Mr. BEDFORD's SERMONS AT THE Two Assizes HELD AT Bury St. Edmund's, 1698.   

TWO SERMONS Preached at St. Mary's in Bury St. Edmund's, AT THE ASSIZES.  
The First, Upon the Seventh of April 1698, before the Honourable Sir Thomas Rokeby Kt. one of the Justices of His Majesty's Court of Kings-Bench.  
The Second, Upon the 16th of August 1698, before the Right Honourable Sir Edward Ward Kt. Lord Chief Baron of His Majesty's Court of Exchequer.  
By William Bedford, Master of Arts, Rector of Whitton, and Vicar of Stradbrooke and Wing field.  
LONDON, Printed for S. Manship at the Ship in Cornhill, 1698.   

To the Right Worshipful John Cornwallis Esquire, High-Sheriff, And one of the Deputy-Lieutenants OF THE County of SUFFOLK.  
SIR,  
WHEN the Grand-Juries of the County, consisting of so many Gentlemen of Honourable and Eminent Qualities, Reputation and Estates, (with the Approbation of my Lord Chief Baron) were both pleased unanimously to declare, That their Opinions were, It would be useful to the Public that these Discourses should be Printed; I thought myself obliged to comply with their Desires: And the rather, seeing I am neither afraid nor ashamed, to give the most public Testimony of my Fidelity to His Majesty, and Steadfastness to the true National Interests; and hereby I obtain also this occasion of expressing my Gratitude for your many Years Favours and Civilities, being,  
SIR, Your most obliged and humble Servant William Bedford.   
Genesis 18.25. 
That be far from thee to do after this manner, to slay the Righteous with the Wicked: And that the Righteous should be as the Wicked, that be far from thee: Shall not the Judge of all the Earth do right?  
SO just and laudable, as well as convenient and useful, is this Practice of Justice traversing of our Counties and Provinces; and coming (as it were) home to our Habitations, that one would be apt at the first view to conjecture, that this Method had some Divine Original from God's own Example. There never was the Invention of any thing publicly beneficial to Mankind, but the Ancients ascribed it to some of their Deities; as Agriculture to Ceres, Physic to Aesculapius, and Music to Apollo: Well than may we think the like of this Perambulation of Justice, the wholesome Physic of the Body Politic; the tuning of the whole Kingdom into the Musical Harmony of Peace and Concord.  
I might say as St. Bernard saith (in the like case) of the Hierarchy of the Church, Nec nilem reputes hanc formam, quia in terra est, exemplum habet è coelo. Neither can I think this Method of administering Justice throughout our Provinces a mere Humane Devise, but I persuade myself that the Legislator that first ordained it, had seen this Pattern of it in the Mount of God, and lo, if you desire for to see it, I have found the Pattern itself in this Chapter. Here is God the great Judge of the whole Earth, going his Circuit from Heaven to the Plain of Mamre, and from Mamre to Sodom. This Judge comes to them to their own home, and keep his Assizes and General Goal-delivery in their own City, v. 21. Descendam & videbo, the Cry of Sodom and Gomorrah is great, I will go down myself to them, and see how it stands with them.  
This Judge condemns them not unheard, but admits Counsel to plead for, and Intercessors to deprecate, as Abraham in the Text. So long as there lies a Certierari from an higher Court, or an Appeal to an higher Court, the Case is not desperate, though the Judge should not do right; for there is a future Remedy to be hoped for. If the whole State were incensed against me, yet I can find an escape to another Country: If all the World persecute me, yet if I be an honest Man, I have a Supreme Court in myself; and I am at Peace in being acquitted by my own Conscience.  
But God is the unerring Judge of all the Earth, of this which I tread upon, and this Earth which I carry about me; and when he judgeth me, my Conscience turns upon his side, and confesseth his Judgement to be right.  
And therefore St. Paul's Argument Rom. 3. ratifies and seconds Abraham's Expostulation here; Is God unrighteous? God forbidden: How then shall God judge the World? A particular Council may err, but then a general Council may help to rectify that particular: The King may err, but then God, in whose Hand the King's Heart is, can rectify him: But if God that judgeth all the Earth, judge thee, there is no Error to be assigned in his Judgement, no Appeal from God not throughly informed, to God better informed, for he always knoweth all Evidence before it is given, and therefore the larger the Jurisdiction, and higher the Court is, the more careful ought the Judge to be against wrong Judgement; for Abraham's Expostulation reacheth in a measure to them; Shall not the Judge of all (or of a great part of the Earth) do right?  
This Judge, lastly, comes not solitary or alone, but associated; for in the first and third Verses of this Chapter there are three of them, three Men stood by Abraham; and in the nineteenth Chapter and the first Verse, at Sodom itself where the Judgement was executed there are two of them (which is the number usual at these times with us.)  
There came two Angels to Sodom: A Divine Bench, an honourable Trial; whomsoever we follow of all the Christian Interpreters, whether the Father generally, (as St. Athanasius, St. Ambrose, and Epiphanius) which expound these three to have been the three Persons of the adored Trinity, in three Humane Shapes assumed: Or whither we follow some latter Expositors, (as Calvin and others) who make them to be the second Person in Trinity, and two created Angels attending him.  
For as for Eben Ezra and the rest of the Jews, which make all three of them Angels and mere Creatures, they are sufficiently confuted by that incommunicable Appellation of the Name Jehovah, which Abraham so often in this Chapter useth, when he speaks to them: Thus Abraham saw the day of Christ and rejoiced, as our Lord himself testifieth, John 8.56. for so to this very Apparition some good Expositors have referred it: He saw his day indeed, he saw this day of his, he received him into his House, he feasted him, he brought him on his way, he found gracious Audience with him, as an Intercessor and Advocate for others; and all this, even then when Christ was going in his Indignation to judge Sodom. And in this Judgement, as in a Praeludium, to show how he will judge the whole World at the great Sessions of the last day, and visit it with the Flames of an universal Combustion.  
We see then the Tribunal, and the Judge, and the Form of the Proceeding in the course of the whole Chapter: Let us come now precisely to observe the Text, and hear the Advocate Abraham pleading here for the Righteous, that they may not be destroyed with the Wicked; his Plea is intended principally for Lot, who was his Nephew dear to him, and that lived amongst the Sodomites; 'tis intended secondarily, for all righteous Persons, if any other such peradventure were living there: And in the last place, in a commendable Compassion he would have been glad also if it might have been extended to the whole City, and to so many Thousands of Persons as now were about perishing in it; Far be that from thee: Shall not the Judge of all the Earth do right? Which words naturally point out their own division, consisting apparently of two parts.  
The first is, a Detestation or Aversation, Far be that from thee.  
The other is, a Reason, a Motive, an Aetiology, Shall not the Judge of all the Earth do right?  
In the Detestation again, which first offers itself unto us, there are two things; the Subject of it, and the Degree of it; the Subject detested in the word it or that, Far be that from thee.  
The Degree of the Detestation is twofold, Gradus simplex, the plain Degree, be it from thee; and Gradus auctus, or Gradus cum adjectione, the emphatical Degree, be it far from thee. And first I will speak of these.  
