A TREATISE OF FRUIT-TREES, SHOWING The manner of Planting, Grafting, Pruning and ordering of them in all respects, according to Rules of Experience. Gathered in the space of Thirty seven Years. Whereunto is Annexed, Observations upon Sr. Fran. Bacon's Natural History, as it concerns Fruit-trees, Fruits, and Flowers. ALSO, Directions for Planting of Wood for Building, Fuel, and other uses; whereby the Value of Lands may be much Improved in a short time, with small Cost and little Labour. The Third Impression, Revised, with Additions, By R A. AUSTEN, Practiser in the Art of Planting. Deut. 20.10. Thou shalt not destroy the Trees, being Trees for meat; for the Tree of the Field is man's life. Amos 4.4. They shall Plant Gardens, and eat the fruits of them. OXFORD, Printed by William Hall, for Amos curtain, 1665. IMPRIMATUR ISTE LIBER ROBER. SAY, VICE-CANCEL. OXON. june the 9th 1665. TO THE HONOURABLE ROBERT BOIL Esq The Worthy PATRON and EXAMPLE Of all VIRTUE. Honoured Sir, AMong other of your many Learned and Profitable Labours, (which have much Enlightened the World) You have been pleased (together with the Honourable and Royal Society, whereof You are a Worthy Member) to take into Consideration the Work of Planting and Preserving all sorts of Trees; not only of Forrest-trees for Building, Fuel, and other uses, but also of Fruit-trees, especially in Relation to (the most wholesome Drink) Cider; which hath (together with many other of Your undeserved Favours towards me) emboldened me to make this humble Address unto You, entreating Your Favour and further Help in this good and profitable Work. And conceiving that I have so much Interest in Your Honour's Favour, as to have liberty to make such Proposals unto You, as concern the Profit of the Public (not doubting of Your good acceptance of them) I do humbly submit these following particulars to Consideration, which I judge to be material, if not necessary, as to many persons. 1. First, That there be a Law made to enjoin the Work, as we have in other Cases of far less concernment than this; and according to the Example of other Nations in the same thing: For although many that are Ingenious Persons, will not need such an Excitement, yet the Common vulgar People (which are the greatest part of the Nation) will do but little without it. 2. Secondly, That there be Overseers or Officers appointed to look after the Work, from year to year, (without which, some Laws will have but a feeble Execution) and these Overseers to have due Encouragement one way or other: This is no more than what is done in other Cases of far smaller advantage than this would be. 3. Thirdly, That there be Books Printed and Published for instruction in this business, which may have these Characters. 1. First, That they be of small Bulk and Price; Because great Volumes (as many are upon this Subject) are of too great a Price for mean Husbandmen to buy; as also take up more time to peruse than they can spare from other Labours. 2. Secondly, That the Style and Expressions be plain, and suited to the Vulgar (even to the Capacities of the meanest, for these (Generally) must be the Workmen and Labourers thereabout. Now, we know that many Pieces upon this Subject, are in Latin, French, and other Tongues; yea, and some that are in English; being the Works of some Learned and Eminent Persons, (whose Faculties are raised by Study and Education, far above the reach of common Capacities) their Expressions are answerable, and therefore not so profitable to the Vulgar, though Excellent in themselves, and very useful unto those that understand them: But when Men are spoken to, and taught in any Art in their own Language, (in their common familiar stile) things are more easily received, and take the deeper Impression in their minds, and are better remembered. 3. Thirdly, That these Books for Instruction, be Experimental; according to what is tried and practised from year to year. Many that have Written upon this Subject (especially some Ancient Authors) have been merely Contemplative men; and have presented us with little else but their Notions and Apprehensions: And though some things may be rational and useful, yet many are not so, which when they come to be tried by the Touchstone of Experience, fall off and deceive men, to their loss of Time, Cost, and Labour, with discouragement; and discover themselves (as Sir Francis Bacon observes in his Advancement of Learning) to be but mere Putative things: And hereunto he adds, That it were to be wished, (as that which would make Learning indeed solid and fruitful) that Active or Experimental men, would, or could, become Writers: And the oftener Experience in things is renewed and repeated, from year to year, the more it is Confirmed, and so fittest to be Communicated and Practised. Now, how that which is here done (in the ensuing work) answers to these things, I leave to others to judge, not doubting but that You [Honoured Sir] will continue your Endeavours for the carrying on this good and profitable Work of Planting. A Work wherein not only the most Learned Philosopher, and Exquisite Indagatour into the Mysteries of Nature, may exercise his Judgement, and please his Mind; but also a work Pregnant with Profits, Real and Substantial to all people all their life long, from the Cradle to the Grave: A Work that (instead of empty and fruitless speculations) will fill the Belly and clothe the Back. A Work that will enrich the Poor, and adorn the Rich: A Work that will Increase the King's Revenues, and the Substance of all his Subjects: A Work Praised and Practised by the Greatest and most Eminent Persons in all Ages. In a word, It is a Royal Work, and worthy the most serious Considerations and Endeavours of the Royal Society; whereby those Worthies may raise to themselves perpetual Honour, as being Instrumental to promote and carry on the same, to a greater and more general profit. Wherefore [Worthy Sir] You being a principal Wheel in this great and famous Engine, [framed on purpose for great and profitable Works] are able to move it strongly and effectually to that end; which that you would be pleased to do, is earnestly desired; whereby you may engage, not only the present Age, but also many Generations to come; to be acknowledged by many, but especially SIR, By Your already greatly obliged Servant, RAMIRES: AUSTEN. TO THE READER▪ THe Art of Planting fruit-trees is (among Ancient Authors) called Husbandry, Quid sit Agricultura. vid. p. 11. being it is one part of the Husbandman's work, though in many parts of this Nation Husbandmen have little skill in it, their labour being chiefly Tillage of the ground for Corn. But this is a part of the Husbandman's work as well as that; yea, and the chiefest and worthiest part. Adam in time of his Innocency was employed in this part of Husbandry about Fruit-trees, as is showed pag. 22. But when he had sinned, he was put away from this work to Till the ground, a lower and inferior labour. Gen. 3.23. The Lord God sent him from the Garden of Eden to Till the ground. We see likewise the Scripture calls it Husbandry: Noah is called an Husbandman when he Planted a Vineyard, Gen. 9.20. God (blessed for ever) is called an Husbandman, for that he Pruneth, Purgeth, and ordereth his Mystical Vine-tree the Church, Joh. 15.1. So that I shall keep the phrase throughout the Work. I have seen (I suppose) the best Works, both of ancient and late Writers upon this Subject, and have learned from them what I could, for the accomplishing of this Art, and have observed the practice and experiments of many from time to time, concerning it, and have improved them to my own advantage. And likewise I have set myself to the Practice of this work about Thirty and seven years, endeavouring to find out things of use and profit, by Practice and Experience, that I might speak upon better and surer grounds, than some others who have written upon this Subject; for Experience guides, and informs Reason in many things in which (without Experience) it would often err. Some who have taught this Art of Planting Fruit-trees, have been in it only Contemplative men, having little or no Experience in it; so that in many things they have erred, and that grossly, as shall appear in due place; See pag. 165, 166, etc. A Learned Author says, ●. Ba. Advanc. Lea●. The writings of speculative men upon active matter, (for the most part) seems to men of Experience to be but as dreams and dotage: Study and Practise (by degrees) frame new Arts, and add to the old: Per varies usus Meditando extunderet Artes: Virg. Geor paulatim. Experience is called the Perfecter of Arts, and the most sure and best teacher in any Art: Contemplation and Action are the two legs whereon Arts run steedily and strongly, and the one without the other can but hop, or go ●amely: They are the two Eyes wherewith men see Nature's secrets clearly, but the one alone discerns but dimly. And hence it follows, that some who were only Contemplators of nature without experience, and would needs adventure to write, and give instructions touching the Practic part of Planting Fruit-trees, have in many things (as the aforesaid Author says) presented us with smoke, instead of the lucide flames of light: They have indeed showed us a comely and beautiful body, Painted according to Art, but yet lifeless and without a spirit, and have offered us shells and husks instead of kernels. But now, speculation and action, are as Soul and Body united, which labouring together, work out both Profit and Pleasure, many advantages to ourselves and others. Experience (as a Philosopher says) is the Root of Art, and it may well be so called, from which springs a numerous multitude of new Experiments: for from one Root, or single Experiment, (though perhaps a poor and mean one in itself) if throughly weighed with reason and judgement, may arise many rich and rare inventions: And it's most true, which the Lord Bacon says to this purpose: As through a small hole or cranny, a man may see great Objects; so through small and contemptible instances, men may see great Axioms, singular secrets of nature. Men will labour hard, and a long time in some labours full of hazard and danger, and perhaps unjust too, and all for a little profit; but here, in this employment, men may with a little labour, in a short time, without hazard or danger, and that justly, obtain great and many profits, and those with pleasures superadded. Works, and labours, which have in them but a vain and unprofitable pleasure, are approved but only of some sensual persons; and such labours as have but only Profit, and do not ease the Pains with some pleasantness in them, are yet harsh, and disliked of many, but such as yield both Profit and Pleasure, are universally liked, and allowed of all, according to the Poet, Omne tulit punctum, qui miscuit utile dulci. Either of these is the better, because of the other joined with it, when they run along hand in hand; the Profit is the more, because of the Pleasure; and the Pleasure is more▪ because of the Profit. Now therefore, That men may obtain yearly, a plentiful Harvest of Profits and Pleasures, I have endeavoured to remove whatsoever might hinder; and have laid down some Arguments of Encouragement to set upon, and prosecute the means to obtain them; discovering the best way I can find out, how they may be gotten with most speed, and kept with most security. If any man think the Divine and Humane Arguments (preceding the work) to be needless, because generally men know, that Planting Fruit-trees is a very profitable work, none doubt it. I Answer; Some know it by Experience, many others do not. And although men are convinced of the profitableness of the work, yet there is need of some quickening Motives to it, as to some persons; And I know none more prevalent than those taken from Profits and Pleasures, considered in so great and so many respects. Accept of what is made ready at present, which as it may be profitable to some in respect of Encouragements and Directions in the practice of the Work, so also I desire it may be a means to stir up others to do something in the like kind for Public profit. There are many good Wits exercised about Toys and Trifles: some men bestow excessive Time, Cost, and Labour, about mere shadows, empty speculations; and well deserve Marshal's Motto. Turpe est difficiles habere nugas. Et stultus labor est ineptiarum. While they might in the mean time, by the Study and Practise of this Art, (in searching out many hidden secrets of nature and experiments) much advantage themselves, and many others, both in respect of Temporals and Spirituals. An Ancient Author says, Not he that knoweth many things, but he that knoweth things Fruitful is Wise. This Art is a full Store house, out of which may be brought both Meat, Drink, and Money: It is a Rich Mine, without bounds or bottom, out of which we may dig profits and pleasures, great and many, and worthy the study and labour of the most Wise and Learned, and may be called the Philosophers-stone, (virtually and effectually (though not properly) for it turns, by the help of nature (though not Metals, yet) Trees and Fruits, yea, Earth and Water, into Gold and Silver in a short time. The good of this Employment, both in the Theoric and Practic part, spreads itself over all places in the world, to all persons in the world, from the Cradle to the Grave, from the beginning of the world, to the end of it; so that no work can be more universally good than this. Now therefore, seeing there is so much profit and advantage to be received from this employment of Planting Fruit-trees, both in Temporal and Spiritual respects, Let us set about it, and labour in it, either with body or mind, or both, That thereby the Glory of God, and public profit (together with our own advantages) may be promoted. The blessing of God go along with us, and give the increase in all our labours, and prosper the works of our hands. This is my advice to men, and Prayer to God. Who am Thine in the best Services RA: AUSTEN. THE ANALYSIS. PRofits of Planting Fruit-trees in Corn and Pasture grounds, the best way of Improvement of Lands. p. 1. Objections concerning Planting Answered. 1. Coldness of the Country. p. 6. 2. Robbing of Fruit-trees. p. 7. 3. Long expectation of Fruits. p. 9 The praises of Fruit-trees and Art of Planting. 1. From Ancient Authors. p. 11▪ 12, etc. 2. From Modern Authors. p. 11▪ 12, etc. Eight Divine Arguments of the dignity & value of Fruit-trees and Art of Planting. pag. 21. 1. Argument; Adam's Imploymen in Innocency. pag. 22. 2. Argument; Fruits were the first Food given to Man. p. 23. 3. Argument; from Examples pag. 23, 24, etc. 1. God blessed for ever. 2. Noah. 3. Abraham. 4. King Uzziah. 5. King Solomon. 6. Susanna. 7. The Jews. 8. Our Saviour Christ. 4. Argument; from similitudes pag. 26. 27, etc. 1. Esay● 1, 2. My beloved had a Vineyard in a fruitful hill. 2. Psal. 1.2. Like a Tree planted by the Rivers of Waters, etc. 3. joh. 15.1. I am the true Vine, and my Father is the Husbandman. 4. Rom. 11.17. If some of the branches were broken off, etc. 5. Cant. 4.12, 13. A garden enclosed, is my Sister, my Spouse. 6. Rev. 22.2. There was the tree of Life. 5. Divine Argument; from Gods withholding them in displeasure. p. 29. Instances. 1. Exod. 9.25. Hail broke every Tree of the Field, etc. 2. Amos 4.9. I have smitten your fruit trees, etc. 3. joel 1.12. The Vine is dried up, the Figtree languisheth, etc. 4. Deut. 28.39. Thou shalt Plant, but shalt neither drink of the Wine nor gather the Grapes. 6. Divine Argument; from Gods promising, and giving them in Mercy. p. 31. Instances. 1. jer. 29.5. Plant Gardens, and eat the fruits of them 2. Amos 9.4. They shall Plant Gardens, and eat the Fruits of them. 3. Neh. 9.25. They took strong Cities, Vineyards, and Olive-yards, and Fruit-trees in abundance. 4. Ezek. 34.27. And the Tree of the Field shall yield her Fruit, etc. 7. Divine Argument from two Commands. 1. Tit. 3.4. Let ours also learn to maintain good Works for necessary uses. p. 33. 2. Phil. 4.8. Whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are lovely, of good Report, etc. pag. 33. 8. Divine Argument from God's special Charge to preserve fruit trees above all other Trees. Deut. 20.19. Thou shalt not destroy the Trees, being Trees for Meat; for the Tree of the Field is man's life. p. 35. 4. Humane Arguments of the dignity of Fruit trees and Planting from the 1. Precedents of the greatest Persons. pag. 36. Cyrus' King of Persia Philometrus, Heronius, Archelaus, Attalus, Kings of Asia. Evax, Avicen, Kings of Arabia. Telaphanus Antonius Pius. Elizeus. Numa. Sp●rtanus. Alcinous. Mithridates the great, Alexander the Great. Solomon King of Israel. And many others. 2. Praises of all people. p. 39 See Instances of many, pag. 6, 7, 8, etc. The Third Humane Argument from Profits. 1. To the Estate 1. In respect of House-keeping 1. In Meats. pag. 40. 2. In drinks. pag. 40. 2. In respect of Sale. 1. Fruits in their kinds p. 40. 2. Wins made of them. p. 40. 2. To the body 1. In respect of health, pag. 40. 1. By Moderate Exercises. p. 41. 2. Fresh Airs. p. 41. 3. Pleasant odours. p. 42. 4. Wholesome Meats. p. 44. 2. In respect of long life, pag. 44. 1. By operation upon the spirits, through the Organs of the body. Ear pag 61, 62, 63, etc. Touch pag 61, 62, 63, etc. Smell pag 61, 62, 63, etc. Sight pag 61, 62, 63, etc. Taste pag 61, 62, 63, etc. 2. Through the affections of the Mind. Hope. p. 44. Joy. p. 48. Admiration▪ p. 49, etc. 3. To the Mind. 1. In respect of knowledge. Natural p. 50. Moral p. 50. Spiritual p. 50. 2. In respect of Meditations▪ pag. 57 4. To the Name. 1. In this Life, by Gifts and Benefits. 2. After Death; by Fruit-trees, as living Monuments. pag. 56. 5. To others 1. To the Poor Friends or Enemies. p. 60. 2. To the Rich. Friends or Enemies. p. 60. The Fourth Humane Argument from Pleasures. 1. To the Eare. 1. By sweet tunes of Singing Birds. p. 60. 2. By gentle Motion of boughs and leaves. p. 60. 2. To the Touch. 1. By cool Fruits, boughs and leaves. pag. 61. 2. By cool fresh Airs. p. 61. 3. To the Eye. 1. By decent forms of Trees, Allies, Walks, Seats and Arbours. pag. 64. 2. By curious colours of blossoms, leaves, and fruits. p. 65. 4. To the Smell. 1. By fresh Earth digged up. pag. 66. 2. From blossoms and leaves. pag. 67. 5. To the Taste. 1. From Ripe and Raw Fruits. pag. 69. 2. From Dishes and Drinks made of them. p. 70. A Cauton in the use of Earthly blessings. No Earthly thing to be enjoyed properly, but used only. pag. 74. Difference between using and enjoying of a thing. pag. 75. The Nursery; in it consider, 1. Sowing 1. Seeds of Fruits 1. The time▪ pag. 79. 2. The manner. p. 80. 2. Stones of Fruits 1. The time▪ pag. 79. 2. The manner. p. 80. 2. Weeding and Watering the young Plants. pag. 81. 3. Transplanting them in Autumn. pag. 83. 4. Inoculating or Engrafting them▪ pag. 45. In Grafting observe. 1. Time of Grafting. 1. General time▪ the Spring. p. 45. 2. More special, in respect of different kinds. p. 45. 2. Instruments for the Work. 46▪ 3. Manner of the Works 3. ways. 1. Of small Stocks. p. 46.47▪ 2. Of great Stocks. p. 46.47▪ 3. A middle sort of Stocks. p. 46.47▪ 4. Choice of Grafts. 1. As they fit several stocks. p. 92. 2. In respect of good bearing kinds. p. 93. In Inoculating, observe 1. The time. pag. 96. 2. The Buds 1. In respect of growth. p. 51. 2. In respect of kinds. p. 97. 3. The Stocks 1. The small and young. p. 97. 2. Those full of sap. p. 98. 4. Unbinding the Buds, some sooner, some later▪ 99 In Transplanting, observe 1. The time: Early removing best. pag. 117. 2. Pruning 1. The Roots. of Plants pag. 120. 2. The Branches of Plants pag. 120. 3. Manner of setting. 1. Standards. In respect of 1. Deepness. p. 120 2. Distance p. 122. 3. Order. p. 128. 2. Wall trees. In respect of 1. Deepness. p. 120 2. Distance p. 122. 3. Order. p. 128. In Pruning, cut 1. Wall-trees 1. In Summer. pag. 131. 2. In Winter. pag. 132. 2. Standards 1. All dead boughs. p. 133. 2. All superfluous living boughs pag. 133. Order the Roots 1. In opening them. p. 134. 2. In laying fit soils to them. pag. 134, etc. Diseases incident to fruit trees. 1. Mossiness. 1. Causes pag. 137.138. 2. Cur●● pag. 137.138. 2. Bark-bound 1. Causes pag. 137.138. 2. Cur●● pag. 137.138. 3. Canker 1. Causes pag. 137.138. 2. Cur●● pag. 137.138. 4. Worms 1. Causes pag. 137.138. 2. Cur●● pag. 137.138. Mischiefs incident to fruits 1. Caterpillars Remedies thereof▪ pag 139, 140, etc. 2. Ants. Remedies thereof▪ pag 139, 140, etc. 3. Earwigs Remedies thereof▪ pag 139, 140, etc. 4. Snails Remedies thereof▪ pag 139, 140, etc. 5. Wasps Remedies thereof▪ pag 139, 140, etc. 6. Birds Remedies thereof▪ pag 139, 140, etc. 7. Wind's Remedies thereof▪ pag 139, 140, etc. The use of fruits 1. The Alimental Use of 1. Apples. p. 144.145 2. Pears. pag. 154. 3. Quinces. pag. 155. 4. Cherries pag. 156▪ 5. Plums. pag. 158. 6. Aprecots' pag 159. 7. Peaches. pag. 160. 8. Mulberries. p. 160. 9 Figgs. pag. 161. 10. Grapes. pag 111. 11. Meddlers pag. 162. 12. walnuts. p. 163 2. The Physical Use of 1. Apples. p. 144.145 2. Pears. pag. 154. 3. Quinces. pag. 155. 4. Cherries pag. 156. 5. Plums. pag. 158. 6. Aprecots' pag 159. 7. Peaches. pag. 160. 8. Mulberries. p. 160. 9 Figgs. pag. 161. 10. Grapes. pag 111. 11. Meddlers pag 162. 12 Wallnuts. p. 163 Errors Discovered in the 1. Theory Of the Art of Planting. pag. 165. 2. Practise Of the Art of Planting. pag. 165. In the Theory are three sorts. 1. Instructions hurtful and dangerous 1. To Graft the first Spring. pag. 167. 2. Not to Prune Roots pag. 168. 3. To use Treble Grafts. pag. 169. 4. To use Grafts swelling. pag. 168. 5. To remove the Clay. 169. 6. To underprop Grafts. 169. 7. To mixed things in Grafting. pag. 170. 8. Not to Plant against a Wall. pag. 170. 9 To remove after Winter▪ pag. 171. 10. To Plant on Hills. pag. 171. 11. To set Stones a foot deep. pag. 172. 12. To set buds on knobs of Stocks. pag. 172. 13. To set Appletrees 20 foot a sunder. p. 173. 14. To cut away the shoots of the last year. p. 174. 2. Instructions for effecting things impossible to be effected by the means prescribed▪ and other things impossible to be effected by any means. 1. To mix divers kinds of Fruits, pag. 174. 2. To change the species of fruits, pag. 176. 3. To make fruits have good tastes, pag. 176. 4. To make fruits have good Colours, pag. 180. 5. To have Nuts without Husks, pag. 183. 6. To have early and late Fruits, pag. 184. 7. To have Fruits with Inscriptio●s on them, pag. 185. 3. Affiguing wrong causes to effects. 1. That Grafting causeth early bearing, and maketh Fruits better. pag. 187. 2. That Grafting in the Old of the Moon, causeth barrenness many years, pag. 190. 3. That Sap descendeth from the Branches to the Roots, and worketh several effects, pag. 191, 192, etc. Errors in Practice of the Art of Planting, Are 1. Planting Trees too near together, pag. 205. 2. Planting Trees unfit for the Country, pag. 205. 3. Choosing the greatest Plants, pag. 206. 4. Setting Trees without disbranching, pag. 206. 5. Planting Trees in worse mould, pag, 207. 6. Setting the Graft and Stock smooth on the outside, p. 207. 7. Grafting long, or forked Grafts, pag. 208. 8 Suffering Fruit trees to grow like Timber-trees, pag. 208. 9 Giving too much nourishment to Fruit-trees▪ pag. 209. 10. Pruning off too many shoots from Wall-trees, pag 210. 11. Grafting Seed-plants before removing, pag. 210. 12. Not Pruning the Roots of Plants. pag. 210. 13. Breaking off Buds before grafts grow, pag. 211. 14. Grafting Great Trees in the Cleft, 211. A TABLE, Showing the Principal things contained in the Ensuing Work. HOw to prepare ground for a Nursery; and to Sow and Set Seeds, Stones, Kernels, etc. Page 78, 79 Preserve Seeds from Mice, and weed them pag. 80 Remove the biggest Seed-plants by themselves, and the least by themselves, and remove all Seed-plants p. 82, 83 january, the best Month to graft Cherry, and Plum-grafts p. 85 Grafts may be kept in Mould many weeks p. 85 Necessary Instruments for Grafting p. 86 Several ways of Grafting; that of Packing on is more sure and easy, less hurt to the grafts and stocks, then in the cleft. The Reasons p. 87 To join the inner sides of the stock and graft, is a special Rule in Grafting p. 91 The thickest grafts are (for the most part) the best p. 92 Cut off the tops of Grafts p. 92 Choose Grafts from the best bearing Trees p. 93 Unbind Grafts in due season, and strengthen the grafted place p. 93 Prune off all side branches of Grafts that are for Standards, and preserve only one straight shoot p. 95 Time to Inoculate is about Midsummer, yet some Buds sooner than others p. 96 Inoculate Buds into fit stocks p. 97 Unbind Buds in due time p. 99 How to carry Buds many Miles p. 100 Mark stocks to know the kinds p. 101 To choose right kinds of grafts and buds, and to set them on fit stocks, is (above all things most necessary in this Art p 101, 102 juice of the black hart, and great bearing Cherry, special good to make Cherry-wine, or to colour Cider to make it as Claret-wine p. 106 The driest Plums, (as the Mussel, Damazeen, etc.) are the best p. 108 Aprecot-trees, and Peaches, are propagated by the bud only, not by grafting p. 109 The great Blue Fig comes to perfect ripeness with us, if set against a South wall p. 111 Vineyards formerly in England p. 112 The Parsley Vine, and white Muskadine, bear store of good fruits p. 112 Portugal Quince the best kind p. 113 Black Mulberry trees bear abundantly p. 114 Choose the fairest Walnuts of thinnest shells, and good bearers, to set p. 115 Graft old Trees, if bad bearers, or bad fruits p. 115 Arbours of Fruit-trees, better than of Privet, etc. p. 116 Begin to Transplant betime; divers advantages by it p. 117 The largest plants not best p. 119 Set not below the soil p. 120 Prune the branches and Roots p. 120 Lay Dung or Weeds about new set Plants p. 121 How to prepare Trees for carriage p. 122 In setting Trees observe a fit distance, see the advantages p. 123 Distance of Wall trees p. 125 How to set and order Cherry and Quodling hedges p. 125 Nearness of trees best in some respects p. 127 Order in setting p. 128 Put some good Mould next the roots of Plants in setting p. 129 Ordering Plants the first year of setting, is of special concernment p. 130 Suffer not the main branches of Wall-trees to rise upwards, but spread them on the sides of the wall p. 131 Wall-trees must be pruned and ordered, both in Summer and Winter p. 131 Error in Pruning Wall-trees; Cutting off too many shoots p. 133 An Observation in Pruning p. 133 Bare old Trees at the Roots about October, and lay some good soils to them p. 134 Piggeons-dung, Hen's dung, Blood of Cattle, or the like, is special good to cause Trees to bear well p. 134 Mowing of Orchards is exceeding hurtful to Fruit-trees, but suffering Cattle to lie among them, is very profitable p. 135 Moss on Fruit-trees, caused by coldness and barrenness of the ground p. 137 Cut off the branches of Trees Bark-bound p. 138 Cut out the Canker of Fruit-trees p. 139 Cut worms out of the bark of Trees p. 139 Destroy Caterpillars in breeding p. 140 Preserve the fruits from Ants, Erewigs, Snails Wasps, Birds, and Winds as much as may be p. 141, 142 Apples best for Cider p. 144 Increase the best kinds for Cider p. 145 Some Cider sooner ready than other kinds p. 145 How to make Cider and Perry p. 146 Of Botling Cider p. 147 How to keep Bottles of Cider p. 147 Of the healthfulness of Cider p. 148 How to keep Apples p. 151 Apples are singular good to cure the Strangury, and other diseases proceeding of the difficulty of making water; see how ordered p. 153 Pears are more nourishing than Apples p. 154 A Wine of Pears, not inferior to French-Wines p. 154 Quinces, Cordial Fruits, and of manifold uses p. 155 How to keep Quinces a year or two p. 156 Cherries breed good blood in the body p. 156 A pleasant refreshing Wine made of Cherries, more fit for Summer than hot Wines p. 157 Cherries boiled in broths and drinks, good for hot and feverish bodies p. 158 Kernels of Cherry-stones break the bladder stone p. 158 Plums cast out choleric humours, and are good in hot diseases p. 158 The infusion of dried Aprecots, is profitable in sharp fevers p. 159 Peaches cool, and keep the belly soluble, eat them (as all other fruits) moderately, and drink a cup of Wine after p. 160 Wine of Mulberries, a small quantity of juice will colour White-wine, Cider, Perry, etc. and makes a pleasant sauce p. 1●0 juice of Mulberries, good against a sore mouth or throat, they stir up a languishing appetite p. 161 Figs nourish much, and breed store of blood; are accounted restorative; they help an old cough (boiled with Isop) are for many other purposes p. 161 Meddlers fortify digestion, stay vomiting and looseness of the belly; kernels (with parsley roots, etc.) mightily drive out stones and gravel from the kidneys p. 162 Walnuts help digestion, with other things they resist Poison; green Walnuts distilled, preserve against the Pestilence p. 163 Errors discovered concerning the Art of Planting: First, in the writings of some: Secondly, in the practice of others; see the particulars p. 165, 166, 167, etc. Situation of an Orchards p. 212 Soil of an Orchard p. 213 Cold and moist grounds p. 215 Hot and dry grounds p. 215 Cold clay grounds p. 215 Stony gravel grounds p. 216 Low bottom grounds p. 216 Shelters for an Orchard p. 217 Walnut-trees good shelters p. 218 Quantity of ground for an Orchard p. 220 Such as begin to Plant soon, will have most profit p. 220 Great profits, with little cost and pains p. 221 Orchard and garden on the South side p. 221 Build the House in the midst of the Orchard p. 222 Sweet fresh Air, conduceth to health and long life more than diet p. 222 Many stocks of Bees may be kept in a great Orchard p. 223 Plant Fruit-trees in the Fields and Hedges p. 224 Observe right kinds of Trees p. 224 Plant high Trees in Fields p. 225 Manner of Planting in the Fields p. 226 Shade and droppings, no considerable prejudice p. 227 Great profit of Fruit-trees by Cider and Perry p. 227 Cider more healthy than other liquors p. 228 Long Experience proves the healthfulness of Cider p. 228 Windiness of Cider only at first p. 229 Cider of some Apples is cordial p. 230 Apprehensions of good, makes men seek after it p. 231 Health and Long-life p. 231 Riches and Profits p. 231 The Philosopher's stone p. 232 Let Landlords and Tenants agree to Plant p. 233 An increase manifold p. 233 Husbandry the end of men's other endeavours p. 234 Nations subsist by Husbandry p. 234 Plant Oak, Ash, Elm, and all sorts of Wood p. 235 Land not worth Twenty shillings an Acre, is made worth five pound in few years p. 236 Wood on good Land worth Sixty pounds an Acre p. 236 One hundred Ashes sold for five hundred pounds p. 237 Fifty thousand pounds worth of Wood raised in an Age, by one man p. 237 A necessity of planting Wood p 237 It is desired the Higher Powers would enjoin this work p. 238 Reasons for it p. 238 Other nations look more after planting p. 239 How to have great store of young Oaks, Ashes, etc. p. 240 How to get Elm Plants p. 240 Cut not the Tops p 241 Draw many Plants, and leave the rest p. 241 Willow, Osier, Withy, Sally, etc. p. 241 Soil best for a Plantation p. 242 Of Vine yards in England p. 243 Camden's Testimony of Vineyards in England p. 243 Mr. parkinson's judgement of Vineyards in England p. 244 A Vine-yard must have all advantages with us p. 245 An Experienced way for good Wines p. 245 Various things Promiscuously. 1 MAke some Wall-trees, Dwarftrees p. 246 2 Keep the ground bare, under and about them p. 247 3 Wet grounds bad for Trees p. 247 4 Helps to Fruit-trees in bearing p. 247 5 Take heed that Pismires, Efts, and such like, be not about the Roots of Trees p. 248 6 Fruit-trees advantage Grass some ways p. 248 7 Fruit-trees profitable many ways p. 248 8 Helps for barren Vines p. 249 9 How to keep Grapes p. 249 10 Much profit by planting in one Age p. 249 11 Remedies against Coneys, Mice, etc. p. 250 12 To have Cherries and other Fruits late p. 250 13 Destroy Snails in Gardens p. 251 14 To have fruit grow within doors p. 251 15 Apples that have lain a certain time, make the best Cider p. 252 16 Tun up Cider as soon as may be p. 252 17 What flags are best to bind withal p. 252 18 Fit grafts and stocks in bigness p. 253 19 Cut grafts in due Season p. 253 20 Seed-stocks better than woodstocks p. 254 21 Weed the Nursery p. 255 22 Cut not off side-branches too soon p. 255 23 How to get great boughs, with Roots from Trees p. 255 24 Look that seeds lie not above ground p. 257 25 Lay dung upon the Roots of new set Plants p. 257 26 Leave a Bud on the outside p. 258 27 Preserve some ungrafted Trees for Cider; Sow Acorns, Ashkeyes, and other Seeds p. 159 A Table showing the Principal things contained in these Experiments and Observations. ACceleration of Germination, by sowing seed upon a hot bed Page 2 Steeping of seeds, kernels, stones, etc. in Liquors before sowing, to make them spring up the sooner p. 3 Watering of Strawberries, to hasten ripening p. 4 Blood, and other things applied to the Roots of Trees p. 4 Fruits upon the south and east sun, ripen soon p 5 Digging about the Roots of some Trees is profitable p. 6 Rosetrees bud forth in the house p. 6 Flowers with Bulbous Roots, grow a time in water p. 7. Pease, Radish, etc. Early p. 7 Water necessary to fruit-trees but not over much p. 8 Plants housed seasonably, bud soon p. 8 To make Roses come late, several means p. 9, 10▪ 11 Stones, Weeds, Muck-hill, etc. laid about the Roots of new set Trees, makes them prosper better p. 11 Keep Trees steady at first setting p. 1● Cut away suckers and side branches at need is p. 13 How to take off the boughs of some Trees with Roots p. 14 No descension of sap in Trees, divers Arguments against it p 14, 15 How to make barren Trees fruitful p. 15 Trees against a Southwall, bear fruits ripe soon p. 16 Pull not off leaves too soon p. 17 Fruits on low boughs, ripe soon p. 17 Graft Trees that bear not, or bear not good fruits, with grafts of good bearing kinds p 19 Digging about the Roots of Trees, profitable to some p. 19 Opening the Roots of old Trees, and putting in good mould, is necessary in barren ground p. 20 Transplant Trees from bad ground, to better p. 21 Cutting, or scoring the bark of Trees, sometimes profitable p 21 Shade good for some Trees p. 22 Pull off blossoms in some cases p 22 Grafting helpeth not Trees, except the Grafts are of good kinds p. 23 Grafts do govern, yet partake somewhat of the stock p. 24 Fruit-trees of some kernels, bear good fruits p. 26 Remove flowers into fresh earth p. 26 Regrafting the same graft, makes not fruits greater p. 27 Cut not off the tops of young figtrees p. 28 Black Mulberry-trees great bearers p. 28 Lees of Wine, Blood, etc. good especially to old Yrees p 29 Terebration of Trees, good for some Trees p. 29 Pricking, or scoring of Trees profitable p 29 Swine's dung good for trees, if moderately used p. 30 Simply grafting doth not meliorate fruits p. 30 Choose the best Grafts and Stocks p. 30 Roven dung best for Trees p. 31 Fruit growing in Pots p. 32 Set not any Trees below the soil p. 33 Fruits upon warm walls ripen soon p. 33 Graft upon the best stocks p. 34 The Causes of Barrenness of Trees p. 35 Of Compounding fruits, making of several kinds, one new kind p. 37 Sympathy and Antipathy of Plants p. 40 Several kinds drawing the same juice or sap, convert it into their own Natures p. 42 Of making herbs and fruits Medicinable p. 42 Curiosities about Fruits and Plants p. 44 Fruits of several shapes p. 45 Fruits and Trees with Inscriptions or Ingraving upon them p. 45 Set Letters on Fruit trees, to know the kinds p. 46 Trees apparelled with flowers p. 4● Remove flowers into fresh mould p. 47 Lay flowers to multiply them, see how p 48 Cl●ve gilly flowers, the most useful p 49 White colours more inodorate p. 50 White fruits commonly best p 51 Different colours from one kind of seed p. 52 Gather seed from the best flowers p. 54 How to have flowers fair and double p. 54 Roses multiplied by Inoculating p. 55 Fruits without core or stone p. 55 Grafts upon the sweetest stocks, bear the sweetest fruits p. 57 Degenerating of Plants p. 57 Some flowers degerate & change through barrenness of the soil p. 58 Seed of some fruits degenerate, see the Cause p. 59 Peaches come not better of stones then grafting p. 60 Dwarf trees bear great fruits and many p. 61 Help barren soils, and such as are too moist, la● them dryer p. 63 Some trees bear twice a year p. 6● Cutting fruit-trees conduceth to their lasting in some cases p. 65 How to keep fruits long p. 66 Wine of Cherries, and other fruits p 68 An excellent drink made of Plums p. 70 Plant the best bearing Trees p. 70 Most fruits commonly on the lowest boughs, the Cause p. 71 Good bearing kinds bear betime, and last long p. 73 Get the best kinds upon any rates p. 73 Graft again old Trees, if bad fruits, or bad bearers p. 74 Some Trees grow deeper than others, the cause p. 75 Some Trees take Root of slips p. 76 Vines take not with grafting, lay the branches in the earth p. 77 Heat hasteneth Maturation of Fruits p. 78 How to keep Cider, and other Liquors, long p. 79 Bottles of Liquor, in Sand, Earth, etc. p. 80 Fruits cannot be made without cores or stones p. 81 Artificial heat may help to ripen fruits sooner p. 82 Planting of Fruit-Trees, The best way of improvement of Lands. THE Profits of Orchards and Gardens, and also of planting Fruit-trees in the Fields and Hedges, (especially by Cider and Pery) are very well know to many in this Nation, so that the things I here speak of to men, are not doubtful and questionable, whether advantages will arise or no, when they have bestowed their time, & labours about them, but Profits are as certain (by the blessing of, God) as a harvest of Corn in Autumn when the husbandman hath ploughed, and sowed, in the spring or other season. Worcestershire, Herefordshire, Glocestershire, Kent, and many other parts in this Nation, can sufficiently evidence the Profits of Orchards and fruit-trees in the fields and hedges▪ And those good Commonwealths-men, who have written of the Improvement of lands, have all agreed, that this is the highest way of improvement of any other. Mr. Blithe in his Book entitled, The Improver improved, hath asserted, That Planting Fruit trees at such a distance as they cannot reach, when they have attained largest growth, they do advantage the Land, even in respect of Grass, (although the common prejudice against Fruit-trees in fields is, that they spoil Grass) so that some Land not being worth above 10 s, or 13 s 4d. an Acre, the Grass (by planting Fruit-trees regularly upon it) was afterwards worth 30 s, on 40 s, or 50 s an Acre. And the Fruits upon the Trees may yield some 3 l, some 5 l▪ Or some 6 or 8 l an Acre, See Pag. 262 of his Book. And that in Kent, Essex, Surrey, Middlesex, and those parts, some Land that was not worth above 6 or 8 s the Acre, was by Nurseries of young Trees, planting and ordering of them, in certain years brought to be worth 20ls an Acre, and some 40 or more. And further, he affirmeth, that some Orchards in those parts a●● worth to graze Forty, or fifty shillings, 〈◊〉 an Acre, and are so let to Tenants: And the fruits of those Trees seldom yield so little, as Double or triple the worth of the Grass, many times five or sixfold, or more, see Pag. 263. of his Book. It may (perhaps) be objected: That Fruit-trees so planted make grass (under, and about them) sour, that it is not so pleasant, and good for Cattle, as some other, where no Trees are. It is Answered: Although it be not so pleasant altogether, as that where there's no shade of trees, yet other advantages do more than make amends. It's observed that such Grass is earlier in the spring then upon other grounds, ●and that such grounds bear more, when it is cut for hay, or if pastured it keeps more Cattle, than Lands of like quantity not so planted: And besides, in a hot and dry summer, there's grass under, and about Trees, when it's burnt up in other grounds. My advice is therefore (all these Profits and advantages considered) that men set themselves diligently to this work of Planting Fruit-trees, for improvement of their Lands and Estates. Not only, that they plant good Orchards and Gardens, but also that they Plant round about their fields, and in th●●●elds, and in their Corn, Pasture, & hay grounds, (as in Kent) the fruit-trees at a large distance one from another, 20 or 30 yards asunder, and that they suffer no branches to spread, within two yards from the ground, that so they may be out of the reach of Cattle & may not be troublesome to workmen in ploughing, sowing, reaping, and other works. If the Plants are fair strait ones, of two yards high, or thereabouts, & sensed about to preserve them from Cattle at the first, (with some stakes or the like) they will in a few years preserve themselves, and will need but little labour about them afterwards as long as they live, And hereby men may reap every year two harvests, (from one and the same piece of land) the one of Corn, the other of fruits of trees, and the latter (when trees are grown large) probably will be the greater. And in this respect this way of improvement of Lands, is much better than other ways of profit; because in getting Corn, or raising profits by any other ways of improvement, men must of necessity bestow much money, time, and pains about them every year, which eats up a great part of their profits, but in Planting fruit-trees, the worst is at first, after a few years they yield great profits, with little cost and labour. So that as was said fruit-trees in a few years with small cost and labour; will double and treble the value of Lands, and after many years, the advance of Profit will be manifold. But it may be Objected, That if all should plant, Ob. than such great profits could not be made, every man would have of his own. I answer: that if all should plant fruit-trees that may conveniently plant; yet would there be multitudes every where to buy for all that. Ans. For consider, in a great City or Town, what a number of people there are, who have no Lands at all, not so much as a piece of ground belonging to their house, and many others but very small quantities, these will be buyers of the husbandman's fruits, and the Cider and Wines that he makes of them. And let us say what we will or can, there's many that have Lands which they might Plant, and improve to an exceeding great value, who will yet be idle, and slothful, and object with Solomon's sluggard there's a Lion in the may, something or other that hinders: yet these men when they see fruits, will be as eager for them as any others, and therefore will be very good Chapmen to buy the Fruits of the diligent husbandman. Objections and Discouragements Concerning Planting; answered. BEfore I enter upon the work itself, it will be convenient in the first place, to Answer some main Objections, to remove discouragements about this work of Planting Fruit-trees, that have kept off many from this profitable employment, and may still hinder them, unless removed. And then I will give some encouragements to it from Divine, and Humane Arguments and Testimonies. 1. Ob. This is an Objection amongst many in the North parts: they say the Northern Countries are so cold, that Fruit-trees will not prosper nor bear fruits there. Ans. To this I Answer: That although it be true that the Northern Countries lie in a more cold Climate than Worcestershire, Herefordshire and those Fruit Countries, yet I doubt not but that if they were as diligent in planting Fruit-trees in the North parts, as men are in these, they might have store of good fruits: so that some Cautions be observed in the nature of Trees. It's true: Cold Countries are not so fit for choice and tender fruits▪ as warmer Climates; but there are divers kinds of hardy fruits, both Apples, Pears Cherries, which yearly experience shows endure cold, and come to perfection in cold springs, when many other kinds are spoilt. Procure Grafts, or Young trees ready grafted of the best bearing kinds, such as are found by experience to bear well, even in cold springs. See pag. 53, 54, etc. Let such kinds therefore be sought for and Planted. Those good husbands in those parts, who are diligent in Planting Fruit-trees, have Fruits answerable. Others say, 2: Ob. that if they should plant Fruit-trees, and bestow much labour and cost about them, when they come to perfection and bearing fruits they should be robbed of all, or most, and the Trees would be spoiled, and who would Plant to be so served. To this I Answer: Ans. That if there were no remedy against this mischief, it might indeed be a just discouragement: but this fear may be removed divers ways. And First: I advise, that having made a good fence about the Orchard, you keep therein a lusty Mastiff or two; that will not be charmed in the night time, and the terror of them will keep men from adventuring upon such an Occasion. Secondly: some that have good Orchards watch their fruits. If a man keep 2, or 3, or more servants, they may watch in their turns, it's no great matter, if you consider for what time only it is necessary, which is but from the time that fruits come to be worth getting, till they be ripe, and that's not long. And consider, it is in a pleasant season of the year, the pains and charge would be but little to the profit: we see men are vigilant & diligent much more than this would require upon far less advantages. 3. But there is a third means to keep Orchards from being robbed, which I esteem best of any other, it is this: I would have every man (that hath land) to plant some Fruit-trees for himself, that so they may not be thiefs to their neighbours: and let those that have much fruit spare a part to the● that have but little, or none of their own, and be no niggards but liberal to their neighbours: And this bounty will bring a double blessing, first from God, to increase the fruits; secondly from men, not to diminish them. But I heartily wish that such as make but a sport of robbing an Orchard, See the second Book of his Confessions. Chap. 4. would but consider the affliction and terrors of conscience that seized upon good St. Austen, for this very sin of robbing an Orchard, which he was guilty of before his Conversion: he confesseth it with much grief, and aggravates it with no less than ten circumstances, crying earnestly for mercy and pardon: Ecce Cor meum Deus meus, ecce Cor meum, quod miseratus es in imo abyssi. etc. When God le's lose the least sin to fight against a man, and but to show itself in its proper shape, it will terrify the stoutest heart: A wounded spirit who can bear? But there is another Objection greater than the former: 3. Ob. Men usually say, should we plant Fruit-trees it would be so long ere they come to perfection, and bearing fruits, that out hopes would faint before we could see profit of our labours, perhaps they would not bear fruits of Sixteen, or Twenty years' growth. I Answer first, Ans. that though the Objection on were true, that trees Planted would be long ere they come to bearing fruits, perhaps 20 years or more, yet this should not discourage us; especially such as may have good hopes to enjoy the profits and pleasures of them many years after, and then leave them to their Children and to posterity after them. But secondly, men are generally mistaken upon this Account, Fruit-trees rightly ordered, will not be so long ere they bear fruits as they suppose: I shall show a way, that by Planting Fruit trees, and ordering of them as I give directions (by the blessing of a divine hand that still attends honest labours) we may receive Profits from them in half Twenty years yea in half that half, yea in less than in five years: sometimes the third, sometimes the second year, (of many kinds of fruit-trees) after Grafting: Experience prove● it, though we must know, the fruit cannot be much, while the trees are so small, o● particulars: yet a multitude of such tree will afford a multitude of fruits: A Cisterns of water is but a multitude of drops. So then; that Fruit-trees may be planted and come to bearing fruits in 5, 4, or 3 years, or sooner, the means is showed a large in the ensuing work. So that I hope ●his grand discouragement (which hath ●o long and so generally kept men from his profitable work) will be removed. Now (as I promised) I will lay down ●ome Excitements, and Encouragements to ●he work of Planting fruit-trees. Many large works have been composed by Ancient Authors, for the Instruction of the husbandman in this his principal work: And they have given this employment many and great commendations and praises, and it is accounted by them the chiefest of all earthly employments, because of the many Profits and Pleasures, that come by it. And because it shall appear what opinion and esteem they have had of this course of life, and with what Praises they have set it forth, I will give you the particular expressions of some of them in their own words; And then give the ●mme of what they have said to the plain husbandman, The praises of the Ancients and some late writers concerning the Husbandman scours of life in Planting Fruittrees. and others, that else could not understand them. Agricultura quid sit. MIHI videtur nihil aliud esse Agriculturam quam inspectâ Plantae na●urâ & Coeli & terrae ei idoneum cultum ribuere, & (ut ita dicam) coelum cum ●erra maritare, vel societatem perquirere Coeli & terrae ad Arbores: Sed quum Coelu● nullo modo queat flecti, oportet ut sedu●● Agricola situs varietate utatur, ut C●● facilè Planta associetur. Agricoloe ad dusmetas intendere debent, ad utilitatem, & ●● l●ptatem. Agricultura est Ars quae do● usuram cum terra facere. Inter omnia en●● quae utilitatem simul & jucunditatem parunt, ut ambiguum sit utilitatisue an amaentatis plus habeat. Variis fructibus delecte● non tempore uno sed diversis, alio renascen● alio decidente, ut unusquisque ex industriây cunditate te afficere sataget: Rami fructib● onerati pondere incurvantur, ac se iu●● decumbenti offerunt. Aspice curvatos Pomorum pondere ramo● Ut sua quod peperit vix ferat Arbor onu● O quam dulcissimum est fructus ex Arbor● bus quas sevisti, inseruisti, & coluisti, pr● priis manibus colligere, & Amicis, agnatic que jactabundus largiri. Est & alia Arboribus delectatio, Avium scilicet modilatio, ac ex variorum multitudine dulcissin us efficitur concentus: Auresque cantib●● demulcent suis, Aves canoros garrulae fundunt sonos: Et semper Aures cantibus mulcent suis. Theophrastus' Hortum juxta aedes colloc● vit, quem moriens testamento Philosophant● bus reliquit: Democritus Abderites pro● hortum Cellam habuit. Palemon Atheniensis ●n hortis docebat. Laidis Cyrenei in hortis chola fuit, quos Attalus Rex aedificavit. Quid enim hoc opere innocentius vacantibus, August. & quid plenius magnâ consideratione pru●entibus; Reges & Imperatores sum mos que magistratus non puduit Hortensia colere: propr●is manibus. quid majus mirabil●ùsque spectacu●um est, quam c●m positis seminibus, Plan ●atis surculis, translatis Arbusculis, insitis ●alleolis, tanquam interrogatur quaeque (vis ●adicis & germinis) quid possit, quidve non ●ossit, unde possit, unde non possit; cum rerum ●atura humana ratio quodammodo loqui ●otest, quid in ea valeat numerorum invi●bilis interiorque potentia: quid extrinsecus ●dhibita diligentia, & in ipsa consideratione perspicere: quia neque qui plantat est aliquid, neque qui rigat, sed Deus qui dat in rementum. Mira est & inexplicabilis horti ●ommoditas: nam si necessitatem considero, Agricutura tanto est humano generi emolu●ento; ut eâ career nullo modo possis; si ●tilitatem, inter primas non postrema, aut ●uaenam illi poterit comparari: si voluptatem ●ignitati commistam, ea est excellentia etc. Much, more they speak in praise of ●his work, which here (for brevity sake) shall omit. Now that the husbandman (and every ●ue) may understand what has been said ●y these Authors, and others, I will give more plainly the sum of all. They define husbandry to be an Ar● teaching men lawful usury with the earth● And that it seems chiefly to be the searching, and finding out the nature Plants and Trees, and of the Heaven's an● the Earth, and then to give unto Plan●● fit place and ordering; according to the nature of the Soil and Climate; And (a● they say) to marry and match together Heaven, and Earth, or to procure a society, and near fellowship between heaven and earth, for the increase and benefit o● Trees and Plants: But seeing that the heavens can by no means be bowed, o● brought nearer to us, therefore it mu●● be the skill, and diligence of the hu●●bandman to place and set his Trees in such sort that the heavens may give their influence and warmth, for increase and refreshing of them. Husbandmen aught to make Account of two harvests yearly the one of Profit the other of Pleasure for when a man hath done what is necessary for his life, and thence proceeds profit besides all that, great Pleasure springs from the Profit: and what greater pleasure can there be then that which is Accompanie● with Profit. Now of all estates of life the husbandman may chiefly challenge this t● himself, yea it is questionable whether the Profit or Pleasure of his life be the greater: God when he would make the life of man Pleasant unto him, he put him into an Orchard or Garden of delights, that he might labour therein with pleasure of mind: There a man is delighted with variety of Fruits of Trees, not in one sea, son only, but in divers seasons of the year, some young and springing forth, while divers other kinds are ready to fall with ripeness. So that a man doth even busy himself with the choice of such varieties. The Boughs burdened with the weight of Fruits do bow to thee, and in a lowly manner offer their Fruits, as the Poet notes. Behold the bending Boughs, with store of Fruits they tear. And what they have brought forth, (for weight) they scarce can bear. Oh how sweet and pleasant is the fruit of those Trees which a man hath Planted and ordered with his own hand, to gather it, and largely and freely to bestow and distribute it among his kindred and friends. Yea it is a delight to hear the pleasant tunes, and singing of Birds, which with their variety of notes, make a sweet harmony and consent, and much please and allure the sense So the Poet, Melodious Ditties chirping Birds indite whose pleasant songs our ravished ears invite. Theophrastus' planted an Orchard close to his dwelling house, which when he died, he left to students and lovers of Philosophy, and wisdom. Democritus had his Chamber near to a garden. Many Philosophers have taught their scholars in Orchards and Gardens. Augustine. What work is more innocent than Planting of Fruit-trees, and what more full of high speculations to wise men than it is: What is more wonderful to behold then (in sowing seeds, in planting sprigs, in removing young Trees, in graf●ing new shoots or grafts) as it were to ask and demand with a man's self, what, by the nature and virtue of the Roots and Branches may be done, or what may not be done, for what reason it may be done, or not done (seeing the nature of things may after a sort be declared by reason) what of many things is of force, and effect, by an invisible and inward power, and nature, what diligence is outwardly to be used, etc. In which consideration and search, we may see and understand these things. Yet for all that, neither he that Plants is any thing, nor he that waters, but God that gives the increase. They account this course of life free from many mischiefs, and vexations, that necessarily attend other affairs: great and many cares, and troubles are found in honours, and high places, but this course of life about Orchards and Gardens, is full of sweet rest, honest business, and modest pleasures, which many famous & learned men have had recourse unto for refreshment after study, and other labours: It is full of honest profit and gain, and brings and administers all necessaries: here a man enjoys pleasant quietness and tranquillity of mind, which is seldom attained by those that follow State Employments: This is worthy the exercise of wise men, of good men, of learned men, of Kings and Emperors: they have taken great delight in the study and practice of these things: This course of life is far off from covetousness, & even tied and married to all Offices of love and friendship: This is a quiet & pleasant life, worthy to be preferred before all honours & dignities: This culture of the ground, and planting and ordering of Fruit-trees, Occasions search and enquiry into many secrets profitable to men, which bring unto them ample satisfaction: yea the excellency and worthiness of Husbandry is surpassing, it excels all other Arts, and appears as the Lady or Mistress, they as Servants attending her. Many of the Ancients have largely declared unto us the nature and use of Plants and Trees before all other living creatures. The profit of a Garden of Fruit-trees is wonderful, and cannot well be declared. And if Antiquity can add any nobleness, and worth to a thing, what employment then before this? what more ancient than the labour of the Husbandman. Husbandmen are called Honest and good men, because of their innocent and just life. Cicero esteemed it best of all other labours, nothing more rich and profitable, nothing more delightful, nothing more worthy a generous spirit than it. In former times those that were honoured & carried in triumph, they were not honoured with Gold, Pearls, and other such precious things, but with the Boughs and Branches of Trees: And in their Games and exercises, who so got the Prize were crowned with th● branches of certain Trees, as the Oliv●, Palm, etc. Such as got the Conquest and Victory of their enemies were crowned with the Laurel which was to them a sign of Victory. And in their feasts they gave Crowns and Garlands of Leaves, and Branches of Trees, in token of mirth and pleasure. Besides, if this labour receive honour from the persons that have been conversant in it, than it is a Kingly Art, and chiefest of all other; See the worthy Acts of Cyrus' king of Persia. Ezra 1.1, 2, 3. etc. Cyrus' King of Persia (who had all the Kingdoms of the earth given to him) was diligent, and most exact in the handling of it: He planted Orchards and Gardens of Fruit-tree. with his own hand, which when Lysander saw, he admired to see the excellent and singular order & disposition of them, saying, O Cyrus, right blessed shall all men call thee, because to thy dignity and Crown thou hast joined this care, and course of life. Telephanes tilled the ground and planted Trees among his subjects. Elizeus Spartanus planted spacious and large Orchards, and used therein to Feast and Banquet with his children and friends, Kings, Emperors, & highest powers were not ashamed to perform the works belonging to an Orchard with their own hands: Divers Emperors of Rome had Gardens of Fruit-trees, Of this See, Sir Rich Barkley of the felicity of man pag 162. and performed the works therein with delight: Dioclesian Emperor of Rome after he had reigned twenty years, betook himself to a private life, and Planted Orchards and Gardens with his own hand, wherein he took such delight, that he could not be entreated to take upon him again the Government of the Empire: Solomon (the wisest of all Kings) had Orchards and Gardens of Fruit-trees, took pleasure in them, and spoke of all Trees from the Cedar even to the Shrub. Mascali sets out this Art with admirable praises, he says, among all sciences, and goodly exercises for men, there is none do more refresh the spirits, nor cause more admiration in the effects of Nature, or is more profitable for man's life then is the skill of Planting and Grafting. Many great Lords and Noble Personages have left their theatres and goodly exercises, and have given themselves to Plan●ing and Grafting, and such like employments, and have commended nothing more than this employment. The Senators, Dictator's, and Consuls of the Romans have commended Planting and Grafting to be one of the flourishing labours in the world for the Commonwealth. Yea they did so much esteem it, that they did hang Tables there▪ of in divers places, never thinking the time more aptly spent, then in Planting and Grafting. Many worthy & learned men, both ancient and of late days, have written for their Country and Commonwealth of the fruitful Art of Grafting and Planting. M. Bolton says, Vineyards, Orchards, Gardens, and such enclosed Plaits, are (as it were) the Flowers, Stars, & Paradises of the Earth. And the Lord Bacon (in his Essays, pag. 266.) says, Gardens are the purest of humane pleasures, the greatest refreshments of the spirits of man, without which Buildings and Palaces are but gross handy works. THus have I showed (briefly) what some of the Ancients, and some late Writers have said, and esteemed of Fruit-trees, and of the Husbandman's course of life, and employments about them. I will now say something more of the dignity and value of Fruit-trees, and of the Art of Planting from Divine & Humane Arguments and Testimonies, and after that I shall enter upon the work itself. Though it be absurd for a man to commend himself, yet he may commend his Calling and profession: Paul would not boast of himself ' yet faith he, Rom. 11.13. I magnify mine Office. Suffer me therefore (for Encouragement to all in the work,) to say something in praise of Fruit-trees, and of the employment about them, it being a work so full of Profit and Pleasure in the life of man: The works of God are laudable, and have a dignity upon them, and aught to be taken notice of, praised, and admired, not for themselves, but for the Author, that he through, & by them, may have the more praise Psalm. 