THE castle of Health, Corrected, and in some places Augmented by the first Author thereof, Sir Thomas Elyot Knight.  
AND NOW NEWLIE perused and printed in the year of our Lord. 1595.  

BY wisdom PEACE BY PEACE PLENTY.   
AT LONDON Printed by the widow Orwin, and are to be sold by Matthew Lownes.   

THE proem OF SIR THOMAS ELIOT KNIGHT, INTO his book called the castle of Health.  
GAlen the most excellent physician feared, that in writing a compendious doctrine for the curing of sickness, he should lose all his labour, for as much as no man almost did endeavour himself to the finding of truth, but that all men did so much esteem riches, possessions, authority, and pleasures, that they supposed them, which were studious in any parte of Sapience, to bee mad or distracted of their wits, for as much as they deemed the chief Sapience, which is in knowledge of things belonging as well to God as to man, to haue no being. Since this noble writer found that lack in his time, when there flourished in sundry Countries a great multitude of men, excellent in all kindes of learning, as it doth yet appear by some of their works, why should I be grieved with reproaches, wherewith some of my country do recompense me, for my labours taken without hope of temporal reward, only for the fervent affection, which I haue ever born toward the public weal of my country? A worthy matter, saith one, Sir Thomas Elyot is become a physician, and writeth in physic, which beseemeth not a Knight, he might haue been much better occupied. truly if they will call him a physician, which is studious about the weal of his country, I voutchsafe they so name me, for during my life, I will in that affection alway continue. And why, I pray you, should men haue in disdain or small reputation the science of physic? Which being well understood, truly experienced, and discreetly ordered, doth conserve health, without the which all pleasures be painful, riches unprofitable, company annoyance, strength turned to feebleness, beauty to loathsomeness, sences are dispersed; eloquence interrupted, remembrance confounded, which hath been considered of wise men, not only of the private estate, but also of Emperours, Kings, and other great Princes, who for the universal necessity, and incomparable utility, which they perceived to be in that science of physic, they did not only advance & honour it with special privileges, but also diuers & many of them were therein right studious, in so much as juba the King of Mauritanie & Lybia, found out the virtuous qualities of the herb called Euforbium Gentius King of Illyria, found the virtues of Gentiā. The herb Lysimachia took his name of King Lysimachus▪ Mithridates the great King of Pontus, found first the virtues of Scordion, and also invented the famous medicine against poison, called Mithridate. Arthemisia queen of Carta found the virtues of Mother wort, which in latin beareth her name, whereby her noble renown hath longer continued, then by the making of the famous Monument over her dead husband, called Mausoleum, although it were reckoned among the wonderful works of the world, and yet her name with the said herb still abideth, whiles the said Monument a thousand yeares passed, was utterly dissolved.  
It seemeth, that physic in this realm hath been well esteemed, since the whole study of Sale●ne, at the request of a King of England, wrote and set forth a compendious and profitable treatise, called the governance of Health, in latin Regimen Sanitatis: And I trust in almighty God, that our sovereign Lord the Kings majesty, who daily prepareth to stablish among us true and vnco●●upted doctrines, will shortly examine also this parte of study, in such wise, as things apt for medicines, growing in this realm, by▪ conference with most noble authors may be so known, that we shall haue less need of things brought out of far Countries by the cor 〈…〉 on whereof, innumerable people haue perished, without blame to be given to 〈…〉 hisitions, saving only, that some of them be not diligent enough in beholding 〈…〉 drugs or ingredients, at all times dispensed and tried.  
Besides the said Kings whom I haue rehearsed, other honourable personages haue written in this most excellent doctrine, and not onely of the speculative part, but also of the practise thereof, whose works do yet remain unto their glory immortal, as Auicenna, Auenzoar, Rasis, Cornclius Celsus, Sorani●s, and which I should haue fi●st name Machaon, and Podal●rius noble Dukes in Grecia, which came to the siege of Troy, and brought with them xxx. great ships with men of war. This well considered, I take it for no shane to study that Science, or to set forth any books of the same, being thereto provoked by the most noble and virtuous example of my most noble Master. King Henry the viij. whose health I heartily pray God as long to preserve as GOD hath constituted mans life to contin 〈…〉: for his highnes hath not disdained to be the chief author and setter forth of an introduction into grammar, for the children of his loving subiects, whereby having good masters, they shall most easily and in short time apprehended the understanding and form of speaking true and eloquent latin. O royal hart, full of very nobility. O noble breast, setting forth virtuous doctrine, and laudable study.  
But yet one thing much grieveth me, that notwithstanding I haue ever honoured & specially favoured the reverend college of approved physicians, yet some of them hearing me spoken of haue said in derision, that although I were prettily seen in historics, yet being not learned in physic, I haue put in my book diuers errors, in presuming to writ of herbs and medicines. First as concerning histories, as I haue planted them in my works, being well understood, they be not so light of importance, as they do esteem them, but may more su●ely cure mens affections then diuers physicians do ewer maladies. Nor when I wrote first this book, I was not all ignorant in physic. For before that I was twenty yeares old, a worshipful physician, and one of the most renowned at that time in England, perceiving me by nature inclined to knowledge, red unto me the works of Galen, of temperaments, natural faculties, the introduction of Iohannicius, with some of the aphorisms of Hipocrates, And afterward by mine own study, I red over in order the more part of the works of Hipocrates, Galen, Oribasius, Pa●lus Celsus, Alexander Trallianus, Celsus, Plimus, the one and the other, with Dioscorides. Nor did I omit to read the long Canons of A●icen●●, the commentaries of Aucrrois, the practices of Isake, Haliabhas, Rasis, Mesue and also of the more part of them which were their aggregators and followers. And although I haue never been at Mountpellier, Pad●a, nor Sale●ne, yet haue I found some thing in physic, whereby I haue taken no little profit concerning mine own health. moreover I wot not why physicians should be angry with me, since I wrote and did set forth the Castle of Health for their commodity, that the uncertain tokens of urines, and other excrements should not deceive them, but that by the true information of the sick man, by me instructed, they might be the more sure to prepare medicines convenient for the diseases.  
Also to the intent that men observing a good order in diet, and preventing the great causes of sickness, they should of those maladies the sooner be cured. But if physicians be angry, that I haue written physic in English, let them remember that the Greekes wrote in greek, the romans in latin, Auicenna and the other in arabic, which were their own proper and maternal tongues. And if they had been as much attached with envy & covetise, as some now seem to be, they would haue devised some particular language with a strange cipher or form of letters, wherein they would haue written their science, which language or letters no man should haue known, that had not professed and practised physic: but those although they were Paynims & Iewes, yet in this part of charity they far surmounted us Christians, they that would not haue so necessary a knowledge as physic is, to be hide from them which would be studious about it.  
Finally God is my ●●dge, I writ neither for glory, rewa●●le, nor promotion, only I desire men to deem well mine intent, since I dare assure them, that all that I haue written in this book, I haue gathered of most principal writers in physic. Which being thoroughly studied, and remembered, shall bee profitable( I doubt not) unto the reader, and nothing noyous to honest physicians, that do measure their study, with moderate living and christian charity.   

A Table of the special things, which are contained in this book.  

A  
ANnexed to things natural. Fol. 2. 36.  
Ages. 16. 59  
air. 2. 18  
apple. 30  
Almonds. 32  
anise seed. 36  
Ale. 54  
Abstinence. 83  
Affects of the mind. 95  
autumn. 38   

B  
blood. 12  
beets. 35  
birds. 44  
brain exceeding in heat. 5  
brain exceeding in could. 6  
brain moist. ibidem.  
brain dry. ibidem.  
brain hot and moist. ibidem.  
brain hot and dry. 7  
brain could and moist. ibidem.  
brain could and dry. ibidem.  
brain sick. 129  
Breast sick. ibidem.  
beef, 42  
beans. 37.  
breakfast. 64  
Bloudsuckers. 94  
Bourage. 39  
Bread. 41  
black bide. 45  
Bustard. ibidem.  
Bittour, ibidem.  
brain of beasts. 47  
Butter. 48  
beer. 54  
By what tokens one may know whether the stomach and head bee hot or cold. 121   

C  
COnsiderations of things belonging to health. 1  
Complexions of man. 3  
Choberike body. 4  
Choler. 13  
Choler natural. 14  
choler 〈…〉 nnaturall. ibidem,  
Colour. 17  
Colour of inward causes. ibidem.  
Colour of outward causes. ibidem.  
Colour of urines. 130  
Colour of hair. 17  
Causes whereby the air is corrupted. 18  
custom. 24  
commodity happening by moderate use of the qualities of meate. 26  
Cucumbers. 28  
cherries. 30  
Chestnuts. 32  
Capers. 33  
coleworts and cabbages. 34  
Cycory. ibidem.  
Cheruile. 35  
Carretes. 38  
Considerations in abstinence. 83  
cloves. 41  
Conny. 43  
Capons, hens, and chickens. 44  
Crane. 45  
Cheese. 48  
cider. 54  
Confortatlues of the heart. 103  
Children. 102  
counsels against ingratitude. 100  
chances of fortune. 102  
Crudity. 112  
Concoction. ibidem.   

D  
DIstemperature happening by excess of sundry qualities of meats. 26  
Deere read and fallow. 43  
Dates. 28  
duck. 45  
diversity of meats. 65  
digestives of choler. 89  
digestives of fleame. 90  
Diet concerning sundry times of the year. 59  
Dominion of sundry complexions. 104  
Diet of sanguine persons. 107  
Diet of choleric persons. ibidem.  
Diet of phlegmatic persons. 109  
Diet of melancholic persons. 110  
Diet of them which bee ready to fall into sickness. 126  
Diet in time of pestilence. 137  
drink between meales. 64  
drink at meales. 69  
Digested. 82  
Death of children. 102   

E  
elements. 2  
Earth. ibidem.  
endive. 35  
eggs. 48  
Exercise. 72. and 75  
evacuation. 81  
excrements. 82   

F  
phlegmatic body. 4  
fire. 2  
Fleame. 13  
Fleame natural. ibidem.  
Fleame unnatural. ibidem.  
fruits. 27  
figs. 29  
fennel. 36  
filberts. 32  
Flesh. 42  
pheasant. 44  
feet of beasts. 47  
Fish. 48  
Fricasics or rubbings. 73   

G  
GEnitories hot. 11  
Genitories could. ibidem.  
Genitories moist. ibidem.  
Genitories dry. ibidem.  
Genitories hot and moist. ibidem.  
Genitories hot and dry. ibidem.  
Genitories could and moist. 12  
Genitories could and dry. ibidem.  
gourds. 27  
Grapes. 29  
garlic. 38  
Ginger. 41  
Goose. 45  
Gysar of birds. 46  
Gluttonic. 67  
Gestation. 77   

H  
HArt ●oat distempered. 7  
Hart could distempered. 8  
Hart moist distempered. ibidem.  
Hart dry distempered. ibidem.  
Hart hot and moist. ibidem.  
Hart hot and dry. ibidem.  
Hart could and moist. 9  
Hart could and dry. ibidem.  
Hart sick. 129  
Humors. 12  
humour superfluous. 82  
herbs used in pottage or to eat. 33  
Hare. 43  
heron. 45  
Hart of beasts. 46  
Head of beasts. 47  
Hasyll nuts. 32  
Honey. 55  
Hemeroides or piles. 95  
heaviness or sorrow. 98   

I  
hyssop. 39  
joy. 103  
Ire. 96   

K  
KIdde. 43   

L  
liver in heat distempered. 9  
liver could distempered, ibidem.  
liver moist distempered. ibidem.  
liver dry distempered. ibidem.  
liver sick. 129  
lettuce. 33  
leeks. 38  
lamb. 42  
lark. 44  
unbelievers of birds and beasts. 46  
lungs of beasts. ibidem.  
Letting of blood. 91  
leeches or blood succkers. 94  
loss of goods. 102  
lack of promotion. ibidem.  
Lassitude. 123. & 125   

M  
melancholic body. 5  
Melancholy. 14  
Melancholy natural. ibidem.  
Melancholy unnatural. ibidem.  
Members instrumental. 15  
Meate and drink. 19  
meats making good juice. ibidem.  
meats making ill juice. 20.  
meats making thick juice. ibid. 21.  
meats making choler. 20  
M 〈…〉 king fleume. ibidem.  
〈…〉 gendering melancholy. ibid.  
meats hurting the teeth. 21  
meats hurting the eyes. ibidem.  
meats making oppilations. 22  
meats windy. ibidem.  
Melons. 27  
Medlars. 31  
mallows. 35  
Mutton. 42  
Moderation in dies. 62  
Meaies. 63  
M●ces. 41  
Members of birds. 46  
Mylt or spleen. ibidem.  
marrow. 47  
milk. 52   

N  
NVtmegges. 41  
Nauewes. 37   

O  
official members. 75  
Operations. 16  
waves. 32  
oranges. 33  
Onions. 38  
Order in eating and drinking. 68  
Oppilations what they are. 61  
Obstruction or rapture. ibidem.  
Old men. 61  
Ordure. 82   

P  
principal members. 14  
Partes similaries. 14  
Powers natural. 15  
Powers spiritual, ibidem.  
Powers animal. 16  
Pepons. 27  
Peaches. 30  
pears. 31  
Pourslane. 35  
Parseley. 36  
Purgers of choler. 89  
Purgers of fleume. 90  
Purgers of melancholy. ibidem.  
Precebtes of Diocles. 133  
Pomegranates. 31  
Prunes. 32  
Peason. 37  
Parsneppes. 38  
Peniroyall. 40  
Pepper. ibidem.  
Partridge. 44  
plover. 45  
Pigeons. ibidem.  
Particular commodities of every purgation, 87  
Peculiar remedies of every humour. 106  
Purgations by siege. 86. and 87.   

Q  
QVantie of meate. 22  
quality of meate. 22. 23. 24  
Quinces. 30  
quails. 44   

R  
raisins. 29  
Rapes. 37  
Radish. 38  
rocket. 39  
rosemary. 40  
Replerian. 80  
rheums and remedies therefore. 116   

S  
SAnguine body. 3  
stomach hot. 10  
stomach could. ibidem.  
stomach moist. ibidem.  
stomach dry. ibidem.  
spirit natural. 15  
spirit vital. ibidem.  
Spirit animal. 16  
Stones of beasts. 47  
shovel. 36  
Sage. 39  
stomach in the which meate is corrupted. 130  
stomach sick. 129  
sleep and watch. 70  
savoury. 39  
Saffron. 41  
Swines flesh. 42  
sparrows. 45  
Shouelar. ibidem.  
Supper. 63  
Sugar. 56  
syrup acetose. 126  
spring-time. 57  
Summer. 58  
Scarifying. 93  
Sicknesses appropred to sundry seasons and ages. 126  
Significations of sickness. 128  
Substance of urines. 131  
Spices. 40   

T  
THings natural. 1  
Things not natural. ibidem 18  
Things against nature. 〈◇〉  
Things good for the head. 21  
Things good for the heart. ibidem.  
Things good for the liver. 22  
Things good for the lungs. ibidem.  
Things good for the eyes. ibidem.  
Things good for the stomach. ibid.  
Temperature of meats. 25  
Turneppes. 37  
time. 39  
Towncresses. 40  
Trypes. 46  
tongue of beasts. 47  
Time. 57. & 58  
Times in the day concerning meales 63  
Times appropred to every humour 105   

V  
veal. 43  
Venison. ibidem.  
udder. 47  
Vociferation. 78  
Vomit. 84  
urines. 130  
virtue of meats. 136   

W  
winds. 18  
Wal●●●s. 31  
woodcocks. 45  
Water. 〈◇〉  
Wynter. 〈◇〉  
Wyne. 51  
Whay. 55   

Y  
Young man. 60   
Thus endeth the Table.   

The first book of the castle of Health.  
TO the conservation of the body of mankind, within the limitation of health,( which as Galen saith) is the state of the body, wherein we be neither grieved with pain, nor let from doing our necessary business, doth belong the diligent consideration of three sorts of things, that is to say:  

Things natural.  
Things not natural, and  
Things against nature.   
Things natural be 7. in number.  

Elements.  
Complexions.  
Humors.  
Members.  
Powers.  
Operations.  
Spirits.   
These be necessary to the being of health, according to the order of their kind, and be always in the natural body.  
Things not natural be 6 in number.  

air.  
meats and drink.  
sleep and watch.  
moving and rest.  
emptiness & repletion.  
Affects of the mind.   
Things against nature be three.  

sickness.  
Cause of sickness.  
Accident which followeth sickness.   
Annexed to things natural.  
Age, Colour, Figure, and diversity of kindes.  
The elements bee those original things unmixed and vncompound, of whose temperance and mixture, all other things having corporal substance, bee com●act. Of them be four, that is to say:  

Earth.  
Water.  
air.  
Fire.   
Earth is the most gross and ponderous element, and of her proper nature is could and dry.  
Water is more subtle and light then earth, but in respect of air and fire, it is gross and heavy, and of her proper nature is could and moist.  
air is more light and subtle than the other two, and being not altered with any exterior cause, is properly hot and moist.  
Fire is absolutely light and clear, and is the clarifier of other elements, if they bee vitiat or out of their natural temperance, and is properly hote and dry.  
This is to be remembered, that none of the said elements be commonly seen or felt of mortal men, as they are in their original being: but they which by our senses bee perceived, bee corrupted with mutual mixture, and be rather earthly, watery, airy, and fiery, than absolutely earth, water, air, and fire.  

Of the complexion of man. CAP. 2.  
COmplerion is a combination of two diuers qualities of the four elements in one body, as hot and dry of the fire, hot and moist of the air, could and moist of the water, could and dry of the earth. But although all these complexions bee assembled in every body of man and woman, yet the body taketh his denomination of those qualities which abound in him, more than in the other, as hereafter ensueth.  
The body, where heat and moisture haue certainty, is called Sanguine, wherein the air hath pre-eminence, and it is perceived and known by these signs, which do follow.  Sanguine. 

Carnosttie or fleshinesse.  
The veins and arteries large.  
hair plenty and read.  
The visage white and ruddy.  
sleep much.  
dreams of bloody things, or things pleasant.  
Pulse great and full.  
Digestion perfect.  
angry shortly.  
Siege, urine, and sweat abundant.  
Falling shortly into bleeding.  
The urine read and gross.   
Where could with moisture prevaileth, that body is called phlegmatic, wherein water hath pre-eminence, and is perceived by these signs following.  phlegmatic. 

fatness quauing and soft.  
Ueines narrow.  
hair much and plain.  
Colour white.  
sleep superfluous,  
dreams of things watery or fish.  
slowness.  
dulness in learning.  
cowardice.  
Pulse slow and little.  
Digestion weak.  
spittle white, abundant, and thick urine gross, white and pale.   
choleric, is hate and dry, in whom the fire hath pre-eminence, and is discerned by these signs following.  choleric. 

leanness of body.  
Costifenesse.  
hair black or dark, aburne, curled.  
Uisage and skin read as fire, or sallow.  
Hot things noyful to him.  
Little sleep.  
dreams of fire, fighting, or anger.  
Wit sharp and quick.  
hardy, and fighting.  
Pulse swift and strong.  
Urine high coloured and clear.  
Uoyce sharp.   
melancholic is cold and dry, over whom the earth hath dominion, and is perceived by these signs following.  melancholic. 

leanness with hardness of skin.  
hair plain and thin.  
Colour duskish, or white with leanness.  
Much watch.  
dreams fearful.  
stiff in opinions.  
Digestion slow and ill.  
Timorous and fearful.  
Anger long freting.  
Pulse little.  
seldom laughing.  
Urine watery and thin.   
BEsides the said complexions of all the whole body, there be the particular members complexion, wherein if there bee any distemperance, it bringeth sickness or grief into the member: wherefore to know the distemperature, these signs following would be considered. foreseen that it be remembered, that some distemperatures be simplo, & some bee compound. They which be simplo, be in simplo qualities, as in heat, could, moist, or dry.  
They which be compound, are in compound or mixed qualities, as heat and moisture: heat and dryth: could and moist: could and dry. But now first will we speak of the simplo complexions of every principal member, beginning at the brain.  The brain exceeding in heat, hath 

The head and visage very read and hot.  
The hair growing fast, black & curled.  
The veins in the eyes apparent.  
Superfluous matter in the nostrils, eyen, and ears.  
The head much amnoyed with hot meats, drinks, and savours.  
sleep short and not sound.   The brain exceeding in could, hath 

Much superfluity running out of the nose, mouth, ears and eyen.  
hair strait and fine, growing slowly and flaxen.  
The head disposed by small occasion to poses and murres.  
It is soon amnoyed with could.  
It is could in touching.  
Ueines of the eyen not seen.  
Sléepie somewhat.   Moist in excess, hath 

hairs plain.  
seldom or never bald.  
Wit dull.  
Much superfluities.  
sleep much and deep.   The brain dry, hath 

No superfluities running.  
Wits good and ready.  
watchful.  
hairs black, hard, and fast growing.  
Bald shortly.   

Complexions compounded.  
brain hote & moist distempered, hath 

The head aching and heavy.  
Full of superfluities in the nose.  
The southern wind grievous.  
The northern wind wholesome.  
sleep deep, but unquiet, with often waknings, and strange dreams.  
The senses and wit unperfect.    
brain hote and dry distempered, hath 

None abundance of superfluity which may be expelled.  
Sences perfect.  
Much watch.  
Sooner bald then other.  
Much hair in childhood, and black or brown and curled.  
The head hot and ruddy.    
brain could & moist distempered, hath 

The sense and wit dull.  
Much sleep.  
The head soon replenished with superfluous moisture.  
Distillations and poses, or murres.  
Not shortly bald.  
soon hurt with could.    
brain could and dry distempered, hath 

The head cold in feeling, and without colour.  
The veins not appearing.  
soon hurt with could.  
Often disgraced.  
Wit perfect in childhood, but in age dull.  
Aged shortly and bald.     

Of the Heart.  
The heart hot distempered, hath 

Much blowing and pu●●ing.  
Pulse swift and busy.  
hardiness and manhood.  
Much promptness, activity, and quickness in doing of things.  
fury and boldness.  
The breast hairy toward the left side.  
The breast broad and the head little.  
The body hot, except the liver do let it.    
The heart cold distempered, hath 

The pulse very little.  
The breath little and slow.  
The breast narrow.  
The body al could, except the liver do inflame it▪  
fearfulness.  
scrupulosity and much care.  
curiosity.  
slowness in acts.  
The breast clean without hairs.    
The heart moist distempered, hath 

The pulse soft.  
soon angry, and soon pacified.  
The body al moist, except the liver disposeth contrary.    
The heart dry distempered, hath 

The pulse hard.  
Not lightly angry, but being angry, not soon pacified.  
The body dry except the liver doth dispose contrary.    
The heart hot & moist, hath 

The breast and stomach hairy.  
promptness in acts.  
soon angry.  
fierceness, but not so much as in hot and dry.  
Pulse soft, swift and busy.  
Breath or wind according, shortly falleth into diseases caused of putrefaction.    
The heart hot and dry. 

The heart pulse great and swift.  
The breath or wind according.  
The breast and stomach all hairy.  
Quick in his doings.  
boldness and hardness.  
Swift, and hasty in moving.  
soon stirred to anger, and tyrannous in manners.  
The breast broad, and all the body hot and dry.    
The heart cold and moist, hath 

The pulse soft.  
fearful and timorous.  
Slow.  
The breast clean without hair.  
Not hastily angry, nor retaining anger.  
The breast narrow.  
All the body could and moist.    
The heart could & dry, hath 

The pulse hard and little.  
The wind moderate.  
seldom angry, but when it happeneth it dureth long.  
The breast clean without hair and little.  
All the body could and dry.     

Of the liver.  
The liver in heat distempered, hath 

The veins great.  
The blood more hot then temperate.  
The belly hairy.  
All the body hot exceeding temperate.    
The liver could distempered, hath 

The veins great.  
Abundance of fleame.  
The blood could.  
All the body could in feeling.  
The belly without hair.    
The liver moist distempered, hath 

The veins soft.  
Much blood and thin.  
All the body moist in feeling, except the heart disposeth it contrary.    
The liver dry distempered, hath 

The veins hard.  
The blood little and thick.  
All the body dry.     
The complerions compound may be discerned by the said simplo qualities. And here is to bee noted, that the heat of the heart may vanquish the could of the liver. For heat is in the heart, as in the fountain or spring: and in the liver, as in the river.  

Of the stomach.  
The stomach hot distempered. 

He digesteth well, especially hard meats, and that will not bee shortly altered.  
Light meats and soon altered, be therein corrupted.  
The appetite little and slow.  
He delighteth in meats and drinks which bee hot: for every natural complexion delighteth in his semblable.    
The stomach could distempered. 

He hath good appetite.  
He digesteth ill & slowly, specially gross meats and hard.  
cold meats do wax sour, being in him undigested.  
He delighteth in meats & drinks which be could, & yet in them he is endamaged.    
The stomach moist distempered. 

He thirsteth but seldom, yet he desireth to drink, with superfluous drink he is hurt.  
He delighteth in moist meats.    
The stomach dry distempered. 

He is soon thirsty.  
Content with a little drink.  
Diseased with much drink.  
He delighteth in dry meats.     
It is to be noted, that the dispositions of the stomach natural, do desire that which is of like qualities. The dispositions unnatural, do desire things of contrary qualities.  
Also not the stomach onely causeth a man to thirst, or not thirst, but also the liver, the lungs, and the heart.  

Of the genitories or stones of generation.  
The genitories hot distempered, haue 

Great appetite to the act of generation.  
engendering men children.  
hair soon grown about the members.    
The genitories could distempered, haue 

Small appetite to the act of generation.  
engendering women children.  
Slow growth of hair about the members.    
The genitories moist distempered, haue seed abundant, but thin and watery.  
The genitories dry distempered, haue seed little, but meetly thick in substance.  
Genitories hot & moist, haue 

less appetite to lechery than in thē which be hot and dry.  
More pvissance to do it, and without less damage.  
Hurt by abstaining from it.  
less hairines than in hot and dry.    
The genitories hot and dry, haue 

The seed thick.  
Much fruitfulness of generation.  
Great appetite and readiness to the act.  
hair about the members soon grown.  
swiftness in speeding of the act.  
soon there with satisfied.  
Damage by using thereof.    
The genitories cold & moist, haue 

The seed watery and thin.  
Little desire to the act, but more pvissance then in them which be could and dry.  
Little hair or none about the members.    
The genitories cold & dry, haue 

hairs none or few.  
Little appetite or none to lechery.  
Little pvissance to do it.  
engendering more females than men children.  
That little seed is thicker than in could and moist.     

Of Humours.  
IN the body of man be four principal humours, which continuing in the proportion, that nature hath li 〈…〉 ted, the body is free from all sickness. Contrariwise, by the increase or diminution of any of them in quantity or quality, over or under their natural assignment, unequal temperature cometh into the body, which sickness followeth more or less according to the lapse or decay of the temperatures of the said humours, which be these following.   

blood, Fleume, Choler, Melancholy.  
blood hath pre-eminence over all other humours in sustaining of all living creatures, for it hath more conformity with the original cause of living, by reason of temperatnes in heat and moisture, also nourisheth more the body, and restoreth that which is decayed, being the very treasure of life, by loss whereof death immediately followeth. The distemperature of blood happeneth by one of the other three humours, by the inordinate or superfluous mixture of them.  

