THE Saint's Freedom From TYRANNY VINDICATED: OR, The Power of Pagan Caesars, and Antichristian Kings Examined, and they Condemned by the Prophets and Apostles, as no Magistrates of God to be obeyed by Saints for the Lords sake.  
Being The Copy of an Answer to a Private Letter; wherein the Civil Power of Pagan and Antichristian States is soberly debated, and the chief or main Arguments for Saints Subjection to them, is answered with much Love, Brevity and Plainness; and now brought forth for the Consideration of others  
By a Lover of TRUTH.  Jam. 4. 12. 
There is one Lawgiver, who is able to Save and to Destroy.  Isa. 1. 26, 27. 
And I will restore thy Judges as at the first, and thy Counselors as at the beginning: etc. Isa. 10. 27. Ezek. 21. 26, 27. Zech. 14. 9  
London, Printed in the Year, 1667.   

The Epistle to the Reader.  
Courteous Reader,  
DIvine Commands put into Act, or Gods revealed Will and 
Psa. 19 1, ●, etc.  Laws put into Execution, gave Being, usefulness and Beauty to the whole Creation; when Gods Will is done by Men on Earth (as by the Angels in Heaven) God's 
Mat. 6. 10.  Kingdom, Rule, and Government is then come in this World, as promised, prayed for, and expected by Believers.  
When Jehovah had perfected his six days work of the Creation, 
Gen. 1. 31.  he looked over all that he had made, and saw that it was very good; but Man's disobedience to that Law which God gave to him, brought 
Gen. 3. 17, 18, 19  the Curse upon Man, and upon the Ground for Man's sake, so that darkness, disorder, sorrow, and death hath been the fruits of Man's sin. This Curse was in some measure abated, and restrained by God's grace in the promised Messiah; and when God had freely chosen and called Abraham, and promised to him, That the 
Gen. 12. 1, 2, 3. Mat. 1. 1. Exod. 19 4, 5, etc. Exod. 20. 1, ●. 3, etc. and Ch. p. 21. 22, 23, 24, 25, etc.  Messiah (in the flesh) should come of his Seed, God after gathered Israel into Covenant with himself, (and besides the Ceremonial Law for Worship) God also renewed the Moral Law, (or Law of Nature) by the hand of Moses, that Israel had written Laws for the well ordering of every P●rson, and Family, whether as Members of Families, Church or State. Under this Divine Government for Bodies, and Souls, Israel enjoyed the presence and protection of 
Deut. 4. 5, ●, etc. 2 Chron. 18. 2.  God Almighty in the midst of Brutish Heathen States. When Israel kept close to God's Laws and Government in Church and State, God kept close to Israel, and was their safety, peace and glory.  
But as Adam at first, Israel after (in their time) broke Covenant 
Jer. 2. 17, 18, 19  with God, and God gave them up into the hands of beastly bruitish-heathen Kings, or States, to make them know what a sad and bitter thing it was to departed from God. Israel became God's visible People by visible Covenant, as a church, and as a State, wherein they 
Exod. 24. 3, 4, 5, etc. Jer. 3. 14. Ezek 16. 38▪ Hos. 1. 2▪  promised Obedience and Subjection, in the way of a Marriage Covenant between Man and Wife; and in that sense the Lord so often charged Israel and Judah, for adultery, whoredom, and breaking the Bond of Wedlock, and at last gave them a Bill of Divorce and 
Jer. 3. 8. ●os. 2. 2.  left his visible Protection of them. In the latter part of the Jewish oppressed State, God fulfilled Old Jacob's Prophecy of Christ, and 
Gen. 49. 10.  sent forth his Son Jesus Christ into the World, and laid the Government upon his Shoulders. When Christ was invested into his Mediatory 
Isa. 9 6.  Authority, he founded the New Testament State, or the 
Mat. 16. 17, 18.  Kingdom of God, or the Kingdom of Heaven, or the Heavenly Kingdom, Rule and Government of God upon Earth, in visible Believers; and as King, ordained Laws, Ordinances, Officers, and Government 
Mat. 16. 19, 20. and 26. 26, 27, etc. and 28. 18, 19 20. Mat. 9 15.  to his Disciples or Followers, professing him, or his Sovereignty, and separated from the World. In that time that He (the Bridegroom) was with his Bride on Earth, the Disciples had a taste and earnest of this his Kingdom, Dominion and Government, which (in his time) he will more manifest (in this world) in greater Power 
1 Tim. ●. 15. 2 Thes. 2. 7. 1 John 2. 19 2 Thes. 2. 3, 4 v. 9 10. Rev. 13. 8.  and Glory. The Mystery of Iniquity began early to appear in the Apostles times, and there were then many Antichrists, but the Antichrist after arose as a Curse and Judgement upon the formal hyyocritical professing Party in the Christian Church or State. Christ by the Spirit in the Apostles did reveal or fore-shew the Rise and Tyranny of the apostate state, Note. yet was no moving cause of the Apostasy, but fore-shewed the effect, rather to deter than encourage to sin. Under the 
2 King. 24 2 Luke 21 20, 21 22, 23, 24. Dan. 7. 25. Rev. 17. 6.  yoke of Heathen Tyranny the Jewish State was wasted and destroyed; and under Antichristian Tyranny the Christian Churches and Saints have been much worn out; but by the Saints long darkness and Bondage, they have been (like Israel in Egypt) Naturalised to Servitude, and taught to subject to oppressing Tyrants, as the Ordinance of God, and as lawful Magistrates set over them by God. But still God and his Word abides the same that it was; and God hath promised to Redeem his Zion, and Restore his Polittical Government, 
Isa. 1. 26, 27. & 11. 1. to 9  in Justice, Judgement and Righteousness in the Earth, under the Peaceable Kingdom and Rule of Jesus the Christ. It's therefore the Saints Privilege and Duty to pray for this, and to seek for a thorough Reformation in the State, as in the Church. Note. Where 
Mat. 6. 10.  Worship is National, Purity in the Church cannot long stand with Corruption in State. This is that Generation-Truth, which this Author labours to demonstrate, and bring forth into Victory, and only appeals to the Word and Law of God, the great, only, and infallible 
Isa. 8. 20. 2 Tim. 3. 16 17.  Judge in all Cases for Faith and Manners.  
Providence brought this Copy to my hand, and upon the serious perusal of it, I took myself bound to give my assistance to bring it forth to the View of others, not questioning but the Subject itself will gain acceptance with all People, who desire so to live and walk with God on Earth, that they may Reign with Jesus Christ in Glory. This is the utmost end of him who waits and prays for Zions promised Redemption.  
A, B.   

THE Saint's Freedom from Tyranny Vindicated, etc.  
SIR,  
YOur Return upon the Paper I sent you, came to my hand, the which I thankfully receive, and acknowledge that you exceeded my expectation; I am not altogether a Stranger to the continued engagements which lie upon you: But my great assurance of your Love, and Zeal for our Lord's Honour, and Interest (with your approved Wisdom, and Meekness to manage this point in Controversy) hath made me bold thus to presume upon you. But I may say also (as I humbly judge) that you have some engagement upon you, to hear and answer the humble desires of your Brethren for Light in the Mystical Visions of the Revelation; and upon that ground also I was the rather emboldened to desire your Return upon the Paper I sent you, and you have done like yourself, to make so sudden and large return to me. Yours I have perused, and on the behalf of our Lord, (and of Truth, as I conceive) I am emboldened to make some Reply in what I cannot receive. I do say with great confidence, that I believe your heart is one with mine, to find out and advance our Lord's Interest in truth and clearness, but when we consider the Time, and State we have been born, educated, and lived in; we have cause to admire the riches of free grace, which hath made us to differ from gross Idolaters, and hath given us any Light, and Faith to be Witnesses for Christ in any of his Mediatory Offices. We, I say, who have had our Birth and Education under so great Antichristian darkness and bondage, it is only of Free Grace that we are what we are. Though some have a little more light than others in Divine Mysteries, yet it may be said to those of highest attainments What have you that you have not received? Therefore such as have most Light, have not to boast in themselves, or carry it proudly to their Brethren of lower Light and Faith in Generation Truths. If I mistake not, the opening of the seven-seald Book of Divine Mysteries, speaks a gradual discovery of Light in Generation Truths; and now the Generation Truth is Christ Kingly Authority Civil and Spiritual for the Bodies and Souls of his People or Saints in Covenant-relation unto him. The Beast (here) doth not openly and professedly deny Christ's Prophetical Office, and the authority of Holy Scriptures nor the Priestly Office of Christ, in the sufficiency of this Merit and Righteousness to the Justification and Salvation of Believers. But the Kingly Office of Christ is only denied, in his Sovereignty over his People in things Ecclesiastical and Civil. And this is the Generation-Truth now witnessed to, and suffered for; and in which, or for which the Witnesses are 
Rev. 11. 7.  slain, by the Beast ascending out of the botomless pit, in my understanding.  
There are few real Professors at this day, but in words they confess Christ's Royal Sovereignty over their Souls in Spiritual, or Ecclesiastical things (though they live not in practice up to that profession:) but there are very few who in Light, Faith, and Profession witness to Christ's Royal Authority over the Saints Bodies, Estates, and Liberties in Civil or Temporal things here on Earth. Note. This Sovereign Authority I take to be actually seated also in Christ as Mediator by God the Father, and is to be witnessed to now as a Generation-Truth. Some dear Souls have judged me singular (or alone) in this opinion; but I find it a Truth which is and will be more and more witnessed to, as the Day of the Lord draweth on, and the Veil of Antichristian darkness is removed and taken away. Both this darkness and bondage of Antichrist was a Curse and Judgement 
2 Thes. 2. 10, 11.  upon Christian Professors from God for their earthliness and hypocrisy. But it is promised, That, that wicked one shall be revealed (discovered, or made naked) whom the Lord will 
2 Thes. 2. 8.  consume with the spirit of his mouth, and shall destroy with the brightness of his coming.  
Although (as yet) the Beast Antichrist is not fully made manifest to the Lords People as he will be, yet we have great cause to bless and praise God for what we see, and thankfully accept our measures of present Light, as earnests of what is promised, and as evidences of our Lords appearing. As our Lords right to Sovereign Rule in Civil things is now the great Question and Controversy amongst real believing Christian Professors, it is our great duty to search the Scriptures therein, and humbly to lie at God's feet, and beg for the teaching of the 
John 16. 13.  Spirit of Truth to lead us into this truth also. We are under the promise of the Last Times, That many shall run to and fro, 
Dan. 12. 4.  and knowledge shall be increased. And I hope that this our intercourse to communicate our present Light to each other, (in this great point, in love and in meekness) may tend greatly to bring us both to more perfect and distinct knowledge of Gods will in this Truth, and the Truth into Victory.  