The Subject of the Detestation is expressed relatively, that or it, far be it from thee; and so points us back to that which is passed already in the former part of the Verse, namely, to slay the righteous with the wicked: far be that from thee. So that here is a Supposition of Abraham's and a Position, the Supposition is, That the Wicked no doubt are to be stain, and to be destroyed by the Magistrate: And no marvel that this is put extra Controversiam, and taken for granted; for what Herbalist doth not root up noisome Weeds? Or what Chirurgeon doth not cut away all corrupt and putrified Flesh? Betimes will I root out all wicked doers from the City of the Lord (saith the Royal Psalmist, Psal. 101.8.) Immedicabile vulnus ense recidendum est, ne pars sincera trahatur, saith the Poet. What are the Wicked but Thorns, 
Cant. 2.2.  and what are Thorns but for the Fire? What are they but Chaff, 
Psal. 1.4.  and what is the Chaff for, but to be severed from the Corn, and blown away of the Wind: A Seditious Disturber of the public Peace, is a most noxious and Savage wild Beast, saith the Orator, and if it fall into a Pit, let it be overwhelmed there, and come out no more, lest it do more hurt. It was with good Signification, that the Roman Magistrates caused to be borne before them Fasces cum securibus, Rods and Axes both, whom the Rod corrects not, him the Axe chaps off.  
I take this therefore for granted, as Abraham doth, the Wicked are to be destroyed: And I come from his Supposition to his Position, The Righteous nevertheless must not be destroyed with them for company: If it falls out so that the Wicked cannot be cut down, unless the Righteous also perish jointly with them; even the Wicked rather are to be spared for the present, Far be it from thee, to slay the righteous with the wicked. 'Tis well this Plea can be in Sodom, here is some Comfort for us, worth our taking up by the way, the World shall never be so bad, but there may be some hope of finding some Righteous, even in those places which are worst; 
Joshua 6. Rev. 3.4. 1 Kings 18.3.  in Sodom there was a Lot, in Jericho a Rahab, in Sardis a few Names which had not defiled their Garments. In Ahab's Court a good Obadiah; in infamous Nero's Family, Christians and Saints, Phil. 4.22. The Devil hath but sowed Tares amongst the Wheat, 
Matt. 13.25.  he could not so root the Corn itself out, but that in every Field God will have some Wheat. 'Tis a most true Axiom in the Schools, Malum non potest existere nisi in bono, Evil cannot exist or be, but in something which is good; and therefore cannot wholly eat out and destroy all Good.  
And here is a Caution also for those who have the Sword of Judicature and Authority in their Hands: Be wise ye that are Judges of the Earth, pre-judge not a Man wholly by his Place, nor yet by his Company; though the Clamours of the Sins of a Place in general, be as the Clamour and the Cry of Sodom; yet descendite & videte, look into it nearer, and distinguish of particulars.  
In Sodom there was a Lot; 
Gen. 27.22.  amongst Joseph's malicious Brethren there was a Reuben that dissuaded the Murder of the Child; with the Robbers that were justly Crucified, there was a guiltless Jesus. Even out of Nazareth, 
Luke 23.41.  in despite of the Jewish Proverb, John 1.46. there may come something which is good: In one and the same Goal there may be as well as some Malefactors, some that are as unjustly suspected. In one and the same Indictment, there may be some Nocent and some Innocent.  
But I touch upon these Matters only by the way, but will insist upon the Proposition itself which Abraham lays down here, The Righteous must not be destroyed with the Wicked; he which slays the Righteous with the wicked, saith Abraham, to him the righteous are as the wicked, but that must not be, far be that from thee.  
And sure it is an invincible Argument, for how foul Injustice is it, Tam in equalibus equalia tribuere, to deal alike with Persons so unlike. How horrible an Exorbitancy were it, that they should be all one in our Valuation, whom so many and unspeakable Differences have distinguished in their own Conditions; I mean the Righteous and the Wicked, their own Intentions which they shoot at distinguish them, the one aims at direct Honesty and heavenly Piety; the other, at base Profit and earthly Pleasure; their Principles which they go by distinguish them, the one measures his Actions by the public Good, the other by his private; their Fruits redounding to the Commonwealth do distinguish them; the one are paces reipublice, and the other faces; their choice of conversing doth distinguish them, they come not at each other. The positive Laws of Men distinguish them, they appoint Reward for the one, but Punishments for the other.  
Christ's Judgement doth distinguish them, he will set the one at his right Hand, the other at his Left; the place of their eternal Habitation doth distinguish them, for the one Heaven is prepared, for the other Hell: In one word, from Eternity they were differenced, and to Eternity they shall be: They strove in the Womb like Rebecca's Twins; and like the Smoke of Eteocles and Polynices, when they are dead, they will have no Union; and shall then the righteous be as the wicked? If that be not in equalibus equalia tribuere, what is? Shall there be no difference of a Son and of a Slave? of a Friend and of an Enemy? of a dutiful Subject and a plotting Traitor? All other Differences have been reconciled, the Fair European and Foul Negro marry and live together; Fire and Water meet in the Ingrediency of the mixed body, Light and Darkness concur in one Crepusculum, one dawning of the day; but this diametrical Opposition of Righteous and Wicked, hath been and still is at Discord, it could never be pacified; A wicked Man is an Abomination to the Just, and he that is upright in his way, is an Abomination to the wicked.  
When I consider therefore, that Abraham brings this as a Fundamental Axiom indisputable, that the righteous must not be slain with the wicked; and that they must not be unto us as the wicked; and when I weigh the Reason of it, I am amazed to think of that shameful Lapse of the good Emperor Theodosius, who upon the account of the private Actions of some mutinous Persons in Thessalonica, sent his Army upon the City, and promiscuously slew the Innocent with the Guilty.  
It would make one tremble to think of such an erroneous Mandate; but it is enough to overwhelm any considering Person with Horror and Amazement, to call to mind the Domestic Example of that Infernal Direction of the Romish Traitor Father Garnet, who being not a Military Prince, but an Ecclesiastic professing Peace, not an illiterate rude Soldier, but a Clerk of elaborate Education, not on a sudden Rage unpremeditated, but upon Deliberation more fully advised, should warrant a more Barbarous Resolution, for being asked by the Popish Conspirators of the Gunpowder Treason, Wither it was lawful for them to destroy in our Parliament House many good Men for Company with more bad, (that is, such as were their Favourers with such as were not) answered, Yea, it was, Si in grande emolumentum Ecclesiae Romanae cessurum sit, so it might bring evident Advancement and Benefit to the Roman Church.  
If this Oracle did come (as there are good grounds to believe it did) from the then Possessor of the Apostolical Chair at Rome, he was but a painted Wall, and Vice-Demon upon Earth: Doth he claim to be Judge of all the World, and doth he command the righteous to be slain with the wicked? I am sure that Judge of all the World, with whom Abraham here conferreth, is of other Sentiments, unless he will take a spice of Manicheism, and make two Judges of all the World, one good one, which must needs be God, and another evil, which must be the Devil.  
But I must not, like another Tarqvinius, strike off the tops only of the tallest Poppies, tax none but only the Emperor Theodosius, and the Romish Pontifex Maximus; but the truth is, there are few Men living, of what Condition or Quality soever, but one time or other, more or less, offend against this Rule, and make the righteous as the wicked.  
And to comprise it summarily, four ways it may be done: 

First, By indiscreet Pity.  
Secondly, By preposterous Zeal.  
Thirdly, By Atheistical Neglect.  
Fourthly, By diabolical Malice.    