Of Fleume.  
Fleume is of two sorts.  
natural, and unnatural.   
natural fleume is a humour could & moist, white and sweet, or without taste, engendered by insufficient decoction in the second digestion of the watery or raw parts of the matter decoct, called Chilus, by the last digestion made apt to be converted into blood. In this humour water hath dominion most principal.  
Fleume unnatural is that which is mixed with other humours, or is altered in his quality: and therof is eight sundry kinds.  Fleume. 

watery, which is found in spittle of great drinkers, of them which digest it.  
Slimy or raw.  
Glasie like to white glass, thick.  
Uiscous like bird-lime and heavy.  
Plaistrie which is very gross, and as it were chalkie, such is found in the joints of them which haue the gout.  
Salt that is mingled with choler.  
sour mixed with melancholy, that cometh of corrupt digestion.  
Harsh, thick and gross, which is seldom found, which tasteth like green crabs or borrows.  
Stiptick or binding is not so gross nor could, as harsh, and hath the taste like to green read wine, or other like straining the tongue.   
Choler doth participate with natural heat as long as it is in good temperance. And thereof is also two kindes. natural, and unnatural.  Choler natural. natural choler is the foam of blood, the colour whereof is read and clear, or more like to an orange colour, and it is hot & dry, wherein the fire hath dominion: & is light and sharp, and is engendered of the most subtle part of matter decoct or boiled in the stomach, whose beginning is in the liver. 
unnatural choler is that which is mixed or corrupted with other humours, whereof be four kinds.  
Citrine or yellow choler, which is the mixture of natural choler, and watery fleume: and therefore hath less heat then other choler.  
Yolkie like the yelks of eggs, which is of the mixture of 〈◇〉 congee 〈…〉 d, and ●●oler natural, and is yet less hot then the other.  
green like unto léekes, whose beginning is rather of the stomach then of the liver.  
green like to green canker of mettall, and burneth like venom, and is of exceeding 〈…〉 stion of choler or fleume, and by those two 〈…〉 ds nature is mortified.  

Melancholy or black choler in divided into two kinds.  
natural, which is the dregs of pure blood, and is known by the blackness when it issueth either downward or upward, and is verily could or dry.  
unnatural, which pr 〈…〉 death of the adustion of choleric mixture, and is hotter and lighter, having in it violence to kill, with a dangerous disposition.    

Of the Members.  

There be 〈◇〉 of members: that is to say,  
The brain.  
The liver.  
The heart.  
The stones of generation.   official members. 

sinews which do serve to the brain.  
Arteries or pulses, which do serve to the heart.  
Ueines which do serve to the liver.  
Uessels spermaticke, wherein mans seed lieth, which do serve to the stones.   Partes called Similares, for being divided, they remain in themselves like as they were. 

Bones.  
Gristell.  
Cales betwixt the uttermost skin and the flesh.  
muscles or fillets.  
Fat flesh.   Members instrumental. 

The stomach.  
The rains.  
The bowels.  
All the great sinews.   
These of their virtue do appetite meate and alter it.  Of powers. 

animal.  
spiritual.  
natural.   natural power. 

Which do minister.  
To whom is ministered.   Which doth minister. 

Appetiteth.  
Retaineth.  
Digesteth.  
Expelleth.   To whom is ministered. 

engendereth.  
Nourisheth.  
Feedeth.   Power spiritual. 

Working, which dilateth the heart and arteries, and eftsoons streineth them.  
Wrought, which is stirred by an exterior cause to work, whereof cometh anger, indignation, subtlety and care.   Power animal 

That which ordaineth, decerneth and composeth.  
That moveth by voluntary motion.  
That which is called sensible, whereof do proceed the five wits.   Of that which ordaineth do proceed 

Imagination in the forehead.  
Reason in the brain.  
Remembrance in the noddle.   Operations, 

Appetite by heat and dryth.  
Digestion by heat and moisture.  
Retaining by could and dryth.  
Expulsion by could and moist.   
Spirit is an airy substance, subtle, stirring the powers of the body, to perform their operations, which is divided into  

natural, which taketh his beginning of the liver, & by the veins which haue no pulse, spreadeth into the whole body.  
Uitall, which proceedeth from the heart, & by the arteries or pulses is sent into the whole body.  
animal, which is engendered in the brain, and is sent by the sinews throughout the body, and maketh sense or feeling.   

Annexed to things natural.  


Adolescentie to 25. yeares, hot and moist, in the which time the body groweth.  
Iuuentute unto 40. yeares, hote and dry, wherein the body is in perfect growth.  
Senectute unto 60. yeares, cold and dry, wherein the body beginneth to decrease.     
Age decrepit until the next time of life, accidentally moist, but naturally could and dry, wherein the powers and strength of the body be more and more minished.  

Colour.  
Of inward causes.  
Of outward causes.   Colours of inward causes. 

Of equality of humours, as he that is read and white.  
Of inequality of humours, whereof do proceed black, sallow, pale, or white onely.  
do betoken dominion of heat.  
White, could fleume.  
Pale, could melancholy.  
read, abundance of blood.  
Salow, choler citrine.  
Black, melancholy or choler adust.   Colour of outward causes. 

Of cold or heat, as English men bee white, Moores be black.  
Of things accidental, as of fear, of anger, of sorrow, or other like motions.   Colour of hair. 

black, either of abundance of choler inflamed, or of much incending or adustion of blood.  
read hair of much heat, not adust.  
Gray hairs of abundance of melancholy.  
White hairs of the lack of natural heat, and by occasion of fleume putrefied.   
All the residue concerning things natural contained in the Introduction of Ioannitius, and in the little craft of Galen, I purposely pass over for this time, for as much as it doth require a reader having some knowledge in philosophy natural, or else, it is hard and tedious to be understood. moreover, this which I haue written in this first table, shall be sufficient to the conservation of health, I mean with that which now followeth in the other tables.   

The second Table.  
THings not natural be so called, because they bee no portion of a natural body, as they be, which bee called natural things, but yet by the temperance of them, the body being in health, so consisteth: by the distemperance of them, sickness is induced, and the body dissolved.  
The first of things not natural, is air, which is properly of itself, or of some material cause or occasion good or ill.  
That which is of itself good, hath pure vapours and is odiferous.  
Also it is of itself, swift in alteration from hot and could, wherein the body is not much provoked to sweat for heat, ne too chill for vehemency of could.  
air among al things not natural is chiefly to be observed, for as much as it doth enclose us, and also enter into our bodies, specially the most notable member, which is the hart, and we cannot be separated one hour from it, for the necessity of breathing & fetching of wind.  
The causes whereby the air is corrupted bee specially sour.  

Influence of sundry stars.  
Great standing waters never refreshed.  
Carraine lying long above ground.  
Much people in small room lying uncleanly and sluttishly.   wind bringing wholesome air. 

North which prolongeth life, by expulsing ill vapours.  
East is temperate and lusty.   wind bringing ill air. 

South corrupteth and maketh ill vapours.  
West is very mutable, which nature doth hate.    

meats and drinks.  

In meate and drink we must consider six things.  
Substance.  
quantity.  
quality.  
custom.  
Time.  
Order.   
Substance, some is good, which maketh good juice and good blood: some is ill, and engendereth ill juice and ill blood.  

meats and drinks making good juice.  
Bread of pure flower, of good wheat somewhat uened, well baked, not too old, nor too stale.  
eggs of Fesants, hens, partridges, new laid, leapotched, mean between rear and hard.  
milk new milked drunk fasting, wherein is Sugar or the leaves of mints.  
Fesants, partridges or Chickens.  
Capons or hens, Birds of the fields.  
Fish of stony riuers, Ueale sucking.  
pork young, beef not passing three yeares old.  
Pigeons, Uenison of read Déere.  
Pease pottage with mints, feet of swine or calves.  
before meales.  
Languedebéefe, Parsley, Mints.  
Rice with Almond milk.  
lettuce, chicory, Grapes.  
Wines good moderately taken, well fined.  
Ale and beer six dayes old, clean brewed and not strong.  
Mirth with gladness.  
The liver and brains of hens and Chickens, and young geese.   

meats and drinks making ●ll juice.  
Old beef, Old mutton, geese old, Swan old.  
ducks of the 〈…〉 ell, Inwards of beasts.  
black puddings.  
The heart, liver, and kidneies of all beasts.  
The brains and marrow of the back bone.  
Wood culuers, Shelfish, except Creuise de eau dulce.  
cheese hard, apple and pears much used.  
figs and grapes notripe.  
All raw herbs, except lettuce, Borage and chicory.  
immoderately used, specially in choleric stomachs.  
Wine musty and sour. fear, sorrow, & pensiveness.   

meats engendering choler.  
garlic, Onions, rocket, ●ersis, Léekes, Mustard.  
Pepper, Hony, Wine much drunken, sweet meats.   

meats engendering fleume.  
All slimy and cleaving meats, cheese new.  
All fish, specially in a phlegmatic stomach.  
Inwards of beasts, lambs flesh.  
The stnew parts of flesh, skins, brains, Lungs.  
Rapes, Cucumbers, Repletion, lack of exercise.   

meats engendering Melancholy.  
beef, Goates flesh, Hares flesh, boars flesh.  
Salt flesh, Salt fish, Coleworts.  
All pulse, except white peason, brown bread course.  
thick wine, black wine, Old cheese, Old flesh.  
Great fishes of the sea.   

meats making thick juice.  
rye bread musty, Bread without leaven, Cake bread.  
Sea fish great, Shell fish, beef the kidneys.  
The liver of a swine, The stones of beasts.  
milk much sudden, Rapes, All round roots.  
Cucumbers, sweet wine, deep read wine, garlic,  
Mustard, Origanum, hyssop, basil, fennel, Cheese,  
eggs fried or hard, Chestnuts, Nauewes.  
figs green, apple not ripe, Pepper, rocket.  
leeks, Onions, much used.   

meats which do hurt the teeth.  
very hot meats, Nuts, sweet meats and drinks.  
Radish roots, Hard meats, milk, Bitter meats.  
Much vomit, Léekes, Fish fat, lemons, Coleworts.   

Things hurtful to the eyes.  
drunkenness, lechery, Must, All pulse.  
sweet wines and thick wines, Hempseede.  
very salt meats, garlic, Onions, Coleworts.  
Radish, Reading after supper immediately.   

Making great oppilations.  
thick milk, All sweet things.  
rye bread, Sweet wines.   

meats inflating or windy.  
beans, Lupines, Cicer, mill, Cucumbers.  
All juice of herbs, Figs dry, Rapes, Nauewes raw.  
milk, Hony not well clarified, Must.   

Things good for the head.  
Cubebes, Galingale, Lignum aloes, marjoram.  
balm mints, gladden, Nutmegges, musk.  
Rosemary, Roses, Pyony, hyssop, Spike, Camomill.  
Mellilete, rue, frankincense.   

Things good for the heart.  
Cinamom, Saffron, coral, cloves, Lignum aloes,  
pearls, maces, balm mints, Myrabolanes,  
musk, Nutmegs, Rosemary.  
The bone of the heart of the read Déere.  
marjoram, bugloss, Bourage, Setwall.   

Things good for the liver.  
Wormwood, Withwind, Agrimonie, Saffron.  
cloves, endive, Liuerwort, chicory, Plaintaine.  
Dragons, raisins great, Saunders, fennel.  
violets, Rose water, lettuce.   

Things good for the Lungs.  
elecampane, hyssop, Scabiose, Licorise, raisins,  
Maidenhaire, Penidies, Almonds, Dates, Pistaces.   

Things good for the eyes.  
Eyebright, fennel, Ueruaine, Roses, Celendine.  
Agrimony, cloves, could water.   

Things good for the stomach.  
Myrabolanes, Nutmegs, Organum, Pistaces.  
Quinces, Olibanum, Wormwood, Saffron, coral.  
Agrimony, Fumetorie, Galingale, cloves.  
Lignum aloes, Mastix, Mint, Spodium.  
The innermost skin of a hens gysar.  
Coriander prepared.      

The second book of the castle of Health.  

Of quantity. CAP. 1.  
THe quantity of meate must bee portioned after the substance and quality thereof, and according to the complexion of him that eateth.  
First it ought to bee remembered, that meats hot and moist which are qualities of the blood, are soon turned into blood, and therefore much nourisheth the body. Some meats do nourish but little, having little conformity with blood in their qualities. Of them which do nourish: some are more gross, some lighter in digestion. The gross meate engendereth gross blood, but where it is well concoct in the stomach and well digested, it maketh the flesh more firm, and the official members more strong then fine meats. Wherefore of men which use much labour or exercise, also of them which haue very choleric stomachs here in England, gross meats may be eaten in a great quantity: and in a choleric stomach, beef is better digested then a chickens leg, for as much as in a hot stomach fine meats bee shortly adust and corrupted. Contrariwise, in a could or phlegmatic stomach gross meate abideth long vudigested, and maketh putrefied matter: light meats therefore to such a stomach be more apt and convenient.  
The temperate body is best nourished with a little quantity of gross meats, but of temperate meats in substance and quality they may safely eat a good quantity: foreseen alway that they eat without gormandize, or leave without appetite. And here it would be remembered, that the choleric stomach doth not desire so much as he may digest: the melancholy stomach may not digest so much as he desireth: for could maketh appetite, but natural heat concocteth or boileth. Notwithstanding, unnatural or supernatural heat destroyeth appetite and corrupteth digestion, as it appeareth in fevers. moreover, fruits and herbs, specially raw, would bee eaten in a small quantity, although the person be very choleric, for as much as they do engender thin watery blood apt to receive putrification, which although it be not shortly perceived of him that useth it, at length they feel it by sundry diseases which are long in coming, and shortly sleieth, or bee hardly escaped. Finally, excess of meats is to be abhorred. For as it is said in the book called Ecclesiasticus: In much meate shall be sickness, & inordinate appetite shall approach unto choler. Semblably the quantity of drink would bee moderated, that it exceed not, nor bee equal unto the quantity of meate, specially wine which moderately taken, aideth nature, and comforteth her: and as the said author of Ecclesiasticus saith: Wine is a rejoicing to the soul and body. And Theogines saith, in Galens work: A large draft of wine is ill, a moderate draft is not evil, but commodious and profitable.   

Of quality of meats. CAP. 2.  
quality is the complexion, that is to say, it is the state thereof, as hot, could, moist, or dry. And some meats be in winter could in act, and in virtue hot.  
And it would be considered, that every complexion temperate and untemperate, is conserved in his state, by that which is like thereto in form & degree. But that which exceedeth much in distemperance, must be reduced to his temperance, by that which is contrary to him in form or quality, but like in degree moderately used. By form is understood grossness, fineness, thickness, or thinnes, by degree, as the first, the second, the third, the fourth in heat, could, moisture, or dryth.  

Of custom.  
custom in feeding is not to bee contemned, or little regarded: for those meats, to the which a man hath been of long time accustomend, though they be not of substance commendable, yet do they sometime less harm then better meats, whereunto a man is not used. Also the meats and drinks, which do much delight him that eateth, are to bee preferred before that which is better, but more unsavoury. But if the custom be so pernicious, that it needs must be left, then would it be withdrawn by little and little in time of health, and not of sickness. For if it should be withdrawn in time of sickness, nature should sustain triple detriment, first by the grief induced by sickness: secondly, by receiving of medicines: thirdly, by forbearing the thing wherein she delighteth.    

Of the temperature of meats to be received. CAP. 4.  
TO keep the body in good temper, to them whose natural complexion is moist, ought to bee given meats that be moist in virtue, or power: contrariwise to them, whose natural complexion is dry, ought to be given meats dry in virtue, or power. To bodies untemperate, such meats or drinks, which bee in power contrary to the distemperance, but the degrees are alway to be considered as well of the temperance of the body, as of the meats. For where the meats do much exceed in degree the temperature of the body, they annoy the body in causing distemperance. As hot wines, pepper, garlic, onions, and Salt, be noyfall to them which be choleric, because they be in the highest degree of heat and dryth above the just temperance of mans body in that complexion. And yet be they oftentimes wholesome to them which bee phlegmatic. Contrariwise, could water, could herbs, and could fruits moderately used, be wholesome to choleric bodies, by putting away the heat, exceeding the natural temperature, and to them which bee phlegmatic they be unwholesome, and do bring into them distemperance of could and moist.   

What distemperance happeneth by the excess of sundry qualities in meats and drinks. CAP. 5.  meats. 

could, do congeal and mortify.  
moist, do putrifie and hasten age.  
Dry, sucketh up natural moisture.  
Clanmie, stoppeth the issue of vapours and urine, & engendereth rough fleume and gravel.  
Fat and oily swimmeth long in the stomach, and bringeth in loathsomeness.  
Bitter, doth not nourish.  
Salt, do fret much the stomach.  
Harrish, like the taste of wild fruits, do constipate and restrain.  
sweet chaseth the blood, and causeth oppilations or stoppings of the pores and conduits of the body.  
sour cooleth nature, and hasteneth age.    

What commodity happeneth by the moderate use of the said quality of meats and drinks. CAP. 6.  meats. 

could assuageth the burning of choler.  
moist, humecteth that which is dried.  
Dry, consumeth superfluous moisture.  
Clammy, thicketh that which is subtle & piercing.  
Bitter, cleanseth and wipeth off, also mollifieth and expelleth fleume.  
Salt, relenteth fleume clammy, and drieth it.  
Fat & unctuous, nourisheth & maketh soluble.  
styptic or rough on the tongue, bindeth and comforteth appetite.  
sweet doth cleanse, dissolve, and nourish.    

Of fruits. CAP. 7.  
FOrasmuch as before that tillagē of corn was invented, and that devouring of flesh and fish was of mankind used, men undoubtedly lived by fruits, and nature was ther with contented and satisfied, but by change of the diet of our progenitors, there is caused to bee in our bodies such alteration, from the nature which was in man at the beginning, that now all fruits generally are noyful to man, and do engender ill humours, and be oft times the cause of putrefied fevers, if they be much and continually eaten. Notwithstanding, unto them which haue abundance of choler, they bee sometime convenient to repress the fieume which proceedeth of choler. And some fruits which bee styptic or binding in taste, eaten before meales, do bind the belly, but eaten after meales, they be rather laxative. Now shall it bee expedient to writ of some fruits particularly, declaring their noyful qualities in appearing of nature, and how they may be used with least detriment.  

Of Gourds.  
GOurds raw be unpleasant in eating, ill for the stomach, 
Galen de ●imen. 2.  and almost never digested, therefore he that must needs eat them, must boil them, roast them, or fry them, every way they bee without savour or taste, and of their proper nature they give to the body cold and moist nourishment, and that very little: but by reason of the slipperines of their substance, and because al meats which be moist of their nature, bee not binding, they lightly pass forth by the belly. And being well ordered, they will be meetly concoct, if corruption in the stomach do not prevent them: they be could and moist in the second degree.   

Of Melons and Pepons.  
MElons and Pepons be almost of one kind, but that the Melon is round like an Apple, and the innermost part thereof, where the seeds are contained, is used to be eaten. The Pepon is much greater, & somewhat long, and the inner part thereof is not to be eaten. They both are very could & moist, and do make ill juice in the body, if they be not well digested, but the Pepon much more then the Melon, they do least hurt, if they bee eaten afore meales. Albeit if they do find in the stomach fleume, they be turned into fleume: if they find choler, they bee turned into choler. Not withstanding, there is in them the virtue to cleanse and to provoke urine: they be could and moist in the second degree.   

Cucumbers.  
CUcumbers do not exceed so much in moisture as 
Galen de alimen. 2.  Melons, and therefore they be not so soon corrupted in the stomach. But in some stomachs, being moderately used, they do digest well: but if they be abundantly eaten, or much used, they engender could and thick humours in the veins, which never or seldom is turned into good blood, and sometime bringeth in fevers. Also they abate carnal lust. The seeds as well thereof, as of Melons and Gourds, being dried and made clean from the husks, are very medicinable against sicknesses proceeding of heat, also the difficulty or let in pissing: they be could and moist in the second degree.   

Dates.  
BE hard to digest, therefore being much eaten and not well digested, they annoy the head, and cause gnawing in the stomach, and maketh gross juice, and sometime cause obstructions, or stoppings in the liver and spleen. And where there is inflammation or hardness in the body they are unwholesome, but being well digested and temperately used, they nourish & make the flesh firm, and also bindeth the belly: old Dates bee hot and dry in the first degree: new gathered are hot and moist in the first degree.   

Of figs.  
figs eaten do shortly pass out of the stomach, and are soon distributed into all the partes of the body, and haue the power to cleanse specially gravel, being in the rains of the back: but they make no substantial nourishment, but rather somewhat loose and windy, but by their quick passage, the wind is soon dissolved. Therefore if they bee ripe, they do least harm of any fruits, or almost none. dry figs and old, are more hot and moist than new gathered, but being much eaten they make ill blood and juice, and as some do suppose, do engender Lice: & also annoyeth the liver and the spleen, if they be inflamed: but having the power to attenuate or make humors currant, they make the body soluble, and do cleanse the rains. Also being eaten before dinner with ginger or pepper, or powder of Time, or Peniryall: they profit much to them which haue oppilations or hard congealed matter in the inner parts of the body, or haue distillations or rewmes falling into the breast & stomach. New figs are hot and moist, old figs are hot in the first degree, and dry in the second.   

Of Grapes, and raisins.  
GRapes do not nourish so much as figs, but being ripe, they make not much ill juice in the body: albeit newly gathered they trouble the belly, and filleth the stomach with wind, therefore if they bee hanged up a while, ere they be eaten they are the less noyful. sweet grapes, are hottest, and do loose somewhat, and make a man thirsty. sour grapes are could, and do also loose, but they are hard of digestion; and yet they do not nourish. They which are in taste bitter or harrish, be like to them that are sour. raisins do make the stomach firm and strong, and do provoke appetite, and do comfort weak bodies: being eaten afore meales, they be hot in the first degree, and moist in the second.   

Of cherries.  
cherries if they be sweet, the do soon slip down into the stomach, but if they be sour or sharp, they be more wholesome, and do loose: if they be eaten fresh & newly gathered, they be could and moist in the first degree.   

Of Peaches.  
PEaches do less harm, and do make better juice in the body, for they are not so soon corrupted being eaten: of the juice of them may be made a syrup very wholesome against the distemperance of choler, whereof proceedeth a stinking breath, they be could in the first degree, and moist in the second.   

Of apple.  
AL apple eaten soon after that they be gathered, are could, hard to digest, and do make ill and corrupted blood, but being well kept until the next winter, or the year following, eaten after meales, they are right wholesome, & do con●rme the stomach, & make good digestion, specially if they bee roasted or baked, most properly in a choleric stomach: they are best preserved in hony, so the one touch not an other. The rough tasted apple are wholesome, where the stomach is weak by distemperance of heat or much moisture. The bitter apple, where the grief is increased. The sour apple, where the matter is congealed or made thick with heat: in distemperature of heat and drieth by drinking much wine, they haue been found commodious being eaten at night going to bed, without drinking to them: they be could and moist in the first degree.   

Of Quinces.  
QUinces bee cold and dry: eaten afore meales they bind and restrain the stomach, that it may not digest well the meate, except that they be roasted or sudden, the core taken out and mixed with hony clarified, or sugar, then they cause good appetite, and preserveth the head from drunkenness: taken after meate, it closeth and draweth the stomach together, and helpeth il digestion, and mollifieth the belly, if it be aboundantlytaken, they be could in the first degree, and dry in the beginning of the second.   

Of Pomegranates.  
POmegranates be of good juice, and profitable to the stomach, specially they which are sweet: but in a hot fever, they that are sour be more expedient and wholesome, for than the sweet doth incende heat, and puff up the stomach.   

Of pears.  
pears are much of the nature of apple, but they are heavier: but taken after meales roasted or baken, they are not unwholesome, and do restrain and knit the stomach being ripe: they be cold and moist in the first degree.   

Medlars.  
MEdlars are cold and dry, and constrictiue or straining the stomach, and therefore they may be eaten after meales, as a medicine, but not used as meate, for they engender melancholy: they bee could and dry in the second degree.   

Walnuttes.  
WAlnuttes, if they be blaunched, are supposed to be good for the stomach, and somewhat losing the belly: mixed with Sugar, they do nourish temperately. Of two dry nuts, as many figs, and xx. leaves of rue, with a grain of salt, is made a medicine whereof if one do eat fasting, nothing which is venomous may that day hurt him, and it also preserveth against the 〈…〉, and this is the very right Mithridate, they 〈…〉 in the second degree, after some opinions hot 〈…〉 degree, dry in the second.   

Fiberd and hasell nuts.  
THey bee more strong in substance, the 〈…〉, whereof they are not so easily or soon dig 〈…〉 so they do inflate the stomach, and cause headache, but they engender fat. And if they be roasted, the 〈…〉 to restrain rewmes. Also eaten with pepper, the● 〈…〉 against torments of the belly, and the stoping of 〈…〉 They be hot and dry in the first degree.   

Of almonds.  
THey do extenuate and cleanse without any binding, wherefore they purge the breast and lungs, specially bitter almonds, also they do mollify the belly, provoke sleep, and causeth to piss well, 5, or 6. of them eaten afore meate keep a man from being drunk: they bee hot and moist in the first degree.   

Of Chestnuttes.  
THey being roasted under the embers, or hot ashes, do nourish the body strongly, and eaten with honey fasting, do help a man of the cough.   

Of Prunes.  
OF the garden and ripe, do dispose a man to the stool, but they do bring no manner of nourishment. To this fruit like as to figs this property remaineth, that being dried they do profit: the damask prune rather bindeth then looseth, and is more commodious unto the stomach, they be could and moist in the third degree.   

Oliues.  
COndite in salt licoure, taken at the beginning of a meal, doth corroborated the stomach, stirreth appetite and looseth the belly being eaten with vinegar. They which be ripe are temperately hot, they which be green are could and dry.   

Of Capers.  
THey nourish nothing after that they be salted: but yet they make the belly loose, and purgeth fleume, which is therein contained. Also stirreth appetite to meate and openeth the obstructions, or stoping of the liver and spleen, being eaten with oxymel, before any other meat: they be hot and dry in the second degree.   

oranges.  
THe rinds taken in a little quantity do comfort the stomach wherein it digesteth, specially condite with sugar, and taken fasting in small quantity. The juice of oranges having a tost of bread put into it, with a little powder of mints, sugar, and a little cinamome maketh a very good sauce to provoke appetite. The juice eaten with sugar in a hot fever, is not to bee discommended. The rind is hot in the first degree, and dry in the second, the juice of them is cold in the second degree, and dry in the first.    

herbs used in pottage, or to eat. CAP. 8.  
GEnerally all herbs raw, and not s●dden, d●●ingender could and watery juice, if they be eaten customably or in abundance, albeit some herbs are more comestible, and less harm unto nature, and moderarely used, maketh méerely good blood.  

lettuce.  
AMong al hear bs none hath so good juice as lettuce, for some men do suppose that it maketh abundance of blood, albeit not very pure or perfect: it doth set a hot appetite: and eaten in the evening it provoketh sleep: albeit, it neither doth loose, nor bind the belly of his own property. It increaseth milk in a womans breast, but it abateth carnal appetite, and much using thereof hurteth the eyesight. It is could and moi●● temperately.   

coleworts and cabbages.  
BEfore that avarice caused merchants to fetch out of the East and South partes of the world, the traffic of spice, and sundry drugs to content the vnsaciable nesse of wanton appetites: coleworts for the virtues supposed to bee in them were of such estimation, that they were judged to be a sufficient medicine against all diseases, as it may appear in the book of wise Caro wherein he writeth of husbandry. But now I will no modre remember, than shall be required, in that which shall used as meat, and not pure Medicine. The juice thereof hath virtue to purge: The whole leaves being half sudden, and the water powred out, and they being put e●●soones into hot water, & sudden until they be tender, so eaten they do bind the belly. Some do suppose if they be eaten raw with vinegar before meat, it shall preserve the stomach from surfeiting, and the head from drunkenness ●albeit, much using of them dulleth the sight, except the eyes be very moist. Finally, the juice that it maketh in the body, is not so commendable, as that which is engendered of lettuce. It is hot in the first degree, and dry in the second.   