In your Paper, I humbly accept your grave and Christian Answers (in case of male administration of a Lawful Power) in many particulars; but I must confess that I yet see it not proved from the Scriptures of Old or New Testament, That the Heathen Roman Caesars were ever Magistrates Ordained by God, to Rule and Govern his People, before or after Christ was invested with his Mediatory Authority; and then much 
Deut. 1. 9, 13, 14. & 16. 18, 19, etc. Rom. 13. 1, 2, 3, etc. 1 Pet 2. 13. 14. Josh. 7. 9  less that the Civil Power of Antichrist was a Beam of Divine Sovereignty, and the Ordinance of God to be submitted and subjected to by the Lord's People, for the Lords sake. Magistracy, or Polittical Government, and Governors in Civil and Temporal things, I own to be the Ordinance and appointment of God, to Rule and Order his People according to his Law, as Polittical Fathers, to whom the Lords People (in discharge of that Office and Trust) do own obedience and subjection to for the Lords sake, and Conscience sake (actively) as of duty, and passively, when they transgress the Laws and Commands of God. But that either the Heathen Emperors, or Antichristian Kings were called by God to this Office and Authority, I yet understand not.  
That which doth constitute, specify, and denominate a 
Exod. 18. 21, 22. etc.  Political Governor, or Magistrate to be the Ordinance of God, is, That he be so Qualified, so called to Office, and so 
Deut 1. 9, 13, 14. & 4. 1, 2, 5. & 16. 18. & 17. 18, 19, 20. 2 Sam. 23. 3.  Ruling as God hath commanded, and ordained, or ordered, as his Minister in the State, 2 Chr. 19 6, 7. Rom. 13. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 1 Pet. 2. 13, 14.  
I humbly judge, That due qualifications in a man for a Magistrate, makes not a man to be a Magistrate; That a Call of a People only, makes not a Magistrate; That a Person duly Qualified, and rightly Called by a People to Rule, if he rule not by God's Laws, he is yet no Magistrate, or Minister of God, (as the Ordinance of God, or by God's appointment) to be obeyed by the Lord's People, for the Lords sake, or for Conscience, not having the Essentials of a Governor, or Magistrate, which God Ordained and Commanded.  
The Priesthood under the Law was, and the Ministry under the 
Exod. 28. 1, 2, etc. and 29. 1, 2, etc. Eph. 4 11, 12. 1 Tim 3. 1, 2, 3 etc. Act. 20. 28. Heb. 5. 4.  Gospel, is the Ordinance of God's appointment; their Qualifications, Investment into Office, and Duties of Office, were all Ordained and commanded of God; but if any Person put himself into the Priest's Office, or a Pastoral Charge, by might, or force, or pretended right; or if a People should Call a Fool, or a Person (Man or Woman) to Office in the Church, as a Pastor, not duly Qualified, as God hath appointed; Note. or if a Person duly Qualified, and rightly Called to Office, do yet reject the Laws and Ordinances of God and the Gospel (when in Office) and offer sacrifices to Idols, and obey the Commands of Men, contrary to the Institutions of God; these, under the Law, were Sons of 
1 Sam. 2, 12. 13. 1 King. 18. 19, etc. 1 Joh. 2. 18, 22 1 Thes. 5. 12. Heb. 13. 17.  Belial, and Priests of Baal; and in the Gospel-state, such are Ministers of Antichrist, and not Ministers of God, or the Ordinance of God, to be obeyed for the Lords sake, as commanded by God. I might give other Demonstrations in the Ordinances of the Law and Gospel, what Essentials were, and now are necessary to constitute and denominate an Ordinance of God for matter and form; but I consider to whom I writ. Indeed Antichrist hath assumed the Sovereign Authority of God and of Christ Civil, and Ecclesiastical, and by Popish darkness and slavery, 
2 Thes. 2. 3, 4. 1 John 2. 22.  his Subjects have received his Commands as Divine; not questioning or denying his usurped Power over Bodies and Souls, how contrary soever his Commands and Appointments 
Rev. 13. 15, 16, 17. & 17. 4.  were, or are, to the Ordinances and Appointments of God, they must be received as God's Ordinances.  
Through the Lords rich and free grace, the Antichristian Veil is (in a good measure) taken away from many Professors, in Ecclesiastical and Church-concerns; But the great Body of Protestants are still stumbled about Antichrists Civil Power, and do own Antichrist (in his Civil Power) for the Ordinance of God, though some few cannot: But that very way by which God hath led his People to discover the true and pure Ordinances of God in the Church (from false Antichristian cheats and delusions in Worship) Note. the same will also lead Believers to the discovery of Heathenish and Antichristian cheats in the Political State, and difference between Magistracy as the 
Psal. 119. 104, 105. Isa. 8. 20. 2 Tim. 3. 16, 17.  Ordinance of God, and the Tyranny of wicked Men, viz. by coming to God's Law and Testimony, and thereby examine Church and State Officers, and Ordinances, as ordained, constituted, and appointed of God, and by God.  
What Christ required of, and answered the Jews Messengers 
Mat. 22. 15, 16, etc.  when they were sent to entrap him in point of Caesar's Power, I would query and answer, both of the Heathen and Antichristian 
Exod. 18. 19, 20, etc. Deut. 1. 9, 13, 14. 2 Chr. 19 6, 7. Psal. 82. 1, 6. Rev. 14. 1. and 17. 14. Rom 13. 3, 4, 5 Rev. 13. 1, 2. and 11, etc. Rev. 2. 10. and 11. 7. and 12. 9 and 13. 5, 6, 7.  Emperors and Kings, viz. Whose is the Image and Superscription upon them? If they bear the Image and Superscription of God upon them, if they have the Name of God written in their foreheads, and they in the Place, Office, and Work of God, to Rule his People by Divine Authority; then they were and are to be subjected to, for the Lords sake: But if those Emperors and Kings bear the Image and Superscription of the Devil, are raised by the Devil, and do the Devils work, (all which is true) there is no Scripture-Warrant (as I conceive) for the Lord's People to obey such Emperors or Kings, as the Ordinance of God.  
The first rise and original of Polittical Government, and Magistracy, 
Exod. 2 10 & 18 15, 16, etc. Deut. 1. 9, 13, 14. Exod. 21, 22, 23 Chapters, etc.  as Ordained and Appointed by God, was amongst the Jews at their coming out of Egypt, and in the Wilderness, in their way to Canaan: God first called Moses, immediately, and entrusted him (Ministerially) with Magistratical Power and Authority, to Led and Govern Israel (not other Nations) his ●ovenant-People. In Moses time God gave Israel Laws, and Poli●tical Government, which they were to exercise and put in 
Deut. 16. 18, etc. and 17, 14, 15, etc.  execution when they came into Canaan, both as a Commonwealth, and as a Kingdom. At that time when God constituled Israel a Polittical State, there were many and great Nations 
Deu. 4. 5, 6, &c and 7. 7, 8.  in the World, who made themselves Kings, and exercised Polittical Government, from the Light and Law of Nature, (by the Permission of God) but not by the Ordination and Appointment of God, as Israel had: this is recorded by Moses, Deut. 4. 5, 6, etc. and 7. 7, 8. And long after Moses, David said, He shown his Word to Jacob, his Statutes, and his Judgements unto Israel. He hath not dealt so [with any Nation;] and as 
Psa. 147. 19, 20  for his Judgements they have not known them. Note. Thus from Nimrod to David the Heathen Emperors and Kings were not the Ordinance of God, to rule and govern his People. Again, in David's 
Psal. 72, & 89 20, 21, 22, etc. Mat. 1. 1 an● 2. 1. 2. Luke 1. 35, 36 and v. 69, 70, etc. Gen. 49. 10. Ezek. 21. 27, and 34. 24, 25.  time, God by Covenant entailed the Royal Sceptre of Judah upon David and his Heirs in the flesh, but chief upon Jesus Christ, as the Son of David, according to jacob's Prophesy: The Sceptre shall not departed from Judah, nor a Lawgiver from between his feet, until Shiloh come: and unto him shall the gathering of the people be.  
These Scriptures clearly assert Jesus Christ, the Son of David, and so he had right to the Royal Government of Judah so soon as he was born; Note. therefore no Heathen King had right to the Crown of Judah, by God's Donation, from first to last.  
But Christ, as Mediator, had also another Royal Sovereignty 
Psa. 2. 7, 8, etc. Eph. 1. 21, 22. Phil. 2. 8, 9, 10. Mat. 28 18, 19 Mar. 16. 15.  given him by God the Father, over Jews and Gentiles, for Souls and Bodies, which Authority was published and declared by Christ himself. Jesus came and spoke unto them (the eleven Disciples) saying, All Power is given unto me in Heaven and in Earth; Go ye therefore, etc.  
Note. Thus Royal and Magisterial Authority (as God's Ordinance) was clearly in and amongst God's Covenant-People, from Moses to Christ, and with none other. Object. But it is Objected, That daniel's expounding Nebuchadnezars Dream, of the great 
Dan. 2. 37, etc.  Image, said to him, Thou, O King, art a King of Kings; for the God of heaven hath given thee a Kingdom, Power, and Strength, and Glory: and after thee shall arise another Kingdom, etc. Therefore these four Kings, or Imperial States, were the Ordinance of God, and lawful Magistrates, or Ministers of God, to whom the Lords People did, and still do owe Obedience to, in Civil things.  
