Francis Cardinal Ximenes great Minister of State in Spain. Cross sculpsit    

THE HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF CARDINAL XIMENES, Great Minister of State IN SPAIN.  
Written Originally in FRENCH, BY The Sieur Michael Baudier of Languedoc, Councillor and Historiographer to His Most Christian Majesty; and Translated into English, by W. Vaughan.  
LONDON, Printed for John Wilkins at the Sign of the Maidenhead in New Cheapside in moorfield's. 1671.   

To the Honourable Sr. Henry Herbert Knight, Master of the REVELS.  
SIR,  
TRUE Gratitude abhors the prostitute forms of Verbal thanks, as a Virtuous Lady the dress of a Courtesan; And since men practise the Art to make false Glosses on the Text of their thoughts, to personate Gratitude, and render these words mere Colours of ordinary Civility and Compliments to fill up the vacuity of discourse; which in the first use, were faithful interpreters of the affections they represented: since false tongues are as modeable as false Locks, and Grateful language (like excellent fruit grafted on a Crabstock) usurped by those who take not any impression from the favours their speech pretends engraven in their hearts, which remain unaltered from their innate ingratitude, as the Crab-root retains his sour nature, though his boughs are adorned with Golden Apples. Since men have learned to give thanks by Rote, as Parrots do Goodmorrows; To reduce the expression of Gratitude to lip-labour, is to offer Sacrifice on a polluted Altar; to profane that which is holy, and to pay a debt in brass money, which may have the stamp, but not the value of currant Coyn. Large professions of thankfulness having by general abuse degenerated into pure impostures and vizards of hypocrisy, or (at best) empty sounds, which naturally infer the hollowness of the Vessel they proceed from.  
My obligations to you are many and great; Justice returns quid pro quo, something equivolent to what is received; but Gratitude obliges reddere cum foenore; a Duty I am so far from being Capable to satisfy, that I confess myself Bankrupt by your favours: and for laying out kindnesses where they were not deserved, nor can be requited, you might have repent yourself of ill husbandry, equal to his, who sowed Wheat on the sands; But that bounty to an undeserving person, resembles so nearly that Archetype of Goodness, whereby Providence obliges the Universe without its merit; that my want of desert, and disability of retribution, will entitle your beneficence the more Divine; and be Arguments of your Prudence, in doing good for Ends whereof you cannot be disappointed: that is, like Solomon's Good Man, of being satisfied from yourself; a design not to be frustrated: and carries in it the Comfort of being Conformable to his Precept, who Commands to give without hope to receive again. — Licet exemplis, in parvis, Grandibus uti. It was the saying of a great man Rouen jesuis, Roy je ne puis, Prince je disdain: To apply it to the present purpose. Your Favours, Sir, I am heartily thankful for; actually to requite them is beyond my power; And (though I do not scorn verbal acknowledgements, yet, I ever thought words (which are but wind) as unfit representatives of the deep Characters of Grateful thoughts, as ordinary Table-Books, or Chartae deletiles, to hold matters of record. And conceived it proper to transcribe the impressions my heart hath taken from your favours, into Monuments that may remain to perpetuity; and not only proclaim to the present Age, but transmit to posterity a public testimony of your Goodness in my Gratitude. And though herein I do no more than the insolvent person, who by the writing he owns himself a debtor, publishes only his obligation and disability to pay: Yet the freeness of those favours whereby you have engaged me, makes me confident of your acceptance of this address, as my declaration in Print of the duties I owe you; and particularly my obligations for the opportunities had for this Translation of the Life of Ximenes: wherein if any Crudity appears, you will wink at it as a thing incident to the first fruits of men's Labours. This being such, and humbly presented to you, by him who is heartily as actually,  
Your Servant, Walt. Vaughan.   

TO THE READER.  
THIS Book contains Virtue in Effigy drawn to the life, beyond the Artifice of Picture or Sculpture; for (what Appelles and Lysippus could not shadow) the life of Ximenes presents conspicuous as the light, the progress and Ascent of virtue, from the obscurity of a private condition, to the illustrious Dignity of a Governor of Kingdoms: And in one piece hath expressed its infancy, growth and maturity. 'Tis exposed to view in a Friar's Frock, and the Pomp of a Cardinal; in the solitary retirements of an Ermitage, and attended with legions of armed men: Praying in a Cloister, and Judging on a Throne; Begging Alms, but withal bestowing Provinces, and relieving Princes in distress: Dead to the world, to live in it with Content; and buried in a Monastery, to obtain a glorious resurrection into the Theatre of Action, and the prime dignities of Church and State. Fortune the Mistress of other men's virtues, waited on Ximenes, as a Page Errand through the desert solitudes of Covents and Cloisters, into the glorious splendour of Palaces and Sovereign Courts: like a wanton Lover, she pursued him who fled from her, and Courted him, who slighted her. His merit had preference to the prerogative of Royal Birth, when Queen Isabella unasked, promoted him to the Archiepiscopal Chair of Toledo, which the Charms of Conjugal affection, assisted with the powerful influence of Majesty in the intercessions of Ferdinand her King and Husband, laboured in vain to persuade her to grant to Don Alonzo his Son, than Suitor for that Great dignity of prime Prelate and first Grandee of Spain, who missed his mark, though he was born a Prince, and had a King for his Advocate to plead in his behalf: the success justified the wisdom of Queen Isabella's choice. For the virtue of Ximenes, was proof against the Charms of Romish Greatness: and continued humble and pious in pontificalibus; not Fortunes slave, but Mistress: gained vast revenues, to appear prodigiously liberal; and Sovereign Honours to Grace his Magnificence; filled his soul with zeal for Conversion of Infidels, and his Heart with Courage to conquer Oran. Managed the General's Staff, and swayed the Sceptre with the same dexterity he handled the Breviary: the Head of an Army in a Cardinal's Cap, and Governor of Spain in the Purple of the Church; a Courtier and Patriot in one person; the darling of his Prince, for fidelity and zeal to promote the interest of the Crown; the favourite of the people, for easing their grievances, procuring immunities, erecting and endowing Colleges, Hospitals and Granaries; wherein he expended the vast profits of his Benefices, like the Ocean returning the Tribute of the lesser Waters, he receives in showers of beneficence on those who paid it. When he retired from the Precedents Chair in the Council Royal, he went to Assist at Conferences of Divinity, to demonstrate the Consistence of Piety (to Canonize him a Saint) with Policy, which gained him the title of Great Minister of Spain. And that the distractions of Government, could not disorder the harmony of his soul into an incapacity to perform exercises of Devotion, when tossed with the Tempests of a turbulent State.  
He was humble in his personal carriage and private concerns, but haughty in his Conduct, and heroically magnanimous in his public capacity. His Gratitude to his Benefactors was Generous and exemplary; but usque ad Aras, confined within the limits of Justice, from which he was inflexible, though tempted by the highest obligations, which occasioned his contest with his Good Master Ferdinand, and the Pope; when the former denied him what in Justice was due; and the other would have usurped a power to unlock at pleasure the Treasuries of the Church of Spain, with the Keys of St. Peter. But blind obedience was not an Article of the Cardinal's Creed, who reverenced the Pope as Pastor of the flock; but would not admit him Lord of the heritage. He slighted mean exercises of Virtue, as born only for arduous attempts: annulled Contracts made by the High Treasurer Don Manuel in deceit of the King, and tore in pieces the fraudulent Lease drawn by Collusion with the Farmers of Granada. Made Judges examples of his Justice, and feel the severity of the Laws they had corruptly abused, to colour their sale of the right of the poor to the purse of the rich. Reformed the Exchequer and Counsel Royal, as well as the Retinue of the Court: laid prostrate three of the greatest Grandees of Spain, who had vilified his Person, and contemned his Authority: forced the Council Royal to pay him the respects they had neglected: obliged Prince Ferdinand Brother to Charles the fifth than King of Spain, to obey the Orders he threatened to break: reduced the Rebel Cities of Spain to obedience by Arms, and Mutineers by the sole Majesty of his looks, and the silent Authority of his Great Conduct; opened (as General) a passage to the Catholic King; and (as Archbishop and Cardinal) to the Catholic Faith into afric. Was a precedent of Piety, to Friars; of Charity, Magnificence and Zeal, to Prelates: of Courage and Conduct to Commanders of Armies: of Royal Justice, Prudence and Magnanimity to Princes: and shines a Constellation of public and private, Moral and Politic, Civil and Theological Virtues, that moved successively in the several Orbs of Religious, Military and Politic Government: was a glorious Luminary in each, and made it appear, that neither Religion, Military Discipline, nor Civil Government, but a transcendent Eminency in every of them, was his proper Sphere.  
These are the Lineaments of that virtue, the following Story presents in lively colours; and renders as lovely, as that in Plato's fancy, whose Idea of virtue was more amiable than Venus. But Plato's Ideas were held Paradox in former days, and Platonic Love is a Chimaera in ours. Sense is the Ascendant of the Age, the sole in let of modern affection and Knowledge; and Virtue so great a stranger, that she will scarce be known by her Effigies: her Natural form will be a Disguise when she appears amongst them, who adore the Portrait of a Mistress, but scorn Idolatry to the image of Virtue, and prefer the Pictures of Aretine, before the Tables of Cebes. Yet to please the Reader, whose wit lies in his finger's ends; who knows no pleasure, but what is palpable, and will rather deny the being, than admit the Love of invisible things; Cujus Migravit ab aure voluptas omnis ad incertes oculos & Gaudia vana. The Book invites him not to a dull Entertainment of dry precepts of Morality; but a fine show of the Virtue of Ximenes, a new and strange sight come from Spain, seen in France, newly shifted into an English habit, and more worthy admiration than Pusionelle and the Butterfly. A Proteus in the several shapes of Lawyer, Friar, Archbishop, Cardinal, General, Minister of State, and Governor of Spain; retaining a Divinity in all forms. If you slight it as virtue, it may deserve your sight as a Monster: a strange form whereof, you cannot discover the least resemblance in yourself. And though virtue be a contemptible thing in your Judgement, the dress and Pomp it appears in, may satisfy your fancy: as you visit the Theatres for the Scenes, not the Plays; the Painter's Pencil, not the Pen of the Poets. But these are reflections on a French vanity and lightness of Spirit which the English Reader may think himself unconcerned in. For Ximenes appears among us, in confidence the sole Greatness of his virtues, will effectually recommend him to a kind entertainment, from the Gravity of the English; who though they have excluded Cardinals from their Country, retain respect for Cardinal Virtues. The Book (like the pack of Ulysses, made up of toys for Women, and Arms for a Hero,) though chequered with a pleasing variety of accidents to tickle the fancy of the lightest wits, consists chiefly of Generous Examples of solid virtue, to kindle emulation in the bravest Spirits: and doubts not of a Candid reception, the Genius of the English (though the humour of the times may countenance the contrary assertion) being really more inclined to imitate the heroic actions and sound Discourses, than the trifling vanities and fantastic Capricchio's of foreigners: as Achilles in Petticoats, was better at handling a sword, than a Distaff; and though dressed like a Lady, thought the Spear and the Target, fitter for him, than Ear-knots and Patches.   

ERRATA.  
Pag. 14. l. 10. Deal too: p. 20. l. 30. r. Master: p. 34. l. 30. r. nocturnal: p. 35. l. 5. r. San: p. 42. l. ult. r. Cady, or: p. 54 l. 11. r. for Defraying: p. 58. l. 26, 27. r. formidable by: p. 62. l. 11. r. Calumniate: p. 73. l. 15. r. thanked them: p. 74. l. 21. r. Rights: p. 80. l. 31. r. Purple: p. 93. l. 30. r. to: p. 95. l. 7. r. Velasco: p. 104. l. 11. r. Stranger: p. 106. l. 4. r. Rid: p. 114. l. 26. r. Triumvirate: p. 128. l. 25. r. Di●●o his: p. 132. l. 8. r. Attaque: p. 148. l. 28. r. I'll. Besides mispointings and other less material Faults, which the Reader may easily discover, and is desired to Correct.   

THE Contents.  
CHAP. I. THE Birth and Education of Ximenes. His Journey to Rome. He is Rob by the way. His return to Spain, and Imprisonment by Order of the Archbishop of Toledo. His Enlargement and Retirement into the Diocese of Siguenza. He is made Vicar-General thereof, and Administrator-General to the Earl of Cifuentes, and takes on him the Order of St. Francis, 
pag. 1.  CHAP. II. Ximenes interrupted in his Devotions by Crowds of Visitants, retires into the Monastery of Castanet; is made Warden of the Convent of Salceda; and in 1492. Confessor to Isabel Queen of Spain. He is chosen Provincial of his Order for three years; leaves the Court, and visits the Religious Houses under his Charge: His Design for passing into afric, to propagate the Faith there, diverted by Rovys, his Companion: He travels on foot, and Beggs. 
pag. 7.  CHAP. III. Upon the Death of Cardinal Mendoza, King Ferdinand endeavours the promotion of his Natural Son, the Archbishop of Saragosa, to the Chair of Toledo: But Queen Isabel prefers Ximenes to the Dignity. He withdraws from Court, to avoid the Investiture; but upon the Pope's Mandate Returns and Accepts it. His Declaration not to admit of any Pension to be charged on the Revenue of the Archbishopric. He continues the plainness of a Religious life: Mends with his own hands the Frock of his Order, with other Evidences of Humility: is complained of to the Pope, who commands him to live more splendidly: Ximenes obeys; is envied by the Monks of his order: Their General's extravagant address to the Queen. His Brother Bernardin endeavours to stifle him in his Bed, and leaves him for dead. Ximenes recovers, and persuades the King, to ease his people of a heavy Tax called Alcabala, and erects a College at Arcala. 
pag. 9  CHAP. IU. The Zeal of Ximenes for propagating the Faith. He Converts three thousand Moors in one day: The Manner of their Baptism. The new Converts present him with five thousand Volumes of the Alcoran, and Glosses thereon; he burns most of them. The Revolt of Granada charged on Ximenes by his Enemies: the miscarriage of the Courier he employed. The King expresses great Displeasure against Ximenes; but he retrives all, and obtains thanks from the King. 
pag. 17  CHAP. V. Ximenes falls sick, and is Cured by a Morisco Woman. Bestows four thousand Crowns on seven Hebrew Copies of the Bible. His great Care and Charge, for a Correct Impression of the Scriptures. He obtains great Immunities for his College of Arcala, and pardons a Malefactor led to execution: He builds another College. 
pag. 21  CHAP. VI The Death of Queen Isabel. Ximenes Executor of her last Will and Testament. The extraordinary Honours done him by the King. The Dexterity of his Conduct, in preserving Castille under the obedience of his Master Ferdinand. The Arrival of Philip, Ferdinand's Son-in-Law, in Spain. The Interview of Ferdinand and Philip. Ximenes' Advice to Philip. He attends them in their Conference; and shuts out Don Manuel Philip's Favourite. Ferdinand's Speech to Philip: His Commendation of Ximenes. His haughty Conduct, in the Affairs of the Farm of the Revenues of the Silks of Philip's Death. Ximenes, the Constable of Castille, and Duke of Najar, undertakes the Government in Ferdinand's absence. Upon Ferdinand's Letter, Ximenes resolves to Govern alone: Is Chosen sole Guardian of the State. The Distracted Vagaries of Queen Joan. The Troubles in Medina and Granada appeased by Ferdinand's Return. Ximenes made Cardinal, and Inquisitor-General of Castille: The Honour done his College of Arcala, by Francis the first of France; and Charles' the Fifth, Emperor of Germany, 
pag. 24  CHAP. VI The Cardinal's Design to invade afric, proposed to Ferdinand, who excuses the enterprise for want of money. The Cardinal furnishes money. Mersalcaber is taken by Surrender. The punishment of a Spanish Soldier, for breach of the Articles. Diego Ferdinando is made Governor of Mersalcaber, and Deiasio his Lieutenant: his extraordinary value, 
pag. 37.  CHAP. VII. Ximenes resolves to pass in person into afric in the head of an Army: The raillery of the Court thereupon. The Earl D' Olivarez by advice of the Great Captain, made Lieutenant General. The Officers of the Army retard and obstruct the Expedition. The Cardinal complains to the King; and if the Army should disband, desires leave to retire into his Diocese. The King gives new Orders, for the Army to attend the Cardinal. They mutiny: the Cardinal employs Villaroel to advise Virnelli from his rigour against the Mutineers. Viaanell's proud Answer: Villaroel wounds him. The Campmaster Salazars' device to appease the Mutineers. The Army lands: They engage the Moors and after a stout resistance, prevail▪ Oran is taken: the Cardinal enters Oran in triumph; Divides the spoil amongst the Officers and Soldiers: found'st and endows an Hospital. De Veras neglect in carrying the King News. The Earl of Olivarez insolent carriage against the Cardinal; his submission. The Cardinal's return into Spain, and the occasion. Captain Arias' exemplary familiarity with death, 
pag. 44.  CHAP. VIII. The Cardinal demands payment of the moneys he advanced for the War; the Grandees and Officers strong opposition, and Arguments against payment. The Cardinal's Defence. He prevails▪ Lewis William made Bishop of Oran by the Pope, is opposed by the Cardinal; who makes fair offers of Accommodation; which are refused by William in hopes of Sentence against the Cardinal: his designs frustrated, and he slighted. The Cardinal prefers his friend Rovys to the Bishopric of Avilas. The Cardinal's advice to his friend before the promotion. He disposes of his Nephew in Marriage. His advice hereupon. His Niece is married to a Nephew of the Duke D' Infantado. The Cardinal breaks the Marriage. The reason. The Cardinal's respect to the Great Captain. Extraordinary Honour done the Cardinal by Ferdinand. The Cardidinal's Generous offer, to assist Pope Julius the Second. 
pag. 62.  CHAP. IX. A Peace with afric. New Honours done the Cardinal. A War with France. The Cardinal's Advice for the management. His Discovery of the secret League between France and Navarr. The Cardinal's Liberality, in order to the King's health. He builds several public Granaries, and a Magnificent Church and Monastery. His famous Aqueduct, which cost a Million of Gold. The Pope demands Contribution from Spain towards building of St. Peter's in Rome: The King consents, but the Cardinal opposes and hinders it. King Ferdinand's sickness and frowardness. He altars his Testament made at Burgos; and why: Rejects the proposal of Ximenes for Governor of the Kingdom after his decease: the reason. He declares Ximenes Governor, and dies. The Cardinal enters on the Government: his excellent Conduct. 
pag. 72.  CHAP. X. The Dean of Louvain by Patent from Charles King of Spain, claims the Government. The Cardinal opposes him. Reduces Porto Carrero, and his rebellious Forces in Portugal to obedience. Charles declares the Cardinal Governor: is opposed in the new Title he assumed of King of Spain, till address to the Cardinal: who in spite of the Grandees Opposition, caused Charles to be proclaimed King of Spain in Madrid and Toledo. Peter Giroim takes up Arms, but defeated by the Cardinal. The Duke D' Infantadoes extravagant Speeches and Manifests against the Cardinal: his submission. The Cardinal's Forces. The Grandees stir up the people to Rebellion. Valladolid, Leon, Burgos, etc. revolt: Complaints to Charles against the Cardinal; but frustrated by his prudence. 
pag. 81.  CHAP. XI. The Cardinal's settlement of the Maritine affairs of the Kingdom. He relieves the Islanders against the tyranny of the Spaniards. His advice to Charles thereupon rejected, but to the damage of the Crown. He stops the French: and reduces Navarr to an entire obedience to Spain. Malaga in Arms, but reduced by the Cardinal's Forces. Velasio High Treasurer of Spain seizes Arevale and fortifies it; but upon the Cardinal's Summons, opens the Gates, and is pardoned, 
pag. 91  CHAP. XII. The exemplary Justice of the Cardinal, in punishing Corrupt Judges and their Officers. He regulates the Exchequer, and Orders of Knighthood: reforms the Council Royal, and the retinue of the Court. His taking away the Pensions of Peter Martyr, and Gonsales D' Oviedo, censured. He annuls a Gift of three Millions, made by Ferdinand to three Grandees. The King of Tunis expelled his Dominion, is royally entertained by the Cardinal, 
pag. 97.  CHAP. XIII. The Cardinal by Edict commands all the Genoese to depart Spain within 15 days: the reason of the Edict. Charles accepts of the Genoese submission by their Ambassadors, and revokes the Edict. The Cardinal refuses to publish the Revocation, till further satisfied. His Advice to Charles in the affairs of Italy. The Jews offer Charles eight hundred thousand Crowns for Liberty to Judaize or turn Christians at their pleasure: the Council of Flanders advises Charles to accept the offer: the Cardinal dissuades him: His prudent Disposal of the Government of Provinces. He promotes Dean Adrian, and others. His Constancy: 
pag. 106.  CHAP. XIV. The Grandees procure Laxaus to be sent Joint-Commissioner for the Government with the Cardinal and Dean Adrian. The Cardinal slights him. He tears the Patents signed by Adrian and Laxaus in the more Honourable place: and signs new Patents to the same effect alone, and executes them. The Great Chancellor Savage sent into Spain: His Corrupt proceedings: The Cardinal's Generous and Discreet Complaint against him. An Ordinance passed at Rome, to levy the Tenths of the Clergy of Spain: They are in discontent. The Cardinal defends and pacifies them. 
pag. 114.  CHAP. XV. The Duke D' Infantado's Contempt of Justice: The Cardinal threatens him: The Duke's extravagant Message to the Cardinal: He reputes, and is reconciled: the manner of it. The Cardinal's severity against Peter Gironne for not obeying the Decree of the Court of Valladolid: The Grandees procure a prohibition from Charles to stay the Cardinal's proceedings: The Cardinal and Council inform Charles of the truth of the fact: have liberty to proceed. The Judgement of the Court is executed: Giron submits. The Duke D' Alva fortifies Casabrona against the Cardinal: the Cardinal besieges it: the resolution of the besieged: the Duke submits and surrenders: the Cardinal's great affection for the Monastery of Castanet: his inclination to Religious solitude. Charles embarkes for Spain: the Cardinal advances to meet him: is poisoned: Advises the remove of two principal Domestiques of Prince Ferdinand's: his haughty Conduct in their remove, though threatened by Ferdinand: his resolute Answer to Ferdinand's Threats: and the Grandees demand of his Commission. His Advice to Charles upon his arrival in Spain. Charles by an Express thanks the Cardinal: the Council of Spain advance to meet Charles without the Cardinal's Leave, and were commanded to return: the Cardinal's Harbingers mark a Lodging for him: the Marshals of the King's Lodgings mark the same for the Queen: the Cardinal carries it: Charles his Letter of Dismission to the Cardinal: the Cardinal's pious Death: his Epitaph and Character. 
pag. 122.    

TO HIS EMINENCE THE Cardinal Duke OF RICHLIEU.  
My Lord,  
AMONG the gifts of Nature God hath not imparted to Man a more admirable, than that of Reason; which is that to the soul, that the soul is to the body. And amongst those of Fortune, he hath not given him a greater, than the Crosses of life; which render his virtues Eminent and Conspicuous, in procuring him Palms of Victory, and Crowns of immortal Glory. The Present I make your Eminence, of the crosses and oppositions Cardinal Ximenes encountered and surmounted, in the Government of a Kingdom, I dare affirm, the greatest and most considerable, the Treasures of past Ages can afford. But I fear, my Lord, I may appear as ridiculous in offering it, as he that carries water to the Sea. Since the Esteem and Repute you have this day, of the prime Person of our Age, is no less grounded upon your incomparable Constancy, in o'er coming all obstacles that oppose your virtue; then your admirable Conduct in Affairs of State. The Painter certainly commits no Crime, who figuring out the Battles of other men, delineates the Combats of some Great Captain, which were not designed the subject of his Pencil. And if my Pen innocently mention any Action, that may correspond, and run parallel with yours; I conceive it merits neither blame, nor contempt on that account. For, my Lord, what Minister of State is there, who hath not resembled others in some Traverses of Fortune, and cross occurrences in his Administration, it being impossible to govern men, without opposition from men? The Platonic Philosophers held it an undoubted truth, That the World is a Temple built by God, who hath impressed his visible Image in the body of the Sun, to act in his stead. What the Sun is in the Universe, that a Minister of State is in the Government under his care; the great Representative of the Sovereign Authority. The Sun is the Eye of the World; and the Minister of State, in the Persian phrase, the Eye of the King. Yet this glorious Luminary hath its Eclipses, and aspiring mists and Clouds interposing between us and him, to the obscuring of his Light. The Ancient Fiction of the Suns rising out of the Sea, and setting there, without diminution of his Lustre; presents to us in him, the lively Picture of a Minister of State in the Government of the world; and intimates those troublesome and disastrous occurrences, that frequently infests the beginning and end of his Administration; but cannot impair the Rays of his Glory. Cardinal Ximenes who by his good Conduct, rendered Spain happy; had notwithstanding a whole Order of Religion to decry his Politic Actions. And besides them, the Grandees, the People, Cities and entire Provinces, banded against him; and at last all that was powerful and considerable, in the Court and Country he had so worthily served, abandoned and forsaken him. But he who had a breast prepared, amidst the Courtly smiles of prosperous fortunes, to resist the Storms and Tempests of Adversity, hath left us a grand Example and famous Instance, to confirm the truth of that Assertion, which holds Constancy one of the principal qualities requisite in a Minister of State; that a stout Resistance against the ills that encounter him, is the Buckler that secures his virtues; And to turn his back to the Assaults of Fortune, an Act misbecoming and altogether unworthy that Man, who has the Conduct of others. Behold him 〈◊〉 (having surmounted all obstacles 〈◊〉 in his way, to stop or disturb the ●●urse of his virtue) arrived in France; where he may see practised the Rules of excellent Government; and hopes to acquire a second Glory, if, my Lord, you permit and allow his name to live with yours. The Age wherein he Governed Spain, and that which your Actions have filled with wonder and astonishment, immediately succeed one the other; and may dispute with the Ages past and to come, the honour and esteem, of being the happiest of Ages, as having produced two men, who have been the Oracles of good Conduct, and Politic administration.  
If you grant him this favour, my Lord, I hope for my part, that in recompense of my Studies, and in consideration of my Joint Travel with him, in this Commentary of his Administration, I may with your consent, obtain and carry the Title I desire, of  
My Lord, Your most humble and most obedient Servant, Baudier.   