Cycory or Suckory.  
IT is like in operation to lettuce, and tempereth choler wonderfully, and therefore in all choleric fevers, the decoction of this herb, or the water thereof stilled, is right expedient. Semblably the herb and roote boiled with flesh that is fresh, being eaten, keepeth the stomach & head in very good temper. I suppose that Southistle and Denidelion be of like qualities, but not so convenient to bee used of them which are hole, because they are wild of nature and more bitter, and therefore causeth fastidiousnesse or lothsomenesse of the stomach. It is could and dry in the second degree.   

endive and Scariole.  
BEe much like in their operations to Cicory, but they are more convenient to medicine then to meat. Albeit Scariole called white endive, having the tops of the leaves turned in, and laid in the earth, at the latter end of summer, and covered, becometh white and cryspe, like to the great stalks of cabbage lettuce, which are in winter taken up and eaten. And to them that haue hot stomachs and dry, they be right wholesome, but being too much used or in very great quantity, they engender the humour which maketh the colic: they bee cold and moist in the first degree.   

mallows.  
ARe not could in operation, but rather somewhat warm, 
Galen de alimen. 2.  and haue in them a slipperines. wherefore being boiled and moderately eaten with oil and vinegar, they make ●éetly good concoction in the stomach, and causeth the superfluous matter therein easily to pass, and cleanseth the belly. It is hot and moist in the first degree.   

White beets.  
ARe also abstersive and looseth the belly, but much eaten annoieth the stomach, but they are right good against obstructions or stoping of the liver, if they be eaten with vinegar or mustard, like wise it helpeth the spléen. It is could in the first degree, and moist in the second.   

Purslaine.  
Doth mitigate the great heat in all the in ward parts of the body, semblably of the head and eyes, also it represseth the rage of Uenus, but if it bee preserved in salt or brine, it heateth and purgeth the stomach. It is could in the third degree, and moist in the second.   

Charuayle.  
It is very profitable unto the stomach, but it may not sustain very much boiling, eaten with vinegar, it provoketh appetite, & also urine. The decoction thereof drunk with wine cleanseth the bladder.   

sorrel.  
Being sudden it looseth the belly. In a time of pestilence, if one being fasting, do chew some of the leaves, and suck down the juice, it meruallously preserveth from infections, as a new practiser called Gualnerius doth writ. And I myself haue proved it in my household.  
The seeds thereof brayed and drunk with wine and water, is the colic and freting of the guts: it stoppeth 〈◇〉, and helpeth the stomach amnoyed with rep 〈…〉. It is  told in the third degree and dry in the second.   

Parsley.  
Is very convenient to the stomach, and comforteth appetite, and 〈…〉 the breath sweet, the seeds and root maketh ur 〈…〉 well, and breaketh the ston, dissolveth winds: the 〈◇〉 boiled in water, and thereof 〈…〉 ell being made, it dissolveth fleume, & maketh good digestion. It is hot and dry in the third degree.   

fennel.  
Being eaten the seed or roote maketh abundance of milk, likewise drunk with P●●sane or ale. The seed some what restraineth flux, provoketh to piss, and mitigateth frettings of the stomach and guts, specially 
Galen simplici. de medicamen. lib. aca. 7.  the decoction of the roote, if the matter, causing freting, be cold, but if it be of a hot cause, the use thereof is dangerous for inflammation or exulceration of the rains or bladder. It is hot in the third degree, and dry in the first.   

A●yseseede.  
Maketh sweet breath, provoketh urine, and driveth down things cleaning to the raynes or bladder, stirreth up courage, and causeth abundance of milk. It is hot and dry in the third degree.   

beans.  
They make wind, howsoever they bee ordered: the substance which they do make is spongy, and not firm, albeit they be abstersive, or cleansing the body, they tarry long ere they bee digested, and make gross juice in the body: but if onions bee sudden with them, they be less noyful.   

Peason.  
Are much of the nature of beans, but they be less windy, and passeth faster out of the body: they bee also abstersive, or cleansing, specially white peason, and they also cause m●●tly good nourishing, the husks taken away. And the broth wherein they bee sudden, cleanseth right well the rains and bladder.    

Rape roots, and Nauewes. CAP. 9.  
THe juice made by them is very gross, and therefore being much eaten, if they bee not perfectly 〈◇〉 in the stomach, they do make crude or raw 〈…〉 in the ●eines. Also if they be not well boiled, they cause winds, and annoy the stomach, and make sometime 〈…〉 gs: if they be well boiled first in clean water▪ and that being cast away, the second time with fat flesh, they 〈◇〉 rish much, and do neither loose nor bind the belly. But Nauewes do not nourish so much as Rapes, but they be even as windy.  

Turnep●.  
Being well boiled in water, and after with fat flesh, nourisheth much, augmenteth the seed of man, provoketh carnal lust. Eaten raw, they stir up appetite to eat, being temperately used, and be convenient unto thē which haue putrefied matter in their breasts or lungs, causing them to ●astly: but being much and often eaten, they make raw juice and windsnes.   

Parsneps and carrots.  
They do nourish with better juice then the other roots, 
Ga●. simp. medica. lib. 7.  specially carrots, which are hot and dry, and expelleth wind. Notwithstanding, much used they engender ill juice, but carrots less then Parsneps, the one and the other expelleth urine.   

Radish roots.  
Haue the virtue to extenuate or make thin and also to warm. Also they cause to break wind, & to piss. Being eaten afore meales, they let the meate that it may not descend: but being eaten last, they make good digestion and looseth the belly, though Galenus writ contrary. For I among diuers other, by experience haue proved it. Notwithstanding, they be vn wholesome for them that haue continually the gout or pain in the joints.   

garlic.  
It doth extenuate and cut-grosse humours, and slimy, dissolveth gross winds, and heateth all the body: also openeth the places which are stopped generally where it is well digested in the stomach: it is wholesome to diuers purposes, specially in the body, wherein is gross matter, or much could enclosed, if it be sudden until it looseth his 〈…〉 esse, it some what nourisheth, and yet looseth his 〈◇〉 〈…〉 te gross humours▪ being sodde 〈…〉 〈◇〉, it profiteth much against distillations from the head into the stomach.   

onions.  
do also extenuate, but the long onions more then the round, the read more then the white, the dry more thē they which be 〈◇〉 also raw more then sudden, they stir appetite to meate, and put away loathsomeness, and loose the belly, they quicken sight, & being eaten in great abundance with meate, they cause one to sleep soundly.   

leeks.  
Be of ill juice, and do make 〈…〉 us dreams, but they do extenuate and clensethe body, and also make it soluble, and provoketh urine. moreover, it causeth one to spit out easily the fleume which is in the breast.   

Sage.  
It heateth, and some what bindeth, and therwith provoketh urine, the decoction of the leaves and branches being drunk. Also it stoppeth bleeding of wounds, being laid unto them. moreover, it hath been proved that women, which haue been long time without children, and haue drunk ten ounces of the juice of Sage, with a grain of salt, a quarter of an hour before that they haue companied with their husbands, haue conceived at that time. It is hot and dry in the third degree, the using therof is good against palsies.   

hyssop.  
Doth heat and extenuate, whereby it digesteth slimy fleume: being prepared with figs, it purgeth fleume downward, with honey and water, upward: boiled in vinegar it helpeth the toothache, if the teeth bee washed there with. It is hot and dry in the third degree.   

Bourage.  
Comforteth the heart and maketh one merry, eaten raw before meales, or laid in wine that is drunk. Also it mollifieth the belly and prepareth to the stool. It is hot and moist in the middle of the first degree.   

savoury.  
Purgeth fleume, helpeth digestion, maketh quick fight, provoketh urine, and stirreth carnal appetite. It is hot and dry in the third degree.   

rocket.  
Heateth much, and increaseth the seed of man, provoketh courage, helpeth digestion, and somewhat looseth. It is hot and moist in the second degree.   

Time.  
dissolveth winds, breaketh the ston, expelleth urine, and ceaseth frettings. It is hot and dry in the third degree.   

Peniroyall.  
Doth extenuate, heat, and deroit, it reformeth the stomach oppressed with steume, it doth recomfort the faint spirit, it expelleth melancholy by siege, & is medicinable against many diseases. It is hot and dry in the third degree.   

Towncresses.  
Paulus discommendeth, saying, that it resisteth concecsion, and hurteth the stomach, and maketh it juice in the body: taken as medicine, it helpeth many diseases. It is hot and dry in the third degree.   

Rosemary.  
Hath the virtue to heat, and therefore it insolueth humours congealed with cold: it helpeth against palsres, falling sickness, old diseases of the breast, torments or freting, it provoketh brine and sweat: it helpeth the cough, taken with pepper and honey: it putteth away tootach, the roote being chewed, or the juice thereof put into the tooth being burned, the fume thereof resisteth the pestilence: the rind thereof sudden or burned, the fume received at the mouth, stoppeth the re●●e which falleth out of the head into the cheeks or throat, which I myself haue proved the green leaves ●rused, do stop the Hemer●oides, if they be laid unto them. That hear● is hot and dry in the third degree.    

Spices growing out of this realm used in meate and drink. CAP. 10.  

Pepper.  
BLackepepper is hottest, and most dry, whitepepper is next, long pepper is most temperate. The general property of all kinds of pepper is to heat the body, but as Galen saith, it pe●reeth downward, and doth not spread into the veins, it helpeth dige●sSpan●pulseth urine, and it helpeth against the diseases of the breast, proceeding of cold. It is hot in the first degree, and dry in the second.   

Ginger.  
Heateth the stomach, and helpeth digestion, but it heateth not so soon as pepper: but afterward the heat remaineth longer, and causeth the mouth to be moist. Being green or well confectioned in sirupe, it comforteth much the stomach and head, and quickeneth remembrance, if it be taken in the morning fasting. It is hot in the second degree, and dry in the first.   

Saffron.  
Somewhat bindeth, heateth and comforteth the stomach, and the heart specially, and maketh good digestion, being eaten or drunken in a small quantity. It is hot in the second degree, and dry in the first.   

cloves.  
Haue virtue to comfort the sinews, also to consume and dissolve superfluous humours. They be hot and dry in the third degree: sudden with milk, it comforteth the debility of nature.   

Maces.  
Dioscorides commendeth to be drunk against spitting of blood, and bloody fluxes, & excessive laxes. Paulus Aegineta addeth to it, that it helpeth the col●ke. They be hot in the 2. degree, and dry in the 3. degree. 〈◇〉 to the stomach very commodious, taken in a little quantity.   

Nutmegges.  
With their sweet odour comfort & dissolve, & sometime comforteth the power of the sight, and also the brain in could diseases, and is hot and dry in the second degree.    

Of Bread. CAP. 11.  
BRead of fine flower of wheat, having no leaven, is slow of digestion, and maketh flimie humours, but it nourisheth much: if it be leavened, it digesteth sooner.  
Bread having much bran, filleth the belly with excrements, and nourisheth little or nothing, but shortly descendeth from the stomach. The mean between both, sufficiently leavened, well moulded, and moderately baked, is the most wholesome to every age. The greatest loaves do nourish most fast, for as much as the fire hath not exhausted the moisture of them. Hot bread slowly passeth. Barley bread cleanseth the body, & doth not nourish so much as wheat, and maketh could juice in the body.   

Of Flesh. CAP. 12.  
beef of England to Englishmen, which are in health, bringeth strong nourishing: but it maketh gross blood, and engendereth melancholy: but being of young Oxen, not exceeding the age of four year, to them which haue choleric stomachs, it is more convenient then chickens, and other like fine meats.  

Swines flesh.  
above all kinds of flesh in nourishing the body, Galen most commendeth pork, not being of an old Swine, and that it be well digested of him that eateth it. For it maketh best juice, it is most convenient for young persons, and them which haue sustained much labour, and there with are fatigate, and become weak. Young pigs are not co 〈…〉 fiended, before that they be one month old, for they do breed much superfluous humours.   

lamb.  
Is very moist and fle●●atike, wherefore it is not convenient for aged men, except that it be very dry roasted, nor yet for them which haue in their stomachs much fleume.   

Mutton.  
Galen doth not commend it, notwithstanding experience 
Galen de all. men. 2.  proveth here in this realm, that if it be young, it is a right temperate meate, and maketh good juice: and therefore it is used more then any other meate in all diseases. And yet it is not like good in all places, nor the sheep which beareth finest wool, is not the sweetest in eating, nor the most tender. But I haue found in some countries Mutton, which in whiteness, tenderness, and sweetness of the flesh, might bee well nigh compared to Kid, and in digestion haue proved as wholesome.   

Kid and veal.  
Of Galen is commended next unto pork: but some men do suppose, that in health & sickness they be much better then pork, the juice of thē both being more pure. And here it is to be noted, that of all beasts, which be dry 
Hippo. de ratione victus. lib. 2. cap. 19. Plin. 28.  of their nature, the youngest be most wholesome: of them that are moist, the eldest are least hurtful.   

Hare, and coney.  
Maketh gross blood, it drieth and stoppeth, but yet it provoketh a man to piss. coney maketh better and more pure nourishment, and is sooner digested then Hare. It is well proved, that there is no meate more wholesome, or that more clean firmly, and temperately nourisheth then rabbits.   

Deere read and fallow.  
hippocrates affirmeth, that the flesh of Harts & Hinds to be ill juice, hard of digestion and dry, but yet moveth urine. Of fallow déere, he nor any other old writer doth speak of, as I remember. I suppose, because there be not in all the world, so many as bee in England, where they consume a good part of the best pasture in the realm, and are in nothing profitable, saving that of the skins of them is made better leather then is of calves, the hunting of them being not so pleasant, as the hunting of other venery or vermin, the flesh much more unwholesome and unpleasant then of a read Déere, engendering melancholy, and making many fearful dreams, and disposeth the body to a fever, if it bee much eaten: notwithstanding the fat thereof( as some learned men haue supposed) is better to be digested then the lean.   

Of Birds.  
The flesh of all birds is much lighter, than the flesh of beasts, in comparison most especially of those fowls which trust most to their woings, & do breed in high countries.   

Capons, hens and Chickens.  
The Capon is above all other fowles praised: for as much as it is easily digested, and maketh little ordure, and much good nourishment. It is commodious to the breast and stomach. hens in winter are almost equal unto the Capon, but they do not make so strong nourishment. Auicen saith, if they be roasted in the belly of a Kid or lamb, they will be the better. Chickens in summer, specially if they bee cockrels, are very convenient for a weak stomach, and nourisheth a little. The flesh of a cock is hard of digestion, but the broth wherein it is boiled, looseth the belly: & having sodden in it Coleworts, Polipodium, or Cartamus, it purgeth ill humours, and is medicinable against gouts, ioynt-ach, and fevers, which come by courses.   

Fesaut.  
exceedeth all fowles in swéetnessed and wholesomnes, and is equal to a Capon in nourishing: but he is somewhat drier, and is of some men put in comparison, mean between a hen and a partridge.   

partridge.  
Of all fowles is most soonest digested, and hath in him much nutriment, comforteth the brain, and maketh seed of generation, and reviveth lust, which is abated.   

quails.  
Although they bee of some men commended, yet experience proveth them to increase melancholy, and are of small nourishing.   

larks.  
Be as well the flesh as the broth very wholesome: eaten roasted, they do much help against the colicke, as Dioscorides saith.   

A plover.  
Is slow of digestion, nourisheth little, increaseth melancholy.   

black birds or ousyls.  
Among wildfowl haue the chief praise, for lightness of digestion, and that they make good nourishment, and little ordure.   

sparrows.  
Be hard to digest, and are very hot, and stirreth up Venus, and specially the brains of them.   

woodcocks.  
Are of a good temperance, and meetly light in digestion.   

Pygeons.  
Be easily digested, and are very wholesome to them, which are phlegmatic, and pure melancholy.   

Goose.  
Is hard of digestion, but being young and fat, the wings bee easy to digest in a whole stomach, and nourisheth competently.   

duck.  
Is hotter then goose, and hard to digest, and maketh worse juice, saving the brawns on the breast bone, and the neck, is better then the remnant.   

Crane and buzzard.  
Crane is hard of digestion, and maketh ill juice, but being hanged up long in the air he is the less unwholesome. Bustard being fat, and kept without meate a day or two afore that he be killed, to expulse his ordure, and then drawn and hanged as the Crane is, being roasted or baken, is a good meat, & nourisheth well, if he be well digested.   

heron, Byttour, Shouelar.  
Being young and fat, bee lightlier digested then the Crane, and the Bittour sooner then the heron. And the Shouelar sooner then any of them, but all those fowles must bee eaten with much Ginger or Pepper, and haue good old wine drunk after them, and so shall they be more easily digested, & the juice coming of them be the less noiful.    

The partes and members of birds and beasts. CAP. 13.  
THe wings, brawns, and neck of geese, capons, hens, pheasant, partridge, and small birds being fat, are better then the legs in digestion, & lighter in nourishment. Of wildfowl & pigeons, being fat, the legs are better then the wings, the brawns of duck, teale and wigeon except, which is better to digest then the residue.  

The gysard or stomach.  
Of a goose or hen, being fat with bran and milk, being well sudden or made in powder, is good for the stomach, in makingit strong to digest, and nourisheth competently.   

The liver.  
Of a capon, hen, pheasant, or goose being made fat with milk mixed with their meate is not onely easy to digest, but also maketh good juice, and nourisheth excellently. But the livers of beasts bee ill to digest, passeth slowly and maketh gross blood, but it is strong in nourishing.   

The inward of beasts, as tripes and chitterlings.  
The flesh of them is more hard to digest: and therefore although they bee well digested, yet make they not juice naturally sanguine or clean, but raw juice, and cold, and it requireth a long time to be converted into blood.   

The lungs or lights.  
Are more easy to digest then the liver, and less nourisheth, but the nourishment that it maketh, is phlegmatic. Albeit the lungs of a fox, is medicinable for them, which haue sickness of the lungs.   

The spleen or Mylt.  
Is of ill juice, for it is the chamber of melancholy.   

The heart.  
Is of hard flesh, and therfore is not soon digested, nor passeth shortly, but where it is well digested, the juice that it maketh is not to be dispraised.   

The brain.  
Is phlegmatic, of gross juice, slow in digesting, noyous to the stomach, but where it is well digested, it nourisheth much.   

marrow.  
Is more delectable then the brain, it is ill for the stomach, but where it is well digested, it nourisheth much.   

The stones and udders.  
Being well digested, do nourish much, but the stones are hotter with their moistness, the udders could & fleumatick: they both do increase seed of generation, but the blood made of the udder, is better then that which cometh of the stones, except it be of calves & lambs. Also the stones of cocks, maketh commendable nourishment.   

The head.  
The flesh therof nourisheth much, & augmenteth seed, but it is slow of digestion, & noyeth the stomach, but to them which use much exercise, it is commendable.   

Tongue.  
Is of a spongy and sanguine substance, but the kernels and gristle which are in the roots, if they bee well digested they make good nourishment, if they bee not well digested they make fleume.   

The feet.  
Being well boiled and tender, in a hole stomach digesteth well and maketh good juice and passeth forth easily. Galen commendeth the feet of swine, but I haue proved, that the feet of a young bullock tenderly sudden and laid in prise two dayes or three, and eaten could in the evening, haue brought a choleric stomach into a good digestion and sleep: and therewith hath also expulsed salt fleume and choler: and this haue I found in myself by often experience, alway foreseen that it may be eaten before any other meate without drinking immediately after it.    

Of fish generally. CAP. 14.  
THe best fish after the opinion of Galen, is that which swimmeth in a pure sea, and is tossed and lift up with winds and surges. The more calm that the water is, the worse is the fish.  
They which are in muddy waters, do make much fleume and ordure, taken in fens and ditches be worst, being in riuers and swift, bee sometime commendable: Albeit generally all kinds of fish maketh more thinner blood than flesh, so that it doth much nourish, and it doth the sooner pass over by vapours: to a hot choleric stomach, or in fevers, sometime they bee wholesome, being new, fresh, and not very hard in substance or slimy, hard fish is hard of digestion: but the nourishment thereof is more firm, then that which is soft: those which haue much gross humors in them, are best powdered.   

Of Butter. CAP. 15.  
BUtter is also nourishing, and profiteth in them which haue humors superfluous, in the breast or lungs, and lacketh riping and cleansing of them, specially if it bee eaten with sugar or hony. If it bee well salted, it heateth and cleanseth the more.   

Of Cheese. CAP. 16.  
CHeese by the whole sentence of al ancient writers, letteth digestion, and is an enemy unto the stomach. Also it engendereth ill humors, and breedeth the ston: the freeze which doth least harm is soft cheese reasonably salted, which some men do suppose, nourisheth much.   

Of eggs. CAP. 17.  
eggs of Fesants, hens, and partridges, he of all other meats most agreeable unto nature, specially if they bee new laid: if they bee rear, they do cleanse the throat and the breast. If they be hard, they be slow in digestion: but being once digested, they do nourish much. mean between rear and hard, they digest conveniently, and nourish quickly. eggs well poched, are better then roasted. If they be fried hard, they be of ill nourishment, and do make stinking fumes in the stomach, and do corrupt other meats, with whom they be mingled.  
They be most wholesome, when they be poched, and most unwholesome, when they be fried. Dioscorides saith. If they besu 〈…〉 d warm, before any other meate, they do heal the grietes of the bladder & raynes made with gravel. Also soreness of the cheeks and throat, and spitting of blood: and they bee good against catarrhs or stilling out of the head into the stomach.  

Of drinks, and first of water.  
undoubtedly water hath pre-eminence above all other liquors, not only because it is an element, that is to say, a pure matter, whereof al other liquors haue their original substance, but also for as much as it was the very natural and first drink to all manner of creatures.  
Wherefore the saying of Pindarus the Poet was ever well allowed, which saith, water is best. And one thing is to bee well considered, that from the creation of the world, until the universal deluge or flood, during which time men lived 8. or 9. hundred yeares, there was none other drink used nor known, but water. Also the true followers of Pythagoras doctrine, drank only water, and yet lived, as Appollonius, & other: and in the searching out of secret and mystical things, their wits excelled. moreover wee haue seen men and women of great age, and strong of body, which never or very seldom drank other drink then pure water. As by example in cornwall, although that the country be in a very could quarter, which proveth that if men from their infancy were accustomend to none other drink but to water only moderately used, it should be sufficient to keep natural moisture, & to cause the meat that is eaten, to pierce and descend into the places of digestion, which are the purposes that drink serveth for.  
But now to the qualities of water after the sentence of ancient philosophers and physicians. The rain water after the opinion of most men, if it bee received pure and clean, is most subtle and penetratiue, of any other waters: the next is that, which issueth out of a spring in the east, and passeth swiftly among great stones or rocks: the third is of a clean river, which runneth on great hard stones or peples. There he diuers means to try out which is the best water▪ for that which is lightest in poise or weight, is best. Also that whereof cometh least skim or froth when it doth boil, also that which will soonest bee hot: moreover dip linen clothes into sundry waters and after lay them to dry, and that which is soonest dry, the water wherein it was dipped is most subtle. After a great surfet, specially taken with superfluous eating of banqueting meats, could water drunken is a general remedy. Hyppo. affirmeth that in sharp and fervent diseases, none other remedy is to be required then water. And Galen will not that children should bee let from drinking of 
De ratione victus in morb. acutis. lib. 3.  water, but that when they séele themselves very hot after meales, and do desire to drink water, specially of a clean fountain they should be suffered, also Hippo saith: in such sickness whereas thou fearest, lest the head should be vehemently grieved, or the mind perished, there must thou give either water or white wine allaied with much water. Not withstanding there be in water causes of diuers diseases, as of swelling of the spleen and the liver, it also flitteth and swimmeth, and it is long or it pierceth, in as much as it is could and slow in decoction, it looseth not the belly nor provoketh urine. Also in this it is vicious, that of his proper nature it maketh no ordure. Finally alway respect must be had to the person that drinketh it, for to youngmen and them that bee hot of complexion, it doth less harm, and sometime it profiteth, but to them that are feeble, old, phlegmatic, melancholy, it is not convenient.    

Of Wine. CAP. 19.  
PLato the wisest of all Philosophers, doth affirm, that wine moderately drunk, nourisheth and comforteth as well al the body as the spirites of man. And therefore God did ordain it for mankind, as a remedy against the incommodities of age, that thereby they should seem to return unto youth and forget heaviness. Undoubtedly wine heateth, and moisteth the body, which qualities chiefly conserveth nature. And Galen of all wines commendeth that which is yellow and clear, saying: that it is the hottest, and white wine least hot.  
And the colour mean between both, of semblable temperature. The yellow wine which is the proper colour of very hot wines, to old men doth bring these commodities. First it heateth all their members, also it purgeth by urine the watery substance of the blood. moreover, the wines which be pale or yellow, and full of substance do increase blood, and nourish the body, but for the more parte, old men haue need of such wines which do provoke urine: for as much as in them do abound watery excrements, or superfluities, and they which do tarry long in the belly be not apt for aged men. Black or deep read wines and thick, do bind and congeal that which they do find in the body, and although some of them do not long abide in the belly, yet they move not urine, but rather withdraweth: but yet they do harm to old men, for as much as they do stop the conduits of the spleen, the liver and the rains: also gross wines be best for them which desire to be fat, but it maketh oppilations: old wine and clear is better for them that be fleumatick. Galen also prohibiteth children to drink any wine, for as 
Galen de tuen▪ sani. lib. 1.  much as they be of a hot and moist temperature, and so is wine: and therfore it heateth and moisteth too much their bodies, and filleth their heads with vapours. moreover he would, that young men should drink little wine, for it shall make them prove to fury, and lechery, & that part of the soul which is called rationable, it shal make troublous and dull: not withstanding yet it is sometime profitable to mitigate or expel ordure made of choler or melancholy. Also it profiteth against dryth, which happeneth in the substance of the body, either by too much labour, or by the proper temperature of age: for wine moisteth & nourisheth that, which is too dry, also mitigateth and dissolveth the sharpness of choler, and purgeth it also by urine & sweat. Finally as Theognes saith, much drinking of wineis ill, but moderate drinking of wine is not onely not ill, but also commodious and profitable, which sentence is confirmed by Iesus Syrac, in the book name Ecclesiasticus, saying: Wine moderately drunk rejoiceth both the body & soul. Wherefore to conclude this chapter, there is neither meate nor drink, in the use whereof ought to bee a more discreet moderation, then in wine, considering that being good and drunk in due time and measure, it not only conserveth natural & radical moisture, whereby life endureth, but also it helpeth the principal members which belong to digestion, to do their office: on the other part being ill or corrupt, or taken out of order and measure, it doth contrary to all the premises, besides that it transformeth a man or woman, making thē beastly. More of the qualittes of wine shall bee touched hereafter in the order of diet.   

