AN ARGUMENT, SHOWING That 'tis Impossible for the NATION to be Rid of the GRIEVANCES Occasioned by the Marshal of the KING'S-BENCH, and Warden of the FLEET, without an Utter Extirpation of their present Offices.  
WITH PROPOSALS FOR A New Constitution Of those Offices.  
By way of Letter to a Member of Parliament.  
Cuncta prius tentanda; sed immedicabile vulnus,  
Euse recidendum est, ne pars sincera trahatur.  Ovid Met. Lib. 1. 
London, Printed for Richard Standfast, Bookseller, near Temple-Bar. MDCXCIX.   

TO Sir William Duncombe, Bar.  
SIR,  
THO' I have not the Honour of an Acquaintance with you, yet since I found your Name in the Printed Votes, as a Petitioner for Redress, against the Warden of the Fleet, and that you were so great an Instance, of the Oppression which the Gentry of England, as well as the Tradesmen, and Commonalty, labour under; I presumed to Affix your Name to these Papers, which I'm sure are wrote with no other Design, than to Advance the Public Advantage, by endeavouring to Suppress a Nest of Pestilent Vipers, who have Stung, and been equally Pernicious, to all Ranks and Degrees of Men, except only those who have nothing to lose. The Riches of England consists in Land and Trade, which are the Pillars of the Government, and must be Maintained and Supported, but both are Weakened, and Terribly Shaken, by the Defect in Execution of the Legal Process; Lands have lost their Ancient Value, and do not Answer the Profits as formerly: For how many Knavish Tenants do continually decline to pay their Rents, or go off with good round Sums in their Pockets, and when their Landlords call 'em to Account, and fling 'em into the Country Gaol, the next News they hear, is of a Habeas Corpus, to Remove 'em to the King's-Bench or Fleet, and in a Fortnight's time, down they come, and take another Farm next Hedge to their former Landlords. As for the City (where Trade does chief flourish) That Suffers infinitely more, for as Differences on Contracts and Bargains do arise, so there are more frequent Opportunities of Repairing to the Law for Satisfaction: And one would think that an honest Debt for Goods Sold and Delivered, should be Paid, but unless a Man will be a Law to himself, (which we can hardly hope for in this degenerate Age) there is no Money to be had; the Creditor may Arrest him, and have Judgement against him, and Charge him in Execution; and what then? Why then he comes Abroad, and there's an end of the matter.  
— pudet haec opprobia nobis  
Et dici potuisse, & non potuisse refelli.  
I ever thought that Trade had been the Darling of the English Nation, and shall we tamely see such Rapes▪ and Violences Committed on her, who ought certainly to be Cherished and Improved with all the Tenderness and Care imaginable? 'Twas the Policy of our Ancestors to respect her as the Guardian-Angel of their Island; and shall the present Fathers of our Country now look on with Vnconcern? Can they behold these Horrid Violations, and not at all be moved! Certainly they can't Imagine but that such Wretched Treatment must mightily Discourage Trade: It can't but strike a Damp upon the Careful Merchant, and the Industrious Tradesman, when they Consider, That after all their Pains and Sedulous Application, the Labours of some Years may all be lost in fewer Moment's: For they are forced to seek Returns by Sale of their Commodities with reasonable Profit, and for this, Credit must necessarily be given: Now if they happen to Trust a Knave, (as, modestly speaking, 'tis two to one but they do) their Prime Cost is also gone and sunk, for 'tis plain there's no Remedy to Recover it; what is this but a Stab into the very Heart of Trade? I'm told it was a regard to Trade which was one of the principal Motives, that induced the Parliament to Suppress the late pretended Privileged Places, where the Law was Cramped in the Execution, and consequently Trade received a vast prejudice: But 'tis in vain to destroy some Nuisances, if they leave others still remaining, which are worse, and more Dangerous: As the Wounds of Friends strike Deeper, and are more Fatal than those of Open Enemies: And as Extortions by Colour of Offices and Justice are greater Offences than downright Exactions; for that they pretend Law (the greatest Blessing of the Subject) for the Countenance of Villainy and Wrong.  
But I hope the Parliament will take this particular also into Consideration, That the whitefriars and Mint are not Crushed, so long as the Prisons of the King's-Bench and Fleet are in Being; for 'tis now become a Common Practice for Bankrupts and Cheating Knaves themselves to run into one, as they did into the other for Shelter and Protection.  
I am, SIR, Your Humble Servant, J. B.   

An ARGUMENT, showing, That 'tis Impossible for the Nation to be Rid of the Grievances Occasioned by the Marshal of the King's-Bench, and Warden of the Fleet, without an Utter Extirpation of their present Offices. With Proposals for a New Constitution of those Offices, etc.  
SIR,  
SINCE I am informed that the Grand Inquest of the Nation hath Resolved (once more) to take the Abuses of the King's-Bench Prison, and Fleet, into Consideration, I thought it my Duty, as an English Man, who by Birthright am Entitled to all the Benefits of the Noblest Constitution in the World, to offer my Sentiments, in Order to have these Grievances Redressed; which have so long Eclipsed the Glory of it, by depriving us of the Fruit and Execution of the Law; which Consequently must Languish and Expire, since it is Wounded in the Vital Part, for Executio Legis est Anima Legis. And without the Soul, the Letter of it is but a Dead Carcase, which can't preserve, nor be preserved from Ruin; so that a Failure of Justice itself must necessarily follow, than which, there can't be a greater Scandal and Reproach to Government: I shall Entertain you no longer upon a Subject which is so Obvious to Common View; neither shall I recite to you the particular Villainies and Oppressions of the Marshal and Warden, for to Rake into Dunghills and their Prisons are the same thing, nought but Stench and Noisomeness can thence arise; besides we ought to take those Matters for granted, since the late Act of Parliament does expressly set forth in the Preamble:  
That by reason of the many grievous Extortions, and ill Practices of such Persons, who have for several Years last passed respectively Executed the Offices of Marshal of the King's-Bench, and Warden of the Fleet, both Creditors and Debtors have been notoriously Abused, and the good Intents of the Law wholly Eluded.  