THE PREFACE.  
IT is a Custom received in all Ages, and approved by the practice of the whole world, to expose to public view the Effigies and Statues of men who have surpassed others by the greatness of their Virtues, lived the Glory of their times, and rendered themselves Recommendable to the imitation of Posterity. To these figures of their Corporal Lineaments and Resemblances of the external forms of their persons, some have added Tables and Memorials, as Monuments of their Heroic and Magnamimous Actions in presiding o'er Councils, and public Assemblies, appeasing popular Seditions, and restoring quiet and tranquillity to a disordered City, Country, or State, or the like. I have proposed to my imitation, this latter way of representing illustrious Personages, and here present to the public, the portrait of the greatest Minister of his time, that Europe could then boast in all the States she contains: I have drawn him Active in War, a Counsellor in Peace; extending the borders of Spain beyond the Seas; advertising his Master of the disorders of the Court; and giving him his Counsels and sage Advice. I have described him appeasing the Tumults and factious disorders of Cities, of Provinces, of a whole Realm; advancing Virtue, rewarding Merit, punishing Vice, and establishing a general felicity in the whole body politic. The work is composed with that Candour, that Liberty, and Truth, (which ought to Animate, and are the principal Ornament of History) that the end and design of it, will easily appear to have been not the pleasing of any particular person, but the profit of the public, and the good of the Commonwealth. Which I have observed in that of the Administration of the Cardinal D' Amboyse, already published; and some others that may follow this, wherein my only design is truth, which always tends to the public good. But the Actions of this great Minister, being far above those of other men, who have managed the Affais of Monarches, I thought it my Duty to consider some of them apart, and to make particular reflections thereon, for the delight of those that shall take the pains to read them.  
The Crosses he met with in the Government of Spain, were almost infinite; and the power of the Enemies that attacked him, very remarkable; but his constancy, in the resistance admirable. As a courageous Pilot forsakes not the helm in tempestuous weather, but perishes gloriously with his hand upon it: so hath he left us this instruction, that a Minister should never endure disorders tending to the vilifying and contempt of the Supreme Authority, (which his represents) or to the oppression of Justice; but choose rather to lie buried in the Ruins of the one and the other.  
His Actions in the Armies when seventy years old, demonstrate that men who wear a Robe, as well as those who wear a Sword, have their Vigour and Activity to encounter Enemies, perils and difficulties. And though their condition exempt them from corporal labours, yet they remain subject to those of the mind; whose cares are more weighty, and pains more considerable and important. All that fight have their share in the Victory, but the General who conquers by his good conduct and prudence, merits all the glory. Therefore the Spartans' for a Victory gained by force of Arms, sacrificed only a Bird; but a whole Ox fell Victim for a Victory obtained by the prudence of their General.  
Cardinal Ximenes in attacking Oran in the face of the Sun, contrary to the design of his Captains, who would have expected the advantage of the night, to carry on the Assault; seems to have revived the Generosity of Alexander, who refused to set upon Darius by night, as scorning to steal a Victory; but desiring the Sun might testify he owed it to his valour. Moreover his good Conduct in all the War of afric, where his Age and Quality forbade him the bearing of Arms, justifies the opinion of the Great Roman Captain, 
J. Caesar.  That Conquest by Counsel, is not less honourable, than that by the Sword.  
'Tis a great instance of the excellency of his Conduct, that he brought Learning and Military Valour, to esteem and reputation in Spain; that the State received thereby the means, not only to defend, but render itself illustrious. Nor was he ever subject to the reproach of extinguishing the sparks of Virtue in the breasts of youth, by depriving Gallant Actions of their due Recompense of just Rewards; but exercising with courage and integrity, both commutative and distributive Justice, dispensing Rewards to the good, and inflicting punishment on the bad; He raised his condition to that pitch of highest perfection; which induced the Sage Politician to affirm, 
Plato.  that nothing in the World is so like God, as a just man.  
The Government of Provinces, and principal Charges of State, were not given to those who were most in favour, but to those who had most merit. 'Tis true, he preferred Persons of Quality, but such as were also men of Fortune and Estate; lest their necessities might incline them to peel and oppress the people: Nor had he less regard to their integrity. And in preferring Gentlemen of integrity and worth, before other persons of equal virtues; he seems to have imitated the order of the Heavens, which are guided by intelligences, whose Nature is more excellent and pure, than those forms which derive their Grosser Essence from the Elements. And as by the Ordinances of Nature, we do not only receive Light immediately from the Sun the fountain of it, but from the lesser Stars, whose bodies nature hath disposed and adapted to a Capacity of receiving Light from the Sun, and reverberating the same to us by Reflection: So the Governors of Provinces, and places of importance should keep up and maintain the Splendour of Majesty in the absence of their Prince; as the Stars by night (which is the absence of the Sun) show us part of the brightness of that glorious Luminary. And, besides that the people honour and reverence men of eminent quality, and are more propense and ready to yield them obedience, than to men raised from a Mean Condition; Gentlemen together with their blood, derive from their Parents the seeds of Generosity; and have commonly the advantage of better Education, and the memory of the Illustrious Acts of their Ancestors, is ordinarily a spurr to virtue, a strong motive and powerful incitement to good Actions. But Cardinal Ximenes, though where he found equal virtue in two persons of unequal birth, he did, (as Reason would) prefer the Noble; yet was he far from abandoning or slighting virtue, from which Nobility is derived, and by which it is maintained.  
The Gifts and Largesses he bestowed out of his proper stock on particular persons and the public, are worthy remark: His advancement of an infinite number of persons of integrity and merit to the Offices of Magistrature, the Dignities of the Chureh, and Charges of War, preserve to this day in Spain, the memory of the Grandeur of his Spirit, and will remain an everlasting monument of Glory and Benediction to his name. The Hospitals built at his Charge in Spain, and endowed by him with Revenues; the Religious Houses remaining there for durable works of his piety and bounty; the public Granaries stored with Corn for relif of the poor, filled out of the Rents settled by him to that purpose; the Seminaries and public Nurseries of virtue for the Commonwealth, where he provided for the education of youth of both Sexes, left destitute of necessaries in that behalf declare and will record to perpetuity, that the Grandeur of Ximenes consisted not so much in his Eminent and Great Employments, as in his transcendent Liberality and extraordinary bounty.  
The Temples of the Graces in the Cities of the Levant, were by the Ancients built in public places, as in their Markets, or near their Cirques and Amphitheatres, to signify that the Benefits and good Actions of great men, aught to be not only open to private persons, but communicated to the public. A Minister of State is a public person constituted in the most eminent Dignity of a Kingdom, next the Royal: And if it be true, that a good King is the Father of his people; the Minister of State who is his Assistant, aught to be a faithful Steward to dispense his favours, and afford ready helps to the wants and necessities of the public. When Cinon the Athenian was grown Rich, he caused the fences and enclosures of his Gardens to be laid open, that the poor might have free ingress to gather the fruits; he kept an open house and table for all that were in want; and sent his servants loaded with Garments through the Streets of Athens, to be distributed amongst them that were in want; holding himself unworthy to possess a great Estate, without imparting of it to others. In like manner, had Cardinal Ximenes, when seized of that great Benefice, (whereby was vested in him the largest Revenue of that Kingdom,) filled his Coffers with Treasure, and locked up there the Gold destined for other uses, he had condemned himself as guilty of embezzling and converting to his private benefit, what ought to have been laid out in the Redemption of Slaves, enlargement of Prisoners, Cures of the sick, comfort of the afflicted, and sustenance of the poor. But he made liberal destribution thereof suitable to the necessities of the several objects of his Bounty. Certainly some good Kings are public Springs, whence the people have right to draw; that is, to have recourse to their Beneficence; and good Ministers of State ought to be the pipes to those Royal Fountain, to convey to the people the water of Relief.  
The greatness of his virtues, could not so exempt Ximines from Envy, but that in his life time it attacked both his Name and his Conduct, though his death put a period to detraction, and procured Reverence to his name, honour to his memory, and Eulogies for his Government. And 'tis observable, men never behold the Sun so earnestly, as when he is Eclipsed. Innocence, of all places of the world, makes least Residence at Court, where Ambition always wars against eminent virtues. This concludes it necessary for a Minister of State, to fortify himself with Constancy and Resolution, to resist their malignity, who would call him to account; and charge him as answerable for all the sinister Accidents that fall out: as if the Events of Affairs, depended only on him. Cardinal Ximenes had this virtue in the superlative; always like himself, always aquanimous, always firm, stout and resolute, in the beginning, progress and end of his administration, that he might have said of himself, what the Roman Camillus once of himself in another sense; That neither the Dictatorship had elevated, nor Exile abated the height of his Spirit. That neither the Archbishopric of Toledo, the Primacy of Spain, the Cardinal's Cap, nor the Authority of Governor of a Kingdom, had given him courage, nor the crosses and misfortunes of Court taken it from him.  
These great and heroic virtues have rendered him the complete original and Architype of a perfect Minister of State: which I propose to their view, who Govern the world under the Authority of Sovereign Princes; that they may imitate his Zeal for the public good, his fidelity to his Prince, his affection to persons of worth and well-deserving, his strong inclinations and vigorous actions for the good of the people, and increasing the Glory and Grandeur of the State; being the ends and principal marks aimed at in all Governments, managed with wisdom, and crowned with Success.   

THE HISTORY OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF Cardinal Ximenes, Prime Minister of STATE IN SPAIN.  
KINGS, who are Masters of the Goods of this world, advantage men in their fortunes, and improvement of their estates; but 'tis the Sun, that King of Stars, and first of all second Causes, that enriches them with the Gifts of Nature; so that those Regions which are blest with the more favourable aspect of this Eye of Heaven, produce things of greater excellency than other Countries, and give birth to men of more eminent parts, and endowed with the rarest qualities in Nature's gift. Spain, by the happy advantage of her situation, lies so full and open in the Eye of that great Luminary, that, as enamoured of her beauty, he vouchsafes her the light of his countenance, and by the large measure of his irradiation, afforded her, contributes to her production of eminent persons. In her was born Francis, Cardinal Ximenes, of the Noble Family of the Cisneres, who deduce their original from the Suburbs of Villaizar, in the Diocese of Toledo. His Father was Alphonso, Receiver of the Tenths of the Clergy granted by the Pope to the King of Spain; who, taken with the beauty of a young Maid of an honest family and the same place, married her, and had by her several Children, whereof Ximenes was the eldest. At the Font he received, with the Graces of Heaven, the name of his Father Alphonso, which he after changed, in the Cloister, into that of Francis. In his Infancy, he had his Education in the Town of Areula D' Henares, where he learned the principles of the Latin Tongue, and of good manners: from thence he was removed to Salamanca, to study those Laws which regulate the Estates and possessions of men: where, by the advantage of his pregnant Wit, he became so great a Proficient, that in a short time he was capable to instruct others.  
His Family was reduced to so low an Ebb of Fortune, that his Father was put to his shifts to furnish him with necessaries requisite for his study; and could not well spare him sufficient to bear his charges. This obliged Ximenes to bestir himself, as having no means of livelihood, but what he could get by his wit and industry: therefore he read the Laws in his Chamber to several Students, who contributed to defray his Charges. But his Genius aspired higher; and the honest gains he made in his Chamber, he employed in the study of Divinity. And having finished the course of that Study, returned to his Country, where his Father practised as an Attorney in the Court of Justice of that place. Some Months he spent at home, but finding no employment there, worthy his Abilities, he obtained his Father's leave, to go to Rome to seek a better fortune; But was unfortunately robbed by the way, and reduced to extreme necessity. This disaster occasioned his stay at Aix in Provence, till Brunet, a young Gentleman of Spain bound for Rome, (who had been his School-fellow at Salamanca) passing that way, happily relieved him by taking him into his company, and bearing his Charges to Rome. Being arrived at Rome, he became Advocate for such of his Country, as had Suits depending in the Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction; till the news of his Father's death; and his good nature carried him back into Spain, to succour his Mother now a Widow, and afford his helping hand to the Orphan state of his younger Brothers. But before his departure from Rome, he obtained from the Pope (those they call) Spectative Bulls; whereby he was provided of the first Prebend should be void in his Native Country; which happened to be that of the Archpriest of the Borough of Vceda. The Revenue of it was mean, but the conveniency of having it at his door, invited him to take possession. The granting of such Bulls, gives great offence to the Bishops of Spain, as retrenching their power in collating Benefices. Alphonso Carilla, Archbishop of Toledo, bestowed the same Prebend on his Almoner. Ximenes opposes it; the Archbishop resents the resistance, as a high contempt, and presumptuous obstruction of his Authority; resolves to suppress it by force, and claps up Ximenes in the Tower of Vceda, where he kept him close Prisoner under hard and rigorous usage, in a place which Ximenes after his promotion to the Archbishopric of Toledo, made the Repository of his Riches; teaching us, that great Souls make the Disgraces of the world a Treasury of Virtue. The miserable entertainment and rude usage of this place afflicted his Spirit to so extreme a degree, that it clearly appeared; There is nothing in the world more insupportable, than trouble and slavery to men of Letters, whose Genius requires Liberty and Repose. The loss of both drew sighs and groans from the heart, and loud complaints from the tongue of Ximenes, which an old Priest his fellow prisoner, and companion in misery, endeavouring to allay, bespoke him thus: A wise man, Ximenes, is always free; and virtue which believes no other slavery but that of vice, loses not her Liberty in Chains and Irons. Cease then to complain, and put an end to your Lamentations; endure with patience the lot befallen you: Suffering is often the way to preferment. In the very place you are in, was heretofore locked up John Zerervella, Brother to that Great Constable of Castille Alvarez de Luna, with no other advantage than that of closer imprisonment and heavier irons than yours; yet he was afterwards Archbishop of Toledo. Great miseries usher in those persons into great prosperities, who by patience triumph over their calamities. Zerervella in the course of his felicities, drew the comfort of his life from the memory of his imprisonment. The innocence of your visage and majesty of your countenance, are, in my judgement, presages of the like fortune to you.  
He was removed from the Tower to St. Jorquats, a Prison for Priests lying under Accusations of crime. His innocence was so apparent and conspicuous, that his deteinure there, was so long only, as might serve for the execise of his virtue. The Countess of Bondiano, Sister to the Archbishop, obtained his liberty. Ximenes, fearing a second loss of it, resolves to enjoy it at distance from the violences of a Prelate, who so ill understood the virtues and merits of men. And therefore quitting the Diocese of Toledo, he retires into that of Siguenza, where he changed his Prebend for a Chappelleny with a small pension.  
Here that noble Affection of the best Spirits and most excellent temper, the love of Learning, made him withdraw from the conversation of the world, to follow his Studies; where he learned the Hebrew and Chaldee Languages. But though his life was retired, his reputation increased. The rays of virtue discover the owner at distance, though he seem to lie hid in obscurity. Peter Gonsalve, Cardinal Mendoza, Bishop of Siguenza named Ximenes his Vicar General, and in a manner forced him to take the Office, and with it, the care of his Diocese: the same time Alphonso De Sylva Earl of Cifuentes, taken prisoner by the Moors in the Wars of Granada, was induced, by the repute of his honesty and abilities, to constitute Ximenes Administrator General of all his Demeans, during his imprisonment. Thus Fortune began to follow him, when he fled from her, and sought an employment more agreeable to the tranquillity of his spirit, than was to be found in the troubles of secular affairs. He held the world a Sea, where some are wrecked, but all without exception are tossed with winds, and subject to the agitation of the waves: the object of his desires and end of his designs, being a Port to secure him from the one and the other; he made choice of a Cloister, as most suitable to his purpose; and took on him the Order of St. Francis, in order to the enjoyment of God and himself in prayer and contemplation.  
Here he changed the name of Alphonso into that of Francis, and resigned his Benefices to Bernardin his youngest Brother; lest necessity that obstructs the virtues of the bravest spirits, and often proves an ill Counsellor to them, should engage him in ill courses for gaining a livelihood.   

CAP. II.  
WHen Ximenes had thus quitted the World for a Cloister, the world went in search of him into the Cloister; the gravity of his manners, and holiness of his life, invited those of best quality in Toledo to visit him, for receiving his directions for guidance of their souls in the way to Heaven. Even the Ladies resorted to him for instructions to order their devotion; some with Resolution to practise them, others to satisfy their Curiosity, in seeing a man to famed for sanctity. The crowds of people that flocked daily to him, interrupting him in the performance of his Religious Exercises, and wearying him by importunity, obliged him to quit Toledo, and sack out a more retired solitude in the Monastery of Castanet; so called, from a Grove of Chestnut-trees which in a large circumference encompassed it round, the Monastery being the Centre. A year was scarce elapsed, but he was drawn out thence, to take on him the charge of Warden of the Covent of Salceda, where he kept the Friars within the Rules of their Order, more by the example of his good life, than the commands of a Superior. But 'tis the Privilege of Courts to enter into Cloisters, and take thence such men, whom Fortune hath designed to partake of their Grandieurs. Isabel Queen of Spain calls him to Court in the year 1492. and by the advice of Cardinal Mendoza, Archbishop of Toledo, makes him her Confessor. In this eminent place, he gave proofs of great virtues, without any exception, but that of intermeddling with Matters of State, wherein he exceeded his Call, and strained beyond his Charge and his Frock.  
This perhaps, gave those of his Order occasion to draw him back from Court to a Religious employment, by choosing him their Provincial for three years. And here he gave a most pregnant proof of the indifferency of his spirit for the affairs of Court, and of the great love he bore his Order, by going from Court more willingly, than he had come into it, and employing his time in visiting the Religious Houses under his charge. Coming to Gibraltar, moved with a charitable zeal for the salvation of the Infidels, he designed a Voyage into afric, at the peril of his life to instruct the Moors there in the Christian faith: but a Friar of his Order, and in great esteem for Piety, dissuaded him; assuring him, God had prepared him a great employment in Spain. He traveled on foot, and begged, but was such a bungler at the Trade, and begged so untowardly, that he seldom carried any but an empty bag; which made Franeis Rovys his companion tell him, he must give over begging; for that no man was more certainly born to give to all, and beg of none, than he. And had not the care of Rovys stood him in more stead than his begging Alms, he had made more fast-days, than the Rules of his Order required. So unfit to beg are Great Spirits, being naturally disposed to Give, not to Ask.   

CAP. III.  
FOrtune, which had designed him for the prime Prelate of Spain, took care soon after, to furnish his strong inclinations for the Good of mankind; with means competent to express his Good nature in acts of beneficence, answerable to the Greatness of his Soul. Cardinal Mendoza, Archbishop of Toledo, laboured under two maladies, the one incurable, the other dangerous, Age and a fever; which induced him to go to Guadalfayre, to take the benefit of that Air, he drew at his birth. Ferdinand and Isabel, King and Queen of Spain, went thither to visit him; This honour had saved the Cardinal's life, if death had regarded the presence of Kings, who are themselves his Homagers. Mendoza now drawing near to his end, gave his Master these three sage Counsels. 1. To make peace with the King of France, and keep it inviolable when made. 2. To marry the Infant John, Designed Successor of their Crowns to Joan, since the wise of Alphonso King of Portugal, pretendant to the Kingdom of Castille. 3. To confer the Archbishopric of Toledo, on a person of mean Condition, but of great integrity, and extraordinary Capacity: That these qualities were apparently eminent in the person of Ximenes; That the Grandees of Spain, proud enough of the Titles they are born to, become intolerably insolent, by the addition of those of great Dignities.  
These Princes slighted the first Advice, to the prejudice and notorious damage of Christendom, which smarted for their contempt of it, as the Spanish histories ingenuously Confess. The third they embraced, which Coming to the Knowledge of Ximenes, he remonstrates to them, that the Dignity of the Archbishopric of Toledo being the prime of the State, as well spiritual as temporal; which gave the person invested in it, the privilege of speaking next the King, in the Council-Royal; aught to be given to the most illustrious, and Ancient Gentry of the Kingdom.  
Cardinal Mendoza quitted his life, and the Archbishopric together, in the year 1496. Ferdinand would have preferred his natural son Don Alphonso, Archbishop of Saragosa, to this great Benefice: But Isabel, who had right of Presentation to it, as Queen of Castille, preferred the virtue of Ximenes, before the birth of Don Alphonso, and the entreaties of the King her husband: The year ensuing, they presented Ximenes to succeed in this Grand Prelature, no less in dignity than Revenue; which amounts to two hundred thousand Ducats a year. Ximenes forced by express Mandate from the Pope, accepts it: At his first nomination he left the Court, and fled on foot to a Covent of his Order a great way from Madrid, to avoid investiture in the Archbishopric: But returning in obedience to the Pope, he declared to Ferdinand and Isabel, that he would never consent that this Rich Benefice should be charged with one farthing pension, as prejudicial to the dignity and liberty, of the prime pastor of Spain.  
Now hath he just cause to meddle in Affairs of the State, as being one of the most considerable members thereof: This sudden change of fortune, shook not his Constancy, nor altered his settled Resolutions of adhering to virtue; Yet was he as free from mean, and base Actions, as from the Corruptions that usually attend great fortunes; he made it appear that no dignity could be so great, as to exceed his capacity, no Grandeur in the gift of fortune, to which his soul was not commensurate; though in his plenty of Fortune, and Eminence of place, he continued the plainness of a Religious life: Piety hath brought plenty, and abundance of Riches into the Church; And by the disorders of the world, the Daughter hath devoured the Mother; so that there are more ecclesiastics Rich, than Pious: Ximenes was not of their number; for amidst the Treasure of that Great Revenue, he kept inviolable that poverty that exalts Great Personages above the height of fortune, and consists in the contempt, and sober use of these perishing enjoyments; And, as if he had been afraid to lose the least part of it, he continued the practices of that Poverty, which the Rules of Religion exact from its strictest votaries. The Pomp of a Cardinal, and Attendance of the Prime Prelate of Spain, could not keep him from retiring into a private place, from the eyes of his domestics, to mend with his own hands, the frock he had wore among those of his Order; so that after his death, in a Box, whereof in his Life-time, he constantly kept the Key; there were found needles, thread, and pieces of Grey Cloth, of the Colour of his Frock, which he laid up for that use. He slept on a Friar's pallet, which he had hid in his Chamber, where stood his Bed of state; And that his family might not perceive it, he made it his custom to go to bed, and rise alone, without attendants, and his door shut. When he was first made Archbishop, he rid into the Country upon an Ass attended by a troop of Monks of his Order; his house, his family and his table were so ordered, as not to be inconsistent with his Vow of poverty; The Great Revenue of the Primate of Spain, was employed in works of Piety, the poor receiving a moiety of it for their sustenance, whom he called, the Lords and Proprietors of his Revenues.  
The Bishops of Spain, instead of imitating the good Example of his simplicity, were offended at it, and complained of him to Pope Alexander the sixth, who sent him a Brieve, advising him to change that mean fashion of life, into a more splendid, and becoming his dignity; telling him, it was not only convenient, but necessary to maintain with some external pomp and lustre, the dignities founded in a holy simplicity: Ximenes obeys the Pope, his table is better covered, his Beds more sumptuous, his utensils of Earth are changed into Plate, and all the ornaments of Prelature more splendid and magnificent: But his Golden Cross made him not a wooden Bishop; he continued his conferences in Divinity with the Priests, and his sermons to the people: and it is remarkable, he admitted no man into his family, but upon the commendations of honesty and virtue.  
But can it be expected, Ximenes should quietly enjoy a Dignity so Eminent, a Benefice of so vast revenue? since 'tis the course of the world, that, as Roses have their prickles growing up with them; so crosses are inseparable Companions of great fortunes. The first that attacked him, were the Monks of his Order, who were at Court with him, and offended that he kept them in his house to the Austere Rules of their Order, and forbade them to intermeddle with any thing but their Beads, And that being lately made Precedent of the King's Council, he procured not for them the Prelatures of Spain; spread ill reports of his person, and made their Sermons invectives against his conduct; Turning the pulpit, which ought to be the Oracle of truth, into a Theatre of Envy; They rested not there, but sent for their General from Rome, and armed him with Calumnies against Ximenes. The General, arrived in Spain, and hurried with faction and insolence predominant in him; goes to the Queen, and addressing himself with little respect, accused Ximenes of Ignorance, of Pride, and of Hypocrisy: Blaming the Queen for permitting such a man, to fit in her Council, and in the prime Chair of Prelature in the Kingdom. Isabel well assured of the integrity, and merits of Ximenes, and moved at the palpable rudeness, and irregular passion of this General; asked him if he were in his wits, and knew whom he spoke to. Yes Madam (saith he) I am so well in my wits, as to know I speak to Queen Isabel, who is but a heap of Dust as I am; and suddenly withdrew from the presence of the Queen, more like a Fury than a Rational Creature. But the accusations of these Monks, having no other foundation, but Envy, hatred and untruths, were easily dissipated by the patience of Ximemes, to their shame, but his Glory.  
Thus these Ambitious men, who went out of the world upon design, to return with greater advantage, attacked his reputation: But Bernardine his brother, attempted his life. Ximenes when he took the habit of St. Francis, resigned to him his Benefices, and was soon after followed by this young man; who too, became of the same Orders; and afterwards tracing the steps of his Brother's fortune, went to Court, in hope of a Bishopric: but the success not answering his designs, he imputed the cause to Ximenes, and resolved to be revenged of him, for the refusal or delay of his preferment. Ximenes lay sick at Arcula D'Henares, in Latin Complutum; Bernardine was in his house, and finding his Brother one day in his chamber, without any attendant, threw himself on the bed where he lay, and pressing the bolster hard on his neck, endeavoured to choke him, and thinking it done, went out of the Chamber: Ximenes not quite dead, was helped by his servants who came in, and having acquainted them with Bernardines villainy, commanded them to apprehend him; They search, and having found him hid in a Cave, drag him out, and bring him to Ximenes, who took no other revenge, than that he sent him bound to the Monastery of Torrice to learn more wi●t.  
Having recovered his health, he spent some time in reforming the Conventuals of the Order of St. Francis, called Cordeliers; whom he reduced under the Rules of the Observantins, to live without Revenues, as Children of Providence, and upon the Alms they receive. His pains, and the Cordeliers oppositions and complaints in this Affair, almost exceed expression. But by the end of the year 1499. his Constancy surmounted all difficulties raised by them, and afforded him opportunity to employ his thoughts, towards redress of the people's grievances. It troubled him to see the Kingdoms of Castille and Leon oppressed by a heavy Tax called Alcabala, which forced them to pay the King the tenth part of all they sold or exchanged. This Imposition was first laid, towards defraying the Charge of the Wars of Granada, against the Moors; but continued to the grievance of the people, after the War; though ended to the great advantage of Ferdinand and Isabel. Ximenes remonstrates to them, that God had made them Pastors, not Tyrants over the people; that by the favour of Heaven, they had obtained Victory over the Moors; that it was an ill Acknowledgement of the mercy, to continue in time of Peace and Triumph, that Subsidy which was intended only for the maintenance of the War. His advice was taken, and the people discharged of the Tax. This gained him great reputation all over Spain; so that he never entered the Palace Royal, but the people attended him with joyful Acclamations, saying publicly, He never went to Council, but for the good of the Commonalty. A wise Minister of State designs no less the good of the public, than the Honour of his Prince.  
The disorders of War had banished good Literature from the Territories of Spain; Ximenes desires ardently to see it brought back and replanted: causes a College to be built at Arcala, and the seventh of March 1498. 〈…〉 stone himself, endowed i● with Revenu●● 〈◊〉 furnished it with Regent's; which renders it one of the best Academies of Spain. Certainly, the happiness of a Kingdom, consists in the observance of the Laws, which is better effected through careful education, than fear of punishment. Virtuous actions are derived from good habits, acquired by practice and exercise of the wholesome Rules of good Education: where this is wanting, the severities of Magistracy are too weak, to contain men within the limits of obedience to Law; there being nothing so difficult, as to subdue our passions, when by long Custom and Continuance in Vice, they have got such head, as to master our Reason. Hence that Maxim of the Wise man, that Prudent Education added to the Gifts of Nature, renders men virtuous and obedient to the Laws; and that nothing is more necessary for the Common-weal, than good institution and virtuous education of Youth.   