Of milk. CAP. 20.  
milk is compact of three substances, cream, whey, and cruddes. The most excellent milk is of a woman, the milk of a cow is thickest, the milk of a camel is most subtle, the milk of a goat is between cow milk & camel milk. Ewes milk is between cow milk & asses milk. Also the milk of beasts feeding in large pastures, and out of fens and marshes, is better then of them which bee fed in little closes or in watery grounds. In spring time milk is most subtle, and milk of young beasts is bolsomer then of old. To children, old men, and to them which be oppressed with melancholy, or haue the flesh comsumed with a fever, thick milk is convenient. And generally to al them which do not feel the milk rise in their stomachs after that they haue eaten it, and in those persons it doth easily purge that, which is in the belly superfluous. And afterward it entereth into the veins & bringeth good nourishment: whosoever hath an appetite to eat or drink milk, to the intent that it shall not arise or obrayd in the stomach, let him put into a vessel, out of the which he will receive it, a few leaves of mint, sugar, or pure honey, and into the vessel cause the beast to be milked, and so drink it warm from the udder, or else let him do as Paulus Aegineta teacheth, that is to say, boil first the milk with an east fire, and seeth it after in hotter fire, and skim it clean, and with a sponge dipped in could water, take the clean away, which would be burned to the vessel, then put into the milk salt and sugar, 
Orbasitus, de conuictione cibornm lib. 3.  and stir it often. moreover, milk taken to purge melonchaly, would be drunk in the morning abundantly, new milked, as is before written. And he that drinketh, should abstain from meate and exercise until the milk be digested, and haue some what purged the belly. For which labour it becometh sour: and therefore it requireth rest and watch, or to walk very softly. Finally, where men and women be used from their childhood, for the more part, to milk, and to eat none or little other meate but milk and butter, they appear to bee of good complexion and fashion of body, and not so much vexed with sickness as they which drink wine or ale: not withstanding, much use of milk in men sanguine or choleric, doth engender the ston.   

Of Ale, beer, Cider, and whey. CAP. 21.  
I Can neither hear nor read, that Ale is made and used for a common drink in any other country then England, Scotland, Ireland, and Pole. The latin word Ceruisia is indifferent as well to Ale as to beer. If the corn be good, the water wholesome and clean, and the Ale or beer well & perfectly brewed and cleansed, and by the space of six daies and more, settled and defecate, it must needs be a necessary & convenient drink as well in sickness as in health: considering the barley corn, whereof it is made, is commended & used in medicine in all parts of the world, & accounted to bee of a singular efficacy in reducing the body into good temper, specially which is in distemperature of heat. For what ancient physician is there that in his works commendeth not ptisan? which is none other but pure barley brayd in a mortar, & sudden in water, the same thing is small and clean ale or beer, saving that perchance the drying of the malt is cause of more dryth to be in the ale then in ptisan. And the hops in beer maketh it colder in operation. But to say as I think, I suppose that neither Ale nor beer is to be compared to Wine, considering that in them do lack the heat and moisture which is in Wine. For that being moderately used, is most like to the natural heat & moisture of mans body. And also the haviour of Ale or beer being more gross, do engender more gross vapours and corrupt humours then Wine doth, being drunk in like excess of quantity.  
As for Cider may not bee good in any condition, considering as I said, that al fruits do engender ill humours, and do cool too much natural heat: but to them which haue abundance of read choler, moderately used, it somewhat profiteth in mitigation of excessive heat. But who that will diligently mark in the countries where Cider is used for a common drink, the men and women haue the colour of their visage palled, and the skin of the visage riueled, although that they be young.  
whey, if it bee left of the butter, being well ordered, and not drunk until it haue a thick cured of milk over it, like to a hat, is a right temperate drink, for as much as by the vnctuositie of the butter, whereof the whey retaineth some portion, it is both moist & nourishing, and cleanseth the breast, & by the subtilnes of itself, it descendeth soon from the stomach, and is shortly digested. Also by reason of the affinity which it hath with milk, it is conuertible into blood and flesh, specially in those persons which do inhabit in the North parts, in whom natural heat is conglutinate, and therefore is of more pvissance and virtue in the office of concoction. Also custom from childhood, doth elevate the power of meats & drinks in their disposition, notwithstanding that the 4. humours, sanguine, choler, fleume, & melancholy, must also be considered, as it shall appear in diuers places hereafter.   

Of Hony. CAP. 22.  
HOny as well in meat as in drink, is of incomparable efficacy: for it not only cleanseth, altereth, and nourisheth, but also it long time preserveth that uncorrupted, which is put into it, in so much, as Pliny saith: such is the 
Plin. lib. 22.  nature of hony, that it suffereth not the bodies to putrifie: and he affirmeth that he did see an Hippocentaure, which is a beast half a man & half a horse, brought in hony to Claudius the Emperour, out of Egypt to Rome. And he telleth also of Pollio Romulus, who was above a hundred yeares old, of whom Augustus the Emperour demanded by what means he lived so long, and retained still the vigour or laziness of body and mind. Pollio answered, that he did it inward with mead, which is drink made with honey and water: outward, with oil. Which saying agreeth with the sentence of Democritus the great Philosopher, who being demanded, how a man might live long in health: he answered. If he wet him within with honey, without with oil. The same Philosopher when he was an hundred yeares old and nine, prolonged his life certain daies with the evaporation of hony, as Aristoxinus writeth. Of this excellent matter, most wonderfully wrought and gathered by a little be, as well of the pure dew of heaven as of the most subtle humour of sweet and virtuous herbs & flowers, bee made liquors commodious to mankind, as mead, Metheglin, and oxymel. mead which is made with one part of honey, and four times so much of pure water, & boiled until no skim do remain, is much commended of Galen, drunk in summer for preserving of health. 
Lib. 4. de tuenda sanitate.   
The same author alway commendeth the using of hony, either raw eaten with fine bread somewhat leavened, or sudden, and received as drink. Also mead perfectly made, cleanseth the breast and lungs, causeth a man to spit easily and piss abundantly, and purgeth the belly moderately. Metheglin, which is most used in Wales, by reason of hot herbs boiled with honey, is hotter then mead, and more comforteth a could stomach, if it be perfectly made, and not new or very ●●ale. oxymel, is where to one part of vinegar is put double so much of honey, four times as much of water, and thē being boiled unto the thirdpart, and clean skimmed with a feather, is used to be taken where in the stomach is much fleume or matter undigested, so that it be not read choler. look the use thereof in Alexandro Tralliano. Many other good qualities of honey I omit to writ of, until some other occasion shall happen to remember them particularly, where they shall seem to be profitable.   

Sugar. CAP. 23.  
OF Sugar I do find none ancient author of greeks and latins to writ by name, but onely Paulus Aegineta, who saith in this wise, after that he hath treated of hony. moreover, sugar which they call hony, that is brought to us from Arabia, called Felix, is not so sweet as our hony, but is equal in virtue, and doth not annoy the stomach, nor causeth thirst. These be the words of Paulus. It is now in daily experience, that sugar is a thing very temperat and nourishing, and where there is choler in the stomach, or that the stomach abhorreth hony, it may be used for hony in all things, wherein honey is required to be. With sugar and vinegar is made syrup acetose.   

Of time. CAP. 24.  
IN the consideration of time, for taking of meats and 
Wint●r.  drinks, it is to be remembered, that in Winter meats ought to be taken in great abundance, & of a more gross substance then in Summer, for as much as the exterior air which compasseth the body being cold, causeth the heat to withdraw into the inner parts, where being enclosed and gathered nigh together in the stomach and entrails, it is of more force to boil and digest that which is received into it. Also meats roasted are then better then sudden, and flesh & fish powdered, is then better then in Summer: herbs be not then commendable, specially raw, neither fruits, except Quinces roasted or baked: drink should be then taken in little quantity. moreover, wines shal need no water or very little, & that to choleric persons: read wines, & they which be thick and sweet, may be then most surely taken of thē which haue no oppilations or the ston: alway remember that in winter ●●eume increaseth by reason of rain and moystures of the season, also the length of nights and much rest. And therefore 
Gal in comment. in apho. z. lib. 3.  in that time choleric persons are best at ease, semblably are young men, but to old men winter is an enemy. It beginneth the 8. day of november, and endureth until the 8. day of February.  
The Spring time doth participate the first part with 
Spring time.  Winter, the latter part with Summer. Wherefore if the first part be could, then shall the diet bee according to 
Hippocra. de natura humana.  Winter. If the end be hot, then shall the diet be of Summer. If both parts be temperate, then should there bee also a temperance in diet: alway considering that fleume yet remaineth, and blood then increaseth. And meate would be less in quantity then in Winter, and drink 
Galen come. aph. 18. lib. 1.  somewhat more.  
Spring time beginneth the 8. of February, & continueth 
Summer.  unto the 8. day of May. In Summer the inward heat is but little, and the stomach doth not digest so strongly nor quickly, as in winter: wherefore in the season, eating often, and a little at once, is most convenient. And Damascenus saith, that fasting in summer drieth the body, maketh the colour salow, engendereth melancholy, & hurteth the sight: also boiled meate, bread steeped in white broth, with sudden lettuce or chicory, are then good to be 
Hippo. de humoribus.  used: also variety in meats, but not at one meal: pottages made with could herbs, drink in more abundance, wine alaid with water to hot complexions much, to could natures less. In this season blood increaseth, & toward the end thereof, choler. And therefore they which be could of nature and moist, are then best at ease, hot natures & dry worst. moreover▪ children and very young men in 
Galen in comment in apho.  the beginning of summer, are holest, old folk in the latter end, and in harvest. Summer beginneth the 8. day of May, & continueth until the 8. day of August. autumn beginneth the 8. day of August, and endeth the 8. day of november, that season of the year is variable, & the air changeable, by occasion whereof happen sundry sicknesses, blood decreaseth, & melancholy aboundeth: wherefore all summer fruits would then be eschewed, for as much as they make ill juice & winds in the body. In this time meat would be more abundant the in summer, but somewhat drier: drink must be less in quantity: but less mixed with water. This time is damgerous to al ages, al natures, & al countries, but the natures hot & moist be least in damage.  

Diet concerning sundry times of the year, written by the old physician Diocles, to King Antigonus.  
FRom the 12. day of December, at the which time the day is at the shortest until the 9. day of March, which do continue 90. dayes, rheums and moystures do increase, then meats and drinks naturally very hot, would bee moderately used. Also to drink abundantly Wine without allay, or with little water, and to use hilaritie: the company of a woman is not unwholesome to the body.  
From the ninth day of March, at which time in Equinoctium vexnum unto the 25. day of april, sweet fleume and blood do increase: therefore use thou things having much juice and sharp, exercise the body diligently, then may ye use safely the company of a woman.  
From the 20. day of april, to the 14. day of June, choler increaseth, then use all things that are sweet, and do make the belly soluble, forbear carnal company with women.  
From the 14. day of June, at which time the day is at the longest, unto the 12. day of September, doth melancholy rain, forbear carnal company, or use it moderately.  
From the 12. day of September, unto the 17. day of October, do abound fleume & thin humours, then would all fluxes and distillations bee prohibited, then all sharp meats and drinks and of good juice, are to be used, and carnal occupations should then be eschewed.  
From the 17. day of October, to the 12. day of December, increaseth gross fleume, use therefore all bitter meats, sweet wines, fat meate, and much exercise.    

Of Ages. CAP. 25.  
CHildren would be nourished with meats and drinks, 
Children.  which are moderately hot and moist, notwithstanding Galen doth prohibit them use of Wine, because it 
Galen de tuen. ●anit. lib. 1.  moystneth and heateth too much the body, and filleth the heads of them, which are hot and moist, with vapours. Also he permitteth them in hot weather to drink clear water of the fountain. A child growing fast in his members toward a man, so that he seemeth well fed in the body, is then to be feared of fullness of humours, and if it be 
Orba●itus, de ●ute simp. lib. 1  perceived that he is replete, then must be withdrawn & minished some part of that nutriment, and according unto his age, some evacuation would be devised, otherwhile by exercise, walking up and down fasting, and before that they eat any meate, let them exercise themselves with their own labours, & do their own accustomend business, and eat the meats whereunto they be most used, so that it be such that may not hurt them. And thus need they not to know of physicians, but by experience and diligent search by their stool, their nurses shall perceive what digesteth well, and what doth not. But if it appear that by excessive feeding, the belly of the child is fuller and greater thē it was wont to be, and that which passeth by the belly is corrupted, or his sweat stinketh, these things known, if they eat strong meats, give them not one kind of meate, but diuers, that the novelty of the meate may help, that they may go the more easily to the stool. For if any haue an unreasonable appetite, he is sooner recovered, if he bee purged by a boil or imposthume, comen forth & broken, before that the meat be corrupted, & after that let him eat fine meats, & being once whole, return by little & little to his old custom.  
Young men, exceeding the age of 14. yeares, shall eat meate more gross of substance, colder and moister, also 
Young men.  Salades of could herbs, and to drink seldom Wine, except it be allayed with water. Albeit, all these things must be tempered according to their complexions, exercise, and quietness in living, whereof ye shal read in their proper places hereafter.  
old men, in whom natural heat and strength seemeth 
old men.  to decay, should use alway meats, which are of quality hot and moist, and there withall easy to bee digested, and abstain utterly from all meats and drinks which will engender thick juice and slimy, semblably from wine, which is thick, sweet, and dark read wines, and rather use them which will make thin humours, and will purge well the blood by urine, therefore white or yellow wines, and perchance french claret wines, are for them very commendable. Also wine prepared with 
Paul. A Eginer. lib. 1. cap. 23.  pure hony clarified, wherein roots of parsley, or fennel be steeped, specially if they suspect any thing of the ston, or gout. And if they more desire to cleanse their rains and bladder, then it is good to use small white wine, as racked rhenish wine, or other like to it. And sometime to steep over night therein a parsley root flit and somewhat bruised, and a little liquorice. Finally, let them beware of all meats that will stop the pores, and make obstructions 
oppilations, what they are.  or oppilations, that is to say, with clammy matter stop the places where the natural humors are wrought and digested, the which meats I haue before set in a table. But if it chance then to eat any such meate in abundance, let them take shortly such things, as do resist oppilations, or resolve them. As white pepper, bruised and mixed with their meats or drinks, garlic also or onions, if they abhor them not. Alway remember that aged men should eat often, and but little at every time, for it fareth by them, as it doth by a lamp, the light whereof is almost extinct, which by pouring in of oil little and little is long kept burning: and with much oil poured in at once, it is clean put out. Also they must forbear all things which do engender melancholy, whereof ye shall read in the table before: and bread clean without eauen, is not then unwholesome.   

Moderation in dier, having respect to the strength or weakness of the person CAP. 26.  
NOw here it must be considered, that although I haue written a general diet for every age, yet nevertheless it must be remembered, that some children and young men, either by debility of nature, or by some accidental cause, as sickness or much study, happen to gather humours phlegmatic or melancholy in the places of digestion, so that concoction or digestion is as weak in them, as in those which are aged.  
Semblably some old men find nature so beneficial unto them, that their stomachs and livers are more strong to digest then the said young men: some perchance haue much choler remaining in them. In these cases the said young men must use the diet of old men, or nigh unto it, until the dyscrasy be removed, having alway respect to their universal complexions, as they which are naturally choleric to use hot things in a more temperance, then they which be phlegmatic or melanch●licke by nature. The same observation shall bee to old men, saving that age of his own property is cold and dry, therefore the old man that is choleric, shall haue more regard to moisture in meats then the young man being of the same complexion. foreseen alway that where nature is offended or grieved, she is cured by that, which is 
Hippoc. aphor. Galen in comment.  contrary to that, which offendeth or grieveth, as cold by heat, heat by cold, dryth by moisture, moisture by dryth. In that whereby nature should bee nourished in a whole and temperate body, things must be taken which are like to the mans nature in quality and degree. As where one hath his body in a good temper, things of the same temperance doth nourish him: but where he is out of temper, in heat, could, moisture or dryth, temperate meats or drinks nothing do profit him. For being out of the mean and perfect temperature, nature requireth to be thereto reduced by contraries, remembering not only, that contraries are remedy unto their contraries, but also in every contrary, consideration must be had of the proportion in quantity.   

Times in the day concerning meales. CAP. 27.  
BEsides the times of the year, and ages, there be also other times of eating and drinking to be remembered, as the sundry times in the day, which wee call meales, which are in number and distance, according to the temperature of the country and person. As where the country is could, and the person lusty, and of a strong nature, there may more meales bee used, or the less distance of time between them. Contrariwise in contrary countries and personages, the cause is afore rehearsed, where I haue spoken of the diet of the times of the year, notwithstanding, here must bee also consideration of exercise and rest, which do augment or aspire the natural disposition of bodies, as shall bee more declared hereafter in the chapter of exercise. But concerning the general usage of countries, and admitting the bodies to the perfect state of health, I suppose that in england young men, until they come to the age of xl. yeres, may well eat three meales in one day, as at breakfast, dinner, and supper, so that between breakfast and dinner, be the space of 4. houres, at the least between dinner and supper 6. houres, and the breakfast less then the dinner, & the dinner moderate, that is to say, less then satiety of fullness of belly, and the drink thereunto measurable, according to the dryness or moistness of the meate. For much abundance of drink at meal, drowneth the meate eaten, and not only letteth convenient concoction in the stomach, but also causeth it to pass farther then nature requireth, and therfore engendereth much fleum, & consequently rewmes, & crudenes in the veins, debility and slippernes of the stomach continue flux, and many other inconveniences to the body and members. But to return to meales, I think breakfasts necessary in this realm, as well for the causes before rehearsed, as also for 
breakfast.  as much as choler being fervent in the stomach, sendeth up fumosities into the brain, and causeth headache, and sometime becometh adult, and smauldreth in the stomach, whereby happeneth perilous sickness, and sometime sudden death, if the heat enclosed in the stomach haue not other convenient matter to work on: this daily experience proveth, and natural reason confirmeth, therefore men and women not aged, having their stomachs clean without putrefied matter, sleeping moderately and soundly in the night, and feeling themselves light in the morning and sweet breathed, let them on Gods name break their fast, choleric men with gross meat, men of other complexion with lighter meate, foreseen that they labour some what before, semblably their dinner and supper, as I haue before written, so that they sleep not incontinent after their meales: and here I will not recite the sentences of authors, which had never experience of English mens natures, or of the just temperature of this realm of England, onely this connsaile of Hippocrates shall be sufficient. We ought to grant somewhat to time, 
Hippo. hoar. 18. lib. 1 Gal. de tuenda sanitate.  to age, and to custom: notwithstanding where great warmenes or dryth grieveth the body, there ought the dinner to be less, and the longer distance between dinner, and supper. Also much rest, except a little soft walking, that by an upright moving, the meat being stirred may descend. This is alway to be remembered, that where one feeleth himself full and grieved with his dinner, or the savour of his meate by eructation ascendeth, or that his stomach is weak by late sickness or much study, then it is most convenient to abstain from supper, and rather provoke himself to sleep much, then to eat or drink any thing. Also to drink between meales is not laudable, except very great thirst constraineth: for it interrupteth the office of the stomach in concoction, and causeth the meate to pass faster then it should do, and the drink being cold, it rebuketh natural heat that is working, and the meate remaining raw, it corrupteth digestion and maketh crudenesse in the veins. Wherefore he that is thirsty, let him consider the occasion. If it bee of salt fleume, let him walk fair and softly and onely wash his mouth and his throat with barley water, or small ale, or lie down and sleep a little, and so the thirst will pass away or at the least be well assuaged.  
If it happen by extreme heat of the air, or by a pure choler, or eating of hot Spices, let him drink a little Julep made with clean water and sugar, or a little small beer or ale, so that he drink not a great glut, but in a little quantity, let it stil down softly into his stomach as he sitteth, & then let him move suddenly. If the thirst be in that evening by eating too much, and drinking of wine, then after the opinion of the most learned physicians, and as I myself haue often experienced the best remedy is, if there be no fever, to drink a good draft of cold water immediately, or else if it be not painful for him to vomit, to provoke him thereto with a little warm water, and after to wash his mouth with vinegar and water, and sleep long and soundly if he can.  
And if in the morning he feel any fumosities rising, then to drink Julep of violets, or for lack therof a good draft of very small ale, or beer somewhat warmed, without eating any thing after it.   

Of diversities of meats eaten, whereby health is appayred. CAP. 28.  
NOw let this bee a general rule, that sundry meats, being diuers in substance and quality, eaten all at one meal, is the greatest enemy to health that may be, and that engendereth most sicknesses, for some meats being gross and hard to digest, some fine and easy to digest, do require diuers operations of nature, and diuers temperatures of the stomach, that is to say, much heat and temperate heat, which may not be together at one time.  
Therefore when the fine meate is sufficiently boiled in the stomach, the gross meate is raw, so both iuyces, the one good and perfect, the other gross and crude, at one time digested, and sent into the veins and body, needs must health decay, and sicknesses bee engendered. Likewise in diuers meats being of diuers qualities, as where some are hot and moist, some could and moist, some hot and dry, some could and dry, according thereunto shal the juice bee diuers which they make in the body. And like as between the said qualities is contrariety, so thereby shall bee in the body an unequal temperature, for as much as it is not possible for a man to estéem so just a proportion, of the qualities of that which he receiveth, that the one shall not exceed the other in quantity.  
Wherefore of the said unequal mixture, needs must ensue corruption and consequently sickness, and therfore to a hole man, it were better to feed at one meal competently on very gross meat only, so that it be sweet, and his nature do not abhor it, then on diuers fine meats of sundry substance and qualities. I haue known and seen old men and old women which eating only beef, baken, cheese, and curdes, haue continued in good health, whom I haue proved, that when they haue eaten sundry fine meats at one meal, haue soon after felt themselves grieved with frettings, and headache, and after that they haue been hole again, there hath been given to them one kind of light meate, they haue done as well therwith as they were wont to do with gross meats, when they eat it alone, which proveth to be true that which I haue rehearsed. And it is good reason, for after the general opinion of Philosophers and physicians, the nature of mankind is best content with things most simplo and vnmixte, all things tending to unity, wherein is the onely perfection. Also it is a general rule of physic, that where a sickness may bee cured with simples, that is to say, with one onely thing that is medicinable, there should the physician give no compound medicine mixed with many things.  
These things considered, it may seem to all men that haue reason, what abuse is here in this realm in the continual gormandize and daily feeding on sundry meats at one meal, the spirit of gluttony triumphing among us, in his glorious chariot called welfare, driving us from him, as his prisoners into his dungeon of surfet, where we are tormented with catars, fevers, gouts, pluresies, freting of the guts, and many other sicknesses, and finally put to death by them, oftentimes in youth, or in the most pleasant time of our life, when we would most gladly live, for the remedy whereof howe many times haue there been devised ordinances, and acts of counsel, although perchance bodily health was not the chief occasion thereof, but rather provision against vain and sumptuous expenses of the mean people. For the nobility was exempted and had liberty to abide still in the dungeon if they would, and to live less while then other men. But when, where, and how long were the said good devises put in due execution, for all that, that thereof should succeed double profit, that is to say, health of body, and increase of substance, by eschewing of superfluous expenses in sundry dishes. Alas how long will men fantasy laws and good ordinances, and never determine them. fantasy proceedeth of wit, determination of wisdom, wit is in the devising and speaking, but wisdom is in the performance, which resteth onely in execution. Héere haue I almost forgotten, that my purpose was to writ of the order of diet, and not of laws: but the fervent love that I haue to the public weal of my country, constrained me to digress some what from my matter, but now will I proceed forth to writ of order which in taking of meats and drinks is not the least part of diet.   

Of order of receiving of meats, and drink. CAP. 29.  
herbs as well sudden as vnsodden, also fruits which do mollify and loose the belly, ought to be eaten before any other meate, except that sometime for the repressing of fumosities rising in the head by much drinking of wine, raw lettuce, or a could apple, or the juice of oranges or lemons, may be taken after meales in a little quantity.  
moreover all breaths, milk, réere eggs and meats which are purposely taken to make the belly soluble, would first be eaten. Al fruits and other meats that are styptic or binding, would bee eaten last after all other. fruits confectionate specially with honey, are not to bee eaten with other meats. But here is to be diligently noted, that where the stomach is choleric and strong, gross meats would be first eaten, where the stomach is cold or weak, there would fine meats be first eaten: for in a hot stomach fine meats are burned, while the gross meate is digesting. Contrariwise in a cold stomach, the little heat is suffocate with gross meate, and the fine meats left raw, for lack of concoction, where if the fine meate be first taken moderately, it stirreth up and comforteth natural heat, and maketh it more able to concoct gross meats, if they bee eaten afterward, so that it be but in small quantity, notwithstanding, as I lately affirmed one manner of meate is most sure to every complexion, foreseen that it be alway most commonly in conformity of qualities with the person the eateth. moreover take heed that slipper meats bee not first eaten, least it draw with it too hastily other meats, ere they be digested, nor that styptic or restraining meats, be taken at the beginning, as Quinces, pears, & meddlers, lest they may let other meats that they descend not into the bottom of the stomach where they should be digested, notwithstanding the confection made with the juice of Quinces, called Diacitonites, taken two houres afore dinner or supper, is commended of Galen and other for restoring appetite and making good concoction. Also concerning drink at meales, it would not be afore that 
drink at meales.  somewhat were eaten, and at the beginning the drink would be strongest, and so toward the end more small, if it be ale or beer, and if it be wine more and more allayed with water: and after the better opinion of physicians, the drink would rather be mixed with the meate by sundry little draughts, thē with one great draft at the end of the meal: for the mixture tempereth well the meate without annoyance, a great draft with much drink drowneth the meate, rebuketh natural heat that then worketh in concoction, and with his weight driveth down the meate too hastily. Hot wines and sweet, or confectioned with spices, or very strong ale, or beer, are not convenient at meales: for the meate is by them rather corrupted then digested, and they make hot & stinking vapours ascend up to the brains. Albeit if the stomach be very windy, or so could and feeble, that it cannot concoct such a quantity of meate as is required to the sufficient nourishment of the body of him that eateth, or hath eaten raw herbs or fruits, whereby he feeleth some annoyance, then may he drink incontinent after his meal, a little quantity of secke, or good Aqua vitae, in small ale: but if he haue much choler in his stomach, or a head full of vapours, it were much better that he did neither drink the one nor the other, but rather eat a little coliander seed prepared, or a piece of a Quince roasted, or in Marmelade, and after rest to amend the lack of nature with sleep, moderate exercise, & plasters providing for comforting of the stomach. And here will I leave to writ any more of the diet of eating & drinking, saving that I would, that the readers should haue in remembrance these two counsels. First, that to an hole man, to practise a rule is not convenient in diet, and that the diseases which do happen by too much abstinence, are worse to be cured, then they which come by repletion. And Cornelius Celsus saith, a man that is hole and well at ease, and at his liberty, ought not to bind himself to rules or need a physician: but yet where the stomach is feeble, as is of more part of the citizens, and well-nigh all they that bee studious in learning or weighty affairs, there ought to bee more circumspection, that the meate may bee such as that either in quality or quantity, nature being but feeble, be not rebuked or too much oppressed.   