Answ. To this I humbly give my thoughts.  
First, This was a Vision opened, of four Imperial States, (which God would Providentially raise in the World, successively one after another) and use at his pleasure either to afflict, 
Dan. 4. 17.  or help his People, and one to destroy the other; but neither this Prophecy, or any other Word of God speaks their Ordination and Constitution of Governors, Magistrates, or Mistress 
Rom. 13. 3, 4. 1 Pet. 2. 13, 14.  of God, sent for the good of his People; for the encouragement of godliness, and to be a terror to evil-deers; (which are the great ends of Magistracy ordained by God) and wherein the Lords People are commanded subjection, for the Lords sake.  
Secondly, These Kings came successively to their Kingdoms and Rule, by the power of the Sword, and Strength, (as was prophesied) but not by Power and Authority; and so accordingly were represented, by Monstrous Beasts, and no Births of 
Dan. 7. 4, to 8. and 8. 4, etc.  Nature. All these Monstrous States (or Kings) came successively to Rule (by God's Providence) in their times, as they got power or strength to Conquer. The King of Babylon Conquered 
2 King. 24. 1, 2, etc. vers. 10. and 25. 1, 2, etc.  and Captivated the Jews for their sin, by Power and Might, not by Authority or Right. By God's providence a Thief, or Thiefs, rob or kill the honest Traveller; Note. but not by Power of Authority, as having right to the Traveller's money and life by the Law of God: and in this way (like Beasts of prey) one Kingdom or State subdued another, and so it is still.  
Thirdly, Though Daniel said to the King of Babylon, That God gave him a Kingdom, Power, and Strength; yet this was prophesied after he had taken Jerusalem, and captived the Jews 
Dan. 2. 37.  living; therefore this Commission was not warrant for the former Cruelty.  
Fourthly, Not any of these Kings had the Essentials of God's Magistrates, viz. As fearing God, as chosen out of themselves, and 
Exod. 18. 21. Deut. 1. 13. Rom. 13. 3, 4. 1 Pet. 2. 13, 14  invested with authority by them: nor ruling by God's Laws, to encourage godliness, and be a terror to evil-doers. Therefore upon these grounds, not any of the Heathen Kings were the Ordinance of God, to be obeyed by the Lord's People for the Lords sake.  
Object. But it is said, That God brought upon Israel, the King of the Caldees: and God gave Jehoiakim, King of Judah into the hand of the King of Babylon, 2 Chron. 36. 17. Dan. 1. 1, 2.  
Answ. Yes; God did so providentially, as a Curse and Judgement to fulfil the Word of his threaten upon their disobedience, 
2 Chr. 36. 14, 15, 16, 17. Isa. 10. 5, etc. 2 King. 24. 1, etc. 8. 10, etc.  stubbornness, and incorrigible rebellions against him: but not as his Minister, for their good; as a Magistrate ordained by God to rule and feed them. The Kings of Assyria and Babylon, etc. were such powers of the Earth, or earthly powers, which God by his Almighty Power providentially used as his Creatures, to afflict, or relieve, to distress or save his Covenant-People, when he pleased; but not to rule and govern them under God, or for God, as his Magistrates ordained by him. God by his Almighty Sovereign power, and pleasure, threatened the disobedience of his people with many sore judgements, 
Ezek. 14, 12, 13 Deut. 28. 15, etc.  and he used what Creatures he thought good to do it by, viz. Either noisome Beasts, Famine, Pestilence or Sword. By Sword was meant the Sword of Kings or States, whom he providentially brought upon them; which Kings were only led by principles of Nature, and opportunities, and providences; when they knew not God, or his designs; and so they were 
Isa 10. 5, 6, 7. v. 12. to 19 Jer. 51. & 52.  judged by God, and destroyed, for the misery, desolation and blood of the Lords People.  
Note. Therefore these Heathen Kings, or Powers, were not otherwise the Ordinance of God, but as Locusts, Famine, Pestilence, etc. (or the Devil) are the Ordinance of God.  
Object. But God gave it in Charge to those Jews who were carried Captives to Babylon, to seek the peace of the City, and to pray unto the Lord for it: for in the peace thereof ye shall have peace, Jer. 29. 7.  
Answ. This was the Lords Command to those Captives: But,  
First, That short time of Israel's Captivity was foreshowed, and also by whom their Deliverance should come, viz. by Cyrus, Isa. 44. 28. & 45. 1, 2, etc. Jer. 29. 10, 11.  
Secondly, Their Captivity was very easy; they had the Liberty of Conscience in Religion; they had liberty to build Houses, to plant Vineyards, and to eat the Fruit; to marry Wives, and to live in safety, therefore to seek the Peace of the place, but not of the King of Babylon.  
Thirdly, This command, To seek the Peace of the place, implies a Charge laid upon them, not to raise trouble by seeking their Deliverance (yet not to pray for the prosperity of the King, or the establishment of that Kingdom) for God had declared 
Isa. 44. 28. and 45. 1, 2, 3, etc. Dan. 5. 30, 31. Rev. 18 6, 7.  his determination to destroy Babylon, and in Babylon's destruction their deliverance should come. Therefore God used the King of Persia to redeem Israel; but this is not the case of Christians under Mystery Babylon.  
But Daniel and other Servants of the Lord served the King of Object. Babylon, etc.  
Answ. They did so, as Captives taken by the Sword, and Violence; not as Magistrates or Ministers of God to rule over them, for than they had had no cause to return to their own Country and Government. The Captive Jews under the King of Babylon, and Captive Christians under the Turk are one in Nature, Note. but (I judge) that Christians in Turkish slavery do not see themselves bound (by the preceptive will of God) to abide in slavery, if by God's providence a way be opened for their escape. The Jews, under the Government of Judges, were 
Judg. 2. 11, 12 v. 14, 15, 16, etc.  oft (providentially) given up by God into the hands of several Heathen Kings or States, for their great transgressions against God; and when they humbled themselves before the Lord and repent, the Lord also providentially delivered them. But in the time of their Bondage, they looked not upon those Tyrants as God's Ordinance to rule over them, or as Magistrates they were bound to obey.  
Object. But Joseph (the Husband of Mary) obeyed the Edict of Agustus Caesar, and went with Mary his Wife from Nazareth to Jerusalem, to be taxed, Luke 2. 1, 2, etc.  
Answ: This act of Joseph proves not Caesar a Lawful Power, or Magistrate of God to rule over his people. For,  
First, Every act of a good man is not therefore lawful because a good man doth it: In many things we offend all, Jam. 3. 2.  
Secondly, Though Joseph obeyed the Edict of the Emperor, yet no Text can be showed, that he did it by the Command of God.  
Thirdly, Though Caesar exacted a small Tribute of the Jews, to show that they were Captives, Conquered by the Sword, yet he left them free in Religion, and many outward Privileges, which Antichrist denies to Christians, Mat. 27. 1, 2. John 18. 31.  
Fourthly, Note. The very Elect of God, and such as are eternally saved (by long bondage, and ignorance of their Privileges, as God's Children) may (by Tradition) give obedience to the Kings or States, (they lived or were born under) both in Civil things, and Spiritual Worship, and not know that they do evil; as Joseph and all Israel in Egypt. As Joseph and Mary, and other Jews in Canaan. And as many Christian Martyrs have done under Antichristian Bondage and Tyranny, Gen. 42 15. Exod. 6. 9 Act. 7. 24, 25.  
Object. But Christ himself paid Tribute to Caesar.  
Answ. Christ did it to avoid offence or scandal, yet sinned not in it; but he paid it not as to a lawful Magistrate, or Minister of 
Mat. 17. 26, 27.  God, who had power over his Body. For,  
First, Christ declared himself free.  
Secondly, Christ at that time was entered upon his Mediatory Offices; and had put out Royal Acts of Authority, as King over Jews and Gentiles, Mat. 3. 16, 17, & 4. 18, 19, etc.  
Thirdly, Christ only paid that Tax for Himself and Peter, as persons only concerned, and not for the rest of his Disciples.  
Fourthly, Christ did at that time, in that thing, give up or let go his own right, out of a gracious end and design, to propagate the Gospel; and that was lawful, or no sin in him, which yet would be sin in his Servants. Note. It is lawful, and may be good in a Master (sometimes) to give up or let go something of his right, which is not lawful in a Servant to do.  
Fifthly, Dark Scriptures are to be expounded from the consent and currant of Scriptures to make a harmony, that one text do not contradict another. But to bring this text, to prove hence, that Caesar was a lawful Magistrate, and had Authority from God to tax Christ and his disciples, contradicts the words of Christ. Note. And hath given him Authority to execute Judgement also, because he is the Son of Man. All Power is given unto me in Heaven and in Earth. John 5. 17. Mat. 28. 18. Eph. 1. 20, 21, 22, 23. with many other texts, and currant of Scriptures Old and New.  
Object. But we find the Apostle Paul approved, and appealed to Caesar's Authority, which was not only a bare subjection to, but an owning of that Power, Act. 25. 10, 11.  