These I will very briefly treat of. First, It is done by indiscreet Pity, when we are so childishly Compassionate, that we destroy not them that are incorrigibly Wicked; 
2 Kings 13. 1●.  when like Joash the King of Israel, we smite but thrice at Aram, whereas we ought for to smite five or six times till they were consumed; when like Ahab we let go Benhadad, 
1 Kings 20.42.  the Man appointed for to die, whom God hath delivered into our Hands, when we find Manslaughter for Wilful Murder, and withhold the Hand of Justice from them, which withhold not the Hand of Violence from their Brethren; this is to make the righteous as the wicked, for it gives the Wicked the privilege of Indemnity, which should be peculiar to the Righteous; yea, and more than so, by sparing the Wicked, consequently it destroys the Righteous, it leaves that Serpentine Brood, which will be in the end the Destruction of them.  
Secondly, By Preposterous Zeal, we make the Righteous as the Wicked; when we are too furiously hot upon the spur, when we hasten so to abolish the Wicked, that necessarily we involve the Righteous in the same Ruin, when we are more precipitant than John himself, 
2 Kings 10.23.  that was so furious a Driver; for he would not let lose his armed Men upon the Priests of Baal, till he had taken order effectually that there was no Servant of the Lord Jehovah left amongst them. God himself, to show that he would ever discriminate the Righteous from the Wicked, he would not bring the Deluge (Gen. 7.13.) upon the World of the Ungodly, till he saw that Noah was entered into the Ark: Nor would he send the destroying Angel over Egypt, till he knew that the Houses of the Children of Israel were sprinkled with the Paschal Blood. 
Exod. 12.23.  Neither would he suffer the Tares in the Gospel (Matt. 13.29.) to be plucked up before the Harvest, lest the Wheat also should miscarry with them. Vice must not be stabbed through the Loins of Virtue, as in a condemned Woman pleading Pregnancy, our merciful Laws worthily expect the Delivery of her Innocent Child. Let Rahab and her Family be brought safe out, and then let Jericho be destroyed.  
Thirdly, We make the Righteous like the Wicked, by Atheistical Neglect, when we equally regard neither; when if Gain so invite us, we promiscuously oppress both: Like that Popish Army which having taken a City mixedly inhabited by Protestants and Papists, put them all indifferently to the Sword, because they would finger the whole Spoil; and when those of their own Popish Superstition fell at their Knees and cried, We are Catholics; they answered, The better for your Souls; and that was all the Courtesy that they shown them.  
Fourthly, It is done by Diabolical Malice, when Men are at a Defiance with God, and take their Pay in the Camp of Lucifer, when the Righteous are the Men of their Hatred, and they purposely set themselves to destroy them, but to spare the Wicked. When they cry of Murderous Barrabas, Let him have his Pardon; but of the Holy Jesus, Crucify him, Crucify him. The Righteous are then not only as the Wicked, but in a much worse case than the Wicked. Abraham desired that they might be better than they, but here they may be glad if they may be but as they. So as of old Aristides must have the Ostracism, and be banished for his Justness, Nemo apud nos frugi sit, nemo excellat, aut si excelluerit abeat. The Ephesians, when they banished a worthy Person, were not ashamed to proclaim the Reason, because they would have no Man to excel above the rest; if any Man would be better than others, let him pack away from their Dominions. But I hope no such vain and unequal Deal will be countenanced in our times, this were to make the appearance of Goodness more prejudicial than the Evidence and Conviction of Evil. Such Practices ought to be far from us.  
What I have already spoken, shall suffice for a cursory Declaration of the ways whereby we do make the Righteous as the Wicked; of all which four kinds we must say as Abraham here saith unto God, Far be they from us; all of them must be the due subjects of our Abomination and detesting Aversation; in special indeed Injustice, but in general all Sin and Vice; which our Gracious King, as the true Vicegerent of God, is now endeavouring to root out, that God may continue to protect this Nation, living in a Course of Righteousness, as he hath done already above our Deserts.  
Thus having finished the Abhorrence or Abomination to slay the Righteous with the Wicked, or to esteem the Righteous as the Wicked, be it from thee, yea, be it far from thee. The former, the plain Degree, be it from thee, Injustice especially; in general, all Iniquity; be it all from thee.  
Here we may see the vile Condition of Sin and Impiety; no Commerce can it have with God; no Union with his Nature; no Abode or Footing in his Presence; it may say like Vagabond Cain, Gen. 4.14. Behold, thou hast driven me out this day from the face of the Earth; and from thy face shall I be hid, and I shall be a Fugitive and a Vagabond in the Earth: And it shall come to pass, that every one that findeth me, shall slay me. And we need no reason of this Sentence of perpetual Exile, Be it from thee, these three words, It from thee, are a most complete Reason; it, which is Misery; from thee, which art Blessedness; it, which is Death; from thee, which art Life itself; it, which is Uncleanness; from thee, which art Purity; it, which is Crookedness; from thee, which art Rectitude; it, which is Darkness; from thee, which art Light itself: A thousand Volumes compiled by never so Ciceronian a Pen, a thousand Tongues of Men and Angels, could not more graphically paint out the Cursedness of Sin and Injustice as these three words have done, It from thee, it is banished from God, the Idea of Goodness, the Centre and the Circumference of Perfection; and when it is said to be banished from God, we must conceive it also (for our own Instruction) banished from all which any way partake either of the Nature or Name of God, from all Judges first, for so the Scripture saith of them, Dixi Dii estis, I have said ye are Gods, yea, universally from all Men; for Man is in a true Sense pars Dei, a piece of God, and therefore Sin ought not to be harboured in us. In God we live, move, and have our Being's. David saith, That God made Man a little lower than the Angels; the word will bear, A little lower than God: And indeed our Souls and Bodies are the very Characters of the Divine Image: Our Understanding, Will and Memory, are the Vestigia, the Characters of the Divine Trinity; and our Humane Nature born of the Blessed Virgin, hath personal Union with the eternal Word. These things plainly evince, that we have some Participation of the Divine Nature, and that the Regenerate partake of the same Spirit with God; and therefore this, Be it from thee, must take place with us also. Be it from God, and from all that partake of the Nature and the Name of God.  
I have done with the Gradus simplex, the plain Degree, but Abraham contents not himself thus, he adds, Gradum auctum, Gradum cum adjectione, the emphatical Degree, Be it far from thee; and he adds this when he speaks to God, not to wish a thing that is not, but to express and acknowledge a thing that is.  
The Truth is, there is none but God, of whom we can properly say, that Sin is far from him: A Creature may be actually free from Sin, and so Sin may be absent from it; but it is not far absent from it; as it is said to Cain, Sin lieth at the door. 
Gen. 4.7.  Every rational Creature hath a Door, whereby it may let in Sin, a possibility of being depraved and embracing it; but only the eternal God he hath no door, whereby he can let in Sin, his Nature hath an infinite Repugnancy and Incompassibility with it; an Angel may Sin, and yet remain an Angel; a Man may Sin, and yet remain a Man; but God cannot have Sin in him and remain God; it cannot consist with his Essence, and therefore far it is indeed from him, and far be that Blasphemous Doctrine from us, to make God the Author of any Sin; he cannot be the subject of Sin in himself, nor can he be the Efficient of Sin in others.  