111.3. His work is worthy to be praised, and had in honour. Arguments of the dignity of Fruit-trees, and Art of Planting. 1 Argument. ONE Divine Argument of the dignity, and value of Plants, Fruit-trees, and the Art of Planting may be this. It was Adam's employment in his innocency to keep and order the Garden of Fruit-trees, Gen. 2.15. And the Lord God put him into the Garden of Eden to dress it, and to keep it. God, who, is wisdom itself, saw that a Garden of Fruit-trees was the meetest place upon all the Earth, for Adam to dwell in, even in his state of perfection: And therein assigned him an employment for his greater delight, and pleasure: so that this employment, as it is ancient, so it is honourable. De Gen. ad Lit: Li. 8, Augustin is of opinion, that this dressing of the Garden, was as well an exercise of the hand, as of the mind, not with toyle-somenesse & trouble, but with delight, and pleasure, Non erat laboris afflictio, sed exhileratio voluntatis, quum ea quae Deus creaverat, humani operis adjutorio, laetius, feraciusque provenirent, Creator ipse uberius laudaretur. That things created in the Garden, by his labour, might be made more fruitful, and God thereby have the more glory. 2 Argument. The second Divine Argument is this. Plants were the first animate bodies that God created: And fruits of Trees was the first food that was given to man, his food appointed by God, even in his perfect Condition. And God said▪ behold I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the Earth, & every Tree in which is the fruit of a Tree yielding seed, to you it shall be for meat, Gen. 1.29. Another Divine Argument is from examples in Scripture of Planting Fruit-trees, & of the use of Orchards and Gardens. First. 3 Argument. God (blessed for ever) planted an Orchard, Example. or Garden of Fruit-trees, Diodat. exp Sir W. Rawley Hist. part. 1. Ch. 3. Gen. 2.8. And the Lord God planted a Garden Eastward in Eden, and there he put the man whom he had form. Au de Civit Dei lib. 13. c. 24. God planted a Fruit-garden; That is, He caused a parcel of ground to bring forth Plants and Trees most exquisite and useful for man, and enriched that place with more fruitfulness and beauty, than any other part of the Earth, and called it EDEN, that is, a place of Pleasures. Sir W Rawly 1. Book, 1. part, Chap. 9 And at this day, this Region of Eden (afterwards called Mesopotamia) is exceeding fruitful, being in the best Climate 35 degrees from the Equinoctial, and 55. from the North-pole, in which Climate the most excellent fruits, Oils. Grains, etc. are found. 2 Example. Secondly, we have for our example herein that good, & holy man, who found grace in the sight of God, when all the world (save a few with him) perisho, Gen. 9.20. And Noah began to be an husbandman, and he planted a Vineyard. Or as some conceive, he began to prune and dress the plants that were set before the Flood, and to order them that they might yield their fruits. 3 Example. Thirdly, We have for our example herein the friend of God, faithful Abraham, Gen. 21.33. And Abraham planted a Grove in Beersheba, and called there on the name of the Lord, the everlasting God. Of the fitness of these shades by Arbours, Seats, and close walks in Orchards for contemplation, and private exercises, I shall speak hereafter. Fourthly, 4 Example. King Vzziah delighted in this employment, 2 Chro. 26.10. Vzziah had husbandmen and dressers of Vines in the Mountains and in Carmell, for he loved husbandry. This King reigned a long time in jerusalem over juda, fifty and two years. 5 Example. Fiftly, King Solomon, a great and wise King, Eccl 2.4. took pleasure herein, (and though we may not follow him in any immoderation, and excess, yet the●e ●s a lawful, and warrantable use of these delights) Vers. 4.5. I made me great works, I builded me houses, I planted me Vineyards, I made me gardens, and Orchards, and I planted in them Trees of all kind of fruits. 6 Example. Sixtly, For the use of an Orchard and Garden, we have the example of the Mirror of Chastity, Virtuous Susanna. It was her custom to walk in a garden, as we see in the History vers. 7▪ 8. Susanna went into her husband's garden to walk, the too Elders saw her going in every day, and walking. Seventhly, 7 Example. The people of Israel (by a special command from God) made use of Arbours and shady places, in their great Feasts: Nehem. 8.14.15. It was publishe● and proclaimed in all their cities, and i● jerusalem, saying, Go forth unto the Moun● and fetch Olive Branches, & Pine Branches and Myrtle Branches, and Branches of thick Trees, to make Booths: So they mad● these Booths upon the Roofs of their houses and in their Courts, and in the court of th● house of God, and in the streets; and the● sat under these Booths, and there was ver● great gladness. 8 Example. Eightly, For the use of an Orchard, ● Garden, we have the example of our bles●sed Saviour whose custom it was to wa●● in a Garden, Io●. 18.1. when jesus ha● spoken these words he went over the Broo● Cedron, where was a Garden, into which ●● entered with his Disciples: We see he often came to this Garden, for judas observed i● was his custom to go to it. v. 2. judas knew the place, for jesus often times resorted thi●ther with his Disciples. 4 Argument. Another Divine Argument of the Dig●nity and value of Fruit-trees, and art 〈◊〉 Planting, Host 12.10. I have used Similitudes by the Ministry of the Prophets. is from the frequent use of Similitudes between the Church of God an● Fruit-trees, and between our Saviour and Fruit-trees. Fruit-trees bear the figure and resemblance of many high and great Mysteries held forth to us in Parables, Tropes, and Allegories, which represent Moral, and Spiritual things, under the shape and figure of these Corporeal things. One Similitude is between the Church and a Vineyard: 1 Similitude Esay. 5.1, 2, My beloved had a Vineyard in a very fruitful Hill vers: 2. And he fenced it, and gathered out the stones thereof, and planted it with the choice Vine, &c: And he looked that it should bring forth grapes &c. Secondly, 2 Similitude the Prophet David useth the Similitude of a fruitful tree to express the Condition of a Godly man. Psal: 1.3. He shall be like a Tree planted by the Rivers of Waters, that bringeth forth his fruit in due season, his Leaf also shall not wither, and look whatsoever he doth it shall prosper. So again, jer. 17.8. He shall be as a Tree planted by the waters, and that spreadeth out her Roots by the River, and shall not see when Heat cometh, but her Leaf shall be green, and shall not be careful in the year of Drought, neither shall cease from yielding fruit. Another Similitude our Saviour useth to express the Condition of his Church drawn from the Vine. 3 Similitude Io. 15.1. I am the true Vine and my Father is the husbandman: every branch in me that beareth not fruit he taketh away, and every branch that beareth fruit he purgeth it, that it may bring forth more fruit. As the Branch cannot bear fruit of itself, except it abide in the Vine, no more can ye except ye abide in me. Vers. 4. 4 Similitude Another Similitude is between Natural and Mystical Grafting, Rome 11.17. Concerning the calling of the Gentiles, and rejection of the jews for a time. If some of the Branches be broken off, and thou being a wild Olive tree wert grafted in amongst them, & with them partakest of the root and fatness of the Olive tree, Ver. 23. And they also if they abide not still in unbelief shall be grafted in, for God is able to graft them in again, Vers. 24. For if thou wert cut out of the Olive tree, which is wild by nature, and wert grafted (contrary to nature) into a good Olive tree, how much more shall these, which be the natural branches, be grafted into their own Olive tree? 5 Similitude Fiftly, The condition of the Church is figuratively, & by Allegories described by Solomon in his Songs, Chap. 4.12, 13. And amongst other figures and resemblances there used, one is taken from an Orchard or Garden of Fruit-trees. A garden enclosed is my sister, my spouse. Thy Plants are an orchard of Pomegranates, with pleasant fruits. Likewise Cant: 2: 3: like the Appletree among the trees of the wood, so is my beloved among the sons; I Sat down under his shadow with great delight, & his fruit was sweet to my taste. Sixtly, 6 Similitude A Fruit-tree bears the figure and resemblance of our Saviour Christ in the description of Spiritual Paradise Revel. 22.2. In the midst of the street of it, and of either side of the River was there the tree of life, which bore twelve manner of fruits, and yielded her fruits every month & the Leaves of the Tree were for the healing of the Nations. And again Chap. 2.7. To him that overcommeth I will give to eat of the tree of life, which is in the midst of the Paradise of God. Concerning Similitudes between Material and Mystical Fruit-trees, see the Observations following in the second part. 5 Aagumen●. Another Divine Argument may be this. God hath threatened to withhold his blessing in these things, if we do not obey him, and hath in displeasure often deprived men of the same for their disobedience, which proves them to be of value and worth: For when God is displeased with a people, or particular persons, and will show it by some correction, that he may bring them to repentance, he doth it not by withholding, or taking from them some small matters, that they can easily spare without grief or trouble, for that would work no effect, but by withholding or depriving them of something that's precious, and dear to them, the want or loss of which, will sad the heart: which course God hath observed with people, concerning these particular blessings. As appears. 1. This was part of two of the ten Plagues, wherewith Egypt was punished, Exod. 9.55. The hail broke every tree of the field. And as the Prophet David hath it, Psalm. 78.48 He destroyed their Vines with hail, and their Mulberry trees with frost: & Psalm: 105.33. He smote their Vines also, and Figtrees: and Ex. 10.5. Locusts did eat all the trees which the hail had left. 2. Secondly, among the signs of God's displeasure against Israel: this is one. Amo● 4.9. I have smitten your Fruit-trees, etc. yet have you not returned unto me, saith the Lord. 3. Thirdly: the Prophet calls to mourning, Joel. 1.12. For, The Vine is dried up, the Figtree languisheth, the Pomegranate tree, the Palm tree also, and the Apple tree, even all the trees of the field are withered, because joy is withered from among the sons of men. 4. Fourthly: God in displeasure for sin ●ells them, Deut. 28.39.40. Thou shalt plant Vineyards and dress them, but shalt neither drink of the wine, nor gather the grapes, for the worms shall eat them. Thou ●halt have Olive trees throughout all thy ●oasts, but shalt not anoint thyself with Oil: For thine Olive shall cast her fruits. And God ●ids Moses tell the people, if they would not obey, their land should not yield their increase, neither should the trees of the land ●eild their fruits. The like again, Zeph. 1.13. Amos 5.11. Esay, 17, 10. Hosea ●. 12. Another Divine Argument may be this: 6 Argument▪ God hath promised these things as blessings to such as obey him, and from time to time performed it: Not to be looked upon as things of light, and trivial consequence, ●ut to be considered as strong engagements to obedience. When God hath been well pleased with a Nation, or particular persons he hath often showed it (among other tokens of his love) by multiplying the fruits of their trees, encouraging them to plant Fruit-gardens, and promising his blessing thereon. As we see. 1. God (by his Prophet) encourages his people in Babylon to build, & to plant, ●er. 29.5. Build ye houses▪ & dwell in them, ●nd plant gardens and eat fruits of them. 2. And in the promise of their returne● this was one of the blessings God would bestow on them, Amos. 9.14. And I wil● bring again the captivity of my people Israel, and they shall build the waste cities and inhabit them, & they shall plant Vineyards, and drink the wine thereof, they shal● also make gardens and eat the fruit of them. 3. Thirdly, When they came into Canaan that pleasant land, this is mentioned as one of the blessings, Neh. 9.25. They possessed houses full of all goods, wells digged, Vineyards and Oliveyards, and fruit-trees in abundance. 4. And among the showers of blessings (as the Prophet calls them) this is one, Ezek: 34.27. The tree of the field shall yield her fruit. And Ezek: 36.29. I will multiply the fruit of the Tree. The like of many other places, Mal. 3.10.11. Joel. 2.21.22. Levit: 26.3, 4. Esay 65.21, 22. Levit. 19.23 etc. And thus much of the sixth Divine Argument from the promises of God, and performance of them, in these things to his people. 7 Argument. Another Divine Argument of the Dignity and value of Fruit-trees, and the art of planting, is from two general commands given by the Apostle Paul, which though they mention not these things in explicit and plain terms, yet they are commended to us by plain and clear implication, and deduction▪ for as out of general promises we may draw, and deduct particulars, & make applications from them; so also from general commands and directions. The first Command is that of Paul in his Epistle to Titus Chap. 3. v. 14. Let ours also learn to maintain good works for necessary uses, that they be not unfruitful: here's a general Command, out of which one particular may be derived for the present purpose. The Apostle here, by Good works, meane● good works as they are towards the maintenance of the Commonwealth, or a particular Family with necessary commodities and useful things, as Honest Trades, and Employments, as the Margint renders it. Now it is clear, this work & employment of Planting Fruit-trees, is a good work for necessary uses, seeing the life of man may by it be maintained with so many necessaries belonging to it: See Profits of an Orchard, ●. This being so, the Apostle (the●) bids us learn to do it, as if he should say, get some skill in it, and be doing then uphold and maintain it. The second general Command is that which the Apostle writes to the Philippians, Chap. 4.8. Whatsoever things are True: whatsoever things are Honest: whatsoever things are Just: whatsoever things are Pure: whatsoever things are Lovely: whatsoever things are of Good Report: if there be any Virtue, if there be any Praise, think on these things. Now it is easy for a man to speak of many particular Employments, which have upon them the Characters and Marks here mentioned: but of them all, I know not one (except Divine Employments) that hath these Marks so clearly stamped upon it, as this Employment of the husbandman in Planting Fruit-trees. This Employment answers exactly to the Apostles Rule, as it were face answering face in the glass: for what particular labour is more honest, more just more pure, more lovely, of better report? what h●th mo●e Virtue? what hath more Praise than it? ●ee what hath been said in the Praise and good report of it, and the rest of the properties, at large already mentioned, pag. 11, 12, 13, 14 etc. Now this being so, than we ought to follow the Apostles Command: If there be any Virtue, if the●e be any Praise (saith he) think on these things. The words are very Emphatical: whatsoever, and if there be any praise. His meaning is, whatsoever the work be, though mean in the eye of the world, yet, if there be but any one of these Characters and Marks upon it, it is worthy to be followed, then how much more when it has them All, and that so eminently, as that every eye sees them. Think on these things, saith he, first to search out what works and employments are marked with these Characters: and then, think on such to like, choose them, to set about them, to follow them, & make such things our professions for the praise of God, and profit of men. And so much for the seaventh Divine Argument. 8 Argum: Another Divine Argument, is from God's command for the preservation of fruit-trees: He lays a special charge upon men for their safety and preservation, as we see, Deut. 20.19.20. When thou shalt besiege a city a long time in making war against it. to take it, thou shalt not destroy the trees thereof, by forcing an Axe against them, for thou mayest eat of them, and thou shalt not cut them down, to further thee in the siege, for the tree of the field is man's life, Vers: 20. Only the trees which thou knowest that they be ●ot trees for meat, thou shalt destroy, and cut ●hem down, and thou shalt build Bulwarks ●gainst the city that maketh war with thee until it be subdued. Although this Scripture may be taken in an Allegorical sense, as signifying to us God's care of Mystical Fruit-trees, his people: being Trees of righteousness of the Lords planting: yet the same may also be taken in a literal sense, & as some Godly men conceive, is a positive binding Law even at this day. We see God ingeminates, and repeats his charge to preserve the Fruit-trees, being trees for food, and nourishment of man's life, they must not be destroyed, though it were on so great an occasion as to further the siege against their enemies. He leaves other trees, such as are not trees for meat, such as bear no fruits, to be cut down and destroyed, as they have use for them in the war, but they must not spoil, nor meddle with the Fruit trees. I have discovered these Divine Arguments of the dignity and value of Fruit-trees and the art of Planting, to stir up and encourage men to so good a work, to ● work of so great and many advantages to the Commonweal 1. Humane Argument. And because Humane Arguments, ar● likewise prevalent which men, observ● them also for further encouragement. The first Humane Argument of the dign●●ty and value of Fruittrees, and the ar●● Planting is from Precedents, or Examples of wise and learned men, of great and good men in former ages, who have practised this Art. Examples either in V●rtue or Vice, are powerful with men, (especially Examples of great ones) Brevius iter per exempla, quam per praecepta It's much easier to prevail with people by Examples, then by Precepts or Rules. And if Examples of great ones, even in things evil, are so powerful, as they are with most men, how much more than should they be prevalent in honest, and virtuous things: so that herein is a double inducement, the Example, and the Virtue: here is a twofold Argument concurrent and met in this employment of planting fruit-trees: Precedents, and those of the highest; Philosophers, Kings, & Emperors. Secondly, Virtue, and that of the chiefest Nature that secular Employments have in them. So then observe some Examples recorded by ancient A●thors in this employment of planting Fruit-trees. Plures excellentis doctrine viri, Pog. Floren & Philosophandi study, etc. Many famous and learned men (saith he) studious in Philosophy, have delighted in this course of life, and found therein abundance of pleasure, and contentment. Si dignitas Agriculturae accedit ex iis qui eam tractaverint, Regalis Ars & dignissima erit. If the dignity and esteem of this Art may be drawn from those who have been conversant in it, than it is a Kingly Art, and chiefest of all others. Reges & Imperatores summosque Magistratus. etc. Cyrus' King of Persia. Philometrus King of Asia. Heronus King of Asia. Archelaus King of Asia. Attalus King of Asia. Evax and Avicen: Kings of Arabia. Solomon King of Israel Telaphanus. Antonius Pius. Elizeus. Numa. Sportanus. Alcinous, Mithridates the great. Alexander the great. Dioclesian, Emperor of Rome, And many others. Kings, Princes, Roman Emperors and the highest powers on earth, have not disdained to perform the works of an Orchard with their own hands, and taken delight therein. Mascall says: Many great Lords and Noble personages, have left their theatres, goodly exercises, and have given themselves to Planting and Grafting, & have accounted nothing of higher commendation. The second humane Argument of the dignity and val●e of Fruit-trees, and the art of planting, 2. Humane Argument. is from the praises of ancient and late Writers, and the suffrage, or general consent of all people. Works and employments that have the praise but of some persons only, we cannot conclude the worth and dignity thereof from such praises, because self and sinister ends may sway in the minds of such▪ but those employments that have the praise of all, and where there is a concurrence, & consent of minds in all people in the praise thereof, (of the Good, as well as the bad▪ of the Learned as well as the unlearned of the Wise, as well as the unwise) these probably are good and virtuous. Now this art and employment of planting Fruit-trees, hath the joint & unanimous consent, not only of greatest persons of the world, but likewise of all persons in the world, there's none hath ill will towards it, none hath any thing to say against it, but all without exception, give it their good word and speak in the praise of it. If men do but speak of it, they'll commend it, and say, it's a goodly employment, it's both a pleasant and profitable work, its good for a Commonwealth, it enriches whole Countries, to this purpose men of usually speak of it what ancient and late writers have said in the praise of it, may be seen, pag. 14, 15, 16. etc. And for the second Humane Argument thus much, The third Humane Argument of the dignity and value of Fruit-trees and the art of planting is, 3. Humane Argument. Argumentum ab utili, from the Profits that are received thereby. Let us see then what Profits may be had from an Orchard or Garden of Fruit trees. Profits arise from an Orchard many ways: one way is to man's Estate: and that in two respects: first, in respect of house keeping, and provision for his family all the year. 1 In house Keeping. Secondly in respect of sale. Such as have good Orchards know by experience that they are very profitable for meat, and drink, all the year long, many good dishes they make of Fruits, & many wholesome & pleasant drinks, Cider, perry, Cherry Wines, etc. Which are not barely nourishing but have other special properties, they moderately cool and refresh the spirits in heat of Summer; and besides they keep the body from gross and superfluous humours, & carry down the seed of diseases, which else would lodge and grow in the body, and at length spring out to the prejudice of health. Of the healthfullnesse of thee Liquors, See the use of Fruits. pag. 100, etc. Secondly, 2 For Sale. Fruit trees are profitable to the Husbandman in respect of sale of the fruits, when a man has more than he can spend in his house; especially to such as live near some great Town or City, where they have ●ent at pleasure. The poet saw the profits of an Orchard, when he said. Non illi deerat, quod pauperis exigit usus, Interdum locuples a paup●re multa petebat. The Orchard doth with fruit the poor supply With which he doth the wealthy gratify, The Profits of an Orchard once come to good perfection (doth exceed the profits of Corn (upon like quantity of ground) many times over. As hath been computed and set down by those that (I suppose) well knew the value of both. And touching Profits to the Estate thus much. Secondly, 2 Profitable to the body. An Orchard or garden of Fruit-trees (and Employments about the same) is profitable to the body, first in respect of health: secondly in respect of long life. What is a greater earthly blessing then perfect health of body? 1 In respect of Health. some have said valetudo est summum bonum: Health is the chiefest earthly good thing: what will not me● do for health they will set body and mind and all on work for health: they will part with friends, house and lands, silver and gold, and all for health. Now health is preserved: first, by moderate and seasonable exercise, in the Orchard, the labour that preserves health must not be too violent, it must be but ad ruborem, non ad sudorem, as some advice: to bring the body to a temperate and gentle heat, not to immoderate sweeting. Hist. Life and Death. p. 412. & 169. The Lord Bacon adviseth to exercise causing rather perspiration then sweeting, and says further, that an idle life doth manifestly make the flesh soft and dissipable, but robust exercise, (so it be without overmuch sweeting, and weariness) maketh it hard and compact, which advanceth health. Secondly, Health is preserved by fresh and wholesome Airs, which in heat of summer is found in Arbours, Seats, and Walks in the garden of Fruit-trees. The aforesaid Author tells us the air in summer is predatory and hurtful through the heat of the sun, and therefore ought (as much as may be) to be excluded from the body. Now there is no fresh wholesome airs, and cool shades to be found any where in summer season, better than these in the Orchard, or garden of Fruit-trees so the Poet. Opaca prebent arbores umbracula, Prohibentque densis fervidum solem comis. Green Canopies the shady trees us lend 'Gainst scorching sun, boughs thick, whilst they extend. Thirdly, Health is preserved, by pleasant and wholesome Odours, and perfumes found in the Garden of Fruit-trees, all the spring & summer, by digging the Earth, & from the Leaves and blossoms of Trees: Lo: Basilius: tells us, Hist. Life and Death p. 207. & 208. the vapours of fresh earth by digging, condense and refresh the spirits. And that Leaves of trees falling towards the middle of Autumn, yield a good refreshing to the spirits But the most pleasant and wholesome Odours, are from the blossoms of all the Fruit-trees, which having in them a condensing and cooling property are therefore, not simply Healthful, but are accun●ted Cordial; cheering and refreshing the Heart and vital spirits. Now the spirits (as this Author observes) are the Masterworkmen in the body, ●nd as the uppermost Wheel which turneth ●bout the other wheels in the body; and therefore whatsoever is Healthful and re●freshing to the spirits, works (powerfully● good effects in the body: And that speedily & suddenly: as the Author says, Vapour and Affections work compendiously upon the spirits. Hist. Life, and Death, p, 236. Of the Healthfulness of Odours see more at Large, in the tide Pleasure of the senses smelling in a Garden: Fourthly: Health is preserved by who●● some meats and drinks all the year from the Garden of Fruit-trees. The spirits of the body in summer stan● in need of cooling and condensing, an● what meats and drinks more proper fo● that purpose then dishes and drinks of th● fruits an Orchard. They are both Al●mentall and Physical: they cure diseases and preserve health: discharging the bod● of the beginning, and seeds of many diseases. 2 In respect of long life. Secondly: A Garden of Fruit-tree ● profitable to the body in respect of Long life. How much have men valued long life in all ages of the world, what strange courses have some taken to extend their life to a great length: some have lived is Caves and Rocks, and sequestered themselves from society with men, and be●●ken themselves to a strict Monastical course, that they might stretch out their life, and be said to live. Yea amongst Christians who though they desire to be dissolved and to be with Christ. Yet in some respects long life is to be accounted a blessing, and is set before us as an encouragement to obedience: as we see Deut. 32.47. The fear of the Lord is your life, Deu. 32.47 Prov. 10.27 Prov. 9.11 Ps. 91.16. & through this ye shall prolong your days. And Prov. 3.1, 2. My son keep my Commandments for length of days, and long life shall they add to thee: the like in many other places. Now I say: An Orchard or Garden of Fruit-trees is profitable to the body for Long life: and that in several respects. All these four last mentioned means for Health, the same likewise conduce and are profitable to long life: wherein lies another part of their excellency and worth: Hist L D, pag. 179, & 180. for as the Lord Bacon observes: some things are profitable for an healthful, but are not good for long life, but all these conduce as well to long life, as to health: so that Moderate exercise. 2. Fresh Airs. 3. Pleasant Odours. 4. Wholesome meats and drinks, (which are all had in an Orchard or Garden of Fruit-trees, are (also) all profitable to long life. Hist. L. D. pag. 183. & 414. The foresaid Author says: The spirit are the master workmen of all the effects in the body, and therefore in the intention of long life ought to be first placed. So then: whatsoever worketh upon the spirits for their refreshing and vigour. Is profitable to long life. Hist. L. D. pag. 235. The operation upon the spirits, and their waxing fresh and vigorous, is the most ready and compendious way to Long life. Now an Orchard or Garden of Fruit-trees, and employments therein, work upon the spirits for their refreshing two ways. First by the Organs of the Body. Secondly by the Affections of the mind. Touching the first, viz. The operation upon the spirits through the Organs of the body, see at large in the pleasure of the five senses. pag. 48, 49, etc. Concerning the operation upon the spirits by the Affections of the mind, I shall here speak and mention only three Affections of the mind which work powerfully upon the spirits, conducing to long life. 1 Affection Hope. One Affection of the Mind which works effectually upon the spirits for Long life is Hope. Hist. L. D. pag. 224. The Lord Bacon says, Hope is most beneficial of all the Affections and doth much to the prolongation of life, if it be not too often frustrated, but entertaineth the fancy with an expectation of good: therefore (saith he) they which fix and propound to themselves something as the mark and scope of their life, and continually, and by degrees go forward in the same, are for the most part long lived; & Hope is as a Leaf-joy which may be beaten out to a great extension, like gold. Now the diligent Husbandman in this art of Planting Fruit-trees, has good and sure grounds for Hope, not only from many Promises in the word, but likewise subordinate grounds from Reason and Experience. This Hope is sown with the seeds of his fruits, and springs up with them, and so from year to year his Hope grows and increaseth with his Fruit-trees. He lays before him, and considers what great Profits and Pleasures are coming towards him, he sees by experience what a plentiful harvest of Profits and pleasures others receive from Orchards or Gardens of Fruit-trees, which are as fuel, or food to nourish and feed Hope, and hold it in strength and vigour; and when he begins to receive Profits and Pleasures from his Fruit-trees, these refresh Hope, and make it grow from strength to strength with his Fruit-trees: and thus from year to year Hope is continued and increased, and all this while the spirits are refreshed, and Hope is refreshed and are ke●t thereby vigorous and strong, and in a pleased temper and condition, and being the Master-workmen in the body, or first wheel (a● the Author says) they work upon all the parts of the body, for Prolongation of life. And so much concerning the operation upon the spirits by Hope. 2 Affection, joy.. Another Affection of the mind which in this employment works upon the spirits for long-life, is joy. Hist. L. D. pag. 221. The foresaid Author says: That this Affection of joy works so powerfully on the spirits, that some great joys coming suddenly, and unexpectedly, do overmuch attenuate, and diffuse the spirits. But now there's no danger of the suddenness of joy in these things, whereby to raise and over much diffuse the spirits; for such things at cause joy in the employment of planting Fruit-trees, are expected, and waited for, and Hope prepares the way for joy.. joy is a clear, shining, beautiful affection, and rises some degrees higher than Hope: joy in the use of earthly things is lawful in its season; there's a time to rejoice, as well as a time to mourn: And there is a lawful joy in harvest in gathering in the fruits of the Earth, Esay 9.3. It is commanded and allowed of God, Deut. 12.16. Thou shalt rejoice before the Lord thy God in all that thou puttest thine hand unto. And again, Deut. 16.15. Because the Lord thy God shall bless thee in all thy increase, and in all the works of thine hands therefore thou shalt surely rejoice. A Christian may rejoice in the Lord in the use of earthly blessings. And in this employment of Planting Fruit-trees there are many grounds and occasions of rejoicing: The joy of the Husbandman is not a flash and so away, but it is a settled and habitual joy, and is renewed from time to time: which is the very thing the aforesaid Author speaks of in giving instructions concerning Long life. This life (says he) (as much as may be) is so to be ordered that it may have many renovations, Hist. L. D. p. 228. p. 232. p. 164. and the spirit by continual conversing in the same actions may not wax dull. And again One thing above all is grateful to the spirits, that there be a continual progress to the more benign: and no doubt (saith he) it furthereth Long life, to have all things from our youth to our elder age mend, and grow to the better. Now this employment of Planting Fruit-trees is above all humane arts, most suitable to these Rules whereby this Affection of joy is kept fresh and vigorous, which also keeps the spirits cheerful and lively: for herein are many renovations, and a continual progress to the more benign, and things mending and growing to the better. joy is continually renewed from year to year, yea, in divers seasons of the year there are fresh and new joys. In the spring of the year joy springs a fresh in beholding the seeds and young grafts and plants spring forth vigorously and strongly. And the buds and blossoms breathing forth precious and pleasant Odours rejoice and delight the inward and outward senses, promising a plentiful Harvest of fruits in Autumn; and all the Summer long joy is cherished, with cool fresh airs, singing of Birds, sight of abundance of Fruits, burd'ning all the the Trees, delighting the Eye with their beautiful forms and colours; and in Autumn joy is renewed again with a rich and plentiful Harvest of Fruits; and all the Winter long joy is nourished and fed with a free use of all the Fruits, and Wines, and Delicates made of them. So here's a succession of joys, one following on the neck of another, whereby the spirits are still kept in a cheerful temper and condition, and work powerfully on the grosser parts of the body, conducing to Long-life. Concerning the lawfulness of rejoicing in earthly blessings, with a Caution: See afterwards. Another Affection of the Mind which (in this employment) works powerfully upon the spirits for Long life, 3 Affection, Admiration. Hist. L. D. pag. 225. is Admiration. The Lord Bacon says: Admiration and light Contemplation, are very powerful to the Prolongation of lief. This affection ascends a step higher than the other two, for as joy rises higher than Hope, so Admiration higher than joy.. It is our duty to Admire God in his works, which is a step higher than simply to praise him. When we look upon the works of a skilful Artificer, and commend it, it is for his credit; but when we admire and wonder at it, this is a higher commendation. The Holy Prophet would have us search out and wonder at the the works of God, Ps. 111, 2. The works of the Lord are great, sought out of all them that have pleasure therein. Vers. 3. His work is honourable and glorious: and he calls us to this duty of Admiration, O come hither and behold the works of God how wonderful he is in his doings! Ps. 111.4. He hath so done his Marvellous works, that they ought to be had in remembrance. Now in this Employment of planting Fruit-trees, are many things to be seen, and understood to cause admiration, which works effectually upon the spirits for long-life. Baptist: Port: speaking of the wonderful effects of Grafting, Lib. de Cult. & Insitione. Ch. 17. says, it is an ádmirable Art, and the chiefest part of the husbandman work. Artem insitionis admirabilem esse ac totius Agriculturae nobilissimam partem, volup●tuosam, utilem, etc. When he considers tha● strange effects of Grafting, he falls a wondering, O mira insitionis potestas! etc. And Mizaldus speaking of grafting, says, Insitionis ope artificiosâ, multa ad stuporem usqu● miranda fi●ri, many things may be done even to admiration. Austin wonders at these things. Qui majus mirabiliusque spectaculum est, quam cu● positis seminibus, plantatis surculis, & c? 〈◊〉 exiguo grano mirabilior, praestantior que vi● est etc. What more strange things are to 〈◊〉 seen in Nature, then to be sowing seeds, setting and grafting young plants, and su● like works? In a small seed there is a wonderful and admirable power and virtue. Many strange things may be found in this employment. Will it not cause Admiration, to consider that a huge and mighty body, (the biggest of all bodies whatsoever that have life) doth arise of a small kernel or seed, that that seed should contain in it (virtually or potentially) a great Tree, with all the properties of it, and retain its nature exactly in every particular? Will it not cause Admiration, to see goodly, wholesome, and beautiful fruits, come forth of rough and crooked Trees? especially to observe the manner of their coming forth, the care that Nature takes to secure and preserve the seed of the Fruit, by covering it with the Buds, Blossoms, Skin and Substance of the Fruits, with the Core, Stones, or Shells, and also with the leaves of the Trees. Will it not cause Admiration, to consider that the nature and properties of a great Tree, are enclosed, and lie in every small twig, yea, in every bud of the Tree, even in the least Bud, yea, in the Root of that least Bud, (in some no bigger than a pin's point) which Bud being set on a small plant (according to Art) will grow to a Tree, in all respects like to that whence it was taken? Will it not cause Admiration to consider how many several substances are made of one simple substance? for of the Sap of Trees is made the Bark, Wood, Pith, Leaves, Buds, Blossoms, Stalks, Fruit and Seed. Will it not cause Admiration to consider that Grafts and Buds set upon Wild stocks (such as naturally bring forth sour, harsh and naughty fruits) that though the Grafts and Buds be nourished by that harsh and different sap, and receive all their substance and growth from it, that yet these Grafts, and Buds should retain their own natures, and not be altered into the nature of the Stock whereon they grow, but have power to digest, change, and assimilate this harsh and sour sap, into their own sweet and pleasant natures, and bring forth fruits accordingly? Will it not cause Admiration to see little small Plants of but two years old (and some but of one year, if grafted) to hang full of fruits and to be able to bear them forth to their natural bigness and goodness, and notwithstanding to make a large and sufficient growth the same year? Will it not cause Admiration to see the busy and industrious bees to gather Huny, evenfrom the flowers, or blossoms of bitter Almond-trees, and other flower● and Plants, that to our sense are bitter and unpleasant? Will it not cause Admiration to see very many, L. B. Hist. L. D. pag. 85. and very great fruits hang upon only one small and slender twig? A great Author notes it for a strange thing, that all the nourishment which produceth (sometime.) such great fruits, should be forced to pass through so narrow necks, as the stalk of the Fruit. But may it not be accounted a more strange thing, to see five or six, or more, fair and large fruits, to hang upon a slender twig, little bigger than the stalk of each particular fruit growing on it! Will it not cause Admiration to see one Tree hang full of different and several kinds of fruits, as an Appletree with all, or ma●y kinds of Apples, or a Cherrytree, with ●ll, or many kinds of Cherries? So of other kinds of trees: to see one tree hang full of fruits, different in their Forms, Colours, Leaves, and blossoms, which may be done by Grafting, or Inoculating so many several kinds of Buds, or Grafts upon one tree. Will it not cause Admiration to stand upon a Mount in the midst of a fair large Orchard in the spring time, and to behold round about a multitude of several sorts of Fruit-trees, full of beautiful Blossoms, different in their shapes and colours, ravishing the sense with their sweet Odours, and within a while, turned into fair and goodly fruits of divers Colours and Kind's; the Fruit-trees gorgeously arrayed with green leaves, and various coloured fruits, as with so many precious jewels & Pearls. And thus much touching the operation upon the spirits in order to Long-life, by these three affections, Hope, joy, Admiration. 3 Profitable to the mind. Thirdly, This▪ employment of planting Fruit-trees, is profitable to the mind. First in respect of Knowledge. Secondly, in respect of Meditations. 1 In knowledge. This work is profitable to the Mind, by storing it with variety of objects, and profitable notions, both natural, moral, and spiritual How variously does Nature discover itself in Planting, Grafting, Budding, Blossoming, and bearing Fruits. So that such as are studious in the search of the secrets of Nature, may observe the process and course thereof in manifold respects about these things. And multitudes of Experiments may be drawn out for use and profit. If men will but join Contemplation and Action, Study and Practise together, they shall find (even in this one Volumn or Book of the Orchard) many useful and fruitful Lessons, for temporal and spiritual advantage. And as the employment is profitable to the mind in respect of knowledge: 2 In Meditation. so also in respect of Meditation, by occasion whereof the affections of the soul may (with the help of the spirit) be raised, and turned into a spiritual temper. How fitly does the Garden of Fruit-trees offer unto us that most profitable and fruitful Meditation of our first fall, and original sin, whereof we were all guilty, in such a Place; even in an Orchard or Garden of Fruit-trees: in which Meditation our affections should work to lay ourselves low in our own eyes, to abhor ourselves: and to exalt God, and abundantly to joy in the infinite and boundless mercy of God in Christ, in that he took pity on poor Man when he was fallen, and passed by the Angels when they were fallen, (Creatures by creation more exce'lent than Man) and left them in an irrecoverable state of misery. But in the same place, even as soon as we had sinned, promised us a Saviour, and when the fullness of time was come, sent him into the world. In consideration of these things, our Affection of Love to, joy in, and Admiration of God, should be enlarged and boundless. O the height and depth of the Mercy and Justice of God, towards the Angel's Justice, but towards us Mercy. What can we render unto the Lord for this his infinite mercy? Now seeing he looks for nothing but Love and Praise, let us begin it here, that we may hold on to all eternity. 4 Profitable to the name. Fourthly, Planting Fruit-trees, is profitable to the name of the Planter. Fruit-trees, are living, lasting monuments, and bear up, and perpetuate the Name of him that Planted and Laboured about them, both while he lives, and in generations after. A late Author * Lawson: a Planter of forty or fifty years' experience; in his Book, pag. 47. says, that Appletrees and Pear-trees (and some other kinds of Fruit-trees) on good Land, and duly ordered, will last 800 or 900 years. What earthly thing is better than a good Name? Solomon tells us, Eccl. 7.1. A good name is better than precious ointment: And again, Prov. 22.1. A good name is to be chosen before great riches, and loving favour is above silver, L. B. Nat. Hist. pag. 258. and above gold. One says, The best temper of minds desire a good name, and the lighter popularity and applause. A good name is not only to be desired, but to be highly prized, and to be reckoned the chief of earthly blessings, not only for the beauty of it, but for the permanency of it, it abides when friends, riches, life and all is lost. Now one way to gain and keep a good name, is by gifts and benefits: The worst temper of minds are won, and held by gifts and good turns: it's natural to all creatures, to love those that do them good; and who can so easily give so great, so many, and so acceptable gifts, as the husbandman, that yearly nurseth up multitudes of fruit-trees, and hath store of pleasant fruits, wines, and delicates made of them? While he lives, he bestows young fruit-trees, fruits, and many acceptable gifts out of his Orchard, and being dead, his Orchards, Gardens, and Fruit-trees, live & flourish, and occasion a remembrance of his Name for many ages after him. And secondly, as gifts and good turns, gain a good name, so also to be conversant and employed about works for the Public and general profit of a Commonweal: such works produce the same effect. We know all labours and employments, that bring both Profit and Pleasure, are approved & praised of all, though the advantage be but to a private family, how much more when they are for a Commonweal? And besides this Moral consideration, God hath promised the great blessing of a good name to them that are conversant in good employments, Rom. 13.3. Do that which is good, and thou shalt have praise of the same. Rome 2.10. Glory, honour, and peace, to every one that worketh good, upon the Jew first, and also on the Gentile. So then, the work of Planting fruit-trees is profitable to the name of the Husbandman, both while he lives, and in Generations after him. 5 Profitable to others. Fifthly, An Orchard or Garden of Fruit-trees, and the employment about them inprofitable to others: First, in the present times; Secondly, in the time to come. This profit to others, is by bestowing our fruits on friends and neighbours, and such as want. For though God require not to himself (as formerly) the first of all the fruit of all trees, year by year, Nehem. 10.35. Yet God requires year by year, when he bestows all upon us, that we should give● part to himself again; that is, to his poor members that want them. This is the way to obtain a blessing upon all our labours. Deut. 15.10. Thou shalt surely give unto him (that is, unto thy poor Brother) & thine heart shall not be grieved when thou givest unto him, because that for this thing, the Lord thy God shall bless thee in al● thy works, and in all thou puttest thy hand unto. A Gift to the Poor is a gainful gift, for by it a man becomes Creditor to his Creator, Prov. 19.17. He that giveth to the poor, dareth to the Lord, and the Lord will recompense him. Eccles. 35.11. The Lord recompenseth, & will give thee seven times as much. Likewise, the fruits of an Orchard are profitable to others that buy them: the Buyer having good and profitable Commodities for his money, has profit thereby as well as the Seller. Yea, this labour is profitable to others in time to come, Qui serunt Arbores, alteri seculo prosunt. After ages receive much profit also: When ourselves and others have received our full portion of profit, than Fruit-trees are left to children, and posterity to receive Profit many Generations after. And thus much touching the Third humane Argument, from the Profits that are received from a Garden of Fruit-trees. The fourth humane Argument of the dignity and value of Fruit-trees and the Art of Planting, 4 Humane Argument. is, Argumentum a voluptate, from the Pleasures that are received thereby. Pleasure is called, sal & condimentum vitae. The salt that seasons all things to us. In all that a man hath pleasure in, it is that which makes it acceptable. Pleasure (as one says) is the good of every thing, and a pattern of Heaven. Now, we find pleasure in an Orchard or Garden of Fruit-trees, suitable to all the Senses of the body. And here's a mixture of pleasures with profits: for divers objects of the senses, are both pleasant and profitable: this employment is richly furnished with both. And as I have showed some particulars wherein profit consi●●s, so likewise I will show some particulars wherein pleasure consists, in the use of a Garden of Fruit-trees. Each sense hath its particular pleasure. First for the sense of hearing. 1 Pleasure of the sense of hearing. It is a pleasure to the Ear to hear the sweet notes and tunes of singing Birds, whose company a man shall be sure to have in an Orchard, which is more pleasant there, then elsewhere, because of other concurrent pleasures there: a Consort of Music is more pleasant them upon a single Instrument. The Poet took notice of this pleasure. Aves Canoros garrulae fundunt sonos, Et semper Aures cantibus mulcent suis. Melodious ditties, chirping Birds indite, Whose pleasant songs, our ravisht●ars ●ars invite And besides, something more this sense may receive from an Orchard (though it have least share of pleasure therein of any of the senses) by hearing the slow motion of Boughs and Leaves, by soft and gentle Airs, sometimes (as it were) with a kind of singing or whistling noise, which will easily induce a sweet and pleasant sleep in summer time (if a man be disposed) in some close cool Arbour, or shady seat. Secondly, 2 Pleasure of the sense of Touch. the sense of Touch may have Pleasure in an Orchard from the cool fruits and leaves of Trees, smoothing and brushing the face therewith, which is refreshing and cooling in heat of Summer. But this sense receives Pleasure, chiefly by the shade of trees in summer time. Cool refreshing Airs are found in close Walks, Seats, and Arbours under and about the Trees, which keep off the burning heat of the Sun. Opaca prebent arbores umbracula, prohibentque densis fervidum, solemn comis, Green Canopies the shady Trees us lend Against scorching sun, boughs thick whilst they extend. Yea, they do not simply keep off the heat of the Sun, but likewise much cool the air by its contact of these cool bodies, Trees, Fruits, and Leaves; cool fresh airs in heat of summer are sought for, and are not only pleasant, but exceeding profitable, and healthful to the body. Here Profit and Pleasure mee● and embrace each other. And hereto agrees the L. Bacon, who says, Exclusion of air is profitable to long life; Hist. L. D. pag. 241. for air is predatory to long-life through the heat of the sun▪ and ought (as much as is possible) to be excluded from the body. Now, what better place is there, to exclude the heat of the Sun from the body in summer season, the● amongst the shady trees, Arbours and Walk in the Orchard? L. B. Hist. L. D. p. Ca 11. Pag. 425. It's laid for a ground, That condensing the spirits in their substance is available t● long-life, which (he tells us) is done most effectually by cool airs. Refrigeration, or cooling of the body from without, is above al● things necessary to long-life. So then, the pleasure this sense receive● from a Garden of Fruit-trees, is to be much esteemed. 