm, and sometime it profiteth. but to them that at feeble, old, phlegmatic, or melancholy, it is not convenient.   

¶ Of wine. Cap. xix.  
PLato, the wisest of all philosophers, doth affirm, that wine moderately drunk, nourisheth and comforteth, as well all the body, as the spirites of man. And therfore god did ordain it for mankind, as a remedy against the incommodities of age: that thereby they should seem to return unto youth, and forget heaviness. undoubtedly wine heateth and moisteth the body, which qualities chiefly consetueth Nature.  
And Galene of all wines, commendeth that, which is yellow and clear, saying, That it is the hottest, and white wine leste hot. And the colour mean between both, of semblable temperature. The yellow wine, which is the proper colour of very hot wines, to old men doth bring these commodities, first it heateth all their members: also it purgeth by urine, the watery substance of the blood. moreover, the wines, which be pale or yellow, and full of substance, they do increase blood, and nourish the body: but for the more part old men haue need of such wines, which do provoke urine: forasmoche as in them do abound watery excrements or superfluities. And they which do tarry long in the belly, be not apt for aged men. black or deep red wines and thick, do bind and congele that which they do finde in the body, and although some of them do not long abide in the belly, yet they move not urine, but rather withdraweth: but yet they do harm to old men, forasmoche as they do stop the cundites of the spleen, the liver, and the raynes. Also gross wines be best for them, which desire to be fat, but it maketh oppilations: old wine and clear, is better for them, that be phlegmatic.  
Galene also prohibiteth children to drink any wine, forasmoche as they be of a hote and moist 
Lib. 1. de ●en. 〈◇〉.  temperature, and so is wine: and therfore it heateth and moisteth to much their bodies, and filleth their heeds with vapours. More over he wolde, that young men should drink little wine, for it shall make them prove to fury and to lechery: and that parte of the soul, which is called rational, it shall make troublous and dull: not withstanding, yet it is sometime profitable to mitigate or expel ordure, made of collar or melancholy. Also it profiteth against dryth, which happeneth in the substance of the body, either by to much labour, or by the proper temperature of age: for wine moisteth and nourisheth that, which is to dry, also mitigateth and dissolveth the sharpness of collar, & purgeth it also by urine & sweat: Finally( as Theognes saith) much drinking of wine is ill, but moderate drinking of wine is not onely not ill, but also commodious and profitable. which sentence is confirmed by Iesus Syr●●, in the book name Ecclesiastic{us}, saying, 
eccle. 31.  wine moderately drunk, rejoiceth both the body and soul. wherefore to conclude this chapter, There is neither meate nor drink, in the use whereof ought to be a more discrete moderation, than in wine, considering that deing good and drunk in due time and measure, it not only conserveth natural and radical moisture, whereby life endureth, but also it helpeth the principal members, which belong to digestion, to do their office: On the other parte, being ill or corrupt, or taken out of order and measure, it doth contrary to all the premises. besides that it transformeth a man or woman, making them beastly. More of the qualities of wine, shall be touched hereafter in the order of diet.   

¶ Of milk. Cap. xx.  
milk is compact of three substances, cream, whey, & cruddes. The most excellent milk is of a woman. The milk of a cow is thickest, the milk of a camel is most subtle, the milk of a goat is between cow milk, and camel milk. Ewes milk is between cow milk and asses milk. Also the milk of beasts, feeding in large pastures, and out of fens and marshes, is better than of them, which be fed in little closes, or in watery grounds. In spring time milk is most subtle, and milk of young beasts, is wholesomer, than of old. To children, old men, and to them, which be oppressed with melancholy, or haue the flesh consumed with a fever ethike, milk is convenient. And generally to all them, which do not feel the milk rise in their musics, after that they haue eaten it: and in those persons, it doth easily purge that which is in the belly superfluous. And afterward it entereth into the veins, and bringeth good nourishment. Who so ever hath an appetite to eat or drink milk, to the intent that it shal not arise or abraid in the stomach, let him put into a vessel, out of the which he will receive it, a few leaves of mints, sugar, or pure hony. And into that vessel cause the best to be milked, and so drink it warm from the udder: or else let him do as Paulus Egineta teacheth, that is to say, boil first the milk with an easy fire, & seethe it after with a hotter fire, & skym it clene, and with a sponge deaped in could water, take that clean away, which wolde be burned to the vessel, than put to the milk, salt and sugar, & steer it often. More over milk taken to purge melancholy, would be drunk in the morning abundantly 
Oribasius de confectione ciborum li. 3.  new milked, as is before written. And he that drinketh, should abstain from meate, and exercise, until the milk be digested, and haue some what purged the belly. For with labour it becometh sour: & therfore it requireth rest & watch or to walk very softly. Finally, where men & women be used from their childhood, for the more part, to milk, and do eat none or little other meate, but milk and butter, they appear to be of good complexion and fashion of body, & not so much vexed with sickness, as they which drink wine or ale: not withstanding much use of milk in men sanguine or choleric, doth engender the ston.   

¶ Of ale, bier, cider, and whey.  
I Can neither here nor rede, that ale is made & used for a common drink in any other country than England, Scotland, Ireland, & Poyle. The latin word Cereuitia, is indifferent as well to ale as to bier, and the only difference between them is, that bier hath hops sudden in it, ale ought to haue none. If the corn be good, the water wholesome and clean, and the ale or bier well and perfytclye brewed and cleansed, and by the space of six dayes or more, settled and defecate, it must needs be a necessary & conuenieut drink, as well in sickness as in health: considering that batleye corn, whereof it is made, is commended, and used in medicine, in all parts of the world, & accounted to be of a singular efficacy, in reducynge the body into good temper, specially which is in a distemperature of heat. For what ancient physician is there, that in his works commendeth not ptysane, which is none other than pure barley, brayed in a mortar, and sudden in water? The same thing is small and clean ale or b●ere, saving that perchance, the drienge of the malt, is cause of more dryth to be in the ale, than in ptisan. And the hops in bier maketh it colder in operation. But to say as I think, I suppose, th● neither ale nor bier is to be compared to wine, considering, that in them do lack the heat and moisture which is in wine. For that being moderately used, is most like to the natural heat and moisture of mans body. And also the lykour of ale & bear being more gross, do engender more gross vapours, and corrupt humors, than wine doth, being drunk in like excess of quantity.  
¶ And one thing is to be noted, which was lately well marked of a man of excellent learning, being vexed witd the sickness of the ston, That in them, which do alway use to drink ale or bier, the ston and gravel engendered in them is white of colour: And in them, which do use to drink wine for the more parte, the stones and grauelle, which be engendered in them, be red of colour. Not withstanding commonly the colour of the ston followeth the humour, which doth most abound in the patient. As collar maketh the gravel more red, fleme maketh it more white. also some men do suppose, that read gravel is engendered in the raynes, white gravel in the bladder. moreover, who so ever useth ingurgitation of ale or bier, his breath shalbe more loathsome, than the breaths of them, which do take the excess of wine: for the wine by the reason of his heat, is sooner digested, and doth leave behind him fewer dregs. As for cider, may not be good in any condition, considering( as I said) that all fruits do engender ill humours, and do cool to much natural heat: but to them, which haue abundance of read collar, moderately used, it somewhat profiteth in mitigation of excessive heat. But who that will diligently mark in the countreys, where cider is used for a common drink, the men and women haue the colour of their visage pallyd, and the skin of their visage ryuelled, although that they be young. whey, if it be left of the butter, being well ordered, and not drunk, until it haue a thick curde of milk over it, like to a hat, is a right temperate drink, for as much as by the vnctuositie of the butter, whereof the whey retaineth some portion, it is both moist and nourishyng, and cleanseth the breast: and by the subtylnes of itself, it descendeth sone from the stomach, and is shortly digested. Also by reason of the affinity, which it hath with milk, it is convertible into blood and flesh, specially in those persons, which do inhabit the north partes, in whom natural heat is conglutinate, and therfore is of more pvissance and virtue in the office of concoction. Also custom from childhood doth elevate the power of meats and drinks in their disposition, not withstanding that the four humours, sanguine, collar, fleume, and melancholy, must also be considered, as it shal appear in dyvers places hereafter.   

¶ Of hony. Cap. xxii.  
honey as well in meate as in drink, is of incomparable efficacy, for it not onely cleanseth, altereth, and nourisheth, but also it long time preserveth that uncorrupted, which is put in into it. In so much as Pliny saith, such is the nature of hony, that it suffereth not the bodies to putrifie. And he affirmeth, that he did se an Hippocentaure 
Plin. li. 22. ( which is a beast half man, half horse) brought in honey to Claudius the emperour out of egypt, to Rome. And he telleth also of one Pollio Romulus, who was above a hundred yeres old, of whom Augustus the emperour demanded, by what means he lived so long, and retained still the vygour or lyuelynes of body & mind, Pollio answered, th● he did it inward with mead( which is drink made with hony & water) outward with oil. which saying agreeth with the sentence of Democritus, the great philosopher: who being demanded, how a man might live long in health, he answered, If he wet him within with honey, without with oil. The same philosopher, when he was a hundred yeres old and nine, prolonged his life certain dayes with the evaporation of honey, as Aristoxenus writeth. Of this excellent matter, most wonderfully wrought and gathered by the little bee, as well of the pure dew of heaven, as of the most subtle humour of sweet & virtuous herbs & flowers, be made lykors commodious to mankynd, as mead, metheglyn, and oxymel. mead, which is made with one parte of hony, and four times so much of pure water, and boiled until no skym do remain, is much commended of Galene, drunk in 
Galen. de tuend. sanita. li. 4.  summer, for preserving of health. The same author alway commendeth the using of hony, either raw eaten with fine bread, somewhat leavened, or sudden, and received as drink. also mead perfectly made, cleanseth the breast and lungs, causeth a man to spit easily, and to piss abundantly, and purgeth the bely moderately. Metheglyn, which is most used in wales, by reason of hot herbs boiled with hony, is hotter than mead, and more comforteth a cold stomach, if it be perfectly made, and not new or very stale. Oximell is, where to one part of vinegar is put double so much of hony, four times as much of water, and that being boiled unto the third part, and clean skymmed with a feather, is used to be taken, where in the stomach is much fleume or matter undigested, so that it be not red choler. look the use therof in Alexandro Tralliano. Many other good qualities of honey, I omit to writ of, until some other occasion shall happen, to remember them partycularly, where they shall seem to be profitable.   

¶ Sugar. Cap. xxiii.  
OF Sugar, I do find none ancient author of greeks or latins, to writ by name, but onely Paulus Aegineta, who saith in this wise, after that he hath treated of hony. moreover sugar, which they call hony, that is brought to us from Arabia, called Felix, is not so sweet as our hony, but is equal in virtue, and doth not annoy the stomach, nor causeth thirst. These be the words of Paulus. It is now in daily experience, that Sugar is a thing very temperate and nourysshynge, and where there is choler in the stomach, or that the stomach abhorreth honey, it may be used for honey in all things, wherein hony is required to be.   

¶ Of time. Cap. xxiiii.  
IN the consideration of time, for taking of meats and drinks, it is to be remembered, that that in winter meats ought to be taken in great abundance, and of a more gross substance than in summer, forasmuch as the exterior air, which compasseth the body being cold, causeth the heat to withdraw into the inner partes, where being enclosed, and contract together in the stomach and entrails, it is of more force to boil and digest that, which is received into it. Also meats roasted, ar than better than sudden, & flesh and fish powdered, is than better than in summer. herbs be not than commendable, specially raw, neither fruits, except quynces roasted or baked: drink should be than taken in a little quantity. More over wines shall need no water or very little, and that to coleryke persons: red wines, and they, which be thick and sweet, may be than most surely taken of them, which haue none oppilations, or the ston. Alway remember, that in winter fleume increaseth by reason of rain and moistness of that season, also the length of nights and much rest. And therfore in that time choleric 
call. in cō〈…〉 ns. in a pho. 2. li. 3  persons, ar best at ease, semblably ar young men, but to old men winter is enemy. It beginneth the .viii. day of november, and endureth until the .viii. day of February.  
The spring time doth participate the first parte with winter, the later parte with summer. wherefore if the first parte be cold, than shal the 
Hypocrates de natura humana.  diet be according to winter. If the end be hot, than shall the diet be of summer. If both parts be temperate, than should there be also a temperance in diet: alway considering, that fleume yet remaineth, and blood than increaseth. And meate wolde be lasse in quantity joanne in winter, and drink somewhat more. spring time beginneth the .viii. day of February, and continueth until the .viii. day of May.  
In summer the inward heat is but little, and 
Gal. come. in aphor. 18. li. 1.  the stomach doth not digest so strongly nor quickly, as in winter. wherefore in that season, eating often, and a little at ones, is most convenient. And Damascenus saith, that fasting in summer drieth the body, maketh the colour sallow, engendereth 
Hipocrates de humoribus.  melancholy, and hurteth the sight. also boiled meate, bread steped in white broth, with sudden lettuce, or cykorie, ar than good to be used. also variety in meats, but not at one meal, pottages made with cold herbs, drink in more abundance, wine allayed with water, to hot complexions much, to cold natures lasse. In this 
Galen. in commen. in aphor.  season blood increaseth, and toward the end therof, collar. And therfore they, which be could of nature and moist, are than best at ease, hot natures and dry warste. moreover childerne, and very young men in the beginning of summer, ar holest, old folk in the latter end, and in harvest. summer beginneth the .viii. day of May, and continueth until the .viii. day of August.  
¶ autumn beginneth the .viii. day of August, and endeth the .viii. day of november, that season of the year is variable, and the air changeable, by occasion whereof, happen sundry sicknesses, and blood decreaseth, and melancholy aboundeth: wherefore all summer fruits would than be eschewed, forasmoche as they make yl juice and winds in the body. In this time meate would be more abundant than in summer, but somewhat drier: drink must be lasse in quantity, but lasse mixed with water. This time is daungerous to all ages, al natures, and in all countreys, but the natures hot and moist, be leste endamaged.  

¶ diet concerning sundry times of the year, written by the old physician Diocles to king Antigonus.  
FRom the .xii. day of December, at the which time the day is at the shortest, until the ninth day of march, which do contain. lxxxx. days, rheums and moystures do increase, than meats and drinks naturally very hot, would be moderately used. Also to drink wine abundantly without allay or with little water, and to use lybecally the company of a woman, is not vnholsom to the body.  
¶ From the ninth day of march, at which time is aequin●ctium uernum, unto the .xxv. day of april, sweet fleume and blood do increase, therfore use than things having much juice and sharp exercise the body diligently, than may ye use safely the company of a woman.  
¶ From the .xxv. day of april, to the .xiiii. day of june, Choler increaseth, than use all things that ar sweet, and do make the belly soluble, forbear carnal company with women.  
¶ From the .xiiii. day of june, at which time the day is at the longest, unto the .xii. day of September, doth melancholy reign, forbear lechery, or use it moderatelye.  
¶ From the .xii. day of September, unto the xvii. day of October, do abound fleume and thin humours, than wolde all fluxes and distillations be prohibited, than all sharp meats and drinks, and of good juice, are to be used, and lechery eschewed.  
From the .xvii. day of October, to the .xii. day of December, increaseth gross fleume, use therfore all bitter meats, sweet wines, fat meate, and much exercise.    