CAP. IU.  
XImenes had not only a real Affection for Learning, but a high esteem for its faithful Attendants, Honesty and Integrity; though his affection to the one, and esteem for the other, terminated in Religion, as the ultimate object of his best affections; the Ascendant of his soul, and Lady paramount of his passions. To which he was so entirely devoted, as to take the measure of his affection and esteem for Learning and Honesty, from their usefulness to the advancement of Religion. The zeal he had to propagate Christianity, made him labour willingly, and much for the Conversion of Infidels. About the end of this year he attended the King and Queen in their Kingdom of Granada, newly recovered from the Moors; to give advice, how this new Conquest might be best maintained: and found time to preach so fervently to the Moors, that in one day, he converted three thousand of them to the faith of Christ. And the multitude of the Converts, making it impossible to baptise them all in the usual form, within the compass of a day, using aspersion instead immersion, he sprinkled them all with baptismal water, and so initiated them all the same day in the Christian Religion. In memory whereof, that day being the 16th of December, was long kept Festival in Spain. The Archbishop of Granada in his harangue to the Cardinal, upon the Triumphs of that Kingdom, amongst others hath this expression; Sir, I may say without incurring suspicion of flattery, that your Victories surpass the King's; for he gained Stones, but you have gained Souls to God. The greatest part of the unconverted Moors followed the example of a Prince of their Sect, of the Royal Family of the Kings of Granada, who became Christian; and drew them with him, to the knowledge of the true Religion. These new Converts, by the light of truth began to discover and detest their former errors; and of their own accord, laid at Ximenes feet five thousand Volumes of the Alcoran, or Glosses and Explications of it; all curiously bound, neatly trimmed, and tightly adorned with Clasps and Knots of Silver, Gold, and precious Stones, which made out the Esteem that people had, for the lying impostures of their Prophet.  
Many Grandees of Spain became Suitors to Ximenes, for one of those Books to adorn their Libraries: but he refused, and causing a great fire to be made, exposed them all to the fury of the devouring flames, except few that treated of Physic, and had been found among the Alcorans. Taking from these new Converts those objects which might renew the memory of the Errors in which they had lived most part of their time. So frail, and so fickle is our nature in good actions, that our progress in the way of virtue, is like that of Boats against the stream of a rapid Torrent, which fall back in one hour more than they advance in a whole day: This was not enough to contain them within the bounds of their duty, some sighed for their lost liberty, others relapsed into their old superstitions, and taking up Arms, resolved to force their way to both, by fire and sword. Ximenes who was yet in Granada, stood the shock, and bearing up bravely in a Sea of troubles that surrounded him, sends an Express to the King: And for better dispatch, a Gentleman of Quality of the same City offered him an Ethiopian Slave, so nimble and swift of foot, that he would travel fifty Leagues a day. But the brutish Sot having received the Packet, instead of making haste, overcharged himself so with Wine and Victuals at the second Inn he met with by the way, that he slept there till the morrow after: and he, who should have been in two days at Sevil, where the Court then was, made it five ere he arrived there. In the mean time, the King had intelligence of the Revolt of the Moors of Granada from them, who envying the greatness of Ximenes, took care to send better Courriers than the Ethiopian: and informed the King, that Ximenes, who through a rash and undiscreet zeal, would have converted to Christianity in a moment, men who were not only born and had lived, but were for the most part grown old in the Profession of Mahometism, had lost the Realm of Granada: That he was utterly incapable to manage matters of State, who proposed and made use of no other allurements, to win over his Converts to submit their necks to the yoke of a new Government, than the headstrong Capricchio's of his violent fancy, and the rigorous Austerities he had practised in a Cloister.  
Ferdinand believes them, and remembering Ximenes had been introduced into Court, and his Conduct extolled by the Queen his Wife; goes to her Lodgings, and all in a flame. See now, Madam, (says he)! the Triumphs of our Ancestors, and our own, purchased with the blood of the Nobles of Spain, ruined in a moment, by the humoursome follies of your Ximenes! Ximenes by this time, had intelligence from his friends of the negligence of the Ethiopian, and the sense of the Court; he acknowledges his fault to entrust the sottishness of such a Brute, with an Affair of so great Importance: And resolved for the future, never to send Courriers on the like Occurrences, but such as were persons of integrity and honest Repute; which he observed, making it his custom, to honour and load with Presents, such whom he employed in dispatches of Consequence.  
To retrieve this miscarriage, and remedy the present disorder of his Affairs, he dispatched Roiiys his Companion of the Order, to inform their Majesties of the Causes of the Revolt, and the Remedies he had applied. The good estate of Granada, quenched the fire of Ferdinand's anger and displeasure against Ximenes, and drew from him Letters of thanks to Ximenes, for his great expense for the good of the public, in restoring peace to Granada; and the dangers he exposed himself to, to save his Cities from ruin, and the Kingdom from destruction. A Minister of State who labours with integrity to serve his Majesty, aught by good Actions and patience, to overcome the Envy and Calumnies of his Enemies, which like thin mists are easily dissipated; and being built on the sandy foundations of falseshood, and lies, are soon shaken and moulder to nothing.   

CAP. V.  
THE watchings and labours Ximenes underwent, to suppress the Tumults of Granada, had impaired his health into a Hectic fever; so malignant, that the Physicians could find no remedy for it. A Moriseo-woman converted by him, hears of this, and sends him another woman of the same Nation, to desire permission to cure his fever; which being granted her, within eight days by the use of Ointments, and some words she recited, she restored him to perfect health. This enabled him to go to Toledo, to salute the Princess Joan, Daughter and Heiress of Ferdinand and Isabel, together with Philip of Ostrich her Husband, and Son to the Emperor Maximilian, who were lately come to Spain. And thence to visit that glorious Temple of the Muses, his College of Arcala, the love of Learning being inseparable from his soul: insomuch that in the year 1502. in order to the Explication and Imprinting of the Holy Scriptures in Latin, Greek, Hebrew and Chaldee, by persons of knowledge and skill in those Tongues at his charge in that City; he bought up all the Manuscript Bibles he could hear of; and caused most exact and correct Impressions to be made thereof in those Languages. Seven Hebrew Copies cost him four thousand Crowns; the Latin and Greek Manuscripts, being eight hundred years old, amounted to a greater sum: besides a vast expense for maintenance and Salaries of Professors of those Languages, and Correctors and Printers for fifteen years. His design was to instruct the Priests in the Truths of the two Testaments, and to leave the Church these Lights of the Holy Scriptures in their original purity. As if he had foreseen, that a few years after the perfection of this work, Heresy would arise, by false interpretation of Scripture; to attack the purity of Christian Doctrine. And therefore he provided this Impression, as a well furnished Armoury, to defend the Church against the malice of her Enemies. This great and painful work being finished; and the Printer presenting him with the first Copy of it; with eyes and hands lift up for joy to Heaven, My God, said he, I return thee immortal thanks, for granting my desires of good success to this work. Then turning to his Domestiques who were most familiar with him; 'Tis true, said he, my friends, that God hath been pleased to crown my Labours with success, in many important Affairs for the good of the State; but there is not any thing, in which ye ought to rejoice with me more, than for the happy accomplishment of this Impression and Explication of the Bible in the four Languages.  
He had designed also a Translation of Aristotle's works, and to adorn them, suitable to the dignity of the subject. And certainly, since he thus revived good Literature; 'tis but just, Learning should raise him to life again; and that the Muses give immortality to his Name: for he who labours for them, ought in recompense of his Travels, to receive from them the Auguste privilege of never dying.  
Much about this time, Joan Heiress of Spain was delivered of her second Son at Arcala. Ximenes lays hold of the opportunity, for the glory of his College: and by the favour of this birth, obtained for that City (which he had made an habitation of the Muses) exemption from Taxes and all manner of Impositions. The inhabitants of Arcala in memory of the favour, keep to this day, the Cradle of that Prince; and bless the name of Ximenes, who procured it. As he went out of his Lodgings the same day, he met the Officers of Justice leading a Malefactor to the Gibbet; he stops them, and grants the wretched Criminal, Pardon. Telling them, that though it was an Action beyond his Authority, yet so much aught to be allowed his Dignity, to hinder that day of general Joy to all Spain, from being Capital to an Inhabitant of Arcala.  
After this, he built a College for Maids of honest Families, whom Poverty kept in ignorance: and adjoined to it a Nunnery for the entertainment of such, who were inclined to bid farewell to the world; with Provision, that none should be taken into it, but such as came voluntarily; and as for those who desired to continue secular, besides the virtuous breeding of the College, he gave them honourable portions, and disposed of them in Marriage according to their conditions. These works of Piety, and the War against the Moors, were the Treasury, where he laid up those Riches Fortune cannot destroy.   

CAP. VI  
BEing at Medina, Jerome Vianelli a Venetian, offered him a Jewel at 5000. Crowns, and pressed him much to buy it; though the price put upon it, exceeded far the value of the Stone. Ximenes liked well the neat glittering and sparkling brightness of the Jewel; but I know, says he, to bestow the money better: for in an urgent necessity I can relieve 5000. Soldiers with Crowns apiece; his Levies for the Wars of afric being then afoot.  
The year 1505 Spain had great loss by the death of Queen Isabel, the Most Illustious Princess of her Age; no less Eminent for acquired habits of Goodness, than Royal Extraction; being as worthily adorned with the Crowns of Virtue, as legally Crowned with the Diadem of Spain; a Princess of Knowledge, Piety and Generosity above the usual Capacity of her Sex. She who had observed in Ximenes the Eminence of Rare Conduct, attended with singular integrity, made him Executor of her Last Will and Testament: which was but a drop of that Ocean of honour those qualities procured him, which rendered him so venerable in the State, that never Minister was so much honoured in his life, so much desired and miss after his death. Every time he came to wait on his Master Ferdinand, the King went out of his Chamber to meet him, and at parting, brought him to the Chamber-door: nor would he si●, till a Seat were given Ximenes. So powerful are great Virtues, as to oblige even the Sceptres of the World to reverence them. That Minister who is prudent and Generous, whose designs tend only to the glory of his Master, and good of the public, deserves the Surname of Guardian-Angel of the State, and aught to be honoured as such by every one.  
The death of Isabel gave Ximenes occasion to do Ferdinand good Service in Spain, and to give new proofs of the greatness of his Conduct: Isabel who was Queen of Castille, had by her Testament made Ferdinand her Husband, (who was only King of Arragon) Administrator general of the Kingdom of Castille: Philip his Son in Law, husband, as was said, of the sole Heiress of that Kingdom, had other designs; and by the instigation of some Grandees of Spain, and presuming upon the amity of France, intended to dethrone his Father in Law, and take possession of Castille as the inheritance of his Wife. He was at that time in Flanders with Joan, about whom Ximenes had placed some persons of trust, by whom she informed him of the designs of her Husband to trouble Spain: and the ill usage she had from him; for his Love to the Flemish Ladies had divided the Husband and Wife, and filled their Breasts with Jealousy and hatred of each other: Joan writes to her Father the threats of Philip, to drive him out of Castille, contrary to the Testament of the Queen her Mother; Philip surprises Lopez Couitrilla, Fernand's Ambassador, with several Letters about him; and without respect to his person, caused him to be imprisoned. Ximenes advertised of these threats and violences, advises the Remedy, for Ferdinand's service; he knew Philip had Negotiations afoot in France to solicit the Aid of that Court against his Father in Law. Ximenes steps in, and prevents it, advises Ferdinand to a strict Alliance on that side, and to take to Wife german de Foix, Niece to Lewis the twelfth.  
The Marriage was accomplished, and Philip surprised to see himself abandoned by them from whom he promised himself the greatest succour, was forced to a Treaty of Accommodation with Ferdinand, and agree to him the Administration of the Kingdom of Castille, reserving to himself the honour only of being named jointly with Ferdinand in all Letters Patents. This Agreement quieted the Affairs of Spain, though not long. Philip comes thither with Joan his Wife, visits the Cities of the Kingdom, and acts as sole Master of it without seeing Ferdinand, or permitting his Wife to see him: Ferdinand though his Father in Law longs to see Philip, and follows him from place to place, but Philip flees from him, till Ximenes by his prudence procured an Interview. Philip instigated by the great ones, desirous of novelties, and envying the Authority of Ximenes, appeared at the interview in the Equippage of Conquest and Triumph, not like a Son to meet his Father, but marching with six thousand Warriors at his heels; Ferdinand had only two hundred men of his household and retinue, and mounted on Mules. But this Flemish Bravado lasted not long; the sage Advice of Ximenes made it vanish; he goes to Philip at Burges, shows him the injury he did himself to sow division in a State belonging to him; that to raise War in Spain, was to Assault his own House; that Ferdinand had only the Administration of Castille, and served only to keep it, and improve it for him; that the Counsels given him, tended to his ruin; that Don John Manuel his great Confident and Prime man of his Council, was a person interessed, and for his own advantage fomented divisions between him and his Father in Law; that it concerned him in point of interest, and for his own good to remove Manuel by some honourable Employment; that an Embassy to Rome would be very fit for the purpose. To remove from a Prince a pernicious favourite, is to rid a Sick man of his Disease.  
And because this Interview is a principal piece of our Story, I thought fit to give you the most remarkable particulars. Philip going to meet Ferdinand, had on his right hand Ximenes (who went to him at Burges) and on his left Don Manuel his High Treasurer; those of his Court were in Armour, and marched in a posture of War; Ferdinand's followers rid on Mules, as men of peace, with Cloaks and Swords only; the Principal Courtiers having forsaken him to attend Philip, verified the old observation, that Courtiers adore the rising Sun. Ferdinand meeting the Troops of his Son in Law, made a halt on a little rising Ground to give them way: this place he chose as fittest in his judgement, (one of the sagest of his time) to view and contemplate the disloyalty of the Court, having of purpose taken up his standing in a narrow place, where all those who had abandoned him to go to Philip, must of necessity pass close by him: And of them the Duke of Najar first presented himself, mounted in Armour on a Spanish Jennet, as for a day of Battle; his Page carried his Lance, and one of his Captains led a Troop of men at Arms behind him: Duke, says Ferdinand, you are ready for a Combat, you always carry a spice of the Captain. It is, Answered the Duke, to serve the King our Sovereign Lord, and your Majesty.  
The next that came up, was Garcia de la Vega Lord of Cnerva, who had been Ambassador from Ferdinand at Rome, and graced with his favours in a large measure; Ferdinand, a perfect Master of the Art of Dissimulation (commonly called the Art of Reigning) perceived by the Bunching of his clothes that he wore close Armour underneath, and Embracing him said, Garcia, you were not so Gross a few days ago, you are grown fat on the sudden.  
These Embraces and Courtesies, were smart Reproofs, and cutting Exprobrations of their ingratitude; and Ferdinand experimented in them, that if the good fortune of the Court hath few sure Friends, the ●ll fortune of it hath much fewer. Philip upon the fight of Ferdinand, would have alighted, but Ferdinand spurting his Male, prayed him not to Dismount; Philip with Hat in Hand, desired Ferdinand's Hand to Kiss; Ferdinand spreads his Arms and Embraces him. Spain is so stored with Castles and fair Country-houses, that in all that Road there was not one fit for the Conference of the two Kings which forced them to entertain one another in an Ermitage; Ximenes followed them in, and so did Don Manuel, Philip's Favourite. Ximenes seeing him enter, says to him; Don John, their Majesties would be private, Let's withdraw, I will be Porter, and keep the door for this time. Manuel goes out somewhat displeased; Ximenes reenters, and having shut the Door, sits down with the Kings: Ferdinand's Counsels to Philip were the only entertainment of the Princes, which were to this effect.  
My Son, the weight of a Crown is so great, that a good King cannot bear it without help; and the Government of people requires such continual care and incessant travels, that a Prince hath need of ease by persons of fidelity, and capable to manage public affairs; and herein the unhappiness of Princes is remarkable, that they find few who mind more the honour of the State than their own profit, or study the interest of their Master, more than their own private advantages. Take heed therefore, my Son, that you grant not to them you honour with your good will, (commonly called Favourites) any thing to the prejudice of the people over whom God hath invested you with Sovereign Authority, whereof you must make good use, and render him one day an account, and undergo the sentence of an exact impartial Justice, and abide the severity of its Judgement. Think not that such men are called without cause, the Leeches of the Court, who hanging still at the Ears of their Prince, yet ungrateful to their Benefactor, have by their insatiable avarice, base flattery, and monstrous ingratitude merited those names of infamy and reproach of the vices they are infected with. I had designed to have assisted you in the discharge of your Office, knowing your Youth unexperienced in the Government of Kingdoms; but since the great ones of Castille have persuaded you to the contrary, I will retire, and confine my cares to the Governmen of the States, subject to the Crowns God hath given me: but shall make it my Prayer to God to give you the Graces, and Forces necessary for great Kings; and during my absence from you I leave you another Father, who will be of no less use to you, than if I were with you in person, I mean my Lord Archbishop of Toledo here present; the many proofs, and evident testimonies I have had of his fidelity and experience give me cause to Assure you that a King cannot be wrecked in the Government of his State, where he sits at the helm. May you believe his sage advice, and gather the same fruits from his conduct as have given my name and that of Queen Isabel the reputation and glory of having happily governed Spain; and to the inhabitants of these Kingdoms the felicity they enjoy.  
After this Interview, the Kings parted. Philip went to dinner at Bimo, Ferdinand at Remefid, and Simenes at Requete, three little villages within half a league of the Ermitage; but the advantage of accommodation, was on Philip's part, as feasted before dinner with the Royal Collation of Ferdinand's entertainment: For the Sage advice, for the Government of a Kingdom, is a true aliment of Prince's spirit.  
The affairs of Castille, were at this time carried according to the passion of the high Treasurer Don John Manuel, Philip's favourite; and the Revenue of the Kingdom which is the blood of the people squandered away by him; which highly displeased Ximenes: It happened one day that Bertrand de Salto one of the King's Treasurers, who had formerly treated with Ximenes about several affairs, in respect to him came to let him know, that the King by advice of Don Mannel had farmed out the Revenue of the Silks of Granada for ten years at a price; and that he had the Charters in his hand ready drawn, to be delivered to the Seal; Ximenes reads them, and observing that they were much to the damage of the King, tore them in pieces; and gave the pieces to a page of his Chamber, who stood behind him, which are kept to this day among the records of Arcala, for a monument of the courageous liberty of this Minister: then turning to the Treasurer, Salto, said he, were you not one of my friends, the King should cause your head to be taken off: Dare you make Grants so prejudicial to the State? Then going to the Palace, he informed Philip of this disorder, and forced him to confess, they had surprised him.  
This Prince began to relish the excellency of Ximenes counsels and fully resolved to live for the future in better correspondence with Ferdinand, but was suddenly taken with a great sickness which with his life ended his troubles.  
Ferdinand was then in his voyage for Naples his new Conquest; the Grandees of Spain assembled in Ximenes Chamber to consult about the Government of Castille: divers opinions were hotly proposed. The Constable, the Admiral, and the Duke of Alva, advised to send speedily after King Ferdinand then at Sea, and to desire his return into Spain to take the Government upon him. The Earl of Benevent, the Marquis of Villena, and the Dukes of Infantado, and Najar, contradicted this advice with so much passion, that they came to high words with those that proposed it. Ximenes who had been all this while silent the better to discover the intention of both parties, to prevent danger to the State by this Rupture, and Divorce of Opinions, and by Amusing the passion of the four last to divert and frustrate their designs of trouble, spoke as followeth; My Lords, King Ferdinand hath ruled these Kingdoms above forty years, 'tis now high time he should govern his own; since God hath given Castille men capable to Govern it; and such as can give a good account of their Actions. The Assembly by common consent chose Ximenes, the Constable of Castille, and the Duke of Najar, as a Triumnivat to Govern the State, to be Guardians to the Queen, and Tutors to Prince Charles, afterwards Charles the fifth. Ximenes informs the King of these passages; and believing him to be then at Barcelona, beseeches him to return into Castille. But the Courier sound him at the Isle of Isbice; and that having given Italy Advice of his voyage he held himself obliged to perform it. But in truth his vehement desires to see Gonsalves outed from Naples, being the main occasion of the voyage, would not permit him to return till he had seen it done. Therefore he writ to Ximenes to govern Spain in the mean time with the fidelity and integrity he always found in him.  
Now Ximenes resolves to sit alone at the Helm; and notwithstanding the resolutions of the aforesaid Assembly is by the Council-Royal chosen sole Guardian of the State, the Queen and the Infant Charles: he puts himself immediately into the Posture of Governor of the Kingdom, Raises and Arms Regiments of Horse and Foot for the Guards of the Princes and his own: The Grandees of Spain astonished to see a man bred in a Cloister use force, and have recourse to Arms for Authorising his Conduct, blamed him as a light spirited person; But he who knew of what importance it was to Awe the factious, and have forces in readiness to suppress innovations gave them leave to talk, but prosecuted his design. Queen Joan by the Travails of Childbirth, or rather (as 'tis said) by the Charms, and Enchantments with some poisonous drugs given her by a Flemish Lady, King Philip's Mistress had a great weakness in her senses, and was much disordered in her rational faculty. This made her wander up and down the Countries, quitting B— Burgos; and great with Child taking a Journey to the Burrow of Benferriale where she was delivered of the Posthumous Princess Catharine afterwards married to the King of Portugal. While she lay In, the Citizens of Medina took up Arms, and being divided into two parties, had brought the City to the brink of destruction: the Province of Granada was up in Arms at the same time, and the Guards of the Sea-coste, from Guards to Defend were become Enemies to Assault the Country: Ximenes by his prudence opposed the one, contented the other, and made all quiet again. Yet he was not in quiet, for the Queen after Childbirth having recovered her strength, but not her senses, made him follow her through the Country to his great inconvenience by the incommodities he underwent, in an Age fitter for repose, than the Fatigues of the Court. This Princess could not be persuaded to Lodge any where but in the fields, with the whole Court in Tents or in the Country Villages. Ximenes put her in mind how incommodious this was for her, and and what disorder she put the whole Court in for want of Lodgings; She answered, a Widow ought not to go into Towns, but wander in the Fields, and live in Villages. Thus she passed from one Village to another, carrying with her the body of her dead Husband Philip embalmed, fancying she enjoyed his Person by the sight of his Carcase, and causing it to be laid in the Parish Church of every Village she Lodged in, with a Guard to keep constant Watch at the Coffin, under a strict charge not to permit a Woman to approach it. So Jealous was she of a body without life, and incapable then to raise these passions in the beholders which he had caused in his life time, being possessed of those natural beauties, and endued with goodness so excellent, which charmed Ladies affections into a passionate Longing, and men into an entire Love for him. This Princess fooled with the Love of a Lump of dead flesh, would by no means part with it till Ferdinand her Father returned from Italy, caused it to be taken from her, and buried privately. The journeys she made were Noctural, by Torchlight; which occasioned many inconveniences by sickness amongst her retinue; Loss of her Baggage and falls of those on Horseback. Ximenes threw himself at her feet and begged on his Knees that since she was resolved to make the Court Errand and Itinerary, she would at least Travel by day, but she Wedded to her folly, answered, That a Woman having lost her Husband, which is her Son, aught to avoid the light of the Sun in the Firmament, and make no journeys, but by night. The art of a skilful Pilot is often of no use amidst the fury of the Winds and Waves: And the prudence and conduct of a Minister of State are thrown away upon such Soveraings as are incapable of good Advice.  
During these extravagancies of Queen Joan, Ferdinand returned from Italy with german de Foix his new Wife; and took a voyage by Sea, to Savona, to see his Wife's Uncle King Lewis the twelfth; while he stayed in Italy he obtained of Pope Julius the second a Cardinal's Cap for Ximenes, with the Title of Cardinal of Spain; formerly given to Peter, Cardinal Triasio, under Henry the third, and then to Peter Gonsalve Cardinal Mendoza, under Ferdinand, in token of the Pope's especial favour. So that in the sequel of our Story we shall call Ximenes by the name of Cardinal. Together with this dignity he received that of Inquisitor General of Castille: for the Inquisition had of long time got firm footing in Spain, having been introduced by Ferdinand and Isabel, in the year 1577. by reason of the mixture of Moors with Christians, and the superstitions of the former, deeply rooted in the heart of that Kingdom. The Rigour of this Ecclesiastical Justice struck terror into ill Christians, but was so far from making them better, that it rendered them only more subtle and refined Hypocrites. Cardinal Mendoza was his immediate Predecessor in that Office, and Thomas Torquemata superior of the Covent of St. Dominick at Segovia the first that bore it. These new honours altered not the manners of Ximenes; the Love of Learning and Advancement of virtue had still the same place in his soul, and were Continued in their former Station. He finished his College of Arcala, constituted Laws and made Statutes for the regulation of it, filled it with able Professors drawn from the famous Universities of Paris, Salamanca, Valadolid, Bologina, admitting none from meaner places; endowing it with great Revenues, adorned it with a rich Library, and brought it to such perfection that Francis the first of France passing that way (when the fortune of War made him experimentally know good luck doth not always attend the valorous) and seeing this admirable College, said, that his University of Paris was the work of many Kings; but Ximenes alone had Completed a Royal work: Charles the fifth King of Spain, and Emperor being one day to hear Mass in the College at Arcala, quitted the Chair, and Cloth of State provided for him at the high Altar, and took his place in the Choir, in the ordinary Seats of the Priests of the College being for the most part public Professors; and all of them Learned men, telling them; he would not lose the glory of sitting that day among men of so great Learning, and making one of the Choir with them. Such are the fruits of great Ministers, Labours for virtue and the public good; future Ages reverence their names; the Greatest Kings of the world admire their glory, and think themselves honoured to be sometimes of the number of those who possess the Offices of Learning, they have founded. Such is the Liberal Return of gratitude virtue makes to those who enlarge her Kingdom.   