Therefore let us enforce ourselves to a Sacred Emulation of God's glorious Prerogatives as far as may be; let not only Sin be from us, in gradu simplici, but in gradu aucto, let it be far from us; there cannot be too great a distance between us and it, ratione contagii, in regard of the Contagiousness of it, there cannot be too great a distance, if we flee not from it, it will infect us. 'Tis like a Basilisk, it kills as far as it can be seen; 'tis like a Siren, it enchants as far as it can be heard. 'Twere good that there were a Pest-house for the Wicked, as there is for them that have the Plague, a Thracian Bosphorus where they might live by themselves, and have no access to other Men to Poison them; for it is not enough for us not to approach to them, but they will approach to us.  
Again, Ratione supplicii, in regard of the Punishment of it, there cannot be too great a distance, though we practise it not ourselves, if we be but in company of them that practice it; if they be in our Houses, if they be in our Towns, we far the worse for them; for one Achan the whole Army of Israel flies before their Enemies. Sin was committed on the Earth by Adam, and the very Heavens felt the Smart of it; there were malignant Influences then added to those Celestial Bodies, which had not at the first been created in them.  
If Sin get a footing in our Servants, in our Followers, 'tis like an Enemy that hath got a Sconce, or a Citadel, too near us, from thence it will Gall us too; and therefore when it offers to come and dwell with us, we must answer it as Tully answers Catiline in the like case, Nullo modo iisdem in parietibus tute esse possumus, qui magno in periculo sumus, quod iisdem in manibus versemur. Far be it from us.  
I have dwelled long enough upon the Aversation, Far be it from thee; I will nor therefore long detain this Honourable Assembly, but recompense it with as much brevity in this other which follows, the Reason or Aetiology, Shall not the Judge of all the Earth do right? In which words take notice briefly of two things.  
First, The Perfection of Judges; and then the Judge of Perfection. Here you may observe a Judge in abstracto, what it is; and in concreto, where or in whom it is.  
First, Take notice of the Perfection of a Judge, in abstracto, what it is: It is to do Equity and Right. That is the End and Scope of all Judges, and of all Judgements; that is the Polestar of all Judicial Actions; Shall not he do Right who is ordained to that end, to decide Controversies of Right and Wrong? Shall not a Judge do Right?  
You have heard the Perfection of a Judge in abstracto, what it is; there remains the Perfection of a Judge in concreto, where or in whom it is; 'tis not every where, nay, 'tis no no where but in God. Absolute Perfection is the incommunicable Property of the Deity, all created Natures, Tantum absunt à Perfectione, quantum à Divinitate, but in God there is Absolute Perfection. Negative Questions in this kind in Scripture, pre-suppose always Affirmative Answers, Shall not the Judge of all the Earth do Right? Yes, he will do it, do it others, or do they not; this Judge will do it.  
So that God is here described a perfect Judge in two respects:  
First, In the Extent of his Jurisdiction; and in the Exercise of it.  
In the Extent of it, He is a Judge of all the Earth. In the Exercise of it, He will do Right, he cannot but do Right; Shall not the Judge of all the Earth do Right?  
The Extent of his Jurisdiction is the whole Earth; 'tis not a Country or two that confine his Circuit; 'tis not a Province or two that bond his Empire; he scorneth to borrow a Title as the Old Romans did, from one or two Conquered Nations, Sarmaticus, Geticus, Numidicus, he hath that which others long for, and cannot have, Catholicus, Oecumenicus: He needs no plus ultra, as that charlemain who confuted his rich Title with his craving Motto, for all the whole Universe is his. There is none therefore so weak here, but if he be Oppressed, sees an higher Tribunal that he may fly unto. There is none so strong here, so armed with Authority and Favour, but if he be an Oppressor, he sees a Tribunal that he may fear. No wonder that Felix trembled when he heard St. Paul dispute of this Judgement, and of this Judge. From all other Courts there lies an Appeal to him, but from him there lies no Appeal to any other: There is a Commission, against which no Prohibition can be brought; we must not come there with our Nemo bis judicabitur de eodem, bis judicabimur de iisdem; all Causes that have been heard in this World, shall be heard again in that Prerogative-Court of Heaven; and what was right adjudged here, shall be ratified there; and what was wrong adjudged here, shall be repealed there. And finally, What was never heard here at all, yet shall be decisively ordered there.  
I will shut up my Discourse in a few words, (which it becomes me to say) to demonstrate, that the Supreme Judge of Heaven and Earth will ever do Right, (according to the Conclusion of the Text) doth most undeniably appear, with relation to the Church of England, (as it is by Law established) in whose Cause he hath been pleased of late to manifest his Power and Goodness most remarkably; and not only in our Days, but he hath done the like in former Ages; for in respect of its Doctrine, Discipline and External Rites, he guided the solid Foundation thereof, by that admirable young Prince King Edward the Sixth; and supported it by the Steadiness of the Magnanimous Princess Queen Elizabeth, who (during all her long and glorious Reign) would never admit of any Alterations; no, not in the very Outworks, the External Rites thereof, (which are Securities to the main Fortress of our Religion) though she was frequently solicited thereunto by Men of great Fame and Judgement; and though in the 34th Article of our Church it is owned, That the External part of its Worship may admit of Alterations (by public Authority) upon Emergent Causes, and for Reasons demonstrably and apparently tending to the Public Good; and when Times and men's Manners do require it.  
And this Church hath been since adorned by the Piety and Devout Practice of the late Virtuous and Blessed Queen Mary, (who, by the Countenance and Consent of King Charles the Second, was most happily Married to His Present Majesty, notwithstanding all the Secret Opposing Intrigues of the Renegado Jesuits:) which Famous Princess lived and died in all the Observances of this Church like a Primitive Saint.  
And it has been not only dignified by the high Respect borne toward it by these two eminent Princesses, who set two such Examples as are hardly imitable by the very best and bravest of Womankind; but it was defended and cherished by the Learning and peaceful Temper of King James the First, and by the Piety of Queen Anne. And it hath been exceedingly honoured and embellished by the Constancy, Patience and Charity of the Devout Martyr King Charles the First.  
And thus stood it out against all Assaults, during the Reign of all our Princes since the Reformation. (Queen Mary's short Reign, and part of the twenty Years of our Unhappy Civil Wars, and foolish Anarchical Governments excepted) after which it was reestablished in course of Law upon the wonderful and peaceable Restauration of King Charles the Second, who at his death left it upon its own Establishment.  
But as to two other Princes that have possessed the Throne (since the Reformation) Queen Mary the First, and the late King James the Second, they both were pleased to give it public, high and kind Characters at their first Accessions to their Crowns; and whilst the Men of our Communion were busily fixing them into their Royal Authorities; and the latter of them, did for some considerable number of Years, outwardly comply with its Observances; (so long as the Politicians of the Court of Rome would suffer him) but their deep Engagements and Confederacies with the Romans Party, would not admit them for to countenance it further, and that they openly declined Communion with it, should be no Argument for any Protestant upon Earth to dislike its Constitution, but the rather to embrace and support it.  
How Queen Mary's Severities increased, Gentlemen, your Suffolk Ancestors soon felt; and if it had not been for the seasonable Rescue of King William, we might long before this time have Sorrowfully felt also, how King James would have increased; had not King William delivered this Church out of all its Imminent and Surprising Perils; and secured it by his Valour, Policy and Indefatigable Vigilance (exerted both in the Fatigues of the Field, and the Management of the Treaty) and with the Security thereof he hath superadded the ancient Lustre to the Realm of England, of becoming once more the Balance to all the Public Affairs of Europe.  