And, Sir, I am sorry to say such a Fatality attends those Prisons, that even the good Intent of that Statute seems also to be wholly Eluded, as well as that of the Common Law: The Complaints of this Sessions do abundantly testify the Truth of this Assertion, for tho' in pursuance of that Statute some Persons have Recovered Judgements in Actions of Escapes, against those Officers, yet here also they are come to their Journeys end, and after all their Tedious and Expensive Travel, find nought but Labour for their Pains: So that all those excellent Provisions against those Grievances are rendered Useless and Insignificant, and all the mighty Advantages which that Act was thought to Produce prove Imperfect and Abortive, and our great Expectations are Dwindled into Air.  
Thus I have given you a short State of this Malignant Distemper, which has so long raged in the Bowels of the Body Politic, a Distemper not in its Infancy, it has been growing on us for some Ages past, and is arrived now to its full Strength and Vigour, it seems to be Radicated in the Blood, and dares Maintain its Post Bravado like, and bids Defiance to the feeble Acts of vulgar Physic; so that the Common Law having been baffled by this Potent Enemy, the Legislature must be called upon for Aid. And nothing under Heaven but the Power and Wisdom of an English Parliament can stop the Progress of so Inveterate a Canker to the Common Wealth: And I submit it to their Consideration whether they must not now pursue the same Methods in this mighty Cure, as some Physicians use in Chronical Diseases, where all the Nervous Juices, and the whole Mass of Nature are Corrupted (Viz.) a Through Flux, that the whole Malignancy may be rooted up, and a new Stream of Blood run in fresh and untainted Channels. And therefore unless there be an Entirely New Constitution in these Offices, unless their Old Bottom and Foundation be not only Shaken, but totally Destroyed; I am of Opinion that all other Remedies will be but patching, we may be Eased a while from Pain, but the rank Poison still remains, and will soon get Head again in spite of all those Temporary Applications.  
Now, Sir, to come to the main Point, in Order for a Redress, I take the First Step towards it, to be an Enquiry into the Cause of this Mischief, and for this we must Trace the Original Fountain, from whence these Offices proceed: And I take it that in their Primitive State they were derived from the King, who being Entrusted with the whole Executive part of the Law, thought fit to Grant those Offices by Letters Patents, either for Life, as Henry the Fourth did to William Finborough, 2 Rol. Abr. 152. Or in Fee-Tail, as Henry the Sixth did to the Duke of Norfolk, 39 Hen. VI 34. Or sometimes for a Term of Years, as King James the First did to Sir James Elphinstone, tho' this was adjudged a void Grant, 9 Rep. 96. And last of all, these Offices were Granted in Fee-Simple: And the First Grant of this Nature of the Marshal's Office that I have met with, was by King Charles the First, to Sir John Lenthall, under whose Title the present Proprietors Claim. What I Observe from these Grants is this, That those who first advised the Kings of England to Grant such Estates in those Offices to Private Persons, might be good Courtiers, but I am sure they were but indifferent Patriots, they Consulted their Prince's Profit, and perhaps raised a good Sum for the present, but they forgot their country's Interest, and had no regard to Posterity, for by Granting such long and absolute Estates, great Inconveniencies to the Public have Ensued.  
As First, That such Estates being Inheritances, the Owner may make 'em Subect to Judgements, Mortgages, and other Encumbrances; from which Two Mischiefs do arise: One, That this Office may be under continual Distraction, always tearing to Pieces by the several Creditors, by which the safe Custody of the Prisoners must be neglected: And the Other, That no Creditor knows against whom to bring his Action for an Escape, for that those Encumbrances are made in Secret, and always Shifting from one to another, industriously to Cheat the Plaintiff, so that the Profits of the Office cannot possibly be reached; and 'tis no answer to say, there is a Marshal and Warden constantly Sworn, whose Bodies are liable to the Plaintiffs Action; for the Body when in Prison is no Satisfaction, but only a Pledge for the Debt till it be Satisfied: Besides the Bodies also of the Marshal and Warden are Privileged from being taken in Execution; and so it was Resolved in Sid. Rep. 68  
And I would put this Case, Suppose the Warden of the Fleet, who hath his Office in Fee, Die, his Son and Heir being at that time Imprisoned there, and the Office descends to him, being in Prison, now the Law Judges him to be immediately at Large, tho' he has Fetters on his Feet, because he cannot keep himself in Prison. There's another Case in Plowden, fol. 37. And that is, Where a Woman is Warden of the Fleet by Descent or Purchase, and one in Prison Marries the Feme, who is Warden, the Law Adjudges him out of Prison, for he cannot be in Ward to his Wife, (tho' perhaps some others are) so that here is also a Lawful Escape, tho' it seems a little Odd that Right and Wrong should be the same thing, and joined together: Yet 'tis so here, for an Escape is certainly Tortuous and Unjust, and yet for an Inheritance to Descend, and for a Woman to Marry is surely rightful and just: Then for the Declaration in this Action of Escape against either of 'em, it must be a Special one indeed, for the Plaintiff Declares; That the Son or the Husband, being in Custody, did so negligently keep himself that he did permit himself to go at large against the Plaintiffs consent, etc. Ay, and against his own Consent to, for the Law would have it so, whether he would or no: The Son was only Passive, and suffered the Inheritance to Descend upon him; and 'tis hard a Man should be punished for having an Estate. The Husband indeed was Active and pushed forward to Matrimony, but 'tis as hard that he should be punished for a Righteous and Holy Act.  
I have dwelled the longer upon these Cases, for that I conceive they give a lively Instance of the Difficulties which the Grants of those Offices in Fee, have brought upon the Common Law, which are no less than the Subversion of Fundamentals, for the very Definition of the Law itself is destroyed; Lex est Sanctio sancta jubens honesta & prohibens contraria, by these Examples the Law forbids honest things, and commands unjust and absurd things; that is, not to Marry, nor to have an Estate of Inheritance Descend upon the Heir, what is this but Jargon and Contradiction to the last Degree?  