Of ages. Cap. xxv.  
children would be nourished with meats and 
Galen. de tuen. sani. lib. prim. Children.  drinks, which are moderately hot and moist, not withstanding Galene doth prohibit the use of wine, because it moisteth and heteth to much the body, and filleth the heeds of them, which are hote and moist, with vapours. also he permytteth them in hot wether to drink clear water of the fountain.  
¶ A child growing fast in his members toward a man, so that he seemeth well fed in the 
Oribasius de uirtute simp. li. 1.  body, is than to be feared of fullness of humors, and if it be perceived, that he is replete, than must be withdrawn and minyshed some parte of that nutriment, and according unto his age, some evacuation wolde be devised, otherwhile by exercise, walking up and down fasting, and before that they eat any meate, let them exercise themselves with their own labours, and do their accustomend business, and eat the meats, whereunto they be most used, so that it be such, that may not hurt them. And this need they not to know of physicians, but by experience and diligent search by their stool, their nourices shal perceive what digesteth well, and what doth not.  
¶ But if it appear, that by excessive feeding, the belly of the child is fuller and greater than it was wont to be, and that which passeth by the belly, is corrupted, or his sweat stynketh. These things known, if they eat strong meats, give them not one kind of meate, but dyvers, that the novelty of the meate may help, that they may go more easily to the stool. For if any haue an unreasonable appetite, he is sooner recovered, if he be purged by a boil or imposthume commen forth and broken, before that the meate be corrupted: and after that let him eat fine meats, and being ones hole, return by little and little to his old custom.  
¶ young men, exceeding the age of .xiiii. yeres, 
young men  shall eat meats more gross of substance, colder and moister: also salades of could herbs, and to drink seldom wine, except it be allayed with water. Albeit all these things must be tempered, according to their complexions, and exercise and quietness in living, whereof ye shal rede in their proper places hereafter.  
¶ old men, in whom natural heat & strength 
old men.  seemeth to decay, should use alway meats, which are of quality hot and moist, and therwith all easy to be digested, and abstain utterly from all meats and drinks, which will engender thick juice and slimy, semblably from wine, which is thick, sweet, and dark red wines, and rather use them, which will make thin humours, and will purge well the blood by urine: therfore white or yellow wines, and perchance french claret wines ar for them very commendable. Also wine prepared 
Paulus Egineta. li. 〈…〉 cap. 23.  with pure hony clarified, wherein roots of parsley or fennel be steeped, specially if they suspect any thing of the ston, or gout. And if they more desire to cleanse their raynes and bladder: than is it good to use small white wine, as racked renishe wine, or other like to it, and sometime to stepe over night therein a parsley root slyt, & somewhat bruised, and a little lykorice. finally, let them beware 
Op●●ations what they are.  of all meats, that will stop the pores, & make obstructions or oppilations, that is to say, with clammy matter stop the places, where the natural humours are wrought & digested, the which meats I haue before set in a table. But if it charmce them to eat any such meate in abundance, let them take shortly such things, as do ●e●y●●e opp●lations, or resolve them. As white pepper bruised & mixed with thetr meats or drink: garlic also, or onions, if they abhor them not. Alway remember, that aged men should eat often, and but little at every time, for it fareth by them, as it doth by a lamp, which is almost extinct, which by pouring in of oil little and little is long kept bournynge: and with much oil poured in at ones, it is clene put out. Also they must forbear all things, which do engender melancholy, whereof ye shall rede in the table before: and bread clean without leaven is to them unwholesome.   

¶ Moderation in ●iete, having respect to the strength or weakness of the person. C●p. xxvi.  
now here it must be consid●ed, that although I haue written a general diet for every age, yet nethelesse it must be remembered, that somme children and young men, either by debility of nature, or by some accidental cause, as sickness, or much study, happen to gather humours fleumatik or melancholy in the places of digestion, so that concoction or digestion is as weke in them, as in those, which ate aged. semblably, some old men finde nature so beneficial unto them, that their musics and unbelievers are more strong to digest, than the said young men, somme perchance haue much collar remaining in them. In these cases the said young men must use the diet of old men, or nigh unto it, vn●yll the discrasy be removed, having alway respect to their universal complexions, as they, which a● naturally choleric, to use hot things in a more temperance than they, which be fleumatyke, or melancholy by nature. The same observation shall 
Hippocra. aphor. Galen. in comment.  be to old men, saving that age, of his own property is cold and dry, therfore the old man, that is cholerycke, shall haue more regard to moisture in meats, than the young man, being of the same complexion. foreseen alway, that where nature is offended or grieved, she is curyd by that, which is contrary to that, which offendeth or grieveth, as cold by heat, heat by cold, dryth by moisture, moisture by dryth. In that whereby Nature should be nourished, in a hole and temperate body, things must be taken, which are like to the mannes nature in quality and degree. As where one hath his body in a good temper, things of the same temperance doth nourish him. But where he is out of temper, in heat, cold, moisture, or dryth, temperate meats or drinks, nothing do profit him. For being out of the mean and perfytte temperature, nature requireth to be thereto reduced by contraries, remembering not only, that contraries are remedy unto their contraries, but also in every contrary, consideration be had of the proportion in quantity.   

times in the day concerning meales. Cap. xxvii.  
besides the times of the year and ages, there be also other times of eating and drinking to be remembered, as the sundry times in the day, which we call meales, which are in number and distance, according to the temperature of the country and person: As where the country is cold, and the person lusty, and of a strong nature, there may mo meales be used, or the lasse distance of time between thē. Contrary wise in contrary contrais and personages, the cause is afore rehearsed, where I haue spoken of the diet of the times of the year, not withstanding here must be also consideration of exercise and rest, which do augment or appair the natural disposition of bodies, as shal be more declared hereafter in the chapter of exercise. But concerning the general usage of countries, and admitting the bodies to be in perfit state of health, I suppose, that in england, young men, until they come to the age of .xl. yeres, may well eat three meales in one day, as at breakfast, dinner, and supper, so that between breakfast, and dinner, be the space of four houres at the lest, between dinner and supper .vi. houres, & the breakfast lasse than the dinner, and the dinner moderate, that is to say, lasse than satiety or fullness of belly, and the drink ther unto measurable, according to the dryness or moistness of the meate. For much abundance of drink at meal, drowneth the meate eaten, and not only letteth convenient concoction in the stomach, but also causeth it to pass faster than nature requireth, and therfore engendereth much fleume, and consequently rheums, & crudenes in the veins, debility and slyppernes of the stomach, continual flux, and many other inconveniences to the body and members.  
But to return to meales, I think breakefastes 
〈…〉  necessary in this realm, as well for the causes before rehearsed, as also forasmuch as collar being fervent in the stomach, sendeth up fumosities unto the brain, and causeth heed ache, and sometime becometh adust, and smouldreth in the stomach, whereby happeneth perilous sickness, and sometime sudden death, if the heat enclosed in the stomach haue not other convenient matter to work on: this daily experience proveth, and natural reason confirmeth. Therfore men and women not aged, having their stomachs clean without put●ified matter▪ sleeping moderately and soundly in the night, and feeling themself light in the morning, and sweet brethed, let them on goddis name break their fast: Cole●ike men with gross meate, men of other complexions with lighter meate. foreseen, that they labour some what before: semblably their dinner and supper as I haue before written, so that they sleep not incontinent after their meales. And here I will not recite the sentences of authors, which had never experience of english mens natures, or of the just temperature of this realm of england, onely this counsel of Hipoctates shall be sufficient. We ought to grant some what to 
Hipoc. ●phor. 18. lib. 1. Galen. de ●uen. sani.  time, to age, & to custom: not withstanding where great weariness or dryth, grieveth the body, there ought the dinner to be the less, and the longer distance between dinner and supper▪ also much rest, except a little soft walking, that by an upright moving, the meate being stirred, may descend. This is alway to be remembered, that where one feeleth himself full, and grieved with his dinner, or the savour of his meate by eructation ascendeth, or that his stomach is weke by late sickness or much study, than is it most convenient, to abstain from supper, & rather provoke himself to sleep much, than to eat or drink any thing▪ also to drink between meales, is not laudable, except very great thirst constraineth, for it inter●upteth the office of the stomach in concoction, & causeth the meate to pass faster than it should do, & the drink being could, it rebuketh natural heat that is working, and the meate remaining raw, it corrupteth digestion, & maketh crudenes in the veins. wherefore he that is thirsty, let him consider the occasion. If it be of salt fleme, let him walk faire & softly, and only wash his mouth and his throat, with barley water, or with small ale, or lie down and sleep a little, and so the thirst will pass away, or at the least be well assuaged. If it happen by extreme heat of the air, or by pure collar, or eating of hot spices, let him drink a little ●ulep made with clean water and sugar, or a little small bier or ale, so that he drink not a great glut, but in a little quantity, let it still down softly into his stomach, as he sitteth, & than let him not move suddenly. If the thirst be in the evening, by eating to much, and drinking of wine, than after the opinion of the best learned physicians, and as I myself haue often experienced, the best remedy is, if there be no fever, to drink a good draft of could water immediately, or else if it be not p●ynefull for him, to vomit, to provoke him thereto with a little warm water, & after to wash his mouth with vi neger & water, and so to sleep long & soundly, if he can. And if he in the morning he feel any fumosit●es rising, than to drink julep of violets, or for lack thereof, a good draft of very small ●le or bier, some what warmed, without eating any thing after it.   

¶ Of diversity of meats, whereby health is appayred. Cap. xxviii.  
now let this be a general rule, that sundry meats, being diuers in substance and quality, eaten at one meal, is the greatest enemy to health, that may be, & that which engendereth most syknesses▪ for some meats being gross, and hard to digest, some fine and easy to digest, do require dyvers operations of Nature, and dyvers temperatures of the stomach, that is to say, much heat, and temperate heat, which may uat be together at one time▪ therfore when the fine meate is sufficientelye boiled in the stomach, the gr●sse meate is raw, so both i●yces, the one good and perfit, the other gross and crude, at one time digested, and sent into the veins and body, needs must health decay, and sicknesses be engendered. like wise in dyvers meats being dyvers qualities, as where some are hot & moist, some cold and moist, some hot and dry, some cold and dry, according ther unto shall the juice be diuers, which they make in the body. And like as between the said qualities is contrariety, so the●●y shal be in the body an unequal temperature, forasmoche as it is not possible for man to esteem so just a proportion of the qualities of that which he receiveth, that the one shall not exceed the other in quantity wherefore of the said unequal mixture, needs must ensue cortuption, and consequently sickness. And therfore to a hole man it were better, to feed at one meal competentely on very gross meate only, so that it be sweet, and his nature do not abhor●e it, than on diuers fine meats, of son dry substance & qualities. I haue known and sene old men and old women, which eating onely beef, bacon, cheese, or curdes, haue continued in good health, whom I haue proved, that when they haue eaten sundry fine meats at one meal, haue soon after felt themself grieved with frettynges and heed ache, and after that they haue ben hole again, there hath ben given to them one kind of light meate, they haue done as well therwith, as they were wont to do with gross meats, when they eat it alone which proveth to be true that which I haue rehearsed. And it is good reason▪ for after the general opinion of philosophers and physicians, the nature of mankind is best content with things most simple and vnmyxt, all things tendynge to unity, wherein is the only perfection. Also it is a general rule of physic, that where a sickness may be cured with simples, that is to say, with one onely thing that is medycinable, there should the physician give no compound medicine mixed with many things. These things considered, it may seem to all men, that haue reason, what abuse is here in this realm in the continual gormandize, and daily feeding on sundry meats, at one meal, the spirit of gluttony, triumphynge 
〈…〉.  among us in his glorious chariotte, called welfare, driuynge us a fore him, as his prisoners, into his dungeon of surfet, where we are tormented with catarrhs, fevers, gouts, pluresies, fretting of the guts, and many other sicknesses, and finally cruelly put to death by them, oftentimes in youth, or in the most pleasant time of our life, when we wolde most gladly live. For the remedy whereof, how many times haue there ben devised, ordinances and acts of counsel, al though perchance bodily health was not the chief occasion thereof, but rather provision against vain and sumptuous expenses of the mean people. For the nobility was exempted and had liberty to abide still in the dungeon, if they would, and to live lasse while than other men: But when, where, and howe long were the said good devises put in due execution, for all that therof should succeed double profit, that is to say, health of body and increase of substance, by eschewing of superfluous expenses in sundry dishes? Alas how long will men fantasy laws and good ordinances, and never determine them. Fantasy proceedeth of wit determination of wisdom, wit is in the devising & speaking, but wisdom is in the performance, which resteth onely in execution. Here I had almost forgotten, th● my purpose was to writ of the order of diet, and not of laws, but the fervent love that I haue to the public weal of my country, constrained me to digress somewhat from my matter: but now will I procede forth to writ of order, which in taking of meats and drinks, is not the leste parte of diet.   

¶ Of Order in receiving of meate and drink. Capit. xxix.  
herbs as well sudden as vnsodden, also fruits, which do mollify and louse the belly, ought to be eaten before any other meate, except that sometime for the repressing of fumosities, rising in the heed by much drinking of wine, raw lettuce, or a cold appul, or the juice of oren ges or lemons may be taken after meales in a little quantity. moreover all brothes, milk, rear eggs, and meats, which are purposely taken to make the bely soluble, would be first eaten. All fruits and other meats, that are styptic or binding, wolde be eaten last of all other. fruits confectionate specially with hony at not to be eaten with other meats. But here it is to be diligently noted, that where the stomach is colericke and strong, gross meats wolde be first eaten: where the stomach is cold or weak, there wolde fine meats be first eaten. for in a hot stomach fine meats ar burned, while the gross meate is digestyng. Contrary wise in a cold stomach, the little heat is suffocate with gross meate, and the fine meate left raw, for lack of concoction, where if the fine meate be first taken moderately, it stirreth up and comforteth natural heat, and maketh it more able to concoct gross meats, if they be eaten afterward: so that it be but in small quantity. not withstanding, as I late affirmed, one ma ner of meate is most sure to every complexion. forsene that it be alway most commonly in conformity of qualities, with the person that eateth. More over take hede, that slypper meats be not first eaten, lest it draw with it to hastily other meats, or they be digested, nor that stiptik or restrainyng meats be taken at the beginning, as quinces, pears, and medlars, lest they may let other meats, that they descend not into the bottom of the stomach, where they should be digested, not withstanding the confection made with the juice of quinces called Dacytonites, taken .ii. houres afore dinner or supper, is commended of Galene, & other, for restoring appetite, & making good concoction. Also concerning drink at meales, it would not be afore that somewhat were eaten. And at the begin nyng, the drink would be strongest, and so toward the end more small, if it be ale or bier and if it be wine, more and more allayed with water. And after the better opinion of physicians, the drink wolde rather be mixed with the meate by sundry little draughts, than with one great draught at thende of the meal, for the mixture tempreth well the meate without annoyance: a great draft with much drink, drowneth the meate, rebuketh natural heat, that than worketh in concoction, and with his weight driveth down the meate to hastily. Note wines & sweet, or confectioned with spices, or very strong ale or bear, are not convenient at meales, for the meate is by them rather corrupted, than digested, and they make hote and stinking vapours ascend up to the brains, all be it if the stomach be very windy, or so could and feeble, that it can not concoct such a quantity of meat, as is required to the sufficient nourish ment of the body of him that eateth, or hath eaten raw herbs or fruits, whereby he feeleth some annoyance, than may he drink last incontinent after his meal a little quantity of secke, or good aqua vite in small ale: but if he haue much collar in his stomach, or a heed full of vapours, it were much better, that he did neither drink the one, nor the other, but rather eat a little colyander seed prepared, or a piece of a quynce roasted, or in marmelade, and after rest, to amend the lack of nature with sleep, moderate exercise, and plasters provided for comforting of the stomach. And here will I leave to writ any more of the diet in eating and drinking, saving that I would, that the readers should haue in remembrance these two counsels. first, that to a hole man, to precise a rule is not convenient in diet: and that the diseases, which do happen by to much abstinence, ar wars to be cured, than they which come by repletion. And as Cornelius Celsus saith, A man that 
Cor. Cel. lib. 1. ca. 1.  is hole and well at ease, & is at his liberty, ought not to bind himself to rules, or need a physician: but yet where the stomach is feeble, as is of the 
Idem cap. 2.  more part of citesyns, and well nigh all they that be studious in learning or weighty affairs, there ought to be more circumspection, that the meate may be such, as that either in quality or quantity, nature being but feeble, be not rebuked, or to much oppressed.   

¶ Of sleep and watch. Cap. xxx.  
THe commodity of moderate sleep appeareth by this, that natural heat, which is occupied about the matter, whereof proceedeth nourishment, is comforted in the places of digestion, and so digestion is made better, or more perfect by sleep, the body fatter, the mind more quiet and clear, the humours temperate: as by much watch all things happen contrary. The moderation of sleep must be measured by health and sickness, by age, by time, by emptiness or fullness of the body, & by natural complexions. first to a hole man having no debility of nature, and digesting perfitly the meate that he eateth, a little sleep is sufficient: but to them, which haue weak stomakis, & do digest slowly, it requireth that sleep be much longer. semblable temperance is required in youth and age, winter and summer. The body being full of ill humors, very little sleep is sufficient, except the humors be crude or raw, for than is sleep necessary, which digesteth them better than labour. Semblably, where the body is long empty, by long sickness or abstinence, sleep comforteth nature, as well in the principal members, as in all the other. Also regard must be had to the come plexion, for they that ar hot, & do eat little, & digest quickly, a little sleep serveth, specially to choleric persons, for in them much sleep augmenteth heat, more than is necessary, whereby hot fumes and inflammations ar often engendered, & some time the natural collar is adust or putrefied, as experience teacheth. phlegmatic persons are naturally inclined to sleep: and because they engender much humors, they require more sleep than sanguine or choleric. persons having natural melancholy, not proceeding of collar adust, do require very much sleep, which in them comforteth the powers animal, vital, and natural, which ye may find written in the tables preceding. sleep would be taken not immediately after meales, & be fore that the meate is descended from the mouth of the stomach. For thereby is engendered pains & noise in the bely, & digestion corrupted, & the sleep by yl vapours asccding, made unquiet & troublo{us}. moreover immoderate sleep maketh the body apt unto palseis, apoplexis, falling sickness, rheums, & impostumes, also it maketh the wits dull, and the body slow & unapt to honest exercise. semblably imoderate watch drieth to much the body, and doth debilitate the powers animal, letteth digestion, & maketh the body apt to consumptions, where fore in these .ii. thiges, aswell as al other, a diligent temperance is to be used. the moderation is best coniected( for it is hard perfitly to know it) by the sen sible lightness of al the body, specially of the brain the brows and the eyes, the passage down of the meat from the stomach, the will to make urine, & to go to the stool. contrariwise, heaviness in the body & eyes, and savour of the meate before eaten signifieth that the sleep was not sufficient. They that ar hole must sleep first on the right side, because the meate may approach to the liver, which is to the stomach, as fire under the pot, & by him is digested. To them, which haue feeble digestion, it is good to sleep prostrate on their bealies, or to haue their bare hand on their musics. lying upright on the back is to be utterly abhorred.   