3 Pleasure of the sight. Nat. Hist. p. 225. Thirdly, The sense of sight, partakes o● Pleasure in an Orchard, in beholding the exact Order in Planting of the Trees, their decent forms, the well composed Allies, Walks, Seats, and Arbours therein: for Order and curious forms of things, much delight the sight: of this, see L. Bacon at large. Likewise, the sight is delighted with pleasant and delicate Colours of the Leaves, Blossoms, and Fruits, that show themselves in great variety, curious Colours, especially the Colour green, is accounted helpful to the sight. Fons, speculum, Gramen, Oculis sunt alleviamen: Green grass, clear grass, and fountains pure Refresh Eyesight, long to endure. Here again Profit and Pleasure meet. And as foul and odious objects presented to the sight, See L. B. Nat. Hist. pag. 199. cause dislike in the spirits, that they retire and shun such objects, so ê contrario verum, the contrary holds in delightful and pleasant objects of the sight, Nat. Hist. p. 224. the spirits thereby are delighted. He says, Objects of the sight, as coming into a fair Garden, or into a fair Room richly furnished, and the like, do delight and exhilerate the spirits much. The beautiful flowers of various colours, amongst the lovely Blooms of Trees and Plants, what a glorious show will they make. Flores nitescunt, discolore gramine, Pinguntque terras gemmeis honoribus. Gay flowers woven with discoloured grass, With rich embroidered Robes the earth compass. Is it not a pleasant sight to behold a multitude of Trees round about: in decent form and order, bespangled, and gorgeously apparelled with green Leaves, Blooms, and goodly Fruits, as with a rich Robe of embroidered work, or as hanging with some precious and costly Jewels or Pearls; the Boughs laden and burdened, bowing down to you, and freely offering their ripe fruits, as a large satisfaction of all your labours? Aspice curvatos pomorum pondere ramos, Ovid. Vt sua, quod peperit, vix ferat Arbour on●● The laden boughs, with weight of Apples, crack; And Trees to bear their burdens strength do lack. 4 Pleasure of the smell. Fourthly, the sense of smell, may likewise have its share of pleasure in a Garden of Fruit-trees. L. Bacon says, The sme●● of new and pure earth, Hist. L. D. p 207. p. 208. excellently refreshet the spirits; he says, A certain great Lord who lived long, had every morning, immediately after sleep, a clod of fresh earth lai● under his nose, that he might take the smell thereof; Nat. Hist. Cent. 9 p. 210. and again, Good earth, newly▪ turned up, hath a freshness and good sent. And that the leaves and branches of some Trees, are odorous and sweet. He says likewise, Nat. hist. Cent. 6. p. 136. That the leaves of Trees falling towards the middle of the Autumn, yield a good refreshing to the spirits. And that the Moss of some Appletrees hath an excellent sent, and is used of Perfumers. But chiefly, The pleasure this sense meets with, is from the sweet smelling blossoms of all the fruit-trees, which from the time of their breaking forth, till their fall, breath out a most precious and pleasant odour; perfuming the Air throughout all the Orchard. The same Author observes, Nat. hist. Cent. 4. p. 102. That the most Delicate Smells, are from those Plants whose Leaves smell not, and amongst other things, he mentions Blooms of Appletrees. And in another of his Experiments, Nat. hist. Cent. 9 p. 210. Hist. L. D. pag. 295. he says, That generally those smells are most grateful and pleasant, where the degree of heat is small: for those things do rather woo the sense then satiate it. And prefers cool smells before hot, for comforting of the heart. Now, The Blooms of Appletrees, Pear-trees, Cherrytrees, and such like, have small degrees of heat, and therefore the Odour is pleasant and wholesome. And besides the pleasure of this perfumed Air, it is also very profitable, and healthful to the body. Here again, Profit and Pleasure meet together and embrace. An Odores nutriunt, is a question amongst Philosophers: some hold sweet perfumes nourishing, doubtless they give a great refreshing to the spirits, and whatsoever delights and cheers, the spirits is without controversy very advantageous to the health of the body; for the spirits are the chief workers in the body, from which proceed all, or most of the effects wrought in the body, good or bad, according to the temper of the spirits. Sweet Perfumes work immediately upon the spirits for their refreshing, but meat and drink, by ambages and length of time: sweet and healthful Airs are special preservatives to health, and therefore much to be prised. Is the Curative part of Physic so worthy and excellent, as the preservative part? It's better to stand fast, then to fall and rise again. Now, a sweet perfumed, fresh▪ wholesome Aire (which is chiefly found in Gardens of Fruit-trees) is greatly available to that purpose, as well as pleasant to the sense. Fifthly, 5 Pleasure of the Taste. The Sense of Taste hath its pleasure in an Orchard. This sense meets with pleasure at all times of the year, from the fruits of an Orchard. The pleasure of the other senses are to be had but at some seasons of the year only. This sense hath pleasure from all sorts of ripe, and raw fruits, besides meats and drinks, and many dainties made of them. The ordinary food they afford all the year, and the more delicate for Banquet's, are also good and healthful to the body, as well as pleasant to the taste. Here again, pleasure and profit meet and embrace, so the Poet: Hortus salubres praebet corpori cibos, Oblecitat Hortus, avocat, pascit, tenet. The garden to the body, giveth sound and healthful meats, The garden pleases most, draws, holds, and feeds with delicates. In the heat of Summer, what place is fitter for the table, than some sweet, shady, cool Arbour in the Garden? And what meats better befitting that time of the year, than some dainty dishes made of the cool fruits of the Orchard? At which time cooling and refreshing the spirits from within and with out by cool Airs, and cool meats, is most advantageous for health and long life: for these are the chief means (at that season) to keep the spirits in a fine, pleasant, equal temper; yea some fruits have higher virtues ascribed to them then barely to nourish, some Apples are accounted Cordials: Avicen says, That both the tart and pleasant Apples, Lib. 6. cap. 569. strengthen the heart, and to such as are troubled with hot infirmities, they are a singular help. Confortant Cor, proprie odorifera, dulcia, & acetosa, etc. Hist. L. D. pag. 298. L. Bacon, reckons Pearmains among cool Cordials. So then, when fruits are not only healthful, but also pleasant to the taste, there is a double worth in them. Consider now what hath been said for the Pleasure of the Senses; And if it be so acceptable to have the pleasure, though but of one Sense, what will it be when there is a concurrence, and meeting of all together, which may be had in a Garden of Fruit-trees? so the Poet. Non desit Hortis, & voluptas maxima, Multisque commixta modis jucunditas: Tribuit colenti multiforme gaudium. There wants not in Gardens great pleasure to the mind, And outward senses many mixed pleasures find, They yield unto the Artist joys of divers kind. We see what a plentiful and joyful Harvest of Profits and Pleasures may be yearly reaped from an Orchard or Garden of Fruit-trees. Profits. Here's Profit of divers kinds. First to a man's Estate: and that in two respects. First, in respect of housekeeping, with meats and drinks all the year. Secondly, in respect of Sale, either the fruits in their kinds, or Cider, Perry, and Wines, made of them. Secondly, Here's Profit to the body, and that in two respects. First, in respect of Health, by moderate exercise, fresh-Aires, pleasant Odours, and wholesome meats and drinks. Secondly, in respect of Long-life, by operation upon the spirits, through the Organs of the body, the Ear, Touch, Smell, Sight, Taste, and through the Affections of the mind, Hope, joy, Admiration. Thirdly, Here's profit to the Mind. And that in two respects; First, in respect of knowledge, Natural, Moral, Spiritual; Secondly, in respect of Affections. Fourthly, Here's profit to the Name, and that in two respects; First, in this life, by Gifts and Benefits; Secondly, after death, by Fruit-trees as living Monuments. Here's Profit to others, and that in two respects, First, to the Poor, and the Rich Friends, or Enemies, in the present times; Secondly, to posterity or future ages. Pleasures. Here's likewise Pleasures of divers kinds. First to the Ear, and that in two respects; First, by sweet tunes of Singing-birds; Secondly, by gentle motion of Boughs, and Leaves. Secondly, Here's Pleasure to the Touch, and that in two respects; First, by cool fruits, boughs and leaves, Secondly, by cool fresh Airs. Thirdly, Here's Pleasure to the Eye, and that in two respects; First, by exact and decent forms of Trees, Alleys, Walks, Seats, and Arbours; Secondly, by curious colours of the blossoms, leaves, and fruits. Fourthly, Here's Pleasure to the smell, and that in two respects; First, from fresh Earth digged up; Secondly, from the leaves and blossoms. Fifthly, Here's Pleasure to the Taste, and that in two respects; First, from ripe and raw fruits: Secondly, from dishes and drinks made of them. Some employments, as they are profitable in one respect, yet they are unprofitable in another: yea, perhaps are full of hazard and danger, either to the state, body, mind, or name; but this employment preserves, and is profitable to all these. Some employments are pleasant to one sense, but not to another, perhaps unpleasant, and hurtful: but in this there's an Agreement and consent of Pleasures to all the senses. And as there is a mutual consent and concurrence of all the profits among themselves, and of all the pleasures among themselves, so likewise there is a mutual consent and concatenation of the Profits, with the Pleasures, one embracing another, one supporting and upholding each other. Five ways of Profit, each of them in two respects, And five ways of Pleasure, each of them in two respects! Here's Profit and Pleasure running along hand in hand, meetly matched together, being the most rich and beautiful King and Queen in all the world. Thus having showed the great Praises that are given to this Art of Planting Fruit-trees, and some Divine and Humane Arguments of the dignity and value thereof, and likewise the profits and pleasures that are received from an Orchard or Garden of Fruit-trees, I think it meet to give a caution concerning temporal profits & pleasures. It's true; We have liberty to seek earthly Profits and Pleasures in our Callings, and to rejoice in them, A Caution in the use of Earthly things. but yet with care and circumspection, and with due regard to circumstances. There is a Rejoicing in Earthly blessings which God allows to us, Deut. 26.11. Thou shalt rejoice in every good thing which the Lord thy God hath given thee. And Deut. 12.16. Thou shalt rejoice before the Lord thy God in all that thou puttest thine hand unto: And again, Deut. 16.15. Because the Lord thy God shall bless thee in all thy increase, and in all the works of thy hands, therefore thou shalt surely rejoice▪ And when our ways please God, he says, Go, eat thy bread with joy, and drink thy win● with a merry heart. Eccles. 9.7. Solomon says, Eccles. 5.18. Behold, that which I have seen, it is good and comely for one to eat and to drink, and to enjoy the good of all his labour he takes under the sun, all the days of his life, which God giveth him, for it is his portion: And Chap. 2.24. This I saw, That it was from the hand of God. No doubt we may use these and other earthly blessings with Rejoicing: but all the danger is, lest we take too much liberty herein, and break beyond our bounds. These Profits and Pleasures being multiplied in the Garden of Fruit-trees, we had best beware of reaching after them too earnestly. Latet Anguis in Herba, A subtle Serpent lies hid among these pleasant flowers, and seeks to bite us by his temptations, who has as much (or more) malice and policy now, as formerly against our first Parents, whom he deceived in a Garden of Fruit-trees. Men may become Idolaters ere they be aware, and so are many, even among Christians: in worshipping profit and pleasure; letting up these two for their household Gods. The Prophet tells us, Ezek. 14.3. Men set up their Idols in their hearts, and give that to them, which is due only to God. * The difference between using and enjoying a thing. We may easily mistake between the use of earthly blessings, and the enjoyment o● them. De Doctrinâ Christi. l. 1. Austin tells us, no earthly blessings are properly to be Enjoyed, but used only: Res aliae sunt, quibus fruendum est, aliae quibus utendum; illae quibus fruendum est, beat●nos faciunt, istis quibus utendum est, tendentes ad be atitudinem adjuvamur, & quasi adminiculamur, ut ad illas, quae nos beatos faciunt, proveniamus. There are some thing (saith he) which are to be enjoyed, others t● b● used; those which we ought to enjoy, make us happy, such as we ought to use only, are those whereby we are furthered, and are 〈◊〉 succours, aids, and helps, to bring us to those things which may be enjoyed, & make us happy. He tells us, whom, and what we may enjoy, Fruendum est Patre, & Filio, & Spiritu Sancto. Beatum est ad tale bonum provenisse, quo amplius non potest. The Father▪ the Son, and blessed Spirit, are to be enjoyed▪ And its true blessedness to attain to that good which is the highest. So then, God only is to be enjoyed, and the good things of this life only to be used, as helps and furtherances unto God▪ We had need therefore take heed of falling in love with earthly things: The foresaid Author tells us the danger of it. De Doct. Christ. l. 1. Si eye quibus utendum est frui voluerimus, impeditur cursunoster, & aliquando etiam defiec●itur, ut ab his rebus quibus fruendum est, obtinendis vel retardemur, vel etiam revocemur inferiore amore praepedir●: Et si amoenitutes itineris, & ipsa gestatio vehiculorum nos delectarent, conversi● ad fruendum his quibus uti debuimus: nollemus citò viam finire, & perversâ suavitate implicati alien●remur à P●tria, cujus suavitas faceret beatos. That is, if we fall to enjoying of such things as we ought but only to use, we are thereby hindered in our course, and many times even turned out of it. And as to the obtaining of those things which we ought to enjoy (by the love of earthly things) we are called back from them, and much retarded, and stopped in our way to them. And if the Pleasures and Contentments of the journey and the carriage, by which we are conveyed, overmuch please and delight us, than we turn to enjoying of those things which we ought but only to use, and therefore are unwilling to come to our journies end, and are entangled in corrupt delights, and brought thereby to be estranged from the Country, the sweetness and pleasure whereof, maketh blessed. We see then, when God gives us blessings largely, and gives us leave to use them freely, we are in danger to forget him: We had need therefore to set a watch, o● guard upon our hearts, lest profit and pleasure steal it, and keep it to themselves. But what a shame is it we should have fewes● thoughts of God, when he is most mindful of us. And that we should fall so much in love with the Token, that we forget him that sent it. And now, having answered the doubts and discouragements that have hindered some from entering upon this part of the Husbandman's work, The Art of Planting Fruit-trees; and showed the great esteem that all men have of it, and the value and dignity thereof from Divine and Humane Arguments, what a rich confluence of profits and pleasures, are (from time to time) brought unto us by it, with a Caution in the use of these things. What remains, but that I also discover how we may obtain our desires herein by what means the work may be done, with most speed, and best effect? Which I shall now endeavour to do. Of the Nursery. I shall first speak of a Nursery of young Plants, and show the manner of sowing of Kernels, or Seeds of Fruits, and their preparation and ordering (by Grafting and Inoculating) for transplanting into Orchards, Gardens, or Fields: (although some may plant an Orchard a more speedy way, to buy young trees ready grafted, or to plant stocks of divers years' growth, and after they have grown a year or two, to graft them.) I shall set down all these things as briefly as I can, so that withal, I make them plain to the intelligent Reader, laying down the most material, and essential things concerning this Art: For long and tedious discourses (about things that may be comprehended in few words, (as many use) they do often misled men, so as it is not easy to see the most material things concerning their subject, or what they drive at; whereas, a brief and plain discovery of them may better be comprehended and remembered. 1. First then: Let there be a plot of ground (more or less) digged up about the time when Fruits are ripe, and let all the Grass, Weeds, Roots, Stones, etc. be clean picked out, and the ground cast into Beds about a yard broad, and spaces between, about a foot in breadth, to pass between them, to Sow, Set, Weed, etc. And then procure Kernels of Apples, Pears, Crabs, Cherry stones, * But as for Aprecott- stones it is best to keep them (in sand) till October, before we set them; because if they be set early, when the fruit is ripe, they commonly spring up before Winter, and then being very tender, the frost kills them: some Peach-stones, and other Plum-stones, will lie in the ground, until the spring come Twelvemonth, and then come up: therefore conclude not they will never spring up, though not the first year. Plum-stones, and the seeds of divers kinds of Fruits, and these may be set, and sowed, from the time that the Fruits are ripe, until the spring (except in frost) in this manner. Having made the Beds levelly with a Rake, sprinkle the seeds upon them all over, each kind by themselves, and set, or sow the stones by themselves, then take a spade, and turn in the seeds and stones about a handful deep or less, and after rake them all over, and (that none may be left uncovered) sift some small mould with a Sieve, or besprinkle it with a spade all over them, and so let them rest all Winter. Preserve seeds from Mice. And carefully observe that Mice devour not the seeds in Winter, if you perceive it, set Traps, and lay Ratsbane to destroy them. Though you cannot see the Mice, yet if they have been there (as commonly they are) it may be perceived by divers small holes up and down the seed-beeds, where they have devoured the seeds, and some husks will lie above ground. In the Spring and Summer, let them be weeded, from time to time, clean, and if the weather be dry, let them be watered now and then, and they will make a growth the same year, according to the strength and goodness of the ground wherein they grow. Plants coming of seeds or stones, are far better than Suckers from Roots of Trees, although such are good and useful for stocks also if they have good Roots. In weeding the young Seed-plants, some will come up with the weeds; set them again almost to the top, than water them, and all the rest. In Autumn, when they have done growing, let them be transplanted into other Beds of ground prepared for that purpose, thus: Let the ground be digged, and cast into square Plots, or long Plots, as you will, and laid level with a Rake, than set the young Seed-plants therein in this manner. Having cast up the Borders handsomely on each side, stretch a Line from one side to the other, then take a Setting-stick (that is, a hard piece of wood about a yard long, with a handle at the top, and made sharp at the end, or pointed with Iron) and thrust it into the ground half a foot deep, (or according to the length of the Roots) close to the line and make holes all along, from one end of the line to the other, about half a foot or more, as you will in distance: And having prepared the Seed-plants, by cutting of all the side Twigs, and the ends or bottom of the Roots, set them in order in the holes to the top of their Roots, and close the mould about them: Draw the biggest first, and set them by themselves, and the least by themselves. Then take up the line, and stretch it again about a foot from the other Plants, and make holes, and prune more Seed-plants, and set them as before. Let not the Roots be too long; about a handful in length (or less) is sufficient; for if their Roots be long, and set deep, the Trees afterwards are taken up with more difficulty. Then take up the line, and stretch it again, a foot and half from the Plants last set, that there may be a convenient space of ground to pass between to weed the Plants, and to Graft and Inoculate them (being grown fit) And having made holes, and pruned the Plants, set them as before. And thus set the Nursery throughout, and many of these will be ready after one year to Inoculate, and after two years, or three, to Graft. Yea, many may be fit to Graft after the first year, and some fit to inoculate the first summer. Be sure to transplant all young Seed-plants, Remove all Seed-plants for by that means they get good Roots, which of themselves, thrust down one single Root, for the most part. And being grown two or three years after Inoculating or Grafting, they are fit to transplant, to make Orchards, or into Fields and Hedges, at a competent distance, as shall be showed when I speak of setting Trees. Thus men may in a few years, prepare multitudes of Young Trees for themselves and others, to give or sell as they please. Some procure Crabstocks from the woods, and set them to graft on, having grown a year or two; but these stocks are not so good as those that come of seed. We see by continual experience, many are deceived by them, though some may do well. And further observe, Remove seed Plants after the Summer. not only to remove all Seed-plants, as before, but let it be done the next Autumn or Winter, let them have but one summer's growth from the seed, before they be removed to be prepared in the Nursery, unless they be very small; for there is advantage in it, above those that grow where they are sown two or three years before removing: for these small Seed-plants are not only easily drawn up, and easily set again, (with a small Setting-Instrument) but also (their Roots being but short) they taking Root, and spreading their Roots near the top of the ground they are easily taken up, and removed (after Grafting) having grown three or four, Besides, the top of the earth is the best soil, as having the Sun and Raine all the year. or more years, whereas such as grow two or three years upon the Seed bed before removing, they thrust their Roots very deep in the earth, and are not only hard to be drawn up, but likewise their Roots when set again, must of necessity (though a great part be cut off,) be thrust down very deep into the earth, and then such spread their Roots deep, for they thrust their young Roots from the lowest part, where the Root was cut off, and so they neither have so good nourishment from the earth (as spreading below the best soil) nor are they so easily to be transplanted when they are ready, as those other which are drawn the first year, and set very small as before. This is very considerable, and therefore observe it: I underwent great inconveniencies when I came to Remove some, before I found out this observation. NOw for the manner of Inoculating and Grafting these Plants, being thus prepared, and grown fit. First, concerning Grafting: The time of Grafting. wherein we must consider the time: February and March (usually with most) are the two chief Months for Grafting, but we may begin sooner, and its best so to do, especially with Cherry and Plum grafts: If the weather be open, without Frost in the beginning of january, or in December. Yea, I have grafted some (with good success) in November, and sooner, but in the beginning of january we may begin, if Frost hinder not. And such as have multitudes to engraft must needs begin early, else they'll want time Grafts of Cherry and Plum-trees, must be grafted soon, because they bud soon. And begin with them, ere they begin to Bud forth, and then with Pear-trees and Appletrees. Grafts of any kind may be gotten and kept many days, How to keep Graf●s. or many weeks, the one half in length, being covered with mould; bind not many together, for if so, those in the middle will dry, and be spoilt, in certain days: but lay them thin in the mould; or they may be grafted immediately, so soon as they are gotten Graft none but those of one years' growth, only the last years sprout, the fairest and thickest are best: They may be carried many miles, being bound up close (from end to end) in a hayband, or better in a Box of Mould, or their ends stuck in clay, and wrapped about that they bruise not. Instruments for grafting That this work may the more effectually be done, we must have fit Tools, and Instruments for that purpose: First, a good sharp knife, and strong, to cut off the top of stocks. A neat sharp saw, to cut off the head of some stocks which are grown too big for the knife: also a little Mallet and Wedg, to cleave the big stocks, a small Penknife, to cut the Grafts, (as I shall show you anon) and keep it very sharp for this purpose only: There must be likewise Clay prepared with horse-dung, well mixed together, as Mortar, about two parts Clay. And Rushes, What flags are best. or strong, soft Flags, to bind together the Graft, and the Stock. With a small hand-basket to carry the Grafts in, with all the Instruments for the work. Manner of the Work. Having these things in a readiness, the time being come, go to the Stocks that are ready (small or great) And those that are small (about the bigness of ones little finger (which are of a competent bigness, and we lose no time in making use of them) Graft them in this manner. If they be Cherry-stocks, or Plum-stocks, to make Wall-trees of, graft them low, within half a foot (or less) of the ground, but if they be for Standards, then Graft them an ell, or yard and half high: if the stocks are of a convenient bigness of that height, else graft them lower, where they are of a competent bigness. 1. Cut off the top of the stock in some smooth, The first way of grafting, called, slicsing or backing on. strait place, that may be answerable to the straightness of the Graft, when set on: Then prepare the Graft thus: observe which side is straightest at the bottom, or biggest end, that so it may fit the strait part of the stock when set on: Then cut one side only of the Graft, down aslope, about an inch long, or little more; either from the knot or seam, * Which is a circle round about the graft distinguishing the last summer's growth from the former. (if the part below it be smooth, and strait) or else from a Bud or from any part: and cut through the Bark, at the top of the cut place, and make it like a shouldier, that it may rest just upon the top of the Stock, but cut not this shoulder too deep, (only through the Bark or little more) but cut the graft thin at the bottom of the cut place, yet leave on all the Bark on the opposite side, make this cut smooth and even, from the top of it to the bottom, without dints or ridges, (which is of special concernment) that so it may be sure to join close to the Stock. The Graft, being thus prepared, then go on to prepare the Stick further, lay the cut part of the Graft upon the strait side of the Stock: and measure just the length of the cut part of the Graft. And (with a knife) take away so much of the bark of the Stock, * If it may be upon the West, or South-west side of the stock; because if so, these winds (which are most dangerous cannot so soon break off the grafts, as on the other side. I have lost many before I observed this course. but cut not any of the wood of the Stock, then lay the cut side of the Graft, upon the cut part of the Stock, and let the shoulder of the Graft, re●t directly upon the top of the Stock, so that the cut parts of both may join even and smooth all along, and so bind them together close, with some strong Rushes or Flags: then Clay them, lay on every side, and an inch above, and as much below, some of the Clay prepared as before, close it above, and below, and on every side, that no rain get in: and that's all needs to be done for that time. This I account the best way of Grafting for divers Reasons: 1. First, because in this way of Grafting we may make use of the Stocks divers years before they will be ready to graft in the Cleft: by this way of Grafting, the trees will be ready to bear, before they will be ready to graft the other way. 2. Secondly, This kind of grafting is less hurt, both to the stock and graft; for cleaving the stock is danger, and hurt to it, being cloven (as it must) in the middle to the very heart: whereas in this way of grafting, it remains whole and entire, save only a small part of the Bark taken off. And as for the Graft, in Cleft-grafting, it must be cut on both sides, to the heart, and made thin, but in slicing or packing on, it must be cut only on one side, and so less hurtful to the Graft. 3. Thirdly, When stocks are cloven, if they be somewhat great, commonly the Rain and Aire gets into the cleft, and rots the middle of the stock, before the Graft can grow over to cover the head of it, which is not incident in this way of Grafting. 4. Fourthly, This way of Grafting is much more easy to do, and more sure to take and grow, then grafting in the cleft, for the graft & stock join more close and exactly, then can be in cleaving the stock. 5. As this way is easily done, and more sure, so also is it more speedily done, than any other kind of Grafting. Second way of grafting, called whip-Grafting. Secondly, There is another way of Grafting small stocks, such as are but just as big as the Grafts you mean to set on. And those Stocks are prepared thus: The top being cut off over against a smooth strait place, as before; the Bark of it must not only be cut, but also the Wood, quite through to the back side of it at the top, directly like as the Graft is cut (as was said) in length as much as the cut part of the Graft; the manner of cutting the Graft for this, is the same with the former's than lay the cut part of the Graft, upon the cut part of the Stock, and let the top of the Stock (even the very bark of the outside) be directly under the shoulder of the Graft, that so the cut parts both of Graft and Stock, may join, and answer one another from the top to the bottom, and so bind and clay them as before Thirdly, There is another way of Grafting generally practised, Third way of Grafting though not so sure away as the two former, and yet a better way for great stocks, for none but small stocks are capable of the two former ways, it is thus: Those stocks that are large (three or four inches in compass) must be cloven, the tops being cut off in a strait smooth place, cut the roughness of the top smooth with a sharp knife, then knock in a strong knife or chissel, a very little beside the pith, and if it be capable but of one graft, then be sure to cleave it on that side that is smooth and strait, if it be fit for two as it is, if it be about an Ell high, and a strong stock, than he careful to choose both sides smooth, being cloven with the knife, and a wedg of Box, or other hard wood knocked in to keep it open, then prepare the Graft or Grafts you mean to put in, cut both sides of the Graft aslope down from the knot or seam, if it be strait, or else from a Bud, about an inch or little more, shoulder both sides of the Graft, as was said of one side, for the other sort of grafting, and make it thin at the bottom. Let the outside of the Graft be somewhat thicker than the innerside, unless the stock be very big, if it be so great to pinch the Graft much, then make the innerside of the Graft thicker, a very little, that so it may preserve the outside from being pinched too much. And in setting in all Grafts into the cleft, A special Rule. observe this for a most special Rule, to join the innerside of the bark of the Graft, to the innerside of the bark of the stock, that the sap may more easily come out of the Stock into the Graft to feed it, for the main current of the sap, is between the bark and the wood. Some take care to set the outsides even and smooth, but that is an error in practice; for we know the Bark of a big stock is much thicker than the Bark of a slender graft, and if the outsides be smooth and even, the insides must needs be uneven. But I say, to join the inner sides of both barks together, all along the cleft, is the principal thing in grafting of such big stocks The Grafts being thus placed in the Stocks, and the wedg pulled out, then Clay them close on every side, an inch above the top of the stock, to the bottom of the Cleft. Choice of Grafts. In choosing Grafts, choose not those that are very small, and slender, they commonly fail; but take the fairest upon the tree, and especially those that are fullest of Buds. Cut off the tops of Grafts. The tops of long Grafts, are to be cut, that they may spread the better: and of such as are but short; if there be blossom buds on the top, as it's commonly seen in Pearmains, and many other good bearing kinds. join right kinds together in Grafting. Graft every Cyence into its own kind, as all kind of Apples together, and also on Crabstocks, (which is the wild Apple) Pear-grafts on wild Pear-stocks, and the like of other kinds: join not contrary or different kinds, they never come to perfection: as Cherry-grafts, or Plum-grafts, or the like: Experience makes it manifest to be but lost labour, they'll grow (it may be) a year, or two, and then die. And in choice of Grafts, Observe the best bearing trees. be sure to consider what Trees (of all kinds) are the best bearers, some kinds seldom miss, and some other kinds (though good fruits) seldom hit, and therefore take information from those persons, that know (by experience) the nature of the trees in this regard, and accordingly choose, or refuse grafts from them. Observe the like in choice of Vines. Such Grafts as are bound (as is said of the two first ways of Grafting) must be unbound after a certain time, Unbind Grafts. when they have well closed with the Stock: about Midsummer they will be fast enough upon the Stock, so that they may without danger be unbound: but if they be not unbound, the band sometimes girds and dints in too much, unless of some, where the band rots or breaks: and besides the winds (when the grafts are grown big and bushy) will endanger the breaking of divers of them, unless they be unbound, and also by some means supported, and strengthened in the grafted place, which may be done, by tying a small stick to them a little above, and as much below the place where it is engrafted; but before you thus bind the stick to strengthen the Graft, put a little clay round about the engrafted place (being unbound) it will cause the sap sooner to cover the head of the stock. But if the Grafts be Grafted near unto the ground, or not above half a yard high, they will not be so much in danger of breaking by the winds especially such whose growth is most into one single shoot or two; and such as grow but upon small, or weak stocks: as to such, this labour (in tying the Graft, to strengthen it in the grafted place) may be spared: Those that are high stocks, and of strong growth, and shoot forth their Grafts vigorously, and into a great head of many branches, are most endanger of winds, especially the West-winds, (which are commonly strongest) for the first year, and more, a week or fortnight before and after Midsummer; being they are yet tender, and not well closed with the stock; so that these especially must be taken care of in this regard, only for the first year, after there's no danger at all of breaking by the winds. Some kinds of Flags (wherewith we bind Grafts are so tough and strong, that they will not yield a jot, nor break with the growth and swelling of the Stock and Graft (as some other Bands do) and therefore there is the more need to look to such, to cut them, or unbind them, as before is said, else they cause dints or circles in the place where they bind, the bark swelling on both sides of the binding, and this makes the Graft more in danger of breaking, unless unbound, and strengthened in that part, as before. After Grafts have had their full growth the first year, Prune some young grafts they must be Pruned, such as need Pruning: as for wall Plants, it's no matter of how many Branches they spread, more the better: but for those that are Grafted low, and yet must be made standards, leave only one shoot, the strongest and biggest shoot, and cut off all the rest, and let not that strait shoot begin to spread, till it be an Ell long at least, rather more, and then let the Branches spread, and enlarge themselves. But herein observe, that unless these young Grafts put forth a strong and lusty shoot, do not prune off the side Branches, left the body of the plant be too small, and limber to bear his head; as is often seen in a Nursery where plants grow close, and near together: if the body be very slender, then suffer some of the side twigs to grow until the body be of a sufficient strength to bear the top. And from year to year, prune off those shoots and branches as are superfluous, and grow too near one another, and preserve only such as are fit to make the Tree of a comely form. And if any spice up, and shoot too strongly upwards in the middle of the Tree only, and spread not sufficiently (as is often seen in Pear trees, and some other trees) cut off from time to time those strong shoots in the middle, and still preserve the outmost branches, for all Fruit-trees, aught to spread as much as may be, so that the branches hang not too near the ground. And so much concerning Grafting, and also pruning while they are young Plants. I shall now speak of the other work whereby Fruit-trees are increased. Inoculating, or putting a small Bud into a Stock, which (as to the effects of it) is the same with Grafting, but differs much in the season, and in the manner of the work. Inoculating Buds. The time for Inoculating Buds is about Midsummer, a fortnight before, and a fortnight after is the chief season, though some Plants (full of Sap) may be done afterwards with good success upon young frim stocks, even so long as the bark will rise. And take heed of beginning too soon with any Buds; before they have attained a sufficient strength and growth; some will not be fit to Inoculate until August, and so all▪ that Month upon some frim sappy stocks. That this business may be done to good purpose, it must be considered whether the Buds we mean to get, are sufficiently grown or not, they must not be too young & tender: and we shall find that some kinds of Trees have buds ready sooner than others. As the Aprecott especially, and those that shoot strongly. Let then the biggest and strongest shoots be cut from the Tree, that have grown since the spring to that time, and cut off the top of the shoot (all those Buds that are too small and tender) and also cut off the leaves of the other, about a quarter of an inch from the Bud, and by that part left, we hold the Bud, being taken off the branch: but leave not on the whole leaf and stalk, as some do, for the air (by means of the leaf) extracts and draws out the sap of the Bud in a short time, and so spoils it. Then go to the Plants you intent to Inoculate, Observe the kinds. which must be like (as to the general kinds) with the Buds that you intent to set on: as Aprecott-buds, and other Plum-buds, on Plum-stocks that are wild stocks: the white Pearl-plum-stock is accounted the best to Inoculate Aprecott-buds on, or other choice Plums, it being a Plant full of sap: and in choosing Buds, or Grafts, be sure always to cut them from those kinds that (experience shows) are good bearing Trees, as well as good fruits. Now in setting on the Bud, first make a cross cut upon some smooth place of the stock, (if it be for a wall-tree, then half a foot or a foot, or thereabouts from the ground) and from the middle of the cross cut, make another strait down, about an Inch long, only through the Bark, and with the end of a Penknife, raise up the Bark on both sides, as much as to let in the small Bud, then make haste to prepare the bud (for a man must be quick at this work, else the Air, by sudden drying the Bud, and the cut-part of the stock will much hurt:) Cut the bark on both side the Bud, and about a quarter of an inch above, and as much below the Bud, let that end which is to be downwards, be a little sharp, that it may more easily go down, between the Bark, and wood of the stock▪ and throw away the Bark on the opposite side of the Bud, then with a Quill, the one half cut away, or a Pen of steel (made this for the purpose, like the one half of ● Goose-quill) take off the Bud and Bark, by putting it between the Bark and wood: and be sure there be the root of the Bud in it, if there be a little hole in the middle of the Bud within, than the root is not there, throw away that bud, such will not grow, but the Bud being well taken off, then hold it by the stalk of the leaf, as before was said, and put it carefully between the bark and the wood of the small Plant prepared as before, and let the top of the bud join close to the cross cut, in the upper end: then bind the bud with a soft Rush, or Flag that is strong, bind it close to the stock, especially in the middle where the Root of the bud lies, but not just upon the Bud. After a certain time, Unbind buds in due time. the Buds must be unbound, and some sooner than others; some stocks grow more in a week, than some others in a month. Now, if this work be done early in the year, before Midsummer, upon young stocks very full of sap, these may be unbound about twenty days after, or a General Rule may be this, when a stock is so grown, as that the band about the Bud does much straighten the Bud, which may be seen by the swelling of the Plant above and below the Buds, than the band must be cut and taken off. But those that are near the end of july or after, will not need unbinding so soon. But take heed of making too much haste to unbind buds; there's less danger in suffering them to be long bound, than the contrary. Now after unbinding, you may se● which Buds take hold of the stock▪ and which do not; those that are good, are fast upon the stock, and appear in their natural colours as when they were set on▪ those that do not hold, will have lost their colour, and (it may be) be withered and dried. Cut off stocks above the Buds. Such as are good, meddle no more till the Spring, then cut off the stocks an inch or two above the Buds, so the Buds will spring out and grow according to the strength of the stocks. And in Autumn after they may be transplanted, or if you please, such Buds may be transplanted the next Autumn after Inoculating, which is the surer way for growing. And when these Buds have grown one year or two, then cut off the stock close to the Buds, and they w●ll cover the head as Grafts. How to carry Buds. If Buds be not ready at hand, but must be fetched many Miles in that hot time, then special care must be taken in the carriage of them. Thus, being cut from the Tree, cut off the tops of the Branches, and the leaves near the Buds as before, then bind them together, and wrap them in fresh leaves or grass to keep them cool, and they will keep good two or three days, but yet make all the haste that may be to Inoculate them. (a) Buds of App●● trees, Pear, Cherry, or Plum▪ may be Inoculated as Aprecots, and Peaches, if the shoots be strong and large. Having Grafted or Inoculated stocks, make one Letter or two, or write the name of the Fruit at length upon the stock below the Graft or Bud (whereby to know the kind of the Fruit) and if any be stolen, they may thereby be known, Mark the Stocks. being found again. It's done with the point of a Penknife, cutting through the Bark, the form of a Letter, or any other Figure or Character, whereby to know the kinds of fruits. And so much for Inoculating Buds of Fruit trees. THe choice of right kinds of Grafts, Directions in the cho●ce of Grafts and Stocks. and Stocks, and the joining of them together according to their natures, is so necessary, and some observations about them are so essential to the work of profitable planting, that except they be known, and practised, men loose much of the profit they might have, if rightly observed. A few special directions in any Art, though consisting but of few lines, containing ●he Principles, and essential parts, are better, and more to the advancement of the Art, then great Volumes upon the same Subject, when men (as many do) rove about upon unnecessary things, and strange fancies, without any solid grounds, beside the life of the business. If men miss the Principles, and essentials of an Art, they discourse of it to little purpose. So also in the practice: and therefore it has many times fallen out, that some men having laboured much, and spent much time and cost in Planting Fruit-trees, yet their labours have not succeeded well, because there has been mistakes in some principal, and very material things; either the Trees have not grown well, or if prospered, and come to a large growth, yet they have not born Fruit well, or if grown; and born fruit, and store of fruit, yet if the fruit hath not been right good, and of the best, it hath been a great discouragement, not only to themselves, but to others who have seen it. Now, among all Observations about this Art of Planting Fruit-trees, I know none of greater moment, or more essential to the profitable proceeding in it, than the choice of right kinds, and the joining of Grafts, Buds, and Stocks fit for each other. I shall therefore mention some particulars of the Twelve kinds of Fruit-trees, which I have made choice to speak of, and show which I account most profitable, and best to propagate and increase, and how they fit several stocks when the Cyences are to be Engrafted, or buds Inoculated. First, 1 Of Apples Choose the best bearing kinds. concerning Apples: In the choice of Apple-Grafts, we must consider not only the goodness of the Fruit, but also, whether the Trees be good bearing Trees naturally: whether such as have known them divers years, can say by experience, they bear well, but many look not after this so much, as what kind of fruit it is, in respect of goodness. And thence it comes to pass, that some men having store of fair, large Fruit-trees, they have but little fruit from them. Therefore let the generality of Fruit-trees (both in the Orchards and in the Fields) be of right kinds in respect of bearing, as well as in respect of goodness of the fruit; and then for variety, there may be some of other kinds of good and choice fruits, though they bear but few and seldom. And for particular kinds of Apples, I commend the Summer Pearmain, and the Winter Pearmain, not only for special fruits, but also for good bearing kinds. So likewise the small spice Pippin, a good Apple, and great bearer; The Harvey Apple is a very choice fruit, and the Trees bear well. The Queen Apple is a great bearing fruit, and good, so the Gilloflour. * The Golden Pippin, a very special Apple, and great ba●er, great Russeting, Kerton Pippin, Holland Pippin, as some call it. Many other kinds might be named, that are special good fruits, & great bearing kinds, and some prefer one kind, and some another. But the great and general Rule in this, and all other kinds of fruits, is, to take Grafts from those Trees which are known by experience to bear store of fruits, and good, and to multiply these as much as may be. As for Stocks fit for Apple Grafts, I account Crabtrees better then sweeter Appletrees to graft on, because they are usually free from the Canker, and will become very large Trees, and will last longer than Stocks of sweeter Appletrees, and will make fruits more strong, and hardy to endure Frosts, and cold weather in the spring: yet it is good to choose stocks of some pleasant Apples, to graft some choice fruit upon; Because that the stock hath some small influence upon the fruits, to make them more delicate, if grafted upon a choice stock. Although notwithstanding the graft may be said to Govern, as is showed at large. 2 Of Pears. As for Pears, there are multitudes of kinds, as well as of Apples, some preferring one kind and some another, and one and the same fruit is called by several names, in several places. A late Author says, he is persuaded there are 400. or 500 several kinds of Pears. Now therefore, it is a point of wisdom to choose Grafts from the best bearing kinds, although (it may be) not so delicate to eat as some others. I know none but they are very useful and profitable. The Windsor Pear is accounted one of the best with us, some kinds bear not well, but some others do, therefore observe the former Rule. The Summer Burgamet is a choice fruit, and the Trees bear well; so also the Winter Burgamet. But for a constant bearing kind. The Winter Boncriten is an excellent fruit, so the summer, but bears not so well as the winter kind. I know none better than the Catherine Pear, both the Russet and the Red; but they must be quickly spent, for they are no lasting fruits. The Greenfield Pear, is an excellent Pear, and a great bearer. There is a Pear they call a Choke-Pear, which is accounted a special kind for Perry, although the Pear to eat, is stark naught, and therefore men may adventure to plant the Trees in the fields and hedges, and need not fear stealing of the fruits. I advise (for that reason) to plant many of the Trees, on purpose to grind the fruits for Perry. Mr. Parkinson says, the Perry of these Pears, is scarce discerned from Wine, neither by taste nor colour, after it hath been kept certain months. The best kind of stocks to graft Pear-grafts upon, are such as come of the Seeds or Kernels of Pears. I know no difference among these, but all good to graft upon▪ And I utterly dislike grafting these Fruits upon Whitethorn, or upon any kind of stocks beside Pear-stocks. The fruits are naught (having a hard and stony core) if grafted upon a Thorne-tree. 3 Of Cherries There are many kind of Cherries. The Flanders-cherry is most generally planted here in England, and is a great bearing fruit. Some of them (if planted against a southwall) are almost as soon as the May-Cherry, they follow close after: The May-Cherries are tender, the Trees must be set in a warm place, upon some smooth southwall, or morning sun, but the Flanders hear well in Orchards, and Fields at large. The black Hart-Cherry, is a very special fruit, and a great bearing-fruit; and doubtless exceeding proper to press for Wine, either to drink of itself, or to mix the juice with Cider to give it a colour, as Claret-wine. It being of a deep red, & a small quantity of it, will colour a gallon of Cider or white-wine. There is a Cherry we call the great bearing cherry, of Mr. Millen. It may very well be called the great bearer, for the Trees seldom fail of great store of fruits, although in a cold, and sharp spring. It is something a tart fruit, of a very deep red, almost blackish, when full ripe. The juice is very proper to colour Cider, Perry, White-wine, or the like. These kinds are not ripe so soon as they are red, as the Flanders are, but should grow 10 days, or a fortnight after, until they become a very deep red: These (being somewhat late ere they be ripe) will hang upon the Trees until October, or after, especially if the Trees grow in the shade, and then they are rarities as much, or more than those in May: the White-cherry (the right kind) is a delicate fruit, there are many more kinds, I have above twenty several kinds of Cherries in my Garden. The great bearing Cherry aforementioned, is most fit for cold Countries in the North-parts, and although it be not altogether so pleasant as some other Cherries, by reason of the tartness of the juice, yet let men know, that sharp Cherries are more wholesome than the sweet. And such as plant Trees of this kind, may have good store of Fruits, when others (it may be) want, who have none of these Trees. Concerning Stocks fit for Cherrytrees, ● account the Black-Cherry-stock the best to graft any kind of Cherry upon. Yet some hold the Red-Cherry-stock is best for May-Cherries. But the Black-Cherry-stocks are goodly strait Plants and full of Sap, and become greater Trees than the Red-Cherry-trees. 4 Of Plums. There are very many kinds of Plums, many more than of Cherries. I esteem the Mustle-Plum one of the best, being a fair large Purple-plush, and of an excellent relish, and the Trees bear abundantly. The Damazeene also is an excellent fruit. The Violet, and Premorden Plum-trees, are very great bearing Trees, and the fruits pleasant and good. The Damasco-Plum, is a good Fruit, and the Trees bear well. Many other kinds might be named, very good Plums; some approve of one kind, and some of another, but the driest plums which part from the stones, are accounted best. Plum-Grafts must be grafted upon Plum-stocks, not upon Cherry-stocks, or any other kind of stocks, that I know. The White Pear-plum-stocks are accounted the best and the Damson-stocks the worst, being dry stocks: so that Grafts cannot so well take, nor thrive upon them. Those stocks of Plums which have large leaves and full shoots, I account the best, as being fullest of sap. Graft not Plum-grafts upon Cherry stocks, nor Cherries upon Plums, as some prescribe: different kinds will not agree together. They'll grow (it may be) a year, or two, & then die. Though Aprecocks are (in the general) accounted Plums, 5 Of Aprecocks. yet because of the excellency of the fruit, they may be spoken of by themselves. I know but few kinds of them, but some I know to be far better bearers, some are larger than others, and some sooner ripe than others; all good fruits. There's one kind that is a very great bearer and a fair large fruit, observe then those Trees that usually bear well, and get Buds from them at the season to Inoculate, as is showed pag. 50. for these must be propagated only by the bud, not by grafting. I account the White-pear-plum-stocks the best to Inoculate Aprecock buds upon, although they may be done upon other Plum-stocks with good success, if they be good juicy stocks, able to give a large nourishment, for Aprecock-trees require much nourishment. I shall join the Nectrine with the Aprecock, although another kind of fruit. The best kind that I know is the Roman red Nectrine. But it is very hard to be propagated: as for Grafting, none take that way, and but few with Inoculating, which I conceive is the reason it is the dearest of all Plants with us. The Yellow and Green Nectrines, are much short of it in goodness. The White Pear-Plum-stock (though accounted the best for any plum, yet I find) is scarce good enough, for this fruit to be Inoculated upon it, though some do indifferent well. But I hold it best to Inoculate the Roman red Nectrine upon the Branch of an Aprecock, which before hath been Inoculated upon a good Plum-stock, that it may give not only a larger, but a finer nourishment then ordinary Plum-stocks can do: upon these stocks they take and hold exceeding well, and also upon Peach-stocks. 