And he hath pleased to espouse it for his Grand and Professed Design, to endeavour to Found us such a Settlement, as may secure both our Religious and Civil Rights to our Posterities.  
And towards all these he hath made as vigorous Attempts, as the Policy, Resolution and Integrity of the most Heroic of our Princes, or the Bravest of Men can parallel.  
Therefore we have the highest Obligation to follow that Example of the Grateful Israelites towards King Solomon, recorded in 1 Kings 8.66. (with with I shall conclude.)  To Praise God, and to Pray daily for the long Life and Grandeur of the King; and to return to our Houses joyful and glad of Heart, for all the Goodness that the most righteous God hath showed unto his Anointed, and unto us his People.  

The Second Sermon.  Zechariah 7.9, 10. 
Thus speaketh the Lord of Hosts, saying, Execute true Judgement, and show Mercy and Compassion every Man to his Brother. And oppress not the Widow, nor the Fatherless, the Stranger, nor the Poor, and let none of you imagine Evil against his Brother in your Heart.  
MY Song shall be now, as David's was, of Mercy and Judgement. Judgement and Mercy are the proper Subjects for this time, in which Righteousness and Peace will the most gracefully kiss each other.  
The liberty of the Gospel hath no way abrogated the Morality of the Law, for Christ came not to destroy, but to fulfil it: So that this Precept of executing true Judgement and Merty, is not at all excluded from the Doctrine of the Son of God, but he ratifies the Commands of his Father, saying, 
John 7.24.  Judge not according to the Appearance, but judge righteous Judgement.  
The Nature of this Judgement is either Political or Moral; Political, as being proper to a Supreme Governor, and his Subordinate Magistrates; or Moral, as implying an Equity between Private Men; whereby every Man is bound, both by the Law of God and Nature, to show Mercy and Compassion towards his dejected Brother. By the Law of God, because he so commands; by the Laws of Men, because we are all the Sons of Adam: Therefore execute true Judgement, and show Mercy.  
It will be a proper Introduction to the rest, that I speak generally (though briefly) of Judgement in a Politic State: Jethro the Father-in-Law of Moses, sets forth a Precedent of a righteous Judge, according to the Qualities which he ought for to be endued with, saying, Thou shalt provide out of all the People, 
Exod. 18.21.  able Men, such as fear God, Men of Truth, hating Covetousness, and place such to be Rulers over them. Able Men, or Men of Courage and Wisdom; they must be Industrious, able to dispatch and expedite Causes, Valentes Ingenio, Men of ready Wit and Dexterity.  
Secondly, Constancy and Strength are requisite, lest they quit a good Cause for fear of the Mighty; those that have not an adequate Power derived upon them, are dangerously Ambitious of such a Dignity: Therefore said the Wise Man, Seek not to be a Judge, being not able to take away Iniquity, lest at any time thou fear the Person of the Mighty, and lay a Stumbling-block in the way of thy Uprightness.  
Thirdly, They must be Men of Estate as well as of Power, of eminent Birth and Estimation; therefore Moses in the Fifteenth of Deuteronomy, took the chief of the Tribes, Wise Men and known, and made them Heads over the People.  
Our Modern Politicians therefore affirm, Futius divites quam pauperes in Magistratum elegantur. And they must be Men fearing God, that being the Foundation of all Virtue: Besides, if Men of Might fear not God, when in regard of their great and public Power, they fear not Men, they are apt to fall into many Outrages; but it behoveth him that judgeth others, to have an exact respect unto his Superor Judge, to whom he must give an account of all his Acts; let them look unto God in whose stead they are.  
They must be Men of Truth, both understanding the Truth, that they may distinguish right from wrong: And also Followers of the Truth in their Will and Practice; for there is a Speculative Truth, in Discerning and Judging; and a Practicable Truth, in following a right Judgement.  
They must seek out the Truth by Witnesses, Writings and Evidences, and having found it out, give Judgement accordingly: And they must be Constant, and not changeable in their Sentences and Decrees; and they must hate Covetousness, be so far from that meanness of Spirit, as to have an Abhorrence of it.  
God who commands others to do Justice, is pleased for to show the highest Example thereof in himself; in him there is nothing Unjust or Evil, as Coldness hath no place in Fire, nor Blackness in Snow, nor Obscurity in the Sun, no more hath Sin any place in God, nor should it have any shelter or countenance from Men.  
This prescribed Traitor of our Prince, This Outlawed Fugitive of our Sovereign, should not be found harboured with them: God hath put the Sword into the Magistrate's hand to punish, and he expects that he should not bear it in vain, Execution is the Life of the Law; the Execution is as necessary as the Promulgation. He that hath Authority, and punisheth not Disorders in others, is consequentially guilty of them himself: But they must not punish more than the Offence, that is too much, and to punish less, makes but Offenders Insolent and Multitudinous.  
Justice is Columna & corona reipublicae, it is the Cement which holds the general parts of the Body Politic together, it is as the Nerves and Sinews thereof, and by it the Throne is established.  
Judges are Juris indices, they are Jus dicere and Jus dare, if they do not, then is the Law weakened and perverted, and made to patronise Evil, and Wickedness is committed under Authority, and the Law doth turn its edge against the Innocent; and that which should be a Defence, becomes a Maze of Briars and Thorns, and the Rod of Justice is turned into a Serpent of Subtilty.  
And so it is, if the Jurors give not a sound Verdict, but make the worst side to seem the best; this were to be wise to do Evil, and not verum dicere, as their Office signifies. In Justice we are not to respect Persons (though that be commanded otherwhere, yet it is forbidden here) here the Causes are to be heard, more than the Parties observed; the Equity of Causes is to be weighed, not the Quality of Persons; if otherwise, it makes the Law but like Spider's Webs, in which the small Flies are strangled, whilst the great ones escape and break through. Hence haughty successful Robbers wear Chains of Gold, whilst poor Pilferers are bound with Fetters of Iron.  
The taking of Gifts is a secret Preventer of Justice, it makes Men to oversee God's Laws and the King's; undermines and devours the Houses of the poor Widow and the desolate Orphan; these blind the Eyes of the Wise, and stop the Mouths of the Skilful: To some Persons the greatest Evidence is not half so convincing as a secret Gift; though where Right is, there is the great Point.  
It is no wonder that good Causes fall not out well, if many Hands be open to receive Gifts.  
It is no wonder if the Evidence of the Witnesses be strained and diverted; but let such consider, what measure they meet, shall at the last be measured unto them again; not only by God's Judgement hereafter; but upon the Observance of his righteous Vicegerents, this Retribution will overtake them in this Life to their Shame and Sorrow.  
Let not those therefore that should be the Supporters of others be their Supplanters; but let Justice and Equity be so exactly observed, that the Voice of Fraud may be no more heard amongst us; when the Contentious Violence of Men did overflow the Banks of Right, then would God have the Law take strength to itself, to curb men's fiery Passions and Attempts: To this end Judges and Officers of the Law were appointed to see the Laws impartially executed, without wresting or extorting: This is the end of the Law, the Office of the Judge, and the Occasion of this time.  