These, and many other Defects were Incorporated with the first Institution of these Offices, upon the Foundation of Inheritance, but as in other Cases, so in this, Ex uno dato absurdo mille sequuntur; and certainly a thousand Tricks, Frauds, sham's and Rogueries, with a long Train of Oppressions, Extortions, Rapines, and unheard of Cruelties have been Occasioned by that Fatal Grant, Witness so many hundred Families of English Freeborn Subjects, both of Creditors and Debtors, who by these Merciless Harpies have been Compelled, much against their Wills, to Agree in the same Funeral Pile of Common Ruin; so that if there can be any Motives from the Topics of Honour, Justice and Compassion, sufficient to Engage the Fathers of our Country for an Effectual Redress of all these Wrongs, certainly they are to be found here, or no where in the World: I am very sensible that the Parliament hath already Interposed, as appears by the Act made in the Eighth and Ninth of His present Majesty. But my Complaint is, That the Incomparable and Excellent Design of that Act is altogether frustrated, the Remedy is not advanced, nor the Mischief at Common Law suppressed: And therefore 'tis, that I pray a Melius Inquirendum, That our Great and Wise Legislators, would Indulge us with a Bill of Review, in Order to Re-examine the whole Matter, and to make a strict Enquiry into the Grounds and Causes upon which so Noble a Design Miscarried: And this leads me to the Consideration of the late Act of Parment.  
First, It is Enacted, That all Prisoners, who are, or shall be Committed to the Custody of the Marshal of the King's-Bench Prison, or Warden of the Fleet, shall be actually Detained in the said Prisons of the King's-Bench and Fleet, or the respective. Rules of the same. And if the said Marshal or Warden shall permit and suffer any Prisoner, Committed to their Custody, either on Mesne Process, or Execution, to Go, or be at Large, out of the Rules of their respective Prisons (except by Virtue of Habeas Corpus, or Rule of Court, which Rule shall not be Granted but by Motion made, or Petition read in Open Court) every such going, or being out of the said Rules shall be Adjudged and Deemed to be an Escape.  
I am at a loss what is meant by these Rules; neither can I find one of the Old Law Books, that will furnish me with an Exposition of that Word, in reference to Prisons: Indeed the Rule of Law is the Measure and Standard of it, which is grounded upon the most solid and refined Reason imaginable, a Reason acquired by long Study, Observation and Experience: But the other sort of Rules are the Reverse and Antipodes of the Rule of Law; the one is an Opposite and flat Contradiction to the other: There is so vast and wide a Difference between them, that they are no more to be Reconciled than the North and Southern Poles, for the Rules of these Prisons do plainly Trample upon all the Rules in Law.  
Sir, I will only give you a few Instances, for I labour to be short, and am afraid to exceed the bounds of an Epistle: I shall first quote to you the Case of Sir George Reynell in my Lord Coke 9 Rep. 97. where 'tis Resolved by the Judges, that this very Office of the Marshal of the King's-Bench Prison, was an Office of great Trust, annexed to the Person, and concerns the Administration of Justice, and the Life of the Law, which are to keep those who are in Execution, in salva & arcta Custodia, to the end that they may the sooner pay their Debts, etc. And in the same Book, fol. 87. it is said, That every Keeper ought to Secure his Prisoner in salva & arcta Custodia, so that such Prisoner by the Common Law, shall avoid a Descent, Cast, or Fine Levied, during his Imprisonment, because the Law presumes in respect of his strict Ward, he cannot have Conusance of the Disseisin, or Fine to Command an Entry, or Claim to be made; and so are the Old Books, Bracton l. 6. 3. f. 436. Britton 116. and Fleta l. 6. c. 52, 53. Now let us consider the Nature of the Rules of those Prisons, and make our Application: Those Rules than do contain such a particular Space of Ground Adjacent to the Prisons, as the Rules of the King's-Bench do Comprehend; The Park, St. George's-street, and some other Places: And the Rules of the Fleet, Ludgate-hill, the Old-Baily, etc. In any of these Places, 'tis Lawful for the Prisoners (if they may he called so) of either of those Prisons to Reside: And in Fact abundance of 'em are, to the great Expense and Vexation of themselves and Creditors, Lodged up and down within these Rules: First, to their own Expense, for that they not only pay Rend for their Lodgings with their Landlord, but they must also give Extravagant, and Excessive Rates for a Chamber, which they are supposed to have within the Prison. Indeed the late Act has reduced the Old Exorbitant Rates to Two Shillings and Six Pence per Week, and that not to be Paid neither, unless they are in actual Possession of such Chamber, within the Prison; and if the Marshal, or Warden, demands any greater Rent, he Forfeits Twenty Pound: One would have thought, that these Words being so plain and express, this Mischief had been Redressed, but 'tis still the same, the Name is only changed, for the poor Prisoner must pay according to the Ancient Rate, only now, no Rent is demanded, but all is Sheltered under the Notion of Civility-Money, and if he does not Discharge this Acknowledgement, the Myrmidons will quickly Drag him into the real Prison, and teach him better Manners. This Contrivance puts me in mind of the Old Romish Priests, upon whom my Lord Coke has this Observation, That for some Ages together, they still found some Evasions to Creep out of the Statutes of Mortmain: But Henry the Eighth took a true Method to Obviate this, and other Mischiefs, which those Locusts in the Common Wealth had introduced, by pulling 'em up, both Root and Branch. Then as to their Creditors, it can't but be a mighty Vexation to them, to think that after all their Trouble and Costs at Law, to Charge their Debtors in Execution, by which they proposed only the Confinement of their Bodies; that yet notwithstanding all their Endeavours, they should in spite of 'em have their Liberty, it can't but Teaz an honest Tradesman to his Soul to see his Debtor, under Condemnation, Strut it with his Sword, and Nose him at his very Door: That this is Fact no Body can deny; for 'tis the Daily Practice of all those pretended Prisoners in the Rules, to walk where they please in all the several Parts of the Town, and to be sure they'll Cross the Street on purpose to put their Creditors on the Fret, and Brave it to their Faces: Besides some Creditors on Ludgate-hill are so unfortunate, as to have their Debtors come and Live next Door to them; perhaps the Creditor and Debtor may Lodge in the same House, and this is worse than only losing the Debt, for he's Laughed at to boot: Can this Creditor think any thing, but that the Law is a Jest? He can't think it in Earnest sure, when it calls his Debtor's Lodging there an Imprisonment, and his Debtor a Prisoner; for by the same Parity of Reason the Creditors Lodging is also a Prison, and the Creditor himself is become a Prisoner: He may well cry out, this is a Dream, or else we live in an Age of Miracles and Contradictions.  