6 Of Peaches Of Peaches Of Peaches there are divers kinds: I know by experience, the Nutmeg, and Newington Peaches, to be excellent tasted fruits, and very good bearers, especially the Nutmeg-Peach, which makes amends for the smallness of the fruit: but the Newington-Peach, is a very large and gallant fruit. These require choice Plum-stocks to be Inoculated upon, as the White Pear-plum-stock, or else stocks coming of Peach-stones. I know but one kind of Figs that come to ripeness with us in England. 7 Of Figs. The great Blue fig, as large as a Catherine-Pear. The Trees grow in divers Gardens in Oxford, and bear their fruits to perfect ripeness: The trees must be set against a Southwall, and be spread up with nails, and Leathers; or if Planted upon warm land, and in a warm place, they will bear well on Standards. These Trees are increased from the Root of the old Tree; draw up the small suckers, and plant them; These need neither Inoculating, nor Grafting: also bend the boughs (that are lowest) down into the earth, and they'll take root, as Vines, which may be cut off, and transplanted. Some Authors affirm that there have been Vine-yards in England in former times, 8 Of Grapes. though they be all destroyed long since. Divers places retain the name of Vine-yards still. At Bromwel-Abby in Norfolk, and at Elie in Cambridgshire, which afforded wine: what else is the meaning of these old Rhymes? Quatuor sunt Eliae; Lanterna, Capella, Mariae Et Molendinum, nec non dans Vinea vinum. Englished thus: Four things of Elie Town much spoken are, The Leaden Lantern, Mary's Chapel rare. The mighty Mil-hill in the Minster field, And fruitful Vineyards which sweet wine do yield. And doubtless men might Plant Vines with good success, to make good wine even with us. There are many kinds of Vines, See more at large in the Table. but I know none so good, and fit for our Climate as the Parsley Vine, with the white and red muskcadine, we see by experience yearly these bear abundance of fruits unto perfection. Or Canada Grape. And whosoever will plant Vines in England, I think he cannot meet with better kinds than these, both for bearing and goodness. The Frantiniack Grape is of great Account with many, and is a special fruit, where it comes to perfect ripeness, which it hardly does, except the Vine be set upon the Southwall, where it may have much sun. The Red, and white Muskcadine Grape are special fruits, and bear very well, and come to perfect ripeness, if the Vines grow upon the Southwall, or upon the East-wall, which is best next. There is the Curran Grape, Cluster Grape, and many other kinds of good Grapes; and the fruits are better or worse, according to the place they grow in; If they have much sun, and be well ordered, the fruit will be better and sooner ripe. Vines are increased by laying down branches into the earth, in the winter, or spring, letting them grow still upon the Tree, until removing time the year after; and then they may be cut off, and the Roots taken up, and planted elsewhere: Also the Cuttings will grown laid in the ground in the winter, or spring, though they grow but weakly & slowly for a year, or two. We have in these parts the English, 9 Quinces: and the Portugal Quinces; the Portugal I esteem as the better, both for bearing, and use; These are increased by suckers from the Roots of the trees; and the boughs also cut off, and cut in pieces a yard long, or more, or less, and laid in the ground, will grow (as Vines and Mulberry cuttings) and bear the same fruits; These kind of trees are commonly long ere they bear fruits. It is observed that Qince-trees bear much better in fat moist ground●, than in drier grounds, as is seen upon some Ditch sides, and rank soils about London 10 Of Mulberries. There are two kinds of Mulberry-trees with us in England, the Black, and the White. As for the White I never saw any of its fruit, they very seldom bear well with us. But the Black Mulberry-tree never fails of fruit after it is grown up. These trees are not increased by Grafting or Inoculating, but by Cuttings from the Branches, or sides of the trees: Cut a bow off as big as a man's arm, and after cut it in small Truncheons, or pieces a yard long or less, lay these small and great, in the ground a foot deep, only the one end out of the ground a hands breadth or two, or there abouts in good fat ground somewhat moist, and after a year, or two, didivers young springs may be drawn from the Roots, and Planted at a fit distance, and the old Roots will yearly send out more, also the branches may be bowed down and laid in the earth, on one, or several sides, which will take root and multiply abudantly, and be fit to be transplanted. 11 Of Meddlers. Meddlers may be grafted, (and they take well upon a White thorn, but I much rather approve the Grafting or Inoculating of them upon Pear-stocks: and the fruit will be much better, and the trees much larger than upon Whitethorn. Walnut-trees are propagated from the Nuts, 12 Of Walnuts. which may be set from the time of ripeness, until the spring, an inch deep or little more, and afterwards transplanted, and set at a very great distance, 24. or 30. yards asunder, for they are very large spreading trees. But if they are planted on the North or East-sides for shelter, than set them nearer. Be sure to choose of the best Nuts to set, the fairest Nuts, and thinnest shells, and good bearers. Thus much (briefly) concerning the best bearing Trees, and how they are propagated. As for those Fruit-trees which bear but little or no fruits, Graft old trees, if bad bearers. by reason that Grafts and Buds were not chosen from good bearing kinds, wherewith they were engrafted, I advise (by all means) to Graft or Inoculate such again, though great, and old Trees, such whose boughs are as big as a man's hand wrist, or smaller, may be cut off, and grafted in the Cleft with a couple of good Grafts, of good bearing kinds; but such Branches as are very great, I should rather cut off a convenient height from the ground, slope-wise, that no wet may rest on the top, and then after a year or two, to graft the small shoots or branches that are put forth, or some of them; this is a better course then to graft such great Branches, for that moisture will get into the top, and rot the Branches, and perhaps the Body too, ere the grafts can cover such great heads. Make Arbours of fruit trees. As concerning Arbours, Seats, etc. in Orchards and Gardens, I advise men to make them of Fruit-trees rather than of Privet, or other rambling stuff, which yields no profit, but only for shade. If you make them of Cherrytrees, Plum-trees, or the like, there will be the same advantage for shade, and all the Fruits superadded. All that can be objected, is, that Fruit-trees are longer in growing up, then Privet, Virgin-Bower, or the like, whereof Arbours are commonly made. It is answered, Though Fruit trees are something longer▪ in covering an Arbour, than some other things, yet they make sufficient amends in their lasting and bearing fruits: And besides, such Cherrytrees, and other kinds, may be set about the Arbours, as will reach and cover even the first year. I Shall now give some Rules concerning Transplanting young plants, Of Transplanting Trees. after a years growth, or more, whether Inoculated or Grafted. The time for this work (in general) is in Autumn, when Trees have done growing, and that is divers weeks before the Leaves fall. Stay not (as the custom is) till November or after, before you Transplant, for the best time is about the latter end of September to begin; and so on, all the Winter. It's a great advantage to remove plants betime, Early removing best. for such grow a while after in their Roots before Winter, and thereby not only preserve themselves in Winter, but also make some preparation against the Spring; which those removed in Winter cannot do. Stay not therefore till the Leaves fall ere you remove, although they may be removed then with good success, but it is not so good at that time as before. The ancient proverb is, If a growing Tree would have, Let him carry his green Leaves to his grave. Yet notwithstanding, Trees may be transplanted all the Winter. those that have many to Transplant, and cannot finish (or have no leisure) in this season which is best, they may go on, and be doing even all Winter, until the very Spring, unless Frost shut up the ground: And notwithstanding Frost or Snow all the while, if we can get into the ground, and find the mould mellow, so as that it will fall well between and about the Roots, it's then good removing Trees, although the best time is to be preferred. The time of removing being come, and the place prepared for setting them again, then be careful in taking up the Plants, dig round about them, and take off the mould from their Roots, if it be a small plant, it may be drawn up easily, the mould being taken away; if it be great, and the Roots spread much, than they may be cut about half a yard from the body of the Plant, and the greater it is, the further off cut the Roots, and so draw it up: and break off all the leaves the first thing you do, if they be not then fallen off, for the Sun and Aire (by means of them) extract the sap of the branches. The largest Plants not best. And here observe; That the Great Plants are not always best to transplant out of Nurseries into Orchards, though most men are for the greatest, when they may choose, and they think the bigger they are, the sooner they will make an Orchard: but herein they are much mistaken, for in removing great trees, there is great hazard, and many of them fail and die, and others grow very poorly, putting out only leaves the first year, or little more, though some few, in special good soil) may do well. I account young grafted Trees fit to remove, Of what bigness to remove young Trees. when they are about two inches in compass in the body, and about a yard and half, or two yards high; those about this bigness, I judge to be better than such as are five or six inches (or more) in compass, with a proportionable height; because these cannot possibly be transplanted, but their Roots must be cut very much in the taking up, and then how can those Roots (so much cut) be able to nourish so great a body, with so many branches: whereas young trees, of a smaller size, (as before is mentioned) these may be removed even with all their Roots, (which are young and small) and may be spread in the earth every way, when set again, save only the ends of the roots, must be a little cut, and these young and tender roots will sooner shoot forth in the earth than the greater sort, especially (also) because the body and branches are young and ●ender; the bark being thin, does more easily extend and enlarg by the rising of the sap, than the bark of Elder Trees. For which causes, young trees (when removed) do not only grow surer, but they also make a larger growth at first planting, than the greater and elder Trees can do; and are thereore best. Prune the Branches and Roots. But if it be so that such large trees must be set, than some of the Branches must be cut, and say not as many do, here's a fair tree already, why should we cut away any part of it? But they must be content to lose some of the branches, else they are in danger to lose all: for removing of great plants, is a great check to nature, and if a few roots cut short (as they must be when removed) be put to feed many and large branches, they'll have but slender and poor nourishment, not sufficient many times to preserve life, much less to make a large growth. But if plants be of the lesser size, you need not cut the branches, except such as cross one another, or grow too nigh together, or run up two high without spreading: but cut off the ends of the roots of all, because if cut, many small fibras or strings shoot out at the cut place, which draw nourishment for the plant, which without cutting would not. Set not Plants too deep. Plants being thus prepared, the next thing is to set them again in the ground: take heed of setting below the good soil. The hole for the Plant being digged, set in the root prepared as before, and cast in the smallest and best mould next to the roots, and see that the small mould run between all the roots; to that end, stir and shake the Plant, that there may not be any hollow place where the mould falls not, and with your hand draw up the uppermost roots and part them, that they may spread in the mould every way, and so fill it up. The young trees being thus set into the ground, Lay rotten dung, horselitter, or the like, about Trees newly set. and the holes filled up, it will be very advantageous to them to lay a Barrow-full of Rotten Muck, round about each of them, close to the body of the Plant, the fatness whereof will soak in among the roots, and make the soil special good, whereby the Trees will thrive the better: Or else to lay (instead thereof) store of Weeds, Litter, Ferne, or the like, two or three handfuls thick, this will keep the roots warm all Winter, and moist and cool in the Summer following, and makes the soil fatter, and also preserves the Trees from weeds growing about them. Trees thus ordered (by laying stuff about their roots) may be set very shallow, and thereby will be much advantaged, and prove better than such as are set deep, because in the top of the earth is the best mould, and also every shower of rain reaches the Roots and feeds them. If the Plants are fair large Plants, in danger to be shaken by the winds, then knock down a stake close to every one, and tie the Plant to it with a hay-band, or some other soft band. How to prepare trees for carriage If young Trees are to be carried many Miles to be Planted, then (being taken up carefully) lay the Roots all one way, the smallest and tenderest in the middle of the bundle, and bind them close from the roots to their tops, with a soft band, and then stuff the roots round about with straw, ●ay, moss, or the like, afterwards bind the bundle all over, from the roots to the very top, with hay, or straw bands, or something else, to preserve them from bruising; and withal, wrap something about the Roots, a thin Mat, or a piece of an old sackcloth, or any thing that will preserve the Roots from the Wind, and Sun, and from bruising: And they may be carried many hundred Miles (if need be) in Winter, without hurt. Distance of setting. As concerning distance in setting young Trees, I conceive 8. or 10. yards is little enough between Appletrees and Pear-trees, in ordinary soil, yet Pear-trees need not be planted so far asunder, as Appletrees. And if men have ground enough to plant, and good soil, I should rather prescribe to Plant them 14 or 16 yards asunder; for both Trees and Fruits have many great advantages, if planted a good distance one from another. Such are freed from frettings and galling, The 1 Advantage. that happens to Trees that thrust, and crowd one another, whereby not only the Buds, Blossoms, and Fruits, are rubbed and broken off, but also sometimes the Canker thereby breeds and destroys boughs, and branches. The 2 Advantage. Secondly, (when Trees are planted a fair distance asunder) the Sun refreshes every Tree, the Roots, Body, and Branches, with the Blossoms and Fruits, whereby Trees bring forth more fruits, and those fairer and better. The 3 Advantage. Thirdly, If Appletrees and Pear-trees are planted at a large distance, much profit may be made of the ground, under and about the Trees. Ye may plant Gooseberries, Raspberries, Currants, Strawberries, Roses, Flowers, and all sorts of Gardenstuffe, commodious as well for sale, as housekeeping, which cannot be if Trees be planted near together, as the custom is in most places, the ground being cold and shady by the Trees. Besides the Trees would have advantage by frequent digging and stirring the earth about their Roots from time to time in setting these things. The 4 Advantage. ‑ Fourthly, When Trees have room to spread as before, they will grow very large and great, and the consequences of that will be, not only multitudes of Fruits, but also long lasting; and these two are no small advantages, besides all the former. And men are mistaken, when they say, The more Trees in an Orchard, the more Fruits; for one or two fair large Trees, which have room to spread, will bear more fruits than six or ten (it may be) of those that grow near together, and crowed one another. Let men but observe, a●d take notice of some Appletrees that grow a great distance from other Trees, (and have room enough to spread both in the Roots and Branches) and they shall see that one of those Trees (being come to full growth) hath a larger head, and more boughs and branches, than (it may be) 4 or 6 or more of those which grow near together, although of the same age. Yea, I advise if men have ground enough, to Plant Appletrees 20 yards asunder: Now Trees so planted, will not reach of a long time, if ever, therefore much profit may be made of Trees Planted between, for many years, which may (when they begin to reach one another) be taken away, and disposed of for the best advantage to Plant abroad in the Fields. It is a very great, and almost a general Error, the Planting of Fruit-trees too near together, especially as to Appletrees and Pear-trees, as for standard Cherrytrees, Plum-trees, and the like, they need not be planted half the distance I speak off, 5 or 6 yards in distance is usually enough, and 7 or 8 yards, if the ground be special good: for all Trees grow much larger in some soils, then in other. As concerning the distance of Wal trees, Distance of Wal-trees. they may be planted, 2, 3, 4, 6, or more yards asunder; More or less, according to the nature of the Trees and soil. For Aprecots, and some other kinds of Plums, grow much larger than some other Trees: some Aprecot-trees in good soil will spread 7 or 8 yards wide, or more; whereas the May Cherrytree, is but small, at biggest; (it may be) 2 yards wide, or scarce above 3. It is the custom (of late); Cherry-hedges, and of Quodlings, Vines, etc. to make Cherry-hedges in Gardens and Orchards; and hedges of Quodlings, Nurs-gardens, Plums, Vines, and such like Trees, that may be kept (by cutting and plaishing one branch within another) from growing very large: These are usually made along the side of walks, or round about a Garden-plot▪ and such a hedge is a very great Ornament to a Garden, being ordered and kept handsomely: Now Trees set to this purpose, need the least distance of any other, Distance of Trees in a Cherryhedg a yard asunder, or an Ell, or more or less according to the bigness, and spreading of the young trees; for these should meet (or near it) the first year; which should be ordered thus. How to set and order a Cherryhedg or of Quodlings, etc. Stretch a line from one end to the other, where the hedge is to be made, and set the Trees strait at the distance aforesaid: Afterwards, knock down a stake between each Tree, Or its (in some respects) best to let the staking, and Poling of it alone until the spring. The stakes and Rods (if done then) will be fresh all Summer. then having strait, long Rods, or Poles of Ash, or the like: tie a row of them along from one end to the other, (about a foot from the ground) fast to the stakes with Osiers, or such like; or else nail them, which is better; and another row of Rods a foot above them, and so a third (if need be) according to the height of the young Plants; having thus done, spread and tie the branches, and twigs of the Trees (in order) to the Poles, but not too hard, and draw, and fasten some of them down close to the ground, that so there may be blossoms and fruit from the bottom to the top, which will be a most beautiful sight to behold in Spring and Summer: then after a few years, the Stakes and Poles may be taken away, and the branches plaited and woven one within another, from year to year, and the superfluous ones cut off. Yet, notwithstanding what hath been said for a more than ordinary distance between Appletrees, Nearness best in some respects. and Pear-trees; this may be said for nearness of setting; That it is best for present profit; for if Appletrees, Pear-trees, etc. be set 4 or 5 yards asunder, there will be room enough for them for divers years, perhaps it may be a dozen, 16 or 20 yea●s ere they meet, and all that time a man have the fruits of them, and then when they meet, he may (and it will be best to) cut down each other: or (if they be not too great) to remove them to some other place. These Trees are the best to be set at large in Pastures and other Field lands: taken up with large Roots and disbranched; and set with 3 or 4 stakes about them, that Cattle rub not upon them. And although they be for nothing but the fire, yet for that they will be more worth than they cost at first, and all the fruits they have born to that time, are superadded; as for standard Cherrytrees, 4 or 5 yard's distance is convenient. As for those who have but small quantities of ground to plant, it will be most profitable to plant near together, as may conveniently be, not only for the advantage of the quantity of fruit of each other tree, which may afterwards be taken away; but also, that they may have variety of fruits, even in a small compass of ground. But those that have room enough, I say (as before) let the Trees be Planted at a large distance one from another, for the Reasons alleged, pag. 65. Order in setting trees Concerning Order in setting Trees, though it be not essential to a good Orchard, yet if men stand upon it, they may measure out a square plot of ground (more or less) by a line, and then measure the distance that must be between every tree; according to the kinds that are to be planted, and according to the goodness, or nature of the soil as hath been said. And having measured exactly the square plot, and the distance of the Trees, set a stake or pole in the place where every tree must stand, and dig the soil round about it, a foot deep, and three foot broad, then set the four corners first, then fill up the square plot; on all the four sides with plants, ordered as before, and so go on to fill up all the other places in the Plot, exactly by the line, or by the eye, if there be four or five persons to assist in the work. And by this means the Trees will stand in Rows every way. This square once planted, though but small at first, may be enlarged every way as the ground permits, or else the Orchard may be drawn out in length, and yet the Trees stand in a right line every way by this means; and if the Trees are set at a great distance, one may be planted in the midst, at equal distance from each one in the Qnincunx. In setting all sorts of Trees, A special Rule in transplanting. consider what soil they come out of, whether a fat and forced soil, (as divers of the Nurseries about London) or some ordinary natural soil. If they come out of very good ground, then procure as good or better, if it may be had, (though but a little) to lay next to their roots when they are set again. Weeds, Dung, and such like, laid on a heap, will become good mould in a short time, but such heaps lying together divers years, are then special mould for the roots of young Trees at their first setting. This should always be observed, To plant Trees in as good or better soil, being removed, as that out of which they were taken. For every thing in nature, advanced to the better, it is grateful and beneficial to it, but if it be carried to the worse, it is a check and repulse to nature; and such a one as that, if it be in any great degree, it either much weakens it, or quite destroys it. Therefore choose Trees out of poor soils, but if they must be had out of rich soils, then be sure to procure some (more or less) of as good, or better then that out of which they are removed, to lay to their Roots, when set again. For want of observing this course, many hundreds of good plants have been lost from time to time. The ordering of young Plants, the first and second year of planting, has an influence upon them many years, which if neglected then, the labour and diligence of many years after, cannot countervail it; the ordering of Cattle while they are young, either makes or mars them; so of Trees, and other things in some proportion; but after they have well taken Root the first and second year, they will then grow in ordinary soils, the great danger is at first planting. Wall-trees. Concerning Wall-trees: the Aprecot, Peach, Nectarine, Vine-tree, etc. these and such choice fruits, must be planted upon a South-wal, if it may be: The best next that, I account the East-wall, and the West not so good, on the North-wall, fruits will be late ripe; thence they may be got when others are gone. So that its best to plant the North-wall, not only to have fruits thence late ripe, but also for the beauty, and comeliness of the Garden, all the walls being covered with fruit-trees. These trees being set, (as before is said) they must be plaisht, or spread upon the Wall, being young, (and so from year to year as they grow greater) with Nails and Leathers. And as they grow larger, cut not the utmost sides or top branches, until they be spread as large as they should spread; and be sure to lead the main and biggest branches along the sides of the wall both ways, and suffer them not to rise strait up, as naturally they will, but correct nature by art; be sure to furnish the bottom of the wall first. Wall-trees must be pruned from year to year, Prune Wall-trees. first in Summer, secondly in Winter. About the end of june, or middle of july, the Aprecot-trees (especially) will have put out many large shoots, some of which must be cut off, and others spread up to the wall, where there is room for them. Tie up as many as you can conveniently with Leathers and Nails, and cut the rest off, which will not so well spread to the Wall; and spread the branches as that the fruits (which by that time will be grown towards their bigness) may have the Sun to refresh and ripen them, 1 In Summer. but yet pluck not off the leaves as some do, for if a hot time come after, the Sun may even spoil the Fruits. 2 In Winter. Secondly, So soon as the leaves are fallen off, the branches that cross one another, or are not well placed, must be rectified; or any of the great boughs which are grown old, and have but few small branches upon them, may be cut off, which must not be cut off in Summer time, lest that too great and sudden obstruction of Sap, kill the whole Tree. But the cutting of the small branches in Summer, is some small check and stop to the Sap, and hinders the excessive rising of it at that time, which else would spend itself in large superfluous branches, and so rob the fruits. This Winter Pruning, is chiefly for the well-ordering of the branches that could not be well placed (by reason of the fruits and leaves) in Sommer-time, and for the cutting off of great branches, when need is. It is a great error amongst some, who suffer all the young and large shoots to grow as much as they will, all Summer without cutting, Error in Pruning. and then in Winter they usually cut all, or most of them quite off from the trees, and preserve only the old stumps, or biggest branches of the Trees, and by this means in the middle part of the Tree, and near the Root, there are few, or no young branches to be seen: Whereas they should preserve all the young branches to spread up against the Wall, until it be full of small boughs. And then some young shoots every year, may be cut off as before. And in cutting away branches, Observation in Pruning. be sure to take those away that grow the straightest out, and will not so easily be bowed to the wall as the other: And preserve branches as low, and as near the ground as may be, and cause them to bend, and grow straight along the sides of the wall both ways; and suffer not the biggest branches to rise strait upward, (as commonly most do) but nail them downwards, to furnish the bottom of the Wall. As for great Trees in the Orchards, Pruning old standard-trees. Fields, Hedges, etc. they must be Pruned from year to year, as need is, in October, November, or afterwards observe to cut off the superfluous branches, such as cross one another, and such as grow too close, so as the Sun cannot well come about the bearing branches: Leave no dead Twigs or Branches, and scrape off the Moss that is upon the Body and great Branches. Ordering the Roots of old Trees. Opening the Roots once in two or three years is profitable to some Trees, especially such as grow upon dry and barren grounds. In November (or there abouts) take away the Earth round about the Roots, a yard broad or more, and so leave the Roots bare and open all Winter; that the Rain, Snow, beams of the Sun, etc. may refresh the bottom Roots, and make the ground be●ter: At Spring fill up the holes again with some good fresh mould, or rotten muck, to feed and refresh the Trees. In blossoming and knitting time water the Trees, (especially those on dry ground) this makes them hold their Fruit the better. So also of Lees of Wine, the washing of strong Bear-barrels, Blood of Cattle, dead Dogs, Carrion, or the like, laid, or put to the Roots of Trees, when opened (as before) is found very profitable unto fruit-bearing, and exceedingly revives old decaying Trees. And it is very necessary (in order to the thriving, and well bearing of Fruit-trees) that they have some good fresh mould or soil laid to their Roots once in three or four years, except they grow in special good ground: for great and large Trees, do suck and draw the fertility of the ground exceedingly: such great and vast bodies cannot be nourished to thrive well, with a little; therefore help them as they have need: it may be perceived when they have need by the poorness of their shoots and fruits. As opening them, and putting in soil is good; so also take a Bar of Iron (in Winter time) and make many holes among their Roots, and pour in Beasts blood, washings of Beer vessels, Fat-water, or the like: These very much refresh the Trees. But in case the soil about the Roots be over fat and fertile, Abate the over-fatness of soil. this may hinder bearing, for it will cause Trees to shoot forth great large shoots, and to send forth broad leaves, and but little fruit: if so, then take away some of the fertile soil, and put in instead, sand or cole-ashes, or any stuff that is barren, that it may dry up, and abate some of the too full feeding that the Trees had, and so cause fruitfulness. Though meat and drink be never so good and wholesome, yet excess hurts, the body. And further observe: That Mowing of grounds yearly, Pasturing Orchards, better than Mowing. where Fruit-trees grow, is exceeding prejudicial to Trees (unless the soil be very fertile). But pasturing of Orchards and Grounds where Fruit-trees grow, is observed to be of great advantage to their prospering, and bearing fruits. When Cattle are suffered to lie and Pasture under and about the Trees, they much benefit the Roots by their warmth in sitting, and by their soil, which soaks down among the Roots, and is a great refreshing to them, as hath been found by clear Experience. Therefore permit Cattle (if it may be convenient) to lie and Pasture, under and among Fruit-trees, (after they are grown strong, and out of their reach) save o●ely at those seasons when Fruits are ripe, because rubbing against the Tre●s, would shake down the Fruits, and spoil them. And it were better they did not rub against the Trees at any time, for in that respect they may do hurt, therefore set stakes or posts about the Trees for the Cattle to rub against, whereby the Trees may be preserved. Concerning Transplanting, Pruning, and ordering the Roots of Trees, thus much. See further, Errors in Practice. Diseases Incident to Fruit-trees. FRuit-trees are subject to divers Diseases Baptist. Port. says, De cultu & insit. l c. 35. Affliguntur Plantae omnes, veluti Animalia, diversis morbis. All Trees or Plants are afflicted with divers Diseases as sensible creatures. And therefore we should apply ourselves to cure them, not for pity to the Trees (as the indulgent compassionate Manichees) but for our own profit. I shall (at present) mention only four diseases that sometimes happen to Fruit-trees. Mossiness, Bark-bound, Canker, and Worms. Concerning Mossiness of Fruit-trees, the way to cure that (and other diseases) is to take away the Cause, 1 Mossiness. sublatâ causâ, tollitur effectus. if the Spring be stopped, the streams cannot run. Some to cure this, only scrape off the Moss, not endeavouring to take away the Cause, so that in few years they are as bad again; that's but like endeavours for cure of the Toothache, or Gout, or the like, with some outward applications, which, although they may give some ease for a while, yet they strike not at the Root, they remove not the Cause, and therefore they return again. So that it must be considered what the Cause of Mossiness is, sometimes it is caused by over coldness of the ground, as in waterish and clay grounds, likewise by Barrenness of the soil. If it be Coldness through moisture, then use all means to lay it dryer, by trenching the ground: or if it be clay ground, then bring in some warmer soils to mix with it, as Sand, Ashes, Sheeps-dung, Pigeons, or Hens-dung, or the like: If the soil be too barren, then help it by mixture of good soils round about the Roots. But withal, take away the Moss that is already upon the Trees, in this manner; after Rain, rub it off with a Haircloth; else scrape it off with a piece of hard wood in the form of a knife. 2 Bark-bound Another is the Bark-bound disease: This exceedingly hinders the growth of Trees: it makes them live lingeringly and poorly: This happens, when there is but a dull, and slow passage up of sap, and in small quantity, either by reason of barrenness of soil, or want of due culture to the Branches, therefore if the soil be barren, it must be mended, and likewise some of the branches cut off, and the rest scored down all along to the Root, through the ●ark, on each side, with some cross cuts and ●icks in the bark: let this be done in the spring time, and the Sap will arise more plentifully. Another disease is the Canker, 3 Canker. natural ●o some, but accidentally hapening to others by bruises, etc. This hurts many, ●nd spoils some. To cure it, cut it out, if 〈◊〉 be upon the body, or great boughs of ●rees, and wash the place with Cowdung ●nd Urine mixed; and then cover the place with clay mixed with Horse-dung, and ●ut off the small branches that are dead, out withal, endeavour to stop the fountain, and cause of it, (being a sharp and virulent sap) by laying Cole ashes, or ashes of ●urnt-wood, Nettles, Ferne, and such like vegetables, to the roots; but if the Trees grow upon gravel ground, they'll hardly be cured without altering the soil in a great measure. Some Trees are hurt with small worms that breed between the bark and the wood; 4 Worms. which cause the Bark (in that part) to rise ●nd swell sometimes: this being perceived, the worms must be cut out, and the place washed with Urinal and Cowdung. Secondly, 2 Mischiefs incident to fruits. concerning Mischiefs incident to Fruits: by Caterpillars, Ants, Earwigs, Snails, Wasps, Birds, and cold, and strong Winds. 1 Caterpillars In the Springtime, Caterpillars breed (and devour many buds, blossoms, and young fruits, especially in a dry season:) of the Dew and Leaves (as one says) when the East-wind blows much, L. Bac. nat. hist. p. 148. which causeth that moist and slimy matter to vivify. They breed also (as is observed) of the Spawn of Butterflies. Now, how to destroy them. I know no better way then to pluck off those leaves which have the Cobwebs made upon them, (in which they breed) and tread them under foot, for one of them contains multitudes. And for those that escape, being upon the Trees, some smoke them with straw or such like, which makes them fall off. They may be destroyed also by squirting water up into the Trees among the boughs, which washeth them off. 2 Ants. Secondly, Ants and Pismires hurt fruits, multitudes creep up into some Trees, and eat the fruits. Therefore seek out their hills where they breed and lie, and pour in scalding water among them till they be destroyed. Yea, sometimes they be under, or near the roots of Trees, and do very great hurt, and almost kill some Trees, these must be digged out, and destroyed by hot water, or some other way. Also, anoint the bottom of the Trees near the Root with Tar round about, that so these little Thiefs may be taken Prisoners by sticking in it. Thirdly, 3 Earwigs. Fruits (growing ripe) are sometimes eaten with Ear-wigs. One way to destroy them, is by setting Oxe-hoofs, Canes, or any hollow thing near the Roots of the Trees, and among the Boughs, upon the ends of sticks, and they'll creep in, and lie there, then take off these hoofs quickly, and shake them into a bowl of water, or crush them with your foot upon the ground. These Creatures do most mischief to Wall-trees, 4 Snails. especially upon old walls. Pick them off betime in the morning, and destroy them. But if you keep the wall well pointed with lime, that they have no harbour there, and the Roots clean from weeds you'll not be much troubled with them. To keep them from some choice Trees and Fruits, strew ashes round about. Another mischief incident to fruit, is by Wasps and Hornets sometimes; 5 Wasps. some find out their nests, and are so bold as to destroy them there by scalding water, or some other way. Another way to destroy them, is by hanging Earthen Pots half full of water in Trees, daubed in the innerside with honey, & they will leave the fruits, and fall to the honey, and having sucked of it, they fall into the water and perish. This way destroys multitudes. 6 Birds. Birds also spoil buds and fruits: the Bulfinch and Jennet, in the Winter time and Spring, eat up multitudes of buds of Cherrytrees, Aprecot-trees, and Plum-trees, which are prepared for blossoms and fruits, and being ripe, they peck and eat many: you may destroy them, by setting Lime-twigs (with baits) in the Trees, and kill some with a Cross-bow, and hang them in the Trees. And Clack-Mills may be set in divers places in the Orchard, which will affright them: also bruise Ratsba● very small, and mix it with Oatmeal, and lay it in small percells in divers places, and the birds eating of it will die. This is a sure way to kill many. 7 Winds. But the greatest mischief incident to fruits, is by cold winds: and Frosts in the Spring time, and by strong winds in Summer and Autumn: which shake off the fruits: against the hurt of cold winds, and frost Wall-trees may be covered for a certain time while they are knitting (being exceeding tender) and great standard Trees may be smoked in knitting time, setting on fire some moist straw, (or any thing that will make a smoke) under and among the Trees. Likewise, Plant such Trees as will grow high upon the North or East, that may be a good shelter continually against these cold winds, which is the best course: the Orchard must be defended (if it be possible) with some high Trees on the North, East, and West sides, or so planted, that they may have houses, hills, or something or other, to break off these winds from the Fruit-trees. So much concerning Diseases and Mischiefs, incident to Fruit-trees, and Fruits: with their Cures and Remedies. The Alimental and Physical use of Fruits. FRuit-trees being Planted, and duly ordered to Fruit-bearing, then comes the joyful Harvest, the End of all our labours; then we make use of Fruits as may be most for our profit: I shall speak of the use of Fruits, in respect both of their Alimental and Physical use. First concerning the use of Apples. Of Apples. When Apples are ready, they may be disposed of divers ways, some for Cider, others for sale, others for daily dishes to the Table, ordered many ways. Apples best for Cider. Some prefer one sort, as best for Cider, and some another: In Herefordshire, and some other parts, the Redstreak is generally preferred for Cider, before Pippins, Pearmains, or any other kinds: yet some others, prefer Pippins, Pearmains, Gilli-flower-Apples, as best for Cider, as having in them a more Cordial juice than other Apples: And some differ from these, and say the Apples known by the name of eliot's, make the best Cider, and call it the Sack of Cider: Others cry up the Stoken Apple, as best of all for Cider. I shall not stand to dispute which is best for Cider; Increase the best kinds for Cider. but seeing they are all so good, as that an Argument is raised, which are best for Cider? My advice therefore is, that men propagate, and increase great store of Trees of all these kinds, and other sorts of Fruits, which (by experience) are found to be good for Cider: And then every man may take where he likes, and please his Palate, with that that suits best with it. But without doubt, the Redstreak (which is a kind of Wilding, and somewhat hard and brisk) and generally all hard Apples and Wildings, which have a lively, pert, brisk juice, (so that they come not too near the degree of stark Crabs) All these kinds, I say, make excellent Cider, which experience shows, and confirms from year to year. Cider made of hard, Some Cider sooner ready than other kinds, harsh fruits, is not so soon ready for drinking, as that of summer fruits, and those more pleasant: That made a Table-fruit, being earliest ripe, is ready to drink, even so soon as it's well settled and cleared; but that of hard Apples, not till Summer following, and will continue good for two or three years, or longer: and if well kept in good vessels, well stopped, and in a good cool Cellar, will somewhat improve in keeping. How to make Cider and Perry. Now, for the making of these Liquors of Cider and Perry, I shall only mention it briefly, for their sakes that know it not; Some have Cider-Mills on purpose, wherein they grind the Apples, as Tanners do their Bark, and then bring them to the Press; others Pound them in Troughs, till they be small; it comes all to one: The Liquor being strained out, carry it to the Vessels prepared for that purpose, and ton it up: The Vessel being full, let it rest certain days, till the Barm begin to fall, then put in a handful of Bay-salt (this makes it draw fresh, even to the bottom) so stop it up very close with a Cork, yet leave a little Venthole in the top near the Tunhole, with a peg in it, and once in a day or two, give vent there, while it ferments, and works strongly, lest it break the Vessel: afterwards stop up the Venhole very close also. Or else lay ●ravel upon and round about the Tunhole. Then mix Clay and Bay-salt together, and lay it upon, and round about the Tunhole, that so no Air may get in, nor Spirits of the Liquor get out; make the Clay hollow in the midst, and lay on it some Bay-salt, this keeps it moist all Summer, otherwise it may chap, and let in Air, to the prejudice of the Liquor; the close stopping of Vessels, is of great advantage to the Cider. When Cider is well cleared, Of botling of Cider. towards the Spring, (and so afterwards) some may be Bottled, if we would improve it to the utmost: Stone-bottles, or Glas-bottles, both are good, into each bottle, put a quantity, (more or less, as each one pleaseth) of white lump sugar, which I prefer before Lofe-sugar, it being sophisticated with Lime, Allome, and other things) then fill the bottle with the Liquor, yet not altogether full, but let be the space of an inch or two between the Liquor and the Cork: then Cork it well; let not the Cork be too little, so as to go in easily; but take a full Cork, that must be knocked in about half way: for the well Corking of Bottles, (though the direction may seem trivial) is of great concernment to the goodness of the Liquor. The liquor being thus well Bottled, How to keep bottles of Cider. may be kept in several places, either in Gravel or Sand, in a Cellar up to the neck, and some may be sunk down into water, in some secure, convenient place; or otherwise wise to keep them cool, and exclude the Air, especially in the heat of Summer. And in this season, let the Corks be bound down close with a Packthread, else some of them will be thrown out by the liquor, especially if they be carried abroad, or laid in a Chamber where the Air is warm. Many things more might be said concerning the ordering of Cider, according to several men's opinions and experiences: these things (briefly mentioned) are plain and practical, and comprehend many other particulars. Of the healthfulness of Cider. Cider that is made of good Fruits, and well ordered, is the most wholesome drink, and so it is accounted by Learned and judicious Physicians, they do much magnify Syrupum de Pomis, the juice of Apples. See London Dispensatory: composed by a whole College of Physicians, pag. 38. Julius Palmarius lib. de morbis. pag. 248. A Famous Physician in his time, gives it this Commendation; Pomaceum e succo Malorum dulci. m● quae maturitatatem consecuta sunt, satis defaecatum, maturum, tenue, subflavum melancholicis adeò salubre el●, & omne Potionis genus bonitate vincat: That is, Cider of pleasant Apples, which are full Ripe, being well settled, cleared, and fermented, is the most wholesome drink for melancholic persons; and excels all other Liquors in goodness. And the Cider of Pippins, and Pearmains is most commended by some, as containing in them more of the Balsamum of nature, than other Apples; Et humidum radicale oleosum, spiritus vitalis vigore impregnatum: preserving the radical moisture, and vital spirits of the body, which does singularly preserve health, Ad extremum usque senium, to very old Age. Secondly, As Learned Physicians do approve of it, for the most wholesome drink; so also experience speaks, and proves the same, not only of many persons, but even of many Generations, in Hereford shire, Worcester-shire, and other Fruit Countries, where it hath been, and is of continual use. Thirdly, And besides the Opinion and judgement of Physicians herein, and continual experience in the use of it for many years; this also is a convincing Argument thereof. God hath been pleased in his Wisdom, Bounty, and Goodness to mankind, to create, and give such Commodities in every Country and Nation as are most useful, and best for the Inhabitants of each particular Climate: for instance, in Spain, Italy, and those hot Countries, they have Oranges Lemons, and Pomecitrons, which have in them the most cool refreshing juice, and liquor of any Fruits, which are most necessary, for the cooling and refreshing the Blood, Spirits, and Bodies of the Inhabibitants. And in the Northern cold Countries, God hath given them great store of Coals and Wood, for Fuel, which is not in so great plenty in hotter Countries: So also for Fruit-trees; some parts of Worcester-shire, Gloucester-shire, etc. The ground does naturally bring forth Fruit-trees; (besides the labour and diligence of men in Planting) the soil is naturally fit to receive, cherish, & increase all sorts of Appletrees, Pear-trees, etc. which bring forth abundance of Fruits, whereof to make this wholesome and best drink, Cider and Perry. And England affords the greatest store of Apples, and the best of any other Country; which is an Argument (I say) of the profitableness, and healthfulness of this Liquor, for the Inhabitants of these Climates. So then, if health and long life, be in esteem with men, they must needs also value this means thereof; the seasonable and moderate use of Cider; and consequently Fruit-trees, and the works and labours about them, as conducing to those great and desirable ends. Before you gather Apples to keep, How to keep Apples. let them be ripe, which may be known by the colour, and by the seed; cut some of them, and if the seed be turned brown, or somewhat black, such may be gathered; gather them in a dry day, pull them one by one, and put them into Baskets lined with Woollen cloth, that they br●ise not. Carry them into a loft, or upper Chamber, and lay them on Mats or Board's, not on Plaster or Clay floors, they will be moist. Lay them thin, not on heaps as some do; let the windows and holes be open, especially upon the North-side, in dry days, that the Air and Winds may dry up their superfluous moisture. Lay every kind by themselves, and pick out all the leaves, and such as rot, from time to time. Turn them sometimes, and in Frost, cover them with Mats, Straw, or the like. If Apples offend any through wind, Hist. stirp. l. 3. p. 777. eat with them Ginger, or other hot Spices, or Carroway-seeds, Fennelseeds, or the like. So Dodonaeus: Quorum malignitas vel aromatis, vel aliis corrigi potest. Apples are prepared for the Table, all the year long, many ways, (I shall not need to speak of particulars) and are pleasant and healthful to the body▪ Dodon. hist. l. 3. pag. ibid. Dulcia poma minus frigida sunt ac humida, alimentum conferunt amplius quam caetera poma. He says, pleasant Apples are less cold and moist, and afford more nourishment than others. Concerning their Physical Use. Dealiment. facul l. 2. p. 20▪ Galen ascribes heat to some kind of Apples, he speaks of their Physical property, in relaxing the belly, and says, the acid & acrid perform this: but with some difference. Haec cum calefactione, Illa autem cum refrigeratione. The Acrid do it with heat, the other with cold. Sweet Apples relax the belly more than other kinds. A good Author says, every sweet thing detergeth and relaxeth; and therefore Pears (which are generally more sweet than Apples) loosen the body more than Apples. D. Alim facult. l. 2. L. 2. c. 569. Apples also help Concoction. So Galen, Post cibum, statim, dare ipsa, etc. taken after meat. Nonnunquam autem cum pane, ad ventriculum & stomachum roborandum, eaten with bread, they strengthen the stomach. So Avicen: confortant debilitatem stomachi. Galen says, pleasant Apples are profitable in hot diseases. In Com. pr. l. Dioscor. Saepe in morbis afferunt praesidium: So Matth: Pomum coctivum non solum sanis competit, sed etiam agris: He says they are Cordial to persons in hot diseases: Calidis cordis affectibus succurrunt. Being roasted, and eaten with rose-water and Sugar: and that the pleasanter kinds are helpful against Melancholy, and are good against the Pleurisy, if roasted and eaten Glycyrrhizae succo, & saccharo, ●irifice juvant. With juice of Liquorice and Sugar, morning and evening, two hours before meat, they wonderfully help. Observe one special Physical property more of Apples, set down by a Learned and Experienced Author. These be his words. The pulp of roasted Apples, Ger. Herh. pag. 1270. four or five (if Pomewaters) mixed in a wine quart of fair water, laboured together, and drunk at night last, within an hour, doth in one night cure those that piss by drops, with great anguish and dolour; the Strangury, and all other diseases, proceeding of the difficulty of making water, but in twice taking, it never faileth in any: also the running of the Reins: which I have often proved, and gained thereby both Crowns and Credit. So the Author. Of Pears. Concerning Pears: (a) Lib. 2. de aliment. ●a p. 20. Galen says▪ they have like properties with Apples and what is said of Apples, if we attribute the same to Pears, there needs nothing anew to be said of them. Quae de Mali● diximus, si ad Pira transtuleris, nihil erit quod nos de ipsis novum dicere oportet. (b) Lib. 2. ch. 548. Avicen says, Sedant Choleram, they mitigate Choler. (c) Hist. stirp. 3. Dodonaeus commends them above Apples, for their nourishing property: Alimenta Pira omnia, amplius & copiosius, quam Mala conferunt. So * Lib. 2. Ch. 548. Avicen; Humour eorum plurimus, & laudabilior est humore pomorum. Pears make an excellent Wine, being well ordered. A late Author says, we might have Wine of Pears, and other of our Fruits, not inferior to French Wines. And another tells us, Ma. Rust. that a famous Physician of his time was not content to equal them with Wine of Grapes, but preferred them before it in every thing. Crabs, or Wildings, mixed with Pears, make an excellent Liquor, better than Pears alone. I need not tell Herefordshire, and Worcestershire men, the good properties of Perry and Cider; they know by experience it is both Alimental and Physical; that it is not only for health, but also for long-life; and that Wines made of the best kind of Apples and Pears, is a special Cordial, hearing and reviving the spirits, making ●he heart glad, as Wine of Grapes. And it has been observed, that those who drink Cider and Perry daily, or frequently, as their common drink, are generally healthy persons, and long-lived. And that it will beggar a Physician, to live where Cider and Perry are of general use. Quinces are special fruits, Of Quinces. and of manifold uses, not only for daily nourishment, but also for Physical respects, either of themselves, or mixed with other Fruits. Matthiolus commends them both for meat and medicine, boiled with honey. Com. in lib. Dioscor p. 201. Ex melle tantum & Cotoneorum carne confecta, tam ad cibi quam medicamenti commodum. So Rovilius: And that many dainties for Banquets are prepared of them: Hist. plant. lib 3. pag. 290. Multa ex Cydoniis malis parata ex iis sectis & & diutius in aqua elixis donec tabescant, etc. There are divers ways of making Marmalade of Quinces, which is known to be a good Cordial, strengthening the Stomach and Heart, both of the sick and sound. Galen says, being made with honey, it will last seven years, De●liment. sacul. lib. 2. pag. 20. and lose none of its properties, diu duret, si quis ipsum c●melle cocium asservare velit, post annos se●tem invenimus nihil in qualitate imm●tatum. Hist. stirp. lib. 3. pag. 784. Dodonaeus says, they bind strongly o● their own nature, and stay Vomiting Valde astringunt, ventriculum roborant, vimitum sedant. Quinces may be kept good a year, or (as some have said) two years, thus, put them in a Barrel, cover them with penny Ale, and once in 10 or 12 days draw it off, but stir not the Quinces, then put in fresh Ale again from time to time, this is accounted far better than usual Pickle. Others keep them thus, boil the Parings and Cores of Quinces, with Salt and Ginger, and in this Pickle they will keep divers Months. A late Author says, there's no Fruit in this Land of so manifold use as Quinces. Of Cherries De Nat. stirp. c. 64. lib. 1. Cherries are a healthful and pleasant Fruit: Ruelius says, Cerasa bonum succum creant, they breed good humours in the body; so another, Bonum sanguinem generant. Dodonaeus, accounts the tart and sharp Cherries best; Inter Cerasa optima sunt acidula. There is a pleasant and refreshing Wine, made of Cherries, in Countries where they have great store, * I have heard it from a Gentleman of very good credit, that he drank Cherry Wine of above a Twelvemonth old, which was very good Wine; whereas it was thought it would not have lasted half so long: The Morello Cherry, and other deep coloured pleasant Cherries, will make a special good Wine; the Liquor of itself, or mixed with Cider. both in their Liquor only, and the same mixed with Grapes. Wis maturis admiscentur, & deinde vinum ex his paratur gustatu gratissimum: Doubtless Cherry-wine in Summer, is a pleasant and healthful Liquor, more proper for that Season then hot Wines. Cherries boiled in broths and drinks, give a pleasant relish, and are good for hot and feverish bodies. And in Countries where there is great store, their custom is (as is credibly reported) to eat their Breakfasts of Bread, Butter, and Cherries. The School or University of Salern, gives them great commendations, and tells us, divers commodities they afford: Cerasa si comedas tibi consert grandia dona, Expurgant Stomachum, nucleus lapidem tibi tollit, Et de carne suâ sanguis eritque bonus. By eating Cherries great good doth arise, To such as use them, for the Learned wise, Say, that they purge the stomach, and beside The broken stones and kernels have, been tried To break the bladder-stone, breed wholesome blood, To fat and feed the body they be good. Another says, they increase and comfort the Liver, and that the tart and sharp close the mouth of the stomach, and make the better and speedier digestion. Com. in l. 1. Dioscor p. 198. Matthiolus says, Omnia refrigerant, rob●rant, & tibi appetentiam exitant, ideoqu● febricitantibus, ac sitientibus, facile conce● duntur à medicis Germanis. All Cherries do cool, strengthen, and stir up appetite to meat, and therefore they are (as is Recorded) readily allowed by the German Physicians, to such as have feverish, hot, and thirsty diseases; other Authors say the like, which for brevity's sake I omit. Of Plums. Come in l. 1. Dios. p. 216 Matthiolus says, Prunabilem dejiciunt, preinde ea utiliter medici ad febres, aliosque biliosos affectus reddant. Plums cast out Choleric humours, and are good in fevers, and other Choleric and hot Diseases. A late Author says, out of Damsons, and other sweet Plums, may be made a drink not inferior to some good Wines, and abundance of Aquavitae. Scholar Sal. says: Infrigidant, laxant, multum prosunt tibi Prunae. Plums cool, and lose the belly very kindly: No way offensive, but to health are friendly. Many good dishes for the Table, and delicates for Banquets, are made of Plums with honey and sugar, to use all the year, and profitable both for the sick and healthful. Galen accounts Aprecocks, Of Aprecocks. De Facult. Alimen. l. 2. p. 20. better than Peaches; Non in ventriculo, ut illa, corrumpuntur: because they are not so soon corrupted in the stomach. Avicen says, Infusio siccorum confert fo●bribus acutis. The infusion of dried Aprecocks, is profitable in sharp fevers. Can. l. 2. c. 146. Matt. tells us, that the Oil of the stones, is very profitable to anoint the heat, and swelling of Ulcers and Sores, and pains in the Ears. And that the Oil mixed with Wine, and drunk, drives stones and gravel out of the bladder and kidneys: and helps the Colic. They are ordered many ways, and all pleasant to the body, Of Peaches. L. p. 80. etc. and healthful. Dioscor says, Persica mala stomacho utilia sunt, alvum quoque bonum praestant. Peaches are good for the Stomach, L. 2. 