CAP. VI  
THE Spirit of Ximenes was not only great and high, but Comprehensive and Capable of all Affairs, those of War as well as peace found it a proper receptacle to entertain them both together: The same time that his thoughts were busily taken up with impression of Books founding Monasteries building Colleges, endowing them with Revenues, and furnishing them with Regent's and Students he had in prospect the War of afric, form designs and made preparations for it. When the Kingdom enjoyed a Secure peace, and flourished in a deep repose, and undisturbed tranquillity, he Levied Soldiers, issued Commissions, and provided moneys for the better Assurance of the State. It was his Maxim That the Spirits of men being naturally free, cannot endure servitude and subjection; but of force, and compelled by necessity; and he would often say, That never Prince was feared abroad, or honoured at home that had not levied an Army, and at least made all the preparatives requisite to carry on a Warr.  
The desire of extending Christianity into afric, and to free Spain from the incursions and Robberies of the Pirates of that Country who were grown so bold as to Enter the Spanish Ports to Spoil and carry away the Vessels of Traffic engaged him in the enterprise of a War of such Consequence. There was at that time in the Court of Ferdinand a Venetian named Jerome Vianelli well versed in the Voyages of afric, having often Sailed those Seas, that he knew perfectly all the Ports, and safe Landing places on the Coast; This man had intelligence of Ximenes design, goes to him, informs him of all the Avenues of the Coast, and particularly the great Port of Mersalcabir near Oran, capable to receive a very great Fleet: Ximenes hearkens to him, and finding him serviceable for his designs, prayed he would see him often, and commanded his Porters to admit him at all times, and give him Entrance as often as he desired it. By the constant mode of Courts, it hath been always difficult to get entrance to great Ministers of State; which Custom, as it preserves them from an infinite trouble of importunate persons; so it deprives them of the knowledge of many persons of merit and worth, whose generosity will not permit them to beg admittance from Servants, and leave to enter from Grooms and Porters: And 'tis seldom seen that the persons employed in these Services either keep out the former, or admit the latter to their Master's presence. Vianelli having the privilege of free access to Ximenes, visits him often, and acquaints him with what he had seen in afric: Ximenes the better to comprehend what he said, commands him not only to make a draught in Paper, but to imprint in Wax the figures of the places. By this representation he saw a Castle situate on a Rock almost inaccessible, having a Lantern on one of the Towers, not unlike the Grecian Phares to serve Mariners for a mark of direction how to steer their Course in dark nights, to safe Harbour. This Castle had on one side the Port of Mersalcabir, and on the other, the City Oran; called by the Moors Guharran, which in their Language signifies a high place, and exposed to the Winds. The Etymology may be derived from the Greek Verb Oran, which in that Language signifies to see: the height of the situation gives an excellent prospect. It was in Ancient time a little Burrough, but by frequency of Commerce and Traffic of Merchants, was now grown to the greatness of a City, enclosing within the Walls, six thousand Houses, several Mosques and Colleges, some Hospitals, and a great number of public baths. The Sea washes it on one side, the other side affords an excellent prospect over delicate Gardens, and pleasant Fountains, so plentifully embellishing the Country thereabouts, that it Courts the spectators to taste of its pleasures.  
By the draught and representations of Vianelli, Ximenes found it necessary in order to an Attempt on afric to make himself master of Mersalcabir, as the safest Port for entrance. Having thus projected a design for the good of Religion, and Liberty of Spain, he proposed the Execution to Ferdinand, advising him to undertake the War, as an enterprise he made appear no less profitable than Glorious. Ferdinand answered, that the interest of Religion was so inseparable from that of his Crown, that if there had been no Consideration to incline him to engage in this War, but the sole advantage to accrue to Religion, the piety of the design was Motive enough to prevail with him to undertake it; but that the vast Charges he had been at, in the Wars of Granada, and his great expenses in Italy, had emptied his Coffers, and exhausted his Treasures, which are the Sinews of War; and without which it cannot be maintained. Ximenes offers him money, and Promises to Pay the Soldiers, and Victual the Army for six Months; so great a Mass of Treasure had this generous Prelate by frugal parsimony heaped up together from the Revenues of his Bishopric: Upon this Offer, the War against afric was resolved on; a Naval Army prepared, and Diego Fernand de Cordova, made Captain General, who took with him several old, experienced Commanders; particularly Raymond Cordon Vice-Admiral of the Fleet, and Diego de Vera, Master of the Artillery; Vianelli was a principal person amongst them, as a guide to the Rest. The Fleet set sail from Malaga the fifth of September, and about the fifteenth arrived at Mersalcabir; the Moors Advertised by their Spies, were upon their Guard, attending the appearance of the Fleet: they discover it, and repair to the Port to hinder their Landing; the Conflict was sharp, and disputed hotly on both sides; but maugre all the Resistance the Africans could make, the Spaniards Landed, and went to besiege the Castle, which a●●●nds the Port, (being that we spoke of before in 〈◊〉 draughts) with a little Town, well peopled, environed with the Sea on all sides, except the South. The King of Tremesen sent them a Succour of Moors and Numidians to raise the Siege, but they were defeated by the valour of the Spaniards: Those of the Castle made stout defence, till an unlucky accident quailed their Courage: The Captain of the Garrison, a man of Valour and Repute among his Soldiers, going round the Works to give Orders where necessary, was struck dead upon the place, with a Musket shot out of a Spanish Ship. The Loss of this man astonished the Garrison, and brought them to a Parley, and promise of Surrender, if they received not a more powerful Succour from Tremesen in three days: three days passed, but no Succour came; they desired three days more, which was granted, but no Succour appearing, they yielded upon Terms of safety for the Lives of Men, Women and Children; and liberty to enjoy what they could carry on their backs; which being agreed to by the Spaniards, they opened their Gates.  
Diego Fernand a Religious observer of his Word and Promises, to see the Articles of the Capitulation performed, stands at the Gates where the Moors passed out of the Castle. A Soldier casting his eye on an African Woman in the Crowd laden with the Riches of Fortune and Nature being extremely handsome and Carrying with her the most precious of her Goods, was violently hurried by the blind passions of Avarice and Love to Rob and Ravish her; Diego forthwith seized him, and caused him immediately to be killed with push of Pike.  
Thus the Spaniards became Masters of the Fort within fifty days after their leaving Malaga, and sent a Galley to Spain, to carry Ferdinand and Ximenes the joyful news of their Victory which was gladly received by the whole Court, especially by Ximenes who caused public thanks giving to God to be continued for the Victory eight days together. The designs of War and of Armies, depends on Kings, but 'tis God alone who gives the Victory.  
The taking of the Castle of Mersalcabir struck such terror into the inhabitants of Oran, that many left the City and retired to Tremesen: But Oran continuing for some time free from the Assaults of Spain they took the resolution to return; and being on their way near the Town, they met a Moor of the best quality and State in Oran, on his way from thence to Tremisen, with a Camel laden with Gold upon sight whereof they were seized with such a panic fear, that they turned again for Tremisen; So powerful are Riches to Attract men to the place of their residence. The Spaniards wanting money to carry on the War, had other designs; for Diego Fernando having picked out the best of the Soldiers for the garrison of Mersalcabir sent the rest back into Spain, holding it vain to attack Oran without greater forces. The Town being almost impregnable by the strength of its situation, Arms and Men.  
At the return of the Army into Spain, Peter Lopez H●rosio, a man of Valour, and one of the Captains in the War, presented Ximenes with a staff of Ebony accurately turned, and curiously Polished which the Cadyor, Judge of the Fortress, used to carry as the mark of his Sovereignty. Ximenes for some time carried it in his hand, but afterwards dedicated it to his Academy of Arcala, in memory of so important a Victory, and with good reason; for if Letters give Life to the brave Actions of men, 'tis Just the Trophies and Monuments of those Actions be Consecrated to them. Diego Fernando was recalled into Spain, Received graciously by the King, and praised openly by Ximenes in his Master's presence from whom he had a grant by Patent of the Government of Mersalcabir, as Conquered by his Valour and good Conduct: The Lieutenancy was given to Driasio a person of great Courage, whom the King sent into afric, retaining Diego at Court.  
No sooner was this Lieutenant arrived at Mersalcabir, but he made the Moors sensible of his Valour, making daily inroads upon them, and carrying rich booties of Horses, Cattle, and Corn from the Country thereabouts; so that provoked by these incursions and the miseries he reduced them to; they resolved to destroy him, or perish themselves in the Attempt; and to that purpose laid an Ambuscade for him; Driasio seeing himself in the midst of his Enemies, and overpowered, his passage to the Garrison stopped, resolves to die as he had Lived, a valiant man: exhorts his Soldiers to sell their Lives dearly to their Enemies, and not Cowardly give them away. They obey and follow him; and Roderich Driasio with his men hews his way through the Moors, beats, defeats and Routs them, Leaving a notable example of his Courage and strength remaining fresh in memory with the Moors to this day, for pursuing with Javelin in hand, a Moor on Horseback who fled from him, he violently darted the Javelin with such force and vehemence, that at one blow it pierced through and through the body of the Horseman, the Bow of the Saddle, and the Neck of the Horse; which hath begot a Proverb among the Moors, who when they Curse one another in the Wars, to express their Choler in a Phrase of superlative bitterness, pray The Blow of the Captain of Mersalcabir light on them. All this was done before Philip's Arrival into Spain, and is transposed hither to preserve the past pieces of this Story entire without mangling it by interruption by the recital of this.   

CAP. VII.  
THE same Year that Ferdinand returned into Spain, and Ximenes received the Cardinal's Cap, the Moor's not tamed by the Loss of Mersalcabir came a Cruising on the Coasts of Spain, took a strong Town, put to the Sword men Women and Children; and elevated with this Success at their return into afric, threatened to besiege Roderich, and hew him pieces in his Castle. Cardinal Ximenes fully resolved to Continue the War, and to expedite the prosecution, designed to go in person if Ferdinand refused it, and made overtures and proposals in Council to that effect. This awakened the envy of his Enemies, and afforded all Spain matter of Discourse as various the passions of men. The great ones in Council were of Contrary Opinions; and said abroad that the Ambition of the Cardinal was immense and extravagant; that his condition suited not with Arms, but peace; that nothing could be more abominable then for a Priest, a Monk, an Archbishop, a Cardinal, to breathe nothing but War and Bloodshed, and desire to imbrue his hands in the blood of slaughtered men. That the Exchange would be no less ridiculous than strange for him instead of lifting his Cross, to Trail a Pike; and laying aside his Mitre to put on a Helmet; Gonsalve who had gained the name of Great, in the Conquest of Naples, was then in Spain, brought thither by Ferdinand, by reason of the Authority his Actions had acquired him, which was so great that it Created Jealousies and Suspicions in the Breast of the King against Gonsalve for his Valour and Victories. So Dangerous is the nature of the Affairs of Fortune, and of Court; ill Service deserves punishment, and good Service by the envy of the great Ones, and Jealousy of the Master. Gonsalves was then at Valladolid, under an Ostracism in his ow● Country. But the name of great men cannot die, and his hath gotten immortal glory abroad, and a singular Reverence in the Territories of Spain. The Histories of Spain afford frequent instances of respect to Gonsalve's from the Spaniards in General, and the particular honours done him by the Cardinal. But amongst others, 'tis remarkable that after the Wars of Granada, a Prince of the Blood-Royal of the Moors named Zegri, near Kinsman to the famous King Abenamar having forsaken the Errors of Mahomet, and by the pains of the Cardinal, embraced the faith of Christ; when he came to the Font, prayed his Godfathers to give him the Name of Gonsalve Fernando Zegri, telling them he desired with the Spiritual Grace of Baptism to receive that of the name of the great Captain Gonsalve, whose valour he had so frequent experience of in the Wars of Granada against this Nation.  
To resume our Discourse of the Cardinal's Enemies, they were very Comical in the expressions of their Envy, saying at Court that the great Captain was busy turning over his Beads at Valladolid, while the Cardinal was commanding Armies. That Gonsalves did the Cardinal's business, and the Cardinal Gonsalves. The more moderate said, that in Wars for Religion the Arch bishops of Toledo had always taken care of the Armies employed against the Enemies of the faith. And that 'twas no new thing to see Priests on Horseback in the head of an Army: Others who pretended to a clearer insight into th' Affairs of Court, and used to Comment upon the News of the time, said, it was the Cardinal's design to send away all the Nobles of Spain, into the Wars of afric, that he might Govern at home without Contradiction. That he could not be better fitted for punishment than to grant him his desire of being General of the Army, and sending him over into afric, and so remove him from Court, For then out of sight out of mind. The business of Government is very painful and difficult, that great Ministers besides prudence in Conduct have need of a Generous patience to resist the Envy and Calumnies of the Court.  
Ferdinand who knew the integrity of the Cardinal (better than all the world beside) judged more equitably, heard his Advice, weighed, received and embraced it, gave him thanks that for the good of Religion, and Service of his Kingdoms, he would expose himself to the toils and hazards of War in an Age that required nothing more than the repose and quiet of peace; the Cardinal being then seventy years old: Ferdinand commands the Captain of the Galleys, and the Admiral, to fit up the Galleys and Vessels of the Kingdom, to be ready at Malaga, or Nova Carthagena▪ as the Cardinal should direct. The Captains of the Ships, the Officers of the Marine, the Commissaries of Victuals, and of the Army betake themselves every man to the duty of his charge, with great diligence and expedition to fit and make ready the Vessels, Men, Victuals and Ammunition.  
The great Gonsalve advised the Cardinal to employ in this War Peter of Navarr Earl of Olivarez a person of quality, valour and experience, and to make him his Lieutenant General of the Army: The Cardinal upon his Recommendation calls Navarr to him; and makes him Lieutenant General. On the other side the Commissaries for Victuals, and those of the Navy, the Treasurers and Paymasters of the Soldiers, either guided by the Cardinal's Enemies, or loving Spain more than Voyages into afric, slacken their former diligence, and to their utmost power retard the fitting of the Fleet, by diverting the Soldiers pay to other uses and consuming the Biscuit provided for the Ships: The Counsellors of state opposed the Cardinal in his Discourses of the War, and advice for setting out the fleet, alleging the Winter season was too rigorous and not yet over; when Winter was past, they said the heat of Summer drew on, and would be more insupportable to the Soldiers, than the Assaults of the Moors: The Army this while mouldered away, and was like in short time to come to nothing. The Cardinal had beat his Drums throughout Spain, and made Europe and afric ring of his design. The preparations he had made were great, and if not attended with effects suitable, would have proved the travels of the Mountains that brought forth a Mouse. All the World was against him, only the King had not declared himself upon the advices given him. He Addressed himself to the King by a Letter from Carthagene, entreated him by the many travels and great Labours he had endured in the administration of the Affairs wherewith he had honoured him, for the interest of Religion and the Love of God, that he would not suffer so complete an Army, and so great preparations for War to perish unprofitably; that the designs of those who envied him, tended to the diminution of his Royal Glory, only to make him incur the blame of Temerity; he declared to him the facility of the enterprise, and the treasure he had provided for it, that he had of his own sufficient to pay the Army three months: And if it should be his ill fortune to see his designs shamefully frustrated, and the Army disbanded, that his Majesty would be pleased to grant him leave to retire to his house at Toledo, where he would endeavour by Exhortations and Sermons to make War against Vice in his Diocese. The King who had a value for his person, and Judged him necessary for Spain, gave him the satisfaction he desired, slighted the Counsels of his Enemies, gave him order to set Sail, and commanded the whole Army to attend him the next Spring, being the year 1508. But though these obstacles were overcome by the Courage of the Cardinal, and Authority of the King, there sprung up new to retard his designs and stay him at Carthagene. For just as he was to put his men on Board, the Soldiers mutinyed, fled from their Colours, and drew to the hills near the Sea: The occasion was this: The Cardinal had ordered that the Muster of the Army should be in afric at their first Landing: And to prevent the Pillories practised by the Captains on their Companies that every Soldier should receive his pay immediately from the Treasurers. Peter of Navarre accustomed to the rapines of the Wars in Italy, liked not this order, and gave notice thereof under hand to the Captains, who disguising the matter, and setting it out to disadvantage before the Soldiers, caused them to disband. Vianelli who was of Authority in the Army, instead of appeasing the sedition, inflamed it; holding close intelligence with Navarr, and having resolved with him to drive on the Mutiny to the last point of despair.  
In order to this he caused all the Mutineers he he could Light on to be presently hanged up; and by colour of doing Justice put those on the hills in a desperate fury: The Cardinal seeing the remedy worse than the Disease sends Villaroel Governor of Castocle to command Vianelli to proceed with more gentleness, and not destroy those men who were necessary for the War they were to make. Vianelli's pride made him take this in ill part, and Answer, he knew better than the Cardinal or him how the mutinies of Soldiers were to be appeased. Villaroel lays his hand on his Sword, strikes, and wounds him in the head; and retires into the Citadel of Carthagene, under the command of his Kinsman. This delayed the setting out of the Fleet; for Vianelli being the principal guide of the Voyage, it was necessary to attend his Cure, as to appease the mutiny of the Soldiers. To effect this the Cardinal employs Captain Salazar Campmaster of the Regiment of Toledo, a great Warrior, Eminent in Soldier Eloquence and powerful in Military persuasion. He goes to the Soldiers, tells them the Muster was to be taken Aboard the Gally-Royal, persuades them to come to it, shows them bags of Money, crowned with green Boughs carried in their fight on the Shore at some distance from the hill towards the Galley: the Mutineers at sight of the money haste down as Hawks to the Lure. By this Artifice they were embarked, and set Sail from Carthagene the 15th. of May with 24 Ships, ten Galleys, and a great number of smaller Vessels. The Army was composed of ten thousand foot, and four thousand horse. On Ascension Eve they came happily to Anchor on the Coast of afric. At their Landing the Cardinal was Clothed in a long Vest of the Habit of his Order, with a Cross of Silver carried before him by a Cordelier of a monstrous stature, mounted on a white beast, his Sword by his side, girt upon his Robe. Others of the Older who accompanied the Cardinal, were habited alike with long Robes and Swords. With this Retinue he retires into the Castle of Mersalcabir, to Rest and Refresh himself. News was brought him that Navarr had Landed the Foot, but left the Horse on Board as useless on this Coast being full of Hills and Rocks. The Cardinal goes to the Port, and commands all the Cavalry ashore: To this Act the whole Army owed their safety in several Engagements with the Moors wherein the Cavalry sheltered the Foot from Ruin and Defeat. The Army was drawn no in four Batallions, and the Soldiers commanded by the Cardinal to fit themselves for fight, by taking their Repast before they Engaged: Their provision of Victuals consisted most of Bread, Bacon and salt Meats, and the Cardinal dispensing with the abstinence of the day, being Friday, gave them liberty to eat thereof; and after their repast exhorted them to fight Courageously for the service of God and their King. This done, the Principal Officers entreated him to withdraw into the Fortress, the feebleness of his Age inclined him to consent, and being Conducted into the Castle he retired into St. Michael's Chapel to fight against the Moors by Prayers to God being disabled by Age for manual Combats.  
The Infidels discovering the Approach of the Army were ready for battle, and for better advantage had possessed themselves of a little hill where the Army must of necessity have passed to attaque Oran; Peter of Navarr seeing this Post taken by the Enemy was in doubt what to do, and goes to the Cardinal for Advice, who having heard him, answered in short, Fight, God will be your Leader; with this Answer he returns, and sets upon the hill, where in effect he made no progress but in the Loss of his men, and those, the flower of his Troops, whom the Moors slew in great numbers; Cut of their heads, and sent them to Oran to be carried in Triumph through the Streets; where Women, and Children, who seldom fight but with the dead, expressed their joy over them by Songs and Dances. Lewis Contreras Captain of the slain, had but one Eye, and partaking the fate of his fellow Soldiers, had his head cut off, and dragged in the streets of Oran; some of those many old Women that pretend to Divination, among the Moors, saw it; and having attentively viewed its Physiogmony, suddenly cried out, An ill Omen, our Town is near Destruction. The people insolent and senseless in such occurrences, cease not to drag it along the Streets, saying it was the head of the Alfaqui of the Christians, meaning the Cardinal whom they knew to be General of the Army, and dragged it on to the Prison of the Christians, made slaves at the taking of Mersalcabir by Diego Fernandez. The fight in the mean time continued at the Hill where at last the Spaniards beat off the Moors, and having enclosed them in the midst between the body of the Army, and some Troops Navarr had commanded to advance, they put them almost every man to the Sword, as they fled towards the City. The Christians advance to the Walls of Oran; Sosa Captain of the Cardinal's Company, first mounts the Wall; and having planted there his Master's Colours, cries out, Victory; the rest followed his Example, and some of the Soldiers getting into the Town open the Gates and give the Army entrance, who put all to the sword. The Mosques were filled with the blood of the Moors, who retired thither in great numbers, and the Streets paved with dead bodies, ran down with the blood of the slain; the Victor's killing all, without pity of Age or Sex, till the miserable spectacle of a sucking Child, playing with the Breasts, and Labouring with fingers and mouth, to get the Teat of his dead Mother to suck, stayed their fury, and melted their relenting hearts into Compassion to a Creature senseless of his misery; the poor Infant smiling at the Massacre of his Mother. Two days after he was sold among the Captives to George Baracald the Cardinal's Secretary, and happy in the ignorance of his misfortunes was carried into Spain, where he continued without trouble for the Ruin of his Country, or grief for the Massacre of his kindred. 'Tis some kind of happiness to the miserable, that they have been so in their Cradles.  
The Spaniards having made themselves Masters of Oran, Navarr sent the News to the Cardinal, who passed that night without sleep in chanting Hymns of praise to God for so important a Victory.  
The day following he went aboard the Galleys, and came by Sea to Oran, to avoid the Hill that lay in the way by Land. The greatest part of the Army than Marched to meet him, Received him in Triumph, and with joyful acclamations saluted him Conqueror of Barbary, the Keys of the Town were presented to him, which he afterwards sent to the College of Arcala, with some Standards and Arms of the Turks. All the booty was laid at his feet; Navarr having caused it to be carefully locked up by the Cardinal's order; Part was disposed afterwards defraying the charge of the Army; some rare pieces of value sent to Ferdinand, and the rest distributed among the Captains and Soldiers according to their respective valour and merit: The Cardinal for his share taking that which is most acceptable to generous spirits the pleasure of giving to others. After this he caused the Town to be cleansed and what might prove infectious to be carried out, and in memory of the taking of the Town sounded an Hospital, and ordained in the Church he built there, an Annual Service for the 15 of May to perpetuity with Prayers to be made for him, for which he gave thirty thousand Crowns.  
Alvarez Gomez who writ more of the Actions of the Cardinal, than any Author come into my hands observes that he held intelligence in Oran before he left Spain with two Jews, Acmat Alcanixe the prime man of the Town and Catorre. These persuaded the Townsmen to deny entrance to the Succours from Tremisen, sent by that King to maintain the Siege, suggesting he designed by those Succours to take the Town for himself. And when the Spaniards entered the Town, those two men broke the Keys of a Gate where the people might have fled and escaped the Massacre. The houses of these Jews were exempted from pillage, and their persons from Violence, they passed afterwards into Spain, and had pensions from the King, during their Lives: Yet the same Gomez, and most of the Spanish Historians forbear not to say that the Arrival of the Army the Siege, and taking of the Town were all miraculous, that a Cross appeared to them at their Landing, that the Sun stopped his Course 4 hours, adding so much length to the day, to give light to the Combat.  
Those of Tremesen made the taking of Oran fatal to the Christians and Jews trading there, putting them all to death upon the news; while Spain on the other shore Celebrated the success with Joy. The Cardinal had sent Ferdinand the news by Fernand de Vera, son to Diego Master of the Artillery in this expedition, who had desired the employment for his Son, but Fernand being young and careless, made slow haste, sleep and play took up the best part of his time: This occasioned a Soldier desirous to make advantage of the voyage to follow him privately, and knowing the softness of his temper he robbed him off his Letters to the King in the first Journey he made by Land, and arriving at Court, ere Fernand was half way thither, Received of the King, the gifts usually bestowed on Courriers that bring such happy news.  
This new instance of negligence in Vera, confirmed the Cardinal in his resolution taken on the Ethiopians miscarriage mentioned above, never to send a Courier on Affairs of importance, but such as should be a person of Judgement and Merit, whose good address may advance the honour of the Prince and Reputation of his Ministers.  
The Cardinal had many Crosses in the beginning, nor had he fewer in the end of this War: For as Fortune labours to obstruct virtuous Actions, so Envy strives to obscure their glory: Peter of Navarr was preferred by the Cardinal to be Lieutenant General of the Army, and Received from his hand the Authority and honour he stood possessed of; but made so ill acknowledgement of the favour that he employed them against the person of his Benefactor. A Soldier had killed a Domestic of the Cardinals, who commanded Justice to be done thereupon: Navarr not only opposed it, but upheld the Criminal, and bespoke his General and Benefactor in this arrogant Language: If there be disorder and insolency among the Soldiers; the cause is from you alone: They never knew two Masters in War: Had I the sole command of the Army, I durst undertake in few months to subdue afric. Return when you please into Spain to attend your charge of Prelate, and know that from henceforth you shall be no otherwise treated then as a private person: These are not yours, but the King's Arms. I know the King gave you the Charge of Generalissimo, but it was only for the Siege of Oran: your power is determined with the Siege: I will instantly cause the King's name to be proclaimed throughout the Army without mention of yours, which he did the same day: To 〈…〉 offer reasons to a madman, is to imitate him. Nor was he daunted it this insolent Proclamation that destroyed his Authority, and Annulled his command. But some days after, with the generosity and gravity natural to him, he sent for Navarr, gave Orders, and commanded him to do what was necessary and fit to be done. Navarr obeyed him, acknowledged his fault, begged his pardon, and was reconciled to him. The Cardinal embraced him, commended him in public, and told him he deserved worthily the name of Captain: but after their arrival in Spain, he set forth his humours and extravagancies to the King, and advised him not to give him the Government of Oran, nor any Authority in the Affairs of afric, that the haughtiness of his Nature, rendered him unfit for such employments, and was proper only for the command of Armies, wherein he behaved himself as a man of valour and great undertaking.  
The Cardinal had in the mean time commanded the guards of the Port of afric to send him all the Letters that came from Spain, without any respect to their address to others; they send him a packet directed to Navarr, he opens it where he finds the King's command to Navarr, that if the Cardinal's presence were requisite in afric, he should keep him there as long as he could, and dissuade him from crossing the Sea. The Cardinal being of a temper (natural to all great spirits) Melancholic and Suspicious, imagined the King had written this with design to ruin him, and that supposing the strength of his Aged body, much impaired by the toils of the War, he gave this command in hopes he would soon pine away, and end his life there. This hastened his return; so that about the end of May, he went on Board, and soon after arrived at Carthagene.  
The first Action he did after his Arrival in Spain, was to Execute an Article of his Testament, whereby he appointed that in case the War of afric brought any Damage to the Villages of the Diocese of Toledo, by reason of the great number of Peasants he had employed in the War; Reparation should be made out of his Estate, which he did himself in all places where he held it necessary. A virtuous man ought not to leave that good undone till his Death, which he can perform in his life.  
The Cardinal arrived at Court continued his good Counsels for the advancement of the State: he proposed to Ferdinand to change the Residence of the Knights of Saint James, from the Monastery of Volsan in Spain, into the City of Oran in afric; And that to merit the Commanderies they should serve twenty years, without parting thence, that so many years elapsed, they should succeed in the Commanderies by their Seniority and Services. This (said he) will strengthen your Militia in afric, and render it formidably a number of Gentlemen who commonly exceed others in valour: This advice if embraced had been attended with great advantages, but the King refused it, only to reserve in himself the power to prefer whom he pleased to these Commanderies.  
The year following in the beginning of January, the Army Led by the Cardinal into afric, continued their progress, and advanced farther into the Country: Peter of Navarr took the Town of Bugia, and about the end of July following, that of Tripoli, but relapsing into his Vice of ingratitude against the Cardinal, he joined with Vianelli, who followed his passion in endeavouring to rend in pieces the Cardinal's name, and destroy the reputation of him who had advanced him to the prime Offices of the Warr. But as great Men prosper by their Generosity, so unthankful wretches perish by ingratitude: Vianelli having abused an Ensign in afric, was by him betrayed to the Moors, who stabbed him in his sleep. Peter of Navarr soon after on change of Fortune changed his party, and sideing with the French in the Wars of Italy, was taken and imprisoned by the Spaniards, where the miserable incommodities of a prison, brought him to that height of despair, that the Spaniards say he attempted his own life, and in hope to end his miseries, ended his days by his own hand, so tragical was the Catastrophe of these two men signal for their envy, and remarkable for their enmity to the glory of the Cardinal their Benefactor.  
Peter Arias a valiant Captain, famous for many gallant actions in the same War of afric, hath merited eternal praises for his constant payment of the respect and acknowledgements due to the Cardinal who employed him. This recommended him to the favour of the Court where he obtained the charge of General of the Fleet, to the West-Indies, against the savage Cannibals feeding on humane flesh. There he became famous for his remarkable familiarity with death, for being taken with an incurable malady, that sensibly threatened to bring him lingeringly by degrees to his Grave, and finding himself past hope of remedy, he caused a Grave to be digged in a Church where he went every day to hear Mass, which being ended, he went to his Grave, and lay along in it, celebrating in his life his own Funeral. As he lay in this Posture the Priest with his Laver sprinkled Holy Water over him, and Chanted a Libera where it needed not. This done, he rose again before death, went out of his Grave, and made to his Lodgings. His wife and friends imputing this Action to Melancholy more than Virtue or Devotion, endeavoured to divert him from it. But he seriously answered, I Do this to Accustom myself by little and little to an habitation where I must long abide. And though Dead men need no Accustomance to their Long home, yet such was the Meditation of this gallant Captain Arias upon death, which though a stranger to his mind in the Wars where he had it daily in his Eye, he practised in peace in all its parts and Circumstances. Man better thinks of his end in repose and tranquillity of Spirit, than in the troubles of Affairs, and passions that distract him.  
The envy that attaqued the Cardinal in the beginning and progress of the War of afric, could not hinder him from obtaining (over and above the glory of having planted the Cross there, and extended the limits of Spain, to the other side of the Sea) the reputation of a Captain fit to command Armies, generous in Enterprise, prudent in Conduct, and hardy in Execution. Order and Discipline the soul of War, as well as other Affairs of the World was wisely established, and carefully kept during his command, insomuch that the old Spanish Soldiers long after his death, gave this testimony of his conduct in War, that Captains and Soldiers were never in greater honour and esteem, nor the Musters better paid than in his Time: 'Tis admirable that a Man bred in a Cloister, having never made profession of Arms, employed to the Age of Seventy years in Ecclesiastical Functions became capable in a Moment to command an Army like him in former Ages of whom it is observed that he went from the Republic less than a Soldier, 
Scipio.  became by the way an excellent Captain. Ministers of State endued with an excellent vivacity of Spirit and solid Judgement, learn by little exercise the business of a Captain. The Cardinal attained it so, quickly and happily that had he lived in those great Republics that triumphed over the best parts of the World, they had to his name Ximenes, added the Surname of African.   