Answ. Suppose Paul did so, yet it is to be questioned, Whether Paul did that by a Command from God, or Christ? It is Divine 
1 Cor. 11. 1. 8. 23.  Authority which makes the Acts of the Apostles lawful, and imitable for Saints. Note. The failings of the Lords Worthies were not written for imitation, but for caution, and consolation 
1 Cor. 10. 6, 11 Gal. 2. 11, 12, etc.  in failings. Peter and Paul were chief Apostles of Christ, and yet had the infirmities of men. And as Paul blamed Peter in some things, no doubt but Peter also might have blamed Paul in some things, had he lived and traveled with Paul. Paul himself is much in confession of his humane frailties, and 
Rom. 7. 14, 15, &c, Act. 22. 24, 25, 26. & 23. 35. & 24. 26, 27. & 25 1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 11.  infirmities, through corruption and temptation. And it is clear, that Paul's appealing to Caesar at Rome, was in design to deliver himself, and save his Life from the Jews, and that Judicature at Jerusalem, where he was surprised and kept by violence of arms (which hath been the case of many of the Lords people) and not that Paul approved, or owned Caesar, as having Divine Authority or Jurisdiction over his Body; Note. but by that appeal, (providentially) Paul had his Liberty. And we do not read that ever he was brought to further trial at Rome. This Paul the Apostle of the Gentiles, did yet Circumcise Timothy; 
Rom. 11. 13. Act. 16 8.  Note. and also, to save himself from the Jews rage (fell into Peter's transgression, which he accused him for) who were set against him for preaching down the Ceremonial Law, and Circumcision; Paul did yet pretend himself (as a Jew, under the Law, and under a Vow) and after the manner of the Law purified himself, and went into the Temple; To signify the 
Act. 21. 23, 24. etc.  accomplishment of the days of Purification, until that an Offering should be made. These acts were not lawful in Paul an Apostle, nor imitable for the Saints now, though done by an Apostle; but how far God may wink at these, and the like weaknesses in his People, I will not judge. Note.  
Object. But it is said, that Paul wrote to the Saints at Rome, to subject to the Emperors of Rome though Beasts and Tyrants, saying, Let every soul be subject to the higher Powers, for there is no power but of 
Rom. 13. 1.  God: the powers that be, are ordained (or ordered) of God.  
Answ. First, The Apostle in this place speaks clearly of Saint's subjection to Magistracy, or to Magistrates as Ordained by God; and Ministers of State, sent by God, for the good of his People; and not of the Caesars than Tyrannising over the Lord's heritage, at that time (I judge) that the right of Civil Government 
1 Cor. 6. 1, 2, & ●.  over the Saints was in themselves, though they had not the power of strength to put out all Acts. Thus it was with the Jews in Babylon, under the Romans, etc. The Jews as God's Covenant-people, had right to the exercise of all Civil Jurisdiction 
Gen. 49. 10. Deut. 1. 9, 13. and 16. 18, etc. Deut. 28. 25, 47, 48, etc.  amongst themselves by God's appointment: But as a Curse and Punishment of their sins, the exercise of that Power and Authority was, (by God's permission) taken from them by the force and power of Enemies, especially to some 
Joh. 18. 31.  acts of Jurisdiction. Thus it was with the Christians; Christ left Authority with his own servants (in all things without exception) amongst themselves; and the Saints were in the 
Mar. 13. 34. Mat. 25. 14. 1 Cor. 6. 1, etc.  exercise of that Authority in Civil affairs, though debarred the public exercise of some acts, or all acts, by the Armies or Strength of Heathen Kings. And because the Churches, or Saints had not then power or strength to execute some Laws on offenders, Note. the Apostle pressed the Saints to subjection (as of duty) to those Civil Rulers, or Magistrates they had amongst themselves, as God's Ordinance, to be obeyed for the Lords sake, and Conscience sake, as commanded by God.  
Secondly, It is evident (both from the rise, and exercise of power in Heathen Kings) that they were not ordained by God 
Dan. 7▪ 2, 3, etc. 2 Chr. 36. 17, etc. Isa. 10 5, 6, etc. and 42. 24, 25. Ezek. 34. 23, 24.  to rule over his People under him, neither had they power and authority to govern from God; but only power and strength to burn, destroy, kill and captive the Lords People rebelling against him; and so called, God's Staff, Hammer, Saw, etc. not Fathers, Shepherds, etc.  
Object. But Paul exhorted Timothy, That supplications, and prayers should be made for all men; for Kings, and all that are in Authority, (or eminent place) that we may lead a quiet and peaceable 
1 Tim. 2. 1, 2.  Life.  
Answ. First, If by Kings, we understand the then Heathen Kings, Paul may be understood to enjoin the Saints, to pray either for the conversion of their souls, or restraint of their power, that the Saints Peace and Godliness were not hindered, viz. That God would not suffer those heathen Kings to put out their power and strength to persecute, or hinder the Saints Peace, Liberty, and Holiness: But this text asserts not the Divine Authority of heathen Kings to govern the Lords People, or Saints to subject to them.  
Secondly, If the Apostle be taken as referring to any time, when a Magistrate (called King) shall be called to rule over the Lord's people in Authority (or eminent place of Trust) as appointed and ordained by God; than it will be the duty of Saints to pray for such Magistrates, That their Rule and Government may answer the end of their Power and Trust, as Ordained by 
Rom. 13. 3, 4, etc. 1 Pet. 2. 13, 14  God, viz. Saints Peace and Holiness.  
Object. But the Apostle Peter also gave this in charge to Saints; Submit yourselves to every Ordinance of man for the Lords sake: whether it be to the King as Supreme, or unto Governors (as to them that are sent by him) for the punishment of evil-doers, and for the praise of them that do well, 1 Pet. 2. 13, 14.  
Answ. First. In this the Apostle is clear, that he presseth Saint's Subjection to Kings or Governors, as called or sent of God, Note. for the punishment of evil doers and for the praise (and encouragement) of them that do well. This is the currant of Scripture.  
Secondly, Note. The Apostle presseth Saints Subjection to Kings, or Governors (as the Ordinance of Man, or as Man's appointment in the State) when they answer the ends of Civil Government, as Ordained by God. If we should take the Apostle exhorting Saints, To subject to every Law and Ordinance of man (for the Lord's sake) than the Laws of Men should be obeyed by Saints, how unjust, unnatural, or contrary soever they were to the Laws of God; but this is too gross, and contrary to the currant of Scripture, not answering the ends of Government, as Ordained by God.  
Thirdly, If we take the Apostle, speaking of Kings, or Governors, as the Ordinance of Man; then the title King, or Power of Kings, is only humane; and God hath left it in the wisdom, power, and will of a State, or Body Politic, to call to Office and Power, one Person, or a set number of Persons jointly, to rule over them, as they judge best for the whole; Note. and also to dignify and distinguish their Officers of State as they please; and Saints are not hereby to be displeased, but must submit, for the Lords sake.  
I am humbly bold thus to give my sense; That both Paul, in Rom, 13. 1. and in his other Epistles, Note. as also Peter in this text, had no respect to the Heathen Kings of that time; but that both these Apostles do assert Magistracy to be the Ordinance of God, amongst his People, To suppress evil-doers, and to encourage them that do well, Rom. 13. 3, 4. to which Magistrates the Saints own subjection, for the Lords sake. Note. This Apostle Peter also implieth, That the designation of Magisterial Authority, upon one person, or upon several persons (with the Names and Titles by which they are called or dignified) are humane, and left to men; and therefore Saints should not deny subjection upon that account.  
In the first constitution of the Jewish Polittick State, God gave them Judges about the space of 450 years; after which 
Deut. 16. 18, Act. 13. 20, 21, etc. 1 Sam. 8. 1, 2, etc. v. 19, 22.  (upon the ill government of samuel's Sons) Israel resolved to change the Government, from Judge, to King, and God gave way to them. But as God foresaw that Israel would change the Government of State (in which his secret counsel was fulfilled, to bring in David's Kingdom, and make way for Christ's Kingdom) God enjoined and commanded Israel, that 
Deut. 17. 14,  Kings should rule by the same Laws which he gave to the Judges. The Apostle Peter then seeing (or supposing that in aftertime) some difference might arise amongst Saints about Political Government, or Governors, viz. Whether the chief should be in one Person, or in many; and by what names they should be dignified; Peter infers, that this is in man to order, ordain, and appoint; and therefore exhorts Saints, not 
The Body or State Pol●●ick are the first Seat of Power ●y P●t●r.  to differ, or descent from what the Body of the People, or State ordain and appoint in that matter, so as the Governors do answer the ends of Government, as ordained by God.  
I must say, I know not that this was questioned by Saints in Peter's time; Note. but it may be a question amongst Saints in the Resurrection of the Witnesses; and here is the Solution, which is not again found in all the Scriptures. And let me add these my thoughts, That as God's moral, judicial Laws (given to Israel) are the Laws of Christ's Kingdom, Christ ratified and confirmed them in his Ministry; and the Apostles gave many general directions to Saints about Political Government and Governors, as Ordained by God; Note. but neither expressed, or intended the then Heathen Kings in those directions.  
Object. But Rulers and Governors were commonly called Gods, and it is not likely that they should be so dignified by holy men, if they were not ordained by God, and bare upon them some Image or Beam of Divine Sovereignty.  
Answ. We may grant, that this high Title was ascribed to Rulers and Governors, by David, by Christ, and by Paul, referring 
Exod. 22. 28. Psal. 82. 1, 6. John. 10. 34. Act. 23. 4, 5.  to Moses Law; but ever, and only to Magistrates, in the Jewish State, as Ordained and Constituted by God. If there can be any one Scripture produced to the contrary, let it be urged.  
Object. But in Scripture, the Heathen or Pagan Governors were commonly called Magistrates, which name or appellation of State Officers was given to the Jewish Judges and Governors; which implies, That heathen Governors were Ordained by God.  
Answ. First, The Title Magistrate, Ruler, or Governor, are terms equivolent to Officers in the Civil State, as Bishop, Elder, and 
Judg. 18. 7. Ezra. 7. 25. Deut. 16. 18; etc.  Pastor are in the Church-State. Where the Title, or Appellation of Ruler, Governor, or Magistrate, is given to Officers in the Jews Politic State, it is given to them, as such as were so Ordained and Appointed of God; but there is not one Text can be showed in all the Old Testament, where any of the Lords People gave the Title of Magistrate to Heathens.  