571. Nat. Hist. p. 15. and keep the belly soluble: so Avicen, Matura sunt bona stomacho. L. 15. ●. 12. & l. 23. c. 7. Lonicerus says, Persica mala in ardentibus faebribus sumi possunt. Peaches may be eaten in barning fevers. Pliny commends Peaches as much as any fruit, even for the sick, with Wine or Vinegar; Poma Persica innocua expeti aegris, utilioraque, cum vino aut aceto, etc. Peaches eaten moderately, (for so we are to use all Fruits) are no doubt profitable to cool and loosen the belly, especially for hot constitutions; but withal take the advice of Scholar Sal. Persica cum musto, vobis datur ordine justo; Take a cup of Wine, or strong drink with them. Of Mulberries. Some make a drink of Wine of Mulberries, as Albert. Magnus tells us▪ De moris fit potus, De veget, & Plant. qui Morētum vocetur. A spoonful or two of this, will colour a quart of White Wine or Cider. Ruel says, Succus siccato pomo expressus, multum obsoniorum sapori confert, & miram gratiam commendat: the juice of Mulberries, De nat. stirp. c. 102. p. 265. pressed out and dried, and put into meats, gives them a very pleasant taste and relish. The juice of Mulberries is known by experience to be a good remedy for a sore mouth or throat, such as are perfectly ripe, relax the belly, but the unripe (especially dried) are said to bind exceedingly, and therefore are given to such as have Lasks and Fluxes. Dodoneus says, they stir up a languishing appetite, especially in hot bodies, appetentiam calore languentem excitant. So Avicen: Cant. l. 2. c. 498. Appetitum cibi faciunt. They are used by Apothecaries●or ●or many other purposes. Figs are said to nourish much, Of Figs. Nat. Hist. l. 3. p. 800. Come in l. pr. Dios. p. 230. and to breed store of blood. Dodonaeus prefers them above other Fruits, in respect they nourish very much: Alimentum amplius quam caeteri praebent: So Mat. Ficus & ●uae inter fructus autumnales principatum obtinent. We have a sort of blue Figs that come to perfect ripeness in England, which are eaten (being newly gathered) with Pepper, Salt, and Bread, and may be dried to last all the year. And (doubtless) nourish exceedingly: Some make excellent Tarts of them. Lonicerus says: Na●●ram confortant. Dioscor, commends them as profitable to those who have lost their colour by long sickness. Li. 23. c 7. Figs, according to Pliny, are restorative, and the best thing that they can eat, who are brought low by languishing sickness, and on the mending hand: they help (as another says) an old continual Cough, (being boiled with Hyssop, and drunk) also Obstructions, and other faults of the Lungs. Scholar Salern▪ commends them for divers things: Scrofa, tumour, Glandes', Ficus cataplasmata sedet. junge papaver ei, confracta foris tene● ossa. Swine's▪ Evil, Swellings, Kernels, Figs by a Plaster cure: Add Poppy to't, Then broken bones it sets them sure. Of Meddlers. Hist. stirp. l. 3. p. 789. Condiuntur hi cum saccharo; aut mello (as Dodonaeus) quo modo apparati ori ac palato grati sunt. Ordered with honey or sugar, they are acceptable and pleasant to the taste, they fortify digestion, and preserve the humours from putrefaction. They stay vomitings and looseness of th● stomach or bel●● Valentius astringunt, De l. facul. l. 2. p. 21. proinde ventri fluenti cibus est utilissimus: as Galen: Another says, Mespilorum ossicula in pulverem contrita calculos è renibus valenter pellunt. The kernels bruised to dust, and drunk in liquor (especially where Parsley roots have been steeped) do mightily drive out stones and gravel from the Kidneys. A late Author says, Meddlers are singular good for Women with Child, seeing they strengthen the stomach and stay the looseness thereof. Another says, They are very effectual for Women with Child against abortion. A late Author says, Of Walnuts. the profit of Wallnuts is infinite: They are usually eaten after meals to close up the stomach, and help digestion. And according to Avicen, Recentes sunt meliores stomacho. Can. l. 2. c. 501. Bread or Biscuit may be m●de of the meal being dried. The young Nuts pealed, are preserved, and Candied for Banqueting-stuff; and being ripe, the Kernels may be crusted over with Sugar, and kept long. Avicen says, Can. l. 2. c. 501. juglans ficubus, & Rutâ medicina omnibus venenis: walnuts, with Figs and Rue, is a preservative against all Poison. Scholar Sal. Reckons Wallnuts for one of the six things that resist poison. Allia; Nux, Ruta, Pyra, Raphanus cum Theriaca: Haec sunt Antidotum contra mortale venenum. Garlic, Rue, Pears, Radish, Treacle, and Nuts: Take these, and then no deadly poison hurts. Plin. nat. hist. l. 23. c. 18. Mithridates the great: his preservative was (as is recorded) Two walnuts, two Figs, Twenty leaves of Rue, and a grain of Salt stamped together: which taken no poison that day could hurt him. Green walnuts about Midsummer, distilled and drunk with Vinegar, are accounted a certain preservative against the Pestilence. The milk of the Kernels (as Almond-milk) doth cool and refresh the Appetite of the languishing sick body. So much for the Alimental, and Physical use of Fruits. Errors Discovered. HAving showed some profitable Instructions in this Art of Planting Fruit-trees, I think it convenient likewise to discover some Errors that I find both in the Theory and Practice of it, that men may take heed of them. Let not men think that Ancient and Learned Authors have discovered all Truths: or that all they have said is Truth: they are but men and have their Errors: August de civ. Dei. l. 19 Humanum est errare; quandoque bonus dormitat Homerus, as one says, Non est pro magno habendum quid homines senserint, sed quae sit rei veritas. It's not any great matter what men have thought, but what is the Truth of the matter. Quid ad nos, qui potius de rebus ipsis judicare debemus? What is it to us what men say, who ought rather to judge of the things that are spoken? Oporvet edoctum judicare: as L. Bacon says. Adu. of Learn l. 1. p. 45. Men that are taught, must not resign up their Reason to their Teachers, but judge of what's said. Some great and Learned Authors have asserted very weak things, and altogether untrue. L. Bacon says concerning them, That the Writings of speculative men upon active matter, seems to be men of experience, but as dreams and dotage. Indeed they go about to build Castles in the Air, (as the Proverb is) for as a building cannot be set up without a foundation, so neither can effest be produced without causes: Nullus effectus datur sine causa. They tell us of many great and desirable things, but when they come to discover the causes and means, whereby they must be effected, these are (many of them) weak and childish, and which (I suppose) proceeded from them upon their first apprehensions, without washing them in the scale of Reason, Adu. Learn. l. 1. p. 145. or trying of them by the Touchstone of Experience. And as the L. Bac. says, Those high and vaporous Imaginations, instead of a laborious and sober enquiry of truth, do beget hopes and beliefs in themselves, of strange and impossible shapes. Nat. Hist. p. 165. And elsewhere he says, The Causes and Axioms of some ancient and modern writers, are so full of imagination, and so infected with old received Theories, as they are mear Inquinatious, (or defilements) of experience. Advan. Lear. l. 1. p. 32. And these he ranks amongst the discredits of Learning, he says, Many things have been rashly (or with little choice or judgement) received, and registered, as appears in the writings of divers Authors, which are every where fraught with forged and fabulous reports, and those not only uncertain, and untried, but notoriously untrue, to the great derogation of Natural Philosophy, with grave and sober men. I shall therefore discover some of these Errors, as they concern this Art of Planting Fruit-trees, that inexperienced persons may not be deceived by them. And afterwards show some Errors in the practice of this Art, that they may be avoided. I shall divide the Errors in the Theory (or contemplative part) of this Art, into three sorts. The first sort are, Instructions hurtful and dangerous. The second are, Instructions for effecting of some things impossible to be done by the means prescribed: and others impossible to be effected by any means. The third sort are, Assigning wrong causes to Effects. For the first. A late Author, giving Instructions for Grafting, says, Graft the next Spring after remove. This, I say, is a dangerous Instruction, because Stocks removed, have so great a wound and repulse by removing only, that they cannot so well bear another so soon after so great, as Grafting would be, if in, the cleft: Therefore let stocks removed, grow a year or two before Grafting; Reason and Experience is clear enough in this. Secondly, Theophrastus giving instructions for Planting, says, Nullâ radiculorum parte detractâ, stultum est enim amittere radices quas habemus, ut acquiramus novas. Take away none of the Roots, for it is a foolish thing to lose those Roots we have, that we may get new. This is a hurtful and dangerous Instruction, for except some of the small strings, and roots be cut away, if there be many, and all the ends of the great ones, they will not put forth new Roots, as they will if cut: and multitude of Roots hinder the mould from closing on every side of every Root, as it ought to do, therefore some must be cut away, and the ends of all that are left; Experience proves this sufficiently. Thirdly, Columella giving instructions for choice of Grafts, Columel. lib. de Arbotibus. cap. 29. this is one, surculi sint bisulci. Let Grafts be double or forked. So Ruelius. This is a dangerous and hurtful instruction, because forked, or double or treble Grafts, most of them die, and those that live, grow poorly, not a fifth or sixth part (it may be) so much as single and short grafts. Fourthly, Bapt. Port. giving Instructions for choice of Grafts, says, we must take surculos pregnantes & turgentes: Grafts full and swelling with Sap. This is a bad instruction: for Grafts should be taken before they swell with Sap, for it is a repulse to Nature to cut them after sap stirs in them: neither will such take hold on the stock so soon as those which are indigent, and needy of sap: therefore let Grafts be cut from the Tree, before sap stir in them. Another says When Grafts put forth, take away the Clay, for Clay rather keeps moisture then drought, save a little in the hole. This is a hurtful Instruction; for sap will not cover the head of the stock, nor close up the clefts on both sides so soon without Clay, as with it: Clay is as a salve to a wound, which heals it up, and it rather keeps out moisture, than otherwise, if well closed; and also preserves from dry Winds, Sun, and other annoyances; therefore keep on the Clay a year or two, till the head of the Stock be covered, and the Cleft healed up. Another says, When the Grafts have well put forth, underprop them, else wrap them one within another, and tie them with wood amongst, for fear winds break them. This is a very hurtful and dangerous instruction, for all these ways do fret, and gall the bark, and (it may be) breed the Canker: And besides, it hinders the young grafts that they cannot spread into an handsome form: this course brings a certain mischief to prevent an uncertain: winds hurt but few, except they be very top-heavy; if so, then cut some of the branches till they be grown stronger below, able to bear the Top. Some Author's council us to cast glue into the place of Grafting, to glue together the two substances, or sprinkle Sugar, Cinnamon, or sweet liquor, that the fruits may retain the taste. This is a hurtful instruction, because liquor (or any other substance) put between the stock and the graft, do hinder (if not spoil) the joining of stock and graft, but if this might be done without hurt, either to stock or graft, yet would it be no way effectual for the End proposed. Of this further, see pag. 84. etc. A late Author say●, Plant not against a wall, because a Tree cannot be so long lived, nor grow to the bigness it else would do. This is a hurtful Instruction, because many kinds of Fruit-trees, as the Aprecock, Peach, Nectarine, and divers other Trees, will bear little or no fruit, except they be planted against a wall: And though it be granted, that Trees planted against a Wall, will not be so large as if planted from the Wall: Yet I suppose it's better to have a few small trees, that bear store of great fruits; then store of great Trees, that bear but a few small fruits. Columella, giving Instructions for removing Plants, L. 1. de Ar. p. 490 says, Mala aestiva, Cydonia, sorbe pruna, post mediam hyemem usque in Idus Febr. serito: Pyros Autumno, ante bruman● serito: Plant the Summer Apple, Quince, service-tree, and Plum-tree, after Winter, in February, but Pear-trees before Winter. This is a hurtful instruction, as to the first part: for Trees should be planted in Autumn, as has been said, and there is the same Reason why the Summer Appletree, and the rest, should be planted before Winter, as is for Pear-trees. See at large, pag. 60, etc. One adviseth thus: Let the Orchard be seated on some Hill-top, rather than on plain grounds, for they have better Air, and better prospects, and also contain a greater number of Trees then plain grounds. This is no good Instruction: for Orchards on low and plain grounds, have many advantages of those on high grounds, for the soil of plain and low grounds, is commonly more fertile than hill tops. Secondly, low grounds are more safe from Winds than hills, by reason of other Trees planted to secure the Orchard, and by hills, houses or other shelters; hill tops can have no defence. As for prospects on hill tops, men do not plant Orchards for Prospects, but for Fruits. And as for good Air, I suppose there is better Air (especially at some seasons) in the Orchard on plain grounds, then on hills; for in Blooming time, winds would deprive us of the sweet Air on hill tops, but on plain grounds the Air is more calm, and the perfume of the blossoms stays within the Walls, as within a perfumed Chamber. Another Author says, Set the stones of the Pear-plum a foot deep in cold ground. This is a hurtful and dangerous Instruction. For stones of any Fruits in any ground, put a foot deep, are rather buried then set, for a man shall ne'er see more of them. But set stones of any Fruits, not above two inches deep, rather something less. One giving Instructions for Inoculating: says, Take off the bark just upon some bud knob, and set the other bark thereon. This is a hurtful Instruction; for if the Bud to be Inoculated be set upon another Bud of the Stock, than the Inoculated bud cannot possibly close, unless the Root of it be out, and if the root be out, it's spoilt that way: The Author that talks thus, had never any experience in the Art of Inoculating. For buds must be set upon the smoothest part of the Stock; that they may be sure to close. Another says, Set Appletrees Twenty foot asunder. This is a very hurtful and dangerous Instruction, and the practice of it hinders men of Multitudes of Fruits: We see that in many Orchards, Trees are planted too near together, it may be 4 or 5 or but 6 yards asunder, which is too near together: I conceive 8 or 10 yards, or there abouts little enough for the distance of Appletrees in ordinary soil: but if very good ground, 14 or 16 yards or more, if men have room enough; for we see by experience that upon good ground, and well-ordered, they will touch one another at a greater distance: And that a few Appletrees having room to spread, will bear more Fruits than 5 times so many, being crowded one upon another, where they have no room to spread. And besides, those fruits they bear cannot come to perfection, neither in bigness nor ripeness, for want of the Sun, which cannot come about them, when the Trees are planted so near together, as the Author speaks of. Of this, see more largely; with divers Reasons, pag. 65. Another Author says, Cut away all the idle shoots of the last year, in your Aprecot and Cherrytrees to make your fruit the fairer. This is a very hurtful Instruction; for the last years shoots are not idle shoots, for many of them bear the next year after or the second year without fail: some ignorantly practise according to this instruction, which is a great hurt to Trees. Thus much for the first sort of Errors; Instructions hurtful and dangerous. The second sort are, Instructions for effecting of things impossible to be done by the means prescribed; and others impossible to be done by any means * There is a Book, called The Country man's Recreation, or, the Art of Planting; which is full of these samoys. Printed in the year 1640. . Didymus tells us how we may mix divers kinds of Fruits, and therefore make one new kind: Accipienda sunt duo diversi generis sarmenta, eaque scindenda per medium etc. The instruction is too large to show it verbatim; this is the sum. Two grafts of divers kinds must be cut through the midst, and the two halves bound together, which must be set in the earth, and watered till they bud forth. Another to the like purpose. Bind the Grafts of a Peach-tree and of a Nut-tree together, and the Fruit will be half Peaches, and half Nuts; and again he says, Bind the Grafts of a white Figtree and a black together, and plant them, and the Figs thereof will have the flesh on the one side white, the other black. Rera avis in terris, nigroque similima Cygno. If men can but make the Swan and the Raven breed together, they may have a strange kind of Fowl; a black Swan it may be, which may as soon be done, as to make these Fruits mix. These and the like instructions, are ridiculous, fit to be passed over with a Jest, but if men require a serious answer, it is given (truly) by Sir Fr. Bacon, in his Nat. Hist. besides clear experience confirms it. He says, Cent. 5. p. 119, 120. Such grafts will put forth their several Fruits without any commixture in the fruit. Cent. 5. p. 119, 120. No doubt they will, if it be possible for two half grafts (so used) to grow. We see by continual experience, a small Bud of a Graft (no bigger than a grain of Wheat) will keep it's own nature against a fair large stock of another kind, being▪ inoculated upon it. 2 Lib. cept▪ veget. c. 1. Secondly, Another of this kind is laid down by Albert. Mag. he says, Laetamen est unum eorum quae praecipue Plantam mutatur à sylvestritate in domesticationem. Manure (or good soil) is one of those things which changes wild plants, into a mild and pleasant nature. This cannot be done by any means. Different kinds of Fruits, as they will not mix one with another, by the means newly mentioned: so neither will they change into another kind. Lord Bacon tells us, It is the seed (of any kind of creature) and the nature of it, that locketh and boundeth in the creature, that it doth not expatiate, or change from one kind to another. The seed of every Fruit retaineth strictly, the nature of the Fruit of which it came, which will not be changed by any means. Another of the second sort of Errors is this. 3 De Natura & viribus Ar. Fol. 7. Lonicerus gives an Instruction for procuring fruits with an excellent Aromatic and spicy taste: it is this, Arborem ad medullam usque scindito, & ligni parte exectâ, aromata quae volueris inserito, etc. he says, Cut a Tree to the pith, and part of the wood being cut out, put in such sweet spices as you think good, then dawb the whole with clay, after lay the branches of the young plant in the earth, that by its moisture and fatness, the branches may unite, then bind together the young twigs that spring from them, so that there may be made one fruit or branch of divers, and the fruits coming thereof, retain the taste of the spices. Another, whose Book (he says) is published by Authority, gives this Instruction. To have coloured Apples, with what colour you shall think good: Ye shall boar a slope with an Auger in the biggest part of the body of the Tree unto the midst thereof, and then look what colour ye will have them of, first ye shall take water, and mingle your colour therewith, then stop it up again with a Pin: and wax it round about. Ye may mingle with the said colour what spice ye list to make them taste thereafter: Thus ye may change the taste or colour of any Apples. Another says, To have Peaches of savour like Musk; In grafting, put into the Cleft a grain of Musk: and to have the taste like Roses, put into the Cleft dried leaves of sweet Roses. Another late Author, says With a Chisel cut up the bark of a Tree round about, and anoint the bark within with Powder of Cloves, or Nutmegs, than set it on again, and stop it close with wax round about, and within thrice bearing, it shall bring a fair Muscadel Fruit which ye may Graft, and they shall be all after Muscadel fruits. This Author says further, To have all stone fruits taste as ye shall think good, lay the stones to soak in such liquor as ye would have them taste of. Divers * Amongst many other Authors who speak of these things; See the Country Farm, pag. 360, 361, 392, 363, 364, etc. where there are very many odd conceits; about changing the nature of fruits in shape colour, taste, etc. To mix Nuts, Plums, and Almonds, Peaches and Q●inces: And to have fruits without stones See pag 365. of the Country-Farme. others speak to the like purpose. These are strange fancies, merely imaginary things; neither Reason nor Experience, dictate any such. They are not only invalid, or of no power at all to effect what they propose, but are also hurtful and dangerous to the Trees and Grafts; but if they might be done without danger, yet are they not able to work any such effects as are promised; For it is not possible such small proportions as they speak of, should communicate and transfer their virtues, through all the parts of the huge and vast bodies of Trees, and to multitudes of Fruits, much less that they should do this for many years, and least of all, that the Grafts (cut from these Trees) should retain these virtues, being set on other stocks. May it reasonably be said, That a Mess of sweet and pleasant meat, nay, only a b●t of such meat given to a Child of tender years, the same will retain the virtues, and strength of such meat all his life time; yea, will transfer the virtues of it to his children after him; when every one knows the strength and virtue of the best meat and drink (though taken in great quantity) is soon over and spent, and that it is a continued daily supply, that does uphold and maintain the body in good state and condition. We have no reason to believe that the virtues and strength of any dainty dish will contive so long with us, as Eliah's Morsel of Meat did with him, which yet was but forty days, and that was a Miracle too: how much less reason have we to think it will last many years. Is there not I say, as much reason for this as the other. Admit it were possible that a small quantity of sweet spices should transfuse, and communicate its properties to all the parts of a Tree, yet it would not continue long in it, but it must be a continued, and daily supply of such sweet things as must work that effect, if possibly such a thing may be by any means. Creatures retain those properties that are fixed, and radicated in them by nature, according to their innate and intrinsical form, but easily and quickly cast off such as are adventitious and accidental, as these things are. Another of the second sort of Errors, is this. Nat. Hist. fol. 6. Lonicerus gives an Instruction to procure coloured fruits: Ramo Cerasi (sive alterius Arboris) scisso ad medullam, Lazurium aliumve colorem inserito, sic eundem fructus resert; that is, Put into the bough of a Cherry tree (or any other Tree) cut to the pith, the Azure-stone, (which is partly green, and partly blue) or any other colour, which are means to colour the fruits of such trees. P●uelius says, Non desunt qui sub Arbores Rosas serunt, sic rubra Poma dari promittunt. Some set Roses under fruit-trees, and say by that means the Trees will bring forth Red fruits. So Democritus, Si voles rubrum habere, obtinebis, Rosis purpureis sub abore (c) See also the Country farm, p. 365 that we may have Red fruits, we must set red Rose trees under other Trees, or near them. consitis. The same instruction is given by a late English Author. Another says, to have coloured Peaches, we should colour the kernels within the stones, and the fruits will be of the same colour. The same Author says, To have Red Apples, put the Grafs into Pikes-blood. We see their prescriptions for rare coloured fruits; which are as far off from Truth or Reason, as the former concerning fruits of an aromatic or spicy taste, for the things are not only dangerous (some of them if tried, but if it were not so, yet are weak, and invalid towards the working of any such effects. Because colour is an accident, cleaving to some substance, and as the substance is dissolved, and converted into another body, it looseth its accidents which it had before, as colour, shape, etc. as a piece of cloth, wood, or the like, being burned, rotten, or otherwise dissolved, does lose its colour, or other accidents that it had before its change. And coloured Meats, eaten and turned into flesh, blood, and spirits, lose their colours, taste, etc. We well know, that if we drink Red Wine, or liquor of any other colour, or what coloured meats soever we eat, the 〈…〉, and the substance changed, the tastes and colours, are also changed, even to contraries. So the juice of the earth, if it be white, black, brown, or any other colour, yet when it is drawn by Roots, for instance, Carrots, than it is turned into a Yellow, or Reddish colour, or if drawn by Turnips, it is then converted into a white colour, though it were quite contrary before. So also of Liquors, (or other things of delicate colours) being converted into the substance of Trees, Fruits, and Leaves, they lose their former colours, though never so glorious and beautiful. And if great quantities of coloured liquors, or other substances, cannot produce coloured fruits, how much more impossible is it that a drop or two, of any coloured thing, should do it, or only colouring kernels (as he speaks of) which could not become Trees of many years after. It's clear, that Fruits convert the substances they draw into their own natures, and receive thereby little or no alteration, unless by a constant and continual supply from year to year; and then so small and inconsiderable (as to these things of taste and colour) that it is not to be regarded. Indeed, when a Tree grows continually in a wet foggy place (or the like continued cause) the fruits may be tainted therewith; but a small quantity thereof, a few drops or spoonfuls, (the virtue whereof is suddenly gone) cannot do it. Concerning ●etting Rosetrees under other Trees, to produce coloured fruits, it is one of the most ridiculous conceits that I have read, what is it that should work the effect: may it be imagined that the Trees can see the Red Roses, Gen. 30.20. as Jacob's sheep did the Rods in the water, and so bring forth fruits according to the same colour; can any man apprehend so much as a colour, or shadow of a Reason for it? Another of the second sort of Errors is this. Affricanus gives an instruction to procure Walnuts without husks: So the Countrey-farm, p. 362 Nuces nudas & sine putaminibus edent juglandes', &c. Walnut-trees (he says) do bring forth ba●e Nuts without husks, if the husk and shell be broken, and the kernel taken out without hurt, and wrapped in wool, or fresh Vine-leaves, that the kernels may be preserved from Ants, or other things, and then set in the earth again. Florentine affirms the like of Almonds, if ashes be sprinkled in the holes where they are set. So another late Author, not only of Walnuts and Almonds, but of all other shell fruits. Were it not a wonderful sight, to see Walnuts, and all Nuts, to grow without husks, we know the Nuts of themselves have no stalk, and how then should they grow upon the Tree without husks to enclose them. What is it that should work this strange effect? Is it because the kernels are put into the ground without shells, and for that the Tree springs from the kernels only? Do not all Trees spring from the kernels only, though set with their shells? the husk and shell contribute nothing at all towards the Tree, they open for the kernel to spring out, and then rot themselves. Another of this second sort is this. A late Author gives Instructions about early fruits, and late; and change of fruits by Grafting; he says, If you graft a late fruit upon an early Stock, the fruit will be early; and if you graft an early fruit upon a late stock, the fruit will be late. As if (saith he) you graft Apples on Mulberry trees, See Country farm, p. 363 you shall have fruit all summer, even till November. And that if you graft a Plumtree on the Nut-tree, the husk will be like the Nut-husk, but within it will be a Plum. Or if you graft a Plum (or any other fruit) on the Figtree, the fruit will grow without Blossoming. These things cannot be; for first, contrary kinds will not grow together, as the Plum-tree, and Figtree, or Plum-tree, and Nut-tree; but if different sorts would agree, and grow together, yet these effects would not be, because Grafts do always rule, and keep their own natures, or alter very little. L. B. in his Nat. Hist. says painly; Pag. 100 these are imaginations and untrue, because (saith he) the Cions overrule the stock quite. So again, pag. 97. which experience confirms. Another of the second sort of Errors is this. Democritus (as one affirms) gives an Instruction for procuring fruits with Inscriptions, and engravings upon them, in any figure or shape. To this purpose: Open the shell of an Almond, and write upon the kernel what you will, and wrap it in paper, and set it in Clay mingled with Swine's dung. A late Author says, Steep the stones of Peaches two or three days, and then open them, and with a brass Pen write on the rind of the kernels, after put them again into the stones, and wrap them about with paper, or parchment, and plant them, and the fruit will be written and engraven. Is not this an odd conceit, that writing upon the (a) The Authors of the Country farm, affirm that write what you will on the eylet of the Figtree which you mean to Graft, and the Figs growing thereof, will contain the said writing p. 363. of the third Book. kernel, should produce fruits written or engraven? A man (no doubt) with as good success may engrave, or write upon the shell or husk of an Almond, or other fruit, as upon the kernel; or if he will upon the paper or parchment, in which it is enwrapped: for the Rind of the Kernel contributes nothing to the Tree or Fruit, but opens (as the Husk or shell) to let out the inner part of the kernel, the vegetative virtue, or internal form. But if a man desires to have fruits with Inscriptions and Engraving, he must take another course, prescribed by a Learned * L. Bacon Nat. Hist. p. 128. Author (upon better grounds) which is, by writing upon the fruits with a needle or bodkin, when the fruits are young, and as they grow bigger, so the Letters will grow more large and graphical. Concerning the second sort of Errors thus much. It were easy to mention many more as idle as these, but I shall not trouble my self, nor the Reader with them at present: only I say in the general, let men take ●eed of such things asserted by Authors, ●● have neither Reason nor Experience to uphold them, lest they spend their money, labour, and time about them, and instead of profits and pleasures, find discouragements and trouble, The third sort of Errors are, Assigning wrong causes to effects. One of these Errors is this, some have conceived, 1 Lib. 5. c. 8. de veget, & Plant. that Grafting is the cause of early bearing of fruits, and doth much better all fruit. Albert. Mag. says, it's better, Propter digestionem Succi in nodo factam: because of the digestion of the sap in the knot. So also Cressentius: De Nat. Plant. Li. 2. pag. 87. and adds, Et iste nodus facit diversitatem omnem, quae est in Malis, & Pyris, & caeteris fructibus: The knot (which is between the Graft and the Stock) makes all the difference which is found in Pears, Apples, and other fruits: Bapt. Port. likewise ascribes all to grafting: Li. de Cult. & Insit. Nat. Hist. p. 97. He says, Trees coming of seed, Longa est expectatio ad fructuum productionem: Insitio vero in aliquibus eodem Anno producit. Trees coming of seed, are long ere they bear fruit, but being Grafted, some kind bear in a year or two. So also Columell Lib. de Arbor. pag. 490. Lo. Bac. wanted some experience in this point, who says There is no doubt, but that Grafting (for the most part) doth meliorate fruit: and again, Grafting doth generally advance, and meliorate fruits above that which they would be, if they were set of kernels or stones. The cause (saith he) is manifest, for that the nourishment is better prepared in the stock then in the crude earth. I say herein these Authors assign a wrong Cause to an effest; for simply grafting contributes nothing at all to the early bearing of Fruit, nor to its goodness. But the Cause is in the Nature of the Grafts: if they be Grafts cut from bearing Trees, and of good kinds, they bear good fruits in a year or two; but if they be Grafts from young unbearing Trees, coming of seed, such Grafts will not bear the sooner for Grafting; it is not simply Grafting, I say, nor the knot (as the Authors speak of) that makes Trees bear one year, one day the sooner: for if so, then grafts from young unbearing trees, coming of seed, grafted in the same manner, and upon as good stocks as other grafts from old bearing Trees, they would bear Fruits the one sort as soon as the other, but it is otherwise: so that the Cause lies not simply in Grafting, but in the Nature of the Grafts. Neither doth Grafting make Fruits (at ●ll) the better, otherwise then as you chose grafts of a good kind, for we know Grafts rule, and keep their own Natures: only with some small advantage from the stock, ●f special stocks, or prejudice if a very bad stock. And the Cause is not well assigned by the Author, who says, It is for that the nourishment is better prepared in the stock, then in the crude earth: for we know the branches of an ungrafted tree, receive sap not immediately from the crude Earth, but from a stock or body, as well as the branches of the Grafted-tree: the stock of the Grafted-tree, is a wild stock, and of the same Nature, as is the stock or body of the ungrafted-tree: they are both alike, and the concoction and nourishment in both, is alike, and the Cause being a like, why is not the effect alike. It's plain, this is not the Cause; but the Cause is in the Graft, Nat. Hist. p. 109. and p. 115. not in the stock, though the nourishment be never so well concocted in the stock: and the Fruit is not made better or worse, simply by Grafting: The Author asserts this Truth plainly elsewhere: The Graft (saith he) over-ruleth the Stock: and again, the graft will govern; that is, they keep the Nature and properties of the Trees from which they were gotten. Another of the third sort of Errors, is this. 2 Of this, see also Mason Rustic, or the Country Farm, where the same is asserted, pag. 362. A late Author says: the Cause why Trees bear not fruit in a few years after Grafting, is, because they were grafted in the old of the Moon: for (saith he) so many days as the Moou is old when you Graft, so many years will the graft be ere it bear fruit. The Cause is here mistaken; for the Moon hath no such influence upon fruit-trees, as to withhold their fruits in this manner: Men (we see by experience) grafted in all seasons of the Moon, and find no such difference in the bearing of the Trees: The chief Causes of unfruitfulness of Trees, are, when they are not fit for the Country where they are planted. Secondly, When the Grafts are chosen from young, wild, unbearing Trees; or such as naturally bear little or seldom. Thirdly, Repletion, or overmuch nourishment. Fourthly, Coldness or overmoistness of the ground. Fifthly, Frosts or cold winds in the spring. Thirdly. Another of the third sort of Errors, is this. Many conceive that Sap in Trees doth descend from the Branches, to the Roots, which causeth several effects; as falling of the leaves, goodness of the Roots of divers Plants for use, etc. but the Cause of these Effects is mistaken, for Sap in Trees never descends, but always ascends: And leaves of Trees fall in Autumn, not because Sap descends from them▪ but because Sap ascends not to them, sufficient to nourish, or feed them any longer. And if Roots are best in Autumn, that is not Caused by descent of Sap, but for that the Body and Branches of a Tree in Autumn, draw but a small quantity of Sap from the Roots, and the Roots even then, draw sap from the Earth, and increase upon it, and are well stored with sap after the branches have done increasing: and there the sap rests chiefly at that season. Some who hold descending of Sap, may (perhaps) confirm their Opinion from small springs of the Roots of Plants when they are removed in Autumn. It's true, The Roots of Plants set in the beginning of September (or about that time) do spring forth a little at the cut ends of the Roots, before Winter, not because Sap descends from the Branches to them, for though all the Branches are cut off before setting, (as sometimes they are) yet the Roots will spring then, because some degree of heat, (proportionable to that purpose) is, at that season, in the top of the earth, by reason of the immediate foregoing Summer, so that Plants set while this heat lasteth, they will germinate, & spring forth in their roots before Winter: (the husbandman knows in this season it is best to sow his Wheat and Rye:) And also because the Sun (as yet) hath an influence sufficient to make seeds, and Plants to spring forth, which towards December it hath not, being then too remote from us, so that it is not descending of Sap that causeth these effects. Nat. hist. p. 111. & 94. The learned Lord Bacon did not well consider this point, who supposed a descension of Sap in Autumn, speaking concerning setting a Bough in the ground prepared by disbarking for that purpose, says, The Cause why it will soon after be a fair Tree, may be this, the bearing of the Bark keepeth the Sap from descending towards Winter: here's a wrong Cause assigned to an effect, for it is not the supposed keeping up of the Sap (by that means he speaks of) that Causeth such a Bough to grow the better, but the cause is, for that such a bough by disbarking, hath got some small Roots or strings, (or at least, some roughness or knobs capable of Roots) in the passage up of the Sap, whereby (being set) it will become a Tree in certain years. This Opinion of descension of Sap in Trees, Woodmen and others are generally of this opinion, as having received it from their fore fathers for an unquestionable thing. is an old Error of many years standing, and is radicated in the minds of most men: yea, many using it as a similitude to illustrate some spiritual matter, as if it were a real and undoubted truth, whereas it is but a weak and groundless conceit, and contrary both to reason and experience, taken up by men from hand to hand, without consideration, or weighing of it with reason and judgement. I will therefore lay it open more plainly, and demonstrate and prove the Truth concerning the motion of Sap in Trees. The first Argument against descension of Sap. Sap in Trees always moves upwards, and it is contrary to the Law and course of Nature for sap to descend: Natura nil agit frustra, Nature does nothing in vain. Now it were a vain work in Nature to cause sap to ascend up in the branches, to descend again to the Roots; the Roots send Sap to the Branches, and not the Branches to the Roots. When it once comes into the Branches, it is converted into Wood, Bark, Leaves, Fruits, etc. Whence is all that great Bulk and Body which we see a Tree arise to in a few years; if Sap should descend one while, as it ascends another, it would follow, that as a Tree increaseth by ascension of Sap, so it would descrease by its descension. This may be more clear if we consider the cause why Sap in trees stirs and ascends, and also why it riseth not after such a time to make any growth. When the Sun in the Spring of the year by degrees draws nearer to us, than Sap in Trees begins (by its heat and influence) to move, to swell, and open the Buds, and to cause the branches to shoot forth, which increase by it all the Summer: and as the Sun (by degrees) draws nearer, and grows hotter, so the Sap (by degrees) increaseth, and riseth more plentifully, and when the Sun is nearest, than Trees are fullest of Sap. Now observe, as by the vicinity and nearness of the Sun (which is by degrees) the sap is increased by degrees, so likewise by the Sun's remoteness and absence, (which is also by degrees) in his going back again; the Sap is also diminished by degrees, that is, ascending less and less in quantity, until the Sun be gone so far from us, and the heat and influence of it be so weak, that it works not to cause sap to rise up, whereby the branches may increase any longer, and then the Branches and Buds of Trees are all at a stand, and grow no more until the next Spring. And at that time the leaves lose their beauty, and fall off, because Sap riseth not up sufficient to feed them any longer, but only so much as to preserve life in the Tree. The second Argument. There is no cause to produce such an effect. I would fain know (of those who hold descension of Sap) what should cause it to descend, for, Nullus effectus datur sine causa: there can be no effect without a cause; they cannot say that as heat causeth it to ascend, so cold causeth it to descend: Cold never causeth sap to stir, but to stand or move slowly. Cold is of a condensing nature, and does constipate, and fix rare & fluid bodies; if cold should cause sap to descend, then as the cold increaseth, sap would descend more & more in quantity; as on the contrary, as heat increaseth in the Spring and Summer, the sap in Trees also increaseth in quantity; and if so, what would become of the Trees? But if sap of its own nature would descend, yet there is none in the Branches at that season of the year, that they can spare, but all that has ascended in the Summer, is converted into the substance of the Tree, its Leaves, and Fruits. Concerning that Objection that is made against this, and brought as an Argument that sap descends, viz. That if we disbarke a bough or branch when sap is up, an inch round about, and lay, and keep up mould about the disbarked place, there will be small Roots in the upper part of the place so disbarked, which (say they) are caused by the descension of Sap out of the bough to that part. To this I Answer, That such Roots are not made by any descension of Sap, but by the ascension of Sap; for sap ascends up into such a bough, notwithstanding the disbarked part, through the pith and pores of the wood, though in smaller quantity than it would do if the bark were on. This is plain, because such a bough does grow and shoot forth, and bear fruit after disbarking, which could not be, but by the rising up of Sap. Now I say, sap in its rising up, some part of it is pendulous about that place, and does somewhat hang or rest at the upper part of the disbarked place, in the very edge of the bark; having recourse to this (b) Sap has recourse to this part especially, because it is wounded: as blood and humours in the body, fly to the part that is cut or hurt, to succour it, and so do abound there. This is so by the Law of Nature, as well in Trees, as other Creatures. wounded part, in greater quantity then to any other part, and so by reason of the Earth, and moisture about it, breaks forth into some small Roots in some kinds of Trees, or into some roughness, and small knubs like Roots, but this cannot be caused by descension of Sap, if any were: for such as hold descension of Sap, pretend not to it until Autu●●e, or about the end of September; Now these Roots are made long before that time, in * Upon Midsummer day I have taken off the earth, and looked upon the place disbarked, and Roots were come out well nigh an inch long. Summer, by the rising up of Sap, as was said, (especially if the bough be disbarked in May.) Can the effect be before the Cause? can Roots be made in Summer, by Sap that descends in Autumn? if any such thing were; so that this Argument for descension of Sap, is of no weight, but is weak and childish. The third Argument against descension, and also Circulation of Sap: It is contrary to its Nature. As concerning Circulation of sap in Summer, which some also hold; I apprehend no more ground for that, then for descension in Autumn? For as there is no cause to work such an effect, so neither is it natural to sap to have such a motion of itself. For, Plants●n ●n some sort like a thin airy vapour from some moist substance partly caused by the heat of the Sun: Deut. 33.14. Precious fruits brought forth by the Sun. the Sun is the efficient cause of the rising up of Sap, though also (and principally) the vegetative spirit (excited by th'sun) carries it up, and disperseth it to all the parts for nourishment and growth:) Now, we know there is no descending of Vapours, in the same manner as they ascended. Vapours come not down again to the Earth, until they be condensed, and thickened into Rain, Snow, Hail, etc. When they are become a ponderous and weighty substance, than they naturally tend downwards, not whilst they are a leight airy substance: so is it concerning Sap in Trees, it ascends (partly by attraction of the Sun, and partly by the Native spirit) as a thin airy substance, subtle, light spirituous, as well through the pores of the wood, as between the bark and the wood, where it rises more plentifully, and is more condensed. Now, while it is thus light and vaporous, it can neither descend nor Circulate, for every leight body, (as flame, air, smoke, vapours, etc. ascends upwards, (omne leve sursum) and cannot descend or fall downwards, no more than an heavy thing (as such) can rise or ascend upwards by its own natural motion. Indeed when sap is turned into wood, leaves, buds, blossoms and fruits, these things have some ponderosity or weight in them, and so naturally descend, Omne grave deorsum, As air and vapours, being condensed, and become water in the Clouds, do naturally fall downwards; but whatsoever is a thin, aerious, light body, ascends upwards, and cannot (as such) neither descend nor * See Mr. Grbr. Plaits hidden treasure, p. 78. wher● he asserts, That all Trees, Plants, and Fruits, are made of Vapours condensed. circulate, and such a substance is Sap in Trees. Fourthly, The Appetite of the Spirit in all Vegetables is upwards. There is an innate spirit in Trees and all Vegetables, 4 Argument against descension & Ci●culation of Sap. (which some call the Soul of Plants) yea, in all bodies animate and inanimate; this Sir Fran. Bacon hath abundantly set forth: This Spirit (as he shows) is (as it were) a compound of flame and air, is of a flammeous and aerious Nature. Now, this being the Vehicle or means of conveyance of the Sap unto all the parts of the Tree, (every Twig and bud of it) its appetite is upwards, because it is a light body, and all light things naturally ascend upwards, Nat. Hist. p. 26.1 6. & Hist. of L. & d. p. 387. as was said, and not downwards, unless it be to observe a Law in Nature in avoiding a Vacuum at any time. The greater quantity of Spirit there is in any creature, the leighter it is, either animate, or inanimate, especially if it be the lively spirit. If it be said this spirit in Trees exerts itself downwards in the Roots, as well as upwards, it is true, so much▪ and so far as is necessary to make a foundation to support the body and branches, and to draw nourishment for feeding & increase thereof, which it doth but only in a subserviency to the body and branches, and though the Roots spread wide, yet depth is but little to the height of a Tree; the Roots spread, and run as near the superficies and top of the Earth, as may be, as having still an appetite upwards, as near the Sun as may be; and all the sap and moisture which this spirit carries upwards, (which is by far the greatest part) it never carries down again; being against its nature to descend, as it is a leight body. The Fifth Argument. And further as another Argument from Experience, and that which is obvious to our very sense; we see, and know, that when we bend down a bough of a Tree upon a wall, towards the ground, to cause it to grow and spread as near the bottom of the wall as may be, we find (I say) how poorly such boughs do grow, shooting forth but a very little, and sometimes a part dies, and sometimes all; and this shows its against the Nature of Sap to descend or circulate; for otherwise why are not such boughs (so bended downwards) as plentifully fed with sap as those that grow strait up, or strait out, and not so much bowed as the other: so it is in plashed hedges, if boughs be laid too low, they die, or grow poorly; but we see the Sap presses upwards, with vigour and violence; the boughs and branches that grow upwards, shoot forth strongly, and are full fed, but such as bow down low, are almost starved: so that its plain, its as much against the nature of Sap to descend, or to circulate, as it is for water to ascend; which yet we know by Art, may be made to ascend in Pipes, from below, as high as the fountain or spring, but no higher; for its natural motion is to descend; so sap, though its natural motion be upwards, yet by Art, (being ascended up into a branch) it may be somewhat forced downwards, and yet very hardly, slowly, and weakly, although to the nourishment & keeping life in any of its parts, or branches so bowed down, which plainly shows how much against its nature this motion of descension, or that of Circulation is. The Sixth Argument against descension of Sap. And lastly, to prove this more fully and clearly by a plain undeniable Argument. If there be a continual ascension of Sap in Trees, than there is no descension, but there is a continual ascension, therefore no descension. To prove the Minor Proposition: That there is a continual ascension of sap in Trees▪ The Sun and Aire continually draw sap and moisture out of Trees and other Vegetables, Nat. Hist. & Hist. of L. and D. as the Lord Bacon and others conclude, and as may be made appear by reason and experience: We know, if Branches and Twigs of Trees, being cut off, and laid aside in the Sun and Air but a few days, they will be contracted and wrinkled; the air draws out the Sap and moisture, and such having no supply of sap from the Root, they quickly wither. Now, know also, that the sun and air have the same operation upon the li●ing Branches and Twigs; drawing sap and moisture continually out of them likewise, but they are not contracted and wrinkled as the other, because there is a continual supply of Sap from the Root, as well in Winter as in Summer, which keeps them in their full dimensions without wrinkling or contracting. Further observe, to prove this. If we remove Plants in September, or about that time, (the pretended season of descension of Sap) and let them lie out of the earth a day or two, we shall find, that the Sun and Aire will (in that short time) have rocked and drawn out sap and moisture from the branches, so that they will be apparently shrunk and contracted. (I have seen some branches so much wrinkled, that I questioned whether they were dead or alive.) But after the Plants have been set certain days, so much sap will be ascended, ●u will again have filled up the wrinkled or contracted bark, so that it is evident and apparent hereby, that some small quantity of sap hath (even then) ascended into the branches since their setting; and if so, th●● it's clear there's no decension of sap: for c●● any thing move contrary ways at one lime. And if we graft in November and December as I have done with good success (the very dead time of Winter) the grafts have some small supply of sap even then, else the Sun and Aire would spoil them, by daily sucking out their moisture, were there not supply of Sap from the Root, sufficient t● keep them alive until the spring. It's manifest then from what hath been said, that s●● in Trees ascends as well in Autumn and Winter, as in Summer, so much as to preserve life in Trees, by supplying what is extract●● by the Sun and Aire: so that upon this also it may be concluded there is no descension of sap; unless men will hold that a thin● may move several ways, upwards and downwards, at one and the same time, which i● a contradiction, and impossible in nature. Thus much concerning the three sorts of Errors in the Theory of this Art. First, Instructions hurtful and dangerous. Secondly, Instructions for effecting somethings impossible to be effected by the mean prescribed, and others impossible to be effected by any means. Thirdly, Assigning wrong Causes to effects will now discover some Errors that I find in the practice of this Art of Planting Fruit-trees, that they may be avoided. One Error in Practice, is this. Planting Trees too near together: 1 Planting Trees too near together. This is a great and general Error, many think the more Trees they have, the more fruit: but a few having room enough to spread, will bear more fruits then many crowded ●●e upon another, as the custom is, and fruits will also be better when the Sun may come round about the Trees. I account 8 or 10 yards a competent distance for Appletrees and Pear-trees upon ordinary soil, but if the ground be special good, then give them the more room; for standard Cherry trees, Plum-trees, and such like, 5 or 6 yards is a convenient distance. Another Error is this. Many Plant Fruit trees unfit for the Country where they Plant them: 2 Planting Trees unfit for the Country. Their care is chiefly to choose grafts of the best kinds, and fair Plants to look upon, not considering so much, whether such kinds will prosper, and bear fruits well in those Climates, and places where they plant them. And hence it is often, that many who have fair and goodly fruit-trees, have very little fruit from them. It is an excellent rule to choose those kinds of fruits, which we (or others) find by many years' experience, to be good bearing Trees in those parts nearest to us● although the fruits be not altogether so good as some others. This is another Error. 