But, Sir, that which I insist on is, That not only the Going of these Sham-Prisoners out of those Places they call the Rules, but also their Living within 'em, out of the Prison, is an Escape in Law, But I must not be understood to mean, that their being out of the Prisons of the King's-Bench and Fleet only is an Escape, if they are in any other Prison it is well enough. I know it was Adjudged in Cro. Car. 210. that the King's-Bench Prison was not Local, but any Place where a Man is Restrained of his Liberty is a Prison, and in the same Book, fol. 266. It is Resolved, by all the Judges of England, That the Wardon of the Fleet, and the Marshal of the King's-Bench, may keep their Prisoners in any other Place of the County: But then they ought to be kept as Prisoners, Sub salva & arcta Custodia: Whereas in our Case, 'tis not pretended that they are in Custody within these Rules, nor that there is any manner of Keeper with 'em, they have the same Freedom and Liberty of Egress and Regress with other Persons, to Go, and Come when they please, without any manner of Guard du Corpse attending of 'em; perhaps some of the more Cautious, when they are to go Abroad amongst their Creditors, will now and then take a Follower with 'em; but however in point of Law, this won't do neither, for 'tis Adjudged in Boyton's Case, the 3 Rep. 44. and so is my Lord Dyer 278. and Hub. 202. That if the Sheriff suffer the Prisoner to go abroad with a Bailiff or Keeper, yet this is an Escape, for that he ought to be kept in Safe and Straight Custody, which can't be said when his Arms and Legs are at Liberty, with his Sword by his Side, and only one Scoundrel to Attend him.  
There are Multitudes of Authorities, which show the Strictness and Severity of the Law, as to the Confinement of the Prisoner's Body: And the Political Reason of this Rigorous Usage is, That the Prisoner, being uneasy under it, might the sooner be induced to regain his Liberty, by Discharging his Just and Honest Debts. So that since the Rules of these Prisons do directly Subvert the Good and Ancient Maxims of the Common Law, it will certainly be worth the Enquiry of the Committee, to know when, and by what Authority these Rules were first set on Foot; and whether the present Use of 'em does Answer to their Original Institution, I Confess I have Endeavoured to Trace 'em to the Fountain, from whence they first Sprung; but the first and only Book where I find the Rules taken Notice of, is in Sid. Rep. 384. where 'tis said by my Lord Chief Justice Keeling, That by reason of the Removal from other Prisons, there being more Prisoners than the Kings-Bench Prison could contain, therefore the Prison was Enlarged, by the Direction of the Court, which Enlargement is called the Rules, which are Houses Adjacent, Hired by the Marshal.  
So that here the Authority appears, by which they were introduced, (viz.) by the Direction of the Court, and I don't see any harm in this Direction, if it was only to Enlarge his Prisonhouse, or to keep the Prisoners in another House, and Place, provided they are kept in Safe Custody. But what if these Rules of late Years are Degenerated, and are quite of another Nature, from those which were at first Allowed? For now the Rules are not Hired Houses by the Marshal, nor any part of a Prison, they scorn the Scandal of that opprobrious Name, the Gentlemen only take Lodgings for their Conveniency, within certain Places called the Rules. And what if these Rules, as they are Established upon this new Bottom, should also be Approved of by the Rule and Direction of the Court? Why truly, if the Case should be so, I take it clearly, That this Rule, and Direction of the Court, is against the Law of England. This may seem a little roundly Expressed, and perhaps may look somewhat Peremptory to those who don't Consider, That the Judges are but Men, & Humanum est Errare, says my Lord Coke, the great Oracle of our Law, who himself could not escape being Censured, especially in the Zenith of his Court Preferments: So the Lord Chief Justice Keeling was mistaken in Point of Law, when he Fined, and Committed some of the Jury to Prison, for not giving a Verdict to his Mind, which Error he acknowledged upon his Knees at the Bar of the House of Commons: So it appears, in 1 Sid. 218. that the whole Court of King's-Bench, mistook the Law, when by their Rule they Imposed a Watch and Ward in Westminster, and laid a Tax upon the Inhabitants, to defray the Expense of it; This was indeed a pretty bold Stroke, or certainly a Prodigious Mist clouded their Understandings, for every vulgar Eye might at first Glance discover the Weakness of that Rule, which was made in direct Opposition, of the great Privilege of Parliament, and I wonder they escaped the severest Censure of it: But my Lord Chief Justice Scroggs had not so good luck, for one of the Articles of Impeachment against him was, for that he had caused an Illegal and Arbitrary Rule, to be Entered in the Court of King's-Bench, against the Printing of the Weekly Packet of Advice from Rome; 'twas his Misfortune, but the Nation's Happiness, that he lived at a time, when the Parliament would not suffer the meanest Englishman to be Oppressed with Impunity: It was that Immortal and Prophetic Parliament, commonly called the Exclusion Parliament. And since I chance to mention that Generous and Heroic Senate, I can't forbear making this short Observation: It was, Cassandra-like, theirs, and the whole Nation's unspeakable Calamity, not to be believed; for which Stubborn, and vastly Pernicious, and only not Fatal Blindness of the Church, (for there it went) What a Chain of Horrors, Darkness, and Confusions did Ensue? What a Scene of Tragical Tyrannies and Depredations, were every where Displayed throughout the British Isle? Our Civil Rights were Lost, and entirely Swallowed up by that Voracious Monster, called, Prerogative of the Crown, and our Religious ones, were reduced to the very Brink and Precipice of Destruction: But when the Church looked down and saw the great Abyss in which they were Eternally to sink; then they Cried out for help, and Providence brought 'em an Assistance, which hath ('tis true) Redeemed us, but not without the Expense of Millions of Sacrifices Offered up, not of Beasts, as those of the Ancients were, but of the Noblest Human Blood and Treasure.  
But after this small Digression to pursue the Thread of my Discourse, I was giving you some Instances, where the Courts in Westminster-Hall have given Signal Proofs of their Fallibility: And what I infer from hence is; That the Rules of Court ought not to be taken upon Trust, nor as if they were undoubtedly Legal, because they are Rules of Court: And therefore if any such have been made, in respect of the Rules of the Fleet, and King's-Bench Prisons, it may be reasonable for a Parliament to Inquire into the Justice and Validity of them. And this brings me to Consider that other part of the Enacting Clause, where 'tis said,  
That no Prisoner shall be suffered to go at large, except by Virtue of some Habeas Corpus, or Rule of Court; which Rule of Court shall not be Granted but by Motion made, or Petition read in Open Court, etc.  