Secondly, Such as had Magisterial Rule and Government among the Heathens, were Magistrates to them (or in the place 
Act. 16. 20, 22, 35, 36, etc.  of Magistrates) and therefore so owned and distinguished with Heathens; but I read not that ever Christ, or the Apostles dignified any Heathens with the Title Magistrate; Yet if they had, that clears not the matter; for as it is common in Heathen and Antichristian States to take the Names of Offices and Officers, from the pattern and example of the Jewish, or Christian State; yet that makes them not to be the Ordinance of God, by having the Name, and not the Thing. It is possible for a Cheat to counterfeit Letters Patents, or Letters Testimonial to crave the charitable benevolence of good People, in one or in many Countries, as a Person of Estate, Credit, or Usefulness in the time of his Prosperity, but is fallen into decay and poverty, by Fire, great Losses at Sea, etc. many of these Cheats have gone on long in their wickedness, and have been much pitied and relieved by Charitable People; but as these Cheats have been discovered, and their villainies manifest, those sober People who before pitied and supplied them in their ignorance, will after turn to hate such wretches, and seek to bring them to due punishment, answering their demerit. Thus the Antichristian Kings and 
2 Thes. 2. 3, 4, 7, 9, 10.  States have played the grand Cheats of the World, and have 
Rev. 13. 2. and 17. 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. and 18. 2, 3, 7.  feigned their Missions, and Commissions, and Successions to to be signed and sealed by God, when they were from the Devil; and they tell the People of their usefulness, and necessity of their Government, to enlarge and support Kingdoms in Wealth, Peace, Riches, and Honour, etc. But all is to subject the People to their Lusts, and mainly to support their Pride, Luxury, and Domination in the World. This vile hypocrisy cannot be charged upon the Heathen, or Pagan Kings, for as they knew not God, nor ever received the holy Scriptures, Note. and Laws of God, they neither claimed, or held their Crowns by Divine Right from God, But attributed all their Victorious Successes of War and Conquest over Countries or Kingdoms, to their Wisdom, Courage, Strength and the Favour of their Gods, to whom they sacrificed freely. But the Names of Blasphemy are upon the Antichristian Beastly State, which now reigns in the Christian World, as they assume the sacred Titles and Supremacy of God Almighty, Note. proper only to the Father, and his Son Jesus the Christ. Thus the Antichristian States have long gone for, and been subjected to (by simple Professors) for God's Ordinance, and God's Ministry sent by him. But when these great cheats of the world shall be discovered to be Hell-born-brats from the bottomless pit of deep counsels, acted in the Spirit and power of the Devil, Note. Those very Nations and People, who bowed to the Beast, and committed fornication with that Scarlet Whore, will hate the Whore, and make her desolate and naked, and will eat her flesh, and burn her with fire. Rev. 13. 1, 5, 6, & 17. 3. Rev. 11. 7. & 12. 9 & 13. 2. & 17. 16.  
There are some few other Texts urged, to prove Saints subjection to Heathen Kings (in Civil things) although they were Tyrants, but these which I have spoken to are the chief; Note. and if the Tree be digged up by the Roots, the Branches will fall with the Body. There is yet no Scripture urged to prove the Ordination of Pagan Kings, to be Magistrates of God, appointed to govern his People; But the force of the best Arguments lie in supposed Examples, and mistaken Scriptures, (as I humbly judge) of some Apostolic Precepts. Note. But if the Lords Servants did thoroughly consider, That a Politic State is the first 
Deu●. 1 9, 13, 14, and 16. 18. and 17. 14, 15, etc. 2 Sam. 2. 3. & 5. 3. 1 Sam. 8. 1, etc.  Seat of Power Administerial, (and only Ministerial) and not absolute Monarches of Gods ordaining) they must also see, that evil Governors are the Effect of Power neglected, or abused in the first Seat of Power.  
It is possible for Kings, or Governors, who were rightly called or invested with Ministerial Authority, Note. to fall from their Trust and become Tyrants. Of these the Scriptures give example. This is a case different from that which I have spoken to; but if my judgement were desired in this point, I should thus give my understanding. That Tyrants (in this last sense) are not to be obeyed as Magistrates and Ministers of God upon these two grounds.  
First, As they answer not the ends of Political Government, as Ordained by God.  
Secondly, As Governors (by God's Appointment) are under 
2 Sam. 2. 4 and 5. 3.  Laws, Articles, and Covenants, with the People, who call them to Office and Authority; therefore if Governors break Covenant with the People, they break the bond of Relation, and the People are disengaged, on their part from Subjection. 
1 King. 12. 1, etc. Ezek. 16. 38.  That a People Opposing or Deposing a wicked or oppressing King or Ruler, is no Opposition to Magistracy, for they own and honour Magistracy as God's Ordinance, Note. when they seek to depress or remove a wicked man in the place of a Magistrate.  
But some again suppose, That Heathen Kings were Lawful Magistrates and God's Ordinance, until the rise of Antichrist, and since that time the Saints do owe no subjection to Antichrist in his Political or Ecclesiastical State; or to the Ten Kings.  
This Assertion (in this latter State) is my Judgement; but I confess, I know not how this can be maintained by Scripture-Warrant, Note. but by granting Christ to be preinvested with all Royal Authority Civil and Spiritual (as Mediator) before Antichrist arose. I know not any Scripture which hints the Deputation and Investment of Christ into this Royal Sovereignty, at, or upon the rise of Antichrist, but what was in him long before. And if Christ was invested by the Father 
Mat. 28. 18. Eph. 1. 20, 21, etc.  with all Power in Heaven and Earth, Then the Heathen Kings from Christ's time to the rise of Antichrist, were Usurpers, and not the Ordinance of God, to be obeyed by Saints in Civil things.  
But it is your thoughts (as I take it) that Antichrist (in his Civil State) is the Ordinance of God Magisterial, and to be obeyed by the Lord's People in Civil things, as derived from the Heathen Magistratical Power, or from the Roman State. Your words are these.  
I take the Dragon to be the Old Pagan Empire, as it was acted by Satan in advancing Idolatrous Worship. And by the Beast I mean the Roman Empire, as Antichristian, or rather Antichrist agitated by Satan in advancing Idolatry and Superstition under other Names: And therefore if it were not a sin in the one, to yield obedience; I do not see how it should be sin in the other, since Satan acted both.  
Reply. To this I make my humble Reply.  
First, I am not yet convinced from Scripture or Argument, That any Heathen Emperors or Kings were Ordained by God, to Rule and Govern his People from him as his Magistrates or Ministers of State, who were acted and influenced by the Devil, and answered not the ends of Magistracy, as Ordained by God.  
Secondly, It is my understanding, That upon Christ's Baptism, he entered upon his Mediatorship, and upon all his Mediatory 
Mat. 3. 16, 17. John 1. 41.  Offices actually, and visibly in the World; and that all Disciples believing and visibly closing with Christ as Mediator, Prophet, Priest, and King, Note. were actually dismissed, and disengaged from the Curse and Bondage of that Heathen Yoke, which was brought upon God's Covenant-People, for 
Isa. 10. 27. John. 1. 41, 45.  their Rebellions against God, his Laws, and Government.  
Thirdly, I can easily grant, Note. That the same Satan acted the Pagan Empire and Antichrist; and also that the Dragon, or Pagan Empire gave to the Beast Antichrist, his Power, his 
●ev. 13. 2  Seat, and great Authority, viz. All that Power and Authority in the Roman or Western Empire, which rested in the Dragon or the Devil to give. And this Power and Authority is all which the Beast Antichrist ever had. Note. But it is not proved that God ever gave unto the Devil such Power, or invested the Pagan Empire, either with the power of Government in that Empire, or with Power and Authority, to Invest and Install another State to Rule as God's Ministers. And it is my Judgement, that neither the Dragon had Power of Authority from God to constitute a New State, or to divolve Civil Power and Authority Magisterial (as God's Ordinance) upon the Beast Antichrist; or that Christian Believers are bound (from God) to receive and obey Antichrists Commands in Civil things, because the Dragon gave him his Power.  
I humbly judge, That your Inference cannot be binding to the Lords People, until these two things be proved.  
First, That the Heathen Dragonical State was the Ordinance of God, entrusted with Supreme Authority Royal, in all the World, as Lord and Lawgiver.  
Secondly, That the Dragonical State, or Power, was Invested, and Entrusted by God, to constitute another Supreme Royal State, Civil in the World.  
Note. Acts of Royalty put out, proves not the Authority to be from God; but it is ground of strong suspicion (if not of demonstration) That the Power and Authority which is acted 
Isa. 10. 5, etc. 2 King. 24. 1, 2, etc. 2 Thes. 2. 10, 11.  and influenced from the Devil, is not of Gods appointing or ordaining; but only by God's permission and suffering in his just Judgements. And to this I may add, Note. That throughout the Books of the Prophets and Apostles, Old Babylon, and Mystery Babylon, are declared the Objects, and Subjects of Divine Wrath and Vengeance, and therefore not the Ordinance of God, as mostly taken to be Divine. I can grant (that by corruption) evil and vile men may get in, and be in power of Government, 
Psal. 12. 8 Hos. 5. 1. and 8. 4. Isa. 3. 1, 4.  which is appointed by God, the which God doth not approve; but threatens, and judgeth where such offences are committed and not reform. Now this is the evil of Persons, and not the evil of Government, as ordained by God. Note. And in that case, the Lord by his righteous Judgements may, and doth punish a Nation, both with, and for wicked Kings and Rulers. God also preceptively, and providentially removed evil Kings and Rulers, in Israel and Judah, yet still continued Magistracy as his Ordinance; but both Babylon Literally, 
Isa. 1. 24, 25, 26.  and Babylon Mystically (in their Civil and Ecclesist●ical States, shall be perfectly destroyed, which is yet remaining) and therefore 
Jer. 25. 12, 13. Rev. 18. 21, &c  neither the Dragon, or Antichrist, are Magistrates, or Magistracy, as God's Ordinance.  
As for those Inferences, or Arguments drawn from Paul's practice, and from Peter and Paul's Writings to Saints or Churches, I have given my understanding in them, and so pass them; but to what I have said, I humbly crave leave to offer my thoughts in these Particulars following.  
Particu. 1 First, I see it not clearly proved, That the Pagan Roman Caesars are signified by the Dragon, Rev. 12. 3, 4, etc. but that the Dragon may rather represent Antichrist: for two Reasons.  
