A DISCOURSE And View of VIRGINIA.  
BEfore I enter into the consideration of the advantages this Kingdom of England has by the Plantation in Virginia, I think it necessary to make a short description of the Situation of it, as to the Climate; and then tell what natural helps it has to make it a glorious and flourishing Country: And when this Discourse shall produce a concession of the natural advantages it has above all other His Majesty's Plantations, I shall lay down the Causes, both intrinsic and accidental, why it has not in all this supposed long tract of time produced those rich and staple Commodities, which I shall in this Discourse affirm it is capable of.  
And, First, for the Climate. It lieth within the Degrees of 37. and 42. (Mariland included) which by all is confessed to be a situation capable of the diversities of all Northern and Southern commodities, some Drugs and Spices excepted, which Florida, on whose borders we are newly seated, may also probably produce.  
Into the Bay of Virginia, formerly called Chesapeack Bay, runs six eminent Rivers, none twenty miles distant from another; three of which exceed the Thames, both in extent and progression of the Tides; these cause and continue the admired fertility of the Country, and by their greatness and contiguity temper those heats, which the drier places of Africa are subject to, in the same degrees of latitude.  
Up these River's Ships of three hundred tuns fail near two hundred miles, and anchor in the fresh waters; and by this means are not troubled with those Worms which endamage ships, both in the Western Islands of America, and in the Mediterraneansea. And to avoid a larger discourse of it, I will here note it, that our ships once past the Lands end, are in no danger of Pirates, Rocks or Lee-shores, till they come to their Port, and fewer ships miscarry going to Virginia, then to any Port at that distance in the world.  
Now for those things which are naturally in it, they are these, Iron, Led, Pitch, Tar, Masts, Timber for Ships of the greatest magnitude, and Wood for Pot-ashes.  
Those other Commodities, which are produced by industry, are Flax, Hemp, Silk, Wheat, Barley, Oats, Rice, Cotton, all sorts of Pulse and Fruits, the last of which in that perfection, that if the taste were the only judge, we would not think they were of the same species with those from which they are derived to us from England. The vicious ruinous plant of Tobacco I would not name, but that it brings more money to the Crown, than all the Islands in America besides.  
Now this is ascertained and confessed, that such staple commodities, as Iron, Silk, Flax, Hemp, and Pot-ashes, may be easily raised in Virginia, an high imputation will lie upon us, why we have not all this time endeavoured to evidence the truth and certainty of it, to our own and the public advantage.  
To this I will answer, that the long time of seating of Virginia is a general and popular error: For though the first ships arrived in Virginia in 1606. yet by reason of many almost insuparable difficulties, the increase of the number of Planters was hardly perceptible: For, first, that, as all uncleared Plantations, was unwholesome; then all they eat came from England, and provided for those they never saw nor cared for, was not likely to be very good. Then the Indians quickly grew jealous of them, and forced them to fight for every foot of ground they held, and in the year 1622. in one night murdered all but four or five hundred. So that from that time we must begin the account of the Plantation: nor is this all, for many years after this, the danger and scarcity of the Inhabitants was so famed through England, that none but such as were forced could be induced to plant or defend the place; and of those that came, there was not one woman to thirty men, and populus virorum is of no long duration any where. But since the year 1630. the place began to be of more plenty and security, for the Indians, though not subdued, were terrified to a suspension of arms, the Planters than first began to fence their grounds and plant Corn; the few cattle they had, increased to such numbers, that they were able to help their neighbour Plantations. And now I believe, that there is no Plantation of the English would more abound in cattle, Hogs, and all sorts of Fruit, than Virginia, if they had but a mean price to quicken their industry, and make their providence vigilant.  