¶ The commodity of exercise, and the time when it should be used. Cap. xxxi.  
EVery meuynge is not an exercise, but only the which is vehement, th'end whereof is alteration of the breath or wind of a man. Of exercise do procede two commodities, evacuation of excrements, and also good habit of the body, for Exercise being a vehement motion, therof needs must ensue hardness of the members, whereby labour shall the less grieve, & the body be the more strong to labour. also therof cometh augmentation of heat, whereby happeneth the more attraction of things to be digested, also more quick alteration, and better nourishing. More over, that all and singular partes of the body, be therwith somewhat humected, whereby it happeneth, that things hard be mollified, moist things are extenuate, and the poores of the body are more opened. And by the violence of the breath or wind, the poores are cleansed, and the filth in the body naturally expelled. This thing is so necessary to the preservation of health, that without it, no man may be long without sickness, 
Cor. Cel. lib. 1.  which is affirmed by Cornelius Celsus, saying, that sluggyshenes dulleth the body, labour doth strength it, the first bringeth the incommodities of age shortly, the last maketh a man long time lusty. Not withstanding in exercise ought to be four things diligently considered, that is to say, the time, the things preceding, the quality and the quantity of exercise.  
¶ first as concerning the time convenient for exercise, that it be not when there is in the stomach or bowels, great quantity of meate not sufficiently digested, or of humours crude or raw, leste thereby peril mought ensue by conveyance of them into al the members, before those meats or humours be concoct or boiled sufficiently. Galen 
Galen. de ruin. sani. lib. 2.  saith, that the time most convenient for exercise is, when both the first and second digestion is complete, as well in the stomach, as in the veins, & that the time approacheth to eat eftsoons. For if ye do exercise sooner or later, ye shall either fill the body with crude humours, or elles augment yellow collar. The knowledge of this time is perceived by the colour of the urine, for that which resembleth unto clear water, betokenethe, that thiuyce, which cometh from the stomach, is crude in the veins: that which is well coloured, not to high or base, betokeneth, that the second digestion is now perfit: where the colour is very high or red, it signifieth, that the concoction is more than sufficient. wherefore when the urine appeareth in a temperate colour, not read nor pale, but as it were gilded, than should exercise haue his beginning.   

¶ Of fricasies or rubbynges precedyng exercise. Cap. xxxii.  
AS touching things preceding exercise, for as much as it is to be feared, lest by vehement 
Galenus. Paulus. Oribasius Aerius.  exercise any of the excrements of the bely or bladder, should hastily be received into the habit of the body, by the violence of heat, kindled by exercise: also lest some thing, which is hole, be by heaviness of excrements, or violent motion, broken or pullyd out of his place, or that the excrements, by violence of the breath, should stop the pores or cundites of the body, it shalbe necessary little and little, by chasyng the body, first to mollify the partes consolidate, & to extenuate or make thin the humours, and to louse and open the poores, and than shal ensue to him that exerciseth, no peril of obstruction or rapture. And to bring that to pass, it shall be expedient, after that the body is cleansed, to rub the body with a course linen cloth, first softly & easily, & after to increase more and more, to a hard and swift rubbing, until the flesh do swelle, and be somewhat ruddy, and that not only down right, but also ouerth wart & round. some do use fricasyes in this form. In the morning, after that they haue ben at the stool, with their shirte sleue or bare hand, if their flesh be tender, they do first softly, & afterward faster, rub their breast, and sides downward, and overthwart, not touching their stomach or belly, and after cause their seruant semblably to rub overthwart their shoulders and back, beginning at the neckebone, and not touching the raynes of their back, except they do feel there much cold and wind, and afterward their legs from the knees to the ankle: last their arms, from the clbowe to the handewreste. And in this form of fricasy, I myself haue founden an excellent commodity. old men, or they, which be very dry in their bodies, if they put to some sweet oils, as Yrinum, Nardinum, Cham●melinum, or other like, myrt with a little sweet oil of roses, I suppose they do well. I will not here speak of ointments used in old time among the Romayns and greeks, in fricasies or rubbynges. For I suppose, th● they were never here used. and in the said places, they be also left, unless it be in palsies, or apoplexies, or against the rigour, which happeneth infeuers, only I will remember the saying of Hipocrates, Fricasye hath power to louse, to bind, to increase flesh, and to minyshe it. For hard fricasies do bind or consolydate, soft rubbynge doth louse or mollify, much doth minish flesh, mean rubbyng doth augment or increase it. He that coil know more abundantly hereof, let him rede the book of Galen of the preservation of health, called in latin De tuenda sanitate, translated most truly & eloquently, out of greek into latin, by doctor Linacre, late physician of most worthy memory to our sovereign lord king Henry the eight. The same matter is written more briefly of Paulus Aegineta, Oribasius, Aetius, and some other late writers, but unto Galene not to be compared.   

¶ The diversities of exercises. Cap. xxxiii.  
THe quality of exercise is the diversity therof, forasmoche as therein be many differences in moving, and also some exercise moveth more one part of the body, some an other. In difference of moving, some is slow or soft, some is swift or fast: some is strong or violent, some be mixed with strength & swiftness. strong or violent exercises be these, deluynge( specially in tough day and heavy, bearing or susteynynge of heavy burdeyns, clymmyng or walking against a stipe upright hill: holding a rope, and clymmyng up thereby, hanging by the hands on any thing, above a mans reach, that his feet touch not the ground: standing and holding up, or spreading the arms, with the hands fast closed, & abiding so a long time. Also to hold the arms steadfast, causing an other man, to assay, to pull them out, and not withstanding he keepeth his arm steadfast, enforcing ther unto the sinews and muscles. wrestling also with the arms and legs, if the persons be equal in strength, it doth exercise the one and the other: if the one be stronger, than is it to the weaker a more violent exercise.  
Al these kinds of exercises, and other like them, do augment strength, and therfore they serve only for young men, which be inclined, or be apt to the warres. swift exercise without violence is, running, playing with weapons, tenise, or throwing of the ball, trotting a space of ground forward and backward, going on the toes, and holding up the hands. Also stirring up and down his arms, without plummettes. Vehement exercise is compound of violent exercise and swift, when they ar joined together at one time, as dansyng of galyardes, throwing of the ball, & running after it. footeball play may be in the number therof, throwing of the long dart, and continuing it many times, running in harneys, & other like. The moderate exercise is long walking or going a journey. The partes of the body haue sundry exercises appropred unto them, as rounning and going is the most proper for the leggis. moving of the arms up & down, or stretching them out, & playing with weapons, serveth most for the arms and shoulders, stooping and rising often time, or liftyng great receipt, taking up plummettes or other like poises on the ends of staues, & in like wise, liftyng up in every hand a spear or moryspike by the ends, specially crossing the hands, and to lay them down again in their places, these do exercise the back & loins. Of the bulk & lungs the proper exercise is meuing of the breath in singing or crying. The entrails, which be vnderneth the myddreste, be exercised by blowyng, either by constraint, or playing on shaulmes, or sackbottes, or other like instruments, which do require much wind. The muscles at best exercised with holding the breath in, a long time, so that he, which doth exercise, hath well digested his meate, and is not troubled with much wind in his body. finally loud 
Celsus. 1.  reading, counterfeit battle, tenyse, or throwing the ball, running, walking, add to shooting, which in mine opinion exceed al the other, do exercise the body commodiousely. Alway remember, that the end of violent exercise, is difficulty in fetching of the breath. Of moderate exercise, alteration of breath onely, or the beginning of sweat. More over in winter, running, and wrestling is convenient. In summer wrestling alytell, but not running. In very could wether, much walking, in hote wether, rest is more expedient. They which seem to haue moist bodies, & live in idleness, they haue need of violent exercise. They which ar lean and choleric, must walk softly, and exercise themselves very temperately. The plummettes, called of Galen Alteres, which are now much used with great men, being of equal weight, & according to the strength of him that exerciseth, are very good to be used fasting, a little before breakfast or dinner, holding in every hand one plummet, and lifting them on high, and bringing them down with much violence, and so he may make the exercise violent, or moderate, after the poised of the plummettes, heuyer or lighter, and with much or little labouryng with them.   

¶ Of Gestation, that is to say, where one is carried, and is of an other thing moved, and not of himself. Cap. xxxiiii.  
THere is also an neither kind of exercise, which is called Gestation, and is mixed with mo 
Paulus Egineta. Aerius.  uyng and rest. For as much as the body, sitting or lyenge, seemeth to rest, and not withstanding it is moved by that, which beareth it, as lying in a bed, hanging by cords or chains, or in a cradle, sitting in a chair, which is carried on mens shoulders with slaves, as was the use of the ancient romans, or syttinge in a boot or barge, which is rowed, riding on a horse, which ambleth very easily, or gothe a very soft place. The bed, cradle, and chair carried, serveth for them, th● ar in long & continual sickness, or be lately recovered of a fever. Also them, which haue the fransy or letharge, or haue a light terciane fever, or a cotidiane. This exercise sweetly assuageth troubles of the mind, and provoketh sleep, as it appeareth in children, which are rocked. Also it is convenient for them, which haue the palsy, the ston, or the gout. Gestation in a chariot or waggon hath in it a shaking of the body, but some vehement, and some more soft. the soft serveth in diseases of the head, and where any matter runneth down into the stomach and entrails. But the vehement shaking is to be used in the griefs of the breast and stomach. Also in swelling of the body and legs in dropsies, palsies, mygrimes, and scotomies, which is an imagination of darkness, being returned, at the end of his journey, he must sit up, and be easily moved. I haue known, saythe Aetius, many persons in such wise cured without any other help. navigation or rowyng nigh to the land, in a calm water, is expedient for them that haue dropsies, lepries, palseyes, called of the vulgar people, takynges, and fransies. To be carried on a rough water, it is a violent exercise, and induceth sundry affections of the mind, sommtyme fear, sometime hope, now coward heart, now hardiness, one while pleasure, an other while dyspleasute. These exercises, if they be well tempered, they may put out of the body, all long during sicknesses. For that which is mixed with rest and meuyng, if any thing else may, it most excellently causeth the body to be well nourished. Celsus doth prohibit gestation, where the body feeleth pain, and in the beginning of fevers, but 
Celsus. 2.  when they cease, he alloweth it. riding moderately, and without grief, it doth corroborated the spirit and body above other exercises, specially the stomach, it cleanseth the sences, and maketh them more quick: albeit to the breast, it is very noyful. It ought to be remembered, that as well this, as all other kinds of exercise, would be used in a hole country, & where the air is pure and uncorrupted. foreseen, that he that woll exercise, do go first to the stool, for the causes rehearsed in the last chapter.   

¶ Of vociferation. Cap. xxxv.  
THe chief exercise of the breast & instruments of the voice is vociferation, which is singing, reading, or crying, whereof is the property, that it purgeth natural heat, and maketh it also subtle and stable, and maketh the members of the body substantial and strong, resisting diseases. This exercise wolde be used of persons short winded, and them, which can not fetch their brethe, but holding their neck streight upright. Also of them, whose flesh is consumed, specially about the breast and shoulders. Also which haue had apostumes broken in their breasts: moreover of them that are hoorse by to much moisture. and to them, which haue quarteyn fevers, it is convenient, it looseth the humour, that stycketh in the breast, and drieth up the moistness of the stomach, which properly the course of the quarten is wont to bring with him, it also profiteth them, which haue feeble musics, or do vomit continually, or do break up sourness out of the stomach. it is good also for griefs of the heed. He that intendeth to attempt this exercise, after that he hath ben at the stool, and softly rubbed the lower partes, and washed his hands. Let him speak with as base a voice as he can, and walking, begin to sing louder & louder, but still in a base voice, and to take no hede of sweet tunes or armonye. For that nothing doth profit unto health of the body. but to enforce himself to sing great, for thereby much air drawn in by fetching of breath, thrusteth forth the breast & stomach, and openeth and enlargeth the poores. By high crying & loud reading are expelled superfluous humors. Therfore men and women, having their bodies feeble, and their flesh louse, and not firm, must read oftentimes loud, and in a base voice, extendyng out the wind pipe, & other passages of the brethe. But not withstanding this exercise is not used alway, and of all persons. For they, in whom is abundance of humours corrupted, or be much diseased with crudity in the stomach and veins, those do I counsel, to abstain from the exercise of the voice, left much corrupted juice or vapours, may thereby be into all the body distributed. And here I conclude to speak of exercise, which of them, that desire to ●emayn long in health, is most di●igently, & as I might say, most scrupulously to be observed.    

❧ THE THYRDE book  

¶ Of repletion. Cap. i.  
repletion IS A superfluous abundance of humours in the body: and that is in two maner of wise, that is to say in quantity, and in quality. In quantity, as where all the four humours are more in abundance, than be equal in proportion to the body that containeth them, or where one humour much exceedeth the remena●nt in quantity. In quality, as where the blood, or other humour, is hotter or colder, thycker, or thinner, than is convenient unto the body. first, where all the humours, being superfluousely increased, filleth and extendeth the receptories of the body, as the stomach, the veins, and bowels, and is most properly called fullness, in greek Plethor●, in latin Ple●it●do. The other is, where the body is infa●ced, either with collar, yellow or black, or with fleume, or with watery humours, and is properly called in greek Cacochymia, in latin Viciosus succus, in englishe it may be called corrupt juice. I will not here writ, the subtle and abundant definitions and descriptions of Galene in his books de Plenitudine, and in his commentaries vpon the aphorisms of Hipocrates. For it shall here suffice, to show the operations of repletion good or yl, remytting them, which be curious, and desire a more ample declaration, to the most excellent archdukes of Galene, 
Aph. li. 2.  where he may be satisfied, if he be not determined to repugue against reason. Hipocrates saith, 
Apho. 15. ubi cibus praeter naturam plusing est▪ est hic morb● facit. Galen. in comment. loco praedicto.  where meat is received much above nature, that maketh sickness. Galene declaring that place saith, More meate than accordeth with natures measure, is name repletion. And afterward he expoundeth that word above nature, to signify to much and superfluously, as who saith, where the meate is superfluousely taken, it maketh sickness. For meate but a little exceeding temperance, may not forthwith make sickness, but may yet keep the body within the latitude or bounds of health, for the meate that shall make sickness, must not a little exceed the exquisite measure. The incommmoditie, which happeneth thereby is, that moistness is to much extended, and natural heat is debilitate. Also natural heat, resolveth somewhat of the superfluous meate and drink. And of that, which is re●olued of meate undigested, proceedeth fumosytie, gross and undigested, which ascendyng up into the heed, and touching the rhyme, wherein the bray●e is wrapped, causeth head ache, trembling of the members, ●uskyshnes of the sight, & many other sicknesses: also by the sharpness therof, it pricketh and annoyeth the sinews, which make sensibilttie, the roots of whom, are in the brain, and from thence passeth through all the body. finally, the said fumositie, engendered of repletion, percynge the innermooste parte of the said sinews, called sensible, it greuousely annoyeth the power animal, there consistyng, by the occasion whereof, understanding and reason, as to the use of them, are let and troubled. And also the tongue, which is reasons exposytour, is deprived of his office, as it appeareth in them, which are drunk, and them, which haue grievous pains in their heed, proceeding of repletion. signs of replecyon be these, loss of appetite, delight in nothing, slothfulness, dulness of the 
Oribasius E●poriston lib. 1.  wit, and sences, more sleep, than was accustomend to be, cramps in the body, stertynge or saltion of the members, fullness of the veins, and thickness of the poulses, horror or shrouelynge of the body mixed with heat. The remedies are abstinence, and all evacuations▪ whereof I will make mention in the next chapter.   