Of sleep and watch. CAP. 30.  
THe commodity of moderate sleep appeareth by this, that natural heat which is occupied about that matter, whereof proceedeth nourishment, is comforted in the places of digestion, and so digestion is made better or more perfect by sleep, the body fatter, the mind more quiet and clear, the humours temperate, and by much watch all things happen contrary.  
The moderation of sleep must be measured by health and sickness, by age, by time, by emptiness or fullness of the body, and by natural complexions. First to a hole man, having no debility of nature, and digesting perfectly the meat that he eateth, a little sleep is sufficient: but to them which haue weak stomachs, and do digest slowly, it requireth that sleep bee much longer, semblably temperance is required in youth and age: winter and summer, the body being full of ill humours, very little sleep is sufficient, except the humours be crude or raw, for thē is sleep necessary, which digesteth them better then labour, semblably where the body is long empty, by long sickness, or abstinence, sleep comforteth nature as well in the principal members, as in all the other. Also regard must be had to the complexion, for they that are hot and do eat little and digest quickly, a little sleep serveth, specially to choleric persons, for in them much sleep augmenteth heat, more then is necessary, whereby hot fumes & inflammations are often engendered, & sometime the natural choler is adust or putrefied, as experience teacheth. phlegmatic persons are naturally inclined to sleep: & because they engender much humours, they require more sleep then sanguine or choleric. Persons having natural melancholy, not proceeding of choler adust, do require very much sleep, which in them comforteth the powers animal, vital & natural, which ye may find written in the tables preceding. sleep would be taken not immediately after meales, & before that that meat is descended from the mouth of the stomach. For thereby is engendered pains & noise in the belly, and digestion corrupted, & the sleep by ill vapours ascending, made unquiet & troublous. moreover, immoderate sleep maketh the body apt unto palsies, apoplexies, falling sickness, rheums and impostumes. Also it maketh the wits dull, & the body flow and unapt to honest exercise. Semblably immoderate watch drieth too much the body, and doth debilitate the powers animal, letteth digestion, and maketh the body apt to consumption. Wherefore in these two things, as well as all other, a diligent temperance is to bee used, the moderation is best conjected( for it is hard perfectly to know it) by the sensible lightness of the body, specially of the brain, the brows, and the eyes, the passage down of the meate from the stomach, the will to make urine, and to go to the stool: contrariwise, heaviness in the body & eyes, and savour of the meate before eaten, signifieth that the sleep was not sufficient. They that are hole, must sleep first on the right side, because the meate may approach to the liver, which is in the stomach as fire under the pot, and by him is digested.  
To them which haue feeble digestion, it is good to sleep prostrate on their bellies, or to haue their bare hand on their stomachs. Lying upright on the back it is to be utterly abhorred.   

The commodity of exercise, and the time when it should be used. CAP. 31.  
every moving is not an exercise but onely that which is vehement, the end whereof is alteration of the breath or wind of a man. Of exercise do proceed two commodities, evacuation of excrements, and also good habit of the body: for exercise being a véhement motion, therof needs must ensue hardness of the members, whereby labour shall the less grieve, and the body bee the more strong to labour. Also thereof cometh augmentation of heat, whereby happeneth the more attraction of things to be digested, also more quick alteration & better nourishing. moreover, that al and singular parts of the body, be therewith somewhat humected. Whereby it happeneth, that things hard bee mollified, moist things are extenuate, and the pores of the body are more opened. And by the violence of the breath or wind, the pores are cleansed, and the filth in the body naturally expelled. This thing is so necessary to the preservation of health, that without it, no man may be long without sickness: which is affirmed by Cornelius Celsus, saying, that sluggishness dulleth the body, labour doth strengthen it: the first bringeth the incommodities of age shortly, the last maketh a man long time lusty. Notwithstanding, in exercise ought to be four things diligently considered, that is to say: the time, the things preceding, the quality, and quantity of exercise. First, as concerning the time convenient for exercise, that it be, not when there is in the stomach or bowels great quantity of meate, not sufficiently digested, or of humours, crude, or raw, least thereby peril might ensue by conveyance of them into al the members, before those meats or humours be concoct or boiled sufficiently. Galen saith, that the time most convenient for exercise is, when both the first & second digestion is complete, as well in the stomach, as in the veins, & that the time approacheth to eat eftsoons. For if ye do exercise sooner or later, ye shal either fill the body with crude humours, or else augment yellow choler. The knowledge of this time is perceived by the colour of the urine: for that which resembleth unto clear water, betokeneth that the juice which cometh from the stomach, is crude in the veins: that which is well coloured, not too high or bace, betokeneth that the second digestion is now perfect: where the colour is very high or read, it signifieth that the concoction is more then sufficient. Wherefore when the urine appeareth in a temperate colour, not read nor pale, but as it were gilded, then should exercise haue his beginning.   

Of Fricasies or rubbings preceding exercise. CAP. 32.  
AS touching things preceding exercise, as much as it is to be feared, least by vehement exercise any of the excrements of the belly or bladder, should hastily be received into the habit of the body, by the violence of heat kindled by exercise, also least some thing which is hole, be by heaviness of excrements or violent motion, broken or pulled out of his place, or that the excrements by violence of the breath, should stop the pores or conduits of the body, it shall be necessary little and little, by chasing the body, first to mollify the parts consolidate, and to extenuate or make thin humours, and to loose and open the pores, and then shall ensue to him that exerciseth no peril of obstruction or rapture. And to bring that to pass, it shall be expedient, after that the body is cleansed, to rub the body with a course linen cloth, first softly and easily, and after to increase more and more to a hard & swift rubbing, until the flesh do swell, and be somewhat ruddy, and that not only down right, but also overthwart and round. Some do use fricasies in this form, in the morning after that they haue been at the stool, with their shirt grieves or bare hand, if their flesh be tender, they deo first softly, and afterward faster rub their breast & sides downward, & overthwart, not touching their stomach or belly, and after cause their seruant semblably to rub overthwart their shoulders and back, and beginning at their neck bone, and not touching the rains of their back, except they do feel there much cold and wind, and afterward their legs from the knees to the ankle: last, their arms from the elbow, to the hand-wrest. And in this form of fricasie, I myself haue found an excellent commodity. Old men, or they which bee very dry in their bodies, if they put to some sweet oils, as Yrinum, Nardinum, Chamelinum, or other like mixed with a little sweet oil of Roses, I suppose they do well. I will not here speak of ointments, used in old time among the romans and greeks, in fricasies or rubbings. For I suppose, that they were never here used, and in the said places, they bee also left, unless it bee in palsies, or apoplexies, or against the rigour which happeneth in fevers onely. I will remember the saying of Hippocrates: Fricasie hath power to loose, to bind, to increase flesh, and to minish it. For hard fricasies do bind or consolidate: soft rubbing doth loose or mollify, much do minish flesh, mean rubbing doth augment or increase it. He that will know more abundantly hereof, let him read the book of Galen, of the preservation of health, called in latin, Detuenda sanitate, translated most truly and eloquently out of greek into Latin, by Doctor Linac●e, late physician of most worthy memory, to our sovereign Lord King Henry the eight. The same matter is written more briefly of Paulus Aegineta, Oribasius, Aetius, and some other late writers, but unto Galen not to be compared.   

The diversities of exercises. CAP. 33.  
THe quality of exercise, is the diversity thereof, for as much as therein be many differences in moving, and also some exercise moveth more one part of the body, some an other. In difference of moving some is slow, or soft, some is swift or fast, some is strong or violent, some be mixed with strength or swiftness. Strong or violent exercises be these, deluing, specially in tough day, and heavy, bearing or sustaining of heavy burdens, climbing or walking against a steep upright hill, holding a rope, and climbing up thereby, hanging by the hands on any thing above a mans reach, that his feet touch not the ground, standing and holding up, & spreading the arms, with the hands fast closed, and abiding so a long time. Also to hold the arms steadfast, causing an other man to assay to pull them out, and notwithstanding he keepeth his arm steadfast, enforcing thereunto the sine was and muscles. wrestling also with the arms and legs: if the persons bee equal in strength, it doth exercise the one and the other: if the one be stronger, then is it to the weaker a more violent exercise. All these kinds of exercises, and other like them, do augment strength, & therefore they serve onely for young men, which bee inclined, or be apt to the warres. Swift exercise without violence is running, playing with weapons, tenise, or throwing of the ball, trotting a space of ground forward, & backward, going on the toes, and holding up the hands. Also stirring up and down his arms, without plummets. Uehement exercise is compound of violent exercise, and swift, when they are joined together at one time, as dancing of Galiardes, throwing of the ball, and running after it. Football play may bee in the number thereof, throwing of the long Dart, and continuing it many times, running in harness, and other like: the moderate exercise is long walking, or going a journey.  
The parts of the body haue sundry exercises appropred unto them, as running and going is most proper for the legs: moving of the arms up and down, of stretching them out, and playing with weapons, serveth most for the arms and shoulders, stooping and rising oftentimes, as lifting great weights, taking up plummets, or other like poises on the ends of the staues, and in likewise lifting up in every hand a spear or morespike by the ends, specially crossing the hands, and to lay them down again in their places: these do exercise the back and loins. Of the bulk and lungs, the proper exercise is moving of the breath in singing and crying. The entrails which be underneath the middreffe, be exercised by blowing either by constraint, or playing on shaulmes or sackbots, or other like instruments which do require much wind.  
The muscles are best exercised with holding the breath in a long time, so that he which doth exercise, hath well digested his meate, and is not troubled with much wind in his body. Finally, loud reading, counterfeit battle, 
Cel. 2.  tenise, or throwing the ball, running, walking, and to shooting, which in mine opinion exceed all the other, do exercise the body commodiously. Alway remember, that the end of violent exercise is, difficulty in fetching of breath. Of moderate exercise, alteration of breath only, or the beginning of sweat.  
moreover in Winter, running and wrestling is convenient. In Summer, wrestling a little, but not running. In very could weather, much walking, in hot weather, rest is more expedient. They which seem to haue moist bodies, and live in idleness, they haue need of violent exercise. They which are lean and choleric must walk softly, and exercise themselves very temperately. The Plummets called of Galen Alteres, which are now much used with great men, being of equal weight, and according to the strength of him that exerciseth, are very good to be used fasting, a little before breakfast or dinner, holding in every hand a plummet, and lifting them down with much violence, and so he may make the exercise violent or moderate, after the poise of the plummets, heavier or lighter, & with much or little labouring with thē.   

Of gestation, that is to say, where one is carried, and is of an other thing moved, and not of himself. CAP. 34.  
THere is also an other kind of exercise, which is called Gestation, and is mixed with moving and rest. For as much as the body sitting or lying seemeth to rest, and notwithstanding it is moved by that which beareth it, as lying in a bed, hanging by cords or chains, or in a cradle, sitting in a chair which is carried on mens shoulders with staues, as was the use of the ancient Romains, or sitting in a boat or barge, which is rowed, riding on a horse which aumbleth very easily, or goeth a very soft place. The bed, cradle, and chair carried, serveth for thē that are in long and continual sickness, or be lately recovered of a fever. Also them which haue the frenzy or li●harge, or haue a light tertiane fever, or a quotidiane. This exercise swéetely assuageth troubles of the mind, and provoketh sleep, as it appeareth in children, which are rocked. Also it is convenient for them, which haue the palsy, the ston, or the gout. Gestation in a chariot or waggon, hath in it a shaking of the body, but some vehement, and some more soft, the soft serveth in diseases of the head, and where any matter runneth down into the stomach and entrails. But the vehement shaking is to be used in the griefs of the breast and the stomach.  
Also in swelling of the body and legs, in dropsies, palsies, migrimes, and scoto 〈…〉 ies, which is an imagination of darkness: being returned at the end of his journey, he must sit up, and be easily moved. I haue known saith Aetius, many persons in such wise cured, without any other help. navigation or rowing nigh to the land in a calm water, is expedient for them that haue dropsies, lepries, palsies, called of the vulgar people takings & fransies: to be carried on a rough water it is a violent exercise, & induceth sundry affections of the mind, sometime fear, sometime hope, now coward heart, now hardiness, one while pleasure, an other while displeasure. These exercises, if they be well tempered, they may put out of the the body al long during sicknesses: for that which is mixed with rest & moving, if any thing else may, it most excellently causeth the body to be well nourished. Celsus doth prohibit Gestation, 
Celsus. 2.  where the body feeleth pain, & in the beginning of fevers, but when they cease, he alloweth it. Riding moderately and without grief, doth corroborated the spirit & body above other exercises, specially the stomach, it cleanseth the senses and maketh them more quick. Albeit to the breast it is very noyful, it ought to be remembered, that as well this, as all other kinds of exercise, would bee used in a whole country, and where the air is pure and uncorrupted. Foreséen that he that will exercise, do go first to the stool, for the causes rehearsed in the last chapter.   

Of Vociferation. CAP. 15.  
THe chief exercise of the breast and instruments of the voice, is vociferation, which is singing, reading or crying, whereof is the property that it purgeth natural heat, and maketh it also subtle and stable, and maketh the members of the body substantial and strong, resisting diseases. This exercise would be used of persons short winded, and them which cannot fetch their breath, but holding their neck strait upright. Also of them whose flesh is consumed, specially about the breast and shoulders. Also which haue had apostemes broken in their breasts. moreover of them that are hoarse by the much moisture, and to them which haue quartayn fevers, it is convenient: It looseth the humour that sticketh in the breast, and drieth up the moistness of the stomach, which properly the course of the rain is wont to bring with them, it also profiteth them which haue feeble stomachs, or do vomit continually, or do break up sourness out of the stomach. It is good also for griefs of the head. He that intendeth to attempt this exercise, after that he hath been at the stool, and softly rubbed the lower partes, and washed his hands, let him speak with as bace a voice as he can, and walking, begin to sing louder and louder, but still in a bace voice, and to take no heed of sweet tunes or harmony. For that nothing doth profit unto health of body, but to enforce himself to sing great, for thereby much air drawn in by fetching of breath, thrusteth forth the breast and stomach, and openeth and enlargeth the pores. By high crying and loud reading, are expelled superfluous humors. Therfore men and women having their bodies feeble, & their flesh loose, and not firm, must red oftentimes loud, and in a bace voice, extending out the windpipe, and other passages of the breath. But notwithstanding this exercise is not used alway and of all persons. For they in whom is abundant of humours corrupted, or be much diseased with crudity in the stomach and veins, those do I counsel to abstain from the exercise of the voice, least much corrupted juice or vapours, may thereby be into all the body distributed.  
And here I conclude to speak of exercises, which of them that desire to remain long in health is most diligently, and as I might say, most scrupulouslie to bee observed.    

The third book of the castle of Health.  

Of Repletion. CAP. 1.  
REpletion is a superfluous abundance of humours in the body: and that is in two manner of wise, that is to say, in quantity and in quality: in quantity, as where all the four humours are more in abundance, then be equal in proportion to the body that containeth them, or where one humour much exceedeth the remnant in quantity. In quality, as where the blood or other humour, is hotter or colder, thicker or thinner, then is convenient unto the body.  
First, where all the humours being superfluously increased, filleth and extendeth the receptories of the body, as the stomach, the veins, and the bowels, and is most properly called fullness, in greek Plethora, in latin Plenitudo.  
The other is, where the body is infarsed either with choler, yellow or black, or with fleume, or with watery humours, and is properly called in greek Cacothimia, in latin Vitiosus succus, in English it may be called corrupt juice. I will not here writ, the subtle & abundant definitions and descriptions of Galen in his books de plenitudine, and in his commentaries vpon the aqhorismes of Hippocrates. For it shall here suffice, to show the operations of repletion, good or ill, remitting them which bee curious, and desire a more ample declaration to the most excellent works of Galen, where he may bee satisfied, if he bee not determined to repugn against reason. Hippocrates saith, where meate is received much above nature, that maketh sickness, Galen declaring that place 
Lib. 2. Aph. apho. 12. ubi cibus praeter natutam plus ingestus est, hic morbum facit.  saith: more meat then accordeth with natures measure, is name repletion. And afterward he expounded that word above nature, to signify too much and superfluosly, as who saith, where the meat is superfluously taken, it maketh sickness. For meate but a little exceeding temperance, 
Galen. in comment. loco praedicto.  may not forth with make sickness, but may yet keep the body within the latitude or bounds of health, for the meate that shal make sickness, must not a little exceed the exquisite measure. The incommodity which happeneth thereby is, that moistness is too much extended, and natural heat is debilitate. Also natural heat resolveth some what of the superfluous meate and drink. And of that which is resolved of meate undigested, proceedeth fumosity gross and undigested, which ascending up into the head, and touching the rym wherein the brain is wrapped, causeth headache, trumbling of the members, duskishnesse of the sight, and many other sicknesses, also by the sharpness thereof, it pricheth and annoyeth the sinews, which make sensibilitie, the roots of whom are in the brain, and from thence passeth through al the body. Finally the said ●●●mosity engendered of repletion, piercing the innermost part of the said sinews called sensible, grievously annoyeth the power animal, there consisting, by the occasion whereof, understanding and reason, as to the use of them are let and troubled.  
And also the tongue which is reasons expositor, is deprived of his office, as it appeareth in them which are drunk, and them which haue grievous pains in their head, proceeding of repletions. signs of repletion bee these, loss of appetite, delight in nothing, slothfulness, dullness of the wit and senses, more sleep then was accustomend to be, cramps in the body, sterting or salcion of the 
Oribasius euoriston. lib. 1.  members; fullness of the veins, and thickness of the pulses, horror or shroueling of the body mixed with heat. The remedies are abstinence and all evacuation, whereof I will make mention in the next Chapter.   

Of evacuation. CAP. 2.  
THe meats and drinks received into the body: if the stomach and liver do their natural office, bee altered by concoction and digestion in such wise, that the best part thereof, goeth into the nourishment of the body. The worst being separate by the members official, from the residue, are made excrements in sundry forms and substances, which are like in quality to the natural humour, which then reigneth most in the body. These excrements be none other, but matter superfluous, and unsavoury, which by natural powers may not be converted into flesh, but remaining in the body, corrupt the members, and therefore nature abhorring them, desireth to haue them expelled. These excrements be three in number, ordure, urine, humour superfluous. moreover there be two sorts of ordure, that is to say, one digested, which 
Ordure.  passeth by siege, the other undigested, which is expelled 
Digested.  by vomit. Where I say digested, I mean that it is passed the stomach, and turned unto an other figure. Likewise I call that undigested, which still remaineth in the figure of meate.  
Uryne is the watery substance of the blood, like as 
urine.  whey is of milk, which out of the meate that is altered, and concoct or boiled in the stomach, is strained in the veins called Misaraice, which proceedeth from the hollow part of the liver, and sent by the raynes into the bladder, passeth by the instrument, the which is ordained as well to that purpose, as for generation.  
Humour superfluous is in three sorts, either mixed with any of the four humours, called natural, or else it 
Humour superfluous.  is gathered into the brain, or it is between the skins and the flesh, or lieth among the sinews, muscles or joints. Of humors some are more gross, some are could, subtle and hot, and are called vapours. Now for to expel the said excrements, are 9. sundry kinds of evacuation, that is to say, abstinence, vomit, purgation by siege, letting of blood, scarifying called cupping, sweeting, provocation of urine, spitting, bleeding at the nose, or by hemerodes. And in women their natural purgations. Of these evacuations I will briefly declare, with the commodities, which by the discreet use of them do happen unto the body.   

Of abstinence. CAP. 3.  
ABstinence is a forbearing to receive any meate or 
Cor. Cel. lib. 2. hip. 2. aphor. lib. 7.  drink. For if it bee but in part, it is rather then called temperance then abstinence. It ought to be used only after repletion, as the proper remedy therefore. And thē if it be moderate, it consumeth superfluities, & in consuming them, it clarifieth the humors, maketh the body 
Considerations in abstinence.  fair coloured, and not onely keepeth out sickness, but also where sickness is entred, nothing more helpeth it if it be used in season. To them which haue very moist bodies hunger is right expedient, for it maketh them more dry, notwithstanding there ought to be considerations in the meate before eaten, in the age of the person, in the time of the year, and in custom. First in the meat before eaten, if it be much in excess, or very gross, or not much exceeding, or light of digestion, and according thereunto would abstinence more or less bee proportioned. Concerning 
Aph. lib. 1. Gal. in comment.  age, Hippocrates saith, old men may sustain fasting easily: next unto them, men of middle age, young men may worse bear it, children worst of all, specially they that be lusty, notwithstanding, here Galen correcteth Hippocrates saying: that he should haue excepted men very old, who, as experience declareth, must eat often and little. As touching time, it must be remembered that in winter and spring time, the stomachs bee naturally very hot, and sleep is long, and therefore in that time, meats would be more abundant, and although much bee eaten, it will bee sooner digested. Wherefore abstinence would not be thē so much as in summer, albeit, to abstain much in summer, except it bee after repletion, Damascene 
Damascenus apho.  saith, it drieth the body, it maketh the colour salow, it engendereth melancholy, and hurteth the sight. moreover custom may not be forgotten, for they which be used from childhood, to eat sundry meales in the day, would rather be reduced to fewer meales, and little meate, then to be compelled to abstain utterly, to the intent that nature which is made by custom, be not rebuked, and the power digestive thereby debilitate. And note well, that by too much abstinence, the moisture of the body is withdrawn: and consequently the body drieth, and weareth lean, natural heat, by withdrawing of moisture is too much incended, and not finding humour to work in, turneth his violence to the radical or substantial moisture of the body, and exhausting that humour, bringeth the body into a consumption. Wherefore Hippocra. saith, that too 
Apho lib. 2.  scarce and exquisite an order in meat and drink, is for the more part more damgerous then that which is more abundant. Contrariwise moderation in abstinence according to the said consideration is to health a sure bulwark.   

Of vomit. CAP. 4.  
THe meate or drink superfluous, or corrupted, in the stomach, is best expelled by vomit, if it be not very grievous to him which is diseased. Also the moderate use 
Aetius lib. 3.  of it purgeth fleume, lighteth the head, causeth that the excess of meats or drinks, shall not annoy or bring sickness. moreover it amendeth the affects of the raynes, bladder and the fundament. It also helpeth against lepries, cankers, gouts, dropsies, and also diuers sicknesses proceeding of the stomach. For if any grief happeneth of the head, vomit is then vncommodious. It is better in winter & how in summer. Also good for them which are replete or very choleric, if they haue not well digested, but it is ill for them that bee lea●e, or haue weak stomacks. And therefore where one feeleth bitter vapours rising 〈◇〉, with grief and weightines in the over partes of his body, let him run forth to this remedy. It is also good for him that is heart burned, and hath much spit 〈…〉, or his stomach wambleth, and for him that removeth into sundry places. Yet I counsel, saith Celsus, him that will be in health, and would 
Cor. Cd. lib. 〈◇〉.  not be so soon aged, that he use not this daily. And I myself haue known men which daily using it, haue brought thereby their stomachs in such custom, that whatsoever they did eat, they could long retain it, whereby they shorten their lives. Wherefore it would not be used, but onely where great surfet, or abundance of fleume do require it. He that will vomit after meate, let him drink sundry drinks mixed together, and first of all, warm water: or if that be too easy, let him mix there with salt, or hony. If he will vomit fasting, let him drink water and hony sudden together, or hyssop with it, or eat of a Radish roote, and drink warm water vpon it. Also water wherein Radish is boiled, and afterward provoke himself to it. They that will haue more violent purgations, I remit to physicians learned. But yet I do eftsoons warn them, that therein they bee circumspectly, and do not much use it. moreover, in vomits, the matter brought forth, would be considered, according to the rules of Hippocrates, in his second book of prognostications, that is 
Hippo. praesag. 2. cap. 7.  to say, if it be mixed with fleume and choler, it is most profitable, if it be not in very great quantity, or thick, the less mixture it hath, the worse it is. If it be green like to soldier-like blades thin or black, it is to bee judged ill. If it haue all colours, it is extreme perilous. If it be leadie coloured, and savoureth horrible, it signifieth a short abolition, or dissolution of nature. For as Galen affirmeth there in his comment, such manner of vomit declareth 
Galen de loci● affectis lib. 1.  corruption with extincting of nature. Also every putrefied and stinking savour in vomit is ill. These things be right necessary to bee looked for where one doth vomit without any difficulty: but to enforce one to vomit, which cannot, is very odious and to be abhorred.   

Of purgation by siege. CAP. 5.  
IF the head be heavy, or the eyes dim, or if there be pain felt of the colicke, or in the lower part of the belly, or in the hips, or some choleric matter or fleume in the stomach. Also if the breath be hardly fetched, if the belly of himself sendeth forth nothing, or if being costive, one feeleth ill savour or bitterness in his mouth, 
Cel. lib. 1. Actius lib. 3.  or that which he maketh hath an horrible savour, or if abstinence do not at the first put away the fever, or if the strength of the body may not sustain letting of blood, or else the time therefore convenient is past, or if one haue drunk much before his sickness, or if he which oftentimes vnconstrained hath had great sieges, be suddenly stopped. In all these cases, and where it is painful to vomit, and in gnawing or frettings of the stomach: finally, in all repletions, where a man cannot or will not be let blood or vomit, it is expedient to provoke siege by purgations, which are to be received by two ways: upward at the fundament by suppositories or clysters: downward at the mouth, by potions, electuaries, or pills. Suppositories are used where the patient is weak, and may not receive any other purgations. Sometime forasmuch as the straite gut is stopped with excrements, which are dry and hard: sometime where there needeth none other purgation, specially in burning fevers, whereof the matter ascendeth into the head, thē clysters may do harm, and by the benefit of suppositories, excrements are brought forth without any annoyance. And oftentimes it bringeth forth that which clysters may not. Suppositories are made sometime with hony onely, sudden, rolled on a board, and made round, smaller at one end then at the other, and of the length and greatness, according to the quantity of the body that taketh it. Sometime there is mixed with the hony, salt dried, or salt and pepper, or the powder of such things as do either purge the humour which offendeth, or dissolveth gross winds, or other matter: they be sometime made with rosme, pitch, wax, or gums: sometime of roots, or the leaves of green Mercury, very small bruised. Also with figs or raisins, the stones taken out, or of white soap made in the figure aforesaid, and being made in the form aforesaid, they must be put in at the fundament to the great end, and the patient must keep it there the space of half an hour or more.  
clysters are made of haviour sometime simplo, as water sudden, milk, oil, or wine: sometime mixed, as water and oil together, or decoctions, as where herbs, roots, fruits, féedes, or gums, having property to make soft, dissolve, draw forth, or expel matter that grieveth, be boiled, & the haviour thereof sometime warm, sometime hot, is received at the fundament into the body, by a little pipe of gold or silver, ivory, or wood, therefore ordained and called a clister pipe. This is necessary where the stomach is weak, and may not sustain working of medicines received at the mouth: also in fevers, collickes, and other diseases in the bowels, grief in the rains of the back, or huckle bone, dentosities in the belly, inflammation or exulceration in the guts or bladder. It is a convenient and sure medicine, and least hurt doth ensue of it. The making and ordering thereof, I will omit to writ in this place, partly that I would not that physicians should too much note in me presumption, partly that another place may be more apt to that purpose.   

The particular commodities of every purgation. CAP. 5.  
IN potions, electuaries, and pills, ought to bee much more observation, than in clysters or suppositories, for as much as these do enter no further then unto the gut where the ordure lieth, and by that place only bringeth forth the matter which causeth disease. But the other entering in that way, that meats and drinks do, cometh into the stomach, and there is boiled, and sent into the places of digestion, and afterward is mixed with the juice, whereof the substance of the body is made, and expelling the adversary humors, somewhat thereof doubtless remaineth in the body. Wherefore men haue need to beware, what medicines they receive, that in them be no venenositie, malice or corruption, least for the expelling of a superfluous humour, which perchance good diet or some broths made of good herbs, or the said evacuation, with suppositorie or ●ister, might bring forth at leisure, by desiring of too hasty remedy, they receive in medicine, that which shall engender a venomous humour, and vneuitable destruction into all the body. And therefore happy is he which in sickness findeth a discreet and well learned physician, and so true Apothecary, that hath alway drugs uncorrupted, and whom the physician may surely trust to dispense his things truly.  
But now to return to the said form of purgation, I will now set forth some counsels, concerning that matter which I haue collected out of the chief Authors of physic. Bodies hot and moist, may easily sustain purgation by the stool. They which be leanie or thin, having the members tender, may take harm by purgations. To men that are choleric, & them that eat little, purgations are grievous. In young children and old men, it is daungerous to loose much the belly. To them that are not wont to it, purgation is noyful. He that liveth in a good order of diet, needeth neither purgation nor vomit. After that the purgation hath wrought, thirstines, and sound sleep, be signs that the body is sufficiently purged. By daily 〈◇〉 of medicines, Nature is corrupted. When ye will purge any thing, make first the matter flowing and soluble. Medicine to purge, ought not to be mingled with meats, but to be taken 4 houres at the least before meales, or three houres after meales, except certain easy pills made to cleanse and comfort the stomach, which would be taken at the beginning of supper, or after supper, a little before that one goeth to bed, making a light supper or none. After purgation taken, the patient should rest, and not walk until the medicine hath wrought, nor eat nor drink in the mean space. These things haue I remembered, because I haue known right good physicians, to haue forgotten to instruct thereof their patients. Now will I set forth the table of such things which of their property do digest, or purge superfluous humours particularly, which I haue gathered out of the books of Dioscorides, Galen, Paulus Aegineta, Oribasius and Aetius, and other late writers: notwithstanding, I haue not written all, for as much as there be diuers things, whereunto we haue not yet found any names in English.  

digestives of choler.  
endive, lettuce, chicory, Scabiose, maiden hair.  
mallows, Mercury, The juice of pomgranades.  
Purslane, poppy, Barberies, Roses.  
violets the leaf and flower, shovel, Liuerwort.  
shovel de boise, whey clarified.  
The four great cold seeds, that is to say, of Gourds, Cucumbers, Melons, and Citruls.  
Psilium, Uineger, Saunders, barley water, Prunes, Tamarinds.   