First, The Man of Sin, Antichrist, sits in the Temple of God, 1 Thes. 2. 4. And this Dragon appeared in Heaven, Rev. 12. 3. viz. in the visible Church: which the Pagan Caesar's did not.  
Secondly, This Dragon drove the Woman into the Wilderness 1260 days, the same time with the Witnesses prophesying in sackcloth, 
Rev 12 6. and 11. 2, 3. & 13. 5  and one state of time with Antichrists Reign. Therefore the Dragon must signify Antichrist, or the Antichristian State, and not the Pagan Roman State. For, if we take the Dragon for the Pagan Empire, than the Pagan Persecutions are included in the Antichristian Persecution of 1260 days; or else John only hints the Pagan Persecutions, and then falls into, and states the Antichristian Persecution, 1260 days.  
Particu. 2 Secondly, It is not clear, That the Beast arising out of the Sea, Rev. 13. 1, etc. and daniel's fourth Beast, are one Beast, and 
Rev. 13. 1. Dan. 7. 7. 2 Thes. 2 7. Rev. 17 18.  both representing the Roman Empire: I humbly judge, That upon the fall of daniel's fourth Beast, the Beast with ten Horns Crowned then arose, over whom the Woman reigns; Note. and so is the Kingdom of the Beast Antichrist, as they are professed Christian 
1 Joh. 2. 22. 2 Thes. 2 7.  States, and yet oppose and deny the Fathers, and the Sons Sovereignty. Paul infers that the Pagan Empire ceased, or was taken away when Antichrist arose, and every of the ten horns, or kingdoms, as they put on Crowns, they became entire and distinct Monarchies. So Daniel makes the little horn, 
Dan. 7. 8.  Antichrist, to be another, or distinct supernumerary horn to the ten horns of the Roman Beast; three of which ten horns, this little horn plucked up. John's Vision of the Beast with ten horns crowned, upon whom the Woman sits, I take to be a more ample 
Rev. 13. 1. Rev. 17. 3, 18.  and full description of the Antichristian State in general; but neither Daniel, or John make God the Appointer or Ordainer of either of those States, as Pagan, or Antichristian; neither do I see, but when the Beast Antichrist had driven the Church into 
Rev. 12. 6, 7.  the Wilderness, Note. the Christian Church in the Wilderness became as distinct and free a State from Antichrist, as Israel was from Egypt, when they were in the Wilderness.  
Partic. 3 Thirdly, I am greatly persuaded, the Beast, Rev. 13. 11, etc. is the Beast ascending out of the bottomless pit, Rev. 11. 7. and is a distinct Beast from that Rev. 13. 1, etc. though the latter Beast possess one of the ten horns, or kingdoms of the Pagan Empire. That Beast which ascends out of the bottomless pit, and kills the Witnesses, possesseth or reigns over the great and chief Street of Mystery Babylon, spiritually called Sodom, and 
Rev. 11. 7, 8.  Egypt, or one horn and kingdom of the Beast; which Beast is more fully described, Rev. 13. 11, 12, etc. All the ten horns of the great Beast, or the ten streets of Babylon as a City, were under the Whore; and that Woman reigned over the whole immediately, 
Rev. 17. 3, 18.  for the most part of the 1260 days. Note. But this Beast vers. 11. the Holy Ghost describes to be another Beast, distinct from the former; and as it were one of the horns, rending and separating itself from the other Body, or subjection from the Woman, under a seeming pretence of Reformation, or of more Purity, and easy Government to the former, but is still the Dragon in cruelty and tyranny.  
That this is a distinct Beast from the former is evident. As,  
First, This Beast, vers. 11. had another original from vers. 1. Note. The first Beast arose out of the Sea, viz. Confusion in the Roman State; but this Beast arose out of the Earth, viz. Earthly and 
Rev. 13. 1●  carnal Wisdom, or Prudence of State, to cast off Imperial Papal Jurisdiction over them.  
Secondly, This Beast had two horns, or two Powers, viz. the Sword, and the Keys; Power Civil and Ecclesiastical. Note. The ten Kings, had only ten horns, viz. Civil Power; and the Woman which road them, kept the Keys from them all; and this Beast got two horns, viz. both Powers to himself.  
But the two horns of this Beast, are said to be horns like a 
Rev. 13. 11.  Lamb, viz.  
First, Horns (like a Lamb) but new budding or putting forth, very tender and able to do little hurt.  
Secondly, Horns (like a Lamb) viz. Powers meekned and abated of that hardness and strength, as was in the ten horns; or Powers greatly limited and restrained, to what the former horns were: and yet this Beast still spoke as a Dragon, viz. 
Rev. 1●. 11.  he lays claim to Imperial Majesty, as absolute Monarch in his Dominions.  
Thirdly, Again, it is said of this Beast, And he exerciseth 
Rev. 13. 12.  [all the Power of the first Beast before him] viz. All the Power of the whole Antichrist, Civil and Ecclesiastical; therefore this is another Antichrist, distinct from the former, viz. the Antichrist with ten horns. Mark the words, Note. He exerciseth (or putteth out) all the power of the former Beast, in Church and in State; yet not by donation, or designation from the former 
Rev. 13. 12.  Beast, as the former Beast did by designation from the Dragon, but merely by abruption, or breaking off from the former Beast, and so assuming absolute Jurisdiction Civil and Ecclesiastical in his own Kingdom, as Hen. 8. did.  
Fourthly, It is further said of this Beast, And he had power to give Life to the Image of the Beast, etc. viz. To the whole 
Rev. 13. 15, 16, 17.  form of the Government of the former great Beast, (or the old Antichrist) in Civil and Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction. Or this Beast with two horns, had power to give life, breath, or efficacy to Civil and Ecclesiastical Officers; to force and compel obedience to all his Laws, Civil and Ecclesiastical, as any 
See the Acts of Allegiance and Supremacy.  of the Emperors, Kings, or Popes did, or do in their Dominions. From all which we may Observe,  
First, That this Beast is not said to act his own Power singly and simply, but he acts the Power of others. And he had 
Rev. 13. 15.  Power to give Life.  
Secondly, Though it is said, He had Power to give Life, but not said to be from God, or the Dragon, or the former Beast; therefore it must follow that this Beast had his Power from the Earth, viz. from that earthly Interest out of which he arose, and so is one of the Kings of the Earth.  
Thirdly, He had Power to give Life to the Image of the former Beast; Therefore this Beast, and the former Beast differ, as a Beast and the Image of that Beast differ. This latter Beast hath the Power of the former Beast Civil and Ecclesiastical, but not lo fully and absolutely. The Pope of Rome, and other Monarches are Powers absolute, and Independent from the People; but this Beast with two horns is a Power under limitation and restraint, both Civil and Ecclesiastical, and is but the Image, Likeness, or Picture of the former great Antichrist, and not the same Beast.  
I might mention other distinct marks set upon this latter Beast, to difference him from the former Beast, and yet show him to be one in Nature with the other Beast; so that both make up but the great Beast Antichrist in the whole: Yet they are so distinct, that they are properly two Beasts, and two Antichrists, which may be distinguished most properly by Antichrist Papal, and Antichrist Protestant; and if this New Name of Antichrist hold good, and Antichrist be really found and discovered in the name and show of a Protestant or Protestantism, than Satan, the Devil, or Dragon, is discovered in his Cheats. Note. First, In influencing Heathen, or Pagan Powers. Secondly, As 
Satan's cheats discovered.  influencing Antichristian Powers Papal. Thirdly, As influencing Antichristian Powers Protestant, under which many Saints deeply suffer in several Countries, as will be more manifested in little time, as I humbly judge.  
Partic. 4 Fourthly, I take the Politic Sat of this Nation to be different and distinct from the Four Empires; It is plain both 
Dan. 5. 19 vers. 30, 31. and 8. 3, etc.  from Prophecy and History, That the Four Empires arose by the Sword and Conquest successively, and so gave Laws at pleasure. And though we should grant, that William of Normandy invaded England by the Sword and Policy, and was called, William the Conqueror, yet he could not hold his Monarchy, but by Agreement 
The People of England are the first Seat of Power  with the People, and to Rule by Law. Therefore by the Civil Constitution of England, The People are the first Seat of Power; and the Kings of England have been as well bound by Oath to Govern by Law, as the People are bound by Oath, or Law, to subject to Kings as Governors in Chief.  
Partic. 5 Fifthly, and lastly; The Lord's People in England, have by the Light of the Gospel, and brightness of Christ's coming, (and 
2 Thes. 3. 3, 4, 8  with the smart of Heathenish and Antichristian Tyranny) made great discoveries of the Man of Sin, the Son of Perdition, who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God; Tyrannising over their Souls and bodies; and now sighing and saying, O Lord our God, other Lords besides thee have had Dominion over us; but now by thee only will we make mention of thy Name, Isa. 26. 13.  
Now for the Lords Remnant, under and after all these Bonds and Engagements to God, and one to another, with experiences of Gods appearing for them; for them to turn back to Egypt and Babylon, and break Covenant with God, and one with another; For them again to set up what they had destroyed in God's Name, Spirit, and Power, and from which they were redeemed by so great Grace, through many Prayers, with the exhausting of so great Treasure, and the price of so much Blood of Saints, with others; and again (for those redeemed Souls) to submit their Necks to the same Yoke of Tyranny: this must needs be a sin of high nature, and dreadfully provoking God.  
SIR,  
YOu were pleased to give your Understanding upon several Passages in that Paper, which I willingly pass, as loath to take up much of your time to read over my thoughts in every particular; but if the Lord shall be pleased to bring to light more of his secret Will, and our Duty in our Day, this Labour will not be lost, or this time merely spent; and it will be found both our honour and our Souls quiet, to be witnessing for Christ against Antichrist, however it goes with our outward man.  
The 10th. Month, the 12th. Day, 1667.   