¶ Of evacuation. Cap. ii.  
THe meats and drinks received into the body, if the stomach and liver do their natural office, be altered by concoction and digestion in such wise that the best part therof goth to the nouryshement of the body: the worst, being separate by the members official, from the residue, a● made excrements in sundry forms and substances, which are like in quality to the natural humour, which than reigneth most in the body. These excrements be none other, but matter superfluous and unsavoury, which by natural powers may not be converted into flesh, but remaining in the body corrupt the members, and therfore nature abhorring them, desireth to haue thē expelled. These excrements be three in number, 
Exc●eme●tes. Ordure.  ordure, v●ine, humour superfluous. moreover, there be two sorts of ordure, that is to say, one digested, which passeth by siege, the other undigested, which is expellyd by vomit. Where I 
digested.  say digested. I mean, that it is passed the stomach, and turned into an neither figure. likewise I call that undigested, which still retaineth the figure of meate. urine is the watery substance of the blood, like as whey is of milk, 
Vri●●.  which out of the meate that is altered and co●cocte or boiled in the stomach, is strained in the veins called Mesaraice, which proceedeth from the hollow part of the liver, and sent by the rains into the bladder, passeth by the Instrument, the which is ordained as well to that purpose, as for generation. humour superfluous is in .iii. sorts, 
〈◇〉 s●perfluous.  either mixed with any of the four humours, called natural, or else it is gathered into the brain, or it is between the skin and the flesh, or lieth among the sinews, muscles, or joints. Of humours, some are more gross and cold, some are subtle and hot, and are called vapours. Now for to expel the said excrements, are. ix. s●ndry kinds of evacuation, that is to say, abstinence, vomit, purgation by siege, letting of blood, sca●ifieng called cupping, sweeting, provocation of urine, spittyng, bleeding at the nose, or by hemoroides: And in women, their natural purgations. Of these evacuations I will briefly declare, with the commodities, which by the discrete use of them do happen unto the body.   

¶ Of Abstinence. Cap. iii.  
ABstinence is a forbearynge to receive any meate or drink. For if it be but in parte, it is than called rather temperance than abstinence. It ought to be used onely after repletion, as the proper remedy therfore. And than if it be moderate, it consumeth superfluities, & in consuming them, it clarifieth the humours, maketh the body 
cells. li. 2. Hipoc. apho. li. 7.  fair coloured, and not onely keepeth out sickness, but also where sickness is entred, nothing more helpeth, if it be used in season. To them, which haue very moist bodies, hunger is right expedi●t for it maketh them more dry, not withstanding there ought to be considerations, in the meate before 
Co●syderations i● absti 〈…〉  eaten, in the age of the person, in the time of the year, & in custom. first in the meet before eaten, if it be much in excess or very gross, or not much exceeding, or light of digestion, and according thereto, wolde abstinence more or lasse be proportioned. Concerning age, Hipocrates saith, old men 
Apho. li. 1.  may sustain fasting easily: next unto them, men of middle age, young men may wars bear it, children worst of all, specially they that be lusty: not withstanding here Galen correcteth Hipocrates, 
Galen. in comment.  saying, that he should haue exceptid men very old, who, as experience declareth, must eat often and little. As touching time, it must be remembered, that in winter and spring time, the musics be naturally very hot, & sleep is long, & therfore in that time meats wolde be more abundant, & all though much be eaten, it will be son●● digested. wherefore abstinence would not be than so much as in summer, albeit to abstain much in summer, except it be after repletion, Damascene saith, it drieth 
Damascenus apho.  the body, it maketh the colour sallow, it engendereth melancholy, and hurteth the sight. moreover custom may not be forgotten. for they, which are used from childhood, to eat sundry meales in the day, would rather be reduced to fewer meales, & little meate, than to be compelled to abstain utterly, to the intent, that nature, which is made by custom, be not rebuked, & the power digestive thereby debilitate. And note well, that by to much abstinence, the moisture of the body is withdrawn and consequently the body drieth, and waxeth lean: natural heat, by withdrawing of moisture, is to much incended, and not finding humour to work in, turneth his violence to the radycall or substantial moisture of the body, and exhaustynge that humour, bringeth the body into a comsumption. wherefore Hipocrates saythe, that to scarce and exquisite an order in meate and drink, 
Aph. li. 2.  is for the more patte more dangerous than that, which is more abundant. Contrary wise moderation in abstinence▪ according to the said considerations, is to health a sure bulwark.   

¶ Of vomit. Cap. iiii.  
THe meate or drink superfluous, or corrupted in the stomach is best expelled by vomit, if it be not very grievous to him, which is diseased. Also the moderate use of it, purgeth fleume, 
A●●i▪. li. 1.  lighteth the heed, causeth that the excess of meats or drinks, shall not annoy or bring sickness. moreover, it amedeth the affects of the rains, the bladder, and the fundament. It also helpeth against lepries, cankers, gouts, dropsies, & also dyvers sicknesses proceeding of the stomach. For if any grief happeneth of the head, vomit is than vncommodious. It is better in winter, than in summer. Also good for them, which are replete or very choleric▪ if they haue not well digested. but it is ill for them that be lean, or haue weak musics. And therfore where one feeleth bitter vapours, rising out of his stomach, with grief and weighty●es, in the over partes of his body, let him run forth with to this remedy. It is also good for him that is hart burned, and hath much spittle, or his stomach wambleth, and for him that remeueth into sundry places. yet I counsa●le saith Celsus, him that will be in health, and would 
cells. li. 1.  not be to soon aged, that he use not this daily. And I myself haue known men, which daily using it, haue brought thereby their musics into such custom, that what so ever they did eat, they could not long retain it, whereby they shortene their lives. wherefore it would not be vsid, but onely where great surfet, or abundance of fleume do require it. He that will vomit after meate, let him drink sundry drinks mixed together, and last of all, warm water: or if that be to easy, let him mixed therwith salt or hony. If he will vomit fasting, let him drink water and hony sudden together, or hyssop with it, or eat of a radish roote, and drink warm water vpon it. also water, wherein radish is boiled, and afterward provoke himself to it. Them, that will haue more violent purgations, I remit to physicians learned. But yet I do eftsoons warn them, that ther in they be circumspectly, and do not much use it. moreover in vomites, the matter brought forth, would be considered, according to the rules of Hipocrates, 
Hipocra. praesag. 2. cap. 7.  in his second book of pronostications, that is to say, if it be mixed with fleme and collar, it is most profitable if it be not in very great quantity, nor thick, the lasse mixture it hath, the wars is it. If it be green, like to leke blades, thyn or black, it is to be judged ill. If it haue al colours, it is extreme perilous. If it be ledy coloured, & sauorith horribly, it signifieth a short aboli●ion, or dissolution of nature. For as Galene affirmeth there in his commente, such maner of vomit declareth corruption with extinctinge of nature. Also every pu●●ified and stinking savour in vomit is ill. These things be right necessary, to be looked 
Galen. de lo●●s aff●ctis. lib. 1.  for, where one doth vomit without any difficulty: but to enforce one to vomit, which can not, is very odious, and to be abhorted.   

¶ Of Purgations by siege. Cap. v.  
IF the head be heavy, or the eyen dim, or if there be pain felt of the colic, or in the lower parte 
Cel●. li. 1. A 〈…〉. li. 3.  of the bely, or in the hips, or some choleric matter or fleume in the stomach. Also if the breath be hardly fetched, if the belly of himself sendeth forth nothing, or if being costive, one feeleth yl savour or bitterness in his mouth, or that which he maketh, hath an horrible savour, or if abstinence do not, at the first put away the fever, or if the strength of the body may not sustain letting of blood, or else the time therfore convenient is past, or if one haue drunk much before his sickness, or if he which oftentimes vnconstrayned, hath had great sieges, be suddenly stopped: in al these cases, and where it is painful to vomit, and in gnawyng or frettinges of the stomach, finally in all replecions, where a man can not or will not be let blood or vomit, it is expedient to provoke siege by purgations, which are received by two ways: upward at the fundament by suppositories or clysters. downward at the mouth, by potions, electuaries, or pills. Suppositories at used, where the patient is weak, and may not ●eceyue any other purgations. sometime for as much as the straight gut is stopped with excrements, which ar dry and hard: sometime where there needeth none other pourgation, specially in bournyng fevers, whereof the matter ascendeth in to the heed, than clysters may do harm, & by the benefit of suppositories, excrements at brought forth without any annoyance. And oftentimes it bringeth forth that, which clysters may not.  
Suppositories at made sometime with hony only, sudden, rolled on a board, and made round, smaller at the one end than at the other, & of the length and greatness, according to the quantity of the body that taketh it. sometime there is mixed with the hony salt dried, or salt peter, or the powder of such things, as do either purge the humour, which offendeth, or dissolveth gross winds, or other matter: they be sometime made with toseyn, pitch, ware, or gums, sometime of roots, or the leaves of mercury green, very small bruised. also with figgis or reisons, the stones taken out, or of white soap, made i the figure aforesaid, & being made in the form aforesaid, they must be put up in at the fundament, to the great end, and the patient must keep it there the space of half an hour or more. Clysters are made of liquor, sometime simple, as water sudden, milk, oil, or wine. sometime mixed, as water and oil together, or decoctions, as where herbs, roots, fruits, seeds, or gums, having property to make soft, dissolve, draw forth, or expelle matter that grieveth, be boiled, and the liquor therof, sometime warm, sometime hot, is received at the fundament into the body by a little pipe of gold or silver, yuo●ie or wood, therfore ordained and called a clyster pipe. This is necessary, where the stomach is weak, and may not sustain the warkyng of medicines received at the mouth. also in fevers, colykes, and other diseases in the bowels, grief in the raynes of the back or huckle bone, ventosyties in the belly, inflammation or exulceration in the guts or bladder. It is a convenient and sure medicine, and lest hurt doth ensue of it. The making and ordryng therof▪ I will omit to writ in this place, partly that I would not, that physicians should to much note in me presumption, partly that an neither place may be more apt to that purpose.   

¶ The particular commodities of every pourgation. Cap. vi.  
IN potions, electuaties, and pills ought to be much more observation, than in clysters or suppositories, for as much as these do enter no further than into the gut, where the ordure lieth, & by that plac● only, bringeth forth the matter, which causeth disease. But the other entering in that way, that meats and drinks do, cometh into the stomach, and there is boiled, and sent into the places of digestion, and afterward is mixed with the juice, whereof the substance of the body is made, and expelling the adversary humou●s, somewhat therof doubtless remaineth in the body. wherefore men haue need to beware, what medicines they receive, that in them be no venenositie, malice, or corruption, leste for the expelling of a superfluous humour, which perchance good diet, or some brothes made of good herbs, or the said evacuation, with supposytorie or clyster, might bring forth a●leysure. by desiring of to hasty remedy, they receive in medicine that, which shall engender a venomous humour, & vneuitable destruction unto al the body. And therfore happy is he, which in sickness findeth a discrete and well learned physician, and so true a poticary, that hath alway drowges vncortupted, & whom the physician may surely trust, to dispece his things truly. But now to return to the said form of purgation, I will now set forth some counsels, concerning that matter, which I haue collected out of the chief authors of physic.  
Bodies hote & moist: may easily sustain purgation by the stool. They, which be lean or thyn, having the members tender, may take harm by purgations. To men that at choleric, and them, that eat little, purgations at grievous. In young children and old men, it is daungerous to louse much the ●ealy. To them that at not wont to it, purgation is noyful. He that liveth in a good order of diet, needeth neither purgation nor vomit. After that the purgation hath wrought, thirstines and sound ●lepe, be signs that the body is sufficiently purged. By daily taking of medicines, nature is corrupted. when ye coil purge any thing, make first the matter flowing and soluble. Medicine to purge ought not to be mingled with meate, but to be taken fou●e houres at the least before 
Hipocra. ●phor.  meales, or three houres after meales, except certain easy pills made to cleanse and comfort the stomach, which would be taken at the beginning of supper, or after supper, a little before that one goth to bed, making a light supper or none. After purgation taken, the patient should rest, and not walk, until the medicine hath wrought, nor eat or drink in the mean space. These things haue I rem●bred, because I haue known right good physicians, to haue forgotten, to instruct therof their pacientes. now will I set forth the table of such things, which of their property do digest or purge superfluous humors particulatly, which I haue gathered out of the books of Dioscorides, Galen, Paul{us} Egineta, Ori basius, & A●tius, and other late writers. not withstanding. I haue not written all, for as much as there be diuers things, whereunto we haue not 〈◇〉 founden any names in english.  

¶ digestives of Choler.  
¶ Endyue.  
lettuce.  
Cykorie.  
Scabiose.  
Maydenheate.  
mallows.  
mercury.  
The juice of pomegranades.  
Pourselane.  
poppy.  
Berberyes.  
Roses.  
violets, the leaf and flower.  
shovel.  
Lyuerworte.  
shovel de boys.  
whey clarified.  
The great four cold seeds, that is to say, of gourds, cucumbers, melones, and cittuls.  
Psillium,  
vinegar.  
Saunders.  
Barley water.  
Prunes.  
Tamarindes.   

¶ Pourgers of Choler.  
¶ wild hops.  
Wormewode.  
Centorie.  
Fumitorie.  
whey of butter.  
violets.  
mercury.  
juice of roses.  
Prunes.  
Eupatorie.  
Tamarindes half announce in a decoction:  
Manna .vi. dooms at the least, and so to xxv. in the broth of a hen or capon.  
Reubarbarum by itself from two dooms, unto four, infused or stiped in liquor, from .iiii. dooms unto .viii.   

¶ digestives of fleume.  
¶ fennel.  
parsley, the roots.  
Smallage.  
Capers.  
laurel.  
Synuy●.  
Puly.  
Maioram.  
Peny●oyall.  
wild parsny● seed.  
mint.  
Pympernell.  
Horemynt.  
gladden.  
Ag●ym●nye.  
Calamynt.  
Nep.  
Betayne.  
Sauge.  
radish.  
mugwort.  
Iunyper.  
hyssop,  
P●onye.  
balm.  
honey.  
●ynger.  
Squilla.  
Ari●tolochia.  
cinnamon.  
Pepper.  
Cumyne.   

Purgers of fle●●e.  
¶ Centorie.  
●ettyll.  
Agtimonye.  
Alder.  
Polypod●ū of the oak.  
Myrobalani kebuli, in fused from half an ounce to an ounce, and .ii. dooms. In substance, from two dooms to half an ounce.  
Aga●icus from a dram to two dooms infused, from .ii. dooms to five.  
Y●eos.  
Maydenheare.  
Sticados.   