Purgers of choler.  
Wild hops, Wormwood, Centorie, Fumitorie.  
whey of butter, Uidlets, Mercury, Prunes.  
juice of Roses, Eupatorie.  
Tamarinds half an ounce in a decoction.  
Manna 6. dooms at the least, and so to 25. in the broth of a hen or capon.  
Reubarbarum by itself from two drams unto four, infused or steeped in haviour, from four drams unto eight.   

digestives of fleume.  
fennel, parsley the roots, Smallage, Capers, laurel.  
Senuie, Puly, marjoram, Peniroyall.  
Wild parsnep seed, Mint, Pimpernell, Horemint.  
gladden, Agrimony, Calamint, Nep, Betany, Sage.  
Radish, Mugwort, Juniper, hyssop, Pyony, balm.  
Hony, Ginger, Souilla, Alstolochia, Cinamom.  
Pepper, Cumine.   

Purgers of fleume.  
Centory, Nettle, Agrimony, Alder.  
Polipodium of the oak.  
Mirabolani kebuly, infused from half an ounce to an ounce, and two drams, in substance from two drams to half an ounce.  
Agaricus, from a dram to two drams, infused from two drams to five.  
Yreos, Maydenhaire, Sticados.   

Purgers of melancholy.  
The brath of Coleworts light boiled.  
balm mint, Sticados, Time.  
Sene boiled in white wine, or in the broth of a hen.  
Lased savoury, Epithimus, Unwrought silk, Organum.  
Calamint, Borage, Harts tongue, Quickbeme.  
Maidenhaire, With wind, Pulial mountain.  
Hony, Sugar.   
Melancholy for the thinnes and subtilnes of the humour, needeth no digestive.  
They that will take sharp purgations, or compound with diuers things, let them take the counsel of an honest and perfect physician, and not adventure to mix things together, without knowing the temperance of them in degrees, and that he can proportion them to the body that shall receive them in simples, as they be written. And so he may use them without peril, against the humours whereunto they serve.   

Letting of blood. CAP. 6.  
THe part of evacuation by letting of blood, is incision, or cutting of the vein, whereby the blood, which is cause of sickness or grief to the hole body, or any particular part thereof doth most aptly pass.  
The commodities whereof being in a moderate quantity, and in a due time taken, be these that follow: it clarifieth the wit, and maketh good memory, it cleanseth the bladder, it drieth the brain, it warmeth the marrow, being in the bones, it openeth the hearing, it stoppeth tears, or droppings of the eyen, it taketh away loathsomeness, and confirmeth the stomach, it nourisheth that which is proper to nature, and the contrary expelleth. It is thought that thereby life is prolonged, and the matter making sickness, shortly consumed. Wherefore letting of blood is not onely expedient for them which are full of blood, or haue abundance of strength, but also for them, in whom without plenitude called fullness, inflammations begin to be in their bodies, or by some outward stroke, the blood being gathered within by collection thereof, do feel grief or disease.  
Also where there is much pain felt, or debility of some member, whereof is supposed to be engendered some grievous disease. moreover, they which use excess of meats and drinks, may bee cured by letting of blood. But those which be temperate, keeping good diet, be holpen without letting of blood: as by fricasies, using of baths, exercise, walking, and riding moderately. Also unctions with oils and ointments called Diaphoretice, which by evaporation, do shortly evacuate the fullness. Albeit, if the fullness be of melancholy blood, then alway needs must be letting of blood. Abundance of melancholy blood is known by these signs. There is felt within the entrales, or within the bulk of a man or woman, a waightines with tension or thrusting outward, and al that part which is above the navel, is more heavy then it was wont to bee: also much urine and fattie, the residence or bottom thick, troublous, inflammation and much pain. These must be shortly let blood, and the melancholy humour purged by siege. They which haue crude or raw humours, must be warily let blood, before that sickness engender, but having the fever in no wise. Concerning letting of blood, these things following would be had in continual remembrance, and bee afore 
Aetius lib. 3.  thought on. In the abundance of the blood, the quality and quantity, the greatness of the sickness, & if it be present or looked for. Also the diet preceding, the age and strength of the person, the natural form of his body, the time of the year, the region or country, the present state of the air, the disuse of accustomend exercise, the ceasing of evacuations used before. In quality, consider of what humour the fullness proceedeth. In quantity, the abundance of that which is to be purged. In sickness, if it be damgerous or tolerable: if the sickness be present, it requireth the more diligence: if it bee looked for, it may bee the better proportioned. In diet, the custom in eating & drinking, must be specially noted. In young men & women letting of blood would be more liberal. In old men and young children, it would be scarser: strong men must sustain bleeding, they which are feeble may not endure it. Large bodies haue greater vessels, then they which he little. lean men haue more blood, corpulent men haue more flesh. The time of the year must be specially marked. For in the beginning of spring time it is best letting of blood, as Oribasius saith, and so doth continue, after the opinion of Arnold, unto the 8. ●alends of June. Aetius affirmeth, that in winter, or in a could country, or where the person is of a very could nature, the veins should not be opened. And Damascene saith: They which in youth haue used to be much let blood, after they be threescore yeares old, their nature weareth cold, if they were of a could complexion, but that is to bee understood, where they that are in health, are often let blood. For in the lapse from health and in diuers diseases, wherein the blood is corrupted, or where it engendereth impostumes, or resorteth to any place, where it ought not to bee, or passeth by any other conduit then nature ordained, or where it is furious or inflamed, or by any other means, breedeth grievous diseases, in all these cases, it ought to be practised, yea sometime in aged persons, women with child, and young infants. For in extreme necessity, it were better experience some remedy, then to do nothing. All other things concerning this matter, pertain to the part curative, which treateth of healing of sickness, whereof I will not now speak, but remit the readers to the counsel of discreet physicians.   

Of scarifying called boxing or cupping. CAP. 7.  
FOr as much as it is not convenient to be let blood oftentimes in the year, because much of the vital spirit passeth forth with the blood, which being exhaust, the body waxeth cold, and natural operations become the more feeble I therefore do counsel( sayt● Galen) that the base partes of the body, as the legs be scarified, which is the most sure remedy, as well in conserving health, as in repairing thereof being decayed. For it cureth the eyne, being amnoyed with long distillations, it profiteth also the head and ouerpart of the body against sundry diseases, in what member the blood is gathered, the body being purged first by scarification, the grief may be cured.  
Also Oribasius affirmeth the same, and also addeth thereto that it helpeth squinances, or quinces in the throat, and dissolveth the costipations or stoppinges made of all places, if the places be scarified, notwithstanding application of boxes about the stomach in hot fevers, where reason is troubled, are to bee eschewed for fear of suffocation. Likewise put to the head vndiscretly, it hurteth both the head and the eyes. The late Authors do affirm, that scarifying is in the stead of letting blood, wherefore age, debility, or time of the year, or other like consideration, a man may not sustain blood letting, and it bringeth forth the thin blood, which is next to the skin.   

Of blood suckers or leeches. CAP. 8.  
THere is also an other form of evacuation, by worms found in waters, called blood suckers or leeches, which being put into the body or member, do draw out blood.  
And their drawing is more convenient for fullness of blood then scarifying is, for as much as they fetch blood more deeper, and is more of the substance of blood, yet the opinion of some men is, that they do draw no blood but that which is corrupted, and not proportionable unto our body. And therefore in griefs which happen between the skin and the flesh of blood corrupted, these are more convenient then scarifying. But therefore that they be put unto any part of the body, they must be first kept all one day before, giuing unto them a little blood in fresh flesh. And then put them in clean water somewhat warm, and with a sponge wipe away the slime which is about them, and then lay a little blood on the place grieved, and put them then to it, and lay on them a sponge, that when they bee full, they may fall away, or if ye will sooner haue them off, put a horse hair between their mouths and the place, and draw them away, or put to their mouths salt, or ashs, or vinegar, and forthwith they shall fall, and then wash the place with a sponge, and if there do issue much blood, lay on the place the powder of a sponge, and pitch burned, or linen cloth burned, or gaules burned, or the herb called Bursa pastoris bruised. And this sufficeth concerning blood suckers.   

Of Hemeroydes or piles. CAP. 9.  
HEmeroides bee veins in the fundament of whom do happen sundry passions, sometime swelling without bleeding, sometime superfluous blood by the pvissance of nature is by them expelled, and then be they very convenient, for by thē a man shall escape many great sicknesses, which be engendered of corrupted blood, or of melancholy. semblably, if they bee hastily stopped from the course which they haue been used to, thereby do increase the said sicknesses, which by them were expelled, as dropsies, consumptions, madness, frenzies, and diuers diseases of the head, and other sicknesses: paleness of the visage, grief in the rains of the back, and thighs. And if they flow too much, there ensueth feebleness, learing of the body, alteration of colour, great pains in the lower partes of the body. And if the flux be vnmoderate, it engendereth mischievous diseases. Wherefore it would be diligently taken heed, that they run in measure, or else to use some things moderately, which may restrain them. Concerning other evacuations, I do purposely omit to writ of them in this place, for as much as in this realm it hath been accounted not honest, to declare them in the vnlgar tongue, but only secretly.   

Of effects of the mind. CAP. 10.  
THe last of things called not natural, is not the least part to be considered, the which is of affects and passions of the mind. For if they bee immoderate, they do not only annoy the body and shortē the life, but also they do appayre, and sometime loose utterly a mans estimation. And that much more is, they bring a man from the use of reason, and sometime in the displeasure of almighty God. Wherefore they do not onely require the help of physic corporal, but also the connsaile of a man wise and well learned in moral philosophy.  
Wherefore after I haue recited what they be, I will briefly declare such counsels as I haue gathered. And as concerning remedy of physic, saving a few simples, which do comfort the heart and spirits, the residue I will remit to the counsel of physicians, like as I haue done in evacuation. Affects of the mind whereby the body is amnoyed, do bring in sickness be these, Ire or wrath, heaviness or sorrow, gladiles or rejoicing.   

Of Ire. CAP. 11.  
IRe is kindled in the heart, inordinately chasing the spirites there, and then is sent forth unto the members, and doth superfluously heat them, and disturbeth reason where the bodies be hot afore, where natural heat is feeble, the heat may not be dispersed unto the extreme parts, and then doth the extreme members, that is to say, which is far from the heart, remain could and trembling. Of this affect on cometh sometime fevers, sometime apoplexis, or privation of senses, trembling palseis, madness, frenzies, deformity of visage: and that worse is, outrageous swearing, blasphemy, desire of vengeance, loss of charity, amity, credence, also forgetfulness of benefit proceeding, and of obedience, duty and reverence. These also do succeed, contention, chargeable suite, unquietness of mind, lack of appetite, lack of sleep, feeble digestion, scorire, disdain, and hatred of other, with peril of losing of all good reputation. These incommodities of Ire, perfectly had in remembrance, and at the first motion thereof on them thought on, may happen to bring in his fellowes, and thereby the flamme may be quenched, or let him that is angry, even at the first, consider one of these things, that like as he is a man, so is also the other, with whom he is angry, and therefore it is as lawful for the other to bee angry, as unto him, and if he so bee, then shall the anger bee to him displeasant, and stir him more to be angry. Wherefore it appeareth that ire is to him loathsome. If the other be patient, then let him abhor that thing in himself, the lack whereof in the other contenteth him, and assuageth his malice. moreover let him before that occasion of ire doth happen, accustom himself to behold and mark well them that beeangrie, with the success of that anger, and ruminate it in his mind a good space after. And in that time, let him remember, howe Christ, the son of God, and God, who( as he himself said) might haue had of God his father, if he would haue asked thē, legions of Angels, to haue defended him, yea with less then a wink, might haue slain all his aduersaries, yet he notwithstanding rebuked, scorned, falsely accused, plucked hither, & thither, stripped, bound with halters, whipped, spit on, buffeted, crwoned with sharp thorn, jaded with a heavy piece of timber, his own proper tournement, halen and driven forth like a calf to the slaughter house, eftsoons beaten, and overthrown, wretched forth with ropes, arms and legs laid on the cross, and thereunto with long iron nails through the hands and feet nailed, with many stroks of hammers, with many prickings, or ever the nails might pierce by his tender and most blessed flesh and sinews, quiter through the hard timber, up to the heads of the nails: and all this being done for the offence of mankind, & not his: yet with the men which did it, his most unkind countrymen, his most unnatural kinsmen, whom he first made of nothing preserved by miracles, delivered from perils, and cured of diseases, in all his vexation and trouble, he was never seen or perceived angry. If one will say, that anger is natural, let him also consider that in Christes manhood were all natural powers. If he will say, that ire is taken of courage, and in Christ it lacked not, whom both angels and devils trembled and feared. The premises often revolved, and born in the mind, I will not say, shall utterly extinct all motions of wrath which is not possible, but it shall when it kindleth lightly repress it, & let that it shall not grow into flamme. And in speaking here of wrath, I do not mean that which good men haue against vices: or wise and discreet gouernours & masters, against the defaults or negligences of their subiects or seruants, used in rebuking them, or moderately punishing them. For that is not properly ire, but rather to be called displeasure, and is that whereof God speaketh by his Prophet david, saying, Be you angry and do not sin. And of that maner of anger hath been diuers holy men, prophets and other. And it appeared in Christ, when he drove out them which made their market in the holy temple of God, where there ought to be nothing but prayer. And in likewise when he rebuked the hypocrites. But if none of these things may come so shortly to his remembrance, that is moved with anger, at the least, let him think on the lesson that Appollodorus the Philosopher, taught to the Emperour Octanian, that before he speak or do any thing in anger, he do recite in order, all the letters of the A. B. C, and remove somewhat out of the place that he is in, & seek occasion to be otherwise occupied. This shall for this time suffice, for the remedies of ire: And he that will know more of this matter, let him read in my work called the governor, where I thereof do writ more abundantly.   

Of Dolour, or heaviness of the mind. CAP. 12.  
THere is nothing more enemy to life, then sorrow, called also heaviness: for it exhausteth both natural heat and moisture of the body, and doth extenuate, or make the body lean, dulleth the wit, & darkeneth the spirits, letteth the use and iudgment of reason, and oppresseth memory. And Salomon saith: that sorrow drieth up the hones. And also like as the moth in the garment, and the worm 
Prou. 17. & 25. Eccle. 25. & 38.  in the three, so doth heaviness annoy the heart of a man. Also in the book called Ecclesiasticus. Sorrow hath killed many, & in itself is found no commodity. Also by heaviness death is hastened, it hideth virtue or strength, & heaviness of hart boweth down the neck. This is so puissant an enemy to nature, and bodily health, that to resist the malice and violence therof, are required remedies, aswell of the wholesome counsels found in holy Scripture, and in the books of moral doctrine, as also of certain herbs, fruits, and spices, having the property to expel melancholic humours, and to comfort and keep lively the spirits, which haue their proper habitation in the hart of man, and moderate nourishing of the natural heat and humour called radical, which is the bace or foundation, whereupon the life of man standeth, and that failing, life falleth into ruin, and the body is dissolved. Now first I will declare some remedies against sorrowfulnes of heart, concerning necessary counsel. Sometime this affect happeneth of ingratitude, either where for benefit, or special love employed, one receiveth damage, or is abandoned in his necessity, or is deceived of him whom he trusted, or findeth him of whom he hath great expectation, forgetful or negligent in his commodity, or perceiveth the person whom of long time he hath loved, to be estranged from him, or to haue one of a later acquaintance in more estimation. This affection nippeth the heart, yea of most wise men, for they love most heartily, not provoked by carnal affection, but rather by good opinion, engendered by similitude of honest studies, and virtuous manners, of long time mutually experienced. And it is not onely unto man grievous, but also unto God most displeasant and odious, as it is abundantly declared in scripture. Wherefore the person which feeleth himself touched with this affect, before that it groweth into a passion, & waxeth a sickness, let him call to remembrance these articles following, or at the least wise, some of them. For every each of them may ease him, though perchance they cannot forthwith perfectly cure him. Consider, that 
comforts against ingratitude. Appianus in varia historia.  the corruption of mans nature is not so much declared in any thing as in ingratitude, whereby a man is made worse then diuers bruit beasts. The little Ant or Emot helpeth up his fellow, whom he séeeth overthrown with burden or by other other occasion.  
Also when Elephants do pass over any great water: the greatest & most puissant of thē divide themselves, and setting the weakest in the middle part, go before trying the deepenes and perils, part come after, succouring the weakest or least with their long noses, when they see them in danger. The same beasts haue been seen not onely to bring men out of deserts, which haue lost their ways, but also renewing the displeasures done to them, which gave them meate, as one that slew him, which had committed adultery with his masters wife.  
The terrible Lions and Panthers haue been seen in their manner to render thankes to their benefactors, yea and to abject their own bodies and lives for their defence. The same we may daily behold in our own dogges.  
Than in whom thou findest the detestable 'vice of ingratitude, reputing him among the worst forts of creatures, think not that thou hast lost a friend, but think that thou art delivered from a monster of nature, that denoured thy love, and that thou art now at liberty, and hast won experience to choose thee a better. But if this may not suffice, 
Sene. de benefi. 7.  then eftsoons consider that if thou look well on thyself, perchance thou mayst find the fault whereof thou complaynest, within thine own bosom. call to thy remembrance if thou hast alway rendered unto every man condign thanks or benefit, of whom thou hast kindness received, or if thou hast alway remembered, every one of them, that haue done to thee any commodity or pleasure. Thou shalt well perceive, that what thing that thou receivedst in childhood, thou forgattest or didst little esteem, when thou camest to the state of a man. And what thou didst remember in youth, in age thou didst little think on, thy nurses Pap, her rockings, watchings, thou hast not alway remembered or equally recompensed. The schoolmasters study, his labour, his diligence in like degree, thou hast not requited. What greater friend hast thou had of whom thou couldst receive any greater benefits, thē the nourishing & preserving of thy life in thy most feebleness, thine erudition, whereby thy nature was made more excellent? Remembring this, leave to be angry or sorrowful, for so common a 'vice: yet if it cease not to grieve thee, confer the ingratitude that doth vex thee, with that in gratitude which was shewed by the Israelites, whom God choose for his own people, delivered from seruage, shewed for them wonders, preserved them forty yeares in the desert, destroyed for them kings, gave to them the country which flowed with milk and hony, defended them against all outward hostility, sent unto them such abundance of riches, that silver was in Jerusalem, as stones in the street, and his tabernacle, and afterward his most holy temple among them, which he did daily visit, with his divine majesty, made their kings to reign gloriously, and spake with their Prophets familiarly, & corrected their errors most gently, and yet for all this, they embracing the paynims idolatry, they left so gracious and loving a Lord, and living God, & to his great despite, gave divine honours to calves of brass, and other monstrous Images, and at the last, put to most cruel death, the onely son of God, that had done so much for them. And if we Christian men do look well on ourselves, revolving the incomparable benefit, which we haue received by Christs passion, and consider the circumstance of his most excellent patience, and most wont love towards us, with our forgetfulness, and the daily breach of our promise, which we made at our baptism, conferring our mutual unkindness thereunto, there shall appear no ingratitude, that should offend vs. Finally for a conclusion, behold well about thee, and thou shalt all day find the children ingrate to their parents, & wives to their husbands. And wilt thou look that thy benefit or vain expectation, should make thee more free from ingratitude of thy friend, whom chance hath sent thee, then nature may the parents to their children, or the coniunction of bodies by lawful marriage, take unkindness from the wives toward the husbands? The 'vice therefore of ingratitude, being so common a chance, make no worldly friendship so precious, that life or death therefore should be spent or consumed, I haue been the longer in this place, because I haue had in this grief sufficient experience.  
If death of children because of thy heaviness, call to thy 
Death of children.  remembrance some children, of whom there is no little number, whose lives, either for vncorrigible vices, or infortunate chances, haue been more grievous unto their parents, then the death of thy children ought to be unto thee: considering that death is a discharger of all griefs and miseries, and to them that die well, the first entry into life everlasting.  
The loss of goods or authority, do grieve none but fools, which do not mark diligently, that like as neither 
loss of goods.  the one nor the other doth alway happen to them that are worthy, so we haue in daily experience, that they fall from him suddenly, who in increasing or keeping them, seemeth most busy. Oftentimes the repulse from promotion is cause of discomfort. But then consider whether in the opinion 
lack of promotion.  of good men, thou art deemed worthy to haue such aduancement, or in thine own expectation and fantasy. If good men so judge thee, thank thou God of that felicity, and laugh at the blindness of them, that so haue refused thee. If it proceed of thine own folly, abhor al arrogancy, and enforce thyself to bee advanced in mens estimations, before thou canst find thyself worthy in thy proper opinion. All other chances of fortune esteem as nothing, 
Channces of fortune.  and that long before they do happen. The oft recording of misery, prepareth the mind to feel less adversity. And the contempt of fortune is sure quietness, & must perfect felicity. This now shall suffice concerning remedies of moral Philosophy. Now will I writ somewhat touching counsel of physic, as in relieving the body, which either by the said occasions, or by the humour of melancholy is brought out of temper.  
The first counsel is, that during the time of that passion, eschew to be angry, studious, or solitary, and rejoice thee with melody, or else bee alway in such company, as best may content thee.  
avoid all things that be noyous in sight, smelling and hearing, and embrace all things that is delectable.  
flee darkness, much watch, and business of mind, much companying with women, the use of things very hot and dry, often purgations, immoderate exercise, thirst, much abstinence, dry winds and could.  
abstain from daily eating of much old beef, or old mutton, hard cheese, hares flesh, bores flesh, venison, salt fish, coleworts, beans, and peason, very course bread, great fishes of the sea, as thurlepole, or porpise, and stourgion, and other of like natures, wines read & thick, meats being very salt or sour, old, burned, or fried, garlic, onions, and léekes.  
Use meats which are temperately hot, and therewith somewhat moist, boiled rather then roasted, light of digestion, and engendering blood clear and fine. As milk hot from the udder, or at the least new milked, even these, sweet ruin cheese, Almonds, the yolks of rear eggs, little birds of the bushes, chickens and hens, white wine or claret, clear and fragrant. sweet savours in winter hot, in summer could, in the mean time temperate.  

Comfortatiues of the heart hot.  
Bourage the flower or leaf, bugloss, balm mint.  
elecampane, cloves, Cardamomum, Rosemary.  
Lignum aloes, musk, Ambergrise, Saffron.  
The bone of the Hart of a read déere.  
Mints, The rind of Citron, bean, Cubebes, basil.   

Comfortatiues of the heart could.  
violets, pearls, coral, The unicorns horn.  
Old apple which be good, Roses, Sarnders.  
The Oliphants tooth, Water lilies, Coriander prepared.   

Comfortatiues temperate.  
Jacinct, sapphire, emeralds.  
Mirabolanes called Kebuli, bugloss, Gold, silver.   

Of Hope.  
I Oye, or gladness of heart doth prolong the life, it fatteth the body that is lean with troubles, biting the humours to an equal temperance, and drawing natural heat outward. But if it be sudden & fervent, it oftentimes slayeth, for as much as it draweth too suddenly and excessively natural heat outward. And therefore diuers men and women haue been seen to fall in a swoon, when they haue suddenly beholded the persons whom they fervently loved. A woman in Rome hearing first that her son 
T. livius.  was slain in battle: after when he came to her, she seeing him alive, embracing each other, she died in his arms. This well considered against such inordinate gladness, the best preservative is to remember, that the extreme parts of mundaine ioy, is sorrow and heaviness: and that nothing of this world may so much rejoice us, but occasion may cause it to be displeasant unto vs.    

The dominion of sundry complexions. CAP. 13.  
IT seemeth to me not inconvenient, that I do declare as well the counsels of ancient and approved authors, as also mine own opinion, gathered by diligent marking in daily experience, concerning as well the necessary diet of every complexion, age, and declination of health, as also the mean to resist the discralies of the body, before sickness be therein confirmed, leaving the residue unto the substantial learning, and circumspectly practise of good Phi●itions, which shall the more easily cure their patients, if their patients do not disdain to bear away and follow my counsel.  
And first it ought to be considered, that none of the four complexions; haue solely such dominion in any man or womans body, that no part of any other complexion is therewith mixed. For when we call a man sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, or melancholic, we do not mean that he hath blood onely without any of the other humours, or choler without blood, or fleume without blood or melancholy or melancholy without blood or choler. And therefore the man which is sanguine, the more that he draweth unto age, whereby natural moisture decayeth, the more is he choleric, by reason that heat surmounting moisture, needs must remain heat and dryth. Semblably the choleric man, the more that he waxeth into age, the more natural heat in him is abated, and dryth surmounting natural moisture, he becometh melancholic: but some sanguine man hath in the proportion of temperatures, a greater mixture with choler then another hath. Likewise the choleric or phlegmatic man, with the humour of sanguine or melancholy. And therfore late practisers of physic are wont to call men, according to the mixture of their complexions, as sanguine choleric, phlegmatic sanguine, &c. moreover, beside the natural complexions which man receiveth in his generation, the humours whereof the same complexions do consist, being augmented superfluously in the body or members by any of the said things, called not natural, every of them do semblably augment the complexion which is proper unto him, and bringeth unequal temperature unto the body. And for these causes the sanguine or phlegmatic man or woman, feeling any dyscrasy by choler happened to them, by the said things called not natural, they shall use the diet described hereafter to him which is naturally choleric. Semblably, the choleric or melancholic man or woman having any dyscrasy by fleume, to use the diet of him which is naturally phlegmatic, alway remembering, that sanguine and phlegmatic men haue more respect unto dryth, choleric and melancholy unto moisture, and that alway as the accidental complexion decaye●●, to resort by little and little to the diet pertaining to his natural complexion.   

The times appropred to every natural humour. CAP. 14.  
BUt first it must be considered, that where the four humours bee alway in man, and in some man commonly one humour is more abundant then another naturally, that is to say, from his generation: The said humors haue also peculiar times assigned to every one of them, wherein each of them is in his most power and force, as after ensueth, after the description of Soranus. Fleume hath most pvissance in winter, from the 8. Jous of november, unto the 8. Idus of February, whereby are engendered catarrhs, or rheums, the vuula, the cough, and the stitch. This humour is part in the head, part in the stomach. It hath dominion from the third hour of night, until the ninth hour of the same night. blood increaseth inspring time from the 8. Idus of February, unto the 8. Idus of May, whereof are engendered fevers, and sweet humours, which do shortly putrifie: the power of this humour is about the heart, and hath dominion from the ninth hour of night, until the third hour of the morning.  
read choler hath power in Summer, from the 8. Idus of May, until the 8. Idus of August, whereby are engendered hot and sharp fevers: this humour is specially in the liver, and hath dominion from the third hour of the day, until the ninth hour of the same day.  
Yellow choler, whereof is engendered the fleume of the stomach, is nourished in autumn, which beginneth the 8. Idus of August, and during unto the 8. day of november, maketh shaking fevers and sharp: the black choler then increaseth, and then followeth thickness of the blood in the veins. black choler or melancholy most raineth in the spleen, and it raineth from the ninth hour of the day, until the third hour of night.  