CAP. VIII.  
UPon the first design of the War of afric, the Cardinal furnished the King with money toward the Charge thereof on Condition of reimbursement, or case Oran were taken, the King should grant it to the Arch bishop of Toledo, unless he chose rather to pay the money; The Voyage of afric being generously accomplished, and the Spaniards masters of Oran, the Cardinal demands the money he advanced. This gave his Enemies fresh occasion to attack his reputation, and calumniated his integrity; The grandees of Spain who had designed to trouble the State after Isabella's death, and to take from Ferdinand the Administration of Castille saw their designs defeated by the Counsels of the Cardinal, and themselves reduced to a private life in their houses with as little Authority as the meanest Burgesses of Madrid. See here an opportunity of Revenge, to out the Cardinal from Court, and soon after with ease to Remove Ferdinand from the Administration: they lay hold on't, and Remonstrate to Ferdinand, that the Cardinal's avarice was insatiable; that there was no reason he should demand the money advanced, having made vast gains by the richest part of the booty of Oran which he had reserved for himself, in recompense of his Loans, That the bravest warriors having lost their blood in battle, returned with no greater felicity than that of being loaden with glory and Booty; that the more generous contented themselves with the glory, leaving the booty to the Soldiers. But the Cardinal who had seen no Field but St. Michael's Chapel, nor handled other Weapon than his Breviary, while others with their Swords in their hands, lay weltered in blood in the midst of their Enemies, is not satisfied with the glory of Conquest, and spoils of a City, but must empty the King's Coffers on pretence of a Loan, which the King was not obliged to pay. The King unwilling to drain his Treasures (as what King is willing to do it?) approves of these discourses. So easily do Monarches believe what they desire: The King's Officers spoke almost to the same effect: The Cardinal never daunted by the Crosses and Troubles of Court, makes a generous defence; alleges the Services he had done in the War, that besides the money furnished to Levy the Army, he had Conducted them to the place, established order amongst them, prevented the frauds and pillories of the Captains at Musters, which often proves the destruction of Armies (for where the Soldier is not paid, he must of necessity starve or disband) That but for him Navarr had left the Cavalry useless in the Ships, that the Combat had not been undertaken if not Counselled yea commanded by him. As to the Booty of Oran he took only some Arabic Volumes for the Library of Alcala, where they were bestowed. That even that small parcel of the Booty was not for him alone, but for the benefit of the whole Kingdom of Spain, for whom he had founded the College and Library; and therefore he prayed his Majesty to pay him the money advanced, or grant the City of Oran to the Church of Toledo, according to promise. Some of the Council held this proposal reasonable and useful to the King in saving him the Charge of a Garrison at Oran; Others had more generous sentiments, and said that fear of expense ought not to Ravish the Crown of Spain, of so important a place, that the Cardinal in offering to maintain a Garrison there, acted as a King; and the King by refusing it to save his money should act as a private person, and in derogation to his Royal Condition; That honour is the true patrimony of Kings, to which money ought to be subservient to preserve and increase it. That by the Laws of the State, no private person can hold a place of strength upon the Frontiers of the Kingdom that Agreed had been, heretofore taken from the Earls of Montacute, because it was situate on the Confines of Arragon, and the Village of B●z●, on the Sea side, over against afric, from the Archbishops of Toledo. That in Affairs of this Nature, the History of Spain gives no encouragement to trust Priests more than men of other quality: Oppo Archbishop of Toledo assisted Count Julian Governor of Granada to introduce the Moors into Spain, who for many Ages shed the blood of the people, pulled down the Altars, destroyed the Temples. And in several places established the Abominations of Mahomet.  
The Cardinal patiently heard these several Opinions, and saw they tended all to his Ruin, but had before his eyes the Example of the great Captain Gonsalves who having Conquered the Kingdom of Naples, and made it Subject to the Crown of Spain, had no other Recompense but that of banishment in his own Country, as living there without Office, without employment, without any acknowledgement turning over his Beads at Valladolid, or sometimes at Court where he was as inconsiderable; For men, how great soever their Virtues be are oftentimes in the hands of Fortune and of Kings, as Counters in the hand of a Banker, where that which now stands for a thousand presently signifies no more than one.  
Yet Reason and Justice carried the day, the Cardinal had them on his side, and the King caused payment to be made him of the moneys he advanced, his Virtue which before defended his Authority against Envy, and Obloquy preserved it still and triumphed over both: and the Cardinal gave his Majesty thanks for altering those opinions which the envy of the Grandees his Enemies had once infused into his Majesty against him.  
But this was not the only Trouble that sprung from the taking of Oran to the vexation of the Cardinal. For among the conditions agreed on before the War; one was that the Church of Oran should depend on that of Toledo in the quality of an Abbey to which the Archbishop of Toledo, and not the King of Spain should present Lewis William a Cordelier obtains a grant thereof by Bull from the Pope with the Title of a Bishopric, which he assumed, but was hindered by the Cardinal from taking possession; This man who leaving his Cloister, proposed to himself the glory of appearing in the World with the mitre and Revenue of a Bishop, frames a Process in the Council, exclaims in the Court, complains of the Cardinal, protests against his Violence, and proclaims to all the World, that by the force of his great Authority he had Ravished a Bishopric from him. The Cardinal to stop the mouth of this impudent Monk, who cared not what he said, thought it prudence to propose a fair Accommodation, makes him understand the Right accrued to the Archbishopric of Toledo, over the Church of Oran, that he was obliged to maintain and Consecrate it to the Dignity of the Archbishopric in memory of the War of afric, not out of any covetous designs to draw profit thence to enhance his Revenues, nor Ambition to join it to the Cross of the Archbishopric, Offers it to him with the Title of Abbot of Oran, and a seat in the Choir of the great Church of Toledo, with the dignity and Revenue of a Canon, besides the Dignity and Revenue of Abbot of Oran; Nothing but a Bishopric could satisfy the Cordelier; he refuses the offer, the Cardinal's Enemies bear him in hand, he should overthrow the Cardinal, and obtain sentence from the King against him, he believes them and continues obstinate. Ferdinand dying soon after, the Cardinal receives the entire Government of Spain, slights the Cordelier, who continued, as before, a Monk; and it may be, an ill one.  
Francis Rovys Bishop of Ciudad Roderigo's, the Cardinal's Companion in the Order of St. Francis, followed his fortune, and had negotiated for him at Court in several Affairs of importance: he not content with his Bishopric, his Cross seemed too small, and his Revenue far short of his desires; he presses the Cardinal to procure him the Bishopric of Avilas then vacant: The Cardinal answers, If my advice might prevail with you, you would value your repose above Dignity and Revenues. You live happily in the condition you are in: Let me persuade you to keep you so, and not seek troubles, and inquietudes elsewhere. The time of our acquaintance cannot but have furnished you with clear experience by your knowledge of my affairs, how many cares and troubles are hid under the fair appearances of great Offices, and Eminent Dignities. Nevertheless to satisfy the desires of his person who was knowing and Virtuous, he made him Bishop of Avila, though he was ever averse from bringing his friends into Offices which might break their repose, or endanger their Consciences, and very Loath to draw out of Monasteries to the great dignities of the Church, those men who were consecrated to God in the tranquillity of holy Solitude. To draw a good Friar from the Cloister, when he loves his profession, is to take Fish out of water, which is his proper Element.  
The Cardinal had Laboured with great care and Vigilance in peace and War for the State of Spain, and now pressed with Age, which sliding away like the Current of a rapid stream, brings a man to his end sooner than he is aware of, casts his thoughts towards the advancement of his house; Marries one of his Brothers to great advantage into one of the noble families of Spain, where Virtue the Mother of Nobility was as Eminent as the blood illustrious; he made it a condition in the Marriage, his Brother should not come to Court, where vanity and Luxury (whose Vassals are the basest of Slaves) bear a Sovereign sway, introducing into their Dominions all sorts of Corruptions. He enjoined him to reside in the place of his nativity to live nobly there in a virtuous tranquillity. Some years after he married Joan Cisnere his Niece to Peter Gonsales Mendoza Nephew of Diego Mendoza Duke of Infantado, a name and Family of the first Rank of the Nobility of Spain, he gave him for portion the Marquisat of Val Suilian: The married Couple were both in their Minority, which soon after served the Cardinal for a pretence to annul the Marriage, though really the true cause of the Rupture was the cheat and deceit of Mendoza's Kindred, who thinking that having given the Cardinal a man of their name and Family, they had sufficiently obliged him to provide him a fortune, performed not the promises they had made in behalf of their Kinsman in point of Estate. For his Mother in confidence the Cardinal would provide enough for Peter, left by her Will, her whole Estate to Roderick Gonsales her younger Son, but the Cardinal who loved solid honour, scorned to be baffled, and broke the Marriage, maugre all the opposition of the Duke of Infantado: Yet afterwards he married her into the same Family to Alfonso Mendoza, son and heir to Bernardo Mendoza Earl of Clung: Such was the care he had of his Kindred. Nor is it forbidden that a Minister of State should impart to this Kindred the fortune he possesses, if done with moderation, and that by his Alliance he cover not, nor uphold the Violences of others. This natural affection is an evidence of his goodness, and sets of the Glory of his Actions with greater advantage.  
The Naval Army soon after sent for the Conquest of afric, had not the good success of that Led by the Cardinal. Don Garija son to the Duke of Alva, Commanded it, and had the misfortune to see it defeated by the Turks and Moors at Gerbes: Ferdinand designs to set out another Fleet, and the Rendezvous to be at Cadiz, but would not resolve till advice with the Cardiin this as other matters, a Courier is dispatched to him at Toledo to command his attendance at Sevil: The Cardinal set out, and drawing near to Guadalquana expresses a desire to Lodge in the Inn of Saja Vedra and sends his harbingers to take it up, The harbingers find it marked for Gonsalve the great Captain, and advise the Cardinal accordingly, Take another (says the Cardinal and leave that to him who deserves all manner of honour. So propense was the Cardinal on all occasions to honour persons of Eminent Virtues: great men naturally love those that resemble themselves when the Concurrence of Offices or Jealousy of dignities do not intetpose.  
When the Cardinal drew near to Sevil, the King with all the Court went four Leagues to meet him; the Cardinal's Enemies being part of the Retinue, and thus forced to honour him, they envied and hated. The King at their meeting alighted and Reverenced that head whence issued those Counsels that gave happiness to Spain. This honour wrought two different effects, of humility in the Cardinal and Rage in his Enemies.  
At Sevil a Vessel arrived from the Indies, brought the King and Cardinal advice that the Spaniards in the West Indies abusing the advantages they had received from God above the people of that Country, tyrannised over those new subjects of God and the King, and Sacrificed the lives of the Indians to their avarice, Murdering them first, and then Robbing them of the Gold amassed in their Grounds, and laying all desolate, without pi●ty, without mercy, without Justice. The Cardinal advised his Master to send thither some men under the Rules of Religion, who dead to the World, and wholly disinteressed from secular concerns might oppose their Charity to the violence of the Governors. The advice was embraced; many men of his Order, Embarked for the Voyage; and among them three of the Cardinal's companions, whereof Francis Rovys was one; but the Air of India, not agreeing with his Constitution, forced him to return to Madrid, six months after his departure: At his Arrival he presented King Ferdinand with a Box full of Idols Worshipped by the Indians, and a wedge of Gold weighed above a thousand Ducats which doubtless had been an Idol to which they who tormented the Indians paid their devotions. At Sevil proposal was made for raising another Army to recover the honour lost by the defeat of the former, some preparations were made, but the affairs of Pope Julius the second put a stop to the proceedings. This Prelate who troubled all Europe sent his Nuncio into Spain to desire Aid from Ferdinand against the Council of Pisa, (where the Cardials had chosen another Pope) and to demand vengeance against Bernardine Cardinal Caruajale a Spaniard whom he had struck out of the Catalogue of Cardinals as Author of that Council, and prayed the King to divest him of the Bishopric of Siguenza which he held in Spain: Ferdinand to please the Pope, took the Bishopric from Bernardine, and gave it Frederick of Portugal; But the storm being over, Bernardine was afterwards restored to the Bishopric, that he might end his life with some kind of Dignity: in the affair of Julius the second the generosity of the Cardinal in acknowledging the favours of those who had obliged him was remarkable: he writ to this Pope who had sent him the Cardinal's Cap, that he would return him to Rome four hundred thousand Crowns when he pleased, that he would Levy an Army at his own Charge if the Pope needed it, and would in person lead them into Italy against his Enemies. The fruit of a good Office is never lost, where it is sown in a generous spirit.   

CAP. IX.  
SOon after the affairs of afric put on a better face, the Kings of Tremesen and Tunis sent their Ambassadors with presents to Ferdinand to treat of peace, which was concluded, and free Commerce established between the Moors and Spaniards of Oran: This peace with afric pleased the Cardinal exceedingly, who having been the first Author of the War of afric, rejoiced beyond measure, to see the fruits of his Lab●urs in a happy peace. The Affairs of Europe ran a course quite contrary; Julius the second increased the trouble, he makes a League with Ferdinand and the Venetian against the French; And he who ought to have been the father of Christians, laboured nothing more than to set his Children by the Ears: Ferdinand to prepare himself for this League, sent for the Cardinal to Burgos to advise with him; the Cardinal came thither, and for his Lodging they had marked the Count of Salines house, where Prince Ferdinand brother of Charles afterwards surnamed the fifth was Lodged: The King his Grand father commanded him to Remove, but the Cardinal would not by any means accept of that Lodging, And when the King would have forced him by absolute and express commands to that purpose, be excused himself saying, the Countess of Salines with her Ladies were Lodged there, and that by the institution of his order, he was prohibited to Lodge with women, which he Religiously observed both at Court, and in his journeys: The day following the Cardinal walked with Prince Ferdinand into the Palace Gardens: the King spies them from his Window, and Calling to the Prince, bespeaks him aloud in these words, Son, You are in very good company, and if you take my advice, will never part from it. Knowing he was with a man who could make Princes such as they ought to be Wise, Religious, and Generous: from the Garden the Cardinal attended the young Prince to the Palace where he took leave of him to retire to his Lodgings, the Prince offered to bear him Company, the King coming upon them in the Compliment advised him to it, but the Cardinal thanked for the honour and obtained permission to Go alone. The resolutions taken in the Assembly at Burgos by the advice of the Cardinal were, that the King should not hasten the War, but choose any way rather than that of Arms to bring affairs to a solid peace: but this advice was soon changed: The Cardinal receives Advertisement of a secret League between the Kings of France and Navarr, thereupon he prepares for War, advises his Master to it: And presseth him to hasten the raising of an Army: The discovery of the League was thus: The King of Navarr was passionately in Love with a Lady of the Court, whose beauties had charmed his reason; This Love by the prerogatives of the Crown which few Women know how to deny, was come to enjoyment. A Secretary of State, and prime confident of this Prince took part in this affair of Love, as if it had been a matter of State, Visits the Lady, declares his affection, begs her savour; she who had as great need of this man's pen as the Liberality of the King, grants his desire; the King surprises them together, and stabs the Secretary: For Kings can no more admit partakers of their Loves, than of their Sceptres: A Priest of Pampelune called to Confess the dying Secretary, having cleared his Conscience, ransacked his pockets; there among other things he finds this secret Treaty, which he gave or sold to the Spanish Ambassador resident in the Court of Navarr: They sent it to the Cardinal; The Tenor of the League was that the King of Navarr should refuse Ferdinand passage through his Countries when he marched in the aid of Julius the second. That he should enter Spain with an Army when required by France. That for this, restitution should be made him by France of his Patrimony, than in the possession of the Duke of Nemours, father of german then Queen of Spain, and of all the Rites and Possessions of the house of Albret detained by France. That he should receive from France an Annual pension suitable to his Royal Dignity. That France should by negotiation or Arms procure restitution to be made him of that part of the Estate of Queen Catherine his Wife about Burgos then detained from him: The Cardinal having read those Conditions, Levied an Army and carried things to that point, that the Spaniards attribute to him the War of Navarr, as the Author of it, though in truth the Violence of Julius the second, and Ferdinand's Ambition caused that War memorable in History for the blood shed therein, which hath afforded us this observation, That War is a bloody burying place or Caemitere of Mankind.  
The year 1513. being the next after the trouble of Navarr, Carried Julius the second, out of the world to prevent his spreading of further mischiefs: soon after, Ferdinand fell sick of the malady whereof he died: this affected him with extraordinary sadness. To make him merry the whole Court turned Revelers: the Ladies endeavoured to please him by their divertisements of Balls and Dances; the Gentlemen by Justs and Tournaments. Alfonso Mendoza Husband of the Cardinal Niece was of the party and expended seven thousand Crowns to fit himself for the solemnity a great expense in those times; this was to be paid out of the Cardinal's purse who used to reject and disallow all vain expenses, but paid this cheerfully, telling those who spoke to him of it, that these Tournaments were the remedy for recovery of the King's health which he should buy very cheap since his Nephew had expended no more. So willing was he to part with his estate for the good of his Prince or relief of the people. 'Twas at this time he made provision against that public exigency to which Spain is often reduced for want of Corn: At Toledo, Arcala and Torrelaguce, he built public Granaries, and filled them with Corn. The Senate of Toledo, in acknowledgement of the benefit, hath Consecrated the memory thereof to perpetuity, by an Inscription engraven in the midst of the Palace; and the people preserves the memory of it by a Marble Table, which to this day shows the Character of his Liberality in the great Market of the City; and yearly on the fifth of October, they Celebrate their grateful acknowledgements in an Harangue made of the Virtues and merits of this great man.  
Soon after he erected a magnificent Monastery and Church at Torrelagave for the perpetual Celebration of his praises, whose bounty raised him to the height of his fortunes: he adorned the Church with Sacred Vessels, and Vestments, and furnished it with all necessaries for the Service of God, and Ornament of Religious Worship. For the convenience of this holy place and the public, he clavae Rocks, and boared through Mountains to make Aqueducts for conveyance of water thither from a spring at great distance from the Church; the Aqueducts were Arched and Wide, and cost him by the computation of the Spaniards, no less than a Million of Gold, this place to this day testifies the Generosity of this Cardinal in his affections to the public; for great edifices without flattery, report to posterity the Grandeur of the Builders.  
But though he built of his own for the public good, yet would he not permit others to be Magnificent at the Spaniards charges. Pope Leo the Tenth, who succeeded Julius the second, had a design at this time to build at Rome, a Temple to St. Peter, suitable to the dignity of the first Church of Christendom; and because the charge of such a building amounted to vast sums of money, he sent his Bulls into Spain, to demand Contribution from the Spaniards. King Ferdinand consented, but the Cardinal being a severe man, and inclined to ease the people, though he commended the Pope's design, approved not his exacting Money by his Bulls, but with all his power hindered the Execution thereof; and with a generous liberty writ his thoughts thereupon to Rome, and told them his mind.  
Ferdinand approached the end of his Reign, and his Life, by the malady before mentioned, which handled him so rudely at Burgos, that he left that place, imputing to the Air the cause of that distemper he carried within him. When he came to Arand, he sent for the Cardinal, who set out to attend him, and drawing near to the Court, the King went in his Litter to meet him, to the astonishment of all that were about him, his disease having so weakened him that he could hardly stand, and in a few days after was laid on his deathbed. The Cardinal was very desirous to wait on his Master to the last moment of his days, but thought fit to withdraw, to avoid the suspicion his attendance might occasion, if he were appointed governor of the Kingdom, which would be attributed more to the Ambition of the Cardinal, than the Judgement of the King or the advice of his Council.  
This was the reason of his retiring to Arcala D' Henares, while God disposed of this Prince according to the Decree of his will. Ferdinand in the mean time felt himself dying, yet could not believe he should die of this sickness. The holy women of Avila had deluded his reason by her pretended prediction, that he should outlive the violence of his distemper: he was so possessed with conceit of the truth of her assertions, that he rejected and put off Matreuse the Cordelier his Confessor who came to dispose his Conscience to part with this World, and appear before him who Judges Kings without respect to their Crowns, and said, That Man came to see him, not out of zeal, of piety or devotion, but ambition, and in hopes to obtain some gift. Prince Charles his young Son, sent Dean Adrian of utretcht to Visit him in his Sickness, but he could not get audience; and when the Secretaries of State, moved in his behalf, and were urgent with the King to admit him to his presence, he refused answering them in Spanish, What comes he for, it may be to see whether I am dead or not. However he admitted him afterwards, and received the compliment of Charles: The great ones of the world can hardly part with it, nor is there any place men are more loath to leave, than a Throne: But Death is as inexorable as necessary; She respects not Sceptres, nor fears Crowns. The Physicians, and principal Councillors of State advertise Ferdinand, he was arrived at the last hour of his life, that he had but a short time left to think of the Affairs of his Conscience and Kingdom this made him Resolved to admit his Confessor and believe, the Saint of Avila had not received from Heaven the advice she gave in the Affairs of his Kingdom: he told them that by his secret Testament made at Burgos, he had ordered Ferdinand his younger son, Brother of Charles to be Governor of Spain, and appropriated to him as a peculiar Legacy the grand Master-shipps of the three principal orders of Spain, those of St. James, Calatrave and Alcantara. The Councillors remonstrate to him the injury he did the Crown in the Alienation of those three orders which himself had judged necessary to be kept always annexed to it: That he gave them to a Prince who might when he pleased make use of them against the Crown, that the best and surest inheritance he could leave Ferdinand was the love and good will of his brother Charles. That it was dangerous to leave the Government of Spain in the hands of Ferdinand whose youth made him sussceptible of ill impressions from the great ones to the ruin of the State: Upon these Remonstrances he altered his Resolutions and appointed Charles Governor during the life of the Queen his Mother, sole Heiress of that Kingdom. But in the absence of Charles, there wanted an administrator to manage the public affairs, with prudence, integrity and generosity: Laurence Galinda Caravegal, one of the Counsellors proposed the Cardinal as eminently endued with all these qualities. Ferdinand turns his head, and answers, Know you not the severity of Ximenes his spirit, no ways fit to treat with men? Thus did he Reject him whose conduct he admired, whose person he honoured going to meet him every time he came to do him service, such was the inconstancy of this great King. But there was some (though a very light) cause for this disdain of Ferdinand against the Cardinal. The King wanted a great sum of money, and would have borrowed it of the Cardinal, but he refused to lend it, telling him boldly, the moneys arising from his Ecclesiastical Revenues, were neither his, nor his Majesties, but belonged to the poor of the Archbishopric of Toledo, whose necessities could not give way to the Loan he proposed: Nevertheless the Cardinals merit prevailed more with Ferdinand than the memory of this Refusal: having mused awhile; his mind altered, and he tells the Councillors, Were it possible to frame a person of purpose fitted with virtues proper for the Government of my Kingdoms, he could not be more capable than the Cardinal to discharge it, if we could mitigate the excessive severity of his nature, and temper it with some sweetness of disposition: he hath to this time acknowledged Queen Isabella's favours and mine, and will certainly retain a grateful memory of them for the future: with that, he declared him administrator General of Spain, and presently after breathed his last.  
This change of the Testament at Burgos alarmed the Governors of Prince Ferdinand, they persuaded him to take on him the Government of the Kingdom, and dispatch Patents in his name to the Councillors of State, requiring their attendance to advise him in the Government. One of them upon receipt of his Letters made Answer, We will go to the Prince to pay him our respects but we know no King but Caesar: which allusion to that piece of holy Scripture proved Prophetical; Charles then King, being afterwards Emperor. The Cardinal in the mean time enters on the Government of Spain, where he was so absolute that having long since the purpose of the Church, he wanted only that of a Monarch, and the name of a King, he held the Government two years, which he managed with prudence, integrity, and magnanimity inseparable from his actions: he bore up courageously against the disturbers of the public peace, and wisely appeased the Troubles of Spain, checked and suppressed the boldness of the great Ones; and plucked out of their hands the estates of the meaner sort, ravished from them by violence and injustice: insomuch that Spain did then acknowledge, and confesses to this day, She never enjoyed so perfect repose, so secure a peace, as under the conduct of the Cardinal; who made it appear that the happiness of the people is so far from being inconsistent with the glory of Administration, that the direct way for a Minister of State to acquire glory and honour is, by employing his cares with prudence and generosity to procure and promote the good of the People.   