So that if there be a Rule of Court for it, a Prisoner now may lawfully go abroad: This is, I Confess, an Extraordinary Clause, and looks as if a Judge himself, or at least some Body who was pretty sure of being one, had Penned it, for it gives the Court an Arbitrary, or which Tantamounts', a Discretionary Power, to Release all the Prisoners in England. I don't say, or believe, that they will ever Exert it to such a height: But why should the Court have a Power to do it if they please? Why should the Debtors Restraint any more than the Creditors Liberty be Precarious? Since the same Laws are the Measures of both, and a Violation of the one may soon be followed by a Violation of the other; for they who have an Absolute Power to give Liberty, may in time pretend to that of Restraint. 'Tis true, we are Secure from all Apprehensions of this Nature, during the present Government, who may doubtless Challenge all the Reigns since the Conquest, to produce a more August and Reverend Bench for Learning, Temper and Integrity: So that it seems the peculiar Happiness of His Majesty's mighty Genius, to be Blessed with Council at Home, equal to the Success of his Arms Abroad, that he might Triumph both in Peace and War.  
But 'tis Posterity that I am labouring for: What if in process of time a Deluge of Oppression, and Tyranny, should again Overwhelm us? What if such a Sett of precious Judges should be trumpt up as the late Reign produced? Some of which were the Scum and Refuse of the Law, a Disgrace and Scandal to the Robes they Wore, and all (but one) were base Deserters of their country's 'Cause, and were culled out for no other End, but to put the great Machine of Arbitrary Power into Motion, which they did effectually Perform, by prostituting the Laws, Religion, Honour, and Justice of the English Nation, to the Vile Lust of a Superstitious and Despotic Monarch.  
But as I was Observing, how Dangerous would it be to Intrust such a Power in the Hands of Renegado and Apostate Judges, who might Raise Vast and Immense Sums, by Granting such Rules of Enlargement? If the late Lord Chief Justice Sir Robert W. had been Invested by Act of Parliament with such a Discretionary Power, he might in his great Wisdom have thought it an Easier, and more Honourable Way of Supplying his Necessities; than by Mortgaging his Estate a Second time, and adding Perjury to the Bargain, by making an Affidavit, that 'twas free from all Encumbrances; besides, he might have thought this Power a Perquisite to his Place; and that he might Justify this Method of making up the Loss of his Salary, the greatest part of which went on t'other side of the Hall.  
I know it may be Objected, That never such a General Rule of Enlargement was made, nor perhaps ever thought on before, or since the making of the Act (tho' I shall quote one by and by, which was made long before that Act, and comes pretty near it) and that this Rule of Court, which is Excepted in the Act, is commonly understood of Day-Rules, and that only such are Granted: Tho' I should acknowledge this to be true, yet it admits of an easy Answer; for I am only Arguing that the Court May Grant a General Rule of Enlargement, by Virtue of this Act, and so they May Grant other Rules by Virtue of it: As for Instance, I don't see but the Court may now Grant a Rule to bring up a Prisoner to be a Witness at a Trial at Bar, or to carry him to York, to be a Witness at a Trial there, or upon any other Occasion the Court shall think proper: Whereas before the late Act, I do not think such a Rule was sufficient, to Secure the Keeper from an Action of Escape. There is an Authority to this purpose in 1 Sid. 13. That if a Habeas Corpus ad testificandum be directed to a Gaoler, to bring up a Prisoner, who is in Execution, to be a Witness: If the Gaoler by Virtue of this Writ brings the Prisoner, yet this is an Escape, for which he is Answerable, and why should a Rule of Court have a greater prevalence, and force, than the King's Writ, which has been Established by the Common Law, time Immemorial.  
But pray let us Consider a little the Nature of these Day-Rules, and how far they will stand the Test of a Legal Examination. This Rule, it seems, is made every Day in Term, upon Motion, or Petition, in which it is Suggested by the Prisoners, that they have Extraordinary Occasions to go Abroad, to Direct their Attorneys, and Advise with Council about their Business, and the like: Upon this the Court makes a Rule for them accordingly, but 'tis supposed they are to have a Keeper with 'em, tho' if they have, that will not alter the Case. But the question is, Whether the Common Law does Allow, that a Prisoner in Execution may be permitted in any Case to go, and Advise with his Council, tho' it may be about Matters which relate to the Cause of his Imprisonment? And I conceive that the Common Law does not Indulge any such Liberty: And for this, I rely on Two Substantial Authorities; The First is in Plowden's Commentaries 360. where 'tis said, that a Man in Prison, hath not liberty to go at Large, to make his Entry or Claim, or to seek Council. The Other is in Co. Lit. 259. where 'tis also said, That a Man Imprisoned shall not be bound by a Descent, for that by the Intendment of Law, he is kept without Intelligence of things Abroad, and hath not Liberty to make his Entry or Claim, or to seek for Council. I'll quote one Case more, and that is Mostin's Case, in my Lord Dyer 297. which was this, Mostin being in Execution in the Fleet, the Lord Treasurer, and the Barons of the Exchequer, Commands, by their Order, or Rule of Court, that the Warden should let the Prisoner go at Large, accordingly the Prisoner was let lose; but the Warden in those times paid for't in an Action of Escape, brought against him in the Common Pleas, where his Justification under the Rule of Court was not Allowed. So that here's a Precedent of a General Rule of Enlargement; and what has been done, may be done, especially when the Statute hath by so strong an Implication, given the Court Power and Authority, to make such another Rule, if they think fit.  
I shall Conclude this Head, with an Observation, how much this Modern Practice of letting Prisoners go at Large by Day-Rules, differs from the Ancient Usage, for in the Year-Book of the 39 Hen. VI 33. is this remarkable Passage, That the Court of King's-Bench, used every Term, Once, or Twice, to send the Coroner to the Marshal's Prison, to see all the Prisoners, and if any of them were wanting, he Marked their Names in a Book, and Informed the Judges of it, and upon this, the Court would ask the Marshal what was become of his Prisoners, and if he could not show a sufficient Cause, to Excuse himself, the Court did Record the Escapes of every one of 'em upon him. A very laudable Custom, and if it were Revived at this Day, we need not be ashamed of the Old Fashion.  
But this would Redound too much to the Marshal's disadvantage, who, by these Day-Rules alone, may easily get Two Hundred Guinea's a Term, for tho' the Prisoners have a Rule, (which the Marshal himself is very Solicitous to procure for 'em) yet there is no Stirring without coming to some Agreement with him; and suppose the Bargain to be struck up for a Hundred Prisoners, at Two Guinea's a Head, it comes to that Sum, and all that he pays out of these Vast Perquisites, is only a few New-Years-Gifts, and such like Trifles; perhaps the Clerk of the Rules may also have a small Acknowledgement for his great Favours.  