The Charge of the Judicial Office is great, therefore to him that gives the Charge, a Charge is given of God, Thou shalt not wrest Judgement; thou shalt not respect Persons, nor take a Gift, for the Judgement is not only before Men, but before God also.  
If they that sit in Judgement prospect him that judgeth all the Earth, in the exactness of his Judgement, and follow it, their Integrity will grow Proverbial, Like the Judgement of Bochoris, or the Sentence of Bias; he that thus setteth him before his Eyes, shall never fear what Cambyses the Persian made Othones to do, Se samnem excoriavit, & filium ejus Othonem corio insidere coegit: For he hath here a great Terror and Restraint, he knoweth that God standeth in the Congregation of the Judges.  
But a People so wisely Zealous of their Laws and Liberties (as the English) will not be easily imposed upon; and such Sages of the Laws as we have, that administer so exactly, need not any such tremendous Memorials.  
As in the Palace of the Ottoman Emperor, four of the most Honourable Bassa's sit in Judgement in the great Hall, and the Grand Signior himself, through a secret Window, unheard and unseen, hears the Complaints of his People, and the Sentences of his Judges: So is our Great God conscious unto all that Men do here, in their Deputations under him; they must therefore remember that no Greatness can exempt them from his hi● Censure, when they willingly corrupt themselves.  
The Egyptians of old would not suffer the Bodies of their Kings to have Royal Interments, till their Lives were scanned, by a severe Examination of their Management of the Regal Sceptre whilst they had it; and as that was approved, their Funeral Honours were augmented or diminished; showing that all Earthly Greatness hath an undoubted account, whereunto it is liable and stoopeth after Death.  
And Blessed is he who so judgeth here, as that his Judgement may be approved by that Judge there, he which putteth so all Injustice far from him, and truly distinguisheth between the Righteous and the Wicked, shall be absolved by that Great Lord, whose Servants he himself absolveth, and whose Enemies he condemneth. Blessed is this Judge as to himself, and Blessed are the People over whom he presideth.  
It is the Judge's Business and Profession to do Right; therefore the Egyptian Hieroglyphic painted him without Hands, with his Eyes almost shut, and from his Neck a Saphire hanging down, with this word Veritas engraven upon it. He must have no Hands for Bribes, no Eyes for Sinister Respects, or to respect Persons.  
To the same purpose the Image of Jupiter was made in Creta without Ears: He must have no Ears to hear Importunity against Justice.  
The Areopagites for the same cause never sat 〈◊〉 Judgement in the Day, but in the Nighttime always, and by an obscure Light, that they might not be moved by Apparel, Habits, Gestures or Countenances of the Persons summoned before them: And surely Injustice, though it be a Blemish to any Man, yet it is not half so much a Blemish to another Man as to a Judge; distasteful it is in any, but most of all in him.  
And if Right be thus the Polestar of all Judges in their Judicial Actions, we must conceive it to be so too in all others, in their Actions Subordinate to Judicial; yea, we must give it the due Extent of it.  
If the Judge must Decree right, the Accuser also must Object right, the Witness must Testify right, the Learned Counsellor must Plead right, and the Jury must Find right, Vltimus finis dat mediis ordinem & mensuram, all these will be Planetical sometimes, and have the proper Motions of their own Sphere, the Plaintiff is hot and fiery like Mars; the Defendant is Sullen and Froward like Saturn, the Advocate is Crafty and Wily like Mercury, the Witness is Variable and Changeable like Luna; but the Judge, like to the highest Orb of the Heavens, must overrule all these inferior Spheres of the Planets, and carry them all along in his own diurnal Motion with himself.  
But especially the Advocate must be looked into, that he may not too lightly dispense with himself, he thinks, though others are bound to the Right, yet he may Sophisticate and plead wrong; but Equity and Right is the Scope that he ought to aim at; if he will not give Right an helping hand, he should give it none at all.  
The general Calling of a good Christian, is presupposed in all particular Callings, a Soldier must live by Fight, but not in fight a wicked Quarrel; and he that Pleads should live honourably by it, but not in bolstering Oppressions against the Orphan and the Widow.  
St. Tertullian in his Book of Idolatry, condemns all those Christian's most deeply, who being Carvers, Painters, or Embroiderers, would do any Work whatsoever which had the least and remotest Subordination to the decking of an Heathen Idol.  
It were a goodly matter if the Pilot should be bound to arrive at (or steer to) the right Haven, and the Oar-men be permitted to row towards the wrong: 'Twere a pretty devise, if the Captain were tied to lead the Army to the place of right Service, and the Sentinels have licence to misinform him: And what were it then, if the Judge were enjoined to award the true Sentence, and the Advocate be suffered to patronise the false.  
The famous Civilian Papinianus, rather than he would defend the Emperor Caracalla's barbarous Murder of his Brother, willingly admitted of death under that bloody Tyrant.  
And which you will more wonder at, the no less famous Ceselius in his Age, he would never be brought by Favour or Fear, so much as to draw a Conveyance of any of those Lands, which Anthony and his Fellow-Triumvirs had given away in the Oppression of the Roman Liberties.  
Famous may the Memory be of such Spirits, and long may the like flourish, and deter or ashame our Advocates from supporting corrupt Causes for large Fees: For their Plead ought not to be considered as Sophister's Acts, tending to the Ostentation and Exercise of Wit, but are serious and important Proceed, that aught to aim totally at Equity and Right.  
But the Text seemeth to require me to speak something of the Moral Equity that ought to be betwixt private Persons: And that this may be more exercised, I will with the Prophet wish you by way of entreaty, to Execute true Judgement, Lex talionis, the Law of like for like is of great Antiquity, common as well with the Gentiles by the Law of Nature, as with the Jews by the Law of God, whereby we are taught not to use others as we would not be used ourselves; to which accords that of our Blessed Saviour, Whatsoever you would that Men should do unto you, even so do unto them, for this is the Law and the Prophets.  
In these Admonitions we are taught Mercy and Compassion when we have our Adversary in a strait, and to forgive the Delinquences of our Neighbours, as we hope to receive a Remission of our Trespasses committed against the Supreme Judge and Father of us all: For after the Execution of true Judgement, we are admonished for to show Mercy.  
Amongst the Heathens, the great Alexander is reported to have taken greater delight in Pardoning than Punishing an Offender. When Bias came to the Condemning of a Man he wept; and Cicero professed, Come pareere vel ledere poruissem, ignoscende quaereham causas, non puniendi occasiones; but to induce us by a greater Authority, God Almighty is our Precedent, and he is styled Merciful and Long-suffering, and we by our Lord's Command should be the like, Be you Merciful as your Heavenly Father is Merciful: And he adds thereunto a Benediction, Blessed are the Merciful, for they shall obtain Mercy.  
Let us therefore make no Separation between Justice and Mercy, but execute both truly: Let us be blind to insinuating Impostors, and deaf to palliating Flatterers; it were better to want Sense, tha● to judge an unrighteous Judgement, either erring against Justice or Mercy.  
God required of the Jews, as a Demonstration of their Repentance, 
Isa. 58.6, 7.  To lose the Bands of Wickedness, to undo the heavy Burdens, and to let the Oppressed go free, and that they should break every Yoke, to deal their Bread to the Hungry, and to bring the Poor that are cast out to their Houses, and when they saw the Naked that they cover them, and that they should not hid themselves from their own Flesh.  