CAP. X.  
THE first Action he did after opening King Ferdinand's Testament, which declared him Regent of Spain, was, The taking of Prince Ferdinand into his care. And having given him a Retinue befitting his birth, he kept him always near him, to prevent the great Ones of Spain, from drawing him to their party, and making him their head, to follow the motion of the members, and to be at the discretion of his pretended Vassals. After this he took order for performance of the honours due to Queen German, and the Maintenance of her family, suitable to her dignity.  
The Crosses that rendered his Conduct more illustrious, attacked him early: Adrian of Vtrecht, Dean of Lorain, was sent by Charles into Spain in Ferdinand's sickness, with Patents for the Government of Spain, in case Ferdinand died: After his death, Adrian declared his Charge, published his Patents in full Council; and would have taken upon him the Sovereign administration of affairs. The Cardinal opposed it, and Remonstrates, that by the Testament of Queen Isabel, King Ferdinand was made Regent of the Kingdom, until Charles should have attained the Age of twenty years, that, Ferdinand being dead before that time, he was by his Testament to succeed in his room. And therefore the Regency belonged to him alone. Moreover, that by the Laws of the Kingdom it was prohibited that a Stranger should Govern the State; and that Adrian, being a Fleming, his birth excluded him from what he pretended to. This Contest had Abettors and maintainers on both parts: the Cardinal had the good Patriots on his side; and Adrian was upheld by the ambitious Grandees, who desired nothing more than trouble to gain by, Charles' who was in Flanders must determine the difference: but while his Judgement was expected, the Cardinal and Adrian Governed jointly, and both signed all Orders and Commands; though Adrian was but the shadow to follow the motions of the Cardinal as the substance acting in the public Affairs.  
The first that by Arms disturbed the public peace was Peter Porto Carrero, Brother to the Duke of Ascalon, whose Successors, are, at this day, Marquesses of Villa-nova. This man, of great power among the Portuguese beyond the River Guadiana, stirred up the people on that side the River to take up Arms, and set all in confusion throughout that Province: his design was to possess himself, by force, of the great Mastership of St. James, which the great Gonsalve pretended to; and attended so long, till death put an end to his pretensions, his hopes, his life, and his displeasures: Porto Carrero had obtained the Pope's Bulls to succeed Ferdinand, in case he survived him. On the other side, Prince Charles' who was in Flanders had the Pope's Bulls for the three great Commanderies of Spain: The Cardinal upon the first news of Porto Carrero's Arming, without more ado, sent towards him some Troops of his men at Arms, under the Conduct of Ville Fanno who restored peace to the Province, and beat the feeble Mutineer, into more wisdom for the future: The best remedy for Troubles raised by particular persons, is the Public Force.  
This first Cloud thus dissipated, the Cardinal brought the Court and Council to Madrid, as a place where the Liberty of the Regency would be more absolute against the Grandees of Spain. A Courrier arrives there from Charles with Letters to Queen German, the Council, and Grandees; containing his promise of coming into Spain the next Summer; with Order to all that owed him obedience, to pay it in the mean time entirely to the Cardinal. These Letters came attended with private instructions to Adrian to found their opinions of the new Title of King of Spain, which he had assumed on the death of Ferdinand, Adrian speaks of it to the Cardinal and Council; they wonder at the Novelty, and Answer, That by Ferdinand's death, Charles had acquired nothing in Spain; That the Queen his Mother lived there sole Heiress of the Kingdoms. In their Letters to Charles, they remonstrate that his Assuming the quality of King, might cause trouble in the State, by furnishing seditious Spirits with a pretence to take up Arms; and declare, that it was not Just to suffer the usurpation of the Royalty, during the life of their natural Queen. Charles answered, that having taken upon him the quality of King at the request of the Pope, and by advice of the Emperor; it would not become him to quit it, but would be of prejudice to his Authority, and derogatory to his honour. He writes to the Cardinal to employ his Credit to procure him the continuance of the name of King, and to proclaim him King throughout Spain. The Cardinal sits about it, and plies it closely; called an Assembly of the Notable persons of the Realm composed of Prelates, Grandees of Spain, and Counsellors of State, and causes overtures to be made, and the Affair proposed to them by Laurence Galiud Counsellor of State, his Confident, a man of great Learning and Eloquence. Who declared to the Assembly the pitiful condition, and miserable Estate of Queen Joan now besides herself, and uncapable to Govern; shows them the necessity of having a Prince, who might, at least in name, fill up what she could not indeed possess: That Authority was the soul of the Kingdom; and since it could not be found in the person of Joan, they must seek it in that of Charles: That it was no new thing for the Infants of Spain to bear the Title of Kings in their Parent's life-time. He cited Precedents in the Reign of the Goths and their Successors. In the Close of his discourse, he drew out of his bosom the Prince's Letters, not demanding advice, but commanding obedience; and concluded it better, By unanimous consent to gratify him in his desires, with Congratulation to him for the Title he had assumed, than to refuse him That he had already taken, and was resolved to keep. The Bishops, and Counsellors of State, were of his Opinion: The Grandees, of the Contrary. Henry Almirante, and Frederick D' Alva, swore before the Assembly, They would never endure such an Usurpation. The Cardinal turns to them, and with a face and voice full of severity says, King Charles has no need of your Votes for the quality he Assumes; nor did I assemble you, to desire them: but of my free inclinations for your good to give you this occasion by the freeness of your Suffrages and cheerful Consent, to merit the goodwill and favour of our Prince. But since you conceive that to be due to you of Right, which was done you of Courtesy; I'll make you know, you are not so necessary in this business as you mistake yourselves to be. And going out of the Council he sent for the Governor of Madrid, and commanded him to cause Charles of Austria, to be proclaimed King of Castille by sound of Trumpet in every Street of the Town; which was solemnly done the same day. Toledo followed the Example of Madrid, and joyfully made the like Proclamation: Such was the fruit of the Cardinal's Severity, that the Grandees durst not attempt any thing to hinder it. Where a Minister of State sees, Discourse and Persuasions too feeble to prevail, he must use severity and force to back his Authority.  
The Kingdom of Arragon, followed not the example of Castille. Alfonso of Arragon, Bishop of Saragosa, was Governor there by the Testament of Ferdinand. The Arragonois, wonderful Jealous of the Laws of their State, refused to give Charles the Title of King, during his mother's life: And, to second the refusal with violence, Peter Gironne, eldest Son of the Earl of Vrenne, takes up Arms, attacques the Duchy of Medina, Sedonia pretending a right to't; and besieges Luzerre on the Sea side. The Cardinal sends against him a light Army under the Conduct of Anthony Fonseca, and with him a Minister of Justice to punish the Rebels with the Axe and Rope; Fonseca goes directly to Luzerre, raiseth the Siege, and puts the Rebels to flight; who not long after came from those parts to increase the troubles raised by the Duke of Infantade on his side: Who keeping in mind the offence given by the Cardinal, by breaking off (as he said) the Marriage between his Niece, and the Duke's Nephew, exclaimed against him in Words and Writing; publishing in his Manifestoes, that the Nobility of Spain were oppressed by the Cardinal (whom he called an unfrocked Monk); That the grandees of Spain had ever defended the Crown; that it was more reasonable the Cardinal should obey them as Protectors of the State, than that they should submit to the Cardinal, who had nothing worthy the taking notice of, but the quality he owed to the gift of blind Fortune; and knew no more than the severities and humoursome Vagaries the Monks practise in their Cloisters, when they persecute one another. The Cardinal who was excellently judicious slighted these Rodomantadoes, knowing that Choler without Force, is a Wind that makes a noise but cann●● 〈◊〉. That the Grandees of Spain, spend their Revenues on their Vanity and Luxury, to the last Farthing; having nothing left but noise and exclamations, the feeble support of their huffing and pride; when he could pay an Army with the Revenue of his Benefices. And leaving them thus to Champ on the bit, he gave them leisure to acknowledge their fault and feebleness, and by the Experience of his powerful Authority to come to themselves, and return to their duty; which most of them did, and among others the Duke of Infantade, who, after so many sallies, and freaks, sent him Letters of Submission and testimonials of his Affection and Obedience. For they saw this Man entirely fixed and resolute in his designs; when just then he had rendered himself capable to command Armies, learning daily the Theory and practic of the Art of War, entertaining himself with Discourses of all points thereof, amongst the sagest and most Ancient Captains. Besides, he had a standing Army of thirty thousand men, raised out of the Cities and Burroughs of Spain, who had no other pay than Franchises and Immunities; These Forces made him formidable to his personal Enemies, and to the Disturbers of the public peace. As wings carry the Eagle to the glory of Combat; so Armies, the wings of Royal Authority, carry it against the Enemies of the State, to their ruin and confusion, but to its own certain Victory and Triumph.  
The next Year being 1516. the Cardinal sent to Charles in Flanders, Diego Lopez Ajala, a person in whom he reposed much confidence, to procure Letters Patents to confirm Ferdinand's Testament, which gave him the Regency; to approve his Conduct; and to give him full Authority over the Council, the Tribunals of Justice, the Governors of Towns, and the Receivers and Treasurers of the Finances. Diego had in his Instructions, To let the King know, that the Grant of these things by Letters Missive to the Council, was not sufficient. This he did to take away all pretence from the Grandees for stirring the people against him, on colour that his Actions were not approved of by the Prince. For upon his setting a foot thirty thousand men of the Militia of the Towns and Cities which received Immunities only, for pay; the great Ones of Spain gave out that these violent Courses tended to the subversion of the State That he Armed the people against them, and with design first to destroy them, and then to ruin the People; That his irregular Ambition, and exorbitant Pride had transported him into a fantastic extravagancy of Acting the Captain, who had never handled any Arms but a Breviary; nor worn any Armour but a Frock. Insomuch that when he sent Japie of Segonia to make Levies of the Militia at Valladolid, the inhabitants, instigated by Henry Almirant and others, ran to their Arms, imprisoned Japie, fortified the Town; and rolling the Cannons to the Ramparts, cried openly in the Streets, This is against Ximenes the Tyrant of the people. The like fury was practised in the Towns near Valladolid; and passing forward, like Fire in a Forest, drew the Cities of Leon, Burgos, and many more, into the like Revolt. The Cardinal was of opinion that violent Remedies would heighten the disease, and inflame the more; and inclined to reduce the Mutineers to their duty by the ways of Sweetness and Gentleness. Hence it was, that he writ to them of Valladolid that had begun the disorder, That he never intended to infringe their privileges, or violate their immunities: But that, if they had any to exempt them from the Levies of the Militia, they ought to make them known to the Council; where he would protect them to the utmost of his power.  
But Reason and Gentleness are sometimes encouragements to greater Insolences in the people: They of Valladolid sent the Cardinal an arrogant Answer, that they had nothing to do with him, nor the Council, for the preservation of their privileges; but knew well enough how to maintain them by their Arms against his manifest Tyranny; and yet doubtless this was the Language of the great Ones in the mouth of the people. They send into Flanders a solemn Embassy to Charles against the Cardinal, to represent the peril he put the State of Spain in. The Cardinal, whose prudence and courage crowned all his erterprises with good success, sent also into Flanders; and by the negotiation of his Diego Lopez, a man of Judgement and Dexterity, prepossessed Charles and made it appear to him, that the Revolts in Spain were effects of the envy and malice of the great Ones. Moreover, he ordered him to press for the Confirmation he desired, and to declare that if it were not sent him, he would quit the management of Affairs, and go to Toledo to enjoy there that Repose which is not to be found at Court.  
The business of the Militia was for some time interrupted and laid aside, till these Seditious were banished Spain. But (as the institution thereof by the Cardinal was upon grounds of prudence, and very necessary to the Kingdom) Philip the second, a Judicious Prince, Re-established it in the year 1565. long after the decease of Ximenes. The Training of the People to War, is the fortifying of the State. And the prudent Counsels of a Minister of State, who designs the good of the public, are durable; and Time, the Father of truth, dissipating the Factions and Fictions of those that Envy him, give them the glorious advantage to serve after his death, for the rule of good Conduct.   

CAP. XI.  
THe Affairs of the Marine, claimed no less share in the cares of the Cardinal, than the other Affairs of Spain. The death of Ferdinand, the malady of Queen Joan, the absence and immaturity of Charles had made way for disorders to creep in, to their Ruin. The Cardinal re-establishes at Sevil the ancient Methods for Regulating the Maritine Affairs, re-fitts the number of Men of War necessary for defence of the Coast; and Chase Pirates, Manns and furnishes them with Cannon, Powder, Bullets, and Victuals. Diego Columbo the Admiral, son of the great Christopher Columbo who filled the new World with the Reputation of Spain, and Spain with the Treasures of the new World, addresses himself to the Cardinal as Regent of the Kingdom; beseeching him to extend his Compassion and Justice to the Isles of the Ocean depending on the Crown of Spain, where the merciless Spaniards treated the Natives ill, committing inhuman Cruelties and using them worse than Mules or Asses, forcing them to carry burdens, and to undergo Labours and Toiler intolerable; That these poor Islanders were men, and carried in their faces the image of God as well as the Spaniards; That if they were duller and more ignorant than the Spaniards, they were also better and more innocent than they. The Cardinal sent thither Judges of known integrity and sufficiency to end the differences which avarice and fury had sown in the Islands, and in order to the relief of the Islanders, of whom some were killed daily by the Spaniards in their Sugar-works, sent dispatches to Charles on that Subject, desiring him to do therein as he thought fit. Charles, by advice of the Flemings, and without the privity of the Cardinal, commanded 400 Moors brought from the Land of Negroes into Portugal, to be sent into the Islands to labour in the Sugar-works, and ease the Islanders, who were naturally weak and feeble. The Cardinal, advertised of this Order, dispatched a Courier to Charles to put him in mind of the inconveniencies might ensue upon the introduction of these Negroes who were a strong and Warlike people, and would questionless teach the Islanders the use of Arms, and the Art of War, which would one day cause a notable Revolt. Charles communicates to his Council the Advices of the Cardinal; the Flemings divert him from following them; and persuade him, This Advice proceeded from the Cardinal's Ambition because he was not consulted with in the Affair: But in 1522. (5 years after the Cardinal's death) Charles felt to his cost the peril the Islands were in, occasioned by the flighting of that Counsel; for the Moors, taking up Arms at the Isle of St. Domingo, Attacked the Town of that name, and had put all to Fire and Sword, if not prevented by the valour of Melchior Castre, and Francis D' Avila, who forced them to retreat and flee to the Mountains; and being beaten thence by the Admiral's Army, they had the deserts of their Rebellion in the punishment of the Axe and the Rope inflicted on them.  
The War of Navarr which happened in the time that the Cardinal ordered the Affairs of the Marine, was an Evidence of his Courage and the haughtiness of his Conduct: He sent an Army which stopped the Progress of the French more by the advantage of narrow and difficult ways, than their Valour and Arms: and, to deprive the Navarrois of occasion to take up Arms again, and recalling home their Ancient and Lawful Lords, he pulled down the Walls of all their places of strength, except Pampelun, and demolished all their Castles and Forts: which was afterwards of great advantage to Spain, which possessing Navarr without just Title, kept it by the force of the Garrisons placed there, and the weakness of the inhabitants. Great States are subject to Revolts, as gross bodies to Fevers. Malaga, a Martin Town of Spain takes up Arms, and cries Liberty, on this occasion. Complaint was made, that no punishment was inflicted on Robbers taken in the City, though Justice had been demanded; for the Criminal, by appeal from the sentence of the Judges of the City to the Admiral of Castille, the Sovereign Judge in places near the Sea, oft escaped the punishments due to his misdeeds: the people in Arms ran into the places subject to the Admiral's Jurisdiction, demolish the Tribunals of his Officers of Justice, beat down the Racks and Gibbets set up for marks of their Sovereignty, and, to maintain the sedition, roll the Cannons off the Ramparts, shut the City Gates, and declare, that if the Cardinal would use his ordinary Violences to the prejudice of their Liberties, they knew how to defend them by Force. The Inhabitants brought into one place all their Utensils of Brass and Copper, and having melted them down, Cast new Cannons, with the Arms of the City, and these words atop, The Defenders of the Liberty of Malaga, caused these Cannons to be Cast. The Flemings in Charles' Court, thinking to draw the Envy and Blame of the Rebellion of Malaga, on the Cardinal's Conduct, who, they said, was too harsh, and Rigorous for the people of Spain; encouraged those of Malaga by Letters, to defend themselves against his Violence, promising them their Assistance with Charles. But the Cardinal, slighting the threats of the Flemings, carried on his Affairs with Courage and Prudence; and like a sage Pilot, who scorns to forsake the Helm in a Tempest, continued his Conduct; and applied the Remedies he thought proper for these Popular Commotions, by sending 6000 Foot, and 400 Horse of the Militia of Spain, under the Command of Anthony Cueva, directly to Malaga; with Order to use the inhabitants as Enemies of the State. Cueva marches with these forces; and being within two days March of the City, the Citizens, better advised, sent their Deputies to tender him Obedience. He goes thither, and enters the City, disarmed the Rebels, and Hanged five only, for an Example, and Terror to others. Thus, without Expense, without spilling the blood of the Subject, whereof a Minister of State ought to be always sparing; the Cardinal quenched the fire of Rebellion, kindled in a place from whence it might have easily dilated to the utter Consumption of the soundest parts of the State. Of so great importance it is, that the Authority of a Minister be entire, and like that of the Sovereign's it represents.  
The flames of Rebellion were no sooner quenched in one part of Spain, but the Grandees blew them up in another; and always with design to charge the Cardinals Conduct with the blame of the Conflagration. They set up Velasio Cuellar, high Treasurer of Spain, and Superintendant of the Finances, against the Cardinal; and, to engage him to Arm with more Ardour and Eagerness, they make Mary, Velasio his Wife, of the party: who persuaded him to seize Arevale, which he did, and Cantoned it with his Forces, whom he disposed into several quarters, Fortified by him in that Country. The Admiral of Spain was the principal Boutefeu, and main Incendiary, and Ringleader of this new Commotion; he foments it, goes by Night to the Duchess of the place, speaks to the Inhabitants, encourages them to hold out stiffly; promising them Succours of Men, and supplies of Money, in case they were Assaulted; And that he would come in person to defend them from the Violences of the Regent, till the arrival of Charles into Spain, for their deliverance. The Cardinal knew of these Troubles, and the Abettors thereof; and fearing to lose Velasio, a person of quality, he tried every way before that of force to reduce him: he writ, exhorted, entreated, and threatened if he obeyed not, but all to no purpose: This obliged him to send thither some Regiments of Horse, and Foot, with a train of Artillery, under the Command of Cornelius. The Forces arrived at the place, and the Captain summoned Velasio to render himself, declaring that in case of disobedience, he would put all to Fire and Sword, and him to death by the hand of a Hangman, and transmit to his posterity the infamy of his Crime. Velasio, seeing himself deceived by the Admiral, and other Grandees, who had made him promises of Forces and other Succours they could not perform, consulted his own safety, obeyed, opened the Gates; and received Grace and Pardon, instead of the Punishment he deserved.  
The Cardinal having appeased this Sedition also, without Charge or Blood, gave Charles Advice thereof, and entreated him to cause the Admiral to be punished, as the Author of all those troubles that arose in Spain; whose proceedings confirm, by a pregnant instance, That th' Obedience due to Kings is a very brittle and frail thing, if not upheld by fear, and the reverence of Majesty. To preserve which, the Cardinal instituted the Militia in the Kingdom, that he might have Arms ready at hand to resist the motions of Insurrections, and suppress them in the birth, without giving them time of growth and increase. And, to render the strength of the Militia more considerable he caused a great quantity of Artillery to be made: and filled Arsenals with it in the four Corners of Spain, for the Conveniency of drawing them where it should be necessary for defence of the Royal Authority, with these fulminous Engines. The Cannon is the last reason of Kings, and, if not the best, yet certainly the best able to defend them.   

CAP. XII.  
THhough the Cardinal, Regent of Spain after Ferdinand's death, had in his hand the Regal Authority, yet hitherto you have seen him exercise only the Office of a Physician to cure the distempers of it; But now that he hath restored it to health and peace, he bends all his thoughts to the exercise of Justice, the principal business of Kings. He began with the Governors of Towns and Cities, sending Judges impartial and not subject to Corruption, to inquire into their demeanour, and inform him of their deportment and behaviour in their places; and where he understood they were Tyrannical to the oppression of the poor, who groaned under their violences, he deposed them from their dignities; and having made their names infamous, left them more miserable than those they oppressed. He of Toledo was the first example of his Justice. The Officers of Justice who behaved themselves ill, had the punishments they deserved: some of them who had been more covetous than Just, having sold the right of the Poor to the purse of the rich, were whipped through the Streets of those Towns where they had been in Commission; with a Hangman at their backs, and before them, a Trumpet who proclaimed their shame in the Enormity of their Crime. The like usage had they who in places of Judicature had exacted sees that were not due. The greater Gentry who were Justices in the Countries whereof they were Lords: those Eagles which break through the Spider-webb, could not escape the punishment due to their violences, by being exempt from the Jurisdiction and power of the Judges: for the Cardinal caused them to be handled with the Rigour they deserved.  
Arrojou a Knight of the Order of Calatrava, acted in his Commandery of Zoritan like a Tyrant in the Country he Usurps. The Maids and Women whom Nature had made most Beautiful, and Virtue most Amiable, he Sacrificed to his extravagancies: And what Love could not obtain, Force ravished from them: Those were taken from their Parents, and these from their Husbands, to serve the pleasure of this Beast; The Cardinal sent a power Competent to Attaque him, but by flight to Flanders he changed his place, but escaped not his punishment: The Cardinal by Letters signifies to Charles the Exorbitances and Enormities of this Ruffian, and the punishment due to his Crimes, and prayed him to make him an Example of his Justice by severity answerable to the heinousness of his Actions.  
The Treasurers of the Finances who had embezzled the public Moneys (which are the blood of the people) were strictly Examined and Narrowly sisted, nor were these Sponges squeezed only, but punished for their Rapines.  
These Actions of Justice drew an universal Love to the Cardinal from the people of Spain, who reverenced his Name; and most of the Grandees sought his Friendship, with Oaths and protestations to defend his Authority as their Lives; and not without reason. For, Justice the Mother of other Virtues, being the Daughter of Heaven and Queen of the Earth, gains them that Exercise it the savour of God, and good will of men.  
The happiness of the Kingdom was this great man's Aim; and in order to attaining a complete felicity he continued the Exercise of his Justice in Reducing every part of the State into their proper bounds. The military Orders of Knights in Spain are divers, and of great Latitude; the greatness of their power made them usurp on others within their Jurisdiction, and abusively assume Privileges not due to them: But the Cardinal forced them to make restitution of what was not theirs, Regulated their Jurisdictions, and Abrogated the Privileges they had arrogated to themselves. The favour of Court having introduced more Members into the Council of State, than Merit or Virtue, had filled it with Persons unworthy that place. But he who knew that the Ministers who serve in this Sacred Temple of Policy ought to be persons of the greatest experience and singular integrity, purged it of all those who were unfit for that dignity, and filled their places with better men.  
Having reform the Council he turned to the Train, and Attendants of the Court; where the importunity and impudence of the Mean, and the Recommendations of the great Ones, had introduced a multitude of men who had no other Virtue to boast of than a confident Mien, a proud Gate, and vain Discourse. He resolved to Cashier these dronish Lurdanes, and stop those unprofitable Mouths that ate the King's Bread, but did him no Service: which he did with one dash of his Pen, Crossing out the Allowances made them, who were so leight in their Vanities, that they were blown away with a Feather. That Monarch wants a Guardian to order his Affairs, who by the Pensions he bestows, feeds with the Bowels of his People, such men as are neither necessary for him, nor serviceable to the public.  
This Retrenchment was Just: but his taking from two famous Historians of that time, the Pensions given them as due to their Labours, is marked as unjust in the History of his Administration. Peter Martyr, and Gonsales D' Oviedo were crossed out amongst the Retainers; but revenged, with their Penns, the Loss of their Pensione; staining his name with spots of so black a die, as the whole series of the past Age hath not been able to wash out. But it may be he was forced to this; By their example, to take from others all cause of Complaint. But what an example is this to rob them of their Reward who deserve it, and take away the Pensions of two Learned men who served the public. Or if he thought this necessary to be done, he should have made up their Pensions out of his own fortunes, and paid them out of that estate which was sufficient to pay an Army.  
Peradventure 'twas Charles his pleasure it should be so. Had he so little credit with Charles whose 〈◊〉 he preserved for him, as not to prevail with him to continue the Pensions of two Historians, who could have given Charles and his name immortal Glory? This seems sufficient to condemn his Severity, and call it Inconsiderate. But the greatness of his Conduct in other matters, his excellent Justice, and singular favour and propensity to oblige men of Virtue, make it hardly credible that so great a person, who had done so much for Learning, should commit so gross a salt; but give cause to impute it to some other Minister, whose enmity against these Historians, might have engaged him in so foul a fact. Thus Alvarez Gomez in the History of his life excuses him; and observes that he lamented several times, that occasion was often given him to exercise just Severities in taking from men what they unjustly possessed; and not to express his Liberality, in giving unto them those Largesses he esteemed due from him to Virtue.  
To do good to men of merit, is to pour Oil into Lamps, which proves no less useful to others in the light they receive from them, than beneficial to them in enabling them to impart it.  
That the Exchequer be full, and the Treasury of the Prince abound in Cash, is certainly one of the things most necessary for the State; this defends it, this augments its Grandeur, and renders it formidable to its Enemies: The Cardinal who harboured in his heart as one common Centre, an extraordinary zeal for the Service of his Master, and no less affection for the good of the people; designed to fill the Treasuries of Spain, to serve the glory of his Master; but without any intention to enrich his King by the impoverishment of his people; saying, Thrift and Frugality, Parsimony and good Husbandry, were great Revenues to a moneyed King, as the King of Spain. And that Gifts made without reason and against Justice, are the Moths that eat through his Bags, and the Thiefs that empty his Coffers. Charles, in four months of his Reign, gave away to his Courtiers (or rather Leeches of his Court) two Millions of Gold: This he said, with grief, to see so prodigious an excess, of Profuseness and Lavishment: Not but that he allowed Liberality place among the Virtues of a Prince, but that he would have it exercised with Moderation and Justice.  
Henry the Admiral, Pacieco D' Ascalone, and Henry Fortune, had obtained of Ferdinand, a million a piece of Lieures of Gold, charged on the Revenue of Peru; and should have received it at the return of the Plate-Fleet. The Cardinal made void, and annulled these Gifts; And though Fortune was of Kin to his good Master Ferdinand, he took from him his Million as well as from the others. Kings, said he, aught to dispense the effects of their Justice, indifferently to persons of all sorts; but those of their Liberality to them only, who serve their Persons or the Public; advantage others by their Labours, and excel them in the fidelity of their Services, and the Dignity of their Virtues. The Revenue of Princes, though great in itself, is always too little for the necessities of State, and passing through many hands, is much diminished ere it arrive at their Coffers. The Cardinal to provide against this inconvenience, gave the Offices of the Finances, to men fit for them; persons under no necessity to tempt them to Rapine. And chose for Surintendant of the King's moneys, a Lord by Birth, one of the Noblest of Spain, and in Estate the Richest in the Kingdom. Sponges full of water, take in no more, though steeped in it.  
Great Buildings, without good Foundations, swagg and come to Ruin. The Cardinal laid three Foundations necessary for Royalty, whereon, as on firm pillars, the Authority thereof relies: The first is Justice, when the King dispenses it to his Subjects impartially, and without respect of persons; when the Sceptre affords relief to the poor and the weak, against the injuries of the Rich, and the Powerful. The second, when the King hath a respect, and good value, for the Men of War, that give proofs of their Experience, and Valour, in the Service of his Wars. The third, when the King doth not squander away his Revenue, but, by thrift and parsimony, keeps a good stock in Reserve for Royal Erterprises, which ought to be his ordinary Exercises; who, that he may be great, must do great things. Experience had taught the Cardinal the truth of this sage Maxim; for in four months of his Regency under Charles, by help of his Treasure, he had compassed his designs, ended a War of great importance, calmed the Commotions of Spain, made sure of Navarr, reduced Malaga to Obedience, maintained strong Garrisons on the Frontiers, assured the Sea-coast, made incursions into afric, sent a Naval Army against Algiers, and delivered Bugie, Pignon, and Melillo, from the Siege of Barbarosse, great Admiral of the Turks. If I (said he) have done all these things, notwithstanding the oppositions of my Enemies, what cannot a King do, by his absolute power, if he leave in his Treasure a stock for Royal Undertake. Money being the sinews of War, and the object of men's Affections, the Monarch who is Rich, becomes puissant in the one, and absolute Master of the other.  
The glory the Cardinal had acquired by his prudent management of the State, and his good Actions to private persons, was greatly augmented by the Violences of the Turks, and misfortunes of afric, which brought a stronger King at his feet, to implore his Assistance. The King of Tunis, Son and Heir of Jabet Albuzen, was guilty of the Crime of being Neighbour to a Monarch, more powerful than he, and possessing a Crown convenient for the Ottoman. This brought a War upon him; Barbarosse who had command from the Turk his Master to out him from his Throne, was the more willing to attack him, in that he had obtained from the Ottoman Post, a promise to succeed in the Throne and Title of the King of Tunis, in case he Conquered him; on Condition nevertheless to hold it of the Crown Imperial of the Turks. The Corsayre undertakes it; and, overpowering Tunis, enters the City, and drives out the King; who despoiled of his Estate, embarks for Spain, to seek relief in Christendom for his disasters: in his passage he was set upon with Tempests and Storms; which, though less than those he met with at Land, put his Vessel in danger; but he escaped a wreck at Sea, being reserved for a greater at Land, which had already deprived him of his Crown, his estate, his repose, and reputation, and had more miseries in store for him during the rest of his life, which the Sea might have swallowed up, and therein all his Losses and Calamities. He Arrived in Spain, and threw himself into the Cardinal's Arms, who received him, gave him Retinue befitting a King, comforted his miseries with kind entertainment, and promises of Re-establishment in his Throne. The Minister that represents a King, and holds his Sceptre in his absence, aught to do Royal Actions; and, to reach forth a helping hand to distressed Princes, is one of the greatest of these; for if, the Man that helps a Man, is a God to that Man, the King who is a God on Earth, and his Minister in his stead, succouring a persecuted King, is a God to a God.   