Sir, by this time I hope you are satisfied, That the Commencement of this Act, hath but an indifferent Aspect, and for this reason I do not expect any great Benefit from the other parts of it; for we have this Maxim in the Law, Quae malo inchoata sunt Principio, vix bono peraguntur fine; and I doubt this will Appear too Obvious, when we come to consider the Conclusion of this Act. But by the way, I cannot but take Notice of that Clause, by which all Conveyances, and all Trusts, and Declarations of Trusts, etc. any way relating to the Offices of Marshal or Warden, are to be Enrolled: The Mischief at Common Law was, that there were so many Secret Trusts of those Offices, such frequent Shift, and Transferring of the Mortgages, and other Securities, to which the Profits were Subject, that 'twas Morally Impossible, for the Plaintiff to know, against whom to bring his Action, or to have any Remedy: And there were always Private Articles between the Superior Marshal or Warden, or the Person who had their Interest, and the Temporary Marshal or Warden, who did actually Officiate; by which the Rents, and Profits, were totally Reserved to the Superiors, and the others, were Obliged upon all Occasions to follow their Directions, and to give up and Surrender at Command: So that these Underlings have all along been only Servants, and mere Tools, nothing but Statues set up to receive the Shot of the Creditors, and to Screen their Masters from any harm; and when one is Pierced through and through, down he Tumbles, and another such Log is Advanced in his Room.  
But besides there is this to be Considered, That tho' the Plaintiff does know who is the Superior Warden or Marshal, or to whom the Profits of these Offices are Subject, or Conveyed in Mortgage, or in Trust, etc. yet whether this Knowledge would now better his Case, in respect of any Action to be brought, or of his having any other Remedy?  
'Tis true, the Stat. of Westm. 2 Car. 11. is express, That where the Inferior Officer is not sufficient, his Superior shall Answer for the Escape of the Prisoner; and that was the Duke of Norfolk's Case, 39 H. 6.34. But against whom shall this Action be brought? If against the Superior, you'll have the same Effect, as if it were against the Inferior; for the Proverb is here Inverted, it being Like Man like Master; you can have nothing but Bones (if you can have that) from either of 'em, Briggs and Lenthall are of the same Leanness, tho' one seems Plumper in the Face than t'other; for the Reversion of these Offices is not so Clear and Free, as it was in the good Days of Henry the Sixth: It has been long since Loaded and Encumbered with Mighty Burdens, it is ready to Sink and Expire beneath the Weight of 'em.  
So that the Superiour's Interest being so far involved in Mortgages and other Encumbrances, let us see whether you have any Remedy against the Persons who Claim under those Titles, and I conceive there is none; for in your Action of Debt against any of them, you must Declare according to the Statute, That since the Custos Gaolae non habeat unde solvat respondeat superior suus qui Custodiam hujusmodi Gaolae sibi Commisit, etc. But the Mortgagee, or Trustee, is not the Superior Marshal or Warden, neither did they know who Committed the Custody of the Goal, for they concern themselves only for the Profits, and not about him who actually Officiates: Besides this would be Confounding Jurisdictions, and Mixing the Courts of Common Law and Equity together, for Mortgages and Trusts are the proper Objects of a Court of Conscience: And indeed, as I conceive, Estates in Trust were not Subject to any Judgement, Statute, or Recognizance at Common Law, until the Statute of Frauds and Perjuries, by which it is Enacted:  
That the Sheriff may make and deliver Execution of all such Lands, Tenements, and Hereditaments, as any other Person or Persons be in any manner of wise Seized or Possessed, in Trust for him against whom Execution is Sued, as the Sheriff might have done, in Case the Party himself had been actually Seized, etc.  
So that since this Statute, if any Person had been Seized of the Reversion of these Offices, in Trust for the Superior Marshal or Warden, no doubt but it would have been liable to Execution, as well in the Hands of one as tother: But this is not our Case, for the trusties here are Seized in Trust for the Mortgagees, or other Persons who Claim under the several Encumbrances, with which these Offices are Charged, by the Superior Marshal or Warden. So that tho' these Titles are Enrolled, yet they afford the Creditor but a Melancholy Prospect, since they are wholly Exempted from, and in point of time Prior to his Action, and consequently must Command Precedency.  
And for the same reason, the mighty hopes of speedy Justice, which People had Conceived of the Sequestration Clause, are also Vanished: The words of it are as follows:  
The Judges shall, after Oath made that the Judgement was obtained without Fraud, upon Motion, Sequester the Fees and Profits of the Office of Marshal and Warden, and in the first place apply the same towards Satisfaction of the Debt or Debts, due from the Prisoner who Escaped.  
This indeed, as well as the last Clause I mentioned, would have been of excellent use in Diebus illis, when the Sky was Serene and Clear, and no Clouds Overshadowed any part of the Office: But now since the whole is covered with Mists, and Obscure Intrigues, the Scene is quite Altered, the Judges are at a loss where to find the Profits, or if they are found out by the enrolment, yet they must be Excused, for they are Pre-ingaged, and all Preingagements must in Justice, as well as Honour, be Allowed of: And therefore tho' the former part of the Statute does positively Affirm, That the Fees and Profits shall, in the first place, be Applied towards Satisfaction of the Prisoner's Debts; yet the latter part does as positively Deny it: For that Saves all the Rights, Titles, Interests, and Securities of Johnson, Boulter, Norwood, etc. which they have in the said Offices, or the Profits thereof.  
And now Their Demands must be first Satisfied, so that this Unfortunate Act of Parliament Commits a Violence on its self, seems to be a Felo de se, and by a Fatal Contradiction, gives its own Heart a Mortal Wound. And after all, Suppose the Judges should Sequester the poor Remnant of the Profits (if any such there be, when all the Preingagements are Discharged) I would then ask this single Question, by whom shall the Marshal or Warden, who does Officiate, be paid his Salary? (for the poor Creature must have a Livelihood) I doubt the Court will want their Officer, unless they can suppose that one Skeleton may live upon another; for by this time both the Office and Officer must be reduced to a mighty thin Contexture. I have now done with this Famous Act of Parliament, of which we were so big with Expectation, and I'm sorry it should be said at last, Parturiunt Montes.  