¶ Purgers of mel●●colye.  
¶ The broth of coleworts light boiled.  
balm mint.  
Sticados.  
●yme.  
Scene boiled in white wine or in the broth of a hen.  
Lased savoury.  
Exithimus.  
unwrought silk.  
●rganum.  
Calamynt.  
Bourage.  
Hartis tongue.  
Quyckbeme.  
Maydenheare.  
with wind.  
Pulyall mountain.  
honey.  
Sugar.   
¶ melancholy for the thynnesse and subtylnesse of the humour, needeth no digestive.  
¶ They which will take sharper purgations, or compound with dyvers things, let them take the counsel of an honest and perfit physician, & not adventure to mixed things together, with out knowing the temperance of them in degrees, and that he can proportion them to the body, that shall receive them in simples, as they be written. And so he may use them without peril, against the humours, whereunto they serve.   

letting of blood. Cap. vi.  
THe parte of evacuation by letting of blood, is incision or cutting of the vain, whereby the blood, which is cause of sickness or grief to the hole body, or any particular part therof, doth most aptly pass. The commodities whereof, being 
A 〈…〉 oldus de uilla noua.  in a moderate quantity, and in a due time taken, be these that follow, it clarifieth the wit, and maketh good memory, it cl●s●th the bladder, it drieth the brain, it warmeth the ma●owe, being in the bones, it openeth the hearing, it stoppeth tears or droppynges of the eyen, it taketh away loathsomeness, and confirmeth the stomach, it nourisheth that, which is proper to nature, and the contrary expelleth. It is thought, that thereby life is prolonged, and the matter making sickness shortly consumed. wherefore letting of blood 
Oribasius su medici nae compendio.  is not only expedient for them, which are full●of blood, or haue abundance of strength, but also for them, in whom, without plenitude, called fullness, inflammations begin to be in their bodies, or by some outward stroke, the blood being gathered within, by collection therof, do feel grief or disease. Also where there is much pain felt, or debility of some member, whereof is supposed to be engendered some grievous disease. moreover they which use excess of meats and drinks, may be cured by letting of blood. But those, which be temperate, keeping good diet, be holpen without letting of blood: as by fricasies, using of baths, exercise, walking, and tydyng moderately. Also unctions with oils and ointments, called Diaphoreticae, which by evaporation, do shortly evacuate the fullness. All be it, if the fullness be of melancholy blood, than alway needs must be letting of blood. abundance of melancholy blood is known by these signs. There is felt in the entrails, or within the bulk of a man or woman, a weyghtynesse with tension or thrustyng outward. and all that part, which is above the navel, is more heavy, than it was wont to be. Also much vain and fatty, the residcnce or bottom thick, troublous, and fat. sometime black poushes or boils, with inflammation and much pain. These must be shortly let blood, and the melancholy humour also purged by siege. They which haue crude or raw humors, must be warily let blood, before that sickness engender, but having the fever, in no wise. concerning letting 
Acti. ll. 3  of blood, these things following, would be had in continual remembrance, and be afore thought on. In abundance of the blood, the quality and quantity, the greatness of the sickness, and if it be present, or looked for. also the diet preceding, the age and strength of the person, the natural form of his body, the time of the year, the region or country, the present state of the air the disvse of accustomend exercise, the cessyng of evacuations used before. In quality consider, of what humour the fullness proceedeth. In quantititie the abundance of that, which is to be purged. In sickness, if it be dangerous or tolerable: if the sickness be present, it requireth the more diligence: if it be looked for, it may be the better proportioned. In diet, the custom in eating & drinking, must be specially noted. In young men & women, letting of blood would be more liberal. In old men & young children, it would be scarser: strong men may sustain bleeding, they which ar feeble, may not endure it: Large bodies haue greater vessels, than they, which be little. lean men haue more blood, corporate men haue more flesh. The time of the 
Cor. Celsus li. 3.  year must be specially marked. For in the beginning of spring time is the best letting of blood, as Dribasius saith, and so doth continue, after the opinion of Arnolde, unto the eight kalends 
Oriba. su. Arnoldus de uilla noua de flobothomia. lo. Dama scenus in arte med.  of june. Aetius affirmeth, that in winter, or in a cold country, or where the person is of a very cold nature, the veins should not be opened. And Damascene saythe, They which in youth haue used to be much let blood, after they be three score yeres old, their nature waxeth cold, and natural heat is in them suffocate, specially if they were of a cold complexion. but that is to be understand, where they that are in health, are often let blood. For in the lapse from health, and in dyvers diseases, wherein the blood is corrupted, or where it ingedreth impostumes, or resorteth to any place, where it ought not to be, or passeth by any other conduit, than nature hath ordained, or where it is furious or inflamed, or by any other means breedeth grievous diseases, in all these cases, it ought to be practised, ye sometime in aged persons, women with child, and young infantes. For in extreme necessity it were better experience some remedy, than to do nothing. Al other things concerning this matter, pertayn to the part curative, which treateth of healyng of sickness, whereof I will not now speak, but remit the readers to the counsel of discrete physicians.   

Of scarifyeng called boxyng or cuppyng. Cap. vii.  
FOr as much as it is not convenient, to be let 
Galenus.  blood oftentimes in the year, because much of the vytall spirit, passeth forth with the blood, 
Acti ● li. 3.  which being exhaust, the body waxeth cold, and natural operations become the more feeble, I ther fore do counsel( saith Galen) that the base partes of the body, as the legs, be scarified, which is the most sure remedy, as well in conseruynge health, as in repayrynge therof, being decayed. For it cureth the eyen being amnoyed with long dystillations. It profiteth also to the heed, and over parte of the body against sundry diseases. In what member the blood is gathered, the body being first purged by scarification, the grief may be cured. Also Oribasius affirmeth the same, and also addeth thereto, that it helpeth squynances, or 
Oribasius in medici ne compendio.  quinces in the throat, and dissolveth the constipa tions or stoppinges made of al places, if the places be scarified: not withstanding application of boxes about the stomach, in hot fevers, where reason is troubled, ar to be eschewed, for fear of suffocation. likewise put to the heed vndiscretely, it hurteth both the heed and the eyes. The late authors 
Actius.  do affirm, that scarifieng is in the stede of letting blood, where for age, debility, or time of the year, or other like consideration, a man may not sustain blood letting, and it bryngethe forth the thyn blood, which is next to the skin.   

Of blood suckers or leeches. Cap viii.  
THere is also an other form of evacuation by worms, found in waters called blood suckers, or leeches, which being put unto the body or member, do draw out blood. And their drawing is more convenient for fullness of blood joanne scarifienge is, for as much as they fetch blood more deeper, and is more of the substance of blood. yet the opinion of somme men is, that they do draw no blood but that, which is corrupted, and not proporcionable unto our body. And therfore in griefs, which happen between the skin and the flusshe of blood corrupted, these are more convenient than scarifienge. But before that they be put unto any part of the body 
Oribasius in medici ne compendio.  they must be first kept all one day before, giuing unto them a little blood in fresh flesh. And than put them in a clene water, somewhat warm, and with a sponge wipe away the flyme, which is about them, and than lay a little blood on the place grieved, and put them than to it, and lay on them a sponge, that when they be full, they may fall away, or if ye will sooner haue them of, put a horse hear bytweene their mouths, and the place, and draw them away, or put to their mouths salt or ashes, or vinegar, and forthwith they shall fall, and than wash the place with a sponge, and yf there do issue much blood, lay on the place the powder of a sponge, and pitch burned, or linen cloth burned, or galls burned, or the herb called Bursa pastoris bruysed. And this sufficeth concerning blood suckers.   

¶ Of hemoroides or piles. Cap. ix.  
HEmorroides be veins in the fundament, of whom do happen sundry passions. sometime swelling, without bleeding, sometime superfluous blood by the pvissance of nature, is by them expelled, and than be they very convenient. for by them a man shall escape many great sicknesses, which be engendered of corrupted blood, or of melancholy. Semblably, if they be hastylye stopped from the course, which they haue been used to, thereby do increase the said syknesses, which by them were expelled, as dropsies, consumptions, madness, fransies, and diuers diseases of the heed, and other syknesses, paleness of the visage, grief in the rains of the back, and thies. And if they flow to much, there ensueth feebleness, leanness of the body, alteration of colour, great pains in the lower partes of the body. And if the flux be vnmoderate, it engendereth mischievous diseases. wherefore it wolde be diligently taken hede, that they run in measure, or else to use some things moderately, which may restrayn them.  
¶ concerning other evacuations, I do purposely omit to write of them in this place, for as much as in this realm, it hath been accounted not honest, to declare them in the vulgar tongue, but onely secretly.   

Of affects of the mind. Cap. x.  
THe last of things called not natural, is not the least parte to be considered, the which is of affects and passions of the mind. For yf they be immoderate, they do not onely annoy the body, & shorten the life, but also they do appair, and sometime lose utterly a mans estimation. And that much more is, they bring a man from the use of reason, and sometime in the displeasure of almighty god. wherefore they do not only require the help of physic corporal, but also the counsel of a man wise and well learned in moral philosophy. wherefore after that I haue recited, what they be, I will briefly declare such counsels, as I haue gathered. And as concerning remedies of physic saving a few simples, which do comfort the heart & spirites, the residue I will remit to the counsel of physicians, like as I haue done in evacuation. affects of the mind, whereby the body is amnoyed, and do bring in sickness, be these, ire or wrath, heaviness or sorrow, glad nes, or reioycyng.   

¶ Of Ire. Cap. xi.  
IRe is kindled in the heart, inordinately chaufyng the spirites there, and than is sent forth into the members, and doth superfluously heat them, and disturbeth reason, where the bodies be hot afore. Where natural heat is feeble, the heat may not be dispersed unto the extreme partes, and than doth the extreme members, that is to say, which are far from the heart, remain cold, and trembling. Of this affection cometh sometime fevers, sometime apoplexies, or privation of sencis, trembling, palsies, madness, fran sies, deformity of visage, and that warse is, outrageous swearing, blasphemy, desire of vengeance, loss of charity, amity, credence, also forgetfulness of benefit preceding, and of obedience, duty, and reverence. There also do succeed contention, chargeable suite, unquietness of mind, lack of appetite, lack of flepe, feeble digestion, scorn, disdain, and hatred of other, with peril of losing of all good reputation. These incommodities of Ire, perfitly had in remembrance, & at the first motion therof one of them thought on, may happen to bring in his fellows, & thereby the flamme may be quenched. or let him that is angry, even at the first consider one of these thin ges, that like as he is a man, so is also the other, with whom he is angry, and therfore it is as lawful for the other to be angry, as unto him, and if he so be, than shall that anger be to him displeasant, and steer him more to be angry. whereby it appeareth, that Ire is to him loathsome. If the other be patient, than let him abhorred that thing in himself, the lack whereof, in the other contenteth him, and assuageth his malice. More over, let him before, that occasion of Ire doth happen, accustom himself to behold, and mark well them that be angry, with the success of that anger. & ruminate it in his mind, a good space after. And in that time, let him remember, how christ, the son of God and God, who( as he himself said) might haue had of God his father, if he woldehaue asked them, legions of angels to haue defended him, ye with lasse than a wink, might haue slain all his aduersaries, yet he not withstanding rebuked, scorned, falsely accused, plucked hither & thither, stryped, bound with halters, whipped, spit on, buffeted, crwoned with sharp thorn, jaded with a heavy piece of timber, his own proper torment, halyd, & driven forth like a calf to the slaughter house, eftsoons beaten and overthrown, wretched forth with ropes, arms and legs laid on the cross, and thereunto with long iron nailes through the hands and feet nailed, with many stroke of hammers, with many prickynges, or ever the nails might pierce by his tender & most blessed flesh, and sinews, quite through the hard timber, up to the heeds of the nails, and all this being done for the offence of mankind, and not his, yet with the men, which did it, his most unkind country men, his most unnatural kynnesinen, whom he first made of nothing, preserved by miracles, delivered from perils, and cured of diseases, in all his vexation and trouble, he was never sene or perceived angry. If one will say, that Anger is natural, let him also consider, that in Christis manhood were all natural powers. If he will say, that Ire is token of courage, and in christ it lacked not, whom both angels and deuyls trembled and feared. The premisses often revolved, and born in the mind, I will not say, shall utterly extinct all motions of wrath, which is not possible, but it shal, when it kyndleth lightly repress it, and let that it shall not grow into flamme. And in speaking here of wrath, I do not mean that, which good men haue against vices: or wise and discrete gouernours, and maisters, against the defaults or negligences of their subiectes or servants, used in rebuking them, or moderately punysshynge them. For that is not properly ire, but rather to be called displeasure, and is that whereof god speaketh, by his prophet david, saying, Be you angry, and do not sin. And that maner of anger, 
Psal. 4. Genes. 31. Exod. 32. Leuit. 10. Marc. 11.  hath ben in dyvers holy men, prophetes, and other. And it appeared in christ, when he drove out them, which made their market, in the holy temple of god, where there ought to be nothing but prayer. And in like wise when he rebuked the hypocrites. But yf none of these things may come so shortly to his remembrance, that is moved with anger, at the least, let him think on the lesson, that Apollodorus the philosopher, taught to the emperour octavian, that before he speak or do any thing in anger, he do recite in order, al the letters of the A, B, C, and remove somewhat out of the place, that he is in, and seek occasion to be otherwise occupied. This shal for this time suffice, for the remedies of Ire. And he that will know more of this matter, let him rede in my work, called the governor, where I therof do writ more abundantly.   

¶ Of dolour or heaviness of mind. Capitulo. xii.  
THere is nothing more enemy to life, than sorrow, called also heaviness, for it exhausteth both natural heat and moisture of the body, and doth extenuate or make the body lean, dulleth the wit, and darkeneth the spirites, letteth the use and iudgement of reason, and oppresseth memory. And Salomon saith, that sorrow drieth up the bones. And also, like as the moth in 
〈◇〉. 17.  the garment, and the wourme in the three, so doth heaviness annoy the heart of a man. Also in the book called Ecclesiasticus, sorrow hath killed 
Ecclesiasti. 25. 28.  many, and in itself is found no commodity. Also by heaviness death is hastened, it hideth virtue or strength, and heaviness of heart boweth down the neck. This is so puissant an enemy to nature and bodily health, that to resist the malice and violence therof, are required remedies, as well of the wholesome counsels found in holy cripture, and in the books of moral doctrine, as also of certain herbs, fruits, and spices, having the property to expelle melancolyke humours, and to comfort 〈…〉 keep lively the spirites, which haue their proper habitation in the heart of man, and moderate nourishing of the natural heat and humour called radical, which is the base or foundation, whereupon the life of man standeth, and that failing, life falleth in ruin, & the body is dissolved. now first I will declare some remedies against sorowfulnesse of hart, concerning necessary counsel.  
sometime this affect happeneth of Ingratitude, either where for benefit, or special love employed, one receiveth damage, or is abandoned in his necessity, or is deceived of him, whom he trusted, or findeth him, of whom he hath great expectation, forgetful or negligent in his commodity, or perceiveth the person, whom of long time he hath loved, to be estranged from him, or to haue one of later acquaintance in more estymation. This affection nyppeth the heart, ye of most wisemen, for they love most heartily, not provoked by carnal affection, but rather by good opinion, engendered by similitude of honest studies and virtuous manners of long time mutuallye experienced. And it is not only unto man grievous, but also unto god most displeasant and odious, as it is abundantly declared in scripture. wherefore the person, which feeleth himself touched with this affect, before that it grow into a passion, and waxeth a sickness, let him call to remembrance these articles following, or at the lest ways some of them, for everich of them may ease him, though perchance they can not forth with perfitly cute him.  
¶ consider, that the corruption of mans nature is not so much declared in any thing, as in ingratitude, 
Loūiasles against ingratitude.  whereby a man is made warse, than dyvers brute beasts. The little ant or emote helpeth up his fellow, whom he seeth overthrown with burden, or, by other occasion. Also when olyphantes do pass over any great water, the greatest & most 
Appianns in varia historia.  puissant of them divide themselves, and setting the weakest in the middle, part go before, trieng the deepness and perils, parte come after, succouryng the weakest or least, with their long noses, when they se them in danger. The same beasts haue ben sene not onely bring men out of deserces, which haue lost their ways, but also reuenge the displeasures done to them, the which gave them meate, as one that slew him, which had committed adultery with his masters wife. The terrible lions and Panthers, haue ben seen in their maner, to render thankes to their benefactors, ye and to object their own bodies and lives for their defence. The same we may daily behold in our own dogges. Than in whom thou findest the detestable vice of Ingratitude, reputynge him among the worst sort of creatures, think not that thou hast lost a friend, but think that thou arte delivered from a monster of nature, that devoured thy love, & that thou art now at liberty, and hast won experience to cheese the a better. But if this may not suffice, than eftsoons consider, that if thou look well on thyself perchance 
Seneca, de benefi. 7.  thou mayst finde the fault, whereof thou complaynest, within thyn own bosom. call to thy remembrance, if thou hast alway rendered unto every man condign thankes or benefit, of whom thou hast kindness received, or if thou hast alway remeinbred, every one of them, that haue done to the any commodity or pleasure. Thou shalt well perceive, that what thing thou rereceyuedst in childhood, thou forgattest or didst little esteem, when thou camist to the state of a man. And what thou diddest remember in youth, in age thou didst little think on: thy nouryces pap, her rockynges, her watchynges, thou hast not alway remembered, or equally recompensed.  
Thy school masters study, his labour, his diligence, in a like degree, thou hast not required. What greater friends hast thou had, of whom thou couldst receive any greater benefits, than thy norishyng and preserving of thy life, in thy most feebleness, or thyn erudicion, whereby thy nature was made more excellent. remembering this, leave to be angry or sorrowful for so common a 'vice, yet if it cease not to grieve thee, conferre the ingratitude that doth vex the, with that ingratitude, which was shewed by the Israelites, whom god chase for his own people, delivered from seruage, shewed for them wonders, preserved them forty yeres in desert, destroyed for them kings, gave to them the country, which flowed milk and hony, defended them against all outward hostility, sent unto them such abundance of riches, that silver was in jerusalem, as stones in the street, had his tabernacle, and afterward his most holy temple among them, which he did daily vysit with his divine majesty, made their kings to reign gloryousely, and spake with their prophetes famylyarlye, and corrected their errors most gently: and yet for all this, they imbracyng the paynims idolatry, they left so gracious and loving a lord, and living god, and to his great despite, gave divine honours, to calves of brass, and other monstrous images, and at the last, put to most cruel death, the onely son of god, that had done so much for them.  
And if we christen men, do look well on ourselves, reuoluynge the incomparable benefit, which we haue received by Christis passion, and consider the circumstance of his most excellent patience, and most fervent love toward us, with our forgetfulness, and the daily breach of our promise, which we made at our baptism, conferring our mutual unkindness thereunto, there shall appear none ingratitude that should offend vs. finally for a conclusion, behold well about thee, and thou shalt al day finde the children ingrate to their parentes, and wives to their husbands. And wilt thou look that thy benefit or vain expectation, should make the more fre from ingratitude of thy friend, whom chance hath sent the, than nature may the parentes to ward their children, or the coniumction of bodies by lawful marriage, take unkindness from the wives toward their husbands. This 'vice therfore of Ingratitude, being so common a chance, make no worldly friendship so precious, that life or health therfore should be spent or consumed. I haue ben the longer in this place, because I haue had in this grief sufficient experience.  
¶ If death of children be cause of thy heaviness, 
death of children.  call to thy remembrance some children( of whom there is no little number) whose lives either for vncortigible vices, or infortunate chances, haue ben more grievous unto their parentes, than the death of thy children, ought to be unto the: considering that death is the discharger of al griefs and miseries, and to them that die well, the first entry into life everlasting.  
¶ The loss of goods or authority do grieve 
loss of goods.  none but fools, which do not mark diligently, that like as neither the one nor the other doth alway happen to them that are worthy, so we haue in daily experience, that they fall from him suddenly, who in increasynge or keeping them seemeth most busy.  
¶ oftentimes the repulse from promotion is 
Lache of promtion.  cause of discomfort. but than consider, whether in the opinion of good men, thou art deemed worthy to haue such advancement, or in thyn own expectation and fantasy. If good men so judge the, thank thou god of that felicity, and laugh at the blindness of them, that so haue refused the. If it procede of thine own folly, abhorred al arrogance, and enforce thyself to be advanced in mens estimation, before thou canst finde thyself worthy in thy proper opinion.  
¶ All other chances of fortune, esteem as noo 
chances of fortune  thing, & that long before they do happen. The oft recordynge of misery, prepareth the mind to feel less adversity. And the contempt of fortune is sure quietness and most perfit felicity.  
¶ This now shall suffice concerning remedies of moral philosophy. now will I writ somewhat touching the counsel of phisycke, as in relieuynge the body, which either by the said occasions, or by the humour of melancholy is brought out of temper.  
The first counsel is, that during the time of that passion, eschew to be angry, studious, or solytarie, and rejoice thee with melody, or else be al way in such company, as beste may content the.  
avoyde all things that be noyous in sight, smelling and hearing, and embrace al thing that is delectable.  
Flee darkness, much watch, and business of mind, much companieng with women, the use of things very hot and dry: often purgations, immoderate exercise, thirst, much abstinence, dry winds and cold.  
abstain from daily eating of much old beef or old mutton, hard cheese, hare flesh, boores flesh, venyson, saltfyshe, coleworts, beans, and peason, very course bread, great fishes of the see, as thurlepole, porpyse, and sturgeon, & other of like natures, wine red and thick, meats being very salt or sour, old, burned, or fried, garlic, onions, and lekes.  
use meats, which are temperately hot, and therewith somewhat moist, boiled rather than roasted, light of digestion, and ingendryng blood clear and fine. As milk hot from the udder, or at the lest new milked, ruin cheese, sweet almonds, the yolks of rear eggs, little birds of the bushes, chickens, and hens. wine white or clarette, clear or fragraunte. sweet savours in winter hot, in summer cold, in the mean time temperate.  