An other great imputation lies on the Country, that none but those of the meanest quality and corruptest lives go thither. This to our Maligners we would easily grant, if they would consent to the omen of it; for was not Rome thus begun and composed? and the greatest honour that was given to Romulus and his City was this, that his severity and discipline in his time, made them formidable to their neighbours, and his posterity masters of the world. But this is not all truth, for men of as good Families as any Subjects in England have resided there, as the percies, the Barkleys, the west's, the Gauges, the Throgmortons, Wyat's, Degges, Chickeleys, Moldsworths, Morrisons, Kemp's, and hundred others, which I forhear to name, lest I should misherald them in the Catalogue. But grant it were thus, is this any imputation to the place, that those that come from hence with those ungoverned manners and affections, change them there for sober and thrifty passions and desires, which is evident in most that are there; and those that will either experimentally or morally weigh the nature and conditions of men, shall find, that naturally this change will follow the alteration of our conditions: For who experimentally in England are more prodigal and riotous than the younger brothers of it, who have least Fond to maintain and continue either of them? who less careful of their Estates then those, whose early negligence hath engaged them to the Usurer? and the natural reason is evident, for it is hope and a proposed end that quickens our industry, and bridles our intemperance; but when Cui bono shall be objected, wretchlessness and a desire of present pleasures will invade us: But this is not so in our Plantations; for we find there that if we will be provident and industrious for a year or two, we may provide for our Posterity for many Ages; the manifest knowledge of this makes men industrious and vigilant with us, who here having no Vineyards to dress, stood idle in the Marketplace till the eleventh hour.  
But we will confess, that there is with us a great scarcity of good men; that is, of able Workmen, at whose doors ought this defect to lie? not at ours, who would procure them could they be persuaded at high prices; but indeed our liberty to do good only to ourselves, is the main obstacle of our progress to staple commodities in our Plantations, for only such servants as have been brought up to no Art or Trade, hunger and fear of prisons bring to us, which we must entertain or have none: And I think th●t Lawyer had reason, who being chid by the Judge for often bringing scandalous causes before him; told him, they were the best he could get to be brought to him.  
Had the Dutch Virginia, they would make it the Fortress, Mart and Magazine of all the West Indies, for (as I at first intimated) the Rivers will securely harbour twenty thousand Ships at once; the Country produceth all things necessary for those Ships and the men that sail in them, nothing wanting for the supplies of war or peace, but it was ever our misery not to take our aims the distance of an Age.  
But half that time to the making us, and enriching this Kingdom by our labours, will not be required; for I can with assurance affirm, that if we have from hence resolute instructions and indulgent encouragements, within seven years we shall not need the Northern nor Southern East Countries, to supply us with Silk, Flax, Hemp, Pitch, Tar, Iron, Masts, Timber, and Pot-ashes; for all of these, but Iron, we want only skilful men to teach us to produce them the cheapest and readiest way; but the making of Iron will require abler purses than we are yet masters of.  
Yet in another Paragraph I shall propose that, which if granted to us, will enable us of ourselves to accomplish this and other great concernments.  
It must be confessed, that Barbadoes sends a better commodity into England, than Virginia yet does; but withal it must be acknowledged, that one Ship from Virginia brings more Money to the Crown, than five Ships of the same burden do from the Barbadoss. But had we ability or skill to set forward those staple commodities I mentioned, of Silk, Flax, Hemp, Pitch, Pot-ashes, and Iron, a few years would make us able to send more Ships laden with these, than now the Barbadoss do with Sugar.  
Amongst many other weighty Reasons, why Virginia has not all this while made any progression into staple Commodities, this is the chief. That our Governors by reason of the corruption of those times they lived in, laid the Foundation of our wealth and industry on the vices of men; for about the time of our first seating of the Country, did this vicious habit of taking Tobacco possess the English Nation, and from them has diffused itself into most parts of the World; this I say being brought to us from Spain at great prices, made our Governor suppose great wealth might be raised to particulars by this universal vice, and indeed for many years they were not deceived, till that increasing in numbers, and many other Plantations following the same design, at last brought it as now it is to that lowness of price, that the Customs doubles the first purchase; that is, the Merchant buys it for one penny the pound, and we pay two pence for the Custom of that which they are not pleased to take from us.  