Having thus made the Way Clear, and I hope given you Convincing Proofs, Drawn from the Sacred Repositories of our Law, that the present Foundation, as well as Management of these Offices, is Diametrically Opposite to the reason of the Common Law, and wholly Inconsistent with the Noble Frame of the English Happy Constitution; I come now to Offer my Humble PROPOSALS to the Parliament for a New and Regular Establishment of these Offices, which in themselves I own are an Essential part of the Common Wealth.  
I. That the present Officers of the King's-Bench and Fleet, the Marshals and Wardens, Superior and Inferior, with all the Train of Rubbish which Attends 'em, may be Dismissed their further Service; and tho' these Miscreants have been such Unprofitable Servants to all Mankind but themselves, and by their Crimes have undoubtedly Incurred a just Forfeiture of all their several Interests, yet that even those who Purchased their Places for Valuable Considerations, should be Reimbursed their Purchase-Money, tho' this is a Favour which they can't pretend a Title to; and that which, perhaps, no other Power upon Earth, but an English Parliament, would Indulge.  
II. That all Mortgages, and other Securities and Encumbrances whatsoever, which have been made really, and bona fide, upon Valuable Considerations, may be Paid Off, and Discharged, with Principal and Interest; which otherwise would have lain an Eternal Dead Weight on the Offices: For to be sure the Marshal and Warden would have kept all Encumbrances still on Foot, on purpose to Secure the Profits thereof from being touched. So that until these Obstacles are Removed, all Endeavours for an Effectual Relief must be Vain, Fruitless, and Insignificant: And I am informed, That the whole Charge that will be requisite upon this Occasion, will not Amount to above Thirty or Forty Thousand Pounds; a small Recompense for a National Benefit; no more than some single Regiments of the Army are to have before they are Disbanded.  
III. The Stage being Clear of these Vermin, like Snails let 'em carry their Houses and Prisons with 'em, for indeed they are not large enough to Contain a Tenth Part of the Prisoners; which I take to be a strong Argument against the possibility of the present Prisons answering the Ends of the Law, (viz.) Confinement, etc. And therefore, as to the Foundation of this New Establishment, in the first place, I Propose the Builing of Two Large and Capacious Prisons, which may be contrived to Contain Three or Four Thousand Men apiece; and in each of these New Prisons a Workhouse, to be set apart, which cannot but turn to a very good Account; for not only our Manufactures might be thereby Improved by so great a Number of Hands, but also abundance of Miserable Wretches, who are in a starving Condition, and forced to Beg through a Grate, would find a Comfortable Subsistence: And besides, there would be this particular Advantage to the whole Nation, That whereas now by the 43 Eliz. c. 2. the Justices of the Peace of every County and Corporation in England, are yearly to Rate every Parish towards the Relief of the Poor Prisoners of the King's-Bench; all this constant Charge and Expense, which has been paid already for near a Hundred Years, will be taken off, which otherwise might continue upon us, as a Rent-Charge, to the End of the World; so that the Nation will Discharge a Debt by this Means. Indeed I have often wondered that there have been no Provisions hitherto made for the Setting poor Prisoners for Debt at Work, and why they should be looked on as Useless and Rotten Members of the Common Wealth, any more than poor Prisoners Committed to Gaol for Felony, and other Misdemeanours, for whom by the 19 Car. II. c. 4. the Justices of the Peace at their General Sessions are to Provide a Stock of such Materials as they think convenient, and sit Persons to Oversee and Set them to Work.  
Now for the Charge of these New Buildings, it may be so Managed as not to cost the Nation a Farthing; for I do not question, but there are Five Hundred Persons in this Town, who would gladly Undertake the Building of these Prisons, on the Terms of being Reimbursed by part of the Profits, which may Arise within the Walls, either by Chamber-Rent, or from the Prisoners Work, or other Methods, as shall be thought fit by Parliament.  
IU. And in Order to Reduce the Number of the King's-Bench and Fleet Prisoners, by preventing the Removal of Prisoners from the Country Prisons: That not Habeas Corpus may be Allowed, unless it be upon some Affidavit made of the Fact, by which it may appear to the Court, or the Judge, what the Nature of the Cause is, for which he was Committed, and if it appears to have been upon any Mesne Process, or Execution for Debt, Damages or Costs, etc. that either the Habeas Corpus may be Denied; or if the Matter be doubtful by reason of Cross Affidavits, that the Prisoners may be brought up, and after Examination, be Remanded, as is usual in Criminal Cases: And I can't see what Occasion there is of this Habeas Corpus, when the Prisoner may be as well Charged by a Copy of the Declaration delivered to him, or the Turn-Key in the Country Prison.  
V That the Right of these Prisons may be Vested either in the Crown, under such Limitations and Control of Parliament, as shall be thought proper: And that every Year the Judges should present to the King, the Names of Four Good and Substantial Persons, in the same Manner as they Present the Sheriffs, out of which the King may Choose One, to be the Marshal of the King's-Bench Prison, and another to be Warden of the Fleet. Or, since the old Right which flowed from the Crown hath been Unfortunate, and it may be thought by some, a little Ominous, to have the New one derived from the same Fountain: That then the Fee-Simple of these Offices may be Vested in the Mayor and Commonalty of the City of London, as Superior Marshal and Warden, and that their Sheriffs may be Deputy Marshal and Warden; and may appoint the Keepers of the King's-Bench Prison, and Fleet, in the same Method as they do now the Keepers of their several Prisons within the City: So the Mayor and Citizens of London have the Shrievalty of London in Fee, and the Sheriffs of London are Guardians under them, and Removable from Year to Year. And in this Case the Sheriffs of London are Guardians of the Prisons and Gaols, and the Mayor and Citizens are their Superiors; and if the Sheriffs are not Solvent to Answer Escapes, the Mayor and Citizens are responsible for them, and this Appears in the 2 Instit. 382. And I take this to be the best and most excellent Model, as having so certain and undoubted a Fund, to Answer all Escapes which can possibly happen: And I am apt to believe, That the greatest part of the Citizens (who doubtless have suffered most by the Mismanagement of the present Officers) would be very willing of a New Constitution upon this Bottom, and would no more fear the Danger of Escapes, than they do at present; one of which does hardly happen in an Age out of any of the City Prisons.  