¶ confortatives of the Hart hot.  
BOurage, the floure or leaf.  
bugloss.  
balm mint.  
Elycampane.  
cloves.  
Cardamomum.  
Rosemarye.  
Lignum aloes.  
musk.  
Ambergrise.  
Saffron.  
The bone of the heart of a red dere.  
mints.  
The rind of citron.  
Been.  
Cububes.  
Basyle.   

¶ confortatives of the heart cold.  
violets.  
pearls.  
Coralle.  
The vnicornes horn.  
old apples which be good.  
Roses.  
Saunders.  
The olyphantes tooth.  
Waterlyllies.  
Coriander prepared.   

¶ confortatives temperate.  
¶ Iacincte.  
sapphire.  
Emerauldes.  
Myrabolanes, called kebuli.  
bugloss.  
gold, silver.   

¶ Of joy.  
joy or gladness of heart doth sung the life, it fatteth the body that is lean with troubles, bringing the humours to an equal temperance, and drawing natural heat outward. But if it be sudden and fervent, it oftentimes fleeth, for as much as it draweth to suddenly and excessively natural heat outward. And therfore dyvers men and women haue ben sene to fall in a sound, when they haue suddenly beholden the persons, whom they fervently loved.  
As a woman in Rome, hearing first, that her son was slain in battle. After when he cam 
Ti. L 〈…〉 s  to her, she seeing him alive, imbracynge each other, she dyed in his arms. This well considered against such inordinate gladness, the beste preservative is to remember, that the extreme partes of mundayne joy is sorrow and heaviness: And that nothing of this world, may so much rejoice us: but occasion may cause it to be displeasant unto vs.    

¶ The dominion of sundry complexions. Capitulo. xiii.  
IT seemeth to me not inconvenient, that I do declare as well the counsels of ancient and approved authors, as also mine own opinion gathered by diligent marking in daily experience, concerning as well the necessary diet of every complexion, age and declination of health, as also the mean to resist dyscracies of the body, before sickness be therein confirmed, leaving the residue unto the substantial learning and circumspectly practise of good physicians, which shal the more easily cure the pacientes, if their pacientes do not disdain to bear away and follow my counsel.  
And first it ought to be considered, that none of the four complexions, haue sooly such dominion in one man or womans body, that no parte of any other complexion is therwith mixed. For when we call a man sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, or melancholy, we do not mean, that he hath blood only without any of the other humours, or collar without blood, or fleume without blood or melancholy, or melancholy without blood or collar. And therfore the man, which is sanguine, the more that he draweth into age, whereby natural moisture decayeth, the more is he choleric, by reason that heat, surmountynge moisture, needs must remain heat and dryth. semblably the choleric man, the more that he waxeth into age, the more natural heat in him is abated, and dryth surmountyng natural moisture, he becometh melancolyke: but some sanguine man hath in the proportion of temperatures, a greater mixture with collar, than an other hath. Likewise the choleric or phlegmatic man with the humour of sanguine or melancholy. And therfore late practisers of physic are wont to call men, according to the mixture of their complexions, which man receiveth in his generation, the humours, whereof the same complexions do consist, being augmented superfluously in the body or members by any of the said things called not natural, every of them do semblably augment the complexion, which is proper unto him, and bringeth unequal temperature unto the body. And for these causes, the sanguine or phlegmatic man or woman, feeling any discrasy by choler happened to them by the said things called not natural, they shall use the diet described hereafter to him, which is naturally choleric. Semblably the coleryke or melancolyke man or woman, having any discrasye by fleume, to use the diet of him, which is naturally phlegmatic, alway remembering, that sanguine and fleumatycke men haue more respect unto dryth, choleric and melancolyke unto moisture, and that alway as the accidental complexion decayeth, to resort by little and little to the diet, pertaining to his natural complexion.   

¶ The times appropried to every natural humour. Capitu. xiiii.  
but first it must be considered, that where the four humours, be alway in man, and in somme man commonly one humour is more abundant than an neither naturally, that is to say, from his generation. The said humours haue also peculiar times assigned to every one of them, wherein each of them is in his most power and force, as after ensueth, after the description of Soranus. 
Soranus Ephesius.   
¶ Fleume hath most pvissance in winter, from the .viii. Idus of november, unto the .viii. Idus of february, whereby are engendered catarrhs or rheums, the vuula, the cough, and the stytche. This humour is part in the heed, part in the stomach. It hath dominyon from the thyrde hour of night, until the ninth hour of the same night.  
¶ blood increaseth in spring time, from the .viii. Idus of February, unto the .viii. Idus of May, whereof ar engendered fevers, and sweet humours, which do shortly putrifye, the power of this humour is about the hart, and hath dominion from the .ix. hour of night, until the third hour of the morning.  
¶ red choler hath power in summer from the viii. Idus of May, until the .viii. Idus of August, whereby are engendered hot and sharp fevers, this humour is specially in the liver, and hath dominion from the third hour of day, until the .ix. hour of the same day.  
¶ yellow choler, whereof is engendered the fleme of the stomach, is nourished in autumn, which beginneth the .viii. Idus of August, and dureth unto the .viii. Idus of november, and maketh shaking fevers and sharp, the black collar than increaseth, and than followeth thycknesse of the blood in the veins. black collar or melancholy most reigneth in the spleen, and it reigneth from the ninth hour of day, vntylle the third hour of night.  

¶ peculiar remedies against the distemperance of every humour.  
IF the distemperance be of blood, help it with things cold, sharp, and dry: for blood is 
Soranus in arte me 〈◇〉.  moist, hot, and sweet. If it be of red collar, give things could, moist, and sweet, for red collar is bitter and fiery. If it be of black collar, give things hot moist and sweet, for black collar is sharp and could. If the disease be of salt fleume, give things sweet hot and dry, thus saith Soranus. Not withstanding where there is abundance of cold fleume not mixed with collar, there things very sharp and hot be most convenient, as tart vinegar with hot roots and seeds, or wines strong and rough, hony being sudden in the one and the other, or where choler is mixed with fleume, syrup acetose made with vinegar and sugar boiled, sometime with herbs, roots, or seeds, which may dissolve fleume & digest it.    

¶ Dicte of them, which are of sanguine complexion. Cap. xv.  
FOrasmothe as in sanguine men blood most reigneth, which is soon corrupted, it shal be necessary for them, which are of that complexion, to be circumspect in earynge meate, that shortly coil receive putrefaction, as the more parte of fruits, specially not being perfitly ripe, also mea tes that be of yl juice, as flesh of beasts to old, or to young, udders of beasts, brains except of capons and chickens, marrow of the backebone, much use of onions, lekes, garlic, much use of old figs, much use of raw herbs, and al thing, wherein is excess of heat, cold, or moisture, meats that be stale, fishes of the fens or muddye waters, and to much sleep, as experience sheweth.   

¶ diet of choleric persons. Cap. xvi.  
TO them, which be choleryke, being in their natural temperature and having not from their youth used the contrary, gross meats moderately taken, be more convenient, than the meats that be fine, and better shall they digest a piece of good beef, than a chickens leg. Choler of his property rather burning than well digestynge meats of light substance, not withstanding some gentlemen, which be nycely brought up in their infancy, may not so well sustain that diet as poor men, being the more parte used to gross meats. wherefore their diet must be in a temperance, as young beef, old veal, mutton, and venyson powdered, young goose, and such like, conseruinge their complexion with meats like thereunto in quality and degree, accrodyng to the counsel of Hipocrates. And as he perceiveth choler to abound, so to interlace meats, which be could in a moderate quantity, & to allay their wine more or lasse with water, eschewing hot spices, hot wines, and excessive labour, whereby 〈◇〉 body may be much chaufed. Also he may● eat oftenet in the day, than any other: foreseen, that there be such distance between his meales, as the meate before eaten be fully digested. which in some person is more, in some lasse, according to the heat and strength of his stomach, no tinge alway, that the choleric person digesteth more meate than his appetite desireth, the melancolyke person desireth by false appetite more than his stomach may digest. And to a choleric person, it is right dangerous, to use long abstin●●e: for choler, finding nothing in the stomach to concoct, it fareth than, as where a little pottage or milk, being in a vessel over a great fire, it is burned to the vessel, and unsavoury fumes & vapours do issue out therof. Likewise in a choleric stomach, by abstinence, these inconveniences do happen, humours adust, consumynge of natural moisture, fumosities and stinking vapours, ascending up to the heed, whereof is engendered, duskynge of the eyes, heed aches, hot and thyn ●eumes, after every little surfete, and many other inconue●iences. wherefore beside the opinion of best learned men, mine own peynful experience also moveth me, to exhort them, which be of this complexion, to eschew much abstinence. And although they be studious, and use little exercise, yet in the morning, to eat somewhat in little quantity, and not to study immediately, but first to sit a while, and after to stand or walk softly, which using these two yeres, I and also other, that haue long known me, haue perceived in my body a great alteration, that is to say, from ill estate to better. Alway remember, that if any other humour do abound in the choleryke person, as fleume, or melancholy, than until that humour be expelled, the diet must be cortectiue of that humour, and therfore more hot and fine, than the natural diet before ●ehersed: but yet there wolde be alway respect had to the natural complexion, some time suffering the person to eat ordrynke that, which nature working, seruently desireth.   

¶ diet of phlegmatic persons. Cap. xvii.  
IT is to be remembered, that pure fleume is properly could and moist, and lacketh taste. salt fleume is my●●e with choler, and therfore hath not in him so much cold nor humidity, as pure fleume hath: & therfore it requireth a temperance in things hot & dry, whereby fleume is digested or expulsed. To phlegmatic persons al meats at noyful, which are very could, viscous or slimy, fat or sone putrefied, eating much and often, specially meats ingendringe fleume, which be remem bread in the table preceding. Al things be good, which are hot and dry, also meats and drinks which be sour: onions also, and ga●lyke, moderatelye used, be very commendable, in pure fleume not mixed with choler, much using of salt, specially dried. Pepper gross beaten and ea ten with meate, ought to be with all phlegmatic persons familiar, also ginger is right convenient, but not to be so frequently used as pepper, for as much as the nature of pepper is, that being eaten, it passeth through the body, heatyng and comforting the stomach, not entering into the veins, or annoyenge the liver, which virtue is not in ginger. ginger condyte, the which we do call green ginger, specially candyd with Sugar, if it may be gotten, and also Myrobalaues, called kebuli, condite in India▪ be most excel lent remedies against fleume. also the herbs, which are remembered afore in the table of digestives of fleme, and the roots of parsley, fennel, yreos, Elycampane, and ca●ettes be very commendable. Exercise twice in the day, the stomach being almost empty, so that sweat begin to appear, is very expedient, cleansing of the body from al filthiness, with rubbyng and wypynge, oftentimes with washing, specially the heed and parts thereabout, moderate sweatynge in hot baths or stufes be to this complexion necessary, specially when they haue eaten or drunken excessively. The heed and feet to be kept from could, & to dwell high and fat from mores and marshes, is a rule right necessary, also to abstain from eating herbs and roots not boiled, and generally from all meats▪ which will not be easily digested.   

¶ The division of melancholy, and the diet of persons melancolike. Cap. xviii.  
melancholy is of two sorts, the one is called natural, which is only cold and dry, the other is called adust or burned. natural melancholy is as Galene saythe) the residence or dregs of the blood: and therfore is colder and thycker than the blood. melancholy adust is in four kinds, either it is of natural melancholy adust, or of the more pure parte of the blood adust, or of choler adust, or of salt fleume adust. But of all other that melancholy is wa●st, which is engendered of choler: finally all adust melancholy annoyeth the wit and iudgement of man. for when that humour is heat, it maketh men mad, and when it is extinct, it maketh men fools, forgetful, and dull. The natural melancholy 
Ex Marel lio ficino. de uita sana.  kept in his temperance, profiteth much to true judgment of the wit, but yet if ●t be to thick, it darkeneth the spirites, maketh one timorous, and the wit dull. If it be mixed with fleume, it mortifieth the blood with to much cold. wherefore it may not be so little, that the blood and spirites in their ferventness, be as it were vnbridlyd, whereof do happen vnstablenesse of wit & slipper remembrance: nor yet so much, that by the weight therof( for it is heavy, approchynge nigh to the ●●the) that we seem to be alway in sleep, and need a spur to prick us forward. wherefore it is right expedient, to keep that humour as thyn as nature will suffer it, and not to haue to much of it. But now to the diet pertaining to them, whom this humour annoyeth. The knowledge, that melancholy reigneth, is oftentimes heaviness of mind, or fear without cause, slepynesse in the members, many cramps without ●eplecion or emptiness, sudden fury, sudden incontinency of the tongue, much solicitude of light things, with paleness of the visage, and fear full dreams of terrible visyons, dreamynge of darkness, deep pits, or death of friends or acqueyntance, and of all thing that is black. The meats convenient are they, which be temperate in heat, but specially they that be moist: meats soon digested, and they rather boiled than roasted, temperately mixed with spices, milk hot from the udder, or late milked, is very conuement for that complexion, sweet almonds blaunched, and almond milk, the yolks of rear eggs, and finally all things, which engender pure blood, and all that is written in the chapter of age. All these be ill for them, wine thick or troublouse, specially red wine, meats hard, dry, very salt, or sour, burned meate, fried meate, much beef, hares flesh, beans, toket, coleworts, mustard, radish, ga●lyke, except there be much wind in the body, for than is it very wholesome, onions, lekes, finally all things, which heateth to much, keleth to much, or drieth to much, also wrath, fear, compassion, sorrow, much study or care, much idleness or rest: all thing that is grievous to see, to smell, or to here, but most specially darkness. moreover much drienge of the body, ●●ther with long watch, or with much care and ●o●●ynge of the mind, or with much lechery, or much eating and drinking of things that be hot and dry, or with immoderate evacuation, labour, abstinence, thirst, going in the air vntemperately hot, cold, or dry, all these things do annoy them that be grieved with any melancholy. It is to be diligently considered, that where melancholy happeneth of choler adust, there meats, which be hot in warking, wolde be wyselye tempered, and drinking of ho●●e wines wolde be eschewed: semblable cautel wolde be in sauoures. Not withstanding moderate use of small wines, clear, and well verdured, is herein very commendable, the humour thereby being clarified, and the spirites cleansed, but the abuse or excess therof doth as much damage. also it is right expedient, to put into wine or ale, a gadde of silver or gold, glowyng hot out of the fire, to temper hot meats with ●oses, violets, Saunders, Rose water, bourage, bugloss, balm called in latin Melyssa, or the water of all three drunken with good wine, white, or clarette, or made in a Iuley with sugar, is wonderful wholesome, chewyng of lykorise, or raisins of coraunce is right expedyente: but most of all other things, mirth, good company, gladness, moderate exercise, with moderate feedynge. And thus I leave to speak of dyetes aptly belonging to the four complexyons.    