CAP. XIII.  
THE same Year John Rio, a Spanish Pirate, returned from his Course, having taken many Genoa-Vessels, and Rich in Booty and Prizes, and at Anchor in the Port of Carthagena Nueva, where he enjoyed other men's goods, by the Laws of Piracy: when some Ships of War, arrived from Genes, attacked him in the Harbour; and, being well Armed, and fight for the interest of their Republic, they took this Sea-robber, and carried away his person, and Vessels. But this Action done within a Port of Spain, was an offence against the Majesty of the King: the Cardinal resents it as such, and publisheth an Edict, commanding all the Genoese in Spain, to depart the Kingdom within fifteen days, upon pain of Confiscation of their goods, and of their Lives; and in the mean time caused seizure to be made of their Goods, wherever they could be found; This Alarmed the Republic, seeing their Commerce, to which they owe their Maintenance and Grandeur, broken on that side, and their Alliance much altered: They betake themselves to their remedy, and send Ambassadors to Charles in Flanders, to disavow the boldness of those Ships which in the Port of Carthagene, had violated the respect due to his Crown, which had met by the way the punishment they should have received from the Republic, had they arrived at Genes, which the Tempest prevented, in taking from them both their Ships and their Lives: Therefore, they implored his Majesty not to impute that to their State, which was the Act of two or three private persons; Charles was satisfied with this submission, and revoked the Edict published by the Cardinal. But he being Jealous for the honour of his Master, which had a greater share in his thoughts, than the care of his own life, holding the Genoese to be very Cautelous people, and desirous to penetrate the depth of their intentions; upon information received, that they held intelligence with the French about the Kingdom of Naples, deferred the publishing of the Revocation, and Restitution of the Genoese goods, till he had sent Ambassadors to Genes to clear the doubt; but the Ambassadors finding the Genoese sincerely inclined to keep good Correspondence with Spain, he made restitution to the Genoese of their Goods, and their liberty of Commerce. The Honour of Kings is their true Patrimony, preferable to their estates. Their Ministers ought carefully to preserve, and courageously defend it; for as bodies without souls, which give them life, are easily corrupted, so Monarchies without Honour and Reputation decline and come to Ruin.  
Spain had long since laid the Foundations of Dominion over Italy; and the house of Austria, now entered into Spain, carried on the building. Maximilian, Grandfather of Charles passed the Mountains on that design. Charles dispatched a Courier to the Cardinal to demand his Advice in the Affairs of Italy: the Cardinal sent it him, and advised to divert Maximilian from the Siege of Breseia then in design, and to turn his Forces against Milan; for that City being once taken, the other would be easily Conquered; that, to render himself yet more considerable in Italy, he must gain the Pope's affection, and make use of him upon occasion; to quiet the troubles of the Country, and to serve himself of his Authority, as a new Peru to furnish moneys for the War, by obtaining Crusadaes for Spain, which (as usual) would bring a Cross on Gold and Silver, and raise him a Considerable Revenue: He advised Maximilian to threaten the Pope into fear, to force his Condescension to what he would not willingly grant; and counselled Charles to make choice of a person Generous, Vigilant, and of great Authority, to be Ambassador at Rome, and to gain from the Pope a person of innocent Manners, and of a gentle and tractable disposition to be Nuncio in Spain; For on this depends the good of all great Affairs, and the peace of the Nation. These Counsels the Princes of the house of Austria did then make use of to their great advantage, and pursue the same to this day: For the sage Answers of a great Minister consulted with in affairs, whose like do often fall out in a State, are the voice of an Oracle, which foresees things to come, and guides the designs of Posterity.  
The Kingdom of Spain, had been long infected with the falsity of Religions, contrary to the Christian; The Moors Preached there the Errors of the Alcoran; and the Jews the sopperies of their Talmud; and though they had won the one and the other to the faith of Christ, yet the Jews whose Religion is Obstinacy, relapsed often to their former Worship, Apostatising from the faith they came to profess. This exposed them to the rigours of the Inquisition, being daily dragged before that severe Tribunal. To deliver themselves from the pains they deserved, they Deputed the principal amongst them, to attend Charles in Flanders, and beseech him to permit them to enjoy that which God gave man when he sent him into the World, the Liberty of Choice in a Free will; That Religion could not be imposed by force, but instilled by Discourse; And that he would grant them who were born in Judaisme, liberty to Judaise as their Fathers had done, or become Christians at their pleasure: In acknowledgement of this favour, they offered him eight hundred thousand Crowns of Gold: Charles assembles his Council to advise on this proposal, they give their opinions in favour of the Jews, and that in the necessity he was reduced to, he should accept the eight hundred thousand Crowns: The Cardinal, Advertised by his Agent in his Master's Court of the Counsels of the Flemings, sent a Courier to Charles, advising him not to meddle with God's right, that Religion was above Crowns, that Heaven knew to maintain its interest against his encroachments, that he ought rather to imitate the Piety of King Ferdinand, his Grandfather, who in the necessities of the Wars of Navarr, had refused six hundred thousand Crowns of Gold offered by the Jews for the like indulgence: Charles followed the Cardinal's Advice: That King is unworthy the Assistance of Heaven, for preserving his estate, who despises the Estate of God, which is Religion; and God who expelled out of the Temple, the Tradesmen, who made it a place of Merchandise, outes those Monarches from the Throne who sell for money the respect due to Divine Worship. The interest whereof a good King and his Ministers, prefer before the reason and interest of State.  
Ill Customs never die, or grow old at Court, though good ones presently make their Exit. The Government of Provinces and Towns in Spain, was heretofore committed to the persons best qualified, and of greatest integrity in the Kingdom; Time which carries away the best of things abolished this custom, and made it absolete; Favour brought in such men whose faults and defects the blindness of Court discovers not. The Cardinal resolved to re-estabish what he found Just in the ancient Customs of Spain, bestowed the same Governments on men whose nobleness of blood and integrity of life rendered them the most Considerable in the Kingdom.  
But that the puissance of their Families, and support of their Kindred, being persons of quality, might not debauch their integrity, and encourage them to violence, he Removed them to places distant; employing them in Governments of Towns and Provinces, where they could expect no support but from their Virtue. He who adds greatness of dignity, to that of birth and quality, tempts virtue, and needs a Bridle to retain it within the bounds of Justice.  
These ears of the Cardinal tended to the Glory of Virtue; the aim and mark of his designs, being the advancement of virtuous persons, whose fortunes he raised in his Administration by his own beneficence, or the Kings, by his procurement. He gave Adrian Florent, of Vtricht, Dean of Lovayn, and his companion in the Government of Spain, the Bishopric of Tortosa, with the Office of Inquisitor General of Spain, which was an advantageous step for him to a Cardinalship; and to mount him thence to the Papal Chair. He preferred Alfonso Manriquez to the Bishopric of Cordova. And the Sieur Motta of Burgos, a person well versed in Theology, and Secretary to Charles, to that of Badacoes; The advancement of Motta was great in appearance, but in effect mean; his Virtue and Learning had rendered him considerable in the Court of Charles, and that of Rome; After the death of Ximenes, the King gave him the Archbishopric of Toledo; and the Pope, a Cardinals Cap. But these Gifts were made him, when he could not enjoy them; and Fortune gave him only a View, but no Livery and Seizen of the Grandeurs of the World. The Letters of the King, and those of the Pope, which conveyed to him those eminent dignities, sound him on his deathbed; So that seeing himself on the brink of the Grave, he took the Letters out of a Box, and gave them one of his principal Domestics to Read. Having heard them, he discoursed of the vain pretensions of Court, and the cheating hopes of the World, that the sutest course for a virtuous man to steer, is to conform to the will of God, and condoled their misfortune to see their expectations fall with him into the Dust. But this care of the Cardinal to advance persons of merit, evinces he was not guilty of retrenching the Pensions of the two Historians afore mentioned; But rather that of Learned men, the most knowing and Laborious for the public, are not the greatest favourites of Fortune, whether it be for want of importunity in pursuing it, or of Friends to introduce them into the Theatre of Preferment; so that their Virtue continues indigent, like the Sick man on the brink of the Pool, which makes Poverty often the Sister of Wit.  
These things happened in 1516. The following year will be the last of the Administration, and Life of the Cardinal: In the month October this Year, he entertained himself one Evening with some Divines of Repute; and their Discourses being of matters of holiness advanced far in the night. One of the Domestics tells the Cardinal, A Courier from afric, then at the door, desired to speak with him; he Commanded them to admit him, the Courier delivered his Letters, the Cardinal read them to himself; and then turning to them that stood by, with a Composed and Serene Countenance told them, The News is, that the Moors and Turks have beaten us at Algiers, and our Army Defeated. But the Loss is not great, for Spain is delivered of a multitude of Malefactors. Vagabonds, and Assasines, whereof our Army was Composed. It was my Master Ferdinand's Maxim, that 'tis necessary to send 〈◊〉 abroad to purge the Realm, of murderers, thiefs, robbers, and other-ill Livers. Having said this, he continued his Theological discourse with admirable vigour of spirit, and force of wit: The prudence of a Governor ought to be attended with constancy in public misfortune, that the serenity of his countenance, and alacrity of Discourse, may extenuate and lessen the ills that befall; And that Minister deserves well of the public, who bears up in good hopes of the State, notwithstanding the Losses and Calamities that seem to discourage him.   

CAP. XIV.  
'TIS natural to the Spaniards, to pursue their Resolutions with a settled and unmoveable constancy; so that 'tis equally difficult to divert them from pursuing their designs as to extort from them what they are possessed of by their Achievements. The Grandees of Spain envying the Cardinal's Authority had resolved his ruin, as appears before; and what demonstration soever they made of Amity, yet the Leaven of Jealousy remaining in their hearts, set them on afresh to carry on their design, and endeavour the destruction of his, by establishing of another's Authority! They prevail with Adrian his associate in the Government, to write to Charles in Flanders, that the Cardinal was a proud man, impatient of a companion, and did all after his own humour and fancy, without consulting him; that he wanted strength to resist the sallies of his daring and hardy spirit: And therefore became his humble Suppliant for a second to Assist him in the Government; and, by their joynt-Authority, to balance the Excessive power of the Cardinal, which might otherwise prove in time prejudicial to his Majesty's. Charles sent Laxaus a Fleming, and of His Council, to make up the Triumviral in the Government of Spain. The Grandees who knew that what is divided, is of less force, rejoiced to see the Cardinal's Authority in that predicament; and went all to meet Laxaus with great Demonstations of honour: The Cardinal stayed in his Lodgings to attend his coming; and as Laxaus was conducted to him, he came no farther to meet him, than to his Ante-chamber, where he received him with a gravity befitting his Person, and Dignity. And as it is a principal part of the dexterity of a Minister of State, To know men, he studied the temper and humour of Laxaus; and finding him a downright Fleming, more inclined to Pleasures and Jollity, than serious Affairs; he thought his Enemies made choice of a weak Rival to confront his Authority: and, to let them know he slighted him, showed greater respect to Adrian, than him. Yet Adrian, led by the Nose by the Cardinal's Enemies, made use of the occasions they offered him to attack his Authority. Letters Patents were to be dispatched and published in some Affairs of importance; The Grandees advise Adrian and Laxaus to sign them first, and to take up the most honourable place of signature: They did so, and then sent the Letters to the Cardinal to be Signed. Who having Courage answerable to the Grandeur of his Spirit, observed this Flemish Bravado of Ambition, and slighted it; causing the Letters to be torn in pieces by his Secretary in his presence, and ordered others to be made ready, which he signed alone, and caused them to be executed as effectually, as if signed by all three; and, during the course of his Administation, continued it thence forward, though before he showed Adrian the respect of sending them to him to be signed; which he forbore after this time, that the Contempt he had designed for him, might fall on himself. The Flemings durst not resist his Authority, fearing his Anger; and that, by provoking him, they might prejudice Charles, who would impute to them the disorders that might follow; Ferdinand, brother to Charles, being then in Spain, under the Guard and Conduct of the Cardinal.  
Nevertheless, to destroy this great Authority, by more powerful means; they proposed to Charles, to put the Sceptre of Spain in his absence, into the hand of a Prince of his House, and Advised him to entreat Maximilian th' Emperor, his Grandfather, or Lewis Count-Palatin, his Cousin, to come into Spain for that purpose. Some were for making Ferdinand Governor, others for the high Chancellor Savage, but all for outing the Cardinal. Maximilian was busy in Italy: The Genius of Spain, is so far above that of Alemain, that the Count Palatin was not likely to bear up to the height, requisite for the Government; and, if the absolute power were committed to Ferdinand, it might be feared he would not quit it when desired. So that of all the persons proposed in Council, the Chancellor only stood. The Cardinal had intelligence of all transactions in Charles his Councils, and desired him by Letter, to grant him leave to quit the Government, and retire to his Diocese, rather than send him a new Companion, with whom he must renew the contests with the former. That the nature of Government is such, that, to carry it on with Authority, it must be given to one alone. Notwithstanding this, Savage came into Spain, with the Title of Governor, as well as the Cardinal: But made no other progress in the State, than to establish there, venality of Offices in Judicature, Council, and Court; to banish virtue; and fill his purse. For it is observed, that in his four month's stay in Spain, he drew away five hundred thousand Crowns, which he carried into Flanders: The Cardinal vexed to see those excellent Orders his care and pains had established in the State, ruined in a moment; and that Offices formerly the Rewards of Virtue and merit, were now put to sale by the Avarice of this Fleming; and possessed by them who had more money to buy, than capacity to manage them; complained to Charles, and with a liberty full of respect writ him his mind; Remonstrating to him, That great Kings obtain from God the enjoyment of their Crowns, and from men the Reverence due to them, so long as they govern the people with Justice and Integrity; That in respect of the great weight of the Government, God allowed them to call Assistants for their ease and support in the Management of great Estates; That their Justice and Vigilance ought to be as Conspicuous in the choice of their Assistants, as in the Government of their Subjects: That a Prince is Responsible for his Ministers, and Chargeable with the Crimes they commit in the State, if he knows and suffers them. He prayed him in all humility, that he would come into Spain, to establish there by his presence, that order which the Strangers he had sent thither, had destroyed; and to keep the people within the bounds of their duty, who were now apparently raised to a boldness that tended to the subversion of the State; being so licentious that every one not only said, but Printed what he pleased; and attacked his Authority by publishing and Justifying their complaints against him.  
This courageous Liberty of Advertising Charles of the disorders and misdemeanours of the Flemings in Spain, drew on the Cardinal the hatred of many to such a degree as obliged him to provide for the safety of his life; his guard was more strictly and constantly kept, his meat watched to prevent poison, and this care extended to his bed, and trial made of the water that was sprinkled in his Chamber. But all this caution could not save him from that Linger Poison, which, the Spaniards write, destroyed his health, and at last his life: whereof you shall hear in due time.  
The Court of Spain was at this time full of infamous Libels, against the Flemmish-Ministers; and against Xeures, of the House of Croy, favourite to Charles, whom Lewis the 12. of France having the Gard-noble of his person, gave Charles for his conduct; The Libelers spared not the Cardinal; nor his Confident, Francis Rovys; the Flemings were highly incensed at the Libels and Obloquy of the people; This obliged the Cardinal to make search for the Authors; but so lightly, that neither Author nor Seller was punished for writing or publishing. For as for him, though he writ of this matter to Flanders, yet he was (says Gomez) of opinion, that, Inferiors should have the Liberty to avenge their grievances by words and writings, which endure no longer than while you are offended at them; that to slight them was the only way to suppress them, and, to be angry at them, was to acknowledge them true. Alphonso Castilia, Governor of Madrid, brought Adrian, and Laxaus, some Copies he had recovered of the Libels against them. They, not used to such Satyrs, as things not accustomed in Flanders, resented them highly, and specially Adrian, to whom injuries of this kind were like Fleas in his Ears, or Snuff in the Nose, to discompose and inflame the Levity of his Temper; insomuch that being afterwards advanced to St. Peter's Chair, under the name of Adrian the 6. the Satirical reflections, and tart Animadversions published by the Roman Wits on the Statues of Pasquin, and Morphorio, were so offensive to him, that he commanded the Statues which had stood there many Ages, to be digged up, and thrown into Tiber. The Count De Sessa, being present when this Order was given, told him, Holy Father, if you cause these Libel-carryers' to be cast into Tiber, the Frogs will Croke out their Verses; and what two Stones whispered to men, many mouths will proclaim to the River: 'Tis a hard matter to take from men that liberty of their spirit which God hath allowed them, which they will find means to make known to the World: Adrian followed his Advice, and left Pasquin, and Morphorio standing in the place they possess at Rome to this day. Certainly they are much deceived, who think by power to bury in Oblivion the ill actions they are guilty of, or to keep from Posterity the knowledge of their vices: The severities they exercise against the writers thereof, give Credit and Authority to the relation; and procure as much glory to the Historian, as shame to the Criminal: 'Tis a good Rule for great Ones, to live so as they would be represented to posterity in the stories of their Lives, that, by their good actions, they may obtain the glory of an immortal name.  
The Troubles which before had disquieted the Court, and raised the people to Arms, were now entered the Churches, and got up to the very Altars: The Priests of Spain had taken the Alarm, and published grievous Complaints, and loud Threats in defence of their Revenues, and the liberty of their Dignities; For Selim, Emperor of the Turks, having carried his Arms into Egypt, taken from Tomombey his Crown and his Life, and Triumphed over the whole Nation; resolved, after this notable Conquest, to turn his victorious Arms against Italy, to add that Country to the rest of his Triumphs, to enter Rome by a breach, and feed his Horse on the Altar of St. Peter. These barbarous Threats obliged the Princes of Italy, to provide for the security of their Estates. Pope Leo the tenth, then in the Chair, employed his care to preserve the Patrimony of the Church; and for the Guard of the Sea-Coast, an Ordinance was passed in the Lateran-Council to Levy the tenths upon the Clergy of Spain. This put them in an uproar: the Cardinal used his best endeavours to appease them, and to restore peace to the Church, the house of God, as he had done to Cities the habitations of men: he dispatched a Courier to Rome, and ordered Arteagua his Agent in that Court, in his name, to make the Pope an offer, not only of the tenths of the Archbishopric of Toledo, but of all its Revenues, his money, his moveables, all that he had of rich or precious in the Treasure of his Church; if the necessity of a holy War required it for the defence of the Altars of God in Italy. But, to declare, that, without such a necessity he would never be the Author of those new Impositions, nor consent that the Priests of Spain should be made Tributary to Strangers; with a strict charge to send him the Resolutions of the Lateran Council hereupon. Arteagua understood by the Pope's Nephew, the Cardinal De Medicis, that the Council had not ordained the Levying of these Dimes, but in case of extreme necessity, and that the Enemies were within the State of the Church, or upon the Borders of Italy; and it appeared, the Source of this trouble about the Benefices of Spain arose from the Pope's Nuncio in that Kingdom, engaged therein by his desires to finger the moneys, or his imprudence in management of Affairs. Thus the Cardinal protected the interest of the Church, and calmed the Commotion. Priests have in their persons a kind of Spiritual Royalty, whereof their Mitres are marks. To protect and defend them is to pass to Glory, by the way of Piety.   