This was the first and fundamental hindrance that made the Planters neglect all other accessions to wealth and happiness, and fix their hopes only on this vicious weed of Tobacco, which at length has brought them to that extremity, that they can neither handsomely subsist with it, nor without it.  
Another hindrance has been, that there was never yet any public encouragement to assist the Planters in those more chargeable undertake, as Iron-Mines and Shipping.  
Another impediment, and an important one too has been the dismembering of the Colony, by giving away and erecting divers Principalities out of it, as Maryland to my Lord Arundel, and part of Florida to my Lord of Arundel, these Grants will in the next Age be found more disadvantageous to the Crown than is perceptible in this; and therefore I shall not touch it (uncommanded) as to the politic part of it, but as to the Oeconomick. I shall affirm that we can never make any Laws for the erecting Staple Commodities, and setting a stop to our unlimited planting of Tobacco, whilst these Governments are distinct and independent, for on ftequent trials when we begin to make provisions for these, our people fly to Maryland, and by this means heighten our public charges, and weaken our defences against our perpetual enemies the Indians. Nor is this all, forby reason of these interposing Grants, we have suffered the Dutch to enrich themselves on our discoveries, who have in our precincts settled a Trade of Beaver with the Indians, amounting to two hundred thousand skins a year, and supply our enemies with Ammunition and Guns in greater proportion than we have them ourselves, but God be thanked as yet, they, their Towns and Trade are in the King's power, when ever he shall command them either to quit their Usurpations, or to acknowledge their Subjection to him in those parts.  
Another great impediment has been, the confining the Planters to Trade only with the English, this no good Subject or Englishman will oppose, if it be found either beneficial to the Crown or our Mother-Nation; but if it shall appear that neither of these are advantaged by it, than we cannot but resent, that forty thousand people should be impoverished to enrich little more than forty Merchants, who being the only buyers of our Tobacco, give us what they please for it, and after it is here, sell it how they please; and indeed have forty thousand servants in us at cheaper rates, than any other men have slaves, for they find them Meat, Drink and Clothes, we furnish ourselves and their Seamen with Meat and Drink, and all our sweat and labour, as they order us, will hardly procure us course clothes to keep us from the extremities of heat and cold: yet if these pressures of us did advance the Customs, or benefit the Nation, we should not repine; but that it does the contrary to both, I shall easily evidence when commanded.  
Another hindrance has been, the want of a public Stock to enable us to procure able men for the finding all sorts of Mines, making Iron of those Mines that are found, Ship-Carpenters, men skilful in Hemp, Flax and Silk, for the last of which no Country in the world is more naturally provided than Virginia is; and as by the feet we guess at the proportions of men, so we can experimentally say, that within seven years, if we are assisted and commanded, we shall bring in yearly as much Silk into England, as now costs the Nation two hundred thousand pounds sterling at least. Flax, Hemp and Pitch would always be according to the numbers and possibility of the labours of the Planters.  
On the whole matter, let it be considered, whether or no the English Plantations are not proportioned in a short time to supply us withal those Commodities, which now we have at great charge and hazard from Turkey, Persia, Germany, Poland, and Russia: the Wines, Oils, and Fruits of France and Spain, our distance will ever hinder us from introducing at the same rates we have it now from them.  
It has, as I intimated, been highly imputed to us by divers wise men, who only contemplate the natural richness of our Soil, and by that weigh and measure our faults and neglects, that we have not employed our cares and industry, in producing more staple commodities then hitherto we have attempted. This none can more severely resent then the poor Planter himself in frequent consultations has done, who by many trials have found their case to be like those Architects, who can design excellent Buildings, but have not skill to square their Timber, or lay their Bricks, and for want of money to procure men for these labours, their models remain only in their imaginations or papers: This is our case, who without a public assistance can neither survive our poverty, nor the remedies of it, without an universal present pressure, as to the Inhabitants of the Colony; for men of manufacture will not be procured, but on great wages, to leave their Country, and hazard (as they style it) their lives: this the poor Planter cannot do, whose sweat and labours amount to no more, then to cloth and provide for the ordinary necessities of his indigent Family.  