❧ THE FOVRTHE book  

¶ What crudity is, and remedies therfore. Capitulo primo.  
concerning sickness, and things accident thereunto, I will not treat of in this work, saving onely that I will somewhat writ of two dyscracies of the body, which do happen by the excess or lack of things called not natural, whereof I haue spoken before. The one is called crudity, the other lassitude, which although they be words made of latin, having none apt english word therfore, yet by the definitions and more ample declaration of them, they shal be understand sufficiently, and from henceforth used for english. But fyrs●e it shall be necessary, to consider, that concoction is an alteration in the stomach of meats and drinks, according to their qualities, whereby they are made like to the substance of the body. crudity is a vycious concoction of things received, they not being holly or perfitly altered. The cause therof is, sometime the distemperature of the stomach, sometime inflammations, sometime matter congealed, or impostumes in the stomach, otherwhile ingurgitation of meate and drink: or for the vicious quality of the same meats or drinks, or the ●eceyuyng therof out of order, or lack of exercise, or of convenient evacuation. The mean to escape crudity, is to be diligent in observation of the councils before written, concerning the things called not natural, not much using meats that be very hard to concoct, also fat meate and meats long kept, also corrupted or stinking, sweet fruits, and banqueting dishes, hasty feeding without good chewynge, also much or very oft drinking at meales, very much heat, or very much cold after meate. This affect of crudity, perceived by somme ill savour, rising out of the stomach, the most speedy remedy is vomit, if that it may be done without great difficulty: but if it be grievous unto the patient, than let him rest & abstain al that day or more, if that need be: afterward, with suppositories or other light remedies, provoke himself to the stool. A●tius wolde, that he should drink a draught of cold 
A●ti ' sermone. 9  water, affyrmynge, that thereby the stomach being corroborated, driveth out of him down into the belie, that which cleaveth fast to it. I myself using to drink fasting, very small bier or ale, when I haue ben in that case, haue found ease by it. Paulus Aeg●eta willeth, that at the beginning, the legs and arms should be 
Paul. Egi. lib. 2.  rubbed with a course linen cloth, the legs downward to the feet, the arms to the tops of the fingers, and when they be well chaufed, than to rub them again with some oil, that doth open the poores, and dyscusse the vapou●s, as oil of cam●myll, oil of anete, and other like. he praiseth much Mulse, or the water of hony, specially yf some I soap be boiled in it. Galene, & all other, do agree, that in this case, Pepper bruysed and eaten with meat, is very expedient: And where there is much wind in the stomach, than to eat all times of the day of the medicine made of the three kinds of pepper, time, anise seed, & hony clarified, which is called Diatrion pipereon, or that which is called Diaspoliticon, or Diapiganon, which is made of cummyne, steeped 
Galen ' de menda sa ni. lib. 5.  one day and a night, or longer in tart vinegar, and after feyed or laid on a burning hote ston, and made in powder, also pepper, & rue dried somewhat, and made into powder, all in equal portions, and mixed with clarified hony. Galene addeth thereto salt peter, called in latin Nitrum. The confection made with the juice of quynces, and is called Diacytoniten, is very excellent, but it is to be diligently noted, that where eruditie is in a choleric person, there wolde the said medicines be temperately used, and the said Diacytoniten, to haue little or no spices in it. And for my part, being the space of four yeres continually in this crudity, I never found any thing to be compared to fine Reubarbe, chewed with raisins of corens, which I took by the counsel of the worshipful and well learned physician, master doctor Augustine, who in his manners declareth the ancient gentleness of his blood, which medicine I do not leave to use daily fasting, when I feel such crudity to begin. Also syrup acetose, that is to say, sugar sudden in pure vinegar, and little water, until it be thick as a syrup, is sometime convenient, and that as well to choleric personnes, as unto phlegmatic: and yf fleume be abundant, than with roots and seeds of fenelle and parsley sudden with it. Also in that case Oxymel, that is to say, hony and water sudden together, with the said roots and seeds, and a quantity of vinegar put thereto in the boylynge, is very commendable, yf the patient be very costive, than the medicine of Galene, called Hierapicra, from half an ounce to an ounce, taken in water of hony or ale, or taken in pills the weight of a groat and a h 〈…〉 two groats, yf the stuff be good, will purge the body sufficiently, without making the body weaker. Also that medicine by clensynge the stomach and body, delivereth a man and woman, from many perilous sicknesses. If the humours in the stomach be not putrefied, but that it is grieved with abundance of salt fleume, I haue found that milk new milked, wherein is put a quantity of good honey or sugar, and three leaves of good spear mints, and a little boiled, so being drunk warm fasting, the quantity of a pint, and restinge on it, without eating or drinking any other thing the space of three houres after, haue abundantly purged and comforted the stomach, but where there is no fleume, but onely choler, it is not so wholesome, but rather hurteth, making fumosities in the heed, whereof cometh heed ache.   

¶ Of Lassuude. Capitulo. ii.  
LAssicude is a disposition toward sickness, wherein a man feeleth a soorenesse, a swelling or an inflammation. soreness happeneth of humours sharp and gnawing, as after great exercise and labours, which lassitude happeneth to them, whose bodies are full of yl juice and excrements. Also after crudity in them, which ar not exercised, or do abide long in the heat of the 
Acti ● li. 3.  son. It may also be in the body, wherein is good juice, if he be fatigate with immoderate exercise. In them, which do feel this lassitude, the skin 
Galen ' de menda sa ni. lib. 5.  appeareth thick and rough, & there is felt a grief sometime in the skin onely, sometime also in the flesh, as it were of a sore. The cure therof, is by much and pleasant rubbyng, with sweet oils, which haue not the virtue to restrain or close, and that with many hands, and afterward to exercise moderately, and to be bained in water sweet and temperate in heat. also than must be given meats of good juice, pottage but seld, wine is not to be forboden. for unto wine, vneth any thing may be compared, that so well dygesteth crude humours. it also provoketh sweat & urine, and maketh one to sleep soundly. but if this lassitude do abide the night and day following, or waxeth more and more, than if the patient be of good strength and young, and hath abundance of blood, let him be let blood, or provoke the hemoroides or piles to bleed, if they do appear. But yf it procede of the malice of any humour, without abundance of blood, than resort to purgations apt for the humour that grieveth. The tokens whereof, shall appear as well by the colour of the skin and die●e precedyng, as by urine, ordure, sweat, thirst, and appetite, as it is rehearsed before in the complexions. If the ill blood be little in quantity, and the crude humours abundant, than shal he not be let blood, nor vehemently purged, neither shall exercise or move himself, nor be bained, for all exercise carrieth humors throughout al the body, and stoppith the powers. wherefore these maner of persons, should be kept in rest, and such meats drinks and medicines should be given to them, which should attenuate or dissolve the grossness of the humors, without notable heat, as oxymel, barley water, & muise, if the patient abhor not hony. And for as much as in the said personnes, commonly there is abundance of wind about their stomachs, therfore pepper, specially long pepper, or white, is very convenient to be used, and the medicine before written, called Diaspoliticum. when the humors are dissolved, than is it good to drink white wine, or small clarette wine moderately.   

¶ Lassitude extensive. Capit. iii.  
Whan one thinketh that he doth feel a swelling or bollyng of the body, where in dede there doth not appear in sight or touching any swelling, that is called Lassitude extensive, if it happeneth without exercise or vehement moving. This doth happen of excessive multitude of humors, which do extend the muscles or fyllettes. In this no soreness is felt, but onely an heaviness with extension or thrustyng out of the body. And because that there is abundance of blood in the body, best remedy is to be letten blood about the the elbow or ankle, after to be purged, than to use soft fricasyes with oils afore rehearsed, afterward much rest and temperate baths, and meats lacking sharpness, and being abstersive.   

¶ Lassitude with the feeling of inflammation. Capitulo. iiii.  
IF without any moving, the muscles and flesh rise up in the body, as it swelled with great pains and exceeding heat, than sone after followeth most hottest fevers, except it be prevented by letting of blood, and that in abundance, and almost to swooning, but it were more sure to be let 
Aetius.  blood twice in one day, the first time without sownyng, at the next time sownynge is not to be feared. If the grief be in the neck or head, the blood must be let of the vain called Cephalea, or the shoulder vain. If it be in the bulk or uppermost part of the body, than must the vain be cut, which is called Basilica, or the innermost vain. If all the body be grieved, than cut the veyn, which is name Mediana. or the middle vain. If a fever remain after blood letting, than order him with the diet of them that haue fevers, which ye shall finde written hereafter. If noo fever remain, than use moderate fricasies, and little eating, & that of meats having good juice, increacynge by little and little to the natural diet.   

¶ diet of them that are redy to fall into sickness. Capitulo v.  
now return eftsoons to speak of diet, it is to be remembered, that they, which are redy to fall into diseases, they are prepared thereunto, either by repletion of superfluous humors, or else by crudity or malice of humours, which ar in them. As touching the first, the general diet must be such, as thereby the humours may be attenuate, and by convenient evacuation, brought to a moderate quantity. As for the second must be corrected with meats and drinks of contrary qualities, having alway respect to the age of the person, time of the year, place of habitation, and most specially the universal complexion, for choler offending in an old man, in winter time, in a cold country, or the person being of his natural complexion phlegmatic or melancholy, wolde not be so habundantly expulsed or subdued, as if it be in one young and lusty, in the hot summer, in the countreys, where the son fervently burneth, or the person of his proper nature is very choleric. And in likewise contrary. wherefore every man, knowing his own natural complexion, with the quality of the humour that offendeth, let him make temperance his chief cook, and remembering that which I haue before declared, ordain to himself such diet, as may reform the offence with none or little annoyance, to his universal complexion. And yf he can so do, he shall happily escape, not only dyvers sicknesses, but also the most pernicious danger, proceeding of corrupted drowges or spices, whereof some covetous poticaries do make medicines, maugre the hedes of good and well learned physicians.   

¶ sickness most commune to particular times of the year and ages. Cap. vi.  
although I do not intend to write of the cure of egritudes or sicknesses confirmed, as well because it mought be reputed in me a great presumption, as also forasmoche as it were very perilous, to dyuulgate that noble science, to commune people, not learned in liberal sciences and philosophy, which be required to be suffi ciently in a physician. And moreover, many books of Hipocrates and Galene ought to be radde, before that one do take vpon him the general cure of mennes bodies: yet not withstanding, I trust I may without any note of arrogaunce write, what diseases do most commonly happen in sundry times of the year and ages of men and women, with some significations, whereby the dyscrasy or distemperature of the body is perceived, to the intent that the physician being far of, may be truly informed, considering that urines far carried, do often deceive them, and likewise lack of the sight of the patient, and inquisition of things, which do precede or follow the sickness. And with this I trust none honest and charitable physician coil be offended, but rather give to me thankes for my diligence, in the aduauncyng of their estimation, which by lack of perfytte instruction hath ben appaired.  

¶ sicknesses of spring time.  
Diseases proceeding of melancholy, as madness, falling sickness, bleedynges, quynses, poses, hoorsenes, coughs, lepries, scabs, ache in the joints.   

¶ sicknesses of summer.  
¶ Many of the said diseases also fevers continual, hot fevers, fevers terciane, quartayns, do mites, flyxes, watryng of eyes, pains of the ears, blysters & sores of the mouth & sweattynges.   

¶ sicknesses of autumn.  
dyvers of summer sicknesses, also oppilations of the spleen, dropsies, consumptions, strangulyons, costyuenesse, ache in the huckle bones, shortness of wind, fretting of the bowels, falling sickness, and melancolyke diseases.   

¶ sicknesses of winter.  
Stytches and griefs in the sides, inflammation of the lungs, rheums, coughs, pains in the breast, sides, and loins, heed ache, and palseyes.   

Spekenesses happenynge to children.  
¶ when they be new born, there do happen to them sores of the mouth called Aphte, vomiting, coughs, watching, fearfulness, inflammations of the navel, moisture of the ears.  
when they breed teeth, ytchinge of the gums, fevers, cramps, and lasks.  
when they wax elder, than be they grieved with kernelles, openness of the mould of th● heed, shortness of wind, the ston of the bladder, wor mes of the belly, warts, swellings under the chin, and in england commonly purpyls, mea sels, and small pocks.   

sickness happening to young men from .xiiii. yeres of age.  
¶ fevers cotidiane, tercyane, quarteyne, hot fevers, spittinge or vomytinge of blood, pleuresies, diseases of the sides, inflammation of the lungs, lethargies, fransy, hote sicknesses, cholerik passions, costiuenes or vehement lasks.   

¶ sicknesses of age.  
¶ difficulty of breath, rheums with coughs, strangulyon, and difficulty in pissinge, ache in the joints, diseases of the raynes, swymmynges in the heed, palseyes, ytchinge of all the body, lack of sleep, moisture in the eyes and ears, dulness of sight, hardness of hearing, tisiknesse or shortness of breath.  
Although many of the said sicknesses do happen in every time and age: yet because they be most frequent in the said times & ages, I haue written thē, to thintent, th● in the ages & ●ymes most inclined unto thē, such things might be than eschewed, which are apt to ingendre th● said diseases.    

The general significations and tokens of sickness. Cap. vii.  
YF the body be hotter, colder, moister, drier, leaner, fuller, the colour more pale, or swart, the eyes more hollow, than is accustomend to be, it signifieth that the body is disposed to sickness, or already sick.  The brain sick. 

Rauynge.  
forgetfulness.  
fantasy.  
Humours coming from th● roof of the mouth, the eyes, the nose, or the ears.  
watch.  
sleep.   The heart sick. 

difficulty of breath.  
trembling of the heart.  
beating of the pulse.  
fevers.  
cold.  
diversity of colours.  
grief about the hart.   The liver sick. 

lack or abundance of humours.  
The form of th● body altered.  
paleness.  
Concoction.  
Digestion.  
Alteration of excrements accustomend.  
pain in the place of th● liver.  
Swellinge.  
difficulty of breath.   The stomach sick. 

Concoction, slow or quick.  
Appetite of moist or dry, dull or quick.  
Separacion of excrements moist or herde with their colours.  
Yexynge.  
Belkynge.  
Vometynge with pain and difficulty of breath.  
urine much or little with the colour and substance, to read or to pale, to thick or to thyn.   The breast. 

difficulty of breath.  
Cowghe.  
Spyttinge.  
pain in the breast.   
¶ This haue I written, not to give iudgement thereby, but onely for the patient to haue in a readiness, to thintent that what so ever he feeleth or perceiveth in every of the said things, therof to instruct his physician, whereunto he may adapt his counsel and remedies.   

¶ Of urynes. Cap. viii.  
forasmuch as now a dayes the most common iudgement in sickness is by vrynes, which being far carried or much moved, or standing long after that it is made, the form therof is so altered, that the physician shall not perfitly perceive the natural colour, nor contents, although it be never so well chaufed at the fire, as Actuarius and other great learned men do affirm. I will therfore somewhat speak of urines not so much as a physician knoweth, but as much as is necessary to every man, for to perceive the place and cause of his grief, whereby he may the better instruct the physician.  
¶ First in urine, four things are to be considered, that is to say, the substance, the colour, the regions or partes of the urine, and the contents or things therein contained.  
Also forasmuch as in the body of man be four qualities, heat, cold, moisture, and dryth, two of them, heat and could, are causes of the colour, dryth and moisture are causes of the substance.  
moreover in urine, being in a vessel apt ther unto to be sene, are three regions. The lowest region in the bottom of the urinal, containing the space of two fingers or little more. The middle region, from whence the lowest ended unto the cerkle. The highest region is the cerkle.  
The highness of the colour signifieth heat, the pale, black, or green, signifieth cold.  
Also the grossness or thickness of the urine signifieth moisture, the clearness or thynnes, signifieth dryth.  
¶ The colours of Vrynes.  perfect digestyon. Ercesse of digestion. Adustion of humours. feebleness or mortification of nature, except it be in purging of melancholy. lack of digestion. Pale like to broth of flesh sudden. The beginning of digestion. The middle of digestion. white and thin betokeneth melancholy to haue dominyon. white and thick, signifieth fleume. red and thick betokeneth sanguine. red and thin betokenethe choler to haue the souerayntie.  