CAP. XV.  
THough the Cardinal had surmounted the opposition of the Flemings against his Authority, triumphed over the Envy of the Court, and the Threats of the greatest part of the Grandees of Spain; there remained an important victory to be gained over three potent Enemies, who like a triple-headed Monster stood up against him, with a boldness he was obliged to humble, and bring to the ground: The first was Mendoza Duke of Infantado, his Capital Enemy for the Rupture of the Marriage between his Nephew and the Cardinal's Niece: This hatred was inflamed by the loss of a Cause at Law, whereby a Burrow of the Duke's demeans, was rejoined to the Church of Toledo, from which it had been dismembered. And as the Syndic of the Church went to take possession of it, the Duke himself gave him the Bastonado. This Outrage offended the Cardinal at Madrid, who told many. He would teach the Duke more Reverence to Justice, make him lose his Dukedom, and undergo the punishment he deserved. The Duke was nettled to the quick at these Threats, and, to declare his resentment, sent to the Cardinal one of his Attendants to tell him, That he was a dissembling Monk, meanly born, and raised to the fortune he possessed by the subtlety and hypocrisies natural to his Frock. This Envoy arrives at Madrid, goes to the Cardinal, and shows him that he was a Domestic of the Dukes, received wages from him, and ate of his bread, and therefore subject to his Commands; that he had given him one to tell him such words which peradventure would Anger him, and therefore before he spoke them, he desired his leave to do it; and that he would not impute the offenee to him: The Cardinal gave him leave to deliver his message, which he did word by word as the Duke had commanded: The Cardinal nothing moved, made Answer; My Friend, you are employed in a very foolish Embassy: Return to your Master, and I am persuaded you will find him wiser than when you left him, and repenting his follies. Which was true; for the Duke much troubled that passion had so far blinded his reason, sharply rebuked his principal Domestics, that they had not withstood his Choler, and prevented the sending of that message to the Cardinal. Velasco Constable of Castille, who knew the inconsiderate rashness of the Duke, advised him to a Reconciliation with the Cardinal; returned to Madrid; and entreated the Cardinal to pardon the Duke, and impute these words to the blindness of passion, and not esteem them the sense of his mind. The Cardinal Answered, that when Mendoza would in person beg pardon, and confess with his own mouth he deserved punishment, he should not find him inexorable. Velasco disposed the Duke to do it: A day and place were appointed for the interview. Fountain Caralla, within two Leagues of Madrid, was chosen for that purpose; where the Cardinal came attended with some of his Domestics: The Constable and the Duke came also. But being upon the place, the Duke forgot the Conditions of the Interview; and, instead of performing them, with a bold Countenance, and haughty expression, having saluted the Cardinal, told him, Provided I violate not the Laws of Religion, and pay the King the obedience I owe him, I little value the displeasures of others, slight their Checks, and scorn their Affronts. These words of pride, sounded strange in the Cardinal's Ears, who expected a better temper, according to the Constable's Promise; and, made this Answer: Mendoza when you fail in the one or other, you shall know me to be the grand Inquisitor of Spain, and the King's Lieutenant General in all his Estates; and in these qualities, I will cause you to be punished according to your demerits. The Constable, seeing their hatred inflamed, not reconciled; and troubled at the huffing of the Duke, reproved him sharply for it; and having brought him by discourse to an acknowledgement of his fault, inclined him to expiate it in the instant he had committed it, making him cast himself at the Cardinal's feet, and beg his pardon, whereupon the Cardinal embraced him, and took him up.  
The very instant this was doing, they heard a noise of Soldiers, and a Volley of Muskets, shot at the door of the house. Horror seized the Constable, and the Duke's pride was turned into fear. Both apprehended a train laid for their Liberty or Lives: but 'twas a Panic fear, and the cause appeared to come from John Spinosa Campina of the Regiment of Guards, who having understood that the Cardinal was with two Grandees of Spain, without any Guard to attend him, ran thither with the Guards under his Command. The Cardinal reproved him for coming without order, and having taken leave of the Constable and Duke, with a countenance full of respect and friendship, returned for Madrid.  
The second of the three powerful Grandees, whose boldness and envy the Cardinal was to grapple with, and overcome; was Giron, Lord of Vienna, who was always of the contrary party, and Ringleader to those that opposed his Authority: Giron was of a lively spirit, big words, bold in his raillery, smart and cutting in his Repartees: Coming one day to the Cardinal's Chamber-door, he asked the Usher, Friend, what is King- Ximenes a doing? Spain had been governed by a King of that name, who was so dull and sottish of spirit, and so grossly vicious, that no day passed without some instances of his extravagancies; which gave his Subject's cause to ask one another often, What is King Ximenes a doing? Another time, this Lord having been in Treaty with the Cardinal, about some affairs of importance, and taking his leave, the Cardinal scarce moved his Cap at parting, Giron turned about and asked the Servants, Whether their Master had a scalded head: These flights added to many attempts against his Authority, provoked the Cardinal to Resentment upon occasion, which fell out patly: For Giron was in suit against Gutterio Quixada for the Burrow of Villas Hermanos, which Giron had usurped; In the suit the weakest went to the Wall, and suffered under the oppression of the greater; Giron having drawn it at such length that Quixadas purse being too shallow, could not have Justice: he complains to the Cardinal, telling him, that, as the King ought to do Justice to his people, so ought the King's Lieutenant: the Cardinal did it, and, by Judgement of the Court of Valladolid, Giron was enjoined to restore to Quixada, the Burrow of Villas Hermanos: A Senator of Valladolid went upon the place to execute the Judgement, and put Quixada in possession: Giron makes up a party, sends his Son and Servants to the place; where they received the Commissioner, and gave him the Bastonado. An information was drawn up of this insolent Rebellion, and sent to the Cardinal and Council, who decreed the offenders to be Arrested; cited them by sound of Trumpet to appear, and proceeded against them as Traitors: The Grandees of Spain, who saw Giron in the high way to destruction, sent two Gentlemen of note to the Cardinal, to entreat him, not to ruin a person of Giron's quality: That it was his interest to preserve the Grandees; and, to destroy them, as he did was to destroy himself, as being by his dignity of Archbishop of Telodo, as Primate of the Prelates, so first of the Grandees of Spain, and having precedence of all; The Cardinal's answer was, He would protect honest men, and punish the wicked contemners of Justice, and disturbers of the public peace.  
When they saw the Cardinal inflexible, they sent to Charles in Flanders, misrepresented the matter, and obtained a prohibition to stay execution of the Judgement, till he came into Spain: Upon receipt of the prohibition, the Cardinal and Council, sent to Charles, informed him of the truth of the Crime, sent him the Process, and remonstrated to him, that having been appointed by God the Guardian and preserver of the Laws, he ought to give Justice liberty in her functions and freedom, and to do her duty; entreated him to consider the Consequence of this Affair, that if such Enormities were tolerated, there should not be one King only in Spain, but as many Kings, as there are puissant great Ones: Charles, in Answer to the Cardinal and Council, written, He had been misinformed, and that it was his intention, Justice should be done: The Judgement against the Offenders was Executed. The Cardinal sending Regiments of Horse and Foot, against Villas Hermanos, where Giron's Son, and several Young Lords of his quality, Sons of the Grandees of Spain, were assembled with some Forces, and had added new insolences to the former Rebellion, having caused the Effigies of the Cardinal to be drawn through the Streets in his pontifical habit, with a Trumpet before it, to publish the Ignominy: But when they saw the Assailants, they left their sport, and betook them to their heels: The Walls of the Town were beaten down to the foundations, and they ploughed up, the houses fired, and the places they stood on, sowed with salt, in token of malediction. Seven men of the place, who had said they knew no Lord but Giron, were whipped by the hangman; and with them some of Giron's Domestics on a holy day, that so important an execution might not be retarded: To make Quixada amends, and repair his damage in the loss of the Town, they adjudged him Giron's Estate, and proceeded further against his family and person. To take from the Rebels all hopes of mercy, this execution was confirmed by Letters Patents from Charles in Flanders. This brought Giron to reason: he humbles himself to the Cardinal and desires mercy; and to make his prayers more effectual, all the Grandees of Spain joined with him: The Cardinal by Letter interceded to Charles for a pardon; that in bringing him to an exemplary humiliation, and forcing him to beg pardon in person, he had sufficiently punished him; that the Grandees acknowledging their faults, and truly humbled, were not to be treated with the severities usual in other men's Cases.  
The third puissant Enemy of the Cardinal, among the Grandees of Spain, was the Duke of Alva, of great Authority, of a great Family, Illustrious in blood, abounding in Riches, powerful in Friendship and Alliance: the Cardinal had his opportunity to bring him to reason, as well as the others. The Duke of Alva, in King Ferdinand's life time, in whose favours he had a great share, obtained for Diegolus third son, the Priory of St. John in Spain, of the Order of Knights then at Rhodes, now at Malta; a Dignity of great revenue, and equal Authority in the Kingdom: Antony Alstuniga of an illustrious family, was at that time in Legal possession; but the Duke of Alva, upheld by the Authority of the King, and the great master of Rhodes, took it from him by force, contrary to Right, and the Laws of Spain, and settled his Son there; who enjoyed it peaceably for six years, till Ferdinand's death: Astuniga seeing the Duke's credit buried with that Prince, had recourse to Justice, and summons the Usurper to a Legal Trial: The Process was decided at Rome, and Diego enjoined to make restitution of the Benefice. Astuniga returns into Spain with the Decree, implores the Cardinal's protection, whom he knew to be the Defender of Justice, and obtains it: Charles in the mean time, informed of this difference, looked upon it as of importance to the State, writes to the Cardinal and Council, to put the Benefice in a third hand till farther order. The Duke of Alva refuses to obey his Command, believing it an invention to outt him from the Priory, calls the other Grandees of Spain his Friends to his Assistance, and fortifies Consabrona the principal place of the Priory: The Cardinal seeing him act the King in Spain, resolved not to endure it; he commands forth a thousand Horse, and 500 Foot of his Guards, in the Suburbs of Madrid; but at the instant falls sick to the danger of his life: Madrid, and all the Realm of Castille made public Prayers for his Recovery, on which, as then, depended the peace of Spain. He Recovers, and finding the Duke of Alva unwilling to obey, resolves to force him, but, by the way, proposed him a fair accommodation: And it is remarkable, this great Minister never took the way of Rigour, till he had first tried that of Sweetness, and found it ineffectual to perform the duties of Justice, in his Administration: He proposed to the Duke, That he should give the King a Gentleman of his Family, to be answerable to his Majesty for the places of the Priory that should be put into his hands, and to surrender them to the King if there should be cause, when he had declared his Judgement; by which means the Duke might have remained Master of the Priory, and the Revenue. The Duke stormed at this proposal, and thinking that to accept it, would have been to part with his own, rejected it. The Cardinal sends a leight Army to besiege Casabrona; the Duke also sent thither a thousand Foot, and some Horse with Victuals and Money: The Cardinal's Troops met them by the way, engaged, and defeated them, took their money and Victuals, and marched to the place they were to invest. The Duke of Alva's Son was within, with a great number of young men of his Age, most of them Sons of the Grandees of Spain; All the Nobles of Toledo, that had attained the age of 21 years, assisting in the Defence. The Herald summoned them to open their Gates, and obey the King; their Answer was high, though not a word spoken; for they set on the Walls of the place, Buyers covered with black, to signify tacitly their resolution, rather to die than yield. The Duke of Alva this while was anxiously distracted in his thoughts. On the one side, he saw the shame that would attend his suffering a Piece of such convenience and profit to his Family, to be wrested out of his hands, and that his labours and great preparations would end in Affronts and greater Disgraces: On the other side, he beheld the thunderbolt hanging over his head, ready to fall upon him to the ruin of his person and his house. His Estate was already Confiscated by Decree of the Council, which gave him fearful apprehensions of the Cardinal's severity, as a man whom he knew entire and immovable in his resolutions.  
The example of Villas Hermanos, was fresh in memory, and the image of it in his thoughts troubled him; representing him as miserable as his friend Giron. He resolved to bow, rather than break; goes to Madrid, humbles himself, makes means of Reconcilement to the Cardinal, causes his Son to obey, renders the place, and obtains of Charles the moiety of the Priory for his Son, the other moiety being left for Astuniga, and enough for both. Another difficulty arises in the enjoyment of the Benefice: The great Master of Rhodes who had unjustly outed Astuniga, to invest Diego in the place, would not acknowledge any Prior but Diego, gave him all the Authority of Grand Prior, and sent him Orders for a general Assembly of all the Knights of the Order in Spain; Diego summons them, and would have had them assembled without other Authority than his; the Cardinal hinders it, sends for him, and tells him, If you were in the Isle of Rhodes, you might do your pleasure; but in Spain where I command, know, you must come to me and have my permission.  
Thus he reduced to reason the three Grandees of Spain, who had most opposed his Authority; who having made a great noise, had experience to their shame of the greatness of his Judgement, the height of his Courage, and his marvellous Address, being compelled to throw themselves at his feet, whose head they slighted, and had in contempt. The Fable of the Giants destroyed by Thunderbolts, and buried under the Mountains they had accumulated, instructs a Minister of State, sometimes to use force and severity against potent men, who, to trouble the public peace, would by destroying his Authority attain the King's.  
These Crosses, and the unwillingness of the great Ones, to acknowledge the honour he had acquired in Spain, with the ingratitude of the people, whose ease he affected, and procured the happiness they enjoyed; gave him sensible displeasures, and made him call to mind the tranquillity and sweetness of his Religious life in the Monastery of Castanet. Near which, there was in view a little hill covered with Trees, where he often went to search, under their shadows, the light of truth in Holy-Writt, and after some hours reading, kneeled, and with hands and heart lift up to Heaven, conversed with God in Prayer and Meditation; then retiring immediately into a little cabin, made with his own hands, in imitation of, those Angels of the Desert, the ancient Hermits, he fed his body with Bread and Water, but his Soul with plentiful repasts of spiritual delicacies: The holy pleasures of this solitude he panted after, amidst the Crosses and oppositions he encountered in the State; saying often to his greatest Confidents, If I might obtain leave, how willingly would I change this Palace for my Cabin at Castanet; the Authority of Governor of Spain, for the silence of that solitude; and my Mitre of Toledo, and Cardinal's Cap, for the habit of that poor place. A Minister of State, hath not in the troubles of Affairs, a more solid comfort than that of Piety, which is the Policy of Heaven (if any be exercised there) as well as part of the Politics of this World.  
Charles, often advised by the Cardinal to come into Spain to enjoy his Crown, and dissipate by his presence the Troubles that daily grew up, at last leaves Flanders, and by an Express to the Cardinal, giveth him notice he was Embarked; The Cardinal goes from Madrid, and advances with the whole Court to meet his Master, making choice of the Burrow of Alcande, situate on the Banks of the River Guadalayer to attend his coming; and taking with him Prince Ferdinand under a strong Guard, on which depended the peace and safety of Spain; in his journey he passed through B●zeguillas, a Village on a Hill, and Dined there; but the worst Dinner he ever made: (for there the Spaniards generally believe) he had that venomous Dose of Linger Poison which destroyed his life; which is the more probable, for that the Provincial of the Observantines of St. Francis, being on his way with some of his Order, to go to the Cardinal, a man on Horseback came to them with his face muffled up in a Handkerchief to prevent their discovery, and said; Fathers, if your business be to the Cardinal, make haste to him before he Dines, and advise him, not to eat of a Pigeon that shall be served in to him, for 'tis poisoned; Marquine the Provincial arrives at Bozeguillas, and recounts to the Cardinal, what the strange Gentleman told him. The Cardinal having thanked him for his Care of him, made him this Answer; Father, if I have been poisoned it was not this day, but a while ago reading at Madrid, a Letter from Flanders, when me-thought I drew in poison by my Eyes; since which, I protest, I feel myself die every day: Nevertheless I am not so well assured of this, as to exclude all doubt of the truth thereof; We are all under the Conduct of God's Providence, which takes away, and restores our health, as he judges most necessary for our Salvation. Let's obey then those holy Decrees that are irreversible.  
But when his malady came on him, he returned to his former opinion, telling his Physicians, that he should perish by the Treason of those Wretches, that attempted his life. The Spaniards write, that after Dinner at Bozeguillas, his malady heightened so apparently, that putrified matter broke out under his Nails; yet this could not hinder him from employing the small portion of life that remained, in the service of the State. He had written to Charles, that it concerned him to command from his brother Ferdinand, Alvarez Osorio, the Dominican, Bishop of Astozia, the Prince's Tutor; and Peter Gusman, Grand Prior of the Order of Calatrave his Governor, who apprehending the Arrival of Charles in Spain, might give the young Prince Counsel to the disservice of the King, it being long reported that these men would never brook the Flemings whom they hated, and to avoid a meeting would retire to Arragon with Ferdinand, and cause him to be Crowned King of that Kingdom: But he was designed by Heaven for greater Fortunes, and was Emperor after his Brother Charles the fifth, and had the Royal Crowns of Hungary and Bohemia, in right of Queen Anne his Wife, Heiress to Ladislaus, and Lewis, her Father and Brother, Kings of those Kingdoms; he had four Sons, and eleven Daughters, of whom Joan d' Austria was married to Francis de Medicis, great Duke of Tuscany; of which Marriage was born, Marry de Medicis, Queen of France and Navarr, Wife of Henry the Great, and Mother of Lewis the thirteenth late Regnant; a Princess of eminent Virtue, singular goodness, and incomparable magnanimity, maternally descended from the Houses of France and Austria, as well as those of Hungary, and Bohemia: for, the Emperor Ferdinand her Grandfather, was younger Son to Mary of Burgundy, only Daughter of Duke Charles, and Isabel of B●urbon.  
Charles judging the Remove of Osorio and Guzman, necessary for his Service, Commanded it, and writ to the Cardinal to that purpose; The Master of the Courriers, who received the dispatch, instead of delivering it (as addressed) to the Cardinal, carried the Packet to Dean Adrian, who opened it, though not directed to him, and giveth to Ferdinand his Brother's Letter, where the young Prince saw the King his Brother's Command for Removing Osorio and Guzman; He went to the Cardinal, and with tears in his eyes entreated him not to make any change in his Family, till his Brother's Arrival in Spain; that Guzman and Osorio were very faithful to him, and had great affections for him, that they were given him by the hands of King Ferdinand his Grandfather, and his Grandmother Queen Isabel; That to take them from him, were to condemn the Judgement, and vilify the Memory of two Princes whom the whole world had honoured: The Cardinal though surprised, as not knowing of the Affair (which Adrian had discovered) to remove the Odium from himself, exhorted the young Prince to obey the King his Brother, on whom depended his Fortune and Grandeur, that he ought to prefer the interest of Charles, before that of his Domestics, and to conform to his will. Ferdinand seeing that he gained nothing on the Cardinal's spirit, gave him in choler this reparty; Since you are resolved to destroy me and mine, when you might have pleasured me in forbearing a little while to execute what is writ to you from Flanders, I will take order, my Servants shall not be Ruined, as you have designed. The Cardinal was moved at his threats, but being Resolute and Courageous to maintain the interest of his Master, told him, Sir, You may do what you please; but before the Sun set to Morrow, though all Spain stood against me, the King shall be obeyed, and you shall obey him the first of any. Ferdinand ne●●ed at these words, retired towards Aranda; The Cardinal sent after him, and gave the charge of his Person, and of the Town to Cabanilla and Spinosa Captains of the Guards, commanding them to be up all night with their Troops, and not permit a person of the Prince's Family to go out of the Town: They obeyed him, and on the morrow Osorio and Guzman were dismissed, and the will of Charles was executed with Fidelity and Courage; the principal qualities of a Minister of State, in Affairs which concern the interest of the King with the Princes of his blood.  
Some Grandees of Spain seeing the Cardinal proceed with absolute Authority against the Infant Ferdinand and themselves, demanded of him a fight of his Commission; The Cardinal pointed to the Soldiers of his Guards, and told them, Those Folks there with the will of the King, are the power I have to command Castille: then twisting on his finger the Cord of his Order wherewith he was girt, This, said he, is sufficient to chastise proud Vassals, and bring them to Reason. A little after, he caused some Cannons to be discharged, and a Volley of Musquet-shot, which was the last Answer, but more terrible than the first: This stopped their mouths, and struck fear into these men who had been more curious than wise. Scarce had the Cardinal ended this important Affair of Ferdinand's Family, when a Courier brought him news, Medina Sedonia was taken by Peter Giron, Son of Giron, Lord of Vienna, who took up Arms, made himself Master of the Field, and Siezed that place into his hands in Revenge of the injury of Villas Hermanos: the Cardinal sent against him some Troops of the Militia then afoot under the command of Count Quignonio de Luna, with order to take the Rebel and bring him alive or dead. Another Courier at the same time arrived from Charles, to inform him of a design of the Turks against Oran; For having set Sail from Flanders, the ninth of September, 1517. he met with some Corsayres by the way, who informed him that an Army of Turks were upon their March to Oran: this obliged him to advertise the Cardinal, praying him to provide for the safety of that place with all Diligence possible, as a Piece of great convenience for the Rendezvouz of the Forces he designed to send to afric, for extending Christianity unto those Pagan Countries. The Cardinal by the same Courier assured him of his best care for preservation of Oran, commended his design, and advised him to pursue it; that of so many Monarches who in past Ages had worn the Crown of Spain, they only added a constant felicity to a long Reign who had laboured most in the propagation of Religion: But Oran for this time had only an apprehension of the Turkish Arms: for the Moors of afric, fearing the violences of the Turks, obstructed their Passage, and defeated their Army.  
In the mean time Charles after a happy Voyage came to Villadichosa in Spain, with the Princess Elinor his Sister, afterwards Queen of Portugal, and since that Queen of France by Marriage with Francis the first: He gave the Cardinal notice of his Arrival, and demanded his advice about his Entry into the Kingdom, that he might make it like a King, and be received of his people according to his desires and dignity. The Cardinal advised him to Receive courteously such as came to meet him, to compose his Countenance, and order his Discourse and Habit, suitable to the mode of Spain; to send his Brother Ferdinand into Germany, for that his presence in Spain was useless to his person, and might prove prejudicial to his Authority; that it concerned him to use his utmost dexterity in executing this Resolution; to impute the cause to Maximilian his Grandfather, and to appear much displeased at the separation; the people of Spain having a passionate love for Ferdinand, as bred amongst them, and a perfect Spaniard in Language, behaviour and inclinations: That he would not come to any resolution against the Sicilians, who had Massacred their Senators, till he had first weighed the Condition of his Exchequer, and the forces of his Kingdom. That he would advance further into Spain, and make haste to Madrid.  
As to this last point, the Flemings relished it not, but resolved to retain Charles in the remote parts of the Kingdom, till the Cardinal's death, which they were advised must shortly follow: they desired nothing less than that this man should come to speech with the King, apprehending a discovery of their rapines by his generous liberty and integrity to the King. But Charles received those Counsels, as lights for his Conduct, and sent an Express to convey his thanks, confessing himself much obliged by his cares, his prudence, and fidelity. The Cardinal by the same Envoy Returns Answer, That the services he had done him, were of duty; That he esteemed it his glory to have sustained the Envy of almost all the world in serving him; That the predominant passion of his soul was his desire to see his Majesty, and to put into his hands the Kingdom more sound and entire, than he had received it, at the beginning of his Administration.  
All Spain went to meet their new King: the Constable Velasio was attended with seven hundred horse; the Council made haste to tender him their duty, and thinking they had no more to do with the Cardinal, now Charles was arrived in Spain, they took their journey without advertising the Cardinal. But he out went them by his Courriers, whom he sent to the King, desiring his Majesty not to suffer a disorder of so ill example in the State; that the Council the principal body of it should thus separate from their head, and entreating him to command them back to Aranda: Charles did so, commanding the Council to return the way they came, and go to the Cardinal; that it would be more acceptable to him to see them together with him. This put them in great disorder; for, having with them their Wives and Children, they could not return without much inconvenience: They sent to the Cardinal, entreated him he would be pleased to permit them to attend his Majesty in the place the Courier found them. The Cardinal impatient of Contempt, and highly offended at the slight offered him, made no show of Resentment, but resolved not to bate them a step of their return to Aranda; answers them, That he was glad they were all in health, that they all knew how punctual he had always been in causing the obedience due to the King to be exactly performed. And since his Majesty had advised them to return to Aranda; it was his advice, They should obey him with all the diligence in their power. They, as they parted rashly, returned shamefully:  
The respect due to a Minister of State is to be preserved even to Jealousy, as that that maintains his Authority which Slights and neglects destroy.  
At this arrival of the King in Spain, the people were much moved, and hotly demanded an Assembly of the States of the Realm. The Cardinal was of opinion it ought not to be granted so soon, but that the King must be first Received, and Affairs settled in a quiet Posture, saying, It was of great concernment that Kings at their coming to the Crown should be received of their people with extraordinary reverence as a matter of great importance to their Authority: This advice was slighted, but the neglect cost Spain dear. All the Kingdom was in trouble and the State in danger by the contests that arose about the place where the Estates should convene; at last it was agreed, the King should come to Valladolid for holding the Assembly.  
There the envy of the Cardinal's enemies mustered all its force to affront his Person, and attack his Authority. The harbingers of this great Minister having taken up a house for him, the Marshals of the King's Lodgings, being Fleming's, set on by the Grandees, took it from them, and for reason told them, This Lodging must be marked for Queen german; The Cardinal Jealous of his Authority, and impatient of Affronts, having discovered the practices of the Flemings, disputed it with them, and carried the Lodgings.  
But he must shortly dislodge from the Court, and the world, though with the same honour he had lived there: the Flemings enter into a Cabbal, to outt him the Court. Mota Bishop of Badaos, a dignity he owed wholly to the Cardinal's favour, to please Xeures, the King's favourite, (as the Spaniards say) and his own interest, advised Charles to remove the Cardinal from Court into his Diocese of Toledo. Charles who was no less obliged to the Cardinal than to him who gave him the Crown of Spain, forgot the services of this Grand Minister, followed Mota's advice, and by his inconstancy confirmed the Proverb, that Services of great ones are no inheritance; having sent a letter to the Cardinal the tenor whereof was this.  
My Lord Cardinal, I hold on my journey by Jurdefillas; whereof I thought fit to advertise you, that you may come to M●jados the Bishop of Segorges House, where I desire to see you, and to receive your good Counsels, not only for the conduct of my Estate, but the ordering of my Family, which I will regulate according to your sage Advice. This is the last help I can receive of you in my Affairs; for, your long Services deserve repose, and your Age requires it; and I grant it willingly, and advise you to retire to your house, to enjoy it with more pleasure. God alone can give you a just recompense for your long travels in the conduct of this Kingdom; as for me I shall never forget them, and will ever pay you the respects due from a good natured Child to a careful and bounteous Father.  
This Letter of dismission by the trouble it gave the Cardinal cast him into a Fever which brought him to his Grave, though some Spanish Historians say, that the Courier who carried it, finding the Cardinal desperately sick delivered it not, but that (the Fever holding him eighteen hours after, whereas the Physicians advertised him, he could not live above six hours) he brought back the Letter to the Council, and delivered it to Adrian. Others write, that he received it on his deathbed, and called for pen, ink, and paper to answer it; but that, having written three or four Lines, his strength failed him, the pen dropped out of his hand, and he soon after breathed his last. These Lines, or piece of a Letter were never published, as if fate had been unwilling to discover to the world any thing imperfect to which this man had put his hand. Certain it is, the Cardinal perceiving he must shortly die, made an End worthy his good life, Mustering up the force of his Spirit, in the weakness of his body, and discoursing piously and learnedly of the mercy of God, the inconstancy of the World, and the Vanity of the Court; embracing the Crucifix, bedewing his face with tears, he begged pardon from God for his sins, and having protested he had not laid out one Rial of the Revenues of his Benefices for the advancement of his Kindred, he received the Christian- Viaticum, the Holy Eucharist, repeating often those words of David, My God, in thee have I put my Trust, and went to enjoy in Heaven those Crowns which God gives them, who govern people with prudence, integrity, and piety. This happened on Sunday the ninth of November, 1517. in the 80th. year of his Age, having worn the mitre of Toledo 22. years, and governed Spain, as many, under Ferdinand, Isabel, Joan, Philip and Charles: His body was interred in the College of St. Idelphons in Alcala D' Henares, which he had built; his Tomb of white Marble, and his Effigies of the same are to be seen at this day, with this Epitaph worthy his illustrious Actions, which comprehends in short, both what he did before his Glorious Administration, and his Acts in the State, 
Condideram Musis Franciscus Grande Lycaeum,  
Condor in exiguo nunc ego Sarcophago.  
Praetextam junxi Sacco, Galeamque Galero,  
Frater, Dux, Praesul, Cardineusque Pater.  
Quin virtute Mea junctum est Diadema Cucullo,  
Cum Mihi regnanti paruit Hesperia.   
He was tall, and straight of Stature, of a serious Look, carrying in his face natural Gravity, his voice was Masculine and firm, his Visage Long and Meagre, his forehead Large and without Wrinkles, middling eyes somewhat deep set in his head, but very lively; his Nose long and aquiline; his Teeth jutting out a little toward his Lips, which gave the Courtier's occasion in Raillery to call him, The Elephant: a piece of Buffonnery wherein they spoke more truth than they were ware of; for an Elephant must he needs have been in strength, who carried the weight of so many Affairs, and so great Crosses. Twenty eight years after his death, as they were digging the Grave his body lay in, they drew out his Bones, and his Head, once the Palace of the greatest Judgement that ever appeared in Spain, the Scull whereof was all of a piece, without Suture, the mark of a strong Brain; but withal the cause of the continual headaches he was subject to, by the vapours wanting vent.  
This is the Portrait of his body: that of his mind is already drawn in those many illustrious Actions, and sage Counsels it produced: yet like the Painters finishing Touches, we'll add some observations to the body of our past Story. He expressed himself in few words, but handsome and very significant, his Answers were clear and very intelligible; and when he discoursed of any business, he never went from the point; his Entertainments were serious, saying often with the Roman Orator, We were not born to trifle away time, in sports and plays, but to employ ourselves in serious Matters and Affairs of Weight. His Study was his Pleasure; and Discourses of Divinity his Recreations after Meat.  
True it is Melancholy was his, as most great men's predominant humour: but when it troubled him, he retired from business, and appeared not to any but his most intimate Familiars. This discovered itself in some notable passages of his life, as the Baptising the Moors of Granada, with the Laver, and his design to Conquer afric. What he had once resolved on, he executed with incredible promptitude: Sallust had taught him that lesson which he would often repeat, That nimble Execution ought to tread on the heels of deliberate Resolutions. No man more impatient of contempt and slights offered against his Authority, none more apt to endure Liberty of Speech.  
A Priest of Osma desired of him a Judge extraordinary to determine a suit he had depending, and pressed him earnestly, as the chief of the Council, to grant it; the Cardinal answered, The ordinary Judges should do him right, that he must content himself with them, and abide satisfied with their Decree, that he knew not where to find better in all the Cities of Spain. Is it possible (said the Priest) that the pitiful Burrow of Torrelagine should give a Primate to all Spain, and so many Cities not afford a competent Judge for a small suit? The Cardinal finding him so free in his expression, thought he had belonged to some Grandee, who had set him on to speak these words, and asked him, Who was his Master? Myself, said the Priest, and I be, no other: You say well, replied the Cardinal, you cannot have a better; and having given a Judge as desired, dismissed him. Contrera a Spanish Priest Preached one day before the Cardinal, and, with more Zeal than Discretion, inveighed against Rich Habits, not considering how necessary they are to procure Reverence from the people to persons in Authority and Eminent Dignity; and turning to the Cardinal, he reproved him in the face of the Congregation for wearing a Robe lined with rich Furs. The Cardinal took this Reprimande very patiently, and after Sermon invited the Preacher to Dinner, and commended his Sermon. Some write that after Sermon he took the Preacher aside into the Vestry, and having opened his Bosom, showed him a hair Cloth under his Robe; but I dare not affirm it, lest I seem to condemn the most solid Judgement of that Age, of Levity. Time was one of the things most in his Esteem, and knowing that the Loss of it was irreparable, he was a very niggard of it, and loath to lose a moment: he was always Trimmed by Night, for fear of spending any part of the day on the necessities of his person, which might be dispatched another time. And as he was Trimmed, it was his course to have some serious Book Read to him. He took an ineffable delight to bestow Benefices in his Gift, on persons Capable, who sought them not, nor knew of the Vacancies; and severely rejected such as begged them of him, as failing in the respects due to his person. The way to miss a promotion from him, was to beg it of him. One of his Almoners had advice of a Vacancy very convenient for him; and, knowing that if he moved not the Cardinal for it, he might bestow it on one he never thought of; and that to beg it, was to lose it; he presented himself to his Master, and bespoke him thus: My Lord, such a Benefice is void, To desire it of you, were to violate your Laws, and the prohibitions you have made in that behalf, which I will never do, nor came I to that purpose, but humbly to crave your Directions how to obtain it. The Cardinal liked his address, and answered, You shall have it with a good will, get the Writings dispatched, and the Benefice will be yours; and instantly commanded his Secretary to provide them.  
But as he was severe in rejecting the importunate requests of his Domestics, he was no less ready to acknowledge their Services, but would have his favours prevent their demands, to engage them with more grace, and stronger obligation. 'Tis observed of this great Minister, that never Man served him in or out of his Family, who was not largely Rewarded. God made man Freeborn: Fortune hath Rob him of that Liberty, by reduceing him under Servitude of great Ones, who are guilty of Ravishing from him, what is most precious, his Liberty, and his Time; unless they restore them the fruits of the one, and the other by way of recompense in ample rewards, which alone can repair the loss of this letter, being otherwise irrecoverable.  
The Cardinal was apt to resent Injuries, and Affronts, but no man more thankful for Pleasures done him, which he never forgot. Brunet the Spaniard, mentioned in the beginning of this Story who assisted him in his Voyage to Rome when the Robbers had left him only his Tongue to beg, is a pregnant Instance: this man came to see him in the time of his greatness. The Honours, the familiarity, and intimate privacy the Cardinal afforded him, put the Court into Admiration. No person in Spain, the King only excepted, having received so much respect from him: He laboured to retain him near himself, he sent him presents, promised him what entertainment, offered him what preferment he pleased, courted his acceptance of Bishoprics, and great Offices; ●or raising his Fortune: But Brunet, who preferred the repose of a mean Condition, before ●he troubles of the great dignities of the World, ●aving thanked the Cardinal for the honours he ●id him, the offers and promises made him, retired home to enjoy there that tranquillity he desired, in those conveniencies whereof he had ●●fficient to satisfy him.  
Monsieur Xeures, who envied the Reputation ●f this great Minister, and feared his liberty of speech to King Charles against him; and after him, ●●e Cardinal Granvel, on consideration of the grandeur of his Actions, aver the Cardinal ●●●ued of Royal-blood, though Time, which no ●●ss Conceals, than Discovers the best of things ●●th hid his Extraction, it being in their Opini●● impossible a Private man should be capable of 〈◊〉 great things, unless he had in him the Seeds of ●●ose virtues which are proper to Monarches, ●●d were descended of mighty Potentates. But such was the life, and such were the Actions of Francis Ximenes, surnamed, for the effects of his prudence, The Cardinal of Spain, whose Counsels are to this day observed in that Kingdom, and his Virtues serve the World for Directions in the Conduct of State. For if the Pourtraicts of great Persons have the property to make the spectators to imitate their qualities, their Virtues are excellent guides to lead us aright by their illustrious splendour in the ways of this World.  
THE END.