3 Choosing the greatest Trees. Many men when they procure Fruit-trees to plant an Orchard, they (most commonly) desire the greatest and fairest Plants, hoping such will be Trees the soon; whereas great Trees many of them die, and others live very poorly, but small Plants removed, live generally, and thrive more in two or three years, then great ones in six or seven; for removing great Trees is a very great check to nature, such as many times it's not able to recover. Another Error in practice is this. 4 Setting trees without disbran●ing. Men generally leave too many branches on the Trees they Plant, and will by no means have Branches cut off, whereas for want of disbranching Trees, they lose branches, body, roots, and all. If they will Plant great Trees, they must disbranch them, small ones need not, or very little. Another is this. For the most part men neglect to Plant their young Trees in as good or better soil, 5 Planting Trees in worse mould. then that from which they are removed. They fetch them from Nurseries about London, (which are generally of very (fertile soil) and plant them (it may be) in ordinary or poor soil, and thence it is that many of them die, or grow weakly: Whereas they ought to lay special soil (the best they can get) next to the Roots, which having taken hold, and being well rooted in the ground, they will by degrees, thrust their roots, and grow well in that which is worse. Another is this. Some in Grafting, 6 Setting Grafts and stock smooth on the outside. take care to set the Graft and Stock even and smooth on the outside, not considering that the bark of the stocks are (for the most part) thicker then the bark of the grafts. Whereas they ought to take special care to set the inner-sides of the Barks together, (which is the chiefest Rule in Grafting) because there is the chief current of the Sap. Another Error is this. 7 Grafting long, or forked Grafts. Grafting long or forked Grafts: commonly, the longer grafts are, the less they grow; and the shorter they are cut, the longer they grow in a year. As for forked Grafts, either they take not, or else grow but poorly. Another is this. 8 Suffering Fruit-trees to grow like Timber trees. Many let their Fruit-trees grow strait up very high, before they spread into boughs, and they are rather like Timber-trees for building, than Fruit-trees for bearing Fruits. Whereas they ought to cut off the Top while the Plant is young, about an Ell, or a yard and half from the ground, that so the Plant may spread and enlarge itself: and one Tree well ordered in this respect for spreading, will have as many small boughs (and consequently will bear as much fruit) as three or four (it may be) of such Trees as run spiring up a great height without spreading. Another Error is this. Some give too much nourishment to some Fruit-trees, 9 Giving too much nourishment to fruit-trees. Letting some fat water (it may be) run to the Roots, or lie too near them, or else by pouring, or laying some fertile substance to their Roots, when there is (sometimes) more need to deprive them of their too fat feeding, which causeth them to luxuriate, and spend their strength in great and large shoots, and broad leaves and blossoms, and leave off bearing fruits: Nourishment to Fruit-trees ought to be moderate, as to other creatures. Another Error in practice, is this. Many in pruning Aprecot-trees, 10 Pruning off too many shoots from Wal-trees. and other Wall-trees, they prune off most of the fresh young branches of the last years shoot, and preserve the old and big branches, suffering them to run up a great part of the wall without, or with very few small twigs or branches. Whereas they should still from year to year, preserve the small shoots, nailing them up to the wall yearly, (all or most) from the lowest part of the Tree to the top, and leave no part of the wall void of branches; and cause the branches to spread along the sides of the wall both ways, and not suffer them to run upwards too much. Another Error amongst some, is this. 11 Grafting seed Plants before removing. They Graft young Plants that came of seed, in the place where they were sowed, (before they have been removed, whereby they would get good Roots.) And hence it follows, That such thrust down a single Root, or two (commonly) into Clay, Gravel or moist ground, etc. which root or roots, draw bad nourishment below the good soil, and thereby hurt the Trees and Fruits, and in case any of them be removed afterwards (being grafted) they want good Roots, for that they were never removed, being young, to get good Roots. See how to order them, pag. 83. Another is this. 12 Not Pruning the Roots of Plants. Some also when they Transplant young Trees, they usual set them with all their Roots, whereas the Roots of all Trees Transplanted, aught to be pruned. See how pag. 83. Another Error is this. Many break off all the Buds upon the stocks that are engrafted, 13 Breaking off Buds before Grafts grow. before the grafts put forth, which endangers both Stock and Graft. For Buds upon the stocks should be let alone, all or most, until the Grafts have put forth, and be able to draw up sap, and then break off all the buds below the Grafts, that they may have all the sap. Another Error in practice is this. Many when they Graft great Trees (which are unfruitful, 14 Grafting great bodies of Trees. or bear bad fruits) they graft upon their bodies round about, between the bark and the wood. Now Trees thus grafted, will not of many years, (and some never) cover the head in the grafted place, but water gets in and rots the Tree, whereas its much better to graft the small branches, or if those be too high, then to cut off the body two yards high slopewise, and to cut it smooth, that no rain or wet may rest on the head, and the next year after to graft the small shoots, which will in a few years be a large head again. Situation of an Orchard. HAving before spoken of sowing, setting, Grafting, and ordering of fruit-trees; I think good now to speak somewhat of the site, soil, shelters, and some other advantages of an Orchard and Garden, and also of planting Fruit-trees in the fields, and in the hedges and mounds about the fields; whereby double, treble, or manifold profit may be made of Lands to what is usually (in most places) made, especially by ●ider and Perry, to the great advantage of the owners, and of the Commonwealth, with planting of wood for building, f●ed and other uses. And also of divers other things (promiscuously) in reference to Fruit-trees and Fruits. And although some of the ensuing particulars are touch● upon already, yet I thought good to mention them again, with some addition, seeing they are very material; yet all very briefly. What Situation is best for an Orchard. Concerning the Site, or Situation of an Orchard, or Garden of Fruit-trees; the best and fittest situation is upon a ground somewhat shelving or declining upon the Southeast Sun; for as the Southside is the warmest and hottest, so also it is observed by Experience, that the Morning or East Sun, is better than the West Sun: it does cherish and ripen fruits sooner than the Afternoon Sun, though that be good also: And if the ground somewhat shelve, or hang towards the Southeast, it has an advantage of level or plain ground (though that be good too:) for the Sunbeams are more direct, and so more strong upon such a ground, then upon a level: such a ground is fitted to the Aspect of the Sun: which is, Coelum cum terra maritare, vel societatem perquirere coeli & terre ad arbores: Bapt. Port. Li. 1. p. 16. To Marry Heaven and Earth together, or to obtain a mutual Society of Heaven and Earth for the benefit of Fruit-trees. What Soil is best for an Orchard. As for the soil of an Orchard, the best is a deep sound land, either a black, or brown mould, if with a mixture of sand so much the better: In such ground, so lying as before, Fruit-trees will attain to a very great bigness, and consequently will last much longer than the same kinds of Trees, upon a shallow gravelly ground; or upon a clay, cold, or wet ground. Fruit-trees where they grow upon a warm ground, and upon the Southeast Sun, as the Trees grow great, and livelong, so also the fruit is greater and better, and much more in quantity, then upon poor, gravel, wet, cold, or clay grounds. Howsoever, men that have not the best, must be content to Plant upon what they have, and endeavour to amend it as they can: Cold and moist ground. Grounds that are overmoist and cold, must be not only trenched in several places, to draw the water into the Trenches from the Roots of the Trees; but also it will be convenient to mix sand, ashes, or such like hot and dry soils with such ground: if these or some such means be not used, the Roots of the Trees (upon this kind of ground) will be chilled, and lie cold, and cause the Trees to be Mossy, and the fruit to be more spongy and waterish; not so good tasted Fruit, as if the Trees grew upon warmer and drier ground. Hot and dry grounds. Fruit-trees upon hot, dry, sandy, shallow grounds, have need of some current of water now and then, to run over such grounds, if it be possible to have it so; or else pains must be taken to bring water some other way: water out of Pools, or Ponds, that runs from dunghills, is special good for this purpose, which does not only moisten, but makes the ground fertile also. Cold Clay grounds. If the Land whereon Fruit-trees are, or shall be planted, be Clay grounds, a shallow crust of indifferent good soil (it may be) on the top, and Clay, barren soil underneath (as is often seen) then there is need of some Composts of contrary natures to be mixed among, with this stiff, cold, barren ground; as Sand, Ashes of all kinds, a convenient quantity of Lime, Cbalk, or any thing that is of an hot and opening nature: Yea, and let men do what they can to mend this kind of land, yet the Trees will still be mossy, and but small Trees, in comparison of the same kind of Trees, upon good, sound, deep, fertile soil. Stony gravel ground. As for gravel grounds, they are as bad as any, in some respects; for a tree cannot root to any great bigness in such grounds; and if muck, and other soils, be laid to the Trees, the Gravel will eat it up, and turn it into its own nature in certain years. But if the ground be but somewhat stony, with a mixture of Mould between and among the stones, the fruit-trees will root indifferent well in such grounds; all that can well be done, is to dig up, and loosen the stones as much as may be, and to pick out some of the biggest, and cast in some good soils in their stead. Low bottom grounds. Land that lies below, towards the bottom of the Hill, or near a River, which sometimes overflows; This generally is exceeding good for fruit-trees; it hath many advantages of some other grounds; for it not only keeps and retains what rain and moisture falls upon it from the Clouds, but also moisture descends from the higher grounds to these, and withal, if the River overflow, it adds much to the fatness of the ground: But yet this is to be considered, That land may have overmuch moisture (as before is observed) That is, when it stands, and rests all the year long in, and upon the ground, as some wall springs, and boggy low grounds, where the superfluity of water cannot descend from it to any other place, but where much water comes, and rests for a certain time only; and then the superfluity runs off, and leaves only the strength & fatness of the water behind, there the land is good and fertile: and fruit-trees will grow large there, and the fruit great. And so much for the ground fit for fruit-trees. Concerning shelters or defences for Orchards and Gardens. ALthough it be not absolutely necessary that fruit-trees be sheltered, or defended from the cold North, East and West winds, yet it will be very convenient and profitable so to do, as much as may be; for we know, and see by yearly experience, how dangerous the East, or North-east winds (especially) are in the spring time, as in blighting and spoiling of blossoms, fruits, and sometimes the very boughs, branches, and the Trees themselves. And the West winds are commonly strong towards Autumn, and throw down abundance of Fruits, when ripe, or near ripe, wherein is loss: so that if the Orchard be planted where it may have Hills, Houses, or such like, to burrow, or shelter it from the North, East, and West-winds, it will be a special advantage to it. Walnut-trees good shelters for Orchards. But if there be no such shelters, it will be very profitable to Plant Walnut-trees, (or some other kinds of Trees that naturally grow great and high (upon these three sides of the Orchard. The Walnut-tree is profitable very many ways, not only as to shade and shelter, but also the wood is of manifold use, and much dearer than Oak, Ash, Elm, or such like: the Fruit * The fruit is accounted a special remedy against Poison and Pestilence: Avicen says, Lib. 2. Can. C. 501. juglans ficubus & R●ta Medicina omnibus venenis. Walnuts with Figs and R●e, is a medicine against all poison. is useful and profitable, both green and ripe; so the leaves, bark, juice, etc. in many Physical respects. Mr. Parkinson says, the profit of Walnut-trees is infinite. It is a good encouragement to Plant these trees also, because (as they are so many ways proprofitable, so also) they endure exceeding long, and will prosper well almost in any kind of soil, or in any Country: this was observed long since, Bap. Port. says, in former times, it was accounted an excellent, and singular Fruit-tree: juglandes' egregiam existimarent. L. 2. de Arb. Nat. Pag. 248. And Cressentius gives a good encouragement to Plant this tree: H●c arbor nullum recusat aerem, neque genus terr●●; (he says) This Tree refuseth no kind of air nor earth. Now, seeing it prospers well in all places, and is so many ways profitable above many other kinds of Trees, and so fit and proper for the sheltering of the Orchard, in regard of the exceeding great height and bigness that these Trees attain, and the long time that they last, let there be (therefore) many of them planted without the Orchard to shelter it, as before is said, so many as may be convenient for that purpose. Set many of the best thin-sheld Nuts in the Nursery, when they are fully ripe, and preserve them there three or four years, until they be a competent bigness to remove for this purpose: if they be set with the green husk on, it is so much the better to preserve them from worms, etc. Quantity of grounds for an Orchard. Having considered of, and found out fit place for an Orchard, in respect of th● lying of the ground, soil, and shelters for it the next thing is to design the Quantity And herein let not men be niggards to themselves▪ their posterity, and the Common● weal, in allotting a small quantity, Whe● they may take much: For the Fruit trees will yield (after certain years) many time● more profit, than the Corn or Grass of so much land: Especially if converted into Cider and Perry. Of the Profits of Fruit-trees; see Mr. Blithe, his Improver Improved, pag. 262, 263, etc. Where he shows Land may be improved, by Planting 8 or 10 times the value, and more. Such as begin soon will have most profit. And they that begin, and first set on this work of planting large Orchards, and fruit-trees in the fields and hedges, will have not only the speediest, but the greatest profit: because now, as yet, there are but few, or no great Orchards in some Countries; and while so great a commodity is in the hands of a few men, it will be exceeding advantageous 〈◊〉 them; but when it is more common, ●e advantage will be less. Therefore, if ●●en be but willing to make 20 l. worth ●0 l. or 50 l; or to make 100 l. a year, ●orth 2, or 3, or more, this is the way, ●ith little labour and charge. Great Profits, with little Cost or Pains. What work is of so much profit, with so ●●tle cost and pains? Corn and Cattle must have renewed charges and labours every ●ear: But as for planting Fruit-trees, there ●he charge is at the first, and little or nothing ever after, and the profit still increasing more and more for many years. Fruit-trees have an advantage, and excellency above other Commodities, which (for the most part) are best at first, and worse and worse, till nothing worth: (As Meat, Drink, Apparel, etc.) but Fruit trees increase in worth and goodness; are lest and worst at first, and of the mending and increasing hand for many Years or Ages. Orchard and Garden on the Southside. In Planting the Orchard let it be on the Southside the house, rather than on any other side; the house will be a shelter to it from the North; and beside, into the South is the sweetest and most pleasant prospect, and much the better for the Or●chard: And if it may be (as in some places it may) plant Fruit-trees round abou● the house. Build the House in the midst of the Orchard. Men that are to build the house, as wel● as to plant the Orchard, were best to build the house in the midst of the Orchard▪ and so they may live in a sweet, perfumed, wholesome Air, all their days, which will not be a little conducing to health and long life; besides all the pleasure and delight superadded. Sweet fresh Air, conduceth to health and long life, more than diet, as an Author of great esteem affirmeth. How healthful it is to live in a sweet fresh Air; not only learned and judicious men tell us, but also Experience. Of this, see Lord Bac. Hist. L. D. pag. 207.208 Nat. hist. Cent. 6. pag. 210. Cent. 6. pag. 136. Nat. hist. Cent. 4. pag. 102. and divers other places: so also a whole College of Physicians: See Scho. Sal. pag. 51. Many stocks of Bees may be kept in a great Orchard. Now, besides all the profit and pleasure that may be made of an Orchard in an ordinary way, by Cider, Perry, sale of the fruits, and use of them all the year in the house: there may be another profit made of them, by the labour of the industrious Bees, which may be kept in or about the Orchard, which will gather store of Honey all the blossoming time from the fruit-trees, and the more, and sooner, because they (In such a place) need not labour far for Honey, as having it near hand: I have read of an eminent Bee-master, who yearly, set many stocks of Bees by, or in a great Field of Pease and Beans in blooming-time, out of which the Bees did store, and fill their Hives with Honey in a very short time, as having it so near at hand; the like they will do in an Orchard, or Garden of Fruit-trees, having great store of provision ready at hand in an Orchard. Also, unto all this provision for Bees, Ciccamore-trees may be planted, on the North, East, and West of the Orchard; and Sallies, Withies, etc. which bear Palms early: all these yield abundance of provision for Bees: Now, the nearer they have their honey and wax, the earlier and oftener they will swarm. Plant Fruit-trees in the Fields and Hedges. As much profit may be made of Fruit-trees in Orchards and Gardens, so also by planting Fruit-trees in the fields and hedges of enclosed grounds: multitudes of Fruit-trees may be planted abroad in the fields and hedges, whereof great profit may be made, and yet without any considerable hindrance in any other respect, either of Corn, Hay, or Pasture; so that men may have a double or treble profit (or more) by this means, to what otherwise they have; after one Harvest is over, they may have a second, and that as great, or greater than the first; perhaps twice or thrice as good: That this may be, it is to be considered what Trees are fittest to be planted there, and in what manner. Observe right kinds. As to the kinds of Trees fit for flelds and hedges; it will be best, especially now at first (until there be more store of fruits) to plant the courser and harder kinds of fruits, that so people may not be eager of them to steal them. The courser fruits very profitable. There are many kinds of Fruits very course and hard at first gathering, which yet are exceeding useful and profitable, especially for Cider and Perry; some wild hard Pears, (as Mr. Parkinson observes) though no one will touch them to eat, yet they will make exceeding good Perry, scarce to be discerned from Wine, when it hath lain divers years, and is throughly ripened; and so of divers kinds of wild hard Apples. Let such therefore be planted in the hedges, on purpose for Cider and Perry. Plant high Trees in Fields. And as the kinds are to be thus observed, so also the substance and bigness of them: such Trees should be larger than ordinary, two yards high, or more at first planting, that so they may spread high, out of the reach of Cattle, and may not be troublesome to workmen about Hay and Corn in summer time. Defend them from spoil. Such being Planted, must have two or three stakes set about each of them; to preserve them from the rubbing of the Cattle, and other annoyances; or else must have a small hedge of Thorns round about them, for some years at the first planting. Manner of Planting in the Fields. Fruit-trees in the fields, should be Planted a large distance asunder, not only because this course will take up multitudes; but also (and chiefly) in regard they may not overmuch shade the Land whereon they are Planted, so as to prejudice Hay and Corn, Pasture, or other profits to be made thereof; so that these Trees should be planted 30 or 40 yards in distance, especially those in the middle of the fields, and also in Roes or Ranks throughout, that so the Plough may continue a strait furrow all along, from one end to the other; as we see in Herefordshire, Kent, and other Fruit●Countries; and Trees so planted (as we see by experience) will grow exceeding large, as great as three or four, or more of those that grow near together in Orchards. Shade and droppings, no considerable prejudice. If it be objected; That Fruit-trees so planted, will spoil much Corn and Grass under and about them, by their droppings and shade: It is answered, that it hath been observed, that good Corn hath grown very near the roots of such Trees, almost as good as any where in the field, where no Trees are: and grass as much, or more under Trees, as where none are, although (perhaps) not altogether so sweet. Mr. Blithe doth affirm it plainly, that fruit-trees regularly planted, do advantage the ground, even in respect of grass: See pag. 262. of the Improver Improved. And although it were granted, that neither Grass nor Corn would (at all) grow under fruit-trees; yet how weak an objection is this, when the profits by the Trees may be an hundred, or perhaps two hundred fold, to what can be expected (rationally) upon such a quantity of Land (as they shade) in Corn or Grass. Profit of Fruit-trees by Cider and Perry. Multitudes of Fruit-trees planted in Orchards and Gardens, and in the Fields, and bringing forth much fruit, the next thing is to make use of them to the best advantage; which is by Cider and Perry; especially by Cider. Men may not only store themselves for their own use in their Families, all the year, but also much for sale: they may sell the fruits to those who convert them into Cider for advantage. Cider more healthy than other Liquors. Cider is more conducing to health and long-life, than Beer and Ale, (though these are also good Liquors, especially for some persons) for Cider is a clear Liquor without dregs, and doth not only not leave any dregs in the body of its own substance, but it hath a property to cleanse the body, and open obstructions carry down superfluities and hurtful humours in the body, which other Liquors and Meats have engendered and left in the body, which are as the Seeds of many distempers and diseases. Long Experience, proves the healthfulness of Cider. That it is very much conducing to health and long-life, (besides the Judgement of learned Physicians) Experience doth fully prove it in those places where it is much used: The story of a Rich Landlord, who would never let leases for lives to any that were Cider drinkers, is somewhat to the purpose: he concluded such were like to live too long, so was not willing to meddle with them upon such terms. Mason Rust. says, that a famous Physician in his time, was not content to equal Cider and Perry, with Wine of Grapes, but preferred them before it in every things. In Normandy, Legacy of Husbandry pag. 19 there is abundance of Cider and Perry, where they esteem of it equal to Wine. Windiness of Cider, only at first▪ As to the windiness that some find in drinking this Liquor, that is found to be only at first, until the body be used to it, after a time that ceaseth▪ An Author of good credit says, that Beer and Ale have the like operation to those who have not been accustomed to them, which afterwards ceaseth: we know Tobacco will make a man dizze, and somewhat distempered at the first taking, to one who hath not been used to it, but afterwards no such thing: so also in respect of Cider. Cider of some Apples is Cordial. But especially it will be less windy, and much more pleasant, healthful, and cordial, if it be made of the best kinds of Fruits: Physicians ascribe some degree of heat to some Apples, Galen. de Aliment. facul. l. 2. pag. 20. In Com pr. Li. Dioscor. as Pearmains, and some kinds of Pippins. Matth. says, they are Cordial to persons in hot diseases: Calidis cordis affectibus succurrunt. Pearmains, Pippins, Moils, Redstreaks, best for Cider. Therefore, let the greatest number of Fruit-trees, not only in the Orchards, but also in the Fields, be of Pearmains, Pippins, Gennet-moyles, Redstreaks, and such kinds as are known by much experience, to be special good for Cider, and then the hedges and outmost bounds, may be of some courser and harder kinds, which also will make good Cider. Cider of the best Fruits, is not only healthful, but very cordial, is found to refresh the heart, and exhilerate and cheer the spirits, is special good against Melancholy distempers, against the stone, and strait passage of the water, carrying down gravel, and clearing obstructions in the body: it cleanses the stomach, and procures a good appetite to meat, and makes a good digestion; which is fundamental to health and long-life. Apprehensions of Good, makes men seek after it. Were men but acquainted with the benefits and advantages of this Liquor, they would labour more for it: But we know, bonum non desideratur, nisi cognitum: Men can never desire a thing, unless first they know it, or have some apprehensions of the good of it. Health and long-life. Health, and long-life, are two of the greatest earthly blessings that all the world looks after; and what will they not do, or give, for the attaining of them? As Naaman's servant said to his Master, so it may be said here, if they should be required to do some great matter, for the attainment of health and long-life, would they not do it? Yea certainly, me thinks then they should not neglect such easy terms as are here proposed, when once they know them. Now it is concluded, That exercise in the work of planting fruit-trees, with moderate use of Cider and Perry, are the most effectual Natural means for these ends. See at large pag. 40, 41, etc. Riches and Profits. But besides, many other profits and advantages come by this labour in Planting fruit-tree, in sale of the fruit-trees, cider, Perry, and other commodities in the Orchard all the year long; so that why may not this Art be called the Philosophers-stone, which, though it turn not common Metals into Gold, The Philosopher's stone yet it turns Trees and Fruits, yea, earth and dung into gold and silver in a certain time? Many men have laboured many years, and spent much gold and silver in seeking the Philosophers-stone, that so they might have gold enough, but all to little purpose. I think they were best to make use of this, till they find out a better; this will help to bear charges in the seeking of it. But though this Art be not the Philosophers-stone, yet it hath the properties of it, or some like it, if not above it; for is it not more to turn wood, earth, (and the like) into gold, than to turn Brass, Tin, and such metals into gold, which have some likeness to it already? Let Landlords and Tenants agree to Plant. So then, Let men that have Lands, or any considerable Estate in them, be persuaded to improve them for their own and others advantage; and herein Landlords might greatly benefit themselves, their heirs, and successors, if they would encourage their (a) If Landlord's Covenant with their Tenants in their Leases, to plant Trees, their livings will thereby be much improved in certain years. Tenants to plant fruit Trees and other Trees upon their Lands, by assuring them, that so doing, they should enjoy the same so long, or have such other recompense, as might be a sufficient encouragement to them to labour there about; but when Tenants fear, and suspect that the more they labour herein, and improve their Livings by such means, the sooner they shall remove out of it, they have little reason to stir a foot towards such a work. An increase manifold. Hereby men's Estates might be increased manifold, by many and great profits to them and theirs, for many Generations. Sir Rich. Weston, in his Legacy, says, It is a thing much celebrated by Antiquity, and thought the noblest way to gather wealth, for to employ one's wit and money upon his Land, and by that means to Augment his Estate. Husbandry the end of men's other endeavours. One says, If you observe the common course of things, you will find, that Husbandry is the end, which men of all estates in the world do point at: for to what end do Soldiers, Scholars, Lawyers, Merchants, and Men of all Occupations and Trades, toil and labour with great affection, but to get money, and with that money, to purchase Land; and to what end do they buy Land, but to receiv● the fruits to live upon? Now, this being the most profitable, and pleasant piece of Husbandry, doth especially challenge our labours in it, not only that we may live, but (as a means) that we may live in health, and live long, to the praise of God, and service of our generation. Nations subsist by Husbandry. Though Husbandry (in all the parts of it) is but a mean employment, in the account of many, yet we know by Husbandry, a Land or Country is maintained, even the greatest and highest persons in a Nation, generally; Lesser and smaller matters, facilitate and help forward the greatest: so that if the higher powers would please to enjoin, or encourage the people to Planting Fruit-trees, and all sorts of wood, they would be better able to bear all burdens and taxes (whatsoever) that are imposed from time to time by Authority: and the greatest, and most important affairs of the Nation, will be much furthered thereby. Cider and Perry are of great use in long voyages at Sea; and store of Timber might in certain years be raised for building of Ships of the best kinds of Oak, Beach, Chesnut-tree, and other kinds of Trees, whereby there might be a continual supply thereof, to this, and succeeding generations. Plant Oak, Ash, Elm, and all sorts of Wood ANd now I shall make some small digression, and step a little aside out of the Orchard and Garden, to give a word of encouragement, and direction, for the planting of several sorts of Wood and Timber, especially Oak, Ash, Elm, and other useful wood for building, fire, and other purposes; (I have planted and ordered these kinds of Trees as well as Fruit-trees) Hereby men may (by the blessing of God) exceedingly advantage themselves, their posterity, and the whole Nation: Besides the usefulness of the Wood and Timber, store of Hogs might be kept with the Mast (which makes their flesh very sweet, fat, and good) and some say Sheep and Poultry, will feed upon the Master Land not worth 28. an Acre, made worth 4 or 5 l. in few years. The charge and labour is but small, but the profit in time, (yea, in few years) will be exceeding great. Mr. Blithe in his Improver, Improved, affirms, that even boggy land, not worth above two shillings an Acre, by planting it with Willow, Sallow, and such like Wood, and draining of it deep, may be worth near five pounds an Acre, and that in 7 or 8 years. See pag. 160. of his Book. Wood on good Land, worth 60 l. an Acre. But upon better land, the advance and profit would be much more: Upon some warm good land, wood being planted, may be worth threescore pounds an Acre; and that in 11 or 12 years, and as much in fewer years afterwards: see the proof and experiment hereof, heretofore made by Mr. Cartwright at Billing in Northamptonshire, Improver Improved, pag. 157, 158, etc. An 100 Ashes sold for 500 l. See the experiment of a Gentleman that planted an hundred Ashes, and lived to see them grow to that bigness, that he sold them for five hundred pounds, at fifty years' growth: Improver Improved, pag. 163. Fifty thousand pounds worth of Wood in an Age, by one man. It is Recorded, that another Gentleman (together with his workmen) planted so much Wood in his life time, that he would not take fifty thousand pounds for it. See Improver Improved, pag. 163. A necessity of Planting Wood Many more particular instances of Experiments might be brought of the great profits of Planting Wood, and but few men but see, and hear of advantages this way, so that we have encouragements enough to this work, especially if we consider the great necessity there is of planting all sorts of Wood in this Nation; Wood and Timber being destroyed and wasted every where, and grows very scarce and dear, and so will be more and more every year, unless men set in good earnest to this work. It is desired the higher Powers would enjoin this work. And because men generally have been, and will be negligent in this great and important business, (through misapprehensions of it, and carnal selfish Principles, for that they cannot reap all the benefit themselves) it is much to be desired that the Higher Powers would by a Law, or Injunction, set men to this work, which would be of exceeding advantage, to the present and future Generations. Reasons for it. 1. First, because Timber, and all sorts of Wood, hath been of late times very much wasted and destroyed: and unless men set to this work, succeeding Ages will very much want timber for building ships, houses, and other necessary uses. 2. Secondly, by reason of the great waste of Wood, and no care to Plant more, fuel is grown scarce and dear, especially in many places, so that the poorer sort of people make lamentable moan for want of fire in cold long Winters, whereas by diligent planting, there would be fuel enough for all people. 3. Thirdly, except there be more planting, the Tanner's trade (so necessary in the Commonweal) is like to fail very much: Bark is at a very great rate already, and grows yearly dearer, because scarce. 4. Fourthly, By planting Trees in the Mounds, the fields would be much warmer in Winter, and cooler in Summer; and consequently Cattle, and all commodities there, would prosper and come on the better. Other Nations look more after Planting. It is Recorded, That the Romans did in Ancient time, (and Venice at this day) appoint Officers on purpose to take care of the Woods, that there be Planting as there is cutting down, and so a supply continually for all purposes. There is a Law in Spain, that he that ●uts down own Tree, shall plant three for it. How to have great store of young Oaks, Ashes, etc. Now, that men may have great store of young Sets and Plants to make Woods and Groves, or to plant in the fields and mounds, They must (in Autumn, when the Seed is ripe) gather abundance of Mast or Acorns, from the best and straightest Oak Trees: And also great store of Ash keys, Cycamore, and Mast of the Beach-tree, and other seeds, * See how, pag. 79, 80, etc. and sow these in ground Ploughed, or dug up for that purpose, and keep them with weeding; and some may be drawn the first year, (others as they grow fit) to transplant abroad, and by this means, a world of goodly young Trees may be raised: Most Ash-keys will lie in the ground until the second Spring, and then come up abundantly. Elm Plants. As for young sets of the Elm, many come up from the roots of Trees of themselves: But that we may have abundance, this must be done, Bore the Roots of some Elme-trees, and cut some of the roots (about a foot, or half a yard from the body) quite asunder, and the same will shoot forth multitudes of young Plants (having small Roots) which may be cut off with a Chisel or Knife, and planted in a piece of ground, as a Nursery, until they be grown big enough to Transplant abroad into the Fields. Cut not the Tops. Cut none of the tops of any young Tree that you intent for Timber; for cutting the top, will make it spread too much: and besides, Ashes, Cycamores, and some other kinds, have wide great piths, and wet getting in, rots some part of the Tree, and hinders its growth. Draw many, and leave the rest. Out of a piece of ground sowed with Mast and other Seeds, abundance of young Plants may be drawn, and enough left, which need not at all be removed, but are to be pruned up for Timber, or other purposes. Willow, Osier, Withy, Sally, etc. As for Willows, Osiers, Sallies, etc. and such like, they will grow of cuttings, long or short: Set in the Spring of the year. The Willow (especially) is a very profitable Wood, and is of as speedy a growth as any whatsoever, it is profitable for firing, and divers other purposes. This must be planted on moist land: The worst boggy land (especially if Treched) will become very profitable by this means. Sallies, and such as bear Palms early in the year, are not only profitable in the Wood, but also for Bees, in honey and wax; from which they have their first provision in the Spring. Soil best for a Plantation. Concerning the Soil, or ground for a Plantation of Oak, Elm, Beach, Ash, etc. We see by experience they will grow and thrive, upon almost any Land, but a loose warm soil is accounted best, if it be shelving upon the Sun; upon such a ground they will thrive much faster, and the profits will be greater than on cold clay moist ground. Howsoever, plant any ground that may be planted, the profits will be great and many, to the present Age, and to Posterity. And now I return again into the Orchard and Garden, and shall also speak somewhat further concerning Vine-yards, which (some are very confident) may be made here in England, with very good success and advantage. IT is Recorded, that many Vineyards have been formerly in England, Of Vineyards in England. and that Tithes have been paid (in some part of Gloucester-shire) of Wine, made of the Vineyards there. See Mr. Hartlibs Legacy of Husbandry, pag. 23, and 24. And that a Gentleman in the Wild of Kent, maketh six or eight Hogsheads yearly of his own Vines: that he hath one old Vine upon the sides and tiles of his House, that yieldeth nigh an Hogshead of Wine in a year, p. 26. Camden's Testimony of Vineyards in England. Camden in his Britannia, pag. 357. says, That William of Malmesbery writes, That there is no Country in all England, so thick set with Vineyards, as Gloucester-shire, nor so plentiful in increase; the Wines thereof made affect not their mouths that drink them, with any unpleasant tartness, as being little inferior in sweetness and odor, to the French Wines. And Mr. Camden adds, That this is the Reason why many places in that Country, and elsewhere in England, are called Vineyards; And that it may seem to be the sloathfulness of the People, rather than any indisposition of the Air, that this Nation yieldeth not Wine at this day. Mr. parkinson's judgement of Vineyards in England. Howsoever, Mr. Parkinson in his Paradisus Terrestris, pag. 553. tells us, he thinks it would be a fruitless labour to strive in these days, to make a good Vineyard in England, for that years are not now so hot as formerly; And he brings experience into witness the thing: That divers, both Nobles and Gentlemen, of late times, have endeavoured to plant Vineyards, and brought over Frenchmen to do it, but could never make any Wine that was worth the drinking, being so small and heartless, that they soon gave over their practice. And also, One says in Camden's Brit. pag. 269. That we have had Vines in Britan since Probus the Emperor's time, rather for shade than fruit. Now men have heard the Judgement of Writers, and what is Recorded concerning Vineyards in England, they may do as they see cause. A Vineyard must have all advantages with us It is very probable, that if some special Vines, that ripens their Fruits early (as some do with us) were planted with all the advantages that may be (as upon the side of an hill, upon the Southeast Sun, upon on a hot sandy soil, the Vines kept short and low, within a yard of the ground, and the ground kept bare without weeds or grass; it's likely, I say, (thus planted and ordered) they would afford good Wines, even with us in England. Or if Vines (some early kinds) be planted upon the South-sides of houses, or Morning Sun, and spread upon the Tiles, no doubt the Grapes will make good Wine: but I verily believe, that Vines upon level ground, without the advantages before mentioned, will not bring forth Grapes to perfection; it's likely such would make very good Vinegar or Verjuice, better than that of Crabs. An experienced way for good Wines. But seeing we have such a known Experienced way, to make good wine in England of Pearmains, Pippins, Moils, Redstreaks, and other Fruits, we need care the less for Wine of Grapes: the best that is said of the Wine that hath been made in England of Grapes, is, That is hath been little inferior in sweetness and odor to the French Wines: but the commendation of Wine made of the best Apples, is far higher; viz. That it hath been esteemed by good palates, not inferior to the best Wine of Grapes, ●all things considered) yea, hath been preferred before it. See pag. 145. Hereafter follow divers Experiments and Observations (promiscuously) without dependence one upon another. 1 Make some Wall-trees, Dwarftrees IT is good to Plant some Aprecot-trees, Peach-trees, Figtrees, and other kinds of Trees (which we use to Plant against a wall) upon Standards, to grow somewhat low, as Dwarftrees, if it may be upon the side of a South-hill, Experience shows the Fruit will come to ripeness, but be somewhat later and smaller: however, this saves abundance of labour and time, and some cost in pruning, and nailing the branches to the wall yearly. The Figtree bears an excellent cordial fruit, it doth sensibly refresh the Spirits after eating, but eat moderately, lest they make the blood to abound overmuch. If the ground be kept bare with diging, 2 Keep the gro●nd bore under and about them. or paring often, the fruit will be the fairer and sooner ripe, the reflection of the Sun from the bare earth, will be almost as strong as from a wall, especially if beaten down hard after digging. Moist, 3 Wet ground bad for Trees. waterish grounds, are bad for Fruit-trees, they chill the Roots, and cause Moss upon the Trees, and make the Fruits more cold, and on a worse taste, than the same kinds on drier grounds: but if Trees must be planted on such grounds, lay them as dry as may be, by ditches and trenches, in several places. It will advantage Trees in bearing (old Trees especially) to put Pigeons dung, 4 Helps in Fruit-trees in bearing. Lees of Wine, with some Ashes, Brimstone, or the like, to kill worms about the Roots; or to put some blood, or pieces of flesh, to their Roots: also state Urinal mixed, is very good for them, but yet beware of using too great a quantity of these hot things at one time, some Trees have been quite spoiled with blood, and such like, in not observing therein a meet quantity and season: Wine and hot waters refresh our bodies used moderately, but otherwise are hurtful: a man may be killed with Cordials, if immoderately taken, so of all other Creatures. Also to water Trees in blossoming and knitting time, makes them hold their fruit better. 5 Take heed that Pismires, Efts, and such like, be not about the Roots. If Trees thrive not, nor bear well, one cause (among many others, and not so much observed) may be, for that some hurtful creatures may breed, and lie about their Roots; as Pismires, Toads, Efts, and such like. One digging about the Roots of a Tree that did not thrive well, found a very great multitude of Efts, a great nest of them lying at the Roots, which undoubtedly was the cause of the poorness of the Tree: so of other such like creatures, therefore once in 3 or 4 years, it's good to dig and turn up the earth about the Roots, especially of old Trees; and withal, to put in some dung throughly rotten, or fresh earth. 6 Fruit-trees advantage Grass some ways. Fruit-trees planted in the fields, make Grass to spring earlier in the year, by reason they cause warmth, and in a hot summer they shade the grass, when it is burnt up in some other places: also, they cause much grass under and about the Trees, which benefits and advantages, do more than recompense for the sourness of such grass, as some suppose it to be. 7 Fruit-trees profitable many ways. The profits of Fruit-trees, are in many respects, not only by the fruits, to be eaten all the year long, with Cider, Perry, etc. but much fuel for the fire may be had from them in the Prune, and by old trees past bearing; besides, the wood may be sold at a great rate to joiners and other workmen, to make Chairs, Tables, and many other Commodities. Some Vines shoot forth exceeding large branches yearly, 8 Helps for barren Vines. but bear little: in such a case, bore the Roots, and cut off a Mr. Root or two from the Tree, then lay some Sand, Ashes, or any hot barren soil to the Roots, this will abate the redundancy of the Sap, and conduce to bearing Fruits. Grapes may be kept many weeks after the usual time of lasting, 9 How to keep Grapes. if a Branch of a Vine be drawn into the house (especially where a fire is kept usually) and nailed up with the Bunches of Grapes upon it; or if Bunches (when ripe) be cut off with some of the wood, and hanged up in a warm room where a fire is kept, with papers about them, to keep them from dust. If School boys and others, 10 Much profit by Planting in one Age. while they are young, set upon planting Oaks, Ashes, Elms, and other Trees, they may probably (as others have done) make use of them for building, sale, etc. even themselves in their own persons, unto exceeding great profit. See the Experiment of a Gentleman that planted a certain number of Ashes, and at 50 years' growth sold them for 5 l. a Tree, pag. 126. 11 Remedies against Coneys, Mice, etc. If young set Trees are in danger to be barked, or hurt by Coneys, then stick round about the bottom of the Plants, some Furz, (three or four branches) as high as a Coney can reach, and they can never touch those Trees: And if Mice annoy, or hurt any Seed-beds, or the like, then stick, or lay down Branches of Furz round about the Bed, as close as can be to the ground, and the seed will be safe; else lay Ratsbane for them, mixed with bread and butter. 12 To have Cherries & fruits late. Cherries, Plums, and other fruits, may be had after their ordinary times many weeks, when others of the same kind are gone, if means be used to keep them back; as covering a Dwarf-tree, with a piece of rough Canvas, or other Cloth in Summer, and wetting of it, to keep the Tree and fruits cool in a hot day. Or Secondly, to Plant a Fruit-tree, (that naturally bears fruit late, as the great bearing Cherry, and some others) upon the North-wall, where the Sun beams come not: Trees thus ordered, will bring forth their fruits very late, when all others are gone; and such will be as rare, and acceptable, as those that were extraordinary early: I have known Cherries on a Tree, Cherries in November, about the middle of October, and some in the next Month, about the middle of November: Also compass a small Tree, or bough full of Cherries, with a Net; this preserves them from Birds and from Snails, which otherwise can hardly be kept long. Snails do much mischief to Trees and Fruits, 13 Destroy Snails in Gardens. in the Spring and Summer, so that as a remedy, care must be taken (besides picking up, and killing many of them) to keep the Garden clean, as may be from weeds, under and about which they harbour, and also all the holes and chinks in the walls must be stopped, and pointed with Lime, that they cannot get in to lie in the day time: And withal, (to save some special Trees or Flowers from Snails) strew round about some sifted Ashes, the snails cannot creep over it, especially when the Ashes have been lately strawed. We may have Fruits grow within the house, 14 To have fruit grow within doors. if a branch of a Vine, Cherry, Aprecot-tree, etc. be drawn in at a window, and nailed up upon the ceiling of the house, or other place, where it may be preserved from breaking. Or to set a small Cherrytree, or other kind of Fruit-trees in an Earthen Pot or Box (with a hole or two in the bottom, that overmuch Rain or moisture may not rest in the mould about the roots) this may be set in any place of the Garden, and taken into the house at pleasure, with blossoms, or fruits upon the young Tree. 15 Apples that have lain a certain time make the most pleasant Cider. If Apples be suffered to lie a certain time after gathering (being full ripe) before we make them into Cider, the liquor will be more pleasant and delicate, then if the Cider were made immediately after the fruit is gathered (though that be a good way too) because in lying, (and somewhat heating together) the more waterish part flies out, and that which remains, is better concocted, and so more pleasant. 16 Tun up Cider as soon as may be. After the Liquor is pressed out into Vessels, let it not stand, but tun it up with all speed, for the Air in a little time, draws out much of the spirits of the Liquor, and dulls the rest. We know Wine, or Beer, or any Liquor, if it stand open in a Cup, or Glass, though but half an hour, (or a short space) they lose their best spirits, and become deadish or flat; and so of any other Liquor according to the time it is exposed to the open Air, though not so much while it is new, as afterwards. 17 What flags are best to bind withal Those Flags are best to use for binding of Grafts and Buds inoculated, which are threesquare, of a brown colour, of a middle size: the bigest are too hollow and spongy, and the least are somewhat too small and weak: They are to be had at the Mat-makers at all times of the year, or else they may be cut out of the ditches, and dried in Summer, and laid up to use as occasion is: In hot and dry weather in grafting time, cut them a convenient length, and tie many of them close together, so moisten them, and thus they will keep moist, and bind well in grafting. It is very successful that we proportion Grafts and Stocks in Grafting: 18 Fit Grafts and stocks in bigness. That is, to graft the bigest Grafts upon the bigest Stocks; and the lower we Graft-stocks, (if they be for Standard-trees, as Appletrees, etc.) the shorter the Grafts need to be, becavse all must be cut off, except only one shoot to grow up, to make the body of the Tree, so that a short Graft, of 2, 3, or 4 buds for such low stocks is sufficient, unless we intent those low Trees for the Wall, or for a Fruit-hedge, as is showed before: if so, it's better to graft upon such low stocks, longer grafts, of 6 or 8 buds, that so it may have many shoots and branches to spread. Such as have many to graft, 19 Cut Grafts in due season. and cannot do all the work in the best Season, may cut as many as they will, and keep them in the ground, laid half way or more in the mould, (in a shady place is best) and so we may be grafting till the end of April; and afterwards, when it is too late to cut Grafts. 20 Seed-stocks better than Woodstocks Many get Crabstocks out of the Woods to graft upon for an Orchard, but those kind of stocks are not (by far) so good, as such as come of seed or kernels, for many Reasons that might be showed: they for the most part, grow poorly, if they grow at all (for very many die out right) whereas Plants coming of Seed (and ordered as is showed, pag. 83.) grow vigorously, and seldom fail, as having better and more Roots than the other; and besides, they have an innate Spirit (from the Seed whereof they came) which makes them grow better than slip-plants, from Woods or Roots of Trees. And also they are worse than Seed-plants, because they being commonly great ones, must be grafted in the Cleft, which often occasions rotting of the heart by wet getting in before the Graft can cover the head of the stock: whereas Seed-plants being young, may be grafted by packing on, as is showed pag. ●6. and so are sound Trees, without any rotting at all: Also Seed plants are commonly more frim, strait and handsome, than Woodstocks, and to be preferred before them in these and other respects. In the Spring and Summer, 21 Weed the Nursery. keep the Nursery (of young grafted Trees and stocks) clean from weeds; rake up all the weeds on divers heaps, (being plucked up) and let them lie till they be dead and withered, and then scatter them about again; for as it will be much labour to carry them off the ground, so also it will much impoverish it, seeing it must be weeded often in Summer. Young Trees that are grafted low, 22 Cut not off side branches too soon and yet are to make Standard-trees, these must be pruned up, all the side branches, a yard or an Ell high, or as high as men please, according to the place they are to be afterwards set in; but in pruning, take heed of cutting off the side twigs or branches too soon, before the body be grown somewhat stiff and strong, able to bear a fair head: for otherwise it will be too top heavy: if the side branches be cut off too soon, the body will be weak and slender, and the head bushy, and too heavy for the body, and so cause the Tree to grow crooked. Boughs of 2, 23 How to get Boughs with Roots from Trees. 