¶ The substance of the urine. Cap. ix.  
AT the first pissyng, all urines well nigh do appear thyn, as long as they abide warm. for natural heat, during the time that it prevaileth, suffereth not that the liquor, which is the substance of the urine, to congele or be thick for any occasion: but after that heat is gone, some urines shortly, some a longer time after, wax thick, like wise sometime, some at pissed thicker, and after wax clear, some remain still as they were made, some be meetly thick, as they were troubled, some very thick and gross. They that wax clear, sone do gather that, which is thick into the bottom of the vrinal, some remain troubled, the grossness not withstanding gathered in the bottom. Semblably the diversity of thyn or subtle urines, must be perceived, that is to say, that some are very subtle as water. some lasse subtle, some in a mean between thick and thin.  
¶ Of things contained in the urine, some do descend down to the bottom, and be called in a greek word Hypostasis, in english some call it the grounds, some the residence, which yf it be white, light, rising up from the bottom of the urinal, like a pear, it signifieth health, if it be of any other figure or colour, it betokeneth some annoyance. If like things be sene in the middle of the urinal, they be called sublations, if they approach unto the highest region of the urine, they be name clouds, in latin Nebulae. The grounds or residences not perfit, some is like little red vetches, and is called in latin Orobea, some is like to bran of wheat ground, and severed from the meal, and is called branny residence, in latin Furfurea, some be like unto plates, having breadth and length without thickness, and may be name platy residence, in latin Laminea. some is like to meal, wheat, or barley, and may be name mealy residence, in latin Similacea.  
¶ There is also seen in the urine like to white hears, some longer, some shorter. sometime like to rags somewhat read. there is also sene in the vppermoste parte of the urine, sometime a foam or froth, sometime belles or bobles. sometime there swimmeth in the urine a thing like a copwebbe, otherwhile ther is about the cerkle, as it were the rentynge of cloth, sometime there is in the urine like motes of the son, sometime like the matter of a sore, otherwhyle like the seed of a man. also grauelle or sand. And in these things may be dyvers colours, some white, some read, some between both, some yellow, some graye, and some black. All this must be diligently marked, and therof separately to advertise the physician, unto whom I refer the iudgement of the sickness, for the cause afore rehearsed, and for as much as the iudgement of them is very subtle.  
Semblably of ordure, whither it be very thyn or very thick: what other matter yssueth out with it, what colour it is of, the savour very great, little or none, yf it were easily expulsed, or peynefully, how oft or how seldom.  
moreover of sweat, what colour it is of, and of what savour, yf in tastinge it be salt, sour, bitter, or unsavoury.  
Also the vomit, yf it be of one colour or many, yf it do smell horribly, of what humour it had most abundance, yf it were fasting, or after meales, yf it were peynefull or easy.  
likewise spettyl, whether it be thick or thin, or mixed with blood or matter corrupt, accordingly of the humour issuynge out at the nose, and if that be blood, than whither it be read, watery or black.  
moreover, it may not be forgotten, to advertise the physician of the diet used by the patient, as well afore the sickness, as in the time of the sickness, his age, the strength of his body, his exercise, and place, where he longest abod● in his youth, whether it were hye or low, watery or dry, hot or cold.  
This I trust shall be sufficient, to instruct a physician, he that desireth to know more particularly hereof, let him rede the books of Hipocrates Galene, Cornelius Celsus, Actuarius, Paulus, and dyvers other late writers, for this little treatise may not receive it.   

The precepts of the ancient physician Diocles unto king Antigonus. Cap. x.  
We will now divide the body of man into four partes, the heed, the boulke, called in latin thorax, which containeth the breast, the sides, the stomach, and entrails. The bely, called in Latin venture, containeth the panche and the bowels. Also the bladder, called in latin vesica, in the which name is also contained the cundytes, by the which brine passeth. when any disease approacheth to the heed, these tokens do commonly precede, swymmynge in the heed, heed ache, heaviness of the brows, soundynge in the ears, pryckynges in the temples, the eyes in the morning do water, or wax dynime, the smelling is dull, th● gums do swelle. when thou feelest such tokens, forthwith purge the heed with somewhat, not with vehement medicines, but taking hyssop or Organum, and the crops of them boil with white or claret wine half a pint, and therwith gargarise your mouth fasting, until the fleume be purged out of poure heed, this is the easiest medicine in dyscracies of the heed. It is also very wholesome to gargarise the mouth and breast with hony water, whereinto mustard is put and mingled, but first the heed must be rubbed with a warm cloth, that the fleume may easily come out of the heed. And yf these tokens be neglected, these maner of sicknesses do follow sone after, bleared eyes, & humour lettinge th● sight, cleftes in the ears, swellings in the neck full of matter, called the kings evil, corruption of the brain, poses, or rheums, heaviness of the head, and tooth ache.  
Whan the boulke is like to suffer any sickness it is perceived by these tokens, all the body is in a sweat, the bulk most specially, the tongue waxeth thick, the spettyll is either salt or bitter, or choleric, the sides and shoulders do ache without any occasion, the patient gapeth often, also there doth happen much waking, suffocations or lack of breath, thirst after sleep, the mind is vexed with heaviness, also the breast and arms are very cold, and the hands do tremble. Against these things this remedy may be prouy ded. After a moderate supper, assay to vomit without any medicine, vomit is also profitable, which meate doth follow: He that in such wise will vomit, let him eat hastyly small radysshe roots, townketsis, rocket, synuy, or purslane, and drink after it a great quantity of warm water, and provoke himself to vomit. He that setteth little by the said tokens, let him fear these sicknesses following, the pleurisy, the sickness of the lungs, melancholy or madness, sharp fevers, the fransye, the letargie, inflammation with yexinge.  
If any sickness be toward the belly, they may be espied by these tokens, the belly is first wrapped together, and in itself is troubled, all meats and drinks do seem bitter in taste, he feeleth heaviness in his knees, a styffenes in his loins, a wearynesse in all his body without any occasion, a slepynesse in his legs, with a little fever, when thou feleste these tokens, mollyfie the belly, not with medicine, but with good order of diet, for it is best and most sure, to use those things, whereof lightly may ensue none annoyance, in the number of them are betes boiled in water of hony, garlic sudden, mallows, sorel, mercury, and al things condite in hony. All these do expel the ordute of the bely: but if any of the said signs doth more & more increase, the lyquour, wherein the seed of Carthamus, called also Cnicus, is boiled, is a pleasant & sure medicine. small coleworts boiled in a good quantity of water, the haviour therof in measure .ii. pints, saving the third parte of a pint, with hony & salt being drunken, shal profit much. Cicer, & the pulse called in latin eruum, in englishe I suppose chittes) in water drunk fasting, hath the same effect. To them, which set little by the said tokens, these diseases do suddenly happen, flux of the belly, bloody flux, slyppernes of the bowels, pains in the guts, ache in huckle bones the fever tercyane, the gout, the apoplexy or pal say in the limbs, hemoroides, aching of joints.  
when the bladder is toward any sickness, it is perceived by these tokens, fullness felt after ly tell meat, brekyng wind downward and upward, paleness of colour in all the body, heavy or troublous sleapes, the urine pale, and passing forth peynefully, swellings about the cods & privy members. when these tokens appear, than is it expedient to haue remedy of odiferous things, which do expel urine, which shall be done without any peril with the roots of fennel & parsley steeped one or two dayes in good white wine and to drink therof fasting every morning three ounces and two dooms, with the water of wild carets, or elycampane, which of these is next at hand, every of them haue like effect. Also water, wherein the peasyn called in latin Ciceres, are steeped, being drunk with wine, is like commodious: he that neglecteth the said tokens, let him look for these sicknesses following, the dropsy, the greatness of the spleen, grief in the liver, the ston, ache of the back, or pains in the raynes, the difficulty of urine, fullness of the bely. In all these things that we haue spoken of, we shal give to children most easy medicines, to men those, which be stronger in working.  
This diet of Diocles, although at this time it seemeth not most pleasant, nor according to the practise now used, yet being tempered with that, which I haue before remembered, some thing may be found in it, which being experienced, may be as commodious for the health of mans body, as that diet, which is morecuryous or pleasant.   

Of them in whose musics meat is corrupted. Cap. xi.  
THey in whom customably meat is corrupted, let them afore that they eat any meate, assay to vomit, drinking sweet wine, abstain from meat, that engender botches, inflammations, fumous ructuations or vapours, and take such as nourysh good juice, and choose them out, which do mollify the bely, & at sundry times take them. It is also good to take temperately th● which looseth the bely, as the medicine called picra, and to abstain from such things, whereby ill juice is gathered, and do engender sicknesses, hard to be cured or never, as gouts, boneache, pains of the raynes &c.   

Of the virtue of meats. Cap. xii.  
HE that is studious about the conservation of health, he needeth to know the virtue of meats. The meate which hath virtue to 
Oribasius de medici na simpli.  extenuate, or make humours subtle, it openeth the poores, and bringeth forth that which is fast in the flesh, it maketh that which is clammye, subtle, and doth extenuate, or relent that which is fat, it bringeth forth that which abideth long in the belly, but that which is eaten, is a superfluity watery and choleric, and at length maketh melancolyke blood. wherefore much using of them is prohibited, specially to them; that are choleric, and only serveth for them that are replete with fleume, crude or undigested humours, clammy or fat. The diet of fattinge things, doth nourish abundantly, so that the stomach and liver do digest well: meate of good juice, maketh good blood, but yet it stoppeth the liver and spleen. These do they, which make fat humours onely, as the pulse called Lenticula, and they that are slimy like mallows, some do make fat humours, & be also slimy, as fishes with hard shells. finally the diet, which doth extenuate and make lean, is more sure for keeping of health, than that, which fatteth much. Norishyng meats would be therfore moderately used, when a man perceiveth himself to haue need therof, it may be most surely used of them that be exercised temperately, and can sleep when they list. They that can not sleep by reason of exercise, let them eschew fattynge meats, let none ydelle person attempt to use them. In the preservation of health, sluggardy is the greatest mischief. Like as the temperate moving is good, so is the meate which between thick and thin, is to mannes health most convenient, which engendereth blood, according to the competent constitution of mans body, & therfore is it to be chiefly used. Meate of ill juice is alway noyful, wherefore it ought to be eschewed. likewise the variety of meats is to be observed diligently, for it is a great thing to couple well together things of contrary virtues. for if they be not well digested, that which is received, may bring displeasure.   

¶ A diet preservative in the time of pestilence. Capitulo. xiii.  
THe bodies most apt to be infected, are specially sanguine, next choleric, than phlegmatic last melancolyke, for in them the humour being cold and dry, is most unapt to receive putrefaction, having also straight passages, by the which venom must pass. The diet convenient for th● time is to abstain from meats, inflamig & openig th● pores 
Marfilius ●●inus.  also from the heat of the son, from to much heat of fire, or garmentis, from very hot herbs, & much use of tart things, except onions and cikory, or radishe with vinegar. for they do resist against venom, from wine very fumishe, exercise incontinent after meales, from swetting, from al thingis that will cause oppilations & putrefaction, from things hot & moist, where moisture hath the dominion in degree, specially being not sufficiently boiled: also from milk, except it be in a little quantity, & that with a little sugar. Frutis & herbs could & dry, & therwith sour or somewhat bitter, are not prohibited. If ye eat figs, grapes, or sweet cherries, eat after them of an orange with salt. If ye eat things could & moist, as cucumbers, melones, fish soft and fresh, or damsyns, eat by and by after some fennel, and orange with salt, drinking therwith a draught of good wine. Beware of musherons, much purslane, gourdis, and al other things, which will sone putrifie: not withstanding, I will not forbid eating of lettuce, with a few mints, or mixed with cynamom. Al things sour ar commended, as well in diet conseruatiue, as in that which is curative or healeth, except where there is straytnesse of the breast, or weakness of the stomach, than ought they to be tempered with sugar, salt, almond milk, cinamom, pepper, fennel, saffron, eggs, and some thing that is fat or unctuous. Capers ar good to be used with vinegar. cheese very fat and salt, is not commended, no more is coleworts, or any kind of pulse, except chittes: great peason, rapes, nor spynache is good. Also there be forboden rocket and mustard, much wine and eggs, except they be eaten with shovel sauce, vinegar, or juice of oranges: parsley and also parsnepes be good. new wines be noyful, let the meate be somewhat more than drink. but yet sustain not to much hunger nor ●hyrst. beware of lechery, of a cloudy wether and close, eschew much resort or thronge of people, winds coming from fens or mores, from sleep at none: use with your meate this powder, sanders red, half an ounce, cynamom three dooms and a half, saffron half a dram. After your meate, eat a little of coriander seed, well prepared. In the morning, at a temperate fire comb your heed backward, cleanse your body and heed of all superfluities: use also moderate fricasies, with sweet perfumes, and odouts, wash oftentimes your face and hands with pure vinegar mixed with rose-water. In cold wether mixed it with mints, balm, rue, or myrtes, and some time cloves. In hot summer with roses or violets. above all things use to take white wine good, white vinegar rosette, water of roses, in equal portions, put ther unto a little setuale, or of the rind of a citton, and drink therof a little, and oftentimes wash ther with your handis and visage. Medicines preservative against the pestilence, which be alway most redy, at these, a fig with rue, and a wall nut eaten fasting, also triakle, or mithridate, to old men a dram weight, to young men half a dram, or a scruple dissolved in vinegar and rose water, or in water of tormentil, scabiose, or balm, if the plague be in summer: if it be in winter, put to the waters some white wine. Also the pills called commonly Pillul● Rasis, but in dede they were invented by Rufus) are very excellent, specially if the aloe, which is it, be washed, and there unto added a little Bolus armenus, & terra sigillata, And if the person be of hot complexion, a quantity of shovel seed, and read cotall, this confectioned with syrup of cittons, in could complexions or to old men with white wine, use them every third day one pille at a time, three houres or four afore dinet or supper. If ye take triakle or Mithridate, abstain from meate at the least six houres after. A piece of the root of setual, born in the mouth, preseruith from infection. In likewise doth shovel chewed fasting, and the juice sucked down. To poor men, Marsilius was wont to give a toste of bread steped in vinegar, with a piece of an onion or rue. Al things which be cordial, that is to say, which do in any wis● comfort the hart, do resist pestilence, vehement anger, or heaviness, be very pernicious. other more exquisite and costly preservatives, I pourposely pass over, which Marsilius, & other physicians, do writ of abundantly, forasmuch as I desire to be in this work compendious. One thing I had almost forgotten, that there is no better preservative, than to fle from the place corrupted, betime and far of, and to let none approach you, that hath made their abode, where the plague is fervent. More over receive not into your house any stuff, that cometh out of a house, wherein any person hath ben infected. For it hath been sene, that such stuff lying in a coffer fast shut by the space of two yeres, after that the coffer hath bē opened, they which haue stand nigh to it, haue ben infected, & sone after haue died. But here I alway except the power of god, which is wonderful, & also merciful, above mans reason or counsel, preseruing or strikig whom, when, & where it shal like his majesty, to whom be glory & praise everlasting. Amen.  
¶ thus make I an end of this treatise, desiring them that shall take profit thereby, to defend it against enuyouse disdain, on whom I haue set the adventure, for the love that I bear to my country: requiring all honest physicians to remember, that the intent of my labour was, the men and women reading this work, and observing the counsels therein, should adapte thereby their bodies, to receive more sure remedy by the medicines prepared by good physicians in damgerous sicknesses, they keeping good diet, and infourminge diligently the same physicians, of the maner of their affects, passions, and sensible tokens. And so shall the noble and most necessary science of physic, with the ministers therof, escape the slander, which they haue of long time sustained, and according to the precept of the wise man, be worthily honoured, for asmuch as the highest god did create the physician, for mans necessity. And of the earth created medicine, and th● wise man shal not abhor it. Thus fare ye well gentle readers, and forget me not with your good report, and pray to God that I be never wars occupied.    

Londini in aedibus Thomae Bertheleti typis impress.  
Cum privilegio ad imprimendum solum.  
ANNO M. D. XXXIX.