Afflict not the Poor, was the Precept of an anclent Philosopher, and suitably the Prophet in the Text excites Mankind by way of Prohibition, not to oppress any Subject to Oppression; the Widow, nor the Fatherless; the Stringer, nor the Poor; and let none of you imagine Evil against his Brother in your heart.  
The Sin of Oppression in former times was expiated by Death or Banishment, as may be seen by some Edicts of our ancient Kings: It was condemned of old by the Prophet Amos, Woe to them that make the Ephah small, but the Shekel great; to oppose the Oppression of the Widow, let there be the Love of an Husband; of an Orphan, let there be the Affection of a Father; of a Stranger, let there be the Hospitality of Abraham; of the Poor, let there be the Charity of Job, 
Job 29.12, etc.  He delivered the Poor that cried, the Fatherless, and him that had none to help him. The Blessing of him that was ready to perish came upon him. And he caused the Widow's heart to sing for joy. He put on Righteousness, and it clothed him; and Judgement was to him as a Robe and a Diadem. He was Eyes to the Blind, and Feet to the Lame. He was a Father to the Poor; and the cause which he knew not, he searched out. Then he broke the Jaws of the Wicked, and plucked the Spoil out of his Teeth. Then was his Glory fresh in him, and his Bow was renewed in his hand. He relieved the Necessities of distressed Widowhood, and was a Father to the disabled Orphans.  
As we hear the Complaints and Cries of others that are overwhelmed with Calamities, so God will hear us, and as we behold them; so will he behold us: Therefore stop not your Ears at the Cry of the Poor, for whose doth, he himself also shall cry aloud, and not be heard.  
The Prophet Isaiah pronounceth Woe unto them that decree unrighteous Decrees, and write grievousness which they have prescribed: 
Isa. 10.1, 2, 3.  To tarn aside the Needy from Judgement, and to take away Right from the Poor of the People, that Widows may be their Prey, and that they may rob the Fatherless. What will they do in the day of Visitation, and in the Desolation that shall come from far? To whom can they flee for help? and where will they leave their Glory?  
The Prophet Micah, Chap. 2. Ver. 1, 2, 3. denounceth Woe against them that practice Mischief as often as it is in the power of their hands; That covet Fields, and take them by force; and Houses, and take them violently. Therefore thus saith the Lord, Behold, against the Family that doth oppress a Man and his House, do I devise an evil, from which they shall not remove their Necks. The Redeemer of the Poor and Afflicted is Mighty, and he will plead their Cause with their Oppressors. Cursed (saith the great Law giver) be he that perverteth the Judgement of the Stranger, Fatherless and Widow, and all the People shall say, Amen. And this is repeated upon solemnest time (in the Commination) by the constant Practice of our Church. Oppress not a Stranger, injure him not by Word or Deed, neither secretly by Fraud, nor openly by Violence; but instead of Injury show Kindness: We may learn a Precedent from the Israelites who were Strangers and Bond slaves in Egypt, they did feel by Experience, what it was for to use Strangers cruelly, and learned by that Experience (and by God's especial Command) to have Compassion upon others.  
Besides, there are many Reasons why Strangers should be respected, Men of every Nation, Language and Country, have originally one common Father, and have the Stamp of the same Omnipotency upon them.  
The next kind of Oppression is of the Widow and Fatherless; as we are to show Pity and Compassion to Strangers that are in Misery, so we are also to show Pity to them that are in Misery which are no Strangers, as Widows and Orphans. As we must not turn aside the Stranger from his Right, neither must we the Widow or the Fatherless; if Men regard not their Tears, their God will; and whom they Contemn, he will Favour; though none at all are to be wronged and afflicted, yet these especially must not be hurt, Quia defensorem non habent (saith good St. Chrysostom) the one wanteth a Father, and the other an Husband.  
Oppress not the Poor (saith the Text) in general; the Poor are commonly oppressed by Extortion in Usury; this is not felt much in the beginning, but at the last, Devorat totam hominis substantiam, these Extortioners live upon the Poor, and eat them up by their Severities, like Savage Beasts, by biting of others they feed themselves; the Men I speak of, are such as make an unreasonable and illegal Gain of Money, catching at the present Necessity of others.  
These Men consider not, that they are not to oppress the Widow, nor the Fatherless, the Stranger, nor the Poor.  
Oppress not, out of these Prohibitions, we must look to do their contraries; since the Lord of Hosts in the Text, hath commanded us for to show Compassion every Man to his Brother, and that none of us should imagine Evil against his Brother in his heart.  
In the Text (you have seen) there are four Precepts, two Imperative, and two Prohibitive: The first two, of Judgement and Mercy; the second, of Oppression and Malice.  
The Imperative Precepts are, Execute true Judgement, and show Mercy and Compassion every Man to his Brother.  
The Prohibitive Precepts; Oppress not the Widow, not the Fatherless, the Stranger, nor the Poor, and let none of you imagine evil against his Brother in your heart.  
The Author of them both is God, Thus speaketh the Lord of Hosts, saying.  
I have finished all the Parts, except the very last, which prohibits Malice; And let none of you imagine Evil against his Brother in your heart.  
I shall for order sake (now in the Conclusion) speak of this branch of the Text, and somewhat the more largely, because it is to be presumed, that Insolence and crossness of Temper brings many Persons hither; and that their Prosecutions are rather the Effects of Malice, than Desires of Right; such men's impertinent, but evil and mischievous Imaginations, give unnecessary Trouble to the Court and Country, and deserve the Magistrates Reproofs, and to meet with Derision and Disappointment from all men.  
As the Heart is the beginning of Life, and the Elaboratory of the vital Spirits, so it is the Magazine and Storehouse of Humane Cogitations whither good or bad, and whereon, as upon an Anvil, are forged those Thoughts which the Tongue its Instrument brings to light; for so our Blessed Lord informs us, 
Matt. 12.34.  That out of the abundance of the Heart the Mouth speaketh. A good Man out of the good Treasure of the Heart, bringeth forth good things; and an evil Man out of the evil Treasure, bringeth forth evil things. Out of the Heart (saith our Lord) proceed evil Thoughts, Murders, Adulteries, Fornications, Thefts, False-witness, Blasphemies; therefore the Holy Prophet shut up his Exhortation with a Prohibition from such Offences, nominating the place wherein they have residence, and let none of you imagine evil against his Brother in your heart.  
Here observe first, The Offence and Imagination of Evil made apparent by Blasphemy, Envy, Calumny, Revenge, False-witness, Murder.  
Secondly, The Residence of that Evil, in the Heart, let none of you imagine evil against his Brother in your heart.  
'Tis a Negative Precept, whereby we are here first, and by St. Paul afterwards, commanded to abstain from all appearances of Evil; here from evil Thoughts, there from evil Actions; for seldom doth a perverse Imagination set a Brood, but it hatcheth some dismal Exploit.  
Thus he that gives himself to imagine Evil, will at last proceed to give False-witness; first privately, and then publicly in Judgement; and in Judicial Acts this is diversely committed:  
First, By the false and unjust Accuser; and therefore the Law admonisheth, Leu. 19 Thou shalt not stand against the Blood of thy Neighbour, thou shalt not accuse him wrongfully, and bring his Life in danger.  
Secondly, By the Magistrate who pronounceth an indirect Sentence.  