3, 4, or more years growth, may be taken from some Trees with Roots, to be planted in other places, as Dwarftrees, or in a Fruit-hedge: Thus, sometime in May or june, take off the bark of a bough, about an inch in breadth round about, cut it above and below, and take off all the bark between the two cuts, then take an old hat, or some old rag or cloth (or any thing that will hold mould) and tie it a handful, or more, below the disbarked place, then fill it up with some good earth or * Or otherwise it may be done thus: About Midsummer take away the bark, as before, then put round about the bare place, some Earth, wherewith some Hay or Grass is mixed, to hold it together, then wrap it round about with a Hayband all over, and in removing time, cut off the bough below, and set it with all the mould and bands, take away nothing of it. mould, as much above the disbarked place, as below, and let the mould be as much on one side of the branch as the other; afterwards water the mould, and keep it moist all Summer, by pouring in some water now and then: And in Transplanting time, this bough may be cut off below the disbarked place, and set elsewhere in good mould, which will bear in a year or two, it may be in the next Summer after, if it Root well: Now observe, this cannot be done upon every Tree, no kind of Stone-fruit, neither Aprecots nor Peaches, Plums nor Cherries; nor so well upon many kinds of Apples or Pears, which are of the harder sort of Fruit trees, but it may be effected upon all kinds of Quodlings, Nurs-gardens, Quinces, Jennet- moils, and some other kind of Appletrees that are of more soft and porous barks, which more easily put forth or some knobs or roughness which turn to Roots afterwards. And although there be Fruits upon boughs when they are so disbarked, yet the fruits come to good perfection, and the branches make a convenient growth the same year, for the sap passeth up through the pith and pores of the wood. Those Beds that are sowed with Seeds, 24 Look that seeds lie not above ground. of any kind, (Apple-kernels, Pear-kernels, Plum-stones, Cherry stones, etc.) must be looked unto, not only that Mice devour them not (as hath been said) but also that they lie not above ground; for though they be all covered when they are first sowed or set; yet we shall find after a certain time, the Rain that falls, will have washed off the mould from some of them, which will lie on the top bare; therefore take a stick, or something else, and thrust those seeds or stones, (that so lie bare above ground) into the mould, 25 Lay dung upon the Roots of new set Plants. an inch or half an inch, otherwise they are in danger to be lost. In setting young Trees (of any kind) take heed of setting the Roots too deep, there is advantage in setting shallow, if this course be taken; That is, after the Roots are well placed, and spread every way, and covered with mould, then lay round upon the Roots, (close to the body of the Plant) a barrowful of rotten dung, or any fat soil, or (for want thereof) some Litter, Straw, Hay, Weeds, or any such like stuff, upon, and round about the Roots; if it be half a foot thick, or more it is better: This, as it keeps the roots warm in Winter, and cool and moist in Summer following; so also it adds fatness to the soil where the Trees are set, and preserves them from weeds; or if any weeds grow, pluck them up, and lay them upon and about the Roots of the new set Plants, more the better. This course we see by experience, is exceedingly conducing to the growing and thriving of Trees newly Planted, many die for want hereof, or grow very poorly. 26 Leave a Bud on the outside. In cutting of Grafts, it is good to leave a bud or two on the outside of the cut place, that in case any of the Grafts happen to be broken off, such Bud or Buds on the outside, will spring out, and supply the defect, notwithstanding the Graft be broken off, even to the top of the Stock, as I have often observed; but some Grafts broken for want of such a Bud, have been utterly spoiled. Seeing it is certain (from experience) that many Fruits coming of Seed, 27 Preserus some 〈◊〉 ungrafted Trees for Cider. and were never Grafted, do make excellent Cider, and as many judge, the best Cider, (the famous Redstreak being such a one, even but a Wilding;) It is good therefore to sow some principal good Seed of Apples, and to Nurse up the Trees to bearing Fruits; whereof we may have several sorts of special Cider-fruits: And if any happen to be too near the degree of Crabs, then graft such with other good fruits. By setting or sowing of Acorns or Mast, 28 Sow Acorns Ash keys, and other Seeds. Ash-keys, Cycamore-keys, Chestnuts, Seeds of Maple, Beech, Thorn, and such like, men may (if they will be diligent herein) by the blessing of God, exceedingly advantage themselves, their posterity, and the whole Commonweal: Hereby there would be (in certain years) Wood and Timber enough for building of Ships, Houses, and also for Fuel and all other purposes: That poor people (as well as others) might have enough in cold long Winters, and not cry out, as being almost starved for want of Fire. Hereby would be sufficient Bark for Tanners at a cheap rate, and consequently all sorts of Leather (which is now exceeding dear) would become much cheaper. Hereby would be young Trees, sufficient to Plant the Fields round about, not only to make good Mounds, but also the same would make the Fields much warmer in Winter, and cooler in Summer, whereby all sorts of Cattle would prosper, and come on the better, and all other Commodities growing therein, to the great advantage of the Owners, and the Common-weal. So then, the Profits by Planting Fruit-trees, and these other Trees aforementioned, would be many and manifold, more than I am able to declare. OBSERVATIONS Upon some part of Sr. FRANCIS BACON'S NATURAL HISTORY, As it concerns Fruit-trees, Fruits, and Flowers: Especially the FIFTH, six, and SEVENTH CENTURIES, Improving the Experiments mentioned, to the best Advantage. By RA. AUSTEN, Practiser in the Art of Planting. Gen. 2.8. And the Lord God planted a Garden Eastward in Eden, and there he put the man whom he had form. And out of the ground made the Lord God to grow every Tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food. Gen. 1 29. And God said, behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the Earth: and every Tree, in which is the fruit of a Tree bearing seed, to you it shall be for meat. OXFORD, Printed by W. H. for Amos curtain, 1665. Good Reader, THE Author of this piece hath always thought sit (I disclaim any worth in me that may deserve it) to give me leave some time before every Impression to make a judgement of what in this Nature he hath published. But now bearing Reverence to the Greatness and Honour of the Person (without Controversy for that Constellation of Learning and Nobility in him, none of the least credits of our Nation) with whom he is now seen, was desirous, that I should not only tell him, (which at other times served the turn,) but the Reader also, my thoughts concerning this his adventure. Which are, that no man's aught to judge him presumptuous in this particular; I take him to be such, who hath more mind to communicate to the World (for public profit) what he has found by trial certain, than to make a book; and indeed am Witness myself to the Truth of most of his Experiments; the subjects of which no man dares call too low for the Pen, that remembers the Author whose Writing first gave occasion to these Animadversions. The Nature of things, Causes of their Generation, and of all appearing effects in them, is confessed to be a dark Theme, and for aught I know, many questions there abouts are not likely to be concluded, especially to the conviction of Gain-sayers, till Anaxagoras, Epicurus, Aristotle rise again: A little time by God's Providence I have been continued in the world, some small pittance of which hath been laid out in that search: I dare not say that I have been ascertained of the adequate, and true causes, with their manner in Causation of any of those Vulgar appearances which are in all mens Fies, after the best state that I can make in this subject. Fortasse non, if opposed, may put me to a blank; nor am I confident of any man's Wisdom that concludes affirmatively more than this, That such an effect may proceed in such a manner from such a Cause: Sometimes in many Opinions we have no probable causes assigned, but when many probable, than 'tis hardest of all to prove which is true: This I speak to take off the exceptions of such who are otherwise persuaded than our Author declares himself, when the question is concerning causes, as in the 481. Experiment: My Lord Bacon seems to maintain Anaxagoras his opinion concerning the way of generation and augmentation, per 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Mr. Austen Aristotle's, He not be bound that in a severe judgement the Master of our Schools shall have the sentence on his side: Yet we find few better Instances (then Mr. Austen brings) to explain how out of one nature (if indeed there be but one) in the juice drawn through the Roots to serve several Grafts upon the same Stock several natures may be made. Others may likely be offended at his refusal to attribute many effects to the descension of Sap; which whoever does, I give him leave to blame me too; for I have long believed the opinion of descension of Sap in Trees, a vulgar Error, and have always encouraged him to publish his arguments to the contrary. There may be others ready to stumble at other things, but if it be in matters wherein we are so much in the dark, by my consent for all mistakes we will enterchangably beg, and give pardon: his arguments to me are all especially commendable in this, that they smell more of the Garden, than Library, see p. 100, 101, etc. of his Treatise of Fruit-trees. If therefore my judgement must be made, I can't but commend him heartily, and his example to all, exercised in any like ways, and doubt not but that it would be mightily to the advantage of knowledge in Natural Philosophy, if even all to the lowest of Mechaniques would communicate the mysteries of their Arts. Interest indeed hinders most, and so 'tis like to do, from making any thing valuable common. But 'tis Heroical and Noble Charity, when there's nothing but Self-interest hindering, to deny that for the Public good: I believe the Author expects to himself no Attributes of so high Qualities. I wish he may always have his due, at least from (Good Reader) His and Thine, to serve thee, R. SHARROCK. L. B. novi Col. Soc. TO THE READER. COncerning my undertaking this ensuing work, I give this Account: It may (perhaps) by some be thought too bold an attempt in me, to examine the Writings, and to Recede (in any thing) from the Judgement of so Eminent and worthy an Author: To which I Answer, For what I have here done, I doubt not, but if the Author himself were nor living, he would approve of it: But more particularly, let it be considered, that those things which I have to do with herein, are directly within the compass of my Calling and course of life, about which I am daily conversant: And the Author hath given to myself and others, sufficient encouragement in this: Having said (in his Advancement of Learning) That the Writings of speculative men upon active matter, seems to men of experience, to be but as dreams and dotage: And that it were to be wished, (as that which would make Learning indeed solid and fruitful) that active men would or could become writers: Men that have experience in things, are like to see into the Mysteries & secrets of them, more and further, than such as have notions and apprehensions of them without action and practice, It is concluded, and laid for a ground, That peritis credendum in sua Arte: Men are to give credit to Artists in their own faculty. And further observe, that many of the ensuing particulars, are but only Queries set down by the Author, wherein not having experience, he desired further light from it: which I have endeavoured herein to resolve; and wherein I have perceived a manifest mistake, I have (for the Truth's sake, and profit of men) discovered it. I hope, without any reflection upon the Worthy and Learned Author, who I verily believe, would have encouraged any Experienced man, in the like undertaking: not seeking himself, (as he * In his Epistle to his Natural History. professeth, but the truth in these things, for the good of future Generations. Let it be observed also, That the Experiments set down by the Author in his Natural History, are of two sorts, as himself saith: Experimenta Fructifera, & Experimenta Lucifera: Experiments of Light and Discovery, (such as serve for the illumination of the understanding, for the finding out, and discovering of Natural things in their Causes and Effects, that so Axioms may be framed more sound and solidly) And also Experiments of use and profit in the lives of men. Now, the Observations upon these Experiments, tend also to the same ends. I have endeavoured to improve them for most advantage, and therefore have so much enlarged, especially upon many of them, and where I have been more brief; and the thing required further discovery, I have referred to it in my Treatise of Fruit-trees, where it is spoken too more fully. And that there may be a brief view of what is contained in the ensuing Experiments and Observations, I have set down the chief particulars in the Table following, all which I recommend to thy Use, for thy Profit, R A. AUSTEN. OBSERVATIONS Upon some part of Sr. FRAN. BACON'S NATURAL HISTORY. The V. CENTVRY. WE will now inquire of Plants or Vegetables, And we shall do it with diligence. They are the principal part of the third days work: They are the first Producat, which is the word of Animation; for the other words are but the words of Essence: And they are of excellent and general use for Food, Medicine, and a number of Mechanical Arts. Experiments in Consort touching the Acceleration of Germination. Experiment 401. THere were sown in a Bed, Turnip-seed, Wheat, Cowcumber-seed, and Pease: The Bed we call a Hot-bed: Horse dung (such as will heat when laid together) laid a foot high, supported on the sides, and mould laid thereon two or three fingers deep. The Turnip see and Wheat, came up half an inch above ground, within two days after, the rest the third day: This is a noble Experiment, for without this, they would have been four times as long in coming up. It may be tried also with Cherries, Strawberries, and other Fruits, which are dearest when they come early. Observation. Though a Hot bed conduce much to the speedy springing up of Seeds, Stones, Roots, etc. yet the end cannot be attained hereby: (they will not come to ripeness earlier the others for profit) unless there be a continuance, and concurrence of Causes from first to last, all along, without intermission: For the hasty and sudden springing up of seed upon a Hot-bed, is but a forcing of Nature for a little while, and serves to excite for the present, while the heat continues in it; but what shall carry on the springing and growth of these things to perfection, when the heat of the Hot bed is over: surely as the Cause of springing and growth becomes weaker and weaker, until it cease altogether, so also will the effect of that heat, that is, The growth of the Plants. Steeping of Wheat in fat Waters and other Liquors, Experiment 402. is a rich Experiment for profit, if the goodness of the Crop answer the earliness of the coming up, etc. Steeping of Seeds, Observation. Kernels, Stones, etc. is chiefly to excite the spirit of the kernels or seed, and to make them the sooner and more easily to open, & spring up out of the Earth, which some kinds have much need of; as Aprecots, Almonds, and other thick hard stones. As for Wheat, and such like seeds, steeping will excite the spirits, and o●en● the grosser parts, and hasten their spinging up; But I conceive the vigour and virtue (gotten by such steeping) will be soon gone, it will not be lasting, as the natural properties of the seed; Whatsoever is natural, in Seeds, Plants, etc. doth continue, and cannot fall off, or be lost; but that which is accidental and from Art, is but of short continuance, and soon over; (like the virtue of a Cup of Wine, or a meals Meat to our bodies) so that the end will not be attained, unless the same help be renewed, and often repeated, by watering of such steeped seeds, with the same Liquors, from time to time till they come to perfection. Experiment. 403. Strawberries watered now and then (as once in three days) with water, wherein hath been steeped Sheeps-dung, or Pigeon●-dung, will prevent, and come early. Observation. This is a good Experiment, and profitable to make the Berries earlier and fairer, so it be seasonably and moderately done. I conceive the morning is best, before the Sun be hot; but water them not too often, nor too much, lest it make the ground too rank and fat, which is not good for Strawberries; it makes them commonly run into great leaves and strings, and to bear Fruits less. Experiment. 404. Dung, or Chalk, or Blood, applied in substance, (seasonably) to the Roots of Trees, doth set them forwards, etc. Observation. Too great a quantity of these things, will hurt, especially young Trees; as the best meats and drinks, immoderately and unseasonably taken, hurt men: Blood, or Flesh, or the like, applied to the Roots of old Vines, or other Fruit trees, being decayed or old, will refresh them greatly: Let this be done before Winter, or in Winter time, that the virtue thereof may soak into the Roots, and the Earth about them before the spring: And also that it may not be noisome or offensive in Spring, or Summer after: Dig up the earth, and bore the Roots as much as may be, and pour in the Blood, or lay the Dung, Flesh, or any fat substance to the Roots, afterwards cover it with the mould all over: Otherwise take a Bar of Iron, and make many holes among and about the Roots of old Trees (especially where the ground is bad) and pour in blood of Beasts, fat water or such like; this will much refresh the Trees. Fruit-trees upon a South, Experiment. 405. or Southeast wall, will bring forth their fruits early. It is true, Observation. that the South wall is best, and the South east next, to Plant choice Trees upon to come early; the Reason why the West-wall is not so good as the East, for early budding, and ripening of fruits, I conceive is mainly, because there is usually more rain and moisture, and greater and more winds out of the West, in Spring and Summer, than out of the East, which do much cool the Trees and Fruits, and so retard. Also May-Cherries, or other kinds, which naturally bud, and bring fruits early, being planted (as is here said) against the back of a Chimney where fire is much kept, the same will bud, and bear very early in the year, especially if the wall be of brick, and but a thin wall. Experiment. 406. Digging, and loosening the earth about the Roots of Trees, accelerate Germination. Observation. This culture is undoubtedly a benefit to Trees, as to their increase and growth: they will thrive the faster hereby; but I conceive not as to accelerate Germination, to hasten early budding; for all Trees bade forth before they draw one jot of Sap out of the earth in the Spring: there is Sap existing in the buds and branches all the Winter, which is excited by the Sun's drawing near in the Spring time, and breaketh forth into blossom and leaf, and by degrees Sap riseth to carry on springing and growth. Experiment. 407. A Damask-Rose-tree in water, budded in the space of ten days in a Chamber. Obeservation. I conceive this Acceleration was not for that is was set in water, but because the air was somewhat warmer in the house, than out of doors at that season, it being in October; it would have done as much if it had been set in earth: And as for the difference betwixt this, and that with the Horse-dung mixed; it may be that Rose-tree in water only, had the better and more Roots, which would certainly cause budding sooner. A Dutch Flower that had a bulbous Root, Experiment. 408. was put under water, and within seven days sprouted, etc. I have tried several Flowers with Bulbous Roots, Observation. and other kinds of Roots in water in the house in Autumn, which kept fresh, and seemed to come on somewhat for a while, but afterwards flagged and faded; I know no advantage that may be had hereby at that season, for the Air (in a while) grows chill and cool, even within doors, and so puts a stop to growth in all vegetables. If Roots, Experiment. 409. or Pease, etc. may be accelerated in their coming, a double profit may be made; in some strong grounds you shall have Radish, etc. in a Month. Pease, Observation. Radish, etc. are hastened in the Spring and Summer, and their returns quick, chiefly because they are sowed, and set in a warm place, upon ground sloping upon the Southeast Sun; with some special shelters from the North, and cold Winds. For Nourishment, Experiment. 411. water is almost all in all, therefore it is a comfortable Experiment for good drinkers. Observation. Simply water affords but a feeble and weak nourishment, crude and cold; and therefore we see, that in low waterish grounds, fruit-trees come on poorly, being full of Moss by reason of the cold nourishment: and that in dryer, deep, fat soils, Fruit-trees are three or four times bigger, and consequently longer lived then those in waterish grounds: Neither is this a comfortable experiment for good drinkers, but the quite contrary; for Experience shows us, such as live most upon good Liquors (eating but little) are more unsound, unhealthy people, and short lived, than those who drink less, and feed upon solid meats. Experiment. 412. Housing of Plants will accelerate Germination. Observation. Certainly it will, if the Plants be ordered with discretion, to be seasonably set out in the Sun and Rain in the warmest seasons, and time of the day, (removing the Box of earth in and out, as occasion is) or otherwise Housing may spoil them, and cause the branches and twigs to contract, and become dry; for as the Air within doors, is warmer than that without, so also it is drier, and does exhausted and dry the Plants more, therefore they have need sometimes, of the moist Air without. Experiments touching the putting back, or Retardation of Germination. TO make Roses come late. Experiment. 413. First, cut them after bearing. This may be a means as to some Rosetrees, Observation. that is, such as are old: I have known some of long standing, perhaps a dozen, sixteen, or twenty years of age, and some of seven or eight years, (cut newly after bearing) have born Roses again a second time, late in the year, being cut the next full Moon after they have done bearing; but there is a kind I have (amongst many other kinds) which naturally bears a second time, although the tree be but small and young; besides the Rose called the Monthly Rose. Secondly, Experiment. 414. Pulling off the buds of the Roses that first spring forth. I have tried this second way, Observation. which succeeded not, it may be, because the Trees were young; but one affirmed, he plucked off some buds in the spring, and the Tree bore Roses in November. Thirdly, Experiment. 415. Cutting top Boughs in the Spring. This hath been tried also, Observation. but was ineffectual; but the Trial was upon young Trees: as for the Report that follows in this Experiment of Zions perishing if the old top boughs be cut off, it is otherwise, for it is a common Experiment to cut off all the boughs of a Tree, and to graft them, and the grafts will not only not perish, but grow the better therefore, as having all the Sap to themselves, which naturally riseth (the Sun also drawing it up) without the help of any top bough lef●, as continual Experience shows. Experiment. 416. Fourthly, Laying the Roots bare about the end of December. Observation. Many hundreds of Trees are thus bared, yet I find no difference at all in the late budding or bearing of such trees from others Experiment. 417. Fifthly, Removing the Tree some Months before it buddeth. Observation. It is true indeed, removing of Trees (especially so late in the year) must needs retard Germination, if they bud at all, commonly such fail, or grow very poorly. Experiment. 418. Sixthly, Crafting Roses in May. I know one that tried this Experiment: Inoculating (not Grafting) Buds in the Spring, Observation. which badded for Roses at the same time that others (of the same kind) did; which buds being cut off they bore Roses afterwards, the same year, when others of the same kind were gone. Seventhly, Experiment. 419. Girding the body of the Tree with some Packthread. This will not do it neither; Observation. we see commonly, that Grafts tied straight, with strong flags, and some branches of Wall-trees nailed strait to the Wall, so that I have seen the back dinted in with the straitness of the Leather and bands, yet for all that, Sap riseth plentifully through the place (so girded) up into the branch, and buds are as forward on that branch, as on any other. Eightly, Experiment. 420. Planting them in the shade. I have known Rosetrees in a shady place, which have not boar at all; Observation. it's a tree that loves the Sun. So this Experiment will not hold, I have tried it, and it succeeds not. Experiments touching the Melioration of Fruits, Trees, and Plants. AN heap of Flint, Experiment. 421. or Stone, laid about the bottom of a Tree, upon the first Planting, makes it prosper much. Stones laid to the Roots of Fruit-trees, Observation. when newly set, is a good Experiment in some grounds, but not in all: it's true, stones so laid, keep the Root of the Tree somewhat more moist, and warm, and steady, that winds shake it not, and so are profitable, but there is danger (in some grounds) lest they harbour Ants, or Pismires, about the Tree Root, under the stones, which I have seen, to the hurt and destruction of divers young Trees. But it is a safer and better way to lay a good quantity of rotten dung, or Litter straw, etc. round about the Roots of new set Trees, upon the top of the mould, this keeps them warm in Winter, and cool and moist in Summer, and steady, and the moisture, and fatness of the mock, soaks down to the Roots, and refreshes the Tree very much: or for want thereof, lay a heap of weeds round about the new set Tree Roots, and so all the next Summer after; these things are special advantages to new set Trees. Experiment. 423. A Tree at first setting should not be shaken, but after a years rooting than shaking is good. Observation. When young Trees are first planted, it's very convenient to set a stake to each of them, and tie them together with a hayband, or some soft band, that winds shake them not: and this not for a year only, but divers years, until the young Tree be well rooted in the earth, and also be grown strong, that the winds bow not their bodies, and cause them to grow crooked, which fault I have seen in very many Trees. Cutting away suckers, Experiment. 424. and side boughs, make Trees grow high. All suckers must be cut away from the Roots of Trees; Observation. and as for side branches, those may be cut as men are minded to have their Trees to spread, nearer, or higher from the ground: but cut not the side branches too soon, before the body be grown strong enough to bear the head, else it will be top heavy, and grow crooked. To have many new Roots of Fruit-trees, Experiment. 426. lay the branches in the ground, etc. The branches of all kinds of Trees will not take Root thus; Observation. This way of Propagation is only for some kinds, as Mulberries, Figs, Vines, Quadlings, Nurs-gardens, and some other kinds of Trees, whose branches are soft and porous. As for Aprecots, Peaches, and such like, they will not take Root thus: I have tried, but not one Root could be got, neither will they take with grafting, I have tried many. The way to propagate these kinds, is by Inoculating buds upon young stocks full of sap. Experiment. 427. From May to July, you may take off th● bark of any bough, etc. and set it, and it wil● grow to be a fair Tree in one year, the cause may be for that the bearing from the bark keepeth the Sap from descending towards Winter. Observation. It is true, that the Boughs of some kinds of Trees will take Root in this manner as is here expressed; that is, such kinds as will take root with laying down in the ground, mentioned in the last experiment; which being cut off and set, may grow to be a fair Tree in certain years, not in one year (as is said) for the Roots (got in this manner) are but small, and very disproportionable to the bough, so that it can come on but very poorly, and slowly, for divers years: As for the bearing from the bark, which is supposed to keep Sap from descending towards Winter; I say, the Sap is as far from descending when the bark is on, as when 'tis off; there's no such thing in nature as descension of Sap in any Trees whatsoever. This worthy Author took this upon trust, according to the general opinion of men, for had he but stayed a little to consider it, he would have found it groundless, and a mere conceit; For all the Sap that ascends into the body and branches of Tree, is changed into wood, bark, buds, blossoms, leaves and fruits, it is turned in●o that body and substance which we see ●bove ground, and none at all descends at ●ny time; for there is no Cause, and therefore no such effect: sap is continually ascending all the year long, more or less, either for the growth of the Tree in Summer, or for the conservation of it in life, and in all its dimensions in Winter; for there is a continual extrastion of Sap out of the body, boughs, and branches, by the Sun and Aire, as this Author elsewhere asserts and which Experience proves. Now, if there were at any time a descension also, what then would become of the Tree, it would quickly wither, be contracted, and shrink apparently: whosoever is unsatisfied with what is here said against descension of Sap in Trees, may see (hereof) more largely many Arguments against it in my Treatise of Fruit-trees, pag. 191, 192, etc. If Trees bear not, Experiment. 428. bore a hole through the heart of the Tree, and it will bear. Perhaps this course may do some good in letting out some superflous sap, Observation. if too much repletion be the cause: But there are divers other causes of barrenness of Fruit-trees: As too deep setting, the root running down into Gravel, Clay, Water etc. which must have answerable reme●dies. And sometimes it is in the nature of the Trees: that all the culture in the world used to the Roots and body, wil● not help, without engrafting the branche● with Grafts of some good bearing kinds▪ which is the best way I know to have store of good fruits, (and speedily too) from barren Trees. Experiment. 429. To make Trees bear, cleave the chief roots, and put in a small pebble. Observation. This may be profitable, not only for that the Root may be bark●bound as well as the body and branches, (which must be scored down, and cut to the wood) but also it will cause the Roots to shoot forth many small Roots at the place opened, which will afford more vigour▪ life, and sap to the branches, and so make the Tree stronger and more in heart, and able to bring forth more, and fairer fruits. Experiment. 430. Trees against a Southwall have more of the heat of the Sun, then when they grow round. Observation. Aprecots, Peaches, and such like ●old fruits, will scarce ripen but against a 〈◊〉 they have need both of the 〈…〉, and reflex beams of the Sun: 〈…〉 it were more practised to set some other choice kinds of fruits upon a Southwall, (as the great Burgamet, Summer Boncriten, Green-fleld Pear, and other special kinds) this would advantage them greatly, not only in bigness, but also in their early ripening and goodness of taste; thus, one or a few, would be worth many ordinary ones. Some pull off the leaves from Wall trees, Experiment. 431. that the Sun may come the better upon the boughs and fruit. This may hasten ripening, Observation. but it hinders the bigness of the Fruits, the Sun ripening them before they have attained their natural greatness: in case it prove then very hot weather; so that if leaves be pulled off, it should not be till fruits are at bigest; and then, but where they overmuch shade the fruits; some convenient shade by the leaves is as necessary for the Fruits, (in order to bigness and goodness) as the Sun. The lowness of the bough, Experiment. 432. maketh the fruit greater, and to ripen better, etc. Graft a tree low, and maintain only the lower boughs. Low Trees, Observation. and the lower boughs of high Trees, have their fruit ripe somewhat sooner than the higher, because they have some benefit by the reflection of the Sun from the earth, as well as from the wall; (if they grow against a wall) but that the fruits are greater on lower, then on higher boughs, I perceive not; I am sure I have seen sometimes fair fruit on the higher boughs, and b●t small on the lower, in case the branches of a wall tree have been permitted to grow stright upwards, without bowing down along the wall, as most commonly they be, and the reason is plain, because the most, and greatest quantity of Sap presseth upwards, & leaveth the side branches indigent of Sap, whereby they grow poorly, and some die for want of Sap: now according to the quantity of Sap in branches, so are the fruits smaller or greater. It is true indeed, many little and low Trees, if they be vigorous, and shoot well, bear very large fruits, it may be, larger than high Trees of the same kinds: but this is, not because low, but because they are more lively and vigorous than the other. And if we should graft a Tree low, and maintain only the lower branches, by continually cutting off the higher; this would much enseeble the Tree by degrees, by obstracting of the Sap, and the fruit would be accordingly. But the best way to order a Wall tree that shoots upwards strongly, is to bow those strong branches along the wall both ways, and then there will be as large fruits on the lower, as on the higher boughs, and sooner ripe. To have Fruit in greater plenty, Experiment. 433. the way is, to graft not only upon young stocks, but upon divers boughs of an old Tree, etc. It is an excellent Experiment to graft the boughs of an old Tree, Observation. (that is a bad bearer, or bears bad fruits) with Grafts of some special good bearing kinds, for this will have large branches, and bear fruits, even in a year or two: so that it is a very unwise course of many who (when some of their Trees bear not as they would have them) cut them down, and set young ones in their Room, which cannot possibly attain the bigness of the former in many years. Digging yearly about the Roots of Trees, Experiment. 434. is a great means, both to the acceleration and melioration of fruits, etc. Old Trees, Observation. that grow in stiff, cold, clay grounds, have most need to be dug about yearly, that thereby the ground may be more open and mellow; but for young Trees of few years standing, (especial if in sandy, mellow grounds) these have little or no need at all of digging about: To dig about Roses, and such like, which grow near the top of the ground, I conceive it is needless, for this work is chiefly to open the earth about old Fruit-trees, (whose Roots are grown great and deep) that the Rain, Snow, and Sun in Winter, may reach the bottom Roots. Experiment. 435. A Fruit-tree almost blown up by the roots, and set up again, the next year bore exceedingly: loosening the earth, comforteth any Tree. Observation. Trees blown down, and raised up again, and well moulded, may root again if they be not very old: and though digging about the Roots, sometimes be good, yet overmuch digging, and loosening the earth about the Roots of Trees, will cause many to be blown down by great winds, which will not fasten again to abide a strong Wind in many years, if ever. Experiment. ●●6. To revive an old Tree, the digging of it about the Roots, and applying new mould to the Roots, is the way, and change of mould to the better is profitable. Observation. Digging, (as hath been said) with caution, is very good; and change of mould, if to the better, is also very advantageous to Fruit-trees, in case the soil be barren, but if it be very fat, as some is, (especially some particular places by accident) than mould that is more sterile and hungry, will do better; for overmuch repletion and fertility, may hinder fruitfulness, and cause the sap to run most into long shoots, and broad leaves The shifting of ground, Experiment. 439▪ is a means to better the Tree and Fruit: and all things do prosper best, when they are advanced to the better. And a Nursery ought to be in a more barren ground then the places whither they are Transplanted. It is true, Observation. change of soils sometimes is very good, if to the better: but is true also, that if Trees grow in over ran● soil, then worse, will be better: that is, will help more towards fruitfulness: as a co●rse and mean fare is better for a ●at man, th●n the more delicious. Without contro●versie, young Trees out of barren Nurseries, come on faster when Transplanted, then out of fat soils; but in case the Nursery be fat soil, than some other as good must be laid to their Roots when set again. Hacking of Trees, Experiment. 44●. doth great good to Trees. After eight or ten years' growth, Observation. cutting, or scoring, or hacking the bark of Trees with a knife, is profitable; but while they are young, the Bark is but thin and tender, and enlargeth well enough without this cutting, unless some that through barrenness of soil (or other cause) are bark-bound, and to such, hacking and scoring is profitable. Experiment. 441. Shade to some Plants, conduceth to make them large and prosperous, more than Sun, as in Strawberries and Bays, etc. Observation. It is true, jays and Laurel prospereth better in the Shade then in the Sun, being hot Plants, but Strawberries do better partly in the S●ade, and partly in the Sun, then in Shade ●nly; as among Bushes and other Plants: I have observed those in the Shade, to bea● little or nothing, when others of the same kind and growth, somewhat in the sun, bore very much. Experiment. 447. ●ulling off many blossoms from a Fruit-tree, doth make the Fruit fairer; and if some blossoms be not pulled off the first time a Tree bloometh, it will blossom itself to death. Observation. Commonly the fewer blossoms upon a tree the fairer will the fruit be, because (as the Author says) of the plenty of sap: And indeed, in case a Tree newly planted, blossom very much, and the Root be but weak, (which may be perceived by the weakness of the buds) than its best to pull off most, if not all the blossoms: but many I have known (the first years planting) take Root so strongly (being in good mould) as that they blossom and shoot forth, and bear fair fruits the same year. Experiment. 450. It were good to try what would be the effect if all the blossoms were pulled from a Fruit-tree, for two years together. Fruit-trees that bea● but every other year, Observation. they (for the most part) bear that year very plentifully; and t●e excessive expense of Sap that year (its l●●e) makes the Tree the more feeble the nex●; but if blossoms be pulled off a year or tw● together, I suppose the Sap would go mo●e into the shoots, and make them larger t●en if it bore fruits; and the issue as to ●earing more or better fruits, would be nothing worth There is no doubt but that Grafting (for the most part) doth meliorate fruit; Experiment. 452. The cause is manifest, for that the nourishment is better prepared in the stock, then in the crud● earth. Grafting doth not at all meliorate the fruit simply in its self; Observation. for a Tree will not be the better for grafting, unless the grafts be taken from a good Tree. If the Tree from which grafts are cut, be no better than the Tree which is grafted, then grafting will not a jot mend the fruit; which it would, if grafting were any thing towards the bettering of the fruit. The cause why grafted Trees bear better fruits, then wild ungrafted trees, is not because they are grafted, but because the grafts are good, the tree from which the grafts are cut, is of a good kind and nature, and every twig, graft and bud, hath the nature of the Tree in it perfectly; the properties of the Tree are in all, and every part, as the Soul in the body, which i● tota in toto, & tota in qualibet parte; ●●d the grafts retain the nature and properties being grafted upon wild stocks and bring forth ●uits accordingly: ●nd that's the cause that grafting doth memorate the fruit, and not because the nourishment is better prepared in the stock, then ●n the crude earth, for the branches of an engrafted Tree, do no more receive nourishment from the crude earth, than the branches of a grafted Tree: but the sap and nourishment, passeth up a body or stock to the branches, in the one, as well as in the other. And as it is true, that the Peach and Molocotone (as the Author says) do bear good fruits coming up of stones, (which is not always so neither, only here and there one) so it is true also that they bear as good fruits of the bud being Inoculated. Experiment. 453. It hath been received, that a smaller Pear grafted upon a stock that beareth a greater Pear, will become great, etc. Observation. It is true (as the Author thinks) that this will not succeed, because the Grafts do govern, they always bring forth fruit answerable to their own natures and kinds, else it were to little purpose to get grafts from such, or such a good Tree, to have more of the kind. Yet it is true also, that the stock hath some influence upon the graft, so as to make the fruit better or worse, according to the nature of the stock, in some small degree: As if we graft upon a stock that naturally bears a sour, harsh fruit; the fruit of the graft will not be altogether so pleasant as if it were grafted upon a stock that bears naturally a sweet and pleasant fruit: and hence it is that Pears grafted upon Quince-stocks, will be more delicate then upon Pear-stocks: The Quince-stock gives an excellent taste to it, but these Trees upon Quinces, will never attain to any great bigness, for all Quince-trees are but small in comparison of Pear-trees, and where the stock can be but small▪ the graft cannot be great: yet (as I have seen it) somewhat bigger than the stock: As for a Pear upon a Thorn, (which this Author speaks of) it cannot be good, it makes it a harsh, hard Pear at the core, if it thrive and bear, but most commonly they die in two or three years: we know its natural fruit (Hawes) have stones in them: But for the Apple upon the Crab, that's natural, the Crab being a wild apple, and very proper to graft all sorts of Apples upon, in regard of the soundness of the stock, its long lasting, and aptness to take with grafts, and also to grow when set in the ground; although it's true, it makes the fruit somewhat more tart, than the same fruit upon sweet Apple-stocks. It is true, that the seeds of some Apples and Pears, brings forth very good fruit: the cause of this (I suppose) is, for that the stocks whereon these fruits were grafted or Inoculated, were good kinds of themselves, kinds that came good of seed formerly; and if so, no marvel though the seeds bring forth good fruits without Grafting or Inoculating: and upon the Experience, Peach-stones have brought forth a paltry, naughty fruit many of them, though some good: As concerning the Grafting of an Apple Cions upon a Sallow, Poplar, Alder, Elm, or Horse-plum; it is in vain to try, for trial hath been made upon stocks nearer in kind than these, and it would not come to perfection; they will grow a year or two, (it may be) and then decay and die. Experiment. 452. Flowers removed, wax greater, because the nourishment is more easily come by in the loose earth: It may be that often regrafting of the same Cions, may likewise make fruit greater. Observation. To remove Flowers (small young Roots) into good fresh earth, will improve them in growth and bigness; especially if withal some of the side-slips, (and also of the buds which the Root shoots up for flowers) be cut off, and some half a dozen, or half a score of the buds or shoots, be left to grow upon the Roots; the Root then will be able to give plentiful nourishment to them, whereby they will become much larger, then if all the spindle buds were suffered to grow. But as for often regrafting the same graft in order to make a large fruit, this will not do it, for we see it is constantly done from year to year; for what else is the cutting of Grafts from young Trees, (it may be of two or three, or but of one years' growth) and grafting them again upon stocks, and repeating this for many years together, and yet we know the grafts hold their own natural properties from one year to another. And though there be (as hath been said) some small alteration according to the kind of the stock, while it grows upon it, yet that alteration is lost, and falls off, when the Graft is engrafted upon another stock, and the Graft retains its own natural properties only: with some small addition of the nature of the stock on which it (at present) grows. Experiment. 455. It maketh Figs better, if a Figtree when it beginneth to put forth leaves, have his top cut off. Observation. If the Figtree be very old, cutting off the top may be profitable; for that such cutting (as in all other Trees) maketh the Sap shoot forth into branches more vigorously than otherwise it would; by which lively rising of Sap, the whole Tree, and the Fruit upon it, fares the better: but if the tops of young Trees be cut off, (Figtrees or other) there will shoot forth (in the room thereof) such huge strong shoots, that the main stream of Sap will run that way, which great shoots will be for a year or two (it may be) unfruitful. Experiment. 456. It is reported, that Mulberries will be fairer, and the Trees more fruitful, if you bore the Trunk of the Tree thorough in several places, and put in wedges of hot Trees, as Mastic, juniper, etc. Observation. As for the black Mulberry-tree, it needs not these things to make it fruitful, for I never knew any of them fail of store of fruits every year; but white Mulberry-trees (with us) have need enough of all helps that may be. Experiment. 457. It is reported that Trees will grow greater, and bear better fruit, if you put Salt or Lees of Wine, or Blood, to the Root. Concerning Lees of Wine, Observating. washings of strong Beer, or Ale-vessels, Blood, Flesh, or ●he like; it is certain these are healpful to fruit-trees, both as to their growth and bearing, if seasonably and moderately used, especially to old Trees. I account it best to be applied to the Roots of Trees in the beginning of Winter, that the virtue ●ay soak into the Roots and earth about ●hem before the Spring. Terebration of trees, Experiment. 463. as it makes them prosper better, so also it is found, that it maketh ●ruit sweeter and better, by causing the courest juice to sweat out, and the rest is better digested. Terebration (or boring holes in the bodies and great Roots) of Fruit trees with a Wimble or Awger, Observation. is most needful, as I judge for great Trees which grow upon fat Land, and have too rank nourishment, and may be unfruitful, and bear over waterish fruit for that cause; that may help to let out some of the raw, superfluous sap and juice, as an Issue in a man's body: but scoring or cutting the Bark of young Trees under Twenty years may be better for them, and this to be done chiefly in the spring time. As Terebration doth meliorate Fruit, Experiment. 464. so doth letting of Plants blood, as pricking Vines or other Trees, after they be of som● growth. It is reported, that by this Artifice bitter Almonds have been turned into sweet. Observation. This must needs have the like effect (in some proportion) as those particular before mentioned of boring with Wimbles (or the like) and scoring the bark, with ● knife in the spring time. Experiment. 426. The Ancients for Dulcorating of Fruit do commend Swine's dung above all other dung; which may be for the moisture of tha● Beast. Observation. I have seen divers fair Fruit-trees, quit● spoiled and deadened by overmuch Swine dung, the Swine lying amongst them, and continually leaving their Excrements, by degrees the Trees withered and died but I doubt not but that a moderate quantity of Swine's dung, mixed with mould and laid to the Roots of Trees, will be good for them, and it may be in order to the sweetening of the Fruit. Experiment. 467. As Grafting doth generally advance, and meliorate fruits, so (no doubt) even in grafting, the choice of the stock doth much: they commend much the grafting of Pears, or Apples upon a Quince. Observation. Grafting, (simply as grafting) doth not advance or meliorate fruits, as is showed elsewhere at large; But grafted trees bear● ●etter fruits, and sooner, then ungrafted trees, See pag. 18: Treatise of Fruit-tree▪ pag. 98. because grafts are usually taken from ●ood bearing Trees, and of the best kinds, ●d Grafts (retaining the Nature of the ●rees from which they are cut) do bring ●ith the same Fruits; so also do Buds, (though they be much smaller than grafts) when Inoculated upon wild stocks. As concerning the choice of Stocks in grafting, in order to the advancement of ●ruits; it is certain, the goodness of the stock in respect of nature and kind, is very considerable: The sweeter and better the stock is, the better will the fruit be that is engrafted thereon: Though it be true, that grafts govern, and bring forth the same fruits, according to their own kinds, yet the stock hath some considerable influence upon the fruit of the graft, and thence it is, that Pears upon a Quince (as the Author speaks of) are better than the same kind upon a wild Pear-stock: (as experience shows) because a Quince is a more excellent fruit, than a wild Pear, so the nourishment of the stock is answerable. It is set down as tried, Experiment. 468. that a mixture of Bran and Swine's dung, or Chaff and Swine's dung rotten, is a great nourisher and comforter to a Fruit-tree. There is no doubt but Swine's dung, Observation. or any other dung, with other Composts laid together till they be rotten, will nourish and comfort Fruit-trees, and better whe● they are throughly rotten, and turned to mould, than before, because new dung may be too hot. Experiment. 470. It is delivered by some, that if one take the bow of a low Tree, newly budded, and draw it gently into an earthen Pot, perforated at the bottom to let in the Plant, and then cover the Pot with Earth, it will yield a very large fruit within ground; the like will be effected by an empty pot, with some few pertusions made in the Pot, hanged in the Tree. Observation. Concerning the first of these ways, I suppose the Fruit growing upon the bough so bowed down into a Pot, will not be so large as the Fruit upon the other boughs; because we see by experience it is against the nature of Sap to run vigorously, (or in any great plenty) into bows bended downwards so near the earth, as this must needs be, for sap presseth upwards in greatest plenty; and consequently those fruits will be greatest, which have most sap, I mean such as are of one kind, upon one Tree. And concerning the second means by the perforated Pot, hanged in the Tree, that is more likely to work the effect, as to the greatness of fruit, not so much (I suppose) because of the pertusions or holes in the Pot, as by the shade that the fruit hath by the Pot: for although fruit that grows in the Sun, be much better, and more pleasant than that which grows in the shade, (as being better concocted) yet that in the shade (of the same kind) is commonly the greater, but more flat, dull, and inconcoct: as we see in Aprecots, Cherries, etc. under the leaves. All Trees in high and sandy grounds, Experiment. 471. are to be set deep, and in watery grounds more shallow: And all Trees when they be removed (especially Fruit-trees) care aught to be taken that the sides of the Trees be coasted (North and South) as they stood before. It is true, Observation. that Trees on higher grounds are to be set somewhat deeper than in moist grounds; yet beware of setting below the good soil in any ground. See hereof Treatise of Fruit-trees As for coasting of Trees, that is, (setting the same side to the South, when Transplanted, as was before) the Rule is good, but not necessary: for many thousands are transplanted with good success, not observing which side grew North or South: howsoever, some reasons might be showed why 'tis best to observe it, if it may conveniently be done. Fruit-trees, Experiment. 472. set upon a wall against the Sun, between Elbows or Butteresses of stone, ripen more then upon a plain wall. Observation. Fruit-trees so set, have their fruits ripe sooner than those upon a plain wall, not so much because they are defended better from winds, but chiefly, because they have a double or treble degree of heat to what those upon a plain Wall have, the heat being penned in by the Elbows or Butteresses of the wall, and so reflects the stronger upon the Fruits and Trees; there is a double reflection of heat upon such. Experiment. 475. Grafting Elms, (or other unfruitful trees) will make their leaves larger: as in Fruit-trees the Graft maketh the greater fruit. Observation. Grafting, barely considered as grafting, will not do this, it will neither make leaves nor fruits fairer, but as stocks are chosen for the purpose: for though it be true (as hath been elsewhere said) that Grafts govern, and overrule the stocks, bringing forth the same leaves and fruits when grafted, as before, according to their own Natures; yet it is true also, that the stocks have some small influence upon them, in making the fruits better or worse in taste and bigness: and so of the leaves in fairness, according to the goodness or badness of the stocks: yet notwithstanding Grafts and Buds inoculated, may be said to Rule, and ●ring forth the same fruits, else it were in vain to graft. Barrenness of Trees cometh of their overgrowing with Moss, Experiment. 476. or their being Hidebound, or planting too deep, or by issuing of the sap too much into the leaves. There are several causes of the barrenness of Trees. Observation. I conceive Mossiness, as Mossiness, is not the cause of barrenness, but the causes of Mossiness are the causes of barrenness, which are coldness, overmoistness, and barrenness of the soil where the Trees grow: Therefore such soils must be amended. See how, Treatise of Fruit trees, pag. 213, 214, etc. Also barrenness is often, by reason of the excessive sap and moisture of Trees, which is manifest by their strong and vigorous shoots, branches, and broad green leaves, as in many young full-fed Trees; for while nature is vigorous, and active, spending itself that way, in the excessive growth of the Trees; it is then weak and feeble in bearing of fruits. Now as to some kinds of Trees, it is not best (for some time) to go about to remove the Cause, that is, as to standard Appletrees, Pear-trees, and other kinds, which grow in the Orchards and Fields: but let them alone, let them go on in their large and vigorous growths for certain years, though they bear but little▪ (provided that we know they are naturally of good bearing kinds, otherwise it is in vain to wait for store of fruits from such Trees) After that such Trees have grown exceedingly some years, and attained a fair large growth, they will then by degrees, grow less in the branches, and fall to bearing of fruits: But in case the Trees are Wall-trees, and shoot excessively, and bear not, than it will be best to take away the cause as much as we can; that is, First, abate their overful & rank nourishment, by putting in Sand, Gravel, Buck-ashes, or any thing that is barren, instead of the fat soil. Secondly, Also cut off, and part one or two of the biggest Roots from the body, that so it may have less nourishment, and that left will turn to fruits. Thirdly, Bend downwards the branches, and fasten them to the wall with their tops as low as may be, this obstructs, and restrains the excessive rising of sap, which rising moderately, turns to fruits: But if the Trees are naturally bad bearers (if barren upon that account) then there is no remedy for such, but grafting them again, with grafts taken from some good bearing kinds, which are known by yearly experience to bear fruits well. It hath been set down by one of the Ancients, Experiment 477, 478, 479. that two twigs of several Fruit-trees, flatted on the sides, and bound together, and set, they will come up in one stock. And that Vines of red and white Grapes, Compounding of Fruits. flatted and bound together, will bear Grapes of several colours upon one branch: Also the shoots of divers seeds, will incorporate: And that young Trees of several kinds, set contiguous, will incorporate. These, and such like, are prescribed in order to the compounding of Fruits. Concerning compounding, Observation. or mixing of divers kinds of fruits, whereof to make one new kind, these things before mentioned, (and many such like) have been prescribed by Ancient Authors, which are of the number of those things * Nat. Hist. pag. 165. Sir Francis Bacon accounts mere imaginations and conceits, without any ground or light from Experience. He says ‖ Advanc: Lear. l. 1. pag. 32. (elsewhere) That many things have been rashly, (and with little choice or judgement) received and registered, as appears in the writings of divers Authors, which are every where fraught and forged with fabulous reports, and those not only uncertain and untried, but notoriously untrue, to the great derogation of Natural Philosophy with grave and sober men. As for those things before mentioned, they can never effect what is promised, to produce compound fruits. For we see by continual experience, that grafts and buds, (though never so small) set upon stocks of different kinds, do hold their own, and keep their kinds; and so it would be if two long shoots were united, or three, or many: if it were possible to make them incorporate, and become one body, yet they would retain every one their own nature, and bring forth each its own kind of fruit, without commixture. If any man desire to be set on work about these things, he may have prescriptions enough out of a certain Book, Entitled, The Country Farm, pag. 