Peculiar remedies against the distemperance of every humour.  
IF the distemperance bee of blood, help it with things 
Soranus in arte medendi.  could, sharp and dry: for blood is moist, hot, and sweet. If it be of read choler, give things could, moist, and sweet: for read choler is bitter and fiery. If it bee of black choler, give things hot, moist, and sweet: for black choler is sharp and could. If the disease be of salt fleume, give things sweet, hot, and dry: thus saith Soranus. Notwithstanding, where there is abundance of cold fleume not mixed with choler, there things very sharp and hot be most connenient, as tart vinegar with hot Roses, and seeds, or wines, strong and rough honey being sudden in the one and the other: or where choler is mixed with fleume, syrup acetose made with vinegar and sugar boiled, sometime with herbs, roots, or seeds, which may dissolve fleume, and digest it.    

Diet of them which are of sanguine complexion. CAP. 15.  
FOrasmuch as in the sanguine men, blood most raineth, which is soon corrupted, it shall be necessary for them which are of that complexion, to bee circumspectly in eating meate, that shortly will receive putrification, as the more part of fruits, specially not being perfectly ripe: also meats that be of ill juice, as flesh of beasts, too old or young, udders of beasts, brains, except of capons and chickens, marrow of the back bone, much use of Onyong, Léekes, garlic, much use of old figs, much use of raw herbs, and all things wherein is excess of heat, could, or moisture, meats that be stale, fishes of fens, or muddy waters, and too much sleep, as experience sheweth.   

Diet of choleric persons. CAP. 16.  
TO them which bee choleric, being in their natural temperature, and having not from their youth used the contrary, gross meats moderately taken, be more convenient then the meats that bee fine, and better shall they digest a piece of good beef, then a chickens leg. Choler of his property rather burning, thē well digesting meats of light substance: notwithstanding, some Gentlemen which bee nicely brought up in their infancy, may not so well sustain that diet, as poor men, being the more part used to gross meats, wherefore their diet must bee in a temperance, as young beef, old veal, mutton, and venison powdered, young geese, and such like, concerning their complexion with meats, like thereunto in quality & degree, according to the counsel of Hippocrates. And as he perceiveth choler to abound, so to interlace meats which bee cold, in a moderate quantity, and to allay their wine more or less with water, eschewing hot spices, hot wines, and excessive labour, whereby the body may be much chased. Also he may eat oftener in the day thē any other: foreseen, that there be such distance between his meales, as the meate before eaten be fully digested, which in some person is more, in some less, according to the heat & strength of his stomach, noting alway that the choleric person digesteth more meate then his appetite desireth: the melancholic person desireth by false appetite more then his stomach may digest. And to a choleric person it is right daungerous, to use long abstinence: for choler finding nothing in the stomach to conco●t, it fareth then as where a little pottage or milk, being in a vessel over a great fire, it is burned to the vessel, and unsavoury fumes & vapours do issue out thereof. Likewise in a choleric stomach by abstinence, these inconveniences do happen, humours adust, consuming of natural moisture, fumosities and stinking vapours, ascending up to the head, whereof is engendered dusking of the eyes, head-aches, hot and thin rheums after every little surfet, and many other inconueniences. wherefore, beside the opinion of the best learned men, mine own painful experience also moveth me to exhort them, which bee of this complexion, to eschew much abstinence. And although they bee studious, and use little exercise, yet in the morning to eat somewhat in a little quantity, and not to study immediately, but first to sit a while, and after to stand or walk softly, which using these two yeares, I, and also other, that haue long known me, haue perceived in my body a great alteration, that is to say, from ill estate to better. Alway remember, that if any other humour do abound in the choleric person, as fleume, or melancholy, then until that humour be expelled, the diet must be correctiue of that humour, and therfore more hot and fine, thē the natural diet before rehearsed: but yet there would be alway respect had to the natural complexion, sometime offering the person to eat or drink that, which nature working he fervently desireth.   

Diet of phlegmatic persons. CAP. 17.  
IT is to bee remembered, that pure fleume is properly could and moist, and lacketh taste. Salt fleume is mixed with choler, and therefore hath not in him so much could or humidity, as pure fleume hath, and therefore it requireth a temperance in things hot and dry, whereby fleume is digested or expulsed. To phlegmatic persons all meats are noyful, which are very cold, viscous or slimy fat, or soon putrefied, eating much and often, specially meats engendering fleume, which be remembered in the table preceding. All things bee good which are hot and dry, also meats and drinks which be sour: Onions also and garlic moderately used, be very commendable: in pure fleame not mixed with choler, much using of salt, specially dried. Pepper gross beaten, and eaten with meate, ought to bee with all phlegmatic persons familiar, also Ginger is right convenient, but not●o bee so frequently used as pepper, for as much as the nature of pepper is, that being eaten, it passeth through the body, heating and comforting the stomach, not entering into the veins, or annoying the liver, which virtue is not in Ginger, Ginger condite the which we do call green Ginger, specially condite with sugar, if it may be gotten, and also Mirabolanes called ●ebuly condite in Judea, be most excellent remedies against fleame, also the herbs, which are remembered afore in the tables of digestives of fleame, and the roots of Parsley, fennel, Preos, elecampane, and carrotes be very commendable. Exercise twice in a day, the stomach being almost empty, so that sweat begin to appear, is very expedient, cleansing of the body from all filthiness with rubbing and wiping oftentimes, with washing, specially the head and partes there about, moderate sweeting, in hot baths or stoues, be to this complexion necessary, specially when they haue eaten and drunken excessively. The head and feet to bee kept from cold, and to dwell high and far from moores, and marshes, is a rule right necessary: also to abstain from eating herbs and roots not boiled, and generally from all meats which will not be easily digested.   

The division of melancholy, and the diet of persons melancholic. CAP. 18.  
melancholy is of two sorts, the one is called natural, which is onely could and dry, the other is called adust or burned: natural melancholy is, as Galen saith, the residence or dregs of the blood: and therefore is colder and thicker then the blood. Melancholy adust is in four kinds, either it is of natural melancholy adust, or of the more pure part of the blood adust, or of choler adust, or of salt fleum adust. But of al other that melancholy is worst, which is engendered of choler, finally all adust melancholy annoieth the wit and iudgement of man: For when that humour is het, it maketh men mad, and when it is extinct, it maketh men fools, forgetful and dull. The natural melancholy kept in his temperance, profiteth much to true iudgement of the wit, but yet if it be too thick, it darkeneth the spirits, maketh one timorous, and the wit dull: if it be mixed with fleame, it mortifieth the blood with too much cold, wherefore it may not bee so little, that the blood and spirites in their ferventnes, be as it were unbridled, whereof do happen vnstablenesse of wit, and slipper remembrance, nor yet so much that by the weight thereof( for it is heavy approaching night to the earth) that we seem to be alway in sleep, and need a spur to prick us forward. Wherefore it is right expedient to keep that humour as thin as nature will suffer it, and not to haue too much of it. But now to the diet pertaining to them, whom this humour annoyeth. The knowledge that melancholy raineth is oftentimes heaviness of mind, or fear without cause, sléepines in the members, many cramps without repletion or emptiness, sudden fury, sudden incontinency of the tongue, much solicitude of light things, with plainness of the visage, and fearful dreams of terrible visions, dreaming of darkness, deep pits, death of friends, or acquaintance, and of all things that is black. The meats convenient are they, which bee temperately in heat, but specially they that be moist meats soon digested, and they rather boiled then roasted, temperately mixed with spice, milk hot from the udder, or latemilked, is very convenient for that complexion, sweet almonds blanched, & almond milk, the yolk of rear eggs, and finally all things which engender pure blood, and all that is written in the chapter of age, all these bee ill for them: wine thick or troublous, specially read wine, meats hard, dry, very salt, or sour, burned meate, fried meat, much beef, bears flesh, beans, rocket, coleworts, mustard, radish, garlic, except there be much wind in the body, for then it is very wholesome, onions, léekes, finally all things which heateth too much, killeth too much, or drieth too much, also wrath, fear, compassion, sorrow, much study, or care, much idleness or rest, all thing that is grievous to see, to smell or to hear, but most specially darkness.  
moreover much drying of the body, either with long watch, or with much care and tossing of the mind, or with much lechery, or much eating and drinking of things that be hot and dry, or immoderate evacuation, labour, abstinence, thirst, going in the air vntemperately hot, cold, or dry, all these things do annoy them that bee grieved with any melancholy. It is to be diligently considered, that where melancholy happeneth of choler adust, there meats which bee hot in working would bee wisely tempered, and drinking of hot wines would be eschewed, semblably cautel would bee in savours, notwithstanding moderate use of small wines clear and well verdured, is herein very commendable, the humour thereby being clarified, and the spirites cleansed, but the abuse or excess thereof, doth as much damage.  
Also it is right expedient, to put into wine or ale, a gad of silver or gold, glowing hot out of the fire, to temper hot meate with roses, violets, saunders, rose water, borage, bugloss, balm, called in latin Melissa, or the water of all three, drunken with good wine white or claret, or made in a julep with sugar, is wonderful holsom, chewing of lyc●rise, or reason or corance, is right expedient, but most of al other things, mirth, good company, gladness, moderate exercise, with moderate feeding. And thus I leave to speak of diets, aptly belonging to the four complexions.    

The fourth book of the castle of Health.  

What crudity is, and remedies therefore. CAP. 1.  
I Will some what writ of two dyscracies of the body, which do happen by the excess or lack of things called not natural, whereof I haue spoken before: the one is called crudity, the other lassitude, which although they bee words made of latin, having no apt english word therefore, yet by the definition and more ample declaration of them, they shall be understood sufficiently, and from henceforth used for english. But first it shall be necessary to consider, that concoction is an alteration in the stomach 
Concoction what it is.  of meats and drinks, according to their qualities, whereby they are made like to the substance of the body. Crudity is a vicious concoction of things received, they not being 
crudity what it is. The cause of crudity.  wholly or perfectly altered: the cause thereof is sometime the distemperature of the stomach, sometime inflannnations, sometime matter congealed, or impostumes in the stomach, other while ingurgitation of meate and drink: or for the vicious quality of the same meats or drinks, or the receiving of them out of order, or lack of exercise, or of convenient evacuation. Galen saith, that in crudity or vicious concoction, it must be considered, as well if the ●uke be utterly corrupted, and may not bee sufficiently concoct, as also if it be in the way of concoction: for if it be corrupted it must be expelled by sweator urine, if it be half concoct, then must such things be ministered, as may help to profit concoction, having regard to the quality and temperance of the juice, that is to say, whether it be thick or thin, phlegmatic or choleric: which shalbe perceived by the diet preceding, and also by other things name not natural, for phlegmatic meats eaten in great quantity or often, maketh phlegmatic juice.  
Likewise doth lack of convenient exercise, too much rest or idleness, as choleric meats, and dehement labours, do make choleric juice in summer, and melancholic juice in autumn, specially where labours be continual or long during. Also where labour is with much sweat, there is the urine more gross: where it is without sweat, there it is thinner. moreover the colour and substance of the urine declareth the temperance of the juice, which shall be here after declared in the table urines.  
Semblably the colour of the body declareth the juice that is in it, for being whiter then it was wont to be, it signifieth abundance of fleume: being more pale or yellow, it betokeneth excess of choler: if it be blacker, it signifieth melancholy, if the ill juice be much in quantity, and the blood little, the ill juice would bee digested, and expelled with such things as do serve for that temperature, but if the blood bee much, and the ill juice little in quantity, there would the vain be opened, and after sufficient bleeding a convenient purgation given, having regard as well of the quantity of the juice, as of the kind thereof: in case that either for age or for timorousnes, a man will not bee let blood, then must he be purged by siege in more abundance. But if he in whom is little good blood and much ill juice, and feeleth a lattitude or weariness in all his body, he should neither he let blood, nor receive purgation, nor yet labour or walk much: but abide in much quiet, and assay to sleep much, and receive such meats, drinks and medicines, which do extenuate or make thin, cut, & digest gross humors, without vehement heat, whereof it is written in the table of digestives: in the number of whom is oxymel, being well made, or Acetosus simplex, where the juice is much choleric or melancholic. Semblably, capers with oil and vinegar be praised of Galen. When there appeareth in the urine a residence light and white, then wine white or claret moderately taken, helpeth to concoction, maketh a good juice, and provoketh urine, then increase frications and exercise by little and little, & then let him return to his natural diet. In whom is abundance of raw juice, & outwardly feeleth a lassitude, to them Galen counsayleth, the second or third day to give meate, wherein Jsope is boiled and afterward to vomit.  
The mean to escape crudity, is to be diligent in observation of the counsels before written concerning the things called not natural, not much using meats that be very hard to concoct, also fat meate, and meats long kept, also corrupted, strinking, sweet fruits, and banqueting dishes, hasty feeding without good chewing, also much or very oft drinking at meales, very much heat, or very much cold, after meate.  
Furthermore it must be considered, that all things which bringeth grief to the body, is engendered either of too much abundance of juice, or of the vicious quality thereof. he that is sick of abundance, the diet of him wholly consisteth in reducing the juice to a convenient quantity. he that is grieved with the vicious quality of the iuices, his order resteth in making the iuices equal in temperature. moreover, where that which passeth out of the body, is less thē that which is received into the body: there happeneth sickness which cometh of abundance, in the which case it ought to be diligently foreseen, that there be observed a convenient mean of meats and drinks, in respect of that which is expelled out of the body, which may be done, if the quantity of each of them be wisely considered. And where abundance is, there the quantity, or quality, or both be tempered.  
Alway remember that of crude juice bee diuers kindes, some be cold and phlegmatic, some be hot and choleric, other be more thin and watery, some of black choler, or melancholic. They which do abound in any of them, must abstain from such meats & drinks, which do engender such juice, as doth annoy them: those meats and drinks be declared in the tables preceding. Aetius also would that 
Aetius serm. 9.  he should drink a draft of cold water, affirming that thereby the stomach being corroborated, driveth out of him down into the belly, that which cleaveth fast to it. I myself using to drink fasting, very small beer or ale, when I haue been in that case, haue found ease by it. Paulus Aegineta willeth that at the beginning, the legs & arms should bee rubbed with a course linen cloth, the legs downward to the feet, the arms to the tops of the fingers, and when they be well chafed, then to rub thē again with some oil, that doth open the pores & discuss the vapours as oil of Camomile, oil of a neat, & other like, he praiseth much mulse, or the water of hony, specially if some hyssop be boiled in it. Galen and all other do agree, that in this case pepper bruised & eaten with meat, is very expedient. And where there is much wind in the stomach, then to eat all times of the day, of the medicine made of the three kindes of pepper, time, anise seed, and hony clarified, which is called Diatrion piperion, or that which is called Diaspoliticon, or Diapiganon, which is made of cumin, steeped one day and a night, or longer in tart vinegar, and after fried or laid on a burning hot ston, and made in powder, also pepper and rue dried somewhat, and made into powder al in equal portions, and mixed with clarified hony, Galen addeth thereto salt peter called in latin nitrum. The confection made with the juice of quinces, and is called Diacidonion, is very excellent. But it is to be diligently noted, that where crudity is in a choleric person, there would the said medicines be temperately used, & the said Diacidonion to haue little or no spices in it. And for my part, being of a choleric humour mixed with fleume, many yeares continually in crudity. I never found any thing better then fine Rewbar be chewed with raisins of corents, which I took by the counsel of the worthiefull and well learned physician, master doctor Augustine, who in his manners declareth the gentleness of his ancient blood, which medicine I do not leave to use daily fasting when I feel some crudity to begin. Also syrup acetose, that is to say, sugar sudden in pure vinegar, and a little water, until it be thick as a syrup, is sometime convenient, and that as well to choleric persons as unto fleumatick, & if fleum be abundant, then with roots and seeds of fennel & parcely sudden with it. Also in that case oximell, that is to say, honey and water sudden together with the said roots and seeds, and a quantity of vinegar put thereto in the boiling is very commendable. If the parient be very costive, then the medicine of Galen called Hierapicra, from half an ounce to an ounce taken in water of hony or ale, or taken in pills, the weight of a great, and a half, or two groats, if the stuff bee good, will purge the body sufficiently, without making the body weaker. Also that medicine by cleansing the stomach and body, delivereth a man and woman from any perilous sicknesses. If the humours in the stomach bee not putrefied, but that it is grieved with abundance of fault 〈◇〉, I haue found that milk new milked, wherein is put a quantity of good hony or sugar, and three leaves of good spear mints, and a little boiled, so being drunk warm fasting, the quantity of a pint, and resting on it without eating or drinking any other thing the space of 3. houres after, haue abundantly purged and comforted the stomach, but where there is no fleum but onely choler, it is not so wholesome, but rather hurteth, making fumosities in the head, whereof comnieth headache.   

Of distillations called commonly rheums, and of some remedies against them right necessary. CAP. 2.  
FOr as much as at this present time in this realm of england, there is not any one more annoyance to the health of mans body, then distillations from the head called rheums, I will not let to writ some what of them, whereby men may take benefit if they will, although some physicians more considering their market, then their duty to God and their country, will be never so much offended with mine honest enterprise.  
Distillation is a dropping down of a liquid matter out of the head, and falling either into the mouth, or into the nostrils, or into the eyes, and sometime into the cheeks and ears: that which falleth into the mouth is received of the throat, into that part which is the instrument of the voice, which at the first maketh hoarsenes, & in process of time maketh the voice little, and vnneth to be heard. And if the rheum be sharp, it raiseth the inward skin of the throat, & sometime in doth exulcerate the lungs. If it doth fall into the stomach, the rheum being a could, it altereth the body into a could distemperance: if he be hot, it maketh a hot distemperature, & doth some what exulcerate in process of time, and at the beginning abateth appetite, & maketh feeble concoction. The could rheum maketh concoction slow, and also crudity, and engendereth four fumes in the mouth. If it be corrupted, it turneth also nourishment unto corruption, which maketh upbraiding fumish or sharp, or of some ill quality, which cannot be expressed: if the matter do descend lower, it tormenteth the guts called jeiunium, and colon, & toucheth other vessels from whence proceedeth digestion: in this dyscrasy two things are to be provided for: first to let that the rheum do not distil into the said places: or if it hath done, that it be shortly expelled from them. First, to let that it shall not distil, it shalbe necessary to eat some meate the sooner in the morning, if there hath not preceded repletion. Where the temperature of all the body is choleric, and the stomach is weak, the stomach would be made strong with such things as of their property do comfort the stomach: foreseen that they be moderately could and moist. And that which is already fallen into the stomach, must be expelled with vomit or siege, provoked with wormwood, steeped all one day and a night in a little small white wine, or small ale or stale, which haue virtue onely to wipe away the filth from the stomach: but if it be sucked deep into the filmes of the stomach, then is it better to take the medicine called Hierapicra, either in powder with drink warmed, or else in pills, to the number of ●ive or more, in the morning six houres before any other meate or drink taken, afterward to anoint the mouth of the stomach with oil of mastic, or Nardinum temperately warm, alway if a hot rheum do fall into a hot stomach, then meats and drinks which be could in virtue, would onely be used, where the stomach is distempered with heat, and the rheum distilleth into a could head, there is the dyscrasy hard to be cured. And they which be so affect or diseased, must take such things as may dissolve the fleume, and cleanse the stomach without heating thereof, of the which virtue we know oxymel to bee of. If the stomach and head bee both distempered with could, then must bee used meats, drinks and ointments, which onely be hot, and utterly to forbear all that is could. By these distillations or rheums, happeneth many other grienous diseases, besides those whereof I haue spoken, as in the head whirlings, called in Latin Vertigines, sudden swoundings, falling sickness, poses, stinking of the nose, called Polipus, sores in the mouth, toothache, pin and web in the eyes, dullness in hearing, squinces, freting of the bowels, with flixes, shortness of breath, grief in the heart, palsies, ache in the muscles and joints: wherefore it is not be neglected. And I do much marvel that our physicians do not more studiously provide therefore remedies. I myself was by the space of four yeares continually in this dyscrasy, and was counseled by diuers physicians to keep my head warm, and to use Diatrion piperion, and such other hot things, as I haue rehearsed: at the last, feeling myself very feeble, and lacking appetite and sleep, as I happened to read the book of Galen, De temperamentis, which treateth De inequali temperatura, and afterward the sixth book, De tuenda sanitate, I perceived that I had been long in an error. Wherefore first I did throw away my quilted cap, & my other close bonnets, and onely did lie in thin coif, which I haue ever since used both winter and summer, and ware a light bonnet of velvet onely, then made I Oximell after the doctrine of Galen, saving that I boiled in vinegar roots of parsley and fennel, with endive, chicory, and Betany, and after that I had taken it 3. daies continually, every day 3. spoonefuls in the morning warm: then took I of the same Oximell, wherein I had infused and steeped one dram of agaric, & half a dram of fine Reubarbe, the space of three daies and three nights, which I received in the morning, eating no meat six houres after, and that but a little broth of a boiled hen, whereof ensued eight stools abundant of choler and fleume: soon after I slept soundly, and had good appetite to eat. After supper I would either eat a few Coriander seeds prepared, or swallow down a little fine Mastix, and forbore wine, and drank onely ale, and that but little, stale and also warmed. And sometime in the morning would take a perfume of Storax calamita, and now and then I would put into my nostrils either a leaf of green laurel, or Betany, or water of Marier● bruised, which caused the humour to distil by my nostrils. And if I lacked Storax, I took for a perfume the rinds of old Rosemary, and burned them, and held my mouth over the fume, closing mine eyes: afterward to comfort my stomach and make it strong, sometime I would eat with my meate a little white pepper gross bruised, sometime Galens electuary made of the juice of Quinces, called Diacidonion, sometime marmalade of quinces, or a quince roasted. And by this diet, I thank almighty God, unto whom onely be given all glory, I was reduced into a better state in my stomach and head, then I was sixteen yeares before, as it may appear unto thē which haue long known me. And this haue I not written for vain glory, or of presumption, but to the intent that they which haue their bodies in like tempexature as mine was, that is to say, being choleric of complexion, and having rheums falling out of a hot head, may if they list assay mine experience, or in the steed of my said infusion, take Hierapicra, with ale or water to purge them, whereof shall not ensue so much peril, as of corrupted syrupes, and other confections called Magistrates, made with old rottendrugs, though the physicians be never so well learned. In bodies of other temperature, I would not that mine experience should be practised but with discretion, tempering the medicine, as the qualities of the stomach and head do require, remembering alway that hot rheums be thin & subtle, could rheums be for the most part thick. And that they which be thin, would be made thick, that they pierce not so fast. And that they which be thick, would be made thin, that they may the sooner be purged. Finally, this dare I affirm, that the rheums, which of late time haue been more frequent in this realm, then they were wont to be forty yeares passed, haue happened of none occasion more shē of banquetings after supper, and drinking much, specially wine a little after sleep. Another thing is the keeping the head too hot or too long covered, whereby the brain, which is naturally cold, is distempered with hot vapours ascending from the stomach, those same vapours being let to evaporate, or pass forth out of the head, and therefore be concreate or gathered into a humour superfluous, which stilleth downestsoones out of the head into the places before rehearsed. Yet now a daies if a boy of 7. yeares of age, or a young man of 20. yeares, haue not two caps on his head, he & his friends will think that he may not continue in health. And if the inner cap be not of velvet, or 〈◇〉, a feruing man feareth to loose his credence. A person, Ui●ar, or parish priest, by using their velvet caps imbrodred with laces, do make some men think that they be ashamed of their crownes, that late token of the order of Priesthood, the which notable abuse, I much marvel that the Bishops will suffer, specially they which haue had leisure to read the works of S. cyprian, S. Hierom, Chrisostomus, S. Ambrose, and sundry decrees made by the old Fathers concerning the honest vesture of priests, which although it seem a light matter to some men, yet it augmenteth or minisheth not a little in priests the estimation of their conditions. Salomon confirming the same, saying: The garment, the gate, and laughter of a man declareth what he is. But this matter will I leave to another place, where I intend to speak more abundantly of it, if it be not the sooner amended. Now to conclude, as long as the said occaūons continue, so long men shal not be without rheums, although they were all perfect physicians.  

By what tokens one may know whether the stomach and head be hot or could.  
NOw to return to the remedies against the said annoyance, whereof happeneth so many great sicknesses, I will be bold to writ a little out of the works of the most famous and expert physicians. First, the cause of the rheum must be digested, after expulsed, thirdly diverted, that is to say, turned from the eyen or throat into the nose, from whence it may bee more easily purged. Fourthly, it may be stopped that it shall not distil. In hot distillations the head is very hot, in feeling the rheum being in the mouth, he is thin and warm, the tongue or cheeks within blistered, the face sometime redder then it is accustomend to be, sometime a burning within the nose. To them which haue this hot rheum, may be given the seed of white poppy, Diacodion made of the heads of white poppy & rain water. Amylum with milk, if there be no fever, penides, mallows, orage, gourds, and spinach, boiled and eaten with oil of Almonds, syrup of violets, nenuphar, or the wine of sweet pomegranates, the water of a great Cucumber, boiled with a little sugar being drunk, doth mitigate choler, stoppeth the rheum, and easily looseth the belly: the seeds of Millons brayed in a mortar with water, & strained with soft bread, having sugar put to it, maketh an excellent good meate against the hot rheums: plasters made of barley bruised, violets, poppy and Camomill boiled in water, wherein sponges or linen clothes be dipped, should bee laid on the head, and the genitories or legs therewith washed. If the sick man cannot sleep, then the said parts with the belly and fundament shall be annoynted with the oils of violets and Nenuphar, the savour of Camphar in rose-water with violets, is good in that case. Galen exhorteth, and I haue proved, that in a very hot rheum, which hath stilled fast, the powring of could water vpon ones head, had stinted the rheum. He that is therein diseased, must eschew going in the sun, or to come nigh a great fire, or to stand, or be long covered, or to wear much on his head, he must rest much, and provoke himself to sleep a night, but not very long, and to lie on the one side on a hard bed, having his head high: also rubbing of his legs before meales, is very wholesome. could rheums bee perceived by coldness of the humour and head, with paleness of the visage, all could things increasing the rheum. These things are good against it, the detection of Cicer with hony and raisins, filbert nuts toasted, and eaten after meales: nothing is more wholesome then abstinence, specially in the evening: they which haue it, must beware of northern winds, the Mooneshine by night, washing in could water, and to bee long bareheaded. The seeds of Nigella a little toasted, and put into a piece of thin sarsenet, and smelled unto, stoppeth the rheums.  
Néefing in the beginning of rheum, is dispraised of Galen, but after that the matter is digested, it is very wholesome: that may be made with leaves of laurel, or Betonie put into the nostrils, the juice of Coleworts, the roots of read Béetes, water of marjoram. A pretty medicine for that purpose proved. The juice of young Béetes and marjoram, of each one ounce, good white wine eight ounces, Saffron the weight of two pence, that being het and taken in the mouth, shall be drawn up with breath to the place, whereby the distillations falleth out of the nose into the mouth. And if the rheum do distil into the cheeks and teeth, I haue proved, that the juice of ground Juy, and that herb which wee call Mouse-eare, taken within a quill into the nostrils, oftentimes purgeth exceedingly the rheums, and taketh away the ache of the teeth.  
Gargarising, if it bee not discréetly used, may do more harm then good, bring down much abundance of matter undigested: but taken in order with water, hony and pepper, or with hyssop and figs boiled in white wine, and taken very hot in a gargarise is right convenient.  
For compassion which I haue of them that bee vexed with toothache caused of rheums, I will by the leave of physicians, conclude this chapter with an excellent medicine against the said passion, which is written of an honourable physician of late yeres, which medicine also maketh the teeth fast which be loose, and also stoppeth the superfluous bleeding of the gums, where with the breath is made unsavoury. Take the rinds of Caper roots, the roots of brambles, which do bear black berries, the flowers of Pomegrants called balaustia, of every of them the weight of two ducats, Pelitorie of Spame one ducat, seed of white Henbane, the rinds of mandrake, of every of them one ducat and a half, Spourge of the garden one handful, alum of the rock two ducats: boil al these in white wine or claret, which is very rough in taste, and strain it therewith, and let the patient oftentimes wash his mouth. Albeit I will counsel them which will take this medicine or any other, first to purge the cause of the rheums, as before is rehearsed, or in any other wise, as they shall be counseled by well learned and discreet physicians.    