SIR,  
SOme days after I had written my thoughts in what I judged then meet in return to yours, I was under some conviction in myself, that I had not fully explained my Understanding upon Rom. 13. 1, etc. a Scripture which I had several times cited in a sense which some do not receive. I am therefore humbly bold to add these Lines as a Postscript to the former. I find it is the opinion of some men (godly and learned) That the Pagan Roman Caesars were, and the Antichristian Kings are (though idolatrous, beastly, bloody Tyrants) the Magistrates and Ministers of God, Constituted and Ordained, and Invested by God with all Supreme Authority (in Civil affairs) to rule over the Lord's People; and that the Saints are commanded by God to submit, and subject to those Powers (in their Bodies and Estates) for the Lord's sake, and for Conscience sake. This I humbly judge is Written, Printed, Preached, and Professed, etc.  
It seems to me, That the Old Testament (the Law and Prophets, which speak most of Political Government) are yet silent in this point, neither recording the time when, the manner how, or the words of God's Commission, and their Investment into such absolute Sovereign Authority over his People; nor is there (as I know, or can be produced) any one Text from the Old Testament, where God by Moses, or any of the Prophets commanded his People to submit to Pagan Roman Caesars, or Antichristian, Idolatrous, Beastly, bloody Tyrants (as God's Ordinance) for the Lord's sake, or for Conscience sake. But the proof of this Doctrine is taken out of the New Testament; and two great Apostles of Christ, Peter and Paul, are made the only Fathers of this Opinion, which I desire to examine.  
The Rise and Original of the Pagan Caesar's (or the 4th. Empire) was first fore-shewed by the Prophet Daniel, in these words; After this I saw in the Night-Visions, and behold, a fourth Beast, dreadful and terrible, and strong exceedingly; and it 
Dan. 7. 7. expounded. v. 23.  had great iron teeth; it devoured, and broke in pieces, and stamped the residue with the feet of it. And it was divers from all the Beasts that were before it; and it had ten horns. Here Daniel (in his time) described the fourth Empire, whence it was, vers. 3. after what it was, and how it acted in power and strength (by God's permission) but not by God's Institution and Commission, that can be proved.  
The Rise and Original also of Antichrist (or the Antichristian State) I take to be darkly represented by Daniel, in the little 
●a●. 7. 8. vers. 24, 25, 26, 27.  horn that came up among the ten horns of the Roman Empire, or Roman Beast; and how that acted also (by God's permission) and how that Horn and Beast shall end.  
But this Horn or Beast is showed to the Apostle John, and described fully Rev. 13. 1, 2, etc. which is generally taken to represent, the Antichristian State Civil or Political. The Rise of this Beast, was out of the Sea; and he had ten horns, and upon his horns ten Crowns, and upon his Heads the names of Blasphemy, vers. 1. The Dragon (or the Devil) gave this Beast his Power, and his Seat, and great Authority, vers. 2. And there was given him a mouth (viz. to the Beast Antichrist) speaking great things, and Blasphemies, vers. 5. And he opened his mouth in Blasphemies against God, to blaspheme his Name, and his Tabernacle, and them that dwell in Heaven, vers. 6. And it was given him to make war with the Saints, and to overcome them, vers. 7. Now when the Original of Antichrist is thus plainly set out, Note. That his Power, Seat, and great Authority is from the Devil; his work to Blaspheme God, and his Worship, and to make war with, and overcome the Saints; how unreasonable and unwarranted seems that Assertion, which yet makes the Pagan Roman Caesars, and Antichristian Kings, to be Constituted, Ordained, and Invested by God with all Supreme, Magisterial Authority, to rule over his People (in Civil Affairs) and that the Saints own submission, and subjection unto those Powers, in their Bodies and Estates, how intolerable, bloody, and tyrannical soever they be. But (to me) there seems to be an unanswerable Argument couched against this, vers. 7. in these words; And it was given him to make war with the Saints, and to overcome them. From hence I argue,  
If in the rising State, or under the Antichristian Civil State, the Saints were in Arms lawfully, upon their own defence, against Antichrist in his Civil State, and Antichrist overcame the Saints in war; then the Saints had Civil Privileges which they lawfully defended against Antichrist: But under the Civil State of Antichrist, etc. Ergo.  
I will not follow this Argument as I might, to prove it from the consent of Scriptures, and History; but I shall humbly add my thoughts upon these words (which some think there is much in for Antichrist) viz. And it was given him; 
Rev. 13. 7.   
Here we are to inquire, First, Who is here to be underderstood by this particle him.  
To this the Answer is clear, It is the Beast Antichrist, v. 1, 2.  
Secondly, What Power Antichrist had?  
The Answer is common, viz. Civil Power to make war, or power and strength to raise Armies, and make war with, and overcome the Saints.  
Thirdly, How Antichrist had or came by this Power?  
To this the Text answers; It was given him.  
Fourthly, But the great Question is, Who gave Antichrist this Power? viz. God, or some other?  
The Answer is plain, The Dragon gave him his Power, and 
Rev. 13. ●●  his Seat, and great Authority.  
Now when the holy Ghost is thus plain, and punctual in describing Antichrist in the Original of his Power, and in the improvement of it, against God, Holiness and Saints; that yet Antichrist should be asserted, the Ordinance of God, and Minister of God, etc. I confess I see no ground for it from these Scriptures.  
Object. But it is said by Saints to Antichrist, as Christ once said to Pilate; Thou couldst have no power at all against me, except it were given thee from above; therefore he that delivered me to thee, 
Joh. 19 10, 11.  had the greater sin.  
Answ. To this I Reply, That (in like manner as Pilate was) Antichrist was permitted of God (in whom it was to have hindered it) to arise and get strength, and power to make war with the 
Rev. 2. 5, 10.  Saints, and to overcome them, either for trial of their Faith, or rebuke of their sin. Pilate and the Jews could have put out 
Act. 2. 22, 23. Rom. 9 17.  no act of power against Christ, or Antichrist against the Saints, but as God permitted and suffered, in his own wisdom and counsel, to bring to pass his designs of greater Grace, Power, and Glory. So the Devil had no power over Job, but as God 
Job. 1. 9, 10,  suffered and permitted. Note. And I see not but by the same Argument that the Pagan Caesa●●, and Antichristian Kings are asserted to be the Ordinance of God, and to be obeyed by the Lord's People; by the same Argument the Devil must be acknowledged to be the Orninance of God, and to be obeyed by the Saints.  
Object. Or if it be said, That God doth the Saints good by the Afflictions and Persecutions from Tyrants. 
1 Cor. 3. 22, 23   
Answ. I say, That God by his Wisdom, Grace, and Power, so order all for the good of Saints, inward or outward, and yet 
Rom 8. 28.  neither the Devil, or wicked men are the efficient cause of that good which comes to Saints by sanctified afflictions. Note. Therefore I yet see not any Scripture-proof, that the Pagan Caesars, or Antichristian Kings are the Ordinance of God, and to be obeyed by the Saints, in their Bodies and Estates, for the Lords sake, and for Conscience sake; because God useth these Rods to chastise the Saints with. As there hath no Heathen or Antichristian State arisen in the World but by God's Permission and Providence, 
Dan 4. 1●.  so there hath been a concurrence of Natural Causes, leading to such Changes of States and Governments (God secretly carrying on his designs in them) and yet so as the Agents or Instruments therein have not seen God in those things, and so they have been cursed in the designs which they have accomplished against the Lord's People and Interest. Thus the Heathen 
Isa. 10. 5, 6, &c Mat. 27. 1, 2, etc. ●ct. 2. 22, 23.  State, Judas, and the Jews, came under the Curse for destroying Jerusalem, for betraying Christ, and putting him to death, although they fulfilled the determinate Counsel of God. Therefore what Christ said of Judas, may be said of every apostate Professor, who (for gain or self ends) hath either formerly or in later times, betrayed the Lords Interest and People into the hands of Antichristian Kings (though by Gods secret counsel and permission.) The distressed Saints may say, Note. He (or they) that delivered us into the hands of beastly bloody men, 
J●hn 19 11  have the greater sin.  
But still some suppose that they have but done their duty, and to confirm their opinion and practice, in subjecting unto Pagan, or Antichristian Kings (as having power of Rule over them in Civil Affairs, by God's appointment) they urge the Writings of Peter, and both Paul's Doctrine and Practice; but the two chief Corner Stones on which they found their Opinion, is, 1 Pet. 2. 13, 14. and Rom. 13. 1. Of these Scriptures therefore, I will take a further view.  
The words of Peter are these: Submit yourselves to every Ordinance 
1 Pe●. 2. 〈…〉  of Man, for the Lords sake, whether it be to the King as Supreme, etc.  
In these words Peter enjoins Saints universal obedience to every Ordinance of Man, or Law of Man (as some take it) Civil and Ecclesiastical; not considering the state, condition, or quality of the Kings, Pagan, or Antichristian. But as Peter wrote this to Saints under the Pagan Roman Caesars, it is taken for granted, that Peter in his time commanded those Saints to submit to every Ordinance of those Emperors (without exception) though idolatrous, beastly, bloody Tyrants.  
Some men again (godly and learned) see cause to put a restriction upon Peter's universal, and say, That Peter's exhortation to Saints in that day, was to submit to every Ordinance of Man in Civil Affairs concerning the Bodies and Estates of Saints; Note. But the Saints Consciences to God, in Spiritual things were, and are only under the Government and Ordinances of God and Christ. And this their position they prove from other Texts, and the currant of Scripture. But I have given my sense upon this place in the former Papers, and therefore pass it here.  
But the main and chief Text in all the Scriptures urged, are the words of Paul, written to the Saints at Rome. His words are these,  
Let every soul be subject to the higher Powers; for there is no Power but of God: the Powers that be, are ordained (or ordered) of 
Rom. 13. 1  God.  
From this Text, some argue thus.  
First, That Paul commands a universal obedience to the Higher Powers (by Saints and Sinners) Let every soul.  
Secondly, The Powers (that be) are ordained of God. Paul saith not, The Powers that have been, or, the Powers that shall be, are Ordained of God; But, the Powers [which be] are Ordained of God. And the Powers which then were in being, were the Pagan Roman Caesars, idolatrous, beastly, bloody Tyrants; the which command is still binding to Christians under the like Powers.  