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, etc. For more full satisfaction about which, and all of that nature, see my Treatise of Fruit-trees, p. 174, 176, etc. where these things are spoken to largely. But if the thing be possible in nature, to mix and compound fruits, the likeliest way that I apprehend is this, (which I have upon trial, but is not yet come to an issue) viz. To graft one fruit upon another many times over, every year a different kind, (so that we keep still to those kinds that will grow together.) As first to graft a Crabtree near the ground, with some good kind of Apple-graft, and the next year to graft that again a handful or two above where the first was grafted, and the next year to graft that second graft, and the fourth year to graft that third graft, a handful or two above where it was grafted, and thus every year to set grafted upon graft for divers years together; this (probably) may make some alteration and commixture in the top branch and its fruit, although it be true, that every graft keeps its own nature, yet so as that it receives some small alteration from the stock (as hath been said) Now the Sap arising, and passing through so many kinds of stocks (as before) up into the top branches, this (if any thing) I conceive will have an influence into the fruit of the last graft, to cause some commixture (more or less) in the fruit; the sap passing through so many kinds of stocks. Thus, as of many kinds of Apples together, so also of Pears among themselves, and of Cherries and Plums among themselves, but as for mixing contrary kinds, Apples, Pears, Cherries, Plums, etc. all together, as some prescribe, there is no hope nor possibility of any advantage thereby. Experiment. 480, 81, etc. Sympathy and Antipathy of Plants. All Plants that draw much nourishment from the earth, and exhaust it, hurt all things that grow by them, as Ash-trees, Coleworts, etc. And where Plants of several natures (which draw several juices) are set together, there the nearness doth good; As Rue by a Figtree, Garlic by a Rose-tree, etc. Observation. It is true indeed, That all Trees and Plants, that draw much nourishment from the Earth, are no good Neighbours to any thing that grows near them, because such make the Earth barren, in which Plants must needs grow poorly: But that several kinds of Plants, draw several kinds of juices, out of one and the same soil, I much question: as that bitter Plants, (P●ue, Wormwood, and the like) draw the bitter juice of the earth, and the sweeter kinds, as Roses, Flowers, etc. draw the sweeter juice. For can it be imagined that there are so many kinds of juices in the Earth, as there are several kinds of Trees and Plants; so that every one should draw only its proper and peculiar nourishment? May it not upon better grounds be said, that many Trees and Plants, growing near together in a piece of ground, though they draw all of them one and the same juice, yet they convert and assimilate the same, every one into its own specifique nature. We see that in a little Garden, where there are (it may be) divers hundreds (or thousands) of distinct Plants, Trees, Flowers, Herbs, and Simples, they growing all upon one and the same soil, do convert the juice and fatness of it into their several natures: by the same Law in Nature, as several kinds of Grafts upon one Tree, drawing one and the same Sap, do turn that one kind of nourishment into their several natures, whereby they bring forth (as we see by experience) distinct, and several kinds of fruits, made of the same single juice, or sap of the Tree, whereon they all grow: this they would do, if there were all or many kinds of Apples, grafted upon one great Crabtree, and so of Pear-trees, Cherrytrees, and the like, upon their own kinds: though multitudes of distinct kinds of grafts, draw one and the same sap, yet every one changes it into its own nature; and why should it not be so also with several Plants, drawing one and the same juice out of the earth? So that I cannot conceive that those things mentioned, (or the like) if tried, would succeed to the purpose: viz. That Rue set by a Figtree, will make Figs taste sweeter; or Garlic set by Rosetrees, will make the Roses smell sweeter; or Sorrel set by Rasps, will make the Rasps sweeter, and the like: because several, or contrary kinds of Plants, meet not with several kinds of juices in the same soil, (shall we think there are hundreds, or thousands of several juices in one Garden) though they draw the same juice, they convert it, and assimilate it into their several natures, according to the Innate and Intrinsecal form that every one hath, as was said before of several kinds of grafts upon one Tree. Experiment. 499. The altering of the Sent, Colour, or Taste of Fruit, by infusing, mixing, or letting into the Bark or Roots of the Tree, Herb, or Flower, any Coloured, Making Herbs and Fruits Medicinable. Aromatical, or Medicinal substance; are but Fancies: All alteration of Vegetables in those qualities, must be by somewhat that is apt to go into the nourishment of the Plant. Observation. Divers Authors (in their Books of Planting Fruit-trees) have given several directions for the altering of the Sent, Colour, and Taste of Fruits; but none of them from any well grounded Experience. Many particulars are mentioned, and set down at large, (with Reasons and Experience against them; that men may not be deceived by them, and lose their time, cost, and labour, about such fancies) See pag. 176, 177, etc. of the Treatise of Fruit-trees. But as this Author says well, The likeliest way to make herbs and fruits Medicinal, and to give them a good relish, is the often watering of the Tree or Plant with that substance, which we desire they should partake of; for this is certain, (and we see it by manifest experience) that Plants, and fruits of Trees, do somewhat taste, and partake of the nature and virtues of that kind of nourishment which they continually draw. As if Trees grow upon a low, moist, waterish ground, the fruits will be more spongy and waterish, than the same kinds of fruits, where the Trees grow upon a dry, sandy soil: So if Cabbages, Turnips, Carrots, and such like, grow in a rank Soil, full of filth and dung, they have a virtue and relish accordingly, not half so sweet and pleasant, as the same kinds growing upon pure mould, or sweet sandy soil: so here, if men think it worth the while, if they judge it will answer their labour, cost, and time, to water fruit-trees, herbs, plants and flowers, with Aromatical, and Medicinal substances: Infusions of Cinnamon, Ginger, Cloves, Mace, and such like spices, to give a pleasant relish, or (for Physical respects) with Hellebore, Opium, Scammony, etc. If they can afford to give them enough from time to time of these things, (watering their Roots abundantly therewith) than its probable such Plants, will somewhat partake of their virtues: but as for slitting of their Roots, or perforating the body of the Tree, and infusing the medicine, or steeping the seed or kernel in some Liquor wherein the Medicine is infused; these I account as good as nothing, not only for that the virtues cannot be communicated, or transfused by this means, but also because, though they were carried to all the parts of Trees and Plants, yet such small quantities would be indiscernible, the effect would be as nothing at all. The VI CENTURY. Experiment. 401, etc. Curiosities about fruits and plants. IT is a Curiosity to have several fruits upon one Tree, some early, and some late, ripe fruits all Summer. This is done by Grafting several fruits upon one Tree: But I conceive the diversity of fruits must be such as will graft upon the same stock, not contrary kinds. Observation. It is true, (as the Author says) that several fruits may be grafted or Inoculated upon one Tree, some early, and some late; but yet (as he also observes) they must be of such as will take, and grow together, as many kinds of Apples upon one Tree; so of Pears, and of Cherries among themselves, and the like: And it is not true which some Authors have written, that Cherries, and Plums, Figs, Nuts, Peaches, and such like, will grow together upon one Tree. Yet a Book, Entitled the Country farm (composed by some Doctors of Physic, and other inexperienced men) is full of such odd conceits, pag. 360, 361, etc. It is a Curiosity to have fruits of divers shapes and figures; Experiment. 502. This is easily performed by moulding them when the fruit is young, with moulds of earth or wood, of several shapes in the innerside, as it is in mould works of Liquid things: let the moulds be made partible in the middle, that they may be opened. Also Trees or fruits, Experiment. 503. may be with inscriptions and engravings upon them, by writing with a Needle, or Bodkin, or Knife, when the Trees and fruits are young; and as they grow greater, so the letters or figures will be more plain. If men be not content with the natural form of fruits, Observation. they may (if they have so much leisure to spare) put them into moulds, as is said, to make them of an Artificial form: As for inscriptions, figures, and shapes upon fruit-trees; that is, (as the Author says) performed by scoring through the Bark with the point of a knife, in the Spring or Summer, what letters, or words, or figures, a man pleaseth; which as the Tree grows, will become more plain and discernible, and that for many years after: I use to make a Letter, or two, or three, or more, upon all young Trees that I gra●t, whereby to know the several kinds of fruits; and sometimes (if the stock be grafted high) I engrave the Name of the fruit at length, which is a satisfaction to others also, when removed and sent abroad: or if any be stolen and found again, they may thereby be known; And I have perceived the Letters plainly, nine or ten years after, or more. But as for the prescriptions of some Authors, about these things, they are vain and ridiculous: who direct to write upon the kernels of seeds, that we sow and set, and upon the Buds that we Inoculate, what letters or shape we please, and the fruits coming thereof, will have the same upon them; See hereof Treatise of fruit-trees, pag. 185. Experiment. 504. You may have Trees apparelled with flowers or herbs, by boring holes in the bodies of them, and putting into them good mould, and setting slips, or sowing seeds therein, those Roots of a more Ligneous nature, will perhaps incorporate with the Tree itself. This is a Curiosity indeed, Observation. which may be done, (as the Author says) by making holes in Trees, and putting in good mould; care must be taken to make them slope-ways downwards; that so both mould and moisture may keep in them, about the roots of things that are set. But yet I should be loath to spoil a good Tree thus, for it must needs make it rot and perish in a certain time: howsoever, for one or two of indifferent kinds, it may rather be admitted for satisfaction in this Curiosity. Beauty in flowers, Experiment. 506. is their pre-eminence: It is observed, that Gilly flowers, Violets, etc. that are coloured, if they be neglected, and not watered, nor new moulded, nor transplanted, will turn white: And it's probable that the white, with much culture, may turn coloured. I doubt not but that the flowers aforementioned, Observation. and divers other kinds, will not only lose the beauty of their colours, if they be not sometimes removed into new and better mould, but also, that they will in time, change from double to single; or else be much smaller, than they will be in fresh, strong mould. Therefore, every other year at least, let the mould be changed more or less: lay about all their Roots, some good, fresh, black mould: And that we may have every year new, young Roots, and that the best kinds may be increased, the slips must be laid in Summer, as I shall here show how, though it be a common thing, and well known amongst many, yet for the sake of those that know it not, and desire it, I shall briefly speak of it. About the beginning of july, (and for six or seven weaks afterwards) slips may be laid thus. Observe the fairest and biggest slips upon the Roots, and with a sharp Knife, cut half way through the slip on the outside, near to the bottom, just from a joint, and cut the slip upwards through the middle of it, about half an inch, (or little more) in length; then with a small hook stick fasten the cut part down into the mould, yet so as that the slip be not broken, or parted from the Root wherein it grows: so do to the rest of the slips upon the same Root, or to as many as you please: having so done, then mould them all up with fresh mould, that is, cover all the cut parts on every side with mould, than water them, and press the mould close about them, and so let them rest. Afterwards, in a month, or five weeks, these slips (so laid) will have taken Root, (especially if their mould have been watered now and then) than they may be cut off from the old Root, and taken up, and so set again in fresh, good mould, prepared in the Garden plat for that purpose: Or else they may be let alone until the Spring after, and then set: These young vigorous Roots, set in good mould, and watered (now, and then) with fat water, will have large flowers: especially if in june we break off most of their buds, and suffer only some few, six, or eight, or ten flowers upon a Root, these the Root will easily maintain, and each of them will have the more nourishment, then when they are suffered to spindle up as many as nature will; such must needs be smaller flowers, the root being overburdened. The Clove-gllly-flower, is of all other, the best for use; it is well known how useful they are to make Syrups, which are very Cordial: they are good for Salads prepared with Sugar, to use all the year long, and have the best smell of any other; therefore increase these as much as may be, not only of slips (for slips of these will grow without laying, better than of other kind of flowers) but lay many of them also for more certainty, as is showed before. And among these, prefer those which are largest, and of the deepest colour, and those that are without Horns (as they call them) they also are increased of seed, as other kinds. I have been the larger upon this particular, (and somewhat digressed from the Experiment, which chiefly concerned colour) because hereupon mainly depends the goodness and flourishing of a Garden, as to these kinds of flowers; for if we know, not the best way to propagate flowers, nor to plant and order them, being prepared, the Garden will be but poor. Experiment. 570. Whites are more inodorate (for the most part) than Flowers of the same kind Coloured: we find also that blossoms of Trees that are white, are commonly inodorate, as Cherries, Pears, Plums. Whereas those of Apples, Crabs, Almonds, and Peaches, are blushy and smell sweet. Observation. I conceive this Experiment was not throughly weighed and tried; for to my Observation, white Flowers have (generally) as much smell as those coloured: to instance in the white Rose, the ordinary kind, and the white Musk Rose, I suppose they have as much smell (especially the Musk Rose) as Red Roses, or Provosts, or Velvet, or Marble, and some other coloured kinds, yea, and more too: And as for some white flowers, as the white Lily, and some other kinds, their smell is more full and rank than many red, or other coloured flowers: And for blossoms of Trees, some that are white, smell as much as some that are red or coloured; for what smell hath the double blossom Peach flower, or the Nectrine, or any kind of Peach blossoms, which are all coloured excellently, more than the blossoms of Pear-tree, Cherry, or Plum-tree, which are said to be inodorate: So that there must be some other cause found out, why some flowers and blossoms smell not, (or smell not so much as some others) then that which is assigned; viz. the thinness or scantness of that substance which maketh the Flower. The cause why some flowers and blossoms smell not so much as others, the same is the cause why some flowers and fruits are bigger than others, and of a better taste than others; which proceeds (undoubtedly) from the specifique or distinct intrinsical Form of each particular Plant, which the God of nature hath fixed in it as a Law, which nature never violates, but keeps in all kinds of Creatures. Contrariwise in Berries, Experiments. 508 and 509. the white is commonly more delicate and sweet in taste, than the coloured; as we see in the white Grapes, white Rasps, white Strawberries, Currants, etc. the Cause is, for that the coloured are more juiced, and courser juiced, and therefore not so well and equally concocted. But in fruits, the white commonly is meaner, as in Plums, the white harvest Plum is a base Plum, the Mussel, Damazeen, and other black Plums, are of the best, etc. Observation. This proves what was last said to be true, viz. that it is the specifical. Form of every Plant, that causeth the difference of tastes in fruits, and smell in flowers. For we see by experience, that some white kinds of flowers, fruits, berries, etc. are sweeter and better in smell & taste, than others of coloured kinds: and likewise other coloured kinds of flowers, fruits, & berries, are sweeter & better than some white kinds: so that it is a hard matter to find out the particular cause, and give a distinct reason of the differences of particulars, though men may venture at it. Experiment. 510. Gillyflower seed of one kind, being sown, will come up of several colours: The cause is (no doubt) that in earth, though it be contiguous, and in one bed, there are several juices; and as the seed doth casually meet with them, so it cometh forth. Observation. It is true, that Gillyflower-seed of one kind sown, will bring up several kinds, some double and some single: but I much doubt whether it be, for that the seed meet, with several juices in one bed-of earth: for can it be imagined, that two or three very small seeds, that lie as close together as can be, in the earth, should draw several juices from the very self same mould, so as to cause them to vary in the colour of the flowers? May it not rather be said, it is from a Law in Nature, which God of his general bounty to us, hath put into it; though we stand not in absolute necessity of them, yet in that he gives us such variety and choice? But for men to find out, and show a particular Cause in Nature, of this variety, will be as hard to do, as to show a cause why several kinds of grafts upon one Tree, See 〈◊〉 481. drawing one and the self same sap, do yet bring forth different fruits; other then to say, they keep their several Natures, and so convert the same sap into several kinds of fruits, according to the distinct specifique intrinsical form of each particular kind of fruit. And why may not the same be said of several Seeds and Roots in one Bed, drawing the same juice of the Earth? Concerning sowing of Gillyflower seed, I advise those that sow it, first to gather it from the fairest and best Clove-gilly flower, and that it be full ripe, ere it be gathered, which is, when it is turned black: Also seed may be gathered from other double flowers; some commend especially the London white, others, a flower called the old man's head, and say, the greatest varieties come from these: some are for one, and some for another; but so it is, that most will be single flowers from the best seed; but doubtless there is much in the ground in which the seed is sown; if it be poor soil they are more like to be more single, then if the ground be special rich mould; for (as was said) barren ground, as it makes flowers small, so sometimes in it, they turn from double to single, so it may be said as to the seed when sown. Experiment. 513. It is a Curiosity to have flowers double, which is effected by often removing them into new earth, or on the contrary part double flowers, by neglecting, and not removing, prove single. And the way to do it speedily, is to sow, or set seeds, or slips of flowers, and us soon as they come up, to remove them into new ground that is good. Inquire also whether Inoculating of Flowers, (as Stock gillyflowers, Roses, Musk-Roses, etc. doth not make them double. Observation. For the first part of this Experiment, to make Flowers double or f●irer, it is a good Rule as the Author hath set down, especially if (withal) we observe the directions given in the Observation to the 506 Experiment, in breaking off some of the buds and stems, and letting some few grow to be flowers. There are three ways sufficient for the propagation of flowers, which are by Seed, by Slips, and by Layers, but by Laying is by far the best, as is showed at large in the Observation to the 506 Experiment. But as for Inoculating Roses, (Musk-Rose, and all other kinds) that is very common and sure; yet as to the intent of the Author, viz. (to make them do●ble) it succeeds not: and he himself hath given the Reason, truly, upon another occasion: Tha● is, all Buds and Grafts, rule and keep their own Natures, and so change not, neither as to the making Roses more double or better than they were before, nor as to the bettering of any Fruit: as hath been showed heretofore, Experiment 452. The making of Fruits without Core or Stone, Experiment. 541. is likewise a Curiosity; If a Cions or shoot have the Pith finely taken forth, (and not altogether, but some of it left, the better to save the life; it will bear a fruit with little or no Core or Stone. The like is said to be of dividing a quick Tree down to the ground, and taking out the Pith, and then binding it up again. These prescriptions for making Fruits Observation. without Core or Stone, I cannot think are from this worthy Author, but they are such as are set down by others, which I have seen: And they are as weak and groundless conceits, as many other things asserted by them, about changing the species of fruits, and making them of an aromatic and pleasant taste, and altering the colour of Fruits, and such like conceits: the vanity of which (I suppose) hath been sufficiently laid open in my Treatise of Fruit-trees; see there Errors Discovered, pag. 165, 166, etc. For, let this thing be a little considered, and it will appear to any man that hath but half an eye, to be vain. Suppose a shoot or graft, as is here said) be cloven, and all, or most of the pith taken out; and admit such a one be grafted (or any way set in the ground, so as to take root) and grow, yet we know all the bark and buds are as they were before; and taking out the pith, makes no alteration at all, more or less; we know in all the buds that are Inoculated, not only all the pith, but also all the wood is cast away, and nothing made use of but only the buds and bark of any young shoot; and yet we see, by continual experience, what the effect is, that these buds bring forth the same fruits, as the Trees from which they were taken. And if a young Tree were divided, Some old Fruit-trees are hollow all along their bodies, having no pith at all, which bring forth fruits with no less Core or Stone for that. and the pith taken out from the top to the Root, (as is said) there is less Reason, (if less can be) that that should work this effect; because all the side twigs, (if it have any) would have pith still; and if it have none, or if the pith were taken out of all, yet we know the increase of the Tree must be still from the Buds, which have the same nature in them as grafts, or buds Inoculated. It is very probable, that any sour fruit, grafted upon a stock that beareth a sweeter fruit, Experiment. 515. may both make the fruit sweeter and more void of the harsh matter of the kernels or seeds. It is reported, Experiment. 516. that not only taking out the Pith, but the stopping of the juice of the Pith from rising in the midst, and turning it to rise on the outside, will make the fruit without core or stone. The Rule is General; Experiment. 517. that whatsoever will make a wild Tree, a Garden Tree, will make a Garden Tree to have less Core or Stone. It is true, Observation. that a sour fruit, grafted upon a stock of a sweeter kind, will make the fruit somewhat sweeter, yet so as that the graft still governs (as this Author elsewhere hath said) and as experience proves; but the fruits will have kernels and seeds as before. Of this, see Expe. 514. As for taking out the Pith, or stopping the juice of the Pith, it is all one as to this intention. Concerning the general Rule in the 517 Experiment, know nothing that will make a Wild-tree, a Garden-tree, but grafting it with good kinds of grafts: And I am sure grafting will not make any fruit to have less Core or Stone. Experiment. 518. Plants for want of Culture, degenerate to be base in the same kind, and sometimes to change into another kind. Degenerating of Plants. 1. By standing long unremoved. 2. By drought and dryness of the Earth. 3. By the barrenness of the earth, removing Plants into worse mould, or forbearing to renew and help the ground with dung, or fresh mould. Observation. It hath been (a) Expe. 506. said, That Violets and some other flowers, will change from double to single, or change in colour, when the mould wherein they grow, becomes barren and heartless through neglect; which is the same in substance with all the three particulars mentioned in the Experiment. Therefore there is need of some fresh mould from year to year, for the preserving of flowers in their perfection. See hereof at large, Experiment 506 and 510. Whatsoever Fruit useth to be set upon a root or slip, Experiment. 519. if it be sown, will degenerate: And most of those fruits that use to be grafted, if they be set of kernels or stones, degenerate. It is true, that Peaches do better upon stones set, then upon grafting: And the Rule of exception should seem to be this; That whatsoever Plant requireth much moisture, prospereth better upon the stone or kernel, then upon the graft; For the stock, though it giveth a finer nourishment, yet it giveth a scanter than the earth at large. The reason why Fruits that come of seed or stones, Observation. do degenerate, (for the most part) and become worse than the Fruits out of which the seed was taken, I conceive to be this; Fruits that come of seed or stones, do partake both of the graft, and of the stock of that Tree from which they were taken; so that although the graft was of a special good, and choice kind, yet the stock whereon it was engrafted, being a Crabtree, or some other wild kind of Fruit-tree, the seed participates of both graft and stock, and so brings forth a mongrel fruit, between them both: For although grafts govern, (as hath been said) and may be said to bring forth the same kinds, yet so as that the stock hath some influence into the fruits, according to the goodness or badness of the stock. But now, In case the Tree, from which seeds or stones are taken, be an ungrafted Tree, one that came of seed itself, than I doubt not, but that the seed of that Tree, will bring forth the very same kinds again, without any alteration. As to that the Author says concerning Peaches, that they come better of stones then grafting; I know by experience there is a mistake in this; for although it be true, that some Peaches will come good of seed, yet doubtless not better then by Inoculating, (they take not with grafting) for we see by constant experience, that Peach-buds set upon good stocks, will bring forth the very same, as the Trees from which they were cut, if the rest of their culture and ordering be the same, or as good. And as for some that have come of stones, I have observed they have been none of the best; many that have come of stones have been stark nought, though some have been good, and so it is with flower-seeds, and all other seeds of fruits. And why Peaches, or any other kind of fruit, should be thought to come better of stones or seeds, then by grafting or Inoculating, I apprehend not any reason: as for that which is given, That the stock giveth a scanter nourishment, than the earth at large; let it be considered: The twigs and branches of a Peach-tree, (or any other Tree that came of seed or stones) they receive Sap and nourishment from a stem, or body, and root, as well as if the Tree were engrafted: the twigs and branches of an engrafted Tree, have as free, and full nourishment, (without any obstruction) as the branches of an ungrafted Tree; the branches of a grafted tree, have no finer nourishment, nor scanter, than the branches of an ungrafted Tree: for we know the Root and Body of a grafted Tree, and of an ungrafted Tree, are alike: and the earth is as free to the one, as to the other. It is reported, Experiment. 534. that a good strong Canvas spread over a Tree, grafted low, soon after it putteth forth, will dwarf it, and make it spread: The Cause is plain, for that all things grow as they find room. It is true, Observation. (as is said) That Cloth sometimes spread over a Tree, grafted low, (and suffered to lie on for a time) will cause it to spread much: And that this may be improved for our use and benefit, this may be done: To plant some few Cherrytrees, Plum-trees, or other kinds, grafted low, and caused to spread much, and kept from rising up by this means; keep the earth bare, clean from weeds, grass, or any thing growing under or about them: such Trees (if they be good kinds) will bear much and fairer fruits, then high trees: the reflection of heat from the earth, will be almost as strong as from a wall. And the fruits may be kept long, growing upon the Tree, even till after September, or October. For if a Cloth be sometimes, in hot weather, spread over them, and moistened, it will keep the fruits from ripening too soon: (yet shade them not too much, lest they come not to full ripeness) Afterwards, the fruits being ripe, some old Canvas, haircloth, or such like, may be spread over them, to preserve the Fruits from Birds, and may be so kept long; (look that snails eat them not) Or else a Net may be spread over such Trees, to preserve the fruits: I have known fair Cherries upon Trees towards the middle of October. I conceive the great bearing Cherry, or other late ripe, tart Cherries, to be the best to keep long, in this manner: such are more hardy than other kinds; Cherries very late, are as great Rarities as those that are early. Experiment. 535. Trees are generally set of Roots or kernels; but if you set them of slips (as the Mulberry, etc.) they will grow, and those (as is reported) will be dwarf Trees; the cause is, for that the slip draweth nourishment more weakly, then either a Root or kernel. Mulberry-tree slips, Observation. and some other kinds of Trees that will grow of slips, may be made dwarf Trees, if we will order them accordingly; that is, if we suffer all the side branches to grow: or such slips (taking Root) may be made high Trees in time, if we cut off all the side branches, and preserve only the middle straight shoot. But indeed at first, for certain years, they must needs be dwarf Trees, until they can rise higher, which in time they will do, if they take Root well, and the ground be good. In Clay grounds, Experiment. 544. all Fruit-trees grow full of Moss, both upon body and boughs: which is caused partly by the coldness of the ground, whereby the Plants nourish less, and partly by the toughness of the earth, whereby the sap is shut in, etc. We see by Experience, Observation. that Trees growing upon cold and moist grounds, or Clay, Gravel, barren Grounds, do generally breed Moss, which is caused (as the Author says) by the coldness and scantness of the nourishment: And therefore there is need (besides the scraping off of the Moss) to lay the Roots of Fruit-trees as dry as may be in such moist grounds, by trenching or otherwise, and also to bring in some soils to make the ground better and warmer, as much as may be: see of this more at large, Treatise of Fruit▪ trees. Experiment. 578. Is is to be noted, that (commonly) Trees that ripen their fruits latest, do blossom soon. Observation. Some Fruit-trees indeed which bring forth their fruits to perfection and ripeness, late in the year, do blossom early; as having need of the sun to ripen them, all the summer: But some other kinds blossom early, and ripen their fruits also early; as May-Cherry-trees, the Premarden plum, also the Mirabilon Plum-tree blossoms exceeding early, and the Tree brings forth his Fruit early. I have got ripe plums from this Tree about the beginning of july, which is early for Plums. Experiment. 579. There be fruits, (but rarely) that come twice a year, as some Pears, Strawberries, etc. Roses bear twice, but it is not without cutting. Observation. The Windsor Pear-tree does blossom and bear fruits twice in the year some years, but the second bearing I could never see worth the gathering, for they are poor, small, hard fruits, not worth any thing. I have seen Cherries twice in the year upon one and the same Tree; an early Flanders, which I set upon a very warm Southwall, bore ripe Cherries about the twentieth of May, and the same Tree bore ripe Cherries afterwards, about the sixth of October. Strawberries ordinarily bear twice a year, though but few the second time. As for Rosetrees, some Damask Roses, and some Provosts, bear a second time the same year, though but few, if cut soon after the first bearing in the full Moon. But besides, there is a Rose-tree called the Monthly Rose, which bears Roses until the coldness of the Winter stop it, about November. Nothing procureth the lasting of Trees, Experiment. 586. Bushes, and Herbs, so much as often cutting; For every cutting causeth a Renovation of the juice of the Plant, that it neither goeth so far, nor riseth so faintly, as when the Plant is not cut. This is to be considered in cutting of Trees, Observation. else instead of making them last longer, we shorten their lives. That is, that we so cut them, that the wet and moisture get not into their bodies▪ which in certain years will rot and spoil them; as we see in many Pollard-trees, which are hollow all along their bodies: And many Fruit-trees, having had their heads cut off, when they were great Trees, and grafted again; we see the wet and moisture gets in at the top, before the grafts can cover the head, and rots the Tree, which can never grow great after, nor last long, but rots and decays in few years. Whereas Trees that are sound, Fruit-trees, and all other kinds) must needs last much longer: by cutting off side branches, and all superfluous branches, (which are not great) that conduceth to the lasting of Trees, as giving the more plentiful and vigorous nourishment to those that are left, and to the whole body. The VII. CENTVRY. Experiment. 624. QVinces or Apples, if you will keep them long, drown them in Honey, but because Hony (perhaps) will give them a taste overlushious, it were good to make trial in powder of Sugar, or in syrup of Wine only boiled to height. Observation. As for keeping of Apples, keeping them in Honey or Sugar, would be too costly: some Pippins and john-apples, will (of themselves) last till new come again: it's good then to get such kinds, that we may have for use all the year long, without charge in keeping. And for keeping Quinces, they are kept long in pickle, made of the Parings and Cores (of those that are used for Marmalade) well boiled in water, with Salt and Ginger. Or a better way (as some account) is to keep them in small Ale a penny a Gallon, and to draw it off once in ten or twelve days, and put in fresh; thus it's said they will last two years. Take Grapes and hang them in an empty Vessel well stopped, Experiment. 627▪ and set the Vessel not in a Cellar, but in some dry place, and it's said they will last long. Grapes will keep for some short time in this mrnner, Observation. as hath been said; but when cold moist Air towards Winter comes on, they will begin to mould and ●ot: I have kept some in Glass, as close stopped with cork, and wax, as I could, supposing the exclusion of Air had been best, but though they were good certain week, yet afterwards they began to perish: I account it better to hang the bunches in a Kitchen, or some warm Room where fire is much kept, that so some of their superfluous moisture may be a little dried up; I have kept them thus many weeks. For though the Air be much shut out from them in any Vessel, yet that Air that is shut in with them, and their own natural moisture, will cause putrefaction; therefore there is need of some degree of warmth with dryness: Cut off some of the wood with the bunches, and cover them with paper from dust, and hang them up in the Kitchen, or where fire is kept. Also a Vine branch full of ripe Grapes, may be drawn in at a window, and nailed up upon the wall or ceiling, letting the branch grow still to the Vine, thus they will keep long. Experiment. 633. The juices of Fruits are either watery, or oily: I reckon amongst the watery, all the fruits out of which drink is expressed, as the Grape, the Apple, the Pear, the Cherry, the Pomegranate, etc. And there are some others, which though they be not in use for drink, yet they appear to be of the same nature, as Plums, Mulberries, Services, Rasps, etc. And for those juices that are so fleshy, as they cannot make drink by expression, yet perhaps they may make drink by mixture of water. And some of the watery juices, after they have gathered spirit, will burn and inflame as Wine. Observation. Concerning the juices of Apples, Pears, and Cherries, these are well known, and much in use and esteem; the two former with us in England, and all of them in other parts: And we might have Wine of Cherries as plentifully in England, as it is beyond Sea, if men would but plant store of Cherrytrees of the best kinds, such as are fittest for this purpose, as the Morello Cherry, the Charoon, the Black hart, and other kinds which have a pleasant taste, the juice of which is of a deep red colour: These would make a delicate Wine, especially for Summer time, and which will last also all the year, as I have heard it credibly spoken by a worthy Gentleman, who drank good Cherry Wine of a Twelve month old. As for Cider and Perry, these Liquors (especially Cider) begin to be better known to us, in some parts where they have scarce been heretofore: And doubtless when men are better acquainted with them, and know their good properties and virtues, in reference to health and long-life, they will be more diligent in planting Fruit-trees, such as are best and fittest for this purpose, as the Pearmain, Pippin, Gennet-moyle, Redstreak, and such like, which make Cider better than French-wine. Concerning the manner of making Cider and Perry, with the keeping and ordering of it, I have spoken at large in my Treatise of Fruit-trees: See the use of Fruits, pag. 144, 145, etc. See Master Hartlibs Legacy of Husbandry pag. 27. As for Plums, it is affirmed, that there may be made an excellent Wine out of them, and also Aquavitae, of those that are sweet fat Plums, as Musle-plums, Damsons, etc. And though the juice be too thick of itself for that purpose, yet Water, Cider, or some other liquor, may be mixed therewith, which being put up into the Vessel, some Honey, Yeast, (or the like) must be mixed, to cause it to work. Experiment. 634. It hath been noted, that most Trees (and specially those that bear Mast) are fruitful but once in two years. The cause (no doubt) is the expense of sap; for many Orchard Trees well cultured, will bear divers years together. Observation. Some Fruit-trees bear store of fruits but once in two years, and I conceive it to be as natural for some kinds so to do, as to bear such or such a kind of fruit. And others are observed to bear store of Fruits every year constantly, unless (perhaps) in some extreme blasting spring, which spoils (in a manner) all: But for many years together every year, some are known to bear Fruits exceeding full in the same ground, and with the same culture, as those that bear but each other year: so that we see the expense of sap, in the bearing year, is not the only cause that Trees bear not the next year after; for some that expend as much sap, do yet bear the next year after as full as before: So then, let care be taken, to choose grafts from those Trees that we see by Experience are the best, and most constant bearers, and best fruits. The greater part of Tre●s bear most, Experiment. 637. and best on the lower boughs, but some bear best on the top boughs. Those that bear best below, are such as shade doth more good to then hurt; for generally all fruits bear best lowest, because the sap tireth not, having but a short way; and therefore in fruits spread upon walls, the lowest are the greatest. To my observation, Observation. Appletrees, Pear-trees, Cherrytrees, etc. that are good bearers, they bear all over alike. And generally all Fruit-trees in these parts, have need enough of the Sun, and bear better in the Sun then in the shade; but indeed as to Wall trees, most commonly we see most fruit upon the lower boughs, and side branches, * Therefore observe the directions given in the Treatise of fruit trees, p. 131, 132. etc. in causing the branches to spread along the wall both ways, which causeth fruit-bearing. and the Reason I apprehend to be this: Not the ●iring of the sap in its going to the top branches; for the sap is too vigorous, and too plentiful, in the top boughs, and thence it is we always see the fairest and greatest shoots towards the top of all Wall-trees, and commonly of all other Trees. But the cause why the lower boughs, and side branches, have usually more fruit than the top branches, I conceive to be for that the sap naturally presseth upwards in greatest plenty, and runeth forth into shoots and branches: Now nature being so intent, and vigorously active in one work (viz. the increase of the Tree in those branches) it doth not put forth itself at the same time, in that other effect of bearing fruit upon the same branches. But now, as to the lower boughs, and side branches, there nature is at work, but in a remiss and weaker degree as to the increase of the branches; such grow but little, because the sap is somewhat obstructed, and kerbed by bowing the branches downwards, and so does attend to the other work also, viz. the bearing of Fruits. And the truth of this is made more evident, if we consider the same thing in all young Trees: We know young Appletrees, Pear-trees, and the like, when and while they grow, and increase exceedingly in all the parts, shooting forth great, large, strong shoots and branches, they bear but little fruit, or none at all: But after certain years, when they grow not so much, when they shoot less, than they fall to bearing fruits more abundantly. There be Trees that bear best when they begin to be old, as Almonds, Experiment. 638. Pears, Vines, and all Trees that give Mast. The Cause is, for that all Trees that bear Mast, have an oily fruit; and young Trees have a more watery juice and less concocted. But the most part of Trees, amongst which are Apples, Plums, etc. bear best when they are young. Pear trees, Observation. Apple trees, Plum, and Cherrytrees, if they be good bearing kinds naturally, after they are three or four years' growth (and some sooner) do all bear store of fruits, until they be extreme old, and in a decaying, dying condition: And therefore in planting of Fruit-trees, be sure to procure those kinds that are known by experience to be good bearers and good fruits; and such will bear well, both when they are young, and when they are old, until extreme age. Were I to Plant an Orchard, or Garden of Fruit-trees, and might have Trees at hand freely for nothing, of indifferent common kinds, and but indifferent bearers; I would rather choose to fetch those that are choice kinds, and special bearers▪ one hundred or two hundred Miles, (if they could not be had nearer) and there pay dear for them too, besides all other charges; then take those at hand, for when men plant Fruit-trees, it is not for a ●ew years, but for several Generations: therefore take special care to have the best kinds for bearing, and for relish or taste: that is the foundation of the work, the principal thing in planting. Now, when Fruit-trees are grown to extreme old age, and therefore bear but little, this may be done, which will make them (as it were) young again for certain years, and to bear exceeding much fruit yearly: That is, Cut off their heads, or big boughs, not straight over, but a slope, that so rain and moisture may not rest upon the top to rot it: These great boughs will (the next Summer) put forth many young shoots, which may be inoculated the same Summer, or grafted the Spring after with special bearing kinds: And these old bodies, having young heads, (which draw sap vigorously) will be much refreshed thereby; and such Trees will bea● store of fruits many years after. Experiment. 653. The Roots of Trees do (some of them) put downwards, deep into the ground; as the Oak 〈◊〉, Fir, etc. some spread more towards the surface of the earth; as the Ash, Cyprels' tree, Olive, etc. The cause of this later may be, for that such Trees as love the Sun, do not willingly descend far into the Earth. It is true, Observation. The Roots of Oak-trees, and some other kinds, shoot down deeper into the earth than Ash-trees, and some other Trees: May not the Reason be (why some put their Roots deeper than others) because those Trees have greater and larger bodies than others; and Nature lays the foundation answerable to what is to be set upon it: Now Oakes being the greatest Trees, Nature is wise enough (according to a Law God hath put into into it) to make the Root or Foundation answerable; Otherwise, I conceive the Roots of all Trees would be as near the top of the ground as may be, as loving the Sun, as having an absolute need of it in order to their growth: And I am persuaded, that the appetite of the spirit, in all Trees whatsoever, (one as well as another) is upwards, and not downwards; and never exerts itself downwards, but upon necessity; and in order, or in subordination, to the growth of the body of the Tree above ground. It hath been observed, Experiment. 654. that a branch of a Tree, being unbarked some space at the bottom, and so set into the ground, even of such Trees as if the bark were set on, they would not grow; yet chose, we see that a Tree pared round in the body above ground, will die: The cause may be for that the unbarke part draweth the nourishment best, but the bark continueth it only. Observation. It is true, some branches that are unbarkt at the bottom, and set in the ground, will grow, of some kinds of Apples, as the Quodling, Nursgarden, Moyle, and some other kinds that have soft barks: Not because (not the sooner) for that the branch is unbarkt, for such will grow of cuttings of slips, though they be not at all unbarkt; And those that be unbarkt and grow, it is not the unbarkt part that draweth nourishment best, nor that draweth it at all; but the Roots put forth from the bark, even at the very adge of the cut part, and also some break out of the bark where it is not cut; As we see in those branches of Trees from which we get Roots while they grow upon the Tree, by disbarking of them, an inch round, and tying mould about: See how at large, Treatise of Fruit-trees, pag. 136. Experiment. 668. The grafting of Vines upon Vines (as I take it) is not now in use; the Ancients had it, and that three ways, The first was insition, which is the ordinary manner of grafting. The second was Terebration through the middle of the stock, and putting in the Cions there. And the third was, paring of two Vines that grow together to the marrow, and binding them close. I have tried several ways to graft Vines, Observation. by cleving or insition, (as the Author calls it) and also by paring two Vines, the stock and graft on two sides, which is my usual and best way of grafting other fruit-trees, but neither took effect; so that I am persuaded those Fruit-trees that are so easily propagated by other means, as by laying down the branches into the earth, and by cuttings, that these will not take with grafting or inoculating; as Vines, Mulberries, etc. I have tried many exreriments about Mulberries, both for grafting and inoculating upon several kinds of stocks, and yet none succeeded: but Mulberries are increased by laying down the branches, and by cuttings, as Vines are: so that I conceive this grafting, mentioned by some Ancient Authors, is but a conceit of theirs, (a grafting in the brain) instead of a real Experiment, See the observation upon the 477 Experiment. like multitudes of other things, recorded by some who (its probable by what they say) had no Experimental knowledge in the things they spoke. As for Maturation of fruits, Experiment. 316. it is effected by heat, motion, attraction; and by a rudiment of putrefaction, for the inception of putrefaction, hath in it a maturation. Observation. Concerning the maturation or speedy ripening or concocting of Fruits, all kinds of heat ●as the Author says) hasteneth it faster or slower, according to the degree of heat; as we see by experience, Apples or Pears laid upon a heap together (being newly gathered) they mellow, and ripen faster then if they lay single at distance one from another. Also Apples covered in Lime, Hay, Straw, etc. will be mellow in a short time: But the most speedy way to ripen hard fruits, and to abate the gross tartness of them, is the common Experiment by a gentle heat before the fire, or in an Oven after bread is drawn. So we see (as the Author observes) if fruits are eat with Wasps, Hornets, Birds, etc. some part of them, the rest sweeten and ripen sooner; putrefaction beginning, and hastening by reason of solution of continuity in that part. Experiment. 343. We see that Beer or Wine in Bottles, close stopped, lasts long; and that fruits closed in wax, keep fresh: And likewise bodies put in Honey and Flower, keep more fresh. Observation. It is true, that Liquors when they are well settled in the Vessel, (after a certain time) and after drawn out into bottles, and stopped very close with Cork, and set in a Cellar, or buried in sand, or in water, such will be much more fresh and quick than the same Liquor in a great Vessel, especially if any part of it be drawn off: And therefore this is a good way to keep Cider, Perry, White-wine, or the like, and that for a long time together. As for Fruits closed in wax, or put in honey, I find that even Cherries (which are more subject to corruption ●hen many other kinds of fruits) will keep fresh many weeks together thus, more than they will do of themselves in the open 〈◊〉▪ exclusion of Air preserves them for a time, but yet putrefaction at length will work within, because of the superfluous moisture, which had need of drying up▪ I have tried fruits in honey (Aprecots, Plums, Cherries) and they held good two or three Months; afterwards putrefaction began. A Bottle of Beer buried four foot deep in the ground, Experiment. 378. became more lively, better tasted, and clearer, than it was; and a Bottle of Wine in like manner: A bottle of Vinegar so buried, came forth more lively, and more odoriferous, smelling alm●●● like a Violet after a Month's burial, all three they came forth, as fresh and lively, if not better than before. Observation. This is certain, That Beer, Ale, C●der, and Wine, when well settled, and cleared in the Vessel, and drawn off into Bottles, and well stopped with Cork and Wax; will continue fresh and good, much longer then in the Vessel, and will also improve in goodness. If the bottles are buried in sand, (as was said before) or buried a yard or more in the ground: The reason I conceive is, for that as no Air can possible penetrate so deep, and through the bottle to the liquor, nor can the spirits of the liquor (in the least) get out: so neither can the Liquor suffer any prejudice by alteration of the Air from heat to cold, as it does in Vessels above ground. Experiment. 385. Trial hath been made with earthen Bottles well stopped, hanged in a Well of twenty Fathom deep at the least; and some of the bottles have been let down into the water, some others have hanged above, within a Fathom of the water: Wine and Beer in these Bottles, have kept better than in a Cellar, but those above water were apparently the best. Observation. The Cause why Beer, Wine, Cider, or the like, will keep better thus, and in Earth, Sand, etc. (as before) then in Vessels or Bottles above ground, I apprehend (as was said) for that the Air is excluded, and the spirits shut in: also the Air above ground is subject to variation, sometimes more hot, and sometimes more cold: which somewhat stirs, and affects the spirits of the Liquor in the Vessel, whereby they become weaker. I have heard it Reported for a Truth, That Bottles of Wine, (or some other Liquor) were found in a deep Draw well, which had been many years filled up, and afterwards opened, and cleansed again for use; and the Liquor was found to be very fresh and good, notwithstanding it had lain there many years; whereby it is manifest, that this way of keeping Liquors, will preserve it good along time. The IX. CENTVRY. WE have partly touched before, Experiment. 85●. the means of producing fruits without cores or stones: And this we add further, that the cause must be abundance of moisture, for that the core and stone are made of a dry sap; and we see that it is possible to make a Tree put forth only in blossom without fruit, as in Cherries with double flowers, much more in fruit without stone or cores. This hath been spoken too sufficiently before, Observation. See Experiment 514. It is neither the taking out of the pith, as is there prescribed; nor the abundance of moisture, as here, that will work this effect: some Tree● have too much moisture, and yet the fruit● of such have nevertheless cores or stones. As for the Cherrytree that puts forth double blossoms without Fruits, that is not made to do so by any man's Art or Skill: but it is natural: I know the kind well, it is as natural for it to bear double blossoms, without fruit, as for any other tree to bear such or such a kind of fruit. Experiment. 856. Trees set upon the backs of Chimneys, do ripen Fruits sooner: Vines that have been drawn in at the Window of a Kitchen, have sent forth Grapes ripe a month before others. Observation. This is certain (as the Author says) such a kind of heat, as is upon the back of Chimneys, where fire is continually, or most commonly kept, will much hasten the ripening of fruits. I have seen a thin Brick wall where fire hath been kept on the one side, and fruit-trees have been Planted on the other side, which have brought forth ripe fruits very early, much sooner than the same kinds without such artificial heat. And Branches of Vines being drawn in at the window of a Kitchen, or room where fire is kept: the fruits will be ripe sooner than those without doors: but let it not be too near the fire, left in wither, or over much dry the branch. FINIS.