To remedy this, and to procuré us able men to set us in a way of staple commodities, at my departure from Virginia I was desired by the Assembly to make this Proposal to His Sacred Majesty and his Council, to add one penny more to the Customs of our Tobacco, and give it to the Country; which, if granted, will pay all the public charges of the Country, furnish us with Magazines to resist the Indians, build Mills for Iron and Planks, procure us on good Salaries able men for Silk, Cordage, Mines and Flax; and all this will be done at the expense only of an indulgent Grant: for who pays this but the poor Planter, whose Tobacco must sell for less, the more is imposed on it? But a nearer way to a public unquarrelled contribution they cannot find, having this Axiom firmly fixed in them, That never any Community of people had good done to them, but against their wills.  
In order to this we shall here declare what we have been necessitated to do these last two years, when war and other emergencies had involved the Plantation into debts inextricable in an ordinary levy; which was to lay a Tax of two shillings the Hogshead on every one exported. This though the Merchant made us pay, yet we found it an easier and readier way to defray the public charges: this (if the propositions of the Customs be not granted) we desire His Majesty's Council will advance to three or four shillings the Hogshead, which will pay all public Officers, and enable us to begin the making Iron, and other necessary works, for the enriching our native Kingdom and ourselves.  
And another Proposal they desired me to make, which is this, That such Ships as were built in the Country, might carry their goods to what Port they pleased. This they hoped would be easily granted, because by this means the excellency of their Timber and Masts (of both which there is now a visible scarcity in England) would be known, and when known the Timber of England might be spared for many years, and Ships of the greatest magnitude built there cheaper than possibly they can be in England; but if the first be granted, we shall leave this to the wisdom, exigence and care of those His Majesty employs in those affairs.  
To conclude and animate the care, providence and indulgence the Nation ought to have of foreign Plantations, let these few considerations be duly poised.  
First, it is not yet forty years when there was not one Englishman in any Plantation of America, save only four or five hundred left in 1622. after the Massacre in Virginia; and now there is in the West Indies at least three hundred thousand English, and of English extraction.  
Secondly, if we examine the Customs, we shall find the fourth part of them arise from the Plantations in America. This is a wealth our fathers never knew, and in humane probability will increase on us every year.  
Thirdly, those commodities we were wont to purchase at great rates and hazards, we now purchase at half the usual prices. Nor is this all, but we buy them with our own Manufactures, which here at home employ thousands of poor people.  
Fourthly, when in the past Ages to disburden the Kingdom of indigent younger Brothers, whom the peculiar policy of this Nation condemned to poverty or War, we were forced to undertake the assistance of Rebels, which God of late has revenged on our own bowels; now there can be no necessity of that sin or misery, for a small sum of money will enable a younger Brother to erect a flourishing Family in a new World; and add more Strength, Wealth, and Honour, to his Native Country, than thousands did before, that died forgotten and unrewarded in an unjust War.  
I should now have ended, but that I think it is expected from me, who have lived twenty years in America, that I should declare the power, interest, and wealth we have by our Plantations in the West Indies.  
To do this, I shall first propose to the consideration of the Reader, the few years we have had any footing in America, the eldest Plantation, Virginia excepted, not exceeding forty years, and yet so many difficulties happily overcome. Our numbers there are now at least two hundred thousand English, and if (as in humane probability they will) our numbers double but every twenty years, in one Age more how great will our power, strength, and reputation be in this new Western World?  
Secondly, let it be considered what sums of Money was in the last Age exhausted from us for Sugar, Cotten, Drugs, Die, and Tobacco, and how easily now we supply ourselves with these, and also bring home enough to balance many other foreign necessities.  
Thirdly, let us contemplate the respect we have from most of the Princes and States of Europe, by our power and strength in America; the Dutch I know would not willingly quit their interest in the Indies for ten Millions of Money; yet all they have there is in the King's power, when any just occasion shall provoke his displeasure.  