VI Since there must necessarily be a great Expense to the Marshal and Warden within the Prisons, in Servants and other Conveniencies, and also the Danger of Answering Escapes out of 'em; I doubt there must be a Considerable Allowance, sufficient to Encourage a Person of Worth and Substance to so great an Undertaking; I presume it must be Two Thousand Pounds per Annum, at least, for each Officer: But the particular Sum, and the Methods of Raising it, must be left to the Debates of Parliament.  
VII. That no Marshal or Warden shall hold his Place above One Year: These Offices are of such Vast Importance to the Welfare of the Public, and the Trust Reposed in those Officers Hands, is of such Inestimable Value, it being no less than the Life of the Law itself, that I think no Man can pretend to Conduct and Integrity enough, to be Entrusted with such a Treasure for his Life: There's no one can say, but in a long Series of Years, as his External Goods are Subject to the Turns and Strokes of Fortune, so the Constancy of his Mind, may, by continual Attacks, at last be shaken: But in a Years time there may be few Temptations Offered; and who would Embrace 'em, and draw upon himself and Family an Age of Trouble and Misfortune, for a small Gain, which cannot last above a Year?  
VIII. That if this Right be Invested in the Crown, the King shall not Nominate any Person above the Degree of a Baronet, to be Marshal or Warden; and for the more effectual preventing of any pretences to any Privilege of being Exempted from Actions, etc. no Marshal or Warden shall be capable of being Chosen a Member of Parliament; Two such Trusts at the same time seem Incompatible; at least they are too Weighty to be Managed by one and the same Person, to the general Satisfaction: Besides, as it has been lately Observed by a Judicious and Learned Author, All Wise Governments endeavour, as much as possible, to keep the Legislative and Executive parts Asunder, that they may be a Check upon one another.  
IX. That Annually at Christmas, (or any other time) certain Persons of known Honour and Integrity, may be Commissionated under the Great Seal of England, to Inspect the Management of these Offices, and to Examine into all Abuses and Irregularities of the Marshal and Warden, or any of their Inferior Officers, and to make their Report of the same at the next Sessions of Parliament (if there be none then in being:) And it may be well worth the Consideration of our Legislators, Whether a Triennial Visitation in this Nature throughout the Realm, of all Temporal Officers and Ministers, who are concerned in the Administration of Justice, and Execution of the Laws, would not produce mighty Blessings and Advantages to the Public, We should not then hear such Grievous Complaints against the Corrupt Judgements in Inferior Courts, and the Abominable Extortions of their Officers: Nor should our Ears be Pierced with the Sighs and Groans of a Thousand Poor Unhappy Wretches, who Daily fall into the Clutches of the Little Pettifogging Solicitors, and Bailiffs.  
I shall Conclude with a Recital of part of that great Lawyer and Statesman Sir Nicholas Bacon's Speech, which he made to both Houses of Parliament, as appears in Sir Simon Dew's Journal 152.  
Now to the Execution of Laws made by you, and the rest heretofore by others, I am to remember you, That those Labours, Travel, and Pains taken about the Laws, are all in Vain, and Labour Lost, without the due Execution of them; for a Law without Execution, is but a Body without Life; a Cause without an Effect; a Countenance of a thing, and indeed nothing: Besides the making of Laws without Execution, does very much harm, for that breeds and brings forth Contempt of Laws, and Lawmakers, and of all Magistrates; which is the very Foundation of all Misgovernance, of all Injuries and Injustice, and of all Disorders and Unquietness in the Commonwealth.  
Thus, Sir, I have Ventured through Untrodden Paths, tho' 'tis indeed matter of Astonishment to think, That not one of all our Patriotical Lawyers should have Engaged long since, this great and terrible Leviathan, who thus Disturbs our Peace, and Cracks the Sinews of the Body Politic: (for 'tis a true Observation, That the Laws are the Sinews of Peace, as Moneys are of War.) For my part, all that I can hope for from this poor Attempt, is, That some Strong and Abler Pen may be Encouraged from these small Hints, to undertake the Cause: There can't be a Nobler Field to Exercise all the Faculties of the Mind, and Body; for Wit, Judgement, Manly Strength, and Courage, must all be Summoned to our Aid, against this Great and Common Enemy to the whole People of England: And after all, I'm afraid he'll prove too hard for any particular Body of Men, who dares wage War against so many Millions. We must at last beg the Assistance of the Legislature, and tho' even that, at the first Onset, may give a little Way, and I doubt hath actually received a Foil: Yet I hope 'tis but Antaeus-like, to rise with greater Force and Vigour, and to Correct this daring Insolence of Villainy, that could pretend to Grapple with Almighty Power; for in respect of our Inferior Orb, such is the Power of an English Parliament.  
Sir, I shall Sum up all with this short Addition, by way of Corollary: That 'tis Visible to the whole World what Prodigious Things our Parliaments have done, since the Happy Revolution: They have fixed Matters of Religion upon a sure, and lasting Foundation; and, to a Miracle, Reconciled the Feuds and Animosities Raised upon that Score: They have Retrenched the Exorbitances of the Prerogative, and Riveted the Liberties of England, by the Bill of Rights; which, as a Second Magna Charta, deserves to be wrote with Characters of Gold: Our Properties have likewise been taken Care of, by several good Acts, and in particular, by that which Reforms the Coin: They have Carried on a War, and Procured a Peace, to the Surprise and Admiration of Europe. But after all these great and wonderful Performances, unless we can Enjoy the Fruits of Peace by a due Administration, and Execution of Justice, they have not finished Half their Work; for the Intestine Tumults and Commotions of a Distempered State, are more Intolerable than a Foreign War. Therefore I am clearly of Opinion, That the Mischiefs, and Distractions, which Daily Arise from these Infernal Offices, are not less Dangerous to our Constitution, than a Standing Army; and since your House is so Unanimous to Disband the One, I can't but think, that upon a serious and due Consideration, they will be as Zealous to Dissipate and Confound the other. And I hope this Parliament will have the Honour of so Great and Glorious a Reformation.  
FINIS.   

BOOKS Printed for Richard Standfast, next Door to the Three-Tun-Tavern, near Temple-Bar.  
THE Debates at Large, between the House of Lords, and House of Commons, at the free Conference held in the Painted-Chamber, in the Session of the Convention, Anno 1688. Relating to the Word Abdicated.  
Adventures of Convent-Garden: In imitation of Scarron's City Romance.  
Love and a Bottle: A New Comedy.