Of Lassitude. CAP. 3.  
LAssitude is a disposition toward sickness, wherein a man feeleth a soreness, a swelling, or an inflammation. soreness happeneth of humours sharp and gnawing, as after great exercise and labours, which lassitude happeneth 
Actius lib. 3.  to them, whose bodies are full of ill juice and excrements. Also after crudity in thē which are not exercised, or do abide long in the heat of the sun. It may also be in the body wherein is good juice, if he be fatigate with immoderate exercise. In them which do feel this lassitude, 
Galen detuen. sanit. lib. 3.  the skin appeareth thick and rough, and there is felt a grief sometime in the skin onely, sometime also in the flesh, as it were of a sore. The cure thereof is by much and pleasant rubbing with sweet oils, which haue not the virtue to restrain or close, and that with many hands, & afterward to exercise moderately, and to bee bained in water sweet and temperate in heat: also then must be given meats of good juice, pottage but seldom, wine is not to be forbidden: for unto wine vnneth any thing may be compared, that so well digesteth crude humours: it also provoketh sweat and urine, and maketh one to sleep soundly. But if this lassitude do abide the night and day following, or waxeth more and more, then if the patient be of good strength and young, and hath abundance of blood, let him be let blood, or provoke the hemerhoydes or piles to bleed if they do appear. But if it proceed of the malice of any humour without abundance of blood, then resort to purgations apt for the humour that grieveth. The tokens whereof shall appear as well by the colour of the skin & diet preceding, as by urine, ordure, sweat, thirst, appetite, as it is rehearsed before in the complexions. If the ill blood be little in quantity, and the crude humours abundant, thē shall he not bee let blood, nor vehemently purged, neither shal exercise or move himself, or be bained. For al exercise carrieth humours throughout all the body, and stoppeth the powers: wherefore these manner of persons should be kept in rest, & such meats, drinks, & medicines, should be given to them which should attenuate or dissolve the grossness of the humours without notable heat, as Oximell, barley water, & mulse, if the patient abhor not hony. And forasmuch as in the said persons commonly there is abundance of wind about the stomach, therfore pepper, specially long pepper or white is very convenient to be used, and the medicine before written, called Diaspoliticum. When the humours are dissolved, then it is good to drink white wine, or small claret wine moderately.   

Lassitude extensive. CAP. 4.  
WHen one thinketh that he doth séele a swelling or boiling of the body, where indeed there doth not appear in sight or touching any smelling, that is called lassitude extensive, if it happeneth without exercise, or vehement moving: this doth happen of excessive multitude of humours, which do extend the muscles or filles. In this no soreness is felt, but onely an heaviness with extension or thrusting out of the body. And because that there is abundance of blood in the body, best remedy is to bee let blood about the elbow or ankle, after to be purged, then to use soft frycasies with oils afore rehearsed, afterward much rest and temperate baths, and meats lacking sharpness and being abstersive.   

Lassitude, with the feeling of inflammation. CAP. 5.  
IF without any moving, the muscles and flesh arise vpon the body as it smelleth with great pains and exceeding heat, then soon after followeth most hottest fevers, except it be prevented by letting of blood, & that in abundance, and almost to swooning: but it were more sure to bee let blood twice in one day, the first time without swooning, at the next time swooning is not to be feared. If the grief be in the neck or head, the blood must bee let of the vein called Cephalea, or the shoulder vein. If it be in the bulk or uppermost part of the body, then must the vein be cut, which is called Basilica, or the innermost vein. If all the body be grieved, then cut the vein which is called Mediana, or the middle vein. If a fever remain after blood letting, then order him with the diet of them that haue fevers, which ye shall find written hereafter. If no fever remain, then use moderate fricasies and little eating, and that of meats having good juice, increasing by little and little to the natural diet.   

Diet of them that are ready to fall into sickness. CAP. 6.  
NOw to return eftsoons to speak of diet, it is to be remembered, that they which are ready to fall into diseases, they are prepared thereunto either by repletion or superfluous humours or else by crudity, or malice of humours which are in them. As touching the first, the general diet must be such, as thereby the humours may be attenuate, and by convenient evacuation, brought to a moderate quantity.  
As for the second must bee corrected with meats and drinks of contrary qualities, having alway respect to the age of the person, time of the year, place of habitation, and most specially the universal complexion. For choler offending in an old man, in winter time in a could country, or the person being of his natural complexion, fleumatick or melancholy, would not bee so abundantly expulsed or subdued, as if it bee in one young and lusty, in the hot summer, in the countries where the sun fervently burneth, or the person of his proper nature is very choleric.  
And in likewise contrary. wherefore every man knowing his own natural complexion, with the quality of the humour that offendeth, let him make temperance his chief cook, and remembering that which I haue before declared, ordain to himself such diet, as may reform the offence with none or little annoyance to his universal complexion. And if he can so do, he shall happily escape, not onely diuers sicknesses, but also the most pernicious danger, proceeding of corrupted drugs or spices, whereof some covetous apothecaries do make medicines, maugre the heads of good and well learned physicians.   

sickness most common to peculiar times of the year and ages. CAP. 7.  
ALthough I do not intend to writ of the cure of egritudes or sicknesses confirmed, as well because it might be reputed in me a great presumption, as also for as much as it were very perilous, to diuulgate that noble science to common people, not learned in liberal sciences and philosophy, which bee required to be sufficiently in a physician. And moreover many books of Hippocrates and Galen ought to bee read, before that one do take vpon him the general cure of mens bodies, yet not withstanding I trust I may without any note of arrogancy writ, what diseases do most happen in sundry times of the year, and ages of men and women, with some significations, whereby the dyscrasy or distemperature of the body is perceived, to the intent that the physician being far off, may be truly informed, considering that urines far carried do often deceive them, and likewise lack of the sight of the patient, and inquisition of things which do precede or follow the sickness. And with this I trust none honest and charitable physician will bee offended, but rather give to me thankes for my diligence, in the advancing of their estimation, which by lack of perfect instruction hath been appayred.  

Sicknesses of spring time.  
Diseases proceeding of melancholy, as madness, falling sickness, bléedings, squinces, poses, hoarsenes, coughs, lepries, scabs, ache in the joints.   

Sicknesses of summer.  
Many of the said diseases, also fevers, continual hot fevers, fevers tertiane, rain, vomites, flires, watering of eyes, pains of the ears, blisters and sores of the mouth and sweatings.   

Sicknesses of autumn.  
Diuers of summer sicknesses, & oppilations of the spleen, dropsies, consumptions, stranguilions, costiuenes, ache in the huckle bones, shortness of wind, freting of the bowels, falling sickness, and melancholic diseases.   

Sicknesses of Winter.  
stitches and griefs in the sides, inflammation of the lungs, rheums, coughs, pains in the breast, sides, and loins, headache, and palsies.   

Sicknesses happening to children.  
When they be n 〈…〉 born, there do happen to them sores in the mouth called Aphte, vamiting, coughs, watching, fearfulness, inflammations of the navel, moisture of the ears. When they breed teeth, itching of the gums, fevers, cramps, and lasks.  
When they wax elder, then be they grieved with kernels, opennes of the mould of the head, shortness of wind, the ston of the bladder, worms in the belly, waters, swelling under the chin, and in England commonly purpilles, measiles, and small pocks.   

Sicknesses happening to young men from 14. yeares of age.  
fevers quotidiane, tertiane, rain, hot fevers, spitting or vomiting of blood, pluresies, diseases of the sides, inflammation of the lungs, lethargies, frenzy, hot sicknesses, choleric passions, costiuenes of vehement lasks.   

Sicknesses of age.  
difficulty of breath, rheums with coughs, stranguilion, and difficulty in pissing, ache in the joints, diseases in the rains, swimmings in the head, palsies, itching of al the body, lack of sleep, moisture in the eyes and ears, dulness of sight, hardness of hearing, tissicknes or shortness of breath.  
Although many of the said sicknesses do happen in every time and age, yet because they be most frequented in the said times and ages, I haue written them to the intent that in the ages and times most inclined unto thē, such things might bee then eschewed, which are apt to engender the said diseases.    

The general significations and tokens of sickness. CAP. 8.  
IF the body be hotter, colder, moister, drier, leaner, fuller, the colour more pale or swart, the eyes more hollow than is accustomend to bee, it signifieth that the body is disposed to sickness, or already sick. The brain sick. 

raving.  
forgetfulness.  
fantasy.  
Humours coming from the roof of the mouth, the eyes, the nose, or the ears.  
Watch.  
sleep.   The heart sick. 

difficulty of breath.  
Trembling of the heart.  
Beating of the pulse.  
fevers.  
could.  
diversity of colours.  
grief about the heart.   The liver sick. 

lack or abundance of humours.  
The form of the body altered.  
paleness.  
Concoction.  
Digestion.  
Alteration of excrements accustomend.  
pain in the place of the liver.  
Swelling.  
difficulty of breath.   The stomach sick. 

Concoction flow or quick.  
Appetite of moist or dry, dull or quick.  
Separation of excrements moist, or hard with their colours.  
yesking.  
Belching.  
Uomiting with pain & difficulty of breath.  
Urine much or little with the colour & substrance too read, or too pale, too thick, or too thin.   The breast sick. 

difficulty of breath.  
Cough.  
Spitting.  
pain in the breast.    
This haue I written not to give iudgement thereby, but onely for the patient to haue in a readiness, to the intent that whatsoever he feeleth, or perceiveth in every of the said things, thereof to instruct his physician whereunto he may adapt his counsel and remedies.   

Of urines. CAP. 9.  
FOrasmuch as now a daies the most common iudgement in sickness is by urines, which being far carried, or much moved, or standing long, after that it is made, the form therof is so altered, that the physician shall not perfectly perceive the natural colour nor contents, although it be never so well chafed at the fire, as Actuarius and other great learned men do affirm. I will therefore somewhat speak of urines, not so much as a physician knoweth, but as much as is necessary to every man for to perceive the place and cause of his grief, whereby he may the better instruct the physician.  
First in urine four things are to be considered, that is to say, the substance, the colour, the regions or parts of the urine, and the contents or things therein contained.  
Also forasmuch as in the body of man be four qualities, heat, could, moisture, and dryth, two of them heat & could, are causes of the colour, dryth and moisture, are causes of the substance. moreover in urine, being in a vessel apt thereunto to be seen are three regions. The lowest region in the bottom of the urinal, containing the spaces of two fingers or little more. The middle region, from whence the lowest ended unto the circled. The highest region is the circled. The highnes of the colour signifieth heat: the pale, black, or green, signifieth could. Also the grossness or thickness of the urine, signifieth moisture, the cléerenes or thinnes, signifieth dryth.  

The colours of the urines.  
Perfect digestion.  
excess of digestion.  
Adustion of humours.  
feebleness or mortification of nature, except it be in purging of melancholy.  
lack of digestion.  
The beginning of digestion.  
The middle of digestion.  
White and thin betokeneth melancholy to haue dominion.  
White and thick, signifieth fleume.  
read and thick, betokeneth sanguine.  
red and thin betokeneth choler to haue the sovereignty.    

The substance of the urine. CAP. 10.  
AT the first pissing all urines well nigh do appear thin, as long as they do abide warm: for natural heat, during the time that it prevaileth, suffereth not that the haviour, which is the substance of the urine, to congeal or be thick for any occasion, but after that heat is gone, some urines shortly, sorne a longer time after wax thick. Likewise sometime some are pissed thicker, & after wax clear, some remain stil as they were made, some be meetly thick as they were troubled, some very thick & gross. They that wax clear, soon do gather that which is thick into the bottom of the urinal, some remain troubled, that grossness notwithstanding gathered in the bottom. Semblably the diversity of thin or subtle urines must be perceived, that is to say, that some are very subtle, as water, some less subtle, some in a mean between thick and thin.  
Of things contained in the urine, some do descend down to the bottom, and goody called in a greek word Hypostasis, in english some call it the grounds, some the residence, which if it be white, light rising up from the bottom of the urinal, like a pear, it signifieth health, if it be of any other figure or colour, it betokeneth some annoyance. If like things be seen in the middle of the urinal, they be called sublations, if they approach unto the highest region of the urine, they be name clouds, in latin Nebulae. The grounds or residences not perfect, some is like little read vetches, and is called in latin Orobea, some is like to bran of wheat ground, and severed from the meal, and is called brannie residence, in latin Furfurea, some be like unto plates having breadth and length without thickness, and may bee name plate residence, in latin Laminea, some is like to meal, wheat, or barley, and may be name mealy residence, in latin Similacea.  
There is also seen in the urine like to white hairs, some longer, some shorter, sometime like to rags somewhat read. There is also seen in the uttermost part of the urine, sometime a ●ome of froth, sometimes bells or bubbles, sometime there swimmeth in the urine, a thing like a cobweb, otherwhile there is about the circled, as it were the renting of cloth, sometime there is in like urine the motes of the sun, sometime like the matter of a sore, otherwise like the seed of a man, also gravel or sand. And in these things may be diuers colours, some white, some read, some between both, some yellow, some gray, and 〈◇〉 black. All this must be diligently marked, and thereof separately to advertise the physician, unto whom I refer the iudgement of the sickness for the cause afore rehearsed, and for as 〈…〉 as the iudgement of them is very subtle.  
Semblably of ordure whether it be very thin or very thick, what other matter issueth out with it, what colour it is of, the savour very great, little or none if it were easily expulsed, or painfully, how oft or how seldom.  
moreover of sweat what colour it is of, and of what savour, if in tasting it be salt, sour, bitter, or vnsauerie.  
Also the vomit if it be of one colour or many, if it do smell horribly, of what humour it had most abundance, if it were fasting, or after meales, if it were painful or easy.  
Likewise spittle whether it be thick or thin, or mixed with blood, or matter corrupt, accordingly of the humour issuing out at the nose, and if that be blood, then whether it be read, watery or black.  
moreover, it may not be forgotten, to advertise the physician of the diet used by the patient, as well afore the sickness, as in the time of the sickness, his age, the strength of his body, his exercise and place, where he longest abode in his youth, whether it were high or low, watery or dry, hot or cold.  
This I trust shall be sufficient to instruct a physician, he that desireth to know more particularly hereof, let him read the books of Hippocrates, Galen, Cornelius Celsus, Actuarius, Paulus, and diuers other late writers, for this little treatise may not receive it.   

The precepts of the ancient physician Diocles to King Antigonus. CAP. 11.  
WE will now divide the body of man into four parts, the head, the bulk called in latin Thorax, which containeth the breast, the sides, the stomach and entrails. The belly, called in latin venture, containeth the paunch and bowels. Also the bladder called in latin Vesica, in the which name, is also contained the conduits by the which urine passeth. When any disease approacheth to the head, these tokens do commonly precede, swimming in the head, headache, heaviness of the brows, sounding in the ears, pricking in the temples, the eyes in the morning do water or wax dim, the smelling is dull, the gums do swell. When thou feelest such tokens, forthwith purge the head with somewhat, not with vehement medicines, but taking hyssop or organum, & the crops of them boil with white or claret wine half a pint, and therewith gargarise your mouth fasting, until the fleum be purged out of your head: this is the easiest medicine in diseases of the head.  
It is also very wholesome to gargarise the mouth & breast with hony water, whereunto mustard is put and mingled, but first the head must be rubbed with a warm cloth, that the fleum may easily come out of the head. And if these tokens be neglected, these maner of sicknesses do follow soon after, bleared eyes and humours letting the sight, cleftes in the ears, swellinges in the neck full of matter called the kings evil, corruption of the brains, poses or rheums, heaviness of the head, and toothache. When the bulk is like to suffer any sickness, it is perceived by these tokens, all the body is in a sweat, the spittle is either salt or bitter, or choleric, the sides and shoulders do ache without any occasion, the patient gapeth often, also there doth happen much waking, suffocations or lack of breath, thirst after sleep, the mind is vexed with heaviness, also the breast and arms are very could, and the hands do tremble. Against these things, thy remedy may be provided. After a modederate supper assay to vomit without any medicine, vomit is also profitable, which meate doth follow. He that in such wise will vomit, let him eat hastily small radish roots, townkerses, rocket, senuy, or purslaine, and drink after it a great quantity of warm water, and provoke himself to vomit. He that setteth little by the said tokens, let him fear these sicknesses following, the pleurisy, the sickness of the lungs, melancholy or madness, sharp fevers, the lethargy, inflammation with yesking. If any sickness bee toward the belly, they may be espied by these tokens, the belly is first wrapped together, and in itself is troubled, all meats and drinks do seem bitter in taste, he feeleth heaviness in his knéees, a stifnes in his loins, and weariness in all his body, without any occasion, a sléepines in his legs, with a little fever: when thou feelest these tokens, mollify the belly, not with medicine, but with good order of diet, for it is best and most sure, to use those things, whereof lightly may ensue none annoyance, in the number of them are beets boiled in water of honey, garlic sudden, mallows, shovel, mercury, and all things condite in honey. All these do expel the ordure of the belly: but if any of the said signs, do more and more increase, the haviour wherein the seed of Carthamus called also Cnicus is boiled, is a pleasant sure medicine, small coal bats boiled in a good quantity of water, the licoure thereof in measure two pints, saving the third part of a pint with honey and salt being drunken, shall profit much. Cicer & the pulse called in latin Eruum, in english( I suppose) chits in water, drunk fasting hath the same effect. To thē which set little by the said tokens, these diseases do suddenly happen. flux of the belly, bloody flux, slippernes of the bowels, pains in the guts, ache in the huckle bones, the fever tertian, the gout, the apoplexy or palsley in the lims. Hemerhoydes, aching of joints. When the bladder is toward any sickness, it is perceived by these tokens, fullness felt after little meat, breaking wind downward and upward, paleness of colour in all the body, heavy or troublous sleeps, the urine pale and passing forth painfully, swelling about the cods, & privy members. When these tokens appear, thē it is expedient to haue remedy of odiferous things, which do expel urine, which shall be done without any peril, with the roots of fennel and parcely steeped one or two daies in good white wine, and to drink thereof fasting every morning three ounces and two drams, with the water of wild Carets or elecampane, which of these is next at hand, every of them haue like effect. Also water wherein the peason called in latin Ciceres are steeped, being drunk with wine is like commodious. he that neglecteth the said tokens, let him look for these sicknesses following, the dropsy, the greatness of the spléen, grief in the liver, the ston, ache of back, or pains in the rains, the difficulty of urine, fullness of the belly. In all these things that wee haue spoken of, wee shall give to children mast easy medicines, to men those that bee stronger in working. This diet of Diocles, although at this time it seemeth not most pleasant, nor according to the practise now used, yet being tempered with that which I haue before remembered, some thing may be found in it, which being experienced, may be as commodious for the health of mans body, as the diet which is more curious or pleasannt.   

Of them in whose stomach meate is corrupted. CAP. 12.  
THey in whom customably meate is corrupted, let them afore that they eat any meat, assay to vomit, drinking sweet wine, abstain drinking sweet wine, abstain from meats that engender botches, inflammations, and fumous ructuations or vapours, & take such as nourish good juice, and choose them out which do mollify the belly, and at sundry times take them. It is also good to take temperately that which looseth the belly, as the medicine called Picra, and to abstain from such things whereby ill juice is gathered, and do engender sicknesses, hard to be cured or never, as gouts, bone-ach, pain of the rains, &c.   

Of the virtue of meats. CAP. 13.  
HE that is studious about the conservation of health, he néédeth to know the virtue of meats. The meat which hath ver●ue to extenuate, or make humours subtle, it openeth the pores, and bringeth forth that which is fast in the flesh, it maketh that which is clammy subtle, and doth extenuateor relent that which is fat, it bringeth forth that which abideth long in the belly: but that which is eaten, is a superfluity, watery, and choleric, and at length maketh melancholic blood: wherefore much using of them is prohibited, specially to them that are choleric, and only serveth for them that are replete with fleume, crude or undigested humours, clammy or fat. The diet of fatting things, doth nourish abundantly, so that the stomach and liver do digest well, meat of good juice maketh good blood, but yet stoppeth the liver and spleen. These do they, which make fat humours onely, as the pulse called Lenticula, and they that are slimy like mallows: some do make hot humours and be also slimy, as fishes with hard shells. Finally, the diet which doth extenuate and make lean, is more sure for keeping of health, then that which fatteth much. Nourishing meats would be therefore moderately used, when a man perceiveth himself to haue need thereof, it may be most surely used of them that be exercised temperately, and can sleep when they list. They that cannot sleep by reason of exercise, let them eschew fatting meats, let none idle person attempt to use them. In the preservation of health, sluggardie is the greatest mischief. Like as temperate moving is good, so is the meate which between thick and thin, unto mans health most convenient, which engendereth blood, according to the competent constitution of mans body, and therefore it is to be chiefly used. Meate of ill juice is alway noyful, wherefore it ought to bee eschewed. Likewise the variety of meats is to be observed diligently, for it is a great thing to couple well together things of contrary virtues: for if they be not well digested, that which is received may bring displeasure.   

A Diet preservative in the time of pestilence. CAP. 14.  
THe bodies most apt to bee infected, are specially sanguine, next choleric, then flengmatike, last melancholic: for in them the humour being could and dry, is most unapt to receive putrefaction, having also straight passages by which the venom must pass. The diet convenient for that time, is to abstain from meats inflaming and opening the pores: also from heat of the sun, from too much heat or fire, or garments, from every hot herb, & much use of tart things, except onions and chicory, or Radish with vinegar, for they do resist against venom: from wine very fumish, exercise incontinent after meales, from sweeting, from all things that will cause opilation, and putrification: from things hot and moist, where moisture hath the dominion in a degree, specially being not sufficiently boiled: also from milk, except it bee in a little quantity, and that with a little sugar. fruits and herbs could and dry, and therewith sour or somewhat bitter, are not prohibited. If ye eat figs, grapes, or sweet cherries, eat after them of an orange with salt. If ye eat things could and moist, as Cucumbers, Melons, fish soft and fresh, or Damsens, eat by and by after some fennel and orange with salt, drinking therewith a draft of good wine. Beware of cleans, much Purslane, Gourds, and all other things, which will soon putrifie: notwithstanding, I will not forbid eating of lettuce with a few Mints, or mixed with Cinamom. All things so wre are commended as well in diet conseruatiue, as in that which is curative or healthy, except where there is witness of the breast, or weakness of the stomach, then ought they to be tempered with sugar, salt, Almond milk, Cinamom, pepper, senell, saffren, eggs, and some thing that is fat and unctuous. Capers are good to be used with vinegar. cheese very fat and salt is not commended, no more is Coleworts or any kind of pulse, except chittes, great peason, rapes, nor spinach is good. Also there be forbidden rocket & mustard, much wine and eggs, except they be eaten with shovel sauce, vinegar, or juice of oranges, parsley, and parsnips be good. New wines be noyful, let the meate bee somewhat more then drink, but yet sustain not too much hunger, nor thirst, beware of lechery, of cloudy weather and close, eschew much resort or throng of people, winds coming from fens or moores, from sleep at noon, use with your meate this powder, saunders read half an ounce, Cinamom 3. drams & a half, saffron half a dram. After your meat eat a little of coriander seed well prepared. In the morning at a semperate fire, comb your head backward, cleanse your body & head of all superstuities, use also moderate fricasies with sweet perfumes and odours, wash oftentimes your face & hands with pure vinegar mixed with rose water. In could weather mix it with mints, balm, Rue, or Myrtes, and sometimes with cloves: in hot summer with roses or violets. above all things use to make white wine, good white vinegar roset, water of roses, in equal portions, put thereunto a little setwal, or of the rind of a citron, and drink therof a little, and oftentimes wash therwith your hands, and visage. Medicines preservative against the pestilence, which be alway most ready, are these, a fig with rue, and a walnut eaten fasting, also treacle, or mithridate, to old men a dram weight, to young half a dram, or a scruple dissolved into vinegar and rose water, and in water of tormentil, scabiose, or balm, if the plague bee in summer: if it be in winter, put to the waters some white wine. Also the pills called commonly Pillulae rasis( but in deed they were invented by Rufus) are very excellent, specially if the aloe, which is in it bee washed, and thereunto added a little Bolus amenus & Terra sagillata. And if the person be of hot complexion, a quantity of shovel seed, and read coral, this confectionated with syrup of cytrons in cold complexions, or to old men with white wine, use them every third day, one pill at a time, three houres or four afore dinner or supper. If ye take ●riacle or mythridate, abstain from meate at the least six houres after. A piece of the roote of a settuall, born in the mouth, preserveth from infection. In like wise doth shovel chewed fasting, and the juice sucked down. To poor men, Marcilius was wont to give a toste of bread steeped in vinegar, with a piece of an Onion, or Rue. All things which bee cordial, that is to say, which do in any wise comfort the heart, do resist pestilence, vehement anger, or heaviness be very pernicious.  
Other more exquisite and costly preservations, I purposely pass over, which Marcilius and other physicians do writ so abundantly, for as much I desire to bee in this work compendious. One thing I had almost forgotten, that there is no better preservative, then so●●ie from the place corrupted betime and far off, and to let none approach you, that hath made their abode where the plague is fervent. moreover receive not into your house any stuff, that cometh out of a house wherein any person hath been infected. For it hath been seen, that such stuff lying in a coffer fast shut by the space of two yeares, after that coffer hath been opened, they which haue stood nigh to it haue been infected, and some after haue dyed. But here I alway except the power of God, which is wonderful, and also merciful, above mans reason, or counsel, preserving or striking whom, when, and where it shall like his majesty: to whom be glory and praise everlasting. Amen.  
Thus make I an end of this treatise, desiring them that shall take profit thereby, to defend it against envious disdain, on whom I haue set the adventure for the love that I bear to my country, requiring all honest physicians to remember, that the intent of my labour was, that men and women reading this work, and observing the counsels therein, should adapt thereby their bodies to receive more sure remedy, by the medicines prepared by good physicians in dangerous sicknesses, they keeping good diet and informing diligently the same physicians of the manner of their affects, passions, and sensible tokens. And so shall the noble and most necessary science of physic, with the ministets thereof, escape the slander which they haue of long time sustained, and according to the precept of the wise man be worthily honoured, for as much as the highest God did create the physician for mans necessity, and of the earth created medicine, and the wise man shall not abhor it. Thus fare ye well gentle readers, and forget me not with your good report, and pray to God that I bee never worse occupied.   
FINIS.