Thirdly, By corrupt Advocates that patronise false Titles, as Tertullus abused his Eloquence in disgracing St. Paul, Acts 24. any way to be a False Witness, is a grievous thing; he commits Sin in the Violation of Justice, and by Lying and Perjury; in every false Testimony a Man Sins against God, oppresseth the Innocent, and condemneth his own Soul. For False-witness, the Punishment by the Law of God was Retaliation. If the witness be a False-witness, and shall testify falsely against his Brother; then shall you do unto him, as he thought to have done unto his Brother, Deut. 19.18, 19  
So Haman was justly hanged on the same Gibbet that he had set up for Mordecai; and Daniel's Accusers were cast into the Lion's Den, whither he was before condemned. False Witnesses were by the Edict of the ancient Romans, thrown down as Malefactors from the Tarpeian-hill.  
This Malady hath its original in the Heart of Man, but the Searcher of Hearts can find all out, there is no dissembling with him that knows the very Thoughts thereof. Though Joshua could not, yet God can immediately see through the most curious Umbrages and lying Testimonials which the most Politic Gibeonites can invent, though Falsities were never so cunningly couched, he will find them out, though a French Tongue conspired with a Spanish Arrogance to frame a Greekish Lye.  
Therefore God will avenge the Hurt that we do to an Innocent Neighbour, if we Blaspheme him either in Name, or in Person, as Jezebel procured Naboth to be thought a Blasphemer of God and the King, and thereupon had him-Murthered: Of this sort of Calumny or Backbiting there are four kinds.  
First, Men begin with Evil Suspicions, of which Eliab was guilty, when he said to his Brother David, I know thy Pride, and the Naughtiness of thy Heart, 
1 Sam. 17.28.  for thou art come down that thou mightest see the Battle.  
Secondly, They proceed therein, having itching Ears ready and open to receive Detractions; such were Saul's, who leaned to those Promoters that informed against David, till David demonstrated them to be false Men, by his sparing of Saul's Life in the Cave at Engaddi.  
The third procedure in this Vice, is by Rashness in Judging; but this our Lord forbids in these pregnant words, Judge not, and you shall not be judged. And this Evil is finished by a continual but an unhappy Inclination or malicious Desire of Backbiting, the Laws utterly forbids this, Leu. 19.16. Thou shalt not go up and down as a Tail bearer amongst thy People: These being the most Pestilent sort of Vagabonds, should be whipped from every House.  
He that Backbites his Neighbour, hath Satan in his Mouth; he that hears the Calumny, hath him in his Ear; and he that believes it, hath him in his Heart, having cast out Charity, which is the Bond of Peace.  
The Punishment that the Witty Comedian a lots them is, That all Libelers should hang the Hearers by the Ears, and the Detractors by the Tongues. To credit False Reports and Seditious News, is a sign of malevolent Manners, or of childish Conditions: And therefore the Philosopher being asked what Beast did by't the soarest, answered, Of wild Beasts, a Detractor; and of tame, a Flatterer.  
Therefore hath our Great God forbidden all evil Surmises; yet having an Eye to our Frailty, he would stint us betimes, lest we should proceed to wicked Practices; therefore he stops the next Issue of an evil Heart, saying, Thou shalt not bear False-witness against thy Neighbour; forewarning us against all Untruths and false Evidences. We must not admit of evil Thoughts, for these are the first Actors of our Brother's Tragedy, for out of the Heart proceed evil Thoughts, False-witness, Murders, etc. Here the Scene of bloody Thoughts is finished, for Murder is either Internal or External; the Internal likewise is Twofold, either conceived, as in Anger, Hatred, Desire of Revenge, or else permitted by consenting to another Man's Death, Who knowing the Judgement of God, (that they who do such things are worthy of death) not only do the same, but have pleasure in, or favour them that do them, Rom. 1.32.  
The External is actually committed by hand, as Wounding, and so consequently Slaying; by the Mouth, as Reviling, and giving Pernicious Counsel; by Help, as administering Aid, and so being accessary to the Murder: This External Murder is either wished in Words, attempted in Gestures, or perpetrated in Deed.  
There is an External Act of Murder likewise forbidden, that is committed by hasty Rage, Malice, Envy, etc.  
The Law of God is Spiritual, and therefore it binds not only the Hands and Tongue, but the Heart and Affections also: As our blessed Saviour, the best Interpreter of the Law teacheth; He that is angry with his Brother without a cause, in respect of his own Will and Purpose, hath committed Manslaughter; and therefore the Apostle saith, He that hateth his Brother is a , 1. John 3.15.  
A good Physician doth not only take away the Evil that is apparent, but also removes the very Root of the Disease; therefore our blessed Saviour not only forbids to take heed of Murder, but of Anger also; for Homicide and Murder are engendered by Anger and Rage.  
You have now heard the Effects which an Evil Heart doth produce, the Inconveniencies that it ensnares the Soul of Man with, let none of us therefore be so defrauded and seduced, but rather to Execute true Judgement, and show Mercy and Compassion every Man to his Brother; and oppress not the Widow, nor the Fatherless, the Stranger, nor the Poor, and let none of you imagine evil against his Brother in your Heart.  
That none of these Evils may be countenanced, the Laws of God and of this Realm have constituted Judges and Officers to observe, and to forbid and punish them.  
And it did please Almighty God, to set before us the very Model of executing Justice, by sending his great Officers upon the place to make their Inquest; (which Method our Wise Laws have therefore espoused,) and my Lords the King's Judges pursue it now in their several Circuits. 'Tis in 1. Sam. 7.15, 16, 17. And Samuel judged Israel all the days of his Life. And he went from year to year in Circuit to Bethel, and Gilgal, and Mizpeh, and judged Israel in all those places. And his return was to Ramah, for there was his House, and there he judged Israel, and there he built an Altar unto the Lord.  
Samuel began at Bethel where was the House of God, and at the finishing of his Circuit at Ramah he built an Altar and praised God; which is the Foundation of this Honourable and Solemn Audience, before which I having made such suitable Observations (upon the Text) as the time and the public Affairs will admit of.  
I will close up all with a very few words of general Advice, and public Exhortation, desiring every Person in this great Assembly, seriously to consider, as it becomes them in their Allegiance, That as on the one side the King's Majesty hath ended the late War gloriously, and is raising a solid and defensive Superstructure upon the Foundation of the Peace: So the late unparallelled Parliament (that Phenix-like can only arise again out of its own Ashes of Dissolution) hath gratefully and honourably provided for the King's Support, that he may enjoy the complete Lustre and Repose of his Successes. And indeed, they that were not Zealous to Support our King, might justly have been suspected to be in Pension with a Foreign King.  
Our Dangers disappear and vanish, and our Charges will begin to lessen, which though for many Years they have been great, yet were they our very Security.  
Since therefore our public Charges, as well as our public Hazards, will decline together, (unless evil and foolish Men, by clamouring unseasonably against them, entail them upon themselves and us too) Let us unite in Amity and Friendship; and forget all Names of Distinction, and decline all peevish and clandestine Projects one against another: Then assuredly will our Enemies be weakened and infatuated by our Reconciliation, and our own Interests be strengthened and established; So that every discreet Observer may say with Holy David: Behold! How good and joyful a thing it is, for Brethren to dwell together in Unity.  
FINIS.   

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