The French, it is true, have not many considerable places there: But yet the Indies, as they term it, are of so Friand agust, that they would not willingly quit their holds in it, nor their pretensions to it.  
But the Spaniards, whose interest is greatest, is most jealous of our power there, and we most formidable to him by it.  
I will not presume to Counsel, but to give a Memorial I will; that if now we vigorously and prudently manage our late acquired possessions in the Heart and Navel of His Dominions, he will with great caution and respect exasperate our King and Nation: And when our power is increased and settled, then evidently to one of these two conditions we shall bring him; either to admit of a Trade with us, or have his Bullion come home in our Ships which of these will be most advantageous I cannot readily tell; but both, or either will be of high concernment to His Majesty and people.  
To do this with most ease and less charge, I think the best expedient is to encourage and admonish the lesser Islands (all but the Barbadoss) to remove thither, as they are, they are neither of any mutual strength to themselves, nor contribute any honour or emolument to the Nation, but when once they are incorporated into one body, how secure will they be amongst themselves, how terrible to their opposers? and in case a good temprement does produce a peace, how little will the charge be of assuring it to be lasting; for the more men, the less need of Soldiers, and by consequence the diffused charge of keeping them less burdensome than when it is devolved on a few persons. To conclude, the King of Spain's wealth is greater in the Indies, than the King of England; but our King's subjects swords are more sharper than the Spaniards, which we had lately evidenced, but that God would not suffer the worst of men, Cromwell, to glory in the bravest of atchivements.  
To make a Parallel betwixt Virginia and our other Island Plantations in America, we will take the Mistress of them all, Barbadoes, for the other Islands, if now they were to be seated, would not be suffered uselessly to exhaust so many men out of our Nation as now they do; who being thinly planted and defenceless, are exposed not only to the designs, but as I may truly speak it to the divertisement of their Enemies, who only passing by have taken the best of them without losing two days of their intended Voyage; this Saint Christopher's and the Tartugos have experimented, and their weak resistance have made the Spaniard have false apprehensions of our Courages and Conduct: These than I will not particularly mention, but the Paragon shall be betwixt Virginia and the Barbadoss, which does produce all those Commodities in perfection, which the other Islands do but attempt to do this, I will impartially mention their industrious virtues and our negligent defects; and first, I will say that the bringing of Sugar and Cotton to be a Commodity of English growth, was a work worthy of a public mark of Honour and Reward; for by it the Nation saves yearly a Million of pounds sterling. Cottons, Indicos, and Ginger were likewise noble undertake; and to admiration perfected, and God forbid, that emulation should make us forbear to speak or lessen the designs and industry of the first promoters of these noble Commodities. But we shall say, that it is pity those men had not a larger field to exercise their virtues in, for like flowers they were quickly at their full growth and perfection, and a Nil ultra is fixed on them. But that our desires to honour them may not tacitly fix an accusation on us, I must here say, they had the happiness to have no Enemy to encounter, whose swords were continually in our bowels or apprehensions; that they lay more in the way of Merchants and men of War, by whom they got persons skilled in the Engines that made Sugar; that their security from Enemies made Merchants, and other rich men, willingly venture their Estates thither, and therefore the comparison being as I suppose to be made between the places, and not the happy Conjuncture of the men that possess them, I shall boldly and truly affirm, that there can be no comparison between the places relative to the future advantage of our Nation: For though Virginia yet only produceth Tobacco, as to the main of her Traffic, yet it has produced Silk, Flax, Hemp, Iron, Rice, Pitch, Tar, which are Commodities more lasting and necessary than Sugar or Indigo can be: and as our Numbers increase, so will our Wealth, when our industry and assistance shall equal theirs, which is clean contrary with them, who are already forced to expend one fifth part of their Merchandise to provide Victuals for themselves and Servants. But the best resolution of this, will be, that being both of one Nation, we bless God that has made us so instrumental to the Wealth and Glory of it.  
FINIS.