From this Text, some give the sole Supreme Power to Kings to rule over men's Bodies and Souls, as God. Some again restrain the Royal Power of Kings only to the Bodies of Saints in Civil Affairs, and give the Sovereignty of Souls to 
Eph 1. 21, 22, 23.  Christ, as Head of the Church, upon the grounds before expressed.  
But I must take the humble boldness (in Truth's behalf) to descent from others in their sense upon this Text▪ I humbly judge, that this Text proves neither the one nor the others opinion, though some be godly and learned, as to the opinion of those, who from this Text (or any other) do give the sole Supreme Power to Men, as Lords, and Lawgivers to others, both for Soul and Body; I pass them by.  
But to those godly and Learned, who from this Text (or any other) do plead for Saint's Subjection to Pagan, or Antichristian Kings (though idolatrous, beastly, bloody Tyrants) in Civil Affairs, or Temporal Jurisdiction, for the Lords sake, and for Conscience sake. I humbly Reply, that they mistake the Apostle, and misapply the Text, who so take the place; and to these I humbly offer these my Reasons, against that sense, to consideration.  
Reason. 1 First, Though Paul say, Let every soul be subject to the higher Powers; yet he doth not say, Let every soul be subject to the higher Powers in all Civil Affairs, concerning Bodies and Estates; neither doth he say, to Pagan, or to Antichristian Powers, but with restriction, to Powers ordained of God, Note. as his Ministers of State. Therefore, though Paul commands subjection 
Rom. 13. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.  from every soul, yet it is not in all things, or to all Persons, or Powers, but as Ordained by God.  
My thoughts are, That those who see cause to restrain general Scriptures (which speak of Sovereign Magisterial Power) to Civil Jurisdiction over the outward man; and except their Power and Jurisdiction (over souls in Spiritual and Ecclesiastical things) will (upon good consideration) see cause also to restrain Magisterial Power and Jurisdiction, Note. over Bodies in Civil things, and will not strain Texts against the currant of Scriptures, to prove what they do not hint.  
If we take these words of Paul, (or Peter) as commanding Saints subjection to the Higher Powers, (be they what they will) in all outward things; Note. this takes away the Sovereignty of God over Man in all outward things, and nulls the moral Law, which sets bounds between man and man, Superior and Inferior. Therefore upon this ground the Apostle cannot be taken in that sense, viz. to give a power to some men (viz. to Kings) to command others to break Gods Moral Laws, which Moral Laws Paul himself maintained, and also taught others in his Epistles.  
But I shall humbly give my sense upon this Text (as of other the like Scriptures) That both Paul and Peter do only call and command Saints Obedience, to all Lawful Magistrates, in all Lawful things commanded by God, Note. and therein enjoins subjection to Saints, for the Lords sake, and for Conscience sake, as to God.  
Reason, 2 Secondly, The scope of the Apostle in this place (as I judge) is to press Saints to submit and subject to Higher Powers, or Magistrates, as Ordained and set over them by God, as his Ministers in State for their good, to restrain sins against the Moral 
Rom. 13. 1, 2, etc. Exod. 18. 15, 16, etc. 2 Chr. 19 6, 7.  Law, and to maintain Justice, Equity, and Peace between man and man. Paul describes not here these Ministers of State by Names, but by their Qualities, and gives only a general description of Magistracy, to be obeyed, Note. as Ministers Ordained by God.  
In the same way, and after the same manner that Paul describes Antichrist, the Man of Sin, the Son of Perdition, to be 
2 Thes. 2. 3, 4. Rev. 14 9, 10. Rev. 13. 1, &c,  rejected of Saints; he here describes the true Magistrates of God, to be obeyed by the Lord's People, for the Lords sake.  
Surely those have little sight who see not, that the general Government of Nations is still beastly Tyranny, Note. both by Heathen and Antichristian Kings, rather than the Government of God for the good of Mankind. But many are stumbled at these words of Paul, The Powers that be. The great question here is, 
The question to what Powers Paul refers.  to what Powers the Apostle refers? viz. Whether to the Pagan Caesar's Power, who were then Monarches of all the World, or to the Civil Power and Jurisdiction then exercised amongst the Saints, as far as they could, or to Magistracy, as ordained and constituted by God in the Jewish State.  
If we take the Apostle in either of the latter senses, there is Scripture-grounds for it; but if we refer Paul's words to the Pagan Caesar's State, there is only this poor plea for it, That 
Luk. ●. 1, 2, with Pa●ls time.  the Pagan Caesar's were then being, and reigning in the World; but answered not to the qualifications of those Ministers of God as Paul describeth, Magistrates Ordained by God, now answering the ends of Government. The Caesars then being and reigning 
Rom. 1●. 3, 4, 5  in the World, is but a circumstance of time, but the qualifications of Rulers, and the ends of Government, are Essentials in Magistracy; and therefore to expound Paul by a conceived circumstance, when and where the Essentials of Government (as Ordained by God) are wanting, cannot be held Orthodox and sound. But if we take Paul in these words, The Powers that be, to refer to that Civil Power and Jurisdiction resting at that time, and seated in the Saints by God, (according to the Moral Law given to Israel) there is much Reason and Scripture to confirm this Exposition.  
First, Before Christ left the World, he devolved the administration of all that Power and Authority (Civil and Spiritual) 
Mat. 28. 18, &, Mat. 25. 14. Mar. 13. 34.  over his own People, (as entrusted with him by the Father) to his own Servants.  
Secondly, In Paul's time, there were Saints in the Churches who were fitted and qualified for Civil Governors or Magistrates. 
1 Cor. 6. 4.   
Thirdly, In Paul's time, the Sain●s had sufficient Laws, and power of Jurisdiction, to hear and determine all Civil differences amongst themselves, that they needed not to go to Law before the Pagan Governors; and therefore Paul sharply reproved the Saints of Corinth for going to Law before the unjust, and not before the Saints. 
1 Cor. 6. 4   
These Considerations have swayed with me, and I know not one argument to shake me in my judgement, as this sense hath the currant of Scripture with it. Note. But if we shall yet suppose, that there wants some words in the Text (as is common) to clear and fill the Apostles meaning; yet the current of the following Verses (which gives the qualifications of Magistrates as constituted by God) carries Paul's sense from the Pagan Roman Caesars, that they were not the Powers which he intended, neither Antichristian Kings.  
Reason. 3 My Third Reason is, If we infer from Paul, or Peter, That Pagan, or Antichristian Kings were, or are Powers to be submitted and subjected to by Saints in all Civil affairs (without limitation, or restriction to the Law of God) than Saints were, and are to obey Men (in Civil things) rather than God; and the Command of a King is Authority for Saints to break the Moral Laws of God, and Nature, and not sin. Surely, if the Bodies and Estates of men, be left by God, to the Wills, Lusts and Commands of any Emperors, Kings or States (and Saints bound to obey them in all outward natural things) Note. then if Emperors, Kings, or States make Laws to break and void the Laws of God and Nature, the Saints must yet obey them in those things. But this sense and interpretation of the place, is so gross and contrary to the current of Scripture, that this cannot be received, but some other sense must be sought out; and I am persuaded that this sense following is according to Truth, viz. That as Paul hath bounded the Authority of Parents over Children, and of 
Eph. 6. 1. v. 4. 5, 6. Col. 3. 20, 21, etc.  Masters over Servants, to the Law of God, and Rules of God; and therein commands Children to obey Parents, and Servants to obey Masters in all things in the Lord, as to God and Christ: So the same Apostle enjoins Saints subjection to Lawful Magistrates, in all lawful things, Note. as to Political Fathers or Governors, for the Lords sake, and for Conscience sake to God; and no further.  
Reason, 4 My Fourth Reason follows. It is recorded in Scripture (as an approved evidence of the Fear of God, in many of the Lords Servants) to slight and disobey the cruel Laws and Commands of Kings in Moral Civil things; and in that disobedience, God owned and honoured them. Of these the Scriptures give many Examples: As The Midwives of Egypt; 
Exod. 1. 17, 20 v. 22. Heb. 11. 23, v. 27. 1 King. 18. 3, 4.  The Parents of Moses; Moses himself; Obediah, etc. And though those high expressions of the Three Children, of Peter, and other Apostles, spoken boldly before Magistrates in Counsel, be ordinarily restrained to spiritual things and worship, yet I judge, that those Saints did not intentionally so take them, but they may also as truly be spoken by Saints in Civil natural Privileges, when demnaded from them, or they commanded by man to break any Moral Law of God. We are not 
Dan. 3. 16. Act. 4. 19 and 5. 29.  careful to answer thee in this matter; We ought to obey God rather than Man.  
Reason, 5 My Fifth and Last Reason is; God is Supremely (above all Persons and Powers) to be feared, obeyed, and served by Saints and Sinners, in all Commands, Natural and Spiritual, 
Mat. 10. 26, 28. Luke 12. 5. Isa. 8. 13, 14.  Civil or Ecclesiastical, as he made, and hath power over bodies and Soul's, to save, or to destroy eternally. God is only to be feared and obeyed by his Children and Servants, and not 
Deut. 13. 4. 1 Chr. 16. 25. Gen. 17. 1.  Emperors, Kings, or States (whoever they be) in any Commands which are contrary to the Laws and Commands of God Almighty. Note. All that Power and Authority which Magistrates can exercise over their Brethren (by Divine Right) is by the Law and appointment of God for the good of Mankind. No one man, as a Child of Adam, hath power of Jurisdiction over another, but in the way and manner which God hath Ordained and Appointed in his Law: Therefore it stands not with the Revealed Will of God in the Scriptures, or Natural Reasons, that any Persons, or Powers on Earth, are Invested by God with Supreme Power, either to command any Person to do what God forbids, or to forbid what God commands, in matters Civil, Spiritual, or Ecclesiastical.  
Thus I have given my understanding upon Rom. 13. 4. at which so many have, and yet do stumble and fall sorely.  
The 10th. Month, the 20th. Day